naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Amur - class submarine The Amur class submarine ( named for the Amur River ) , is one of the latest Russian submarine designs . It is advertised as an export version of the Lada class , a modernised version of the with improved acoustic stealth , new combat systems , and an option for air - independent propulsion ( AIP ) . The new vessels are the fourth generation of the Kilo submarine family , with two models developed . The Amur - 1650 is larger and intended for longer missions . The Amur - 950 is armed with a VLS missile system capable of salvo - fire at multiple predesignated targets . Sonar signatures of these submarines are several times lower than the older “ Kilo ” class submarines . Both designs are equipped with radio - electronic weapons of the newer generation created on the basis of the latest science and technology . They can be outfitted with AIP fuel cells , considerably improving submerged endurance and range . AIP capability can be added in a hull extension plug either during new build construction , or as a refit to existing boats . The builder claims that these vessels can operate in all areas of the world except areas with solid ice cover ; in all weather conditions , and in shallow and deep water . Construction . Rubin Central Design Bureau ' s chief designer for the Amur 1650 and 950 is Yuri Kormilitsyn . As the further development of ideas already implemented in Kilo class submarines , Amur boats are single - hulled , with minimal displacement allowing for reduced noise signature and improved propulsion quality . A totally new main electric engine using permanent magnets is in development / construction and projected to give high energy conversion efficiency even at low cruise speeds . No ships of this class built yet . Russia has offered the sub for sale to India . On 4 July 2013 , Rosoboronexport announced they will offer the Amur 1650 to the Moroccan Navy if they announce a tender for new submarines .
US - A Upravlyaemy Sputnik Aktivnyj ( ) , or US - A , also known in the west as Radar Ocean Reconnaissance Satellite or RORSAT , was a series of Soviet reconnaissance satellite s . Launched between 1967 and 1988 to monitor NATO and merchant vessels using active radar , the satellites were powered by nuclear reactors . Because a return signal from an ordinary target illuminated by a radar transmitter diminishes as the inverse of the fourth power of the distance , for the surveillance radar to work effectively , US - A satellites had to be placed in low Earth orbit . Had they used large solar panels for power , the orbit would have rapidly decayed due to drag through the upper atmosphere . Further , the satellite would have been useless in the shadow of Earth . Hence the majority of the satellites carried type BES - 5 nuclear reactors fuelled by uranium - 235 . Normally the nuclear reactor cores were ejected into high orbit ( a so - called " disposal orbit " ) at the end of the mission , but there were several failure incidents , some of which resulted in radioactive material re - entering the Earth ' s atmosphere . The US - A programme was responsible for orbiting a total of 33 nuclear reactors , 31 of them BES - 5 types with a capacity of providing about two kilowatts of power for the radar unit . In addition , in 1987 the Soviets launched two larger TOPAZ nuclear reactor s ( six kilowatts ) in Kosmos satellites ( Kosmos 1818 and Kosmos 1867 ) which were each capable of 6 months of operation . The higher - orbiting TOPAZ - containing satellites were the major source of orbital contamination for satellites that sensed gamma - rays for astronomical and security purposes , as radioisotope thermoelectric generator s ( RTGs ) do not generate significant gamma radiation as compared with unshielded satellite fission reactors , and all of the BES - 5 - containing spacecraft orbited too low to cause positron - pollution in the magnetosphere . The last US - A satellite was launched 14 March 1988 . The many problems with the programme , as well as economic problems in the USSR , apparently caused it to be cancelled by Mikhail Gorbachev . Other concerns . Although most nuclear cores were successfully ejected into higher orbits , their orbits will still eventually decay . US - A satellites were a major source of space debris in low Earth orbit . During 16 reactor core ejections , approximately 128 kg of NaK - 78 ( a fusible alloy eutectic of 22 and 78 % w / w sodium and potassium respectively ) escaped from the primary coolant systems of the BUK reactor s . The smaller droplets have already decayed / reentered , but larger droplets ( up to 5 . 5 cm in diameter ) are still in orbit . Since the metal coolant was exposed to neutron radiation it contains some radioactive argon - 39 , with a half - life of 269 years . The risk of surface contamination is low , as the droplets will burn up completely in the upper atmosphere on re - entry and the argon , a chemically inert gas , will dissipate . The major risk is impact with operational satellites .
Battle of Soissons ( 1918 ) The Battle of Soissons ( also known as the Battle of Soissonnais and of the Ourcq ( ) ) was a World War I battle , waged during 18 July to 22 July 1918 , between the French ( with American assistance ) and the German armies . Ferdinand Foch , the Allied Supreme Commander , planned a major counter - offensive on 18 July ; 24 French divisions , including several British Divisions , and the Buffalo Soldiers 92nd Infantry Division ( United States ) then under French command , and reinforced by other Allied troops including eight large U . S . divisions under U . S . command , and 350 tanks , sought to eliminate the salient that was aimed at Paris . The Allies suffered 125 , 000 casualties ( 95 , 000 French , 13 , 000 British and 12 , 000 American ) , while the Germans suffered 168 , 000 casualties . The battle ended with the French recapturing most of the ground lost to the German Spring Offensive in May 1918 .
USS Pontiac ( AF - 20 ) USS " Pontiac " ( AF - 20 ) was a stores ship acquired by the U . S . Navy for use in World War II . She served as a refrigerator ship or reefer ship , and provided food to Allied forces in the North Atlantic Ocean . Service career . " Pontiac " , a refrigerator ship built by Nakskov Skibs . A / C , Nakskov , Denmark in 1937 , was operated as SS " Australian Reefer " by J . Lauretzen , Esbjerg , Denmark , between New York and South America until after the occupation of Denmark by German forces . Taken over by the U . S . Maritime Commission in the summer of 1941 under the authority of Public Law 101 , 77th Congress and Executive Order 8771 , 6 June 1941 , she was renamed " Pontiac " and operated by United States Lines between New York and Australia and New Zealand until 5 February 1942 . After voyage repairs she was transferred to the Navy on an indefinite time charter basis , 11 May 1942 , and commissioned as " Pontiac " ( AF - 20 ) , 12 May 1942 . Following conversion and shakedown , " Pontiac " , assigned to Service Force , Atlantic , departed Norfolk , Virginia , 15 June 1942 on her first Argentia run . On 15 July she completed that run at Boston , Massachusetts , whence she continued to carry supplies to the Maritime Provinces and Newfoundland through 1943 . Between late January and May 1944 she conducted sugar runs between Norfolk and Trinidad , Guantánamo Bay and San Juan , then returned to Boston to resume runs to Argentia and , in June , to Iceland . She completed a quick run to Bermuda in early August , then returned to the Boston - Argentia route before undertaking her last Caribbean run from New York 7 September . On 25 September she arrived at Norfolk from San Juan , made a trip to Bermuda and on 16 November returned to Boston to resume carrying stores to Nova Scotia and Newfoundland . For the next two months she alternated voyages to Argentia with runs to Bermuda and on 29 January 1945 departed Boston for her last run to Canada . On the 30th , while in heavy seas off Halifax , her hull was damaged by a loose paravane . She began taking water in her forward compartments and sank in 40 feet of water off McNabs Island at coordinates . Raised on 17 February , she was towed to Halifax for temporary repairs . On 14 March she arrived at Norfolk , where she decommissioned 20 May 1945 . She was returned to the Maritime Commission on the 21st and was struck from the Navy List 2 June 1945 . Her ultimate fate is not recorded .
John Adam Tytler Brigadier General John Adam Tytler VC CB ( 29 October 1825 – 14 February 1880 ) was a recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . Details . Tytler was 22 years old , and a lieutenant in the 66th Bengal Native Infantry , Bengal Army , ( later 1st Gurkha Rifles ) during the Indian Mutiny when the following deed took place on 10 February 1858 at Choorpoorah , India for which he was awarded the VC : Further information . He later served in the Umbeyla Campaign and retired with the rank of brigadier general . His Victoria Cross is displayed at The Gurkha Museum in Winchester , Hampshire , England .
Battle of Palm Sunday The Battle of Palm Sunday also known as the Massacre of Palm Sunday was a Scottish clan battle that took place in 1429 in the Scottish Highlands . According to the Clan Cameron account , the Clan Mackintosh who were leaders of the Chattan Confederation attacked the Camerons when they were worshiping in a church and that during the engagement most of the Mackintoshes and almost the whole tribe of Camerons were cut to pieces .
T7 Armored Car The T7 Armored Car was a prototype small armored car produced by Holabird Quartermaster Depot for the US Army in 1930 . All six vehicles that were completed , USA W1310 , USA W1311 , USA W1312 , USA W1313 , USA W1314 and USA W1315 , were 4x6 wheeled vehicles , powered by Franklin ' s air - cooled , 6 - cylinder , gasoline engine , with a crew of four and armed with one . 50 calibre machine gun supported by two . 30 calibre lighter machine guns .
Martin Moffat Martin Joseph Moffat VC ( 15 April 1882 – 5 January 1946 ) was born in Sligo and was an Irish recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . Details . Moffat first served in the Connaught Rangers and was 34 years old private in the 2nd Battalion , Prince of Wales ' s Leinster Regiment , British Army during the First World War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC . On 14 October 1918 near Ledeghem , Belgium , Private Moffat was advancing with five others across the open when they suddenly came under heavy rifle fire at close range from a strongly held house . Rushing towards the house through a hail of bullets , Private Moffat threw bombs and then , working to the back of the house , rushed the door , killing two and capturing 30 of the enemy . He was also awarded the Croix de Guerre and the Military Decoration by Belgium . His VC and other medals are on display at the Lord Ashcroft VC Gallery in the Imperial War Museum , London . Copies of his medals and a photograph are on display in Sligo County Museum , Stephen Street , Sligo . References . Listed in order of publication year External links . town
Hakimullah Air Chief Marshal Hakimullah , NI ( M ) , SJ , SBt , ( born 15 October 1935 ) was the Chief of Air Staff of Pakistan Air Force from 9 March 1988 to 8 March 1991 . He belong to Carsadda Khyber Pukhtoonkhwa Pakistan . His father name is Habib Ullah Durrani . He is Durrani by caste . His full name is Hakeem Ullah Khan Durrani . He passed school from Government High School NO . 1 Charsadda & intermediate from Government College Charsadda . Hakimullah was commissioned as a fighter pilot on 11 January 1957 in 23rd GD ( P ) Course . He is a graduate of Air Command and Staff College , USA and the Royal College of Defence Studies , UK . He qualified as a flight leader and served in a number of fighter squadrons . He was also appointed as Project Officer for the induction of Mirage aircraft in 1966 . Thereafter , he commanded No . 5 Squadron ( Mirages ) . He was awarded Sitara - e - Jurat for his valor and leadership in the Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 . Subsequently , he commanded No . 33 Wing , Combat Commanders School and Rafiqui Airbase . Some of his staff appointments include Director of Operations , ACAS ( Flight Safety ) , Chief Inspector , SASO at Air Defence Command , ACAS ( Operations ) , Chief Project Director Falcon - the project related to the induction of F - 16 aircraft - and DCAS ( Operations ) . He was DCAS ( Administration ) prior to taking over as Chief of Air Staff . At promotion , Hakimullah superseded at least one senior officer , Air Marshal Shabbir Hussain Syed , the then Vice Chief of Air Staff ( VCAS ) . References .
131st Regiment of Foot The 131st Regiment of Foot was an infantry regiment of the British Army , created in 1793 and disbanded in 1796 . The regiment was raised by General Henry Edward Fox , with the colonelcy being transferred to Lowther Pennington , 2nd Baron Muncaster shortly thereafter .
5th Light Cavalry Division ( France ) The French 5th Light Cavalry Division was a French Army formation during World War II . It was led by Lieut . General Baron Subervie . During the Battle of France in May 1940 the division contained the following units : It was a newly formed division .
USS M - 1 ( SS - 47 ) USS " M - 1 " ( SS - 47 ) was a unique submarine of the United States Navy . " M - 1 " was designed as a test bed for the newest technology in submarine construction and design . As well as being the world ' s first double - hulled design ( in contrast to Simon Lake ' s single - hulled concept ) , her battery was of a new design and was to have solved some of the past flaws . While no other " M " - class submarines were built , the lessons learned were incorporated into the following " AA / T " - class . Service history . Her keel was laid down on 2 July 1914 by Fore River Shipbuilding Company in Quincy , Massachusetts , for Electric Boat Company of New York City . She was launched on 14 September 1915 sponsored by Ms . Sara Dean Roberts , and commissioned on 16 February 1918 , Lieutenant Commander M . R . Pierce in command . Following commissioning , " M - 1 " was assigned to Submarine Division 2 ( SubDiv 2 ) , and was home ported at Newport , Rhode Island . For the next three years , she operated off the East Coast , training submariners . During her last year of active service , she was under the operational control of SubDiv 5 and SubDiv 3 . After six years of testing and training service , " M - 1 " was decommissioned at Philadelphia Naval Shipyard on 15 March 1922 , struck from the Naval Vessel Register the following day , and was sold for scrap on 25 September to Joseph G . Hitner in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania .
Tradecraft Tradecraft is skill acquired through experience in a ( typically clandestine ) trade . Within the intelligence community this means the techniques used in modern espionage and generally , the activity of intelligence . This includes general topics or techniques ( dead drop s , for example ) , or the specific techniques of a nation or organization ( the particular form of encryption used by the NSA , for example ) . The term " tradecraft " in this sense is frequently used in the books of John le Carré and Tom Clancy , where characters frequently comment on others ' tradecraft ( including those of agents from the opposing side ) . The term was also used in the popular Oscar nominated drama film " Zero Dark Thirty " , in which Osama Bin Laden ' s hiding was described as " some real tradecraft " .
Merlon A merlon forms the vertical solid parts of a battlement or crenellated parapet — in Medieval architecture of fortifications for millennia . Merlons are sometimes narrowly pierced by vertical embrasure " slits " to view and fire through . When a wider space is between two merlons it is called a crenel , and a series of many merlon — crenels creates crenellation . Crenels designed in later eras , for use by cannon s , were called embrasure s . Etymology . The word comes from the French language , adapted from the Italian " merlone " , possibly a shortened form of " mergola " , connected with Latin " mergae " ( pitchfork ) , or from a diminutive " moerulus " , from " murus " or " moerus " ( a wall ) . An alternative etymology suggests that the medieval Latin " merulus " ( mentioned from the end of the 10th century ) functioned as a diminutive of Latin " merle " , expressing an image of blackbird s sitting on a wall . As part of battlements . As an essential part of battlement s , merlons were used in fortifications for millennia . The best - known examples appear on mediaeval buildings , where battlements , though defensive , could be attractively formed , thus having a secondary decorative purpose . Some ( especially later ) buildings have false " decorative battlements " . The two most notable European variants in Middle Ages merlons shape were the Ghibelline and the Guelph merlon : the former ended in the upper part with a swallow - tailed form , while the latter term indicates the normal rectangular shape merlons ( wimperg ) . Other shapes include : three - pointed , quatrefoil , shielded , flower - like , rounded ( typical of Islamic and African world ) , pyramidal , etc . , depending either from the type of attacks expected or aesthetic considerations . In Roman times , the merlons had a width sufficient to shelter a single man . As new weapons appeared in the Middle Ages ( including crossbow s and the first firearms ) , the merlons were enlarged and provided with loop - holes of various dimensions and shapes , varying from simply rounded to cruciform . From the 13th century , the merlons could also be used to pivot wooden shutters ; these added further protection for the defenders when they were not firing , or were firing downwards near the base of the wall . The shutters ( also known as " mantlets " ) could be opened by hand , or by using a pulley . Later use . After falling out of favour when the invention of the cannon forced fortifications to take a much lower profile , they re - emerged as decorative features in buildings constructed in the neo - Gothic style of the 19th century .
HMS Sparrowhawk ( 1895 ) HMS " Sparrowhawk " was a B - class torpedo boat destroyer of the British Royal Navy . She was completed by Laird , Son & Company , Birkenhead , and was launched on 8 October 1895 . She served on the China Station and was wrecked in the mouth of the Yangtze River in 1904 . She was one of four " Quail " - class destroyers . References .
5th Space Operations Squadron The United States Air Force ' s 5th Expeditionary Space Operations Squadron ( 5 ESOPS ) is an expeditionary satellite operations unit administratively assigned to Schriever AFB , Colorado . Mission . The 5th Space Operations Squadron was a component of the 50th Operations Group , 50th Space Wing , before being inactivated in 1995 . 5 SOPS was responsible for day - to - day command and control for the DSCS III satellites and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization communications satellite program . The squadron had prime launch responsibility for DSCS III , NATO IV / Skynet IV and the Inertial Upper Stage booster . History . 5th SOPS rose out of the rich history of the Air Force Satellite Control Facility . The squadron was provisionally activated as Operating Location - A , 750th Space Group , on October 1 , 1992 . This satellite control facility established one of the Air Force ' s major roles in space : satellite operations . AFSCF was later divided into the 2nd Space Test Group and the Consolidated Space Test Center on October 1 , 1987 when AFSPC took over Onizuka Air Force Base , now Onizuka Air Station . OL - A encompassed the CSTC divisions of VOS , VOE , and VOD . 5th SOPS was officially activated November 22 , 1993 under the 50th Operations Group and within one year , 21st SOPS absorbed the roles of the 2nd Satellite Tracking Group Operations Division and the 1999th Communications Squadron Operations Division . After the 1995 Base Realignment and Closure Committee directed realignment of Onizuka AFS , 21st SOPS absorbed the roles of the 750th Space Group and all subordinate units and the 5th Space Operations Squadron . In a three week span , in late 1993 , the squadron flawlessly launched a DSCS III and a NATO IV communication satellite , supported NASA ' s Hubble telescope repair and activated as the 5th Space Operations Squadron . The squadron has launched the IUS in support of NASA programs including all seven TDRS and three inter - planetary spacecraft : Galileo ( Jupiter ) , Magellan ( Venus ) , and Ulysses ( Sun ) .
Château d ' Oiron The Château d ' Oiron is located in Oiron , in the Deux - Sèvres " département " of western France . It has its origins in the 15th century war with the English for control of France when a victorious Charles VII of France gave the domain and great forest of Oiron to Guillaume Gouffier who became governor of Touraine . This château is the background for Charles Perrault ' s fairy tale , " Puss in Boots " . King Louis XIV ' s mistress , Madame de Montespan was one of the residents in the place . History . Today , Oiron is only a short drive from the royal châteaux in the Val de Loire , but in the 15th century it was considered far removed from the seat of power at the royal domains . Nonetheless , Guillaume Gouffier built a magnificent château and his offspring updated and improved it . In 1538 , his daughter - in - law , Helene de Hengest , was responsible for the construction of a collegiate church adjacent to the château . In 1551 , Henry II and his entire court were guests of Claude Gouffier who had been granted the title Marquis de Caravaz . Claude Gouffier served as the model for Charles Perrault ' s " Marquis de Carabas " in his story , " Puss in Boots " . Two generations later , another Gouffier was exiled from the king ' s court by Cardinal Richelieu in 1620 . In the mid 17th century , Charlotte Gouffier became enamored with the renowned intellect , Blaise Pascal ( 1623 – 62 ) , who spent considerable time at the Château d ' Oiron . After Pascal died , Charlotte Gouffier married Francois d ' Aubusson , the duc de La Feuillade , who enhanced the castle with his wealth and connections to Louis XIV . With the renovations , the castle ended up with a main building and two long projecting wings , one of which is a Renaissance structure built over a cloister . One of the galleries contains one of the most prestigious works of art from the French Renaissance period . The Duc de La Feuillade ' s son sold the château to Louis XIV ' s mistress , Madame de Montespan who lived there for the rest of her life . Her son had little interest in the property as he preferred to be much closer to the royal court so in 1736 he sold the château to the Duc de Villeroi . After that , the château went into severe decline and in 1793 was ransacked by Revolutionaries . For many years the château lay abandoned until the government of France took possession just before World War II eventually converting it to a museum . Recognized world wide , the museum is dedicated to contemporary art . In 1993 , " The Year of Solar Burns " was commissioned by the French Ministry of Culture for permanent installation in the Château d ' Oiron . The château has been listed as a " monument historique " by the Ministry of Culture since 1923 .
TN 71 The TN 71 is a French - built thermonuclear warhead which was used on submarine - launched ballistic missiles in " Redoutable " class ballistic missile submarines . It has a yield of 150 kt . Entering service in 1985 on M4 - B ballistic missiles , it was replaced at the end of October 1996 by the TN 75 , which equips M45 missiles for France ' s " Triomphant " class of " new generation " ballistic missile submarines ( SNLE - NG ) . There were 288 operational TN 71 warheads before its replacement in 1996 , and 96 in 2001 , but none remaining by 2004 , at which time it was withdrawn from service .