naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
116th Mahrattas The 116th Mahrattas were an infantry regiment of the British Indian Army . The regiment traces their origins to 1800 , when they were raised as the 2nd Battalion , 7th Regiment of Bombay Native Infantry . During World War I the regiment was attached tp the 18th Indian Division for the Mesopotamia Campaign . They were involved in the Actions at the Fat - ha Gorge and on the Little Zab and the Battle of Sharqat in October 1918 . After World War I the Indian government reformed the army moving from single battalion regiments to multi battalion regiments . In 1922 , the 116th Mahrattas became the 4th Battalion 5th Mahratta Light Infantry . After independence they were one of the regiments allocated to the Indian Army .
Château de Sedan The Château de Sedan is a castle situated in Sedan , France , on a headland on the border of Meuse , flanked by the rivers Bièvre and Vra , in the Ardennes " département " of France . It is a grand fortress of medieval European stock , covering an area of 35 , 000 m in its seven floors . History . Around 1424 , Eberhard II von der Mark built a manor with two twin towers around a church over a period of six years . When Evrard died in 1440 , his son Jean de la Marck began reinforcing the fortress , but it was Robert II de la Marck , the grandson of Jean , who finished the most important work . In 1530 , the fortifications of the manor were modernised by the construction of a circular boulevard and terraces with cannons , thickening the 4 . 5m curtain wall by an additional 26m . The bastions were added during the course of the next century , but some of them were eventually dynamite d at the end of the 19th century . In 1699 , the principality having been absorbed into France in 1642 ( see the Battle of Marfée , during the Thirty Years ' War ) , and the castle having been transformed into a garrison , Vauban built the door " of the Princes " ( ) that was adapted to the progress of artillery . In 1822 , the Church of Saint - Martin was demolished and replaced with a store for cannonballs . Turenne was born in the Château de Sedan in 1611 . On September 1 , 1870 , the castle was surrounded by the Prussian army headquartered in Sedan . Napoleon III surrendered the following day in the small neighbouring city of Donchery . The castle was given by the French Army to the city of Sedan in 1962 , and was subjected to a number of restoration attempts . Today the castle , in addition to being a tourist hotspot in the Ardennes , contains the office of tourism of the city as well as a 3 - star hotel . There is also a museum inside the castle ; one of the rooms of this museum is dedicated to the war of 1870 , and one can find there a rich collection of Prussian helmets .
730th Expeditionary Air Support Operations Squadron The United States Air Force ' s 730th Expeditionary Air Support Operations Squadron ( 730 EASOS ) is a combat support unit located at an undisclosed location in the Middle East . The 730 EASOS provides Tactical Command and Control of air power assets to the Joint Forces Air Component Commander and Joint Forces Land Component Commander for combat operations .
Federalist No . 24 Federalist No . 24 is an essay by Alexander Hamilton , the twenty - fourth of the " Federalist Papers " . It was published on December 19 , 1787 under the pseudonym Publius , the name under which all the " Federalist Papers " were published . It is titled , " The Powers Necessary to the Common Defense Further Considered . " Summary . The essay begins by describing one criticism that Publius has confronted regarding " the creation and direction of the national forces . " The criticism is " that proper provision has not been made against the existence of standing armies in times of peace . " Publius explains that a stranger to the plan for a new Union might understand it as requiring that standing armies be kept in times of peace , or that the Executive has unlimited power to direct the troops without any deference to the Legislature . But according to Publius , neither is true , but instead the power over the national forces lies solely within the Legislature because it consists of representatives of the people . The Legislative power over the national forces is further limited because a specific provision " forbids the appropriation of money for the support of an army for any period longer than two years . " The essay then continues to discuss the necessity for maintaining the national forces . Publius discusses the impending threat of both Britain and Spain , because of their strong maritime powers . Even though an ocean separates America from the European powers , their presence in the West Indies should be taken very seriously . Publius states that only a strong national army and navy can help defend the Union from unwanted foreign influence . References .
Royal Air Force station A Royal Air Force station is a permanent Royal Air Force operations location . Most RAF stations are aerodrome s , or airfields , being the home to one or more flying squadrons . Other RAF stations are training units , administrative units , headquarters ( HQ ) , or carry out ground - based operational tasks . Although many RAF units are often called stations , they can only be properly classified as an RAF station if they are self - accounting with their own station commander and headquarters . Units without a station commander or headquarters staff will ordinarily be a satellite of an RAF station proper . History . In the early years of the RAF , very few of its bases were classified as stations . Some bases which were locally known as RAF " location name " were officially listed under the unit ' s title . For example , No . 1 Stores Depot was at RAF Kidbrooke which was described as No . 1 Stores Depot in the official lists . In the years before World War II the RAF went through a period of rapid expansion . One means of achieving this expansion was to group several units together at one location , which then required a separate headquarters staff . This resulted in a considerable growth in the number of stations . Structure . The Commanding Officer ( CO ) in charge of an RAF station is titled as the Station Commander . On flying units the Station Commander normally holds the rank of Group Captain . Most RAF stations are administratively sub - divided into Wings , and are controlled by a Station Headquarters ( SHQ ) . On a flying station the subordinate Wings have usually been called Operations Wing , Engineering Wing ( or Engineering and Supply Wing ) , and Administration Wing . Engineering Wings are being split into Forward Support Wing and Depth Support Wing s , while many Administration and Operations Wings have been renamed Base Support Wing . RAF stations typically have a fenced perimeter , and flying stations have the airfield - with its runways , perimeter track , dispersal areas , hangars , technical buildings , offices and accommodation for personnel who live on the unit . Flying stations are typically in remote or rural areas , and are geographically quite large in area . Non - flying RAF stations are often much smaller in area than flying stations . They may be close to urban conurbation s , and may sometimes be situated in historic mansions , manor houses , or other notable buildings of fine architectural quality . Locations . Current RAF stations are mainly in the United Kingdom ; however RAF Akrotiri is in the UK Sovereign Base Area of Cyprus , RAF Gibraltar is in Gibraltar , and RAF Mount Pleasant is in the Falkland Islands . Over the last 90 - years , there have been hundreds of RAF stations around the world , a reflection on the involvement of the RAF in wars and conflicts , and colonial policing in many areas across the globe . Heraldry . RAF Station badge s are similar to Squadron badges ; the emblem is surrounded by a light blue ring containing the words " Royal Air Force Station " , and the station name , surmounted by a Crown , and with the motto in a scroll underneath .
Axel Gyllenkrok Axel Gyllenkrok , or " Gyllenkrook " ( August 16 , 1665 – September 17 , 1730 ) was a Swedish baron , military general , and from 1723 governor of Gothenburg . He is most known as the general quartermaster of King Charles XII of Sweden . He was the operational planner whose collection of route maps and reports were used by Charles XII to prepare for the campaign of Poland and Russia . After the King ' s defeat in the Battle of Poltava ( July 8 , 1709 ) , Gyllenkrok followed the King to the Ottoman Empire , but was captured by the forces of Peter I of Russia at a mission in Poland . He was imprisoned in places such as Siberia , and did not return to Sweden until 1722 .
John Lafayette Camp John Lafayette Camp ( February 20 , 1828 – 1891 ) was an American lawyer and planter from Texas who served in the Texas state Senate and as a district court judge . John was born in Jefferson County , Alabama , the son of John and Elizabeth Camp . After graduating from the University of Tennessee in 1848 he moved to Gilmer in Upshur County , Texas . He started a plantation and was admitted to the bar . In 1851 he married Mary Ann Ward , the daughter of a local doctor . The couple would have five children , including John Lafayette , Jr . Civil war . Camp entered to Civil War by joining the Confederate States Army . He joined the 14th Texas Cavalry and was elected Captain of his company . By the end of the war , he was Colonel of the 10th Texas Cavalry , and attached to the Army of Tennessee . He was in actions at Cumberland Gap , Murfreesboro , and Chickamauga . John was wounded and captured twice . Political career . In 1866 , the first district in Texas elected Camp to the U . S . Congress . However , in the struggle over seating of delegations connected with the Reconstruction , he was not allowed to take his seat . He remained active in Democratic Party politics . Camp was elected to the Texas State Senate in 1874 , and served from 1875 to 1878 , when Governor Hubbard appointed him a judge in State district court . He resigned as a judge in 1878 due to poor health . Later life . Camp moved to Arizona in 1884 , working as a registrar in the land office . But , when the drier climate failed to improve his health , he came back to Texas two years later . He settled in San Antonio , living in his later years with his son , John Lafayette Camp , Jr . . He died there in 1891 and is buried in the Dignowitty Cemetery . Camp County , Texas was named for him after he introduced the Bill in the state Senate that created the county .
M1926 machine gun The M1926 is a machine gun of Italian origin . History . The Fabrica Italiana Automobile Torino ( Italian Torino car factory ) , one of Europe ' s biggest car industries , and it was in World War I one of Italy ' s main suppliers of ground - based and aviation machine guns , mostly of Revelli designs . After World War , FIAT created in 1926 a subsidiary devoted exclusively to machine guns , that was the Societa Anonima Fabrica Armi Torino , or anonymous society Torino guns factory , mostly known as its abbreviated S . A . F . A . T designation . The first aircraft machine gun produced by S . A . F . A . T was the M1928 , a scaled - up variant of the M1926 with a belt feed and increased rate of fire . However , its main change was the adoption of the 8 mm Fiat cartridge instead the usual M1891 6 . 5 mm ammunition . Worth to mention that the " 8mm FIAT " designation was in fact a fancy name for the 7 . 7x56R cartridge ( . 303 British ) , both types were completely interchangeable . The M1928 was installed in some biplane fighters of the late 1920s and early 1930s . It was proven unreliable as sometimes the case ruptured with remains left in the chamber and difficult to synchronize , so it was replaced by the better Breda SAFAT designs .
Thrasher incident The Thrasher incident , as it became known in U . S . media , nearly became the start of America ' s involvement in World War I . On March 28 , 1915 , the British steamship was torpedoed and sunk by German U - boat . In the incident , 104 people were killed , including one American passenger — Leon Chester Thrasher , a 31 - year - old mining engineer from Massachusetts . Background . After the issuance of captured British orders , all merchant vessels were directed to paint over their names and ports of call and to fly under the flag of a neutral nation . They were instructed not to stop when challenged by a submarine but instead to open fire at once or , if unarmed , to attempt to ram the sub . In response , German orders came from Kaiser Wilhelm who declared that as of February 18 , 1915 , the waters surrounding England , including the Channel , were a war zone . Any merchant ship found in that zone would be immediately destroyed without first determining if the ship were neutral . British Order in Council . In response , the British issued an Order in Council proclaiming a complete embargo on trade with Germany , denying her not only munitions but all other goods . The American government , led by President Woodrow Wilson and Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan , responded with a protest to the British government ; they saw no need to starve Germans . Americans were not yet prepared to enter the war . Pressure on America . Intense media scrutiny and public pressure mounted , demanding American response after the sinking of the " Falaba " , which was widely reported as nothing short of a massacre of innocent civilians without warning . A Note was prepared by President Wilson to Germany , though he knew that the implications would likely lead to a declaration of war . After persistent requests by Secretary of State Bryan , documents detailing witness statements from the sinking of the " Falaba " offered proof that the captain of " U - 28 " gave adequate warnings and time for the " Falaba " to offload passengers . Instead , the crew of the " Falaba " had used that time to radio the position of the submarine to nearby armed British patrol ships . As the warship approached , the submarine fired at the last minute — and detonated nearly thirteen tons of contraband high explosives in the " Falaba " ' s cargo . This discovery allowed a diplomatic delay in the American response and the decision of whether to go to war .
The Code of Conduct and the Vietnam Prisoners of War The Code of Conduct and the Vietnam War is a report from an individual research project conducted by John McCain , Commander , United States Navy , at the National War College . It has a 44 pages and was released on April 8 , 1974 . The purpose of this paper was to review the Code of Conduct in the perspective of the Vietnam prisoner of war experience and to make recommendations for changes to the code itself and to the training and indoctrination of the members of the Armed Forces in the Code of Conduct . Additionally , recommendations are presented for the education of the members of the Armed Forces and the U . S . public in order to minimize the use of POWS in the future as political hostages and propaganda vehicles . The Vietnam War was the first test of the Code of Conduct . The majority of the American POWS were held captive longer than in any other war engaged in by Americans . The paper discusses the Code of Conduct , article by article , and assesses its value and viability as they related to the Vietnam War experience . The report compares conditions and treatment American POWs experienced in Vietnam , and how it affected their ability to live up to the code . In the report Commander McCain writes that , " The American people have been inoculated with too many John Wayne movies and other examples of unbreakable will and super human strength . It has been amply proved that every man has a breaking point . "
Bjärka - Säby Castle Bjärka - Säby Castle ( " Bjärka - Säby slott i Östergötland " ) is a baroque style château located south of Linköping , in Östergötland County , Sweden . Bjärka - Säby Castle was built for Swedish diplomat and nobleman , . The building was based upon plans from a prominent Swedish landscape architect , Fredrik Magnus Piper . Construction started in 1791 and was completed just before 1800 . The surrounding landscape was design in the manner of a traditional English park . The palace was subject to renovation in 1894 - 1898 based upon plans of architect Agi Lindegren ( 1858 - 1927 ) . His work differ from Piper ' s design and resulted in a Baroque appearance . Proposals for a restoration of the interior were advanced principally by , secretary of the Swedish National Heritage Board . Between 1920 - 1921 , , architect at the Nordic Museum , conducted renovations reflecting the manor ' s origin in the late 1700s . The exterior has been allowed to retain the appearance resulting from the Agi Lindgren based conversion . Since 1980 , the château has been owned by , the Swedish Pentecostal movement ' s church in Linköping . Sources . This article is fully or partially based on material from Nordisk familjebok , " Germund Louis Cederhielm " and " August ( Agi ) Lindegren " .
749th Bombardment Squadron The 749th Bombardment Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit . Its last was assigned to the 457th Bombardment Group , stationed at Sioux Falls Army Air Field , South Dakota . It was inactivated on 28 August 1945 . History . Established as a B - 17 Flying Fortress heavy bomber squadron , trained under Second Air Force . Deployed to England in late 1943 , assigned to VIII Bomber Command . Engaged in strategic bombardment campaign of Nazi Germany and Occupied Europe , 1944 – 1945 , Personnel demobilized in the United Kingdom and returned to the United States . Squadron reassigned to Second Air Force and programmed for B - 29 Superfortress training . No personnel or aircraft assigned as a result of the end of war with Japan . Inactivated in August 1945 .
Hermann Prieß Hermann Prieß ( May 24 , 1901 – February 2 , 1985 ) was the commander of " 3rd SS Division Totenkopf " following the death of Theodor Eicke in February 1943 . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords ( ) . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross and its higher grade Oak Leaves and Swords was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . He was promoted to SS - " Gruppenführer und Generalleutnant der Waffen - SS " on April 20 , 1944 . On October 30 , 1944 he became the commanding officer of the " 1st SS - Panzerkorps Leibstandarte " and led it during the Battle of the Bulge . After the war , Hermann Prieß was convicted of war crimes because of his involvement in the Malmedy massacre and was sentenced to 20 years imprisonment . He was released in 1954 .
Henschel Hs 124 The Henschel Hs 124 was a German prototype twin - engined heavy fighter - bomber . After two were manufactured , work on the airplane was cancelled . The Hs 124 V1 had two liquid - cooled 12 - cylinder Junkers Jumo 210 A engines of 449 kW each ( 610 hp ) . It was fitted with a rotating turret with two 7 . 9 mm MG 15 machine gun s in the nose . The Hs 124 V2 had two BMW 132 DC 9 - cylinder radial engines of 640 kW each ( 870 hp ) . It was fitted with two 7 . 9mm MG 15 machine guns and carried up to 600 kg of bombs .
Amelungsburg ( Süntel ) The Amelungsburg is a circular rampart that is located on the " Amelungsberg " hill on the Süntel ridge in the district of Hameln - Pyrmont in the German state of Lower Saxony . There is no clear evidence yet about the date of construction of the rampart system . Finds , like Germanic spindle whorl s and shards of pottery have been stated to the time of Christ ' s birth and suggest that the site may have been used by the Cherusci coalition under Arminius . The site appears to have been extended during Charlemagne ' s Saxon Wars . In A . D . 782 in the Süntel , a Frankish army led by the Saxon Duke Widukind was annihilated . The Frankish took revenge at the blood court in Verden an der Aller .
HMS Bristol ( 1653 ) HMS " Bristol " was a 44 - gun fourth - rate frigate of the English Royal Navy , originally built for the navy of the Commonwealth of England at Portsmouth , and launched in 1653 . She was the first ship of the Royal Navy to bear this name . By 1677 her armament had been increased to 48 guns . Life aboard her when cruising in the Mediterranean in 1677 - 8 is described in the diary of Henry Teonge . In 1693 , " Bristol " was rebuilt at Deptford as a 50 - gun fourth - rate ship of the line . In April 1709 she was captured by the French , but was recaptured two weeks later , at which time she was sunk .
John D . Vanderhoof John David Vanderhoof ( May 27 , 1922 – September 19 , 2013 ) served as the 37th Governor of Colorado from 1973 - 1975 as a Republican . He served as Lieutenant Governor of Colorado under John Arthur Love from 1971 until 1973 when Love was appointed to the National Energy Policy Office by President Richard Nixon . Early life and career . Born in Rocky Ford , Colorado , Vanderhoof worked in the family sporting goods business and was a banker and served in Naval Aviation during World War II , and received two Purple Heart s , the Distinguished Flying Cross and three Air Medals . Vanderhoof was elected to the Colorado State House of Representatives in 1950 , and served twenty years until 1970 . He was a former chairman of the Game and Fish Committee and Business Affairs Committee of the House . Minority floor leader during the 43rd General Assembly and elected Speaker of the House for the 44th , 46th , and 47th General Assemblies . Vanderhoof graduated from Glendale College in California in 1942 and was the first lieutenant governor elected under a new constitutional provision calling for the joint election of Governor and Lieutenant Governor . Colorado Apollo 17 Goodwill Moon Rock . In 2010 , Richard Kevin Griffis , a graduate student at the University of Phoenix was assigned the task of tracking down the Apollo 17 Goodwill Moon Rock by his Professor Joseph Gutheinz . He discovered that the Colorado Apollo 17 Goodwill Moon Rock was missing , which led to the admission by Vanderhoof that he had possession of one of two Colorado moon rock displays that was presented to the state of Colorado by President Richard Nixon in 1970s . Vanderhoof voluntarily surrendered the rock , which at the time was estimated to be worth $ 5 million . The rock was subsequently put on display at the Colorado School of Mines Geology Museum . Death . He died on September 19 , 2013 , aged 91 , in Glenwood Springs , Colorado .
Franz Brandt Leutnant Franz Brandt ( born 13 February 1893 , date of death unknown ) was a World War I flying ace credited with ten aerial victories . Brandt entered the war an artilleryman . In July 1915 he transferred to aviation . His first assignment after training was " Kampfstaffel " ( Tactical Bomber Squadron ) 14 , between July and September 1916 . In December , he moved on to " Schutzstaffel " ( Protection Squadron ) 2 ; he saw some action there , but no results yet . On 2 February 1917 , he was reassigned , to Jasta 19 . He scored his first victory on 4 May , downing a Spad VII . On 21 August 1917 , he took out an enemy observation balloon for his second triumph . On 31 December 1917 , he changed squadrons again , to Jasta 27 . In his tenure there , he downed enemy fighter planes on 23 January , 7 April , and 17 June 1918 . On 27 June 1918 , he was appointed to command of Jasta 26 . Between 7 July and 22 September , he shot down four enemy fighters and a two - seater . Brandt ended the war still commanding Jasta 26 . References . " Above the Lines : The Aces and Fighter Units of the German Air Service , Naval Air Service and Flanders Marine Corps 1914 - 1918 " Norman L . R . Franks , et al . Grub Street , 1993 . ISBN 0 - 948817 - 73 - 9 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 948817 - 73 - 1 .