naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
National Black Antiwar Antidraft Union The National Black Antiwar Antidraft Union ( NBAWADU ) was founded in February 1968 by Gwen Patton to protest the Vietnam War and the draft . In order to do this , they allied themselves with two other prominent predominantly Black social movement organizations : the Black Panther Party and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) . History . At their first conference to discuss the war , they passed a resolution that addressed the draft . At this conference they stated that it was necessary for the Black Movement in the United States that Black men not to leave for the draft or fight the war in Vietnam . They believed that the draft would lead to the total destruction of Blacks in the United States . The NBAWADU listed a few alternatives for the draft . The first was a mass organized , but not public , form of resistance . They ordered young Black men not to register when they turned eighteen years of age . They acknowledged that this was would be an illegal mass act , but they deemed it necessary for the survival of African Americans in the United States . Second , they called for Black lawyers in the United States to come to the defense of those who did not register , or they warned of consequences for these lawyers from the Black community . Third , they called for the members of local draft boards and Blacks surrounding them to cause such a disruption that they are unable to proceed with distributing drafts . Fourth , they called for Black males that were already registered to check in Series VIII on form 110 SS and the form certifying CO status . Fifth , they demanded that all information concerning counseling and legal facilities be accessible to Black high school and college students . Sixth , they called for an effort of Blacks to begin the ending of ROTC . And seventh , they called for African Americans to resist the war by yelling " Hell No , I Won ' t Go ! " This was an overall effort to increase Black resistance to the Vietnam war and the draft . In September 1969 in Chicago , fifteen members of NBAWADU temporarily disrupted draft calls by breaking into the Sixty - third Street Selective Service , and burning the 1 - A , or draft eligible , files .
Wilfred Edwards Major Wilfred Edwards VC ( 16 February 1893 – 4 January 1972 ) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . Edwards was born on 16 February 1893 . He was 24 years old , and a private in the 7th Battalion , The King ' s Own Yorkshire Light Infantry , British Army during the First World War , and was awarded the VC for his actions on 16 August 1917 at Langemarck , Belgium : " when all the company officers were lost , Private Edwards , without hesitation and under heavy machine - gun and rifle fire from a strong concrete fort , dashed forward at great personal risk , bombed through the loopholes , surmounted the fort and waved to his company to advance . Three officers and 30 other ranks were taken prisoner by him in the fort . Later he did most valuable work as a runner and eventually guided most of the battalion out through very difficult ground . Throughout he set a splendid example and was utterly regardless of danger . " Edwards was commissioned a second lieutenant in December 1917 and was demobilised in June 1919 . He re - enlisted in the army when World War II broke out and rose to the rank of major . He died in January 1972 and his medals are currently displayed in the Kings Own Yorkshire Light Infantry Museum , Doncaster , England .
USA - 226 USA - 226 is the first flight of the second Boeing X - 37B , the Orbital Test Vehicle 2 ( X - 37B OTV - 2 ) , an American unmanned robotic vertical - takeoff , horizontal - landing spaceplane . It was launched aboard an Atlas V rocket from Cape Canaveral on 5 March 2011 , and landed at Vandenberg Air Force Base on 16 June 2012 . It operated in low Earth orbit . Its mission designation is part of the USA series . The spaceplane was operated by the United States Air Force , which has not revealed the specific identity of the payload for the first flight . The Air Force stated only that the spacecraft would " demonstrate various experiments and allow satellite sensors , subsystems , components , and associated technology to be transported into space and back . " Launch . OTV - 2 was launched aboard an Atlas V rocket , tail number AV - 026 , on 5 March 2011 from Space Launch Complex 41 at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida . It was scheduled to launch on the previous day , 4 March , but weather prevented the launch on that day , forcing the reschedule to 5 March . The launch was conducted by United Launch Alliance . The X - 37B spacecraft was originally intended to be deployed from the payload bay of a NASA Space Shuttle , but following the " Columbia " accident , it was transferred to a Delta II 7920 , then subsequently transferred to the Atlas V following concerns over the X - 37B ' s aerodynamic properties during launch . Prior to the installation of the spacecraft , the Atlas rocket was moved to the launch pad and performed a wet dress rehearsal on 4 February 2011 . It was returned to the Vertical Integration Facility the following day for final assembly . Mission . Most of the mission parameters for the first OTV - 2 flight have not been disclosed . The Air Force stated the mission time would depend on progress of the craft ' s experiments during orbit . On 29 November 2011 a spokesperson for the Secretary of the Air Force announced the mission was extended beyond its original life expectancy , citing ongoing experimentation . In addition to its unspecified payload , OTV - 2 carried a folded solar panel in its cargo bay to power the spacecraft during its year and a half long mission . Landing . After completing its mission , OTV - 2 deorbited , entered the atmosphere , and landed at Vandenberg Air Force Base on 16 June 2012 at 05 : 48 PT ( 12 : 48 GMT ) . OTV - 2 is the third reusable spaceplane to perform an automated landing after returning from orbit , the first being the Soviet Buran spacecraft in 1988 and the second , its sister craft , the OTV - 1 .
RAF Mousehold Heath The area of Norwich between the Salhouse and Plumstead roads ( outside of the outer ring road ) was originally the Cavalry Training Ground and then became the Royal Flying Corps Mousehold Heath aerodrome where Boulton Paul , among other manufacturers , passed over the aircraft they made for service . It was sometimes known as Norwich aerodrome by the Royal Flying Corps before it became Royal Air Force Station Mousehold Heath in April 1918 . After the First World War , Boulton and Paul continued to use the site . The Norwich & Norfolk Aero Club was formed at the airfield in 1927 which then became the first Norwich Airport in 1933 . The airfield fell into disuse during the Second World War and has now mostly been redeveloped for housing . Remains . Several original buildings remain in industrial use , including hangars and other buildings on the Salhouse Industrial Estate . Part of the flying field survives as the playing field for the Open Academy , formerly Heartsease High School .
Private ( missile ) The Private was the first U . S . step rocket , combining a Tiny Tim rocket and a 30AS - 1000C JATO unit . Tsien Hsue - shen was the JPL section leader who directed research for the Private A . The Private preceded the MGM - 5 Corporal surface - to - surface missile .
10th Massachusetts Regiment The 10th Massachusetts Regiment was authorized on 16 September 1776 in the Continental Army under Colonel Marshall at Boston , Massachusetts as eight companies of volunteers from Worcester , Middlesex , Essex , Bristol , Hampshire , Plymouth , and Suffolk counties of the colony of Massachusetts and Cheshire county of the colony of New Hampshire . On 13 August 1777 the regiment was assigned to 3d Massachusetts Brigade in the Northern Department . The brigade was reassigned to the main Continental Army on 27 October 1777 . On 20 November 1778 the brigade was reassigned to the Highland ' s Department and on 12 May 1779 was re - organized to nine companies . On 1 January 1781 the regiment was reassigned to the 1st Massachusetts Brigade of the Highland ' s Department . On 18 June 1781 the regiment was reassigned to the New Hampshire Brigade . This brigade was reassigned from the Highland ' s Department to the Northern Department on 14 October 1781 . The regiment was relieved from this brigade on 12 November 1781 and assigned to the Highland ' s Department . On 29 August 1782 the regiment was assigned to the New Hampshire Brigade in the Northern Department . It was relieved from this brigade on 26 October 1782 and assigned to the Highland ' s Department . The regiment was disbanded on 15 November 1783 at West Point , New York . The regiment would see action at the Battle of Saratoga and the Battle of Monmouth . Colonel Thomas Marshall was commanding officer of the 10th Massachusetts Regiment from 6 November 1776 until 1 January 1781 . Colonel Benjamin Tupper was commanding officer from 1 January 1781 until 1 January 1783 .
Operation Tarbrush Operation Tarbrush was the name of a series of British Commando raids during the Second World War , which took place in 1944 . Members of No . 10 ( Inter - Allied ) Commando were responsible for this operation , which was intended to obtain photographs and other evidence 0of mines and other traps . Three of the missions were commanded by George Lane . Lane and his team examined mines near Ault on the French coast . During the preparations for D - Day , an RAF plane had attacked a pillbox on the French coast . Since the aircraft was equipped with a camera , films were taken during the flyover . The scientists who examined the images noticed that underwater explosions took place when the plane ' s rockets fell short and fell into the ocean . Since this was possible evidence of mines , the Allied forces needed to investigate whether the enemy had deployed a new type of mine . The reconnaissance mission led by Lane required a two - mile approach up to the coast , which was heavily guarded . His expedition found that in the water near the coast , the Germans had equipped Teller mine s on stakes . When the tide was in , the mines would be underwater , and landing craft would be unable to see them at high tide and especially at night , and thus would strike them . However , the setup did not account for the fact that the mines were not waterproof and thus had corroded . Because of the corrosion , the mines only detonated because of the rockets from the RAF fighter , which had fallen short . Lane ' s conclusion was that the deployment was only a hasty improvisation , and did not represent an advance in the Germans ' mine technology . Four of the missions were commanded by Captain Hilton - Jones , based in Dover . Major Ernest Leigh Smith ( then Captain ) led operation Tarbrush 8 on Quend Plage and successfuly returned vital informaton including a Teller mine . All his team was decorated and he was awarded the Military Cross . He later joined two similar operations in Westkapelle ahead of the Walcheren landings of 1 November 1944 . See also Major Ian Smith who led a raid investigating Teller Mines . http : / / www . telegraph . co . uk / news / obituaries / 9275908 / Major - Ian - Smith . html
Jeremiah O ' Leary Jeremiah O ' Leary ( died 1993 ) was an American newspaper reporter and columnist . He grew up in Washington , DC , then served as a U . S . Marine in the Pacific theater during World War II and fought in the invasions of New Britain , Guam and Peleliu . He also served in Korea during the Korean War . After the war , he was a reporter for " The Washington Evening Star " , focusing on defense and foreign policy issues . When the " Star " folded in 1981 , O ' Leary joined the Reagan Administration as press secretary for National Security Advisor William P . Clark , Jr . Soon after the founding of " The Washington Times " in 1982 , he joined that paper as a White House correspondent , became president of the White House Correspondents Association , and ended his career writing a weekly column focused on nostalgic reminiscences of the past .
Goto Yujo Yujo is said to have been an aide to Ashikaga Yoshimasa , but left the job to focus on his craft work . He became famous as the founder of one of many great families of craftsmen of parts for swords ; that is , all parts necessary for a sword beside the blade . The family continued to produce tsuba until the death of his final descendant in 1856 . The tsuba was noted as a reflection of the specific time period and school that designed them . Yujo ' s sword fittings were characterized by unusual detail , color , texture , and contrast . Many of Yujo ' s designs can be easily found to this day .
6th West Virginia Volunteer Cavalry Regiment The 6th West Virginia Volunteer Cavalry Regiment was a cavalry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War . Service . The 6th West Virginia Cavalry was organized from the 3rd West Virginia Volunteer Infantry Regiment on January 26 , 1864 . The regiment absorbed the remaining battalion of the 5th West Virginia Volunteer Cavalry Regiment on December 14 , 1864 . The 6th West Virginia mustered out at Fort Leavenworth , Kansas on May 22 , 1866 . Casualties . The 6th West Virginia Cavalry suffered 5 officers and 28 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded in battle and 2 officers and 201 enlisted men dead from disease for a total of 236 fatalities .
Finnish submarine AG - 16 The Russian submarine " AG - 12 " was an AG - class ( AG = " Amerikansky Golland " ) submarine which served in the Gulf of Finland during World War I . During the war , Russian submarines operated from bases in Finland . " AG - 12 " and three of her sisters were scuttled in Hanko harbor on 3 April 1918 , just prior to the German landing there . " AG - 12 " and " AG - 16 " seemed to be in relatively good shape and the Finns decided to salvage them . " AG - 16 " was transferred to Helsinki and the Finns asked both Germany and Electric Boat for estimates on the cost of repairs . The latter was so costly so only the German alternative remained . German experts evaluated " AG - 16 " , but the Finnish government never provided funds for the repairing of the submarine . The repairs would be costly and no shipyard were prepared to guarantee the results . The submarine was stored on dry land until 1929 when the Finnish government finally agreed on the new Fleet program , which also included new submarines . " AG - 16 " was then scrapped .
Josef Heindl Josef Heindl ( 10 March 1904 – 10 September 1943 ) was a German officer who served in the Wehrmacht during World War II . He was also a posthumous recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross and its higher grade Oak Leaves was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . He was also posthumously promoted to Oberstleutnant of the Reserves .
Chief of staff The title , Chief of Staff , identifies the leader of a complex organization , institution , or body of persons and it also may identify a Principal Staff Officer ( PSO ) , who is the coordinator of the supporting staff or a primary aide - de - camp to an important individual , such as a president . In general , a chief of staff provides a buffer between a chief executive and that executive ' s direct - reporting team . The chief of staff generally works behind the scenes to solve problems , mediate disputes , and deal with issues before they bubble up to the Chief Executive . Often Chiefs of Staff act as a confidante and advisor to the Chief Executive , acting as a sounding board for ideas . Ultimately the actual duties depend on the actual position and the people involved . Military . In general , the positions listed below are not " chiefs of staff " as defined at the top of this page . In general , they are the heads of the various forces / commands . Note that , in general , they tend to have subordinates that do fulfill the " chief of staff " roles . The Sovereign is the Commander - in - Chief . The CDS heads the Chiefs of Staff Committee and is assisted by the Vice - Chief of the Defence Staff . The Queen is not the ceremonial head of each branch of the British Armed Forces .
Wingman A wingman ( or wingmate ) is a pilot who supports another in a potentially dangerous flying environment . Wingman was originally a term referring to the Plane flying beside and slightly behind the lead plane in an aircraft formation . According to the U . S . Air Force , The traditional military definition of a " Wingman " refers to the pattern in which fighter jets fly . There is always a lead aircraft and another which flies off the right wing of and behind the lead . This second pilot is called the " Wingman " because he or she primarily protects the lead by " watching his back . " Description . The wingman ' s role is to add an element of mutual support to aerial combat . The presence of a wingman makes the flight both offensively and defensively more capable by increasing firepower and situational awareness , permitting the attack of enemies , and increasing the ability to employ more dynamic tactics . Colonel Robert Smith provides an extensive description of the work and role of wingmen during the Korean War . Among the wingman ' s primary responsibilities are remaining close to the leader of the aerial formation and warning the leader of any immediate threats at the cost of losing mutual protection . Smith describes the responsibilities as mutually exclusive ; never losing the leader required attention in front of the wingman , but warning the lead of any aircraft threats meant focusing on the rear . The wingman needs to protect the leader and react constantly according to his surroundings and movements . Smith describes the difficulties of flying under poor visibility and the trying effects on human perception under such conditions , especially considering the danger of being separated from the leader of the formation . According to Smith , wingmen are expected to remain with the leader , even at the cost of scoring an easy kill .
Wolfgang Martin ( pilot ) Wolfgang Martin ( 11 September 1916 – 13 May 1944 ) was a highly decorated Oberfeldwebel in the Luftwaffe during World War II , and a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership .
Pedro de Villagra Pedro de Villagra y Martínez ( Mombeltrán , Ávila Province ; 1513 - Lima ; September 11 , 1577 ) was a Spanish soldier who participated in the conquest of Chile , being appointed its Royal Governor between 1563 and 1565 . His father was Juan de Villagra , a minor civil official . In 1537 he moved from Spain to Cartagena de Indias , then to Santa Marta and later Peru . He arrived in Chile with the expedition of Pedro de Valdivia . With the founding of Santiago , Villagra held for 4 years the post of the city ' s mayor . Valdivia also granted him an " encomienda " in Tirúa . After the death of the governor , he moved back to Peru , where he married Beatriz de Figueroa . He returned to Chile when his nephew ( cousin ? ) Francisco de Villagra was governor for the first time . He fought in the Arauco War and took command of the southern forces when the governor became ill . In 1556 he commanded the forces that drove Lautaro back from Santiago in the Battle of Peteroa . He again commanded forces under Francisco de Villagra when he became governor again in 1561 . When Francisco de Villagra died on June 22 , 1563 , he left Pedro de Villagra as interim governor . This was later confirmed by the Viceroy of Peru , Diego López de Zúñiga y Velasco . His military strategy led him to concentrate his forces , vacating the fort Arauco in order to reinforce Angol and Concepción . Some of the worst Mapuche defeats would be suffered through the attack on Angol , where the garrisoning forces led by Lorenzo Bernal del Mercado inflicted over a thousand of casualties and killed the toqui Illangulién in the Battle of Angol . Later he headed a new campaign in the south , relieving the Siege of Concepcion and resulting in the victorious battles of Reinohuelen and Tolmillán against the Mapuches north of the Bio - Bio River . This series of defeats resulted in a few years of apparent peace between the Spanish and Mapuche . With the death of the viceroy López de Zúñiga y Velasco in 1564 the political situation deteriorated for Villagra . In 1565 , at the orders of the new viceroy Lope García de Castro , he was replaced by Rodrigo de Quiroga , arrested , and sent to Peru , where he managed to clear his name . After his absolution he petitioned the king for the reparations he believed himself due , but he never received a response . He died in Lima on September 11 , 1577 . References . This article was translated from the Spanish wiki on March 22 - 3 , 2006 .
Hasan ibn al - Nu ' man Hasan ibn an - Nu ` uman al - Ghasani ( " Hasān ibn an - Nu ‘ umān al - Ghasānī " ) ( d . ca . 700 ) , amir ( general ) of the Umayyad army in North Africa . The nisba indicates he either came from Ghassān in Yemen or was part of an Arab tribe originally from that area . Biography . Dates in this section are according to Ibn Abd al - Hakam ( work cited below ) , other medieval sources give a range of 4 years before and after . He was appointed governor of the Maghreb about the year 692 CE . At this time , the Arab forces had still not managed to entirely defeat the Byzantine Greeks in North Africa . He captured the Byzantine city of Carthage after defeating Ioannes the Patrician and Tiberios III at the Battle of Carthage in 698 CE . After a defeat by the Berber warrior queen al - Kahina , he retired to Libya for several years , then returned to Ifriqiya and killed al - Kahina in battle . This effectively brought Ifriqiya ( modern Tunisia and eastern Algeria ) under Arab control . He appointed Abu Salih as emir over Ifriqiya while keeping the emirates of Cyrenaica and other parts of Libya for himself . He returned to Kairouan and re - established it as the capital of Ifriqiya , building ( or re - building ) the mosque , establishing official registers and levying land taxes ( against Muslims ) and poll taxes ( against Christians ) . Having completed this task , he returned to Damascus in about 695 - 698 to report to the Umayyad caliph Abd al - Malik , having left a deputy in charge of Cyrenaica . As he passed through Egypt , he was " relieved " of his captives by the caliph ' s brother Abd al - Aziz , who was governor of Egypt . It is said that they included two hundred Berber slave girls each worth a thousand dinar s . In his absence , a Byzantine naval raiding force attacked Cyrenaica and occupied it for upwards of a month . Hasan ' s deputy fled to Egypt , and his trusted lieutenant Zuhayr was killed while attempting to repel the Greeks . Eventually a scratch force of Arabs drove the intruders out , after which Abd al - Aziz put one of his freed slaves in charge of Cyrenaica . When Hasan attempted to return to North Africa , he asked Abd al - Aziz to remove his slave from Libya , but the Egyptian governor refused . Hasan then threatened to go to the caliph , whereupon Abd al - Aziz told him " Go " . Hasan returned to Damascus , where he and Abd al - Malik learned that Abd al - Aziz had made Musa bin Nusair emir over Ifriqiya , deposing Abu Salih . Abd al - Malik disliked Musa , and prepared to use this as a pretext to do something about Abd al - Aziz . Unfortunately Hasan , who had been ill since leaving Egypt , died suddenly . This was in about 698 ( according to some sources , up to 10 years after this ! ) .