naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Senninbari A or Thousand stitch belt is a strip of cloth , approximately one metre in length , decorated with 1000 stitches each made by a different woman , given as an amulet by women to soldiers on their way to war as a part of the Shinto culture of Imperial Japan . Construction , and types . Senninbari were most commonly made from white cloth , but yellow , red , green , and blue were also used . Stitches were usually red , but again a range of other colours were sometimes used . The stitches were usually arranged in multiple rows but might also be placed in patterns creating images of flags , patriotic slogans and tigers . The most common slogan was " bu - un cho - kyu " for " eternal good luck in war " . Tigers were popular as they were known to be able to roam far away from home and then return safely . Senninbari took various forms including " hachimaki " ( headbands ) , belts , vests , and caps . Rare forms of senninbari take the form of good luck flags . Senninbari made to be worn around the waist , as the majority were , were called " senninbari - haramaki " ( a haramaki or abdomen belt is traditionally worn in Japan to help maintain good health ) . These belts generally measure about 6 inches high by 31 - 36 inches long + / - . Some of these belts were called " tiger belts " , if embroidered in the image of a tiger . History . The custom of producing " senninbari " originated during the First Sino - Japanese War of 1894 - 1895 . As stated earlier , the red colour of the stitches was considered a “ lucky ” colour , and the belts were believed to confer courage , good luck and immunity from injury ( especially bullets ) upon their wearers . Some Japanese soldiers rejected the belief that the senninbari could protect them from harm . Instead , they felt that this good luck item would simply allow them to be in the position to inflict the greatest damage upon the enemy before offering their life up in battle . Others in the military wore the senninbari as a devotional to the women back home . Makers . A " senninbari " could be made by a man ' s mother , sister , or wife if married , who would stand near their local temple , train station , or department store and ask any female passerby to sew in a French knot stitch . During the most hectic days of the War in order to meet demand , women ' s patriotic organizations would gather to make senninbari en masse . These were then placed in imonbukuro or comfort bags and sent overseas to the soldiers . According to the custom , any woman born in the " year of the Tiger " could sew either 12 stitches or a number of stitches that added up to her age . Some belts were lined with the woman / women ' s hair as an added form of protection . The custom of placing hair in bags or pouches as a good luck charm , dates to early folk belief found on the island of Okinawa . Additionally , coins could be sewn into the belt as an amulet as well .
Clayton K . Slack Clayton Kirk Slack ( February 23 , 1896 – March 1 , 1976 ) was a soldier in the United States Army who received the Medal of Honor for his actions during World War I . Biography . Slack was born in Plover , Wisconsin on February 23 , 1896 . Clayton Slack joined the United States Army from Madison , Wisconsin in September 1917 , and as a Private he was cited for single - handedly clearing out a German machine gun nest resulting in 10 prisoners and the capture of 2 machine - guns on October 8 , 1918 , in the Meuse - Argonne offensive , the biggest battle of World War I involving American troops . Slack noticed several German troops and charged at them with his rifle and bayonet telling them to " put their hands up " . The German soldiers thinking that he was at the lead of a patrol , surrendered . Slacks actions were credited with saving his unit heavy casualties . After the war Slack toured the United States with war films and by the time of his death had met six presidents . In 1963 president John F Kennedy hosted a reunion of Medal of Honor recipients at the White House for the 100th anniversary of the first presentation of the Medal . Slack attended the function along with a number of other Medal of Honor recipients . He died March 1 , 1976 and is buried in Arlington National Cemetery Arlington , Virginia . His grave can be found in section 34 , lot 59 . Medal of Honor citation . Rank and organization : Private , U . S . Army , Company D , 124th Machine Gun Battalion , 33d Division . Place and date : Near Consenvoye , France , 8 October 1918 . Entered service at : Madison , Wis . Born : 23 February 1896 , Plover , Wis . G . O . No . : 16 , W . D . , 1919 . Citation : Observing German soldiers under cover 50 yards away on the left flank , Pvt . Slack , upon his own initiative , rushed them with his rifle and , single - handed , captured 10 prisoners and 2 heavy - type machineguns , thus saving his company and neighboring organizations from heavy casualties .
Sturmmann Sturmmann ( ) was a Nazi Party paramilitary rank that was first created in the year 1921 . The rank of " Sturmmann " was used by the " Sturmabteilung " ( SA ) and the " Schutzstaffel " ( SS ) . The word originated during World War I when " Sturmmann " was a position held by soldiers in German pioneer assault companies , also known as " shock troops " . Creation . Following the defeat of Germany in 1918 , " Sturmmann " became a paramilitary rank of the " Freikorps " , violent groups of military veterans who opposed Germany ’ s loss of World War I and the subsequent Treaty of Versailles . In 1921 , " Sturmmann " became a paramilitary title of the Nazi Party ' s private army , the " Sturmabteilung " ( SA or " Assault Detachment " ) . " Sturmmann " would eventually become a basic paramilitary rank of almost every Nazi organization , but is most closely associated as an SA rank and as a rank of the SS . The rank of " Sturmmann " was bestowed upon those members of the SA and SS who had served for six months in the organization and had demonstrated basic abilities and competence . Use . " Sturmmann " was senior to the rank of " Mann " , except in the " Allgemeine - SS " where a junior rank of " SS - Obermann " was created and used from 1942 to 1945 . In organizations which did not use the rank of " Mann " ( such as the National Socialist Motor Corps ) , the rank of " Sturmmann " was the equivalent of a private and wore a blank collar patch with no insignia . Within the Waffen - SS , a " SS - Sturmmann " was senior to an " SS - Oberschütze " . The rank of " Sturmmann " was junior , in both the SS and SA , to the rank of " Rottenführer " . The insignia for " Sturmmann " consisted of a bare collar patch with a single silver stripe . The field grey uniforms of the Waffen - SS also displayed the sleeve chevron of a " Gefreiter " . Post - war use . The term and rank has not been used in Germany since World War II .
Bewcastle Castle Bewcastle Castle is a ruined castle in the parish of Bewcastle in the English county of Cumbria . The first castle was built on the site of a Roman fort , around 1092 . It was destroyed in 1173 but was rebuilt towards the end of the 14th century . The castle was decayed by the early 15th century when Edward IV granted it to his brother , the Duke of Gloucester . The buildings were repaired and the gatehouse was possibly added at this time . Bewcastle Castle was destroyed by Cromwell in 1641 . The castle was in a state of ruin by the 17th century and although much of the stone was removed for nearby buildings , part of the gatehouse still remains . The element " castle " in the place - name Bewcastle refers to the Roman fort , giving rise to the unusual repetition of the word in the castle name .
USS Wyandance ( SP - 359 ) USS " Wyandance " ( SP - 359 ) was a patrol boat that served in the United States Navy from 1917 to 1918 . " Wyandance " was built as a private motorboat of the same name in 1905 by the Electric Boat Company at Bayonne , New Jersey . On 19 June 1917 , the U . S . Navy acquired her from her owner , Mr . M . S . Burrill of Jericho , Long Island , New York , for use as a patrol boat during World War I . She was commissioned as USS " Wyandance " ( SP - 359 ) on 24 August 1917 at New York City . Assigned to the 3rd Naval District , " Wyandance " served on section patrol duties in the New York City area for about five months . " Wyandance " was decommissioned early in 1918 . The Navy returned her to her owner on 2 February 1918 , and she was stricken from the Navy List the same day .
USS Flusser ( DD - 20 ) USS " Flusser " ( DD – 20 ) was a " Smith " class destroyer in the United States Navy during World War I . She was the second ship named for Lieutenant Commander Charles W . Flusser . " Flusser " was launched on 20 July 1909 by Bath Iron Works , Bath , Maine , sponsored by Miss Genevieve Virden , grandniece of Commander Flusser ; and commissioned on 28 October 1909 , Lieutenant Commander J . P . Morton in command . Pre - World War I . " Flusser " arrived at Charleston , South Carolina - her home port - on 17 December 1909 , and began her participation in the regular operating schedule of the Atlantic Torpedo Fleet , an organization many times redesignated in the years that followed . She cruised from the Caribbean to the coast of New England until August 1916 , when she began neutrality patrols off New York and in Long Island Sound . World War I . After a repair period at New Orleans , Louisiana early in 1917 , " Flusser " had escort duty on the east coast until 30 July 1917 , when she departed Charleston for two months of ocean escort and patrol duty based on Ponta Delgada , Azores . She had similar duty out of Brest , France , operating across the English Channel from 22 October - 9 December 1918 , returning to Charleston on 31 December . She was decommissioned at Philadelphia , Pennsylvania on 14 July 1919 , and sold on 21 November .
Mir ( title ) Mir is a title which is derived from the Arabic title " Emir " or " Amir " ( Arabic : أمير ) . It was adopted in many languages under Islamic influence , such as Persian ( مير ) , Pashto , Sindhi and Balochi , meaning leader of a group or tribe in Iran , Afghanistan , and Pakistan . Title . In Iran , " mir " has also been formally used as a high title of nobility and honor . This title is also used widely in Afghanistan , Pakistan , and several other countries of Asia . " Mir " was also subsequently used as an honor rank . ( See : Mirza ) . Amongst Muslims , " mir " / " meer " has become an interchangeable synonym of " sayyid " ( or " syed " ) , meaning " relative of prophet Muhammad " . In Muslim princely state s very few formal " mirs " have actually reached the level of salute state , notably in present Pakistan , where only two of the six have been entitled to a gun salute and the attached " His Highness " . The highest - ranking are the Amir of Bahawalpur ) , the Mir of Khairpur ( 17 guns ) and the Mir of Hunza ( 15 guns ) . In Balochistan , " mir " is a title give to a " sardar " son or brother . The twelve " mirs " make one " sardar " . When a " mir " has twelve " mirs " under him he becomes a sardar . It is given as well to people in religion . " Sayyid " sons or brothers remain as such until they fulfill the complete Islam requirement and hold the title of " mir " instead of " sayyid " . The title " mir " was also used by members of the chief clans of the Soomro and Talpur tribe before and after they became rulers of Sindh . Today , it is still used by their descendants . Compound titles . On the Indian subcontinent , since the Mughal period , various compounds were used in Urdu including : In the Hindu kingdom of Nepal : In the Ottoman Empire , " mir - i miran " was used as the Persian equivalent to the Turkish title " beylerbey " ( " bey of beys " ) , alongside the Arabic equivalent " amir al - umara " ( " emir of emirs " ) .
Ehrenfels Castle ( Hesse ) Ehrenfels Castle ( ) is a ruined castle above the Rhine Gorge near the town of Rüdesheim am Rhein in Hesse , Germany . It is located on the steep eastern bank of the river amid extended vineyards . The grape variety Ehrenfelser is named after the castle . It was ( re - ) built about 1212 at the behest of the Archbishop of Mainz as a defensive work against the constant attacks by Elector Palatine Henry V , who , as Imperial vicar of Franconia , strived to cut down the archbishop ' s reach . Mainz staffed the castle with Burgmann en and erected a customs post controlling the shipping on the Rhine , supplemented by the Mouse Tower below at the river . Heavily damaged in the course of the Thirty Years ' War , the castle was finally devastated by French troops under the command of Lieutenant General Nicolas Chalon du Blé during the 1689 Siege of Mainz . The ruin can be reached from Rüdesheim via a hiking trail through the vineyards . The interior however can only be visited in guided tours by prior appointment .
Shotel A shotel is a curved sword originating in Abyssinia ( ancient Ethiopia ) . It looks very much like the Near Eastern scimitar s . The curve on the shotel ' s blade varies from the Persian shamshir , adopting an almost semicircular shape . The blade is flat and double - edged with a diamond cross - section . The blade is about in total length and the hilt is a simple wooden piece with no guard . The shotel was carried in a close fitting leather scabbard . History . Evidence for the shotel dates from the earliest Damotians ( Damites ) and Axumite s , used by both mounted and dismounted warriors . After the Solomon ic restoration of Atse Yikuno Amlak I , the resurgent Emperors began to re - establish the Axumite armies . This culminated in the reign of Amda Seyon I . Ethiopian forces were armed with short and long swords such as the Seif and Gorade . The Shotel swordsmen known as Shotelai and organized in the Axurarat Shotelai comprised one of the elite forces of Amda Seyon ' s Imperial host . Along with the Hareb Gonda and Korem cavalry , Keste Nihb archers and Axuarat Axuarai lancers were said to be the forces that " . . flew through the air like the eagle and spun on the ground like the avalanche " , by a contemporaneous historian . Shotel techniques among others included hooking attacks both against mounted and dismounted opponents that had devastating effect especially against mounted cavalry . The shotel could be used to hook and rip the warrior off the horse . Classically the Shotel was employed in a dismounted state to hook the opponent by reaching around a shield or any other defensive implement or weapon . Design . Its shape is similar to a big sickle and can be effectively used to reach around an opponent ' s shield and stab them in vital areas , such as the kidneys or lung s . It is closely resembled by the Afar Gile . The Gile has two cutting edges , while the shotel ' s upper edge is unsharpened and sometimes used braced against the swordsman ' s shield for strength . The Shotel and other Ethiopian swords are occasionally referred collectively in Geez as Han ' e . However , the mid - 18th century European visitor to Ethiopia , Remedius Prutky , often used the word " shotel " to describe a carving knife .
Operation Polyarnaya Zvezda Operation Polyarnaya Zvezda ( Russian : Операция Полярная звезда , " Operatsia Polyarnaya Zvezda " ; English translation : Operation Polar Star ) was an operation conducted by the Soviet Leningrad , Volkhov and Northwestern Front s in February and March 1943 . The operation was planned by Georgy Zhukov in the wake of the successful Operation Iskra and envisaged two separate encirclements . One was to be carried out in the north by the Leningrad and Volkhov Fronts near Mga and one was planned to be carried out further to the south , by the Northwestern Front , near Demyansk . The operation succeeded in recapturing the Demyansk salient but failed to encircle the German forces . The northern part of the operation failed , without gaining much ground . With the battles in the south near Kharkov and , later , Kursk using reinforcements for both sides , the frontline near Leningrad stabilised until July 1943 . Aftermath . The Soviet offensive failed before it even began . The successful evacuation of the Demyansk salient shortened the frontline enough to bring the offensive to a halt . Although Zhukov made several attempts to reinvigorate the offensive throughout March , it was clear the his fronts were too exhausted to advance further . The spring thaw marked the end major battles on the Eastern Front until the July . The defences of Army Group North were only broken in January 1944 , during the Leningrad – Novgorod Offensive . The failure of the operation resulted in silence on the topic after the war . Neither Zhukov ' s or Meretskov ' s memoirs make any mention of the operation or even of any specific fighting in the area after the 18 January , the day the blockade of Leningrad . Zhukov ' s memoirs include only a short mention of the recapture of the Demyansk salient without any word on his role on the operation and then skip to the battle of Kursk . Meretskov ' s memoirs only speak of " local battles " in the area , and then skip to 1944 . The first source to outline the operation and its goals was the 1976 official history of the war . Details of the operation ' s planning , course and outcome were only made available with the recent archival releases . Army Group North , despite holding the line , was not in a good position . It was stretched extremely thin and could not mount any offensive or restore the blockade of Leningrad . The army group ' s strength would continue to drop throughout 1943 , while the opposing Soviet forces would grow in strength . The growing disparity in strength let to the collapse of the defences in 1944 .
Battle of Nesbit Moor ( 1402 ) The Battle of Nesbit Moor ( or Nisbet Muir ) was a small but significant clash between Scottish and English forces in the borders area north of the River Tweed . Specifically this clash took place on the Kimmerghame Estate in a field now named " Slaughter Field " . The estate is in the possession of the Swinton Family . In 1402 , Scottish nobles launched a coordinated invasion of Northern England . In the initial foray , some 12 , 000 Scottish troops crossed into Cumberland and looted areas near Carlisle . On 22 June at Nisbet , Berwickshire , the forfeited George de Dunbar , 10th Earl of March successfully led 200 English soldiers , mainly drawn from the garrison at Berwick - upon - Tweed , against 400 Scots returning from a raid on Northumberland . The Scottish casualties included the death of Sir Patrick Hepburn younger of Hailes ; and the capture of Sir John Haliburton of Dirleton , Robert de Lawedre of Edrington , Sir John Cockburn and Sir Thomas Haliburton . The date of Sir Robert Lawder ' s liberation does not appear to be on record but as there is a charter in " The Great Seal of Scotland " ( number 934 ) confirmed at Falkland Palace in May 1411 , which mentions him being " present " , we might safely assume that he was freed before that date . Certainly on 15 June 1411 " Robertus Lawedyr , miles " has a safe - conduct from Henry IV of England . Henry IV was given news of the skirmish while at Harborough on 30 June , and delayed plans to suppress a Welsh rebellion so that he could deal with the large - scale Scottish invasion that was then imminently expected . In the autumn a large army of Scots led by Archibald Douglas , 4th Earl of Douglas harassed the English countryside as far south as the River Wear . They were eventually engaged and defeated by the Earl of Northumberland at the battle of Humbleton Hill .
Edmond Pope Edmond Pope ( ) - is a retired American intelligence officer - turned - " businessman " , convicted by a Russian court in 2000 for allegedly spying for the U . S . Defense Intelligence Agency ( DIA ) . He was sentenced to 20 years in prison for buying - up and smuggling classified military equipment out of the country as scrap metal . Shortly in his prison term , Pope was pardoned by the newly elected Russian President Vladimir Putin . Pope has always maintained his innocence and continues to assert that the Russian authorities used him as a scapegoat for their broken system . In the same interview with Larry King , however , he spoke of a plot by unspecified people in the U . S . , as part of which Pope was being slowly poisoned in the Lefortovo Prison . Pope asserted that this was done with the hopes that he would eventually have to be transferred to a hospital , abducted on his way and smuggled out of the country ; he claims that his representatives stopped the plot .
Thomas H . Forsyth First Sergeant Thomas Hall Forsyth ( December 17 , 1842 – March 22 , 1908 ) was an American soldier in the U . S . Army who served with the 4th U . S . Cavalry during the Indian Wars . He received the Medal of Honor for gallantry against the Cheyenne Indians , rescuing his commanding officer and another wounded soldier , at the Powder River in Wyoming Territory on November 25 , 1876 . Although two fellow soldiers assisted in helping him protect their fallen commander , he is the only member of the Powder River Expedition to receive an award . Biography . Thomas Hall Forsyth was born on December 17 , 1842 , to a wealthy family in Hartford , Connecticut . He later enlisted in the United States Army in St . Louis , Missouri and had a long and successful military career serving with 4th U . S . Cavalry on the Texas frontier . A commissary sergeant at Fort Davis , his privileged background allowed him a certain lifestyle above that of the average enlisted man . He " enjoyed dancing and music " , played chess and subscribed to several eastern newspapers . He also directed the post talent show and was a member of the local lodges of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and Good Templars . Twice wounded in campaigns during the Indian Wars , Forsyth held a commendable service record as an experienced Indian fighter . While battling the Cheyenne at Powder River in the Wyoming Territory , on November 25 , 1876 , Forsyth took command of Company M when First Lieutenant John A . McKinney was mortally wounded . As McKinney lay dying by the river , Forsyth and two other men , Sergeant Frank Murray and Corporal William J . Linn , remained at his side despite all being wounded themselves . After the battle , all three were recommended for the Medal of Honor by Lieutenant Harrison G . Otis . The War Department failed to acknowledge their actions , however , for nearly 20 years . It was not until 1891 , after a petition by former adjutant Joseph H . Dorst and other officers , that Forsyth finally received the award . He was the only participant in the conflict to receive an honor . Forsyth died in San Diego , California on March 22 , 1908 , at the age of 65 . He was interred at the Mount Hope Cemetery . Medal of Honor citation . Rank and organization : First Sergeant , Company M , 4th U . S . Cavalry . Place and date : At Powder River , Wyo . , 25 November 1876 . Entered service at : - - - - - - . Birth : Hartford , Conn . Date of issue : 14 July 1891 . Citation : Though dangerously wounded , he maintained his ground with a small party against a largely superior force after his commanding officer had been shot down during a sudden attack and rescued that officer and a comrade from the enemy .
Paul Both Paul Both ( 3 March 1911 – 12 August 1944 ) was a highly decorated Leutnant der Reserve in the Wehrmacht during World War II . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . Paul Both died on 12 August 1944 , after being hit in an air raid . He was posthumously promoted to Leutnant der Reserve
HMS Niger ( J73 ) HMS " Niger " was a of the Royal Navy . She was launched in 1936 and was sunk during the Second World War by a mine near Iceland in 1942 . Five of six merchants she was escorting also sank from mines at the same spot .