naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
327th Air Division The 327th Airlift Division ( 327th AD ) is an inactive United States Air Force air division . It was assigned to Pacific Air Forces ' Thirteenth Air Force throughout its existence . It was last stationed at Taipei Air Station ( Taipei AS ) in Gongguan , Taipei , Taiwan . It was inactivated on 7 January 1976 . History . The division was established as the 327th Air Division on 22 June 1957 , and activated on 1 July 1957 at Andersen AFB , Guam . It then assumed responsibility for the defense of the Mariana Islands against air attack . To accomplish this mission , the division controlled the 832d Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron , and the 41st Fighter - Interceptor Squadron ( flying F - 86 Sabre s ) . In addition to Air Force training , these units also trained with naval organizations and participated in military exercises . It was discontinued on 8 March 1960 . On 8 February 1966 , the division assumed responsibility for Air Force units in the Taiwan Island area , being stationed at Taipei AS , Taiwan . It was a redesignation of the previous Air Task Force 13 ( Provisional ) . Air Task Force 13 had been active as early as 1955 , under the commander of then - Brigadier General Benjamin O . Davis , Jr . , who at the time was Vice Commander , Thirteenth Air Force , with additional duty as Commander , Air Task Force 13 . In this form it was affiliated with the United States Taiwan Defense Command . Until January 1976 , the revived 327th Air Division provided logistics , administrative , and service support for military and U . S . Government agencies on Taiwan . In addition , it coordinated air defense operations and plans with the Republic of China Air Force to integrate combined forces into the overall Pacific Command . In fulfilling its mission , the 327th participated in numerous military exercises such as Eagle , Lark , and Blue Sky . It was inactivated on 7 January 1976 . Components . Wings Squadron
Kosmos 2422 Kosmos 2422 ( meaning " Cosmos 2422 " ) is a Russian US - K missile early warning satellite which was launched in 2006 as part of the Russian Space Forces ' Oko programme . The satellite is designed to identify missile launches using optical telescopes and infrared sensors . Kosmos 2422 was launched from Site 16 / 2 at Plesetsk Cosmodrome in Russia . A Molniya - M carrier rocket with a 2BL upper stage was used to perform the launch , which took place at 04 : 20 UTC on 21 July 2006 . The launch successfully placed the satellite into a molniya orbit . It subsequently received its Kosmos designation , and the international designator 2006 - 030A . The United States Space Command assigned it the Satellite Catalog Number 29260 .
Friedrich Bertram Sixt von Armin Friedrich Bertram Sixt von Armin ( 27 November 1851 – 30 September 1936 ) was a German general during the First World War . Early life . Sixt von Armin was born in Wetzlar , an exclave of the Rhine Province , Prussia . After leaving school in 1870 , he joined the 4th Grenadier Guards Regiment as a cadet , and was seriously wounded in the Franco - Prussian War at the Battle of Gravelotte . He was awarded the Iron Cross , Second Class , and promoted to lieutenant . He subsequently served as adjutant of the regiment , and also held other positions on the regimental staff . In 1900 , Sixt von Armin was promoted to Oberst ( colonel ) and given command of the 55th Infantry Regiment . The following year , he was appointed Chief of Staff of the " Gardekorps " . He was promoted to major general in 1903 , and to lieutenant general in 1906 . Following a period of service at general headquarters , in 1908 Sixt von Armin was appointed as commander of the 13th Division , then stationed in Münster . In 1911 , he succeeded Paul von Hindenburg as commanding officer of the IV Corps in Magdeburg . In 1913 , Sixt von Armin was promoted to general . World War I . At the beginning of the First World War , Sixt von Armin and the IV Corps were a part of the First Army on the Western Front , where they were heavily involved in the trench warfare that defined the first years of the conflict . For his handling of combat operations on the Western Front , particularly at Arras and on the Somme , he was awarded the Pour le Mérite in 1916 . The following year he was appointed commander of the Fourth Army , and also served as commander - in - chief in the Flanders region . During his time as commander , the Fourth Army withstood several significant assaults from British and Commonwealth forces , notably the Third Battle of Ypres . For his performance as commander , Sixt von Armin was awarded the Order of the Black Eagle , as well as the oak leaf cluster to the Pour le Mérite . Sixt von Armin was still in command of the Fourth Army during the Spring Offensive of 1918 . On 25 April , his troops captured the Kemmelberg , although they were later forced to retreat to the Antwerp - Maas defensive line . With the signing of the Armistice on 11 November , Sixt von Armin took command of Army Group A and returned with it to Germany , where , following the demobilisation of his troops , he resigned . Later life . After the war , Sixt von Armin lived in Magdeburg , Province of Saxony , where he was a popular speaker and made frequent appearances at public events . When he died in 1936 , he was buried with full military honors .
Air Force ranks and insignia of India The IAF ' s rank structure is based on that of the Royal Air Force . The highest rank attainable in the IAF is Marshal of the Indian Air Force , conferred by the President of India after exceptional service during wartime . MIAF Arjan Singh is the only officer to have achieved this rank . The head of the Indian Air Force is the Chief of the Air Staff , who holds the rank of Air Chief Marshal . The current Chief of the Air Staff is Air Chief Marshal N . A . K Browne , appointed on July 31 , 2011 , following the retirement of Air Chief Marshal P . V . Naik Officer Ranks . The following table shows the officer rank insignia for the Indian Air Force . Even though India is not a NATO country , the NATO ranking codes are given for comparison with other nations ' military ranks ( see Air force officer rank insignia for more information ) .
Alessandro Buzio " Tenente Colonnello " Alessandro Buzio was an Italian World War I flying ace credited with six aerial victories , four of them shared . Early life and service . Alessandro Buzio was born in Pavia on 13 January 1893 . He studied accounting in school . On 13 December 1913 , he reported for his reserve officer training in military service with the 1st Engineers Regiment . After earning a couple of promotions in the enlisted ranks , Buzio was commissioned as a " Sottotenente " in the 5th Engineers Regiment on 8 November 1914 . Aerial service in World War I . On 23 May 1915 , Buzio was assigned to aviation duty . He began pilot ' s training on 9 June 1915 . On 7 December 1915 , he was awarded his military pilot ' s license . By February 1916 , Buzio was flying Macchi Parasols . On 24 April 1916 , he was posted to " 75a Squadriglia " . On 27 June 1916 , he scored his first aerial victory in concert with Guido Nardini and other Italian pilots . This feat earned him a Bronze Medal for Military Valor . In October 1916 , he was promoted to " Tenente " . On 27 April 1917 , he was posted to the " 81a Squadriglia " . He would score another shared victory while with this squadron , and be awarded a Silver Medal for Military Valor . He would score his third victory with " 76a Squadriglia " on 22 September 1917 , though records show his official transfer as being on 1 November . He would score three more times with " 76a " , with a couple of shared victories on 3 May 1918 rounding off his tally . On 15 July 1918 , during the Battle of the Piave River , Buzio managed to taxi his Hanriot Scout airplane into that of Lieutenant J . W . Davis of No . 66 Squadron RAF in a ground accident . Post World War I . A postwar committee from military intelligence vetted the wartime aerial victory claims and released verification on 1 February 1919 . Alessandro Buzio was credited with five confirmed victories . Buzio served in the air force reserves in the 1930s . In 1940 , he left flight status as a " Tenente Colonnello " . Alessandro Buzio died on 1 October 1972 .
Raymond Roberts ( priest ) The Venerable Raymond Harcourt Roberts CB , MA was Chaplain of the Fleet and Archdeacon of the Royal Navy from 1980 to 1984 . Born on 14 April 1931 and educated at St Edmund Hall , Oxford , he was ordained in 1957 . After a curacy at Bassaleg he became a Naval Chaplain and served on ( amongst others ) Destroyers and Frigates , at the Royal Naval Engineering College and Britannia Royal Naval College and on HMS Ark Royal before becoming head of the service .
Deflection ( ballistics ) Deflection is a technique used for effectively propelling a projectile at a moving target : " leading the target " , i . e . , shooting ahead of a moving target so that the target and projectile will collide . This technique is only necessary when the target will have moved a sufficient distance to fully displace its position during the time the projectile would take to reach the target ' s range . This can become the case either over long distances ( such as a distant target for a skilled sniper ) , due to fast moving targets ( such as an opposing aircraft in an aerial dogfight ) , or using relatively slow projectiles , such as a crossbow bolt or a basketball thrown to a running teammate . During World War II , U . S . Navy pilots were taught explicitly on the concept in order to capitalize on the advantages of the F4F Wildcat . Modern day fighter aircraft have automated deflection sights , where a computer calculates lead and projects the solution onto a head up display ( HUD ) . The visual assistance with targeting the gun is offset by the enormous speed and agility of modern aircraft , compared to the days when targeting was less advanced . In artillery , deflection is also used against fixed targets to compensate for windage and range . Due to Earth ' s rotation , surface points have different velocities and curved motion , leading to apparent Coriolis drift of a long - range target . Leading targets is the practice of aiming one ' s weapon ahead of his or her target so that the projectiles will hit their mark . Over reasonably short ranges , leading is typically unnecessary when using firearm s , but it is still relevant for sniping ( where the bullet may take up to a second or more to reach its target ) , as well as for weapons such as bow s that use lower - velocity projectiles . It is generally unnecessary for guided projectiles , although the autonomous guiding mechanism may be designed to calculate a flight path to lead its targets on its own , to ensure an interception . Computer games . Modern computer games of the first - person shooter genre typically feature a number of relatively low - velocity projectile weapons , such as unguided shoulder - launched missile weapon s , so leading targets is relevant . Additionally , in some multiplayer game s that calculate behaviour on a remote server , even for high - velocity or hitscan weapons , there are issues of latency that may require leading . Essentially , even if the shooter has the target exactly in his sights , by the time the information relating weapon fire from the shooter ' s computer has reached the server , the target may have moved enough to avoid the shot . QuakeWorld and the Source engine , among others , use a lag compensation system which moves all players back to a point in time based on the shooters ' client interpolation time and ping . Such systems eliminate the need to lead hitscan weapons , but introduce the risk of players perceptibly being shot after taking cover .
Bomb , ground , 6 lb The Bomb , ground , 6 lb was a British World War II grenade containing about 2 pints of mustard gas . It was intended to be used to contaminate trenches , dug - outs , rooms , observation posts and small enclosures , and on cross - roads , narrow defile s , obstacles and debris of demolition .
Thomas Brandreth ( Royal Navy officer ) Admiral Sir Thomas Brandreth KCB ( 6 August 1825 – 10 December 1894 ) was a Royal Navy officer who went on to be Third Naval Lord and Controller of the Navy . Naval career . Brandreth was appointed a Lieutenant in the Royal Navy in 1845 . Promoted to Captain in 1863 , he was given command of HMS " Edgar " and then HMS " Lord Warden " . He was appointed Captain of the gunnery school HMS " Excellent " in 1874 , Captain Superintendent of Sheerness Dockyard in 1877 , Superintendent of Chatham Dockyard in 1879 and Third Naval Lord and Controller of the Navy in 1882 . He went on to be President of the Royal Naval College , Greenwich in 1885 before he retired in 1890 .
Battle of 4 May The Battle of 4 May was fought in open sea near Salvador , Bahia , on 4 May 1823 , between the Brazilian Navy , under the command of a former admiral of the British Royal Navy , Thomas Cochrane , and the Portuguese Navy during the Brazilian War of Independence . Order of battle . Along the way , other vessels joined the fleet . On April 30 , the Portuguese realized the Brazilian fleet and prepared . On May 4 , 1823 , shortly after sunrise , the Brazilian squadron fell on the Portuguese fleet formed in two columns , to compensate for numerical inferiority of 7 Brazilian ships against 13 Portuguese ships , Cochrane decides to cut the enemy ' s line by placing the ship - flagship Pedro I plow between Portuguese Princess Royal and the frigate Constitution thus involving the rear enemy before they could maneuver the forefront to help her with this numerical inferiority was compensated . The fight began at noon , minutes after the Portuguese line was cut , when Peter I , a ship of the line , stood in front of the plow Princess Royal , the ammo just because two Portuguese who delayed the delivery of cartridges , with that Brazilians ran the risk of being caught by forefront Portuguese Cochrane then orders a retreat , leaving the battle without a winner . He settles in Morro São Paulo where plans and meets the block , so Wood Melo decides to leave the capital on the morning of July 2 , 1823 , he and the Portuguese soldiers embark , but Cochrane perceives and pursues it to Portugal , managing to capture 7 ships during the chase . Salvador was taken by Brazilian troops joining the Empire of Brazil . Brazil . Names of the ships involved followed by the amount of cannons that ship had ( when the amount is known ) : Portugal . Names of the ships involved followed by the amount of cannons that ship had ( when the amount is known ) :
BMW VI The BMW VI was a water - cooled V - 12 aircraft engine built in Germany in the 1920s . It was one of the most important German aero engines in the years leading up to World War II , with thousands built . It was further developed as the BMW VII and BMW IX , although these saw considerably less use . Design and development . The VI was the first twelve - cylinder engine built by the BMW . It essentially consisted of two cylinder bank s from the six - cylinder BMW IV bolted to a common cast aluminum crankcase at a a 60 - degree included angle between the cylinder banks . Series production commenced in 1926 after type approval had been granted . From 1930 on , after 1000 engines of the BMW VI type had already been delivered , Germany was again permitted to construct military aircraft . The sudden additional demand resulted in the production figures increasing rapidly . In 1933 the BMW VI was used for BMW ' s first experiments with direct fuel injection . The BMW VI was the chosen source of power for numerous record - breaking and long - distance flights , including an east - to - west crossing of the Atlantic in 1930 and a round - the world flight in 1932 , both by Wolfgang von Gronau in an open Dornier Wal flying boat powered by two BMW VI engines . The BMW VI was put to unusual use as a power unit for the " Rail Zeppelin " high - speed railcar . Many versions of the BMW VI engine were developed , and it was built under license in Japan and the Soviet Union . This was further evidence of the reliability of an engine with which BMW made a fundamental contribution to the build - up of German air transport . At least 9 , 200 were built between 1926 and 1938 . The engine was license - built in the Soviet Union under the supervision of Mikulin , who then further developed it as the M - 17 . More license built engines were produced by Kawasaki Heavy Industries in Japan as the Kawasaki Ha - 9 .
Enseigne Roux - class destroyer The " Enseigne Roux " class was a class of two destroyer s of the French Navy , laid down in 1913 , and launched in 1915 , seeing service in the First World War . The ships were named the " Enseigne Roux " and the " Mécanicien Principal Lestin " . The construction of a third ship of the class — the " Enseigne Gabolde " — was suspended in 1914 , and she was not completed until 1923 to a modified design .
BATRAL - class landing ship The Bâtiment de Transport Léger ( " Light ferry ship " ) are small landing ship s of the French Navy . They are able to ferry over 400 tons of matériel , in the hangar and on the deck . Loading and unloading can be done from a harbour or from a beach . Two flat - bottom vessels allow unloading fifty men and light vehicles each . The accommodations are designed for a " Guépard " - type intervention unit ( five officers , fifteen petty officers and 118 men ) , or for typical company - sized armoured units . A helicopter landing deck allows landing for light helicopters , and transfer to and from heavy helicopters . The Chilean Navy purchased the plans and built two ships in the ASMAR shipyards in the early 1980s .
2nd Lithuanian – Belarusian Division The 2nd Lithuanian – Belarusian Division ( ) was a unit of the Polish Army formed in July 1919 from parts of the 1st Lithuanian – Belarusian Division during the Polish – Soviet War . The division suffered heavy casualties during the Soviet invasion in summer 1920 ; some soldiers were forced to retreat into Lithuanian territory were they were interned . The division was soon recreated and renamed to the 20th Infantry Division . It temporarily returned to the old name after Żeligowski ' s Mutiny , when it became part of the military of the Republic of Central Lithuania .
HMS H41 HMS " H41 " was a British H class submarine built by Armstrong Whitworth , Newcastle Upon Tyne , England . She was laid down on 17 September 1917 and was commissioned in November 1918 . Sinking . The submarine , commanded by Lieutenant - Commander N . R . Peploe was moored in a dock basin at Blyth , Northumberland ( ) a few yards from the 6 , 620 ton depot ship . The ex - cruiser was in harbour for repairs to her main engines and during the afternoon she built up a head of steam and began to carry out a slow - speed trial . In the restricted waters of the dock basin the suction from the depot - ship ' s propellers drew the submarine towards her and , despite the efforts of both crews to keep the two vessels apart , " Vulcan " s screws struck the stern of the submarine , cut through her outer casing and sliced open the pressure hull . " H41 " sank quickly as the sea rushed in and the crew were lucky to escape . HMS " H41 " was raised and was then sold on 12 March 1920 in Sunderland .
Arthur P . Fairfield Arthur Philip Fairfield ( October 29 , 1877 – December 14 , 1946 ) was an vice admiral in the United States Navy . Biography . Born in Saco , Maine , Fairfield served on the protected cruiser during the Spanish – American War , before graduating from the United States Naval Academy in 1901 . In World War I , Commander Fairfield commissioned the destroyer on 1 June 1918 , and while commanding the destroyer earned the award of the Navy Cross for his " " prompt and efficient action in contact on September 8 with a submarine which attempted an attack upon a convoy " " . Captain Fairfield commanded the heavy cruiser from 1930 – 1932 , and in 1936 commanded Squadron 40 - T , a special temporary squadron , organized to evacuate American nationals from the Spanish Civil War areas . With the light cruiser as his flagship Rear Admiral Fairfield sailed with the destroyers and and the Coast Guard Cutter " Cayuga " to Spain , and saved hundreds of Americans and other nationals from the dangers of the war . In 1938 - 1939 Fairfield served as Assistant Chief of Naval Operations , and in 1939 - 1940 , was commander of Battleship Division Three of the United States Fleet . Fairfield retired in 1941 , but was called back to active duty after the U . S . entered World War II . He served as an advisor to the Maritime Commission , and was Chairman of the Board of Medals and Decorations , among other duties . Fairfield retired again in 1945 , and died on December 14 , 1946 . Namesake . The Liberty ship , launched in June 1944 as the " William Hodson " , which served as the " Chung Tung " under Lend - Lease to the Republic of China , was renamed " Arthur P . Fairfield " in 1947 , then " Admiral Arthur P . Fairfield " in 1948 , while being operated by the American Pacific Steamship Company .
Stefan Pogonowski Stefan Pogonowski ( 1895 – 1920 ) was a Polish professional soldier and military officer . He served in the Imperial Russian Army during World War I and then the newly recreated Polish Army during the Polish - Bolshevist War of 1920 . He was killed when leading a charge of a battalion he commanded during the battle of Radzymin . He was posthumously awarded the Silver Cross of Virtuti Militari and promoted to the rank of Captain . There are streets named after him in Łódź and Warsaw .