naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Targowica Confederation The Targowica Confederation ( , , ) was a confederation established by Polish and Lithuanian magnates on 27 April 1792 , in Saint Petersburg , with the backing of the Russian Empress Catherine II . The confederation opposed the Polish Constitution of May 3 , 1791 , which had been adopted by the Great Sejm , especially the provisions limiting the privileges of the nobility . The text of the founding act of the confederation was written by the Russian general Vasili Stepanovich Popov , Chief of Staff of Prince Grigori Alexandrovich Potemkin . Its purpose was proclaimed in the small town of Targowica ( now in Kirovohrad Oblast , Ukraine ) on May 14 , 1792 . Four days later two Russian armies invaded the Polish - Lithuanian Commonwealth without a formal declaration of war . The forces of the Targowica Confederation defeated the forces loyal to the Polish - Lithuanian Commonwealth , the Sejm and King Stanisław August Poniatowski in the Polish – Russian War of 1792 . As a result the King , Poniatowski , formally joined the Confederation . Their victory precipitated the Second Partition of Poland and set the stage for the Third Partition and the final dissolution of the Commonwealth in 1795 . This outcome came as a surprise to most of the Confederates , who had wished only to restore the status quo ante and had expected that the overthrow of the May 3rd Constitution would achieve that end . The nickname " targowiczanin " , describing the supporters of this confederation , became a negative political epithet in Poland , akin to " foolish traitor " , still used up to the modern day . Leading members . Other magnate members : Quotes . " The desires of Her Highness Empress of Russia [ Catherine the Great ] , ally of Rzeczpospolita [ the Commonwealth ] , are and were no other than by using her armies to return to Rzeczpospolita and Poles the freedoms , and especially security and happiness to all citizens " " Each true Pole , not blinded by the Prussian and royalist cabal , is convinced , that our Fatherland can only be saved by Russia , otherwise our nation will be enslaved " . " About past Poland and Poles [ I don ' t want to talk anymore ] . Gone is this country , and this name , as many others have perished in the world ' s history . I am now a Russian forever . "
Electronic warfare officer In the U . S . Air Force , an electronic warfare officer ( EWO ) is a trained aerial navigator who has received training in enemy threat systems , electronic warfare principles and overcoming enemy air defense system s . These officers are specialists in finding , identifying and countering air defense systems and also radar - , infrared - and optically guided surface - to - air missile s , anti - aircraft artillery as well as enemy fighter planes . In aircraft that could penetrate enemy airspace EWOs protect their aircraft using radar jamming , chaff and flares to deceive potential threats . In other aircraft EWOs work to gather intelligence information on potential enemy air defense systems and communication systems . For decades the U . S . Air Force used fully trained navigator officers as EWO trainees , or EWOT . Their primary training was carried out by the 453d Flying Training Squadron at the former Mather AFB , California near Sacramento . Their follow - on training as EWOs , called " Combat Crew Training School " ( CCTS ) , was usually carried out at the units to which they had been assigned . The B - 52 Stratofortress CCTS was conducted at Castle AFB , California . EWOs could also be assigned to F - 4 Phantom II , F - 111 Aardvark , C - 130 Hercules versions ( MC - 130 , EC - 130 , etc . ) , B - 1 Lancer or a number of versions of the RC - 135 . As an example , the EWO in a B - 52 is trained in the use of a variety of active and passive electronic countermeasures ( ECM ) techniques and equipment . Active jammers include the AN / ALQ - 155 Power Management System , AN / ALQ - 117 / 172 , AN / ALT - 16 , AN / ALQ - 122 , AN / ALQ - 153 Tail Warning System and the low - band communications jammer set AN / ALT - 32 . The EWO monitors the electromagnetic environment through the use of radar receivers such as the AN / ALR - 46 and AN / ALR - 20A . Additionally , the EWO has command of AN / ALE - 24 chaff and AN / ALE - 20 flare set for self - protection . Beginning in 2009 , U . S . Air Force candidates for electronic warfare officer and weapons systems officer were no longer required to go though aircraft advanced navigator training first . This is because no aircraft in the U . S . Air Force inventory that has electronic warfare officers does not already have a navigator on it . Currently the B - 1B Lancer bomber and F - 15E Strike Eagle weapons systems officer training is located at the Naval Air Station Pensacola . The training period is 12 months not including initial flight screening and completion training as an EWO in the 563d FTS . The EWO basic course training was conducted at the 563d Flying Training Squadron at Randolph AFB , Texas . It was a 12 - week program for B - 52 , AC / MC / EC - 130 , and RC - 135 EWOs . F - 15E and B - 1 WSOs are also qualified EWOs . Students went from undergraduate navigator training at the 562d FTS and from WSO to their follow - on training . Upon completion the EWOs were presented with their wings and the WSOs achieved their upgrades . The school was closed , redesigned and reopened as a CSO school in Pensacola , Fl . The last class graduated October 2010 .
SM U - 7 ( Germany ) SM U - 7 was a Type U 5 U - boat , one of the 329 that served in the Imperial German Navy in World War I . U - 7 was engaged in the naval warfare and took part in the First Battle of the Atlantic . Fate . On 21 January 1915 , " U - 7 " was torpedoed and sunk by , which had mistaken her for an enemy submarine . Twenty - four crew were killed , and only one survived .
Nguyen Van Vy Nguyễn Văn Vy ( born 16 January 1916 ) was a Vietnamese soldier who rose to the rank of lieutenant general in the Army of the Republic of Vietnam ( ARVN ) . Vy was born in 1916 in Hanoi . Vy after graduating from the administration school , against his father wishes , joined the French Officer military academy and served as an officer of an airborne regiment . He was a veteran of the Dien Bien Phu battle and took part in the allied landing in Korea . He originally served in the Vietnamese National Army under General Nguyễn Văn Hinh . On 1 May 1955 Vy was arrested after trying to take over the Army in the name of Emperor Bảo Đại to stop Ngô Đình Diệm from taking power fraudulently , and was forced to flee to France as an exile . Vy returned to South Vietnam after the 1963 coup which removed Diem from power and led to his assassination . He was arrested during the 1964 South Vietnamese coup for being a member of the military committee command staff , under General Duong Van Minh ( or Big Minh ) . It was the late President Diem and his brother Ngo Dinh Nhu who want to open talks with the North Vietnamese . Like most of the military leaders involved in the alleged plot , he was soon released . He rose to the rank of Lieutenant General , and was appointed Chief of Staff of the Army of the Republic of Vietnam in 1967 . In February 1967 Prime Minister Nguyễn Cao Kỳ appointed him and the Defense Minister , General Cao Văn Viên , to a committee to root out corruption among senior military personnel . President Nguyễn Văn Thiệu replaced Viên as Defense Minister with Vy on 25 May 1968 . As Defense Minister , Vy ran the Servicemen ' s Mutual Aid and Savings Fund ( SMASF ) , a government - run and owned pension fund for South Vietnamese military personnel . In 1971 Vy allegedly embezzled millions of dollars from the fund in order to create or buy the Bank of Industry and Commerce , Vicco ( a road and bridge construction company ) , Vi - navatco ( a transportation firm ) , Icico ( an insurance company ) , and Foproco ( a food processing company ) . Thiệu removed him from office on 6 August 1972 . He was placed under house arrest , and fired in March 1974 .
USS Lea ( DD - 118 ) USS " Lea " ( DD - 118 ) was a " Wickes " - class destroyer in the United States Navy during World War I and World War II . She was named in honor of Edward Lea , a US Navy officer killed during the Civil War . " Lea " was laid down 18 September 1917 by William Cramp & Sons , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ; launched 29 April 1918 ; sponsored by Mrs . Harry E . Collins ; and commissioned 2 October 1918 , Lieutenant Commander Willis Augustus Lee in command . Service history . After service in the $ 3 with DesRon 19 during 1919 , " Lea " transferred to the Pacific Fleet in 1920 and served primarily along the west coast during the years between the wars . She was out of commission at San Diego 22 June 1922 to 1 May 1930 , and 7 April 1937 to 30 September 1939 . With Lieutenant Commander F . W . Slaven in command , she sailed for the east coast to join the neutrality patrol , guarding the western Atlantic through the tense months before America ’ s entry into World War II . She served in the force guarding transports carrying marines for the occupation of Iceland 8 July 1941 . World War II . For the first 2 1⁄2 years of U . S . participation in the war , " Lea " had convoy escort duty in the North Atlantic , the Caribbean , and along the eastern seaboard , hazarded by peak U - boat activity and dangerous weather conditions . She rescued survivors from stricken merchantmen as well as fighting off submarines and joining in several successful attacks . The first of her many wartime rescues at sea came in February 1942 , when she took on board the crew of Soviet merchantman " Dvinoles " , abandoned after collision damage . Later that month , 24 February , came a daylong battle with submarine s when " Lea " and sister escorts again and again dashed out from their convoy screen to keep down attacking U - boats which had sunk four of the merchantmen . Between 22 April 1943 and 30 May , " Lea " joined the hunter - killer group formed around in the first mission of such a group . On 21 May and 22 May , the " Bogue " aircraft became the first to engage a wolfpack attempting to rendezvous for a mass attack on a convoy . So successful were their six attacks in protecting the convoy that the group was awarded the Presidential Unit Citation in which " Lea " shared . Auxiliary Service . On 31 December 1943 , " Lea " was 5 days out of New York on convoy escort duty when she was rammed by a merchantman . Towed to Bermuda and later Boston , she completed repairs 28 June 1944 , and began sailing from Newport as target ship for torpedo planes and escorting carriers during flight training . Between January 1945 and June , she had similar duty off Florida . Arriving Philadelphia 14 June , she decommissioned there 20 July 1945 ; was struck from the Navy Register 13 August 1945 ; and sold for scrapping to Boston Metals Salvage Company , Baltimore , 30 November 1945 . Awards . " Lea " received three battle star s for World War II service . As of 2013 , no other ships in the United States Navy have borne this name .
Operation Diadem Operation Diadem , also referred to as the Fourth Battle of Monte Cassino or , in Canada , the Battle of the Liri Valley , was an offensive operation undertaken by the Allies ( U . S . Fifth and British Eighth Armies ) in May 1944 , as part of the Italian Campaign . It was launched at 2300 Hours on 11 May 1944 to break the German defenses on the western half of the Winter Line and open up the Liri Valley , the main route to Rome . General Harold Alexander , the overall Allied army commander in the Italian theater , planned Diadem and the supporting air attacks of Operation Strangle to roughly coordinate with the invasion of northern France on 6 June 1944 in order to tie down the maximum number of German divisions in Italy , thus preventing them being employed against the invasion forces on France ' s coast . The key movements in the battle were the successful opposed crossing of the River Rapido at the mouth of the Liri valley by British XIII Corps , drawing in the German reserves , and the outflanking breakthrough on their left achieved by Free French Forces , including Moroccan " Goumier s " on May 14 . This caused the German Gustav Line to collapse and they fell back on the Hitler Line some 10 miles to their rear . The fighting had drawn all of the German reserves into the Liri valley reducing pressure on the Anzio beachhead , some 60 miles northwest and facilitating Alexander ' s planned breakout there , known as Operation Buffalo , which took place on May 23 , simultaneously with the main assault on the Hitler Line . The Hitler Line was breached by 1st Canadian Infantry Division ' s 4th Princess Louise Dragoon Guards at Pontecorvo on May 23 , 1944 , supported on their right by the Polish II Corps . Forced to retire northwestward , the German Tenth Army were on the point of having their line of retreat cut by U . S . VI Corps breaking out from Anzio , when General Mark Clark , commander U . S . 5th Army , inexplicably ordered them to alter their line of advance by ninety degrees to the left and advance on Rome . There is much speculation that he gave the order for fear that the British 8th Army would advance up Route 6 and capture Rome ahead of his U . S . 5th Army . The German 10th Army thus avoided being surrounded and fought a series of delaying actions before retiring to the Trasimene Line and then to the Gothic Line , identified on German maps as the " Green " Line , north of the Arno River . Though construction of the latter defenses had begun in autumn of 1943 , British 8th Army ' s subsequent pursuit of the reeling German forces ( some 240 miles in six weeks ) compelled the Wehrmacht ' s engineers to expedite its completion . Nearly 3 , 000 machine guns and hundreds of reinforced dugout s were emplaced as were concrete pillbox es mounting fully operable turrets from Mark IV tanks .
Borisoglebskoye airfield Borisoglebskoye airfield ( ) is an experimental aviation airfield owned by Kazan Aircraft Production Association . Located in the northeastern part of the city of Kazan , in the immediate vicinity of the borough Borisoglebskoe , it is designed for experimental design , experimental work , and testing aircraft products . Since the late 1980s at the airport naddanom conducted test flights of Russian strategic bombers Tupolev Tu - 160 ( Blackjack ) , as well as passenger airliners mid - range Tupolev Tu - 214 . Airfield is capable of accepting all types of modern aircraft , due to the characteristics of the runway .
Type 4 40 cm Rocket Launcher The was a 400 mm rocket mortar used by the Imperial Japanese Army in the final stages of World War II . Development and design . The Type 4 rocket mortar was developed in the final stages of World War II by the Imperial Japanese Army Technical Bureau , as a relatively low - cost , easy to produce weapon , which had an advantage of greater accuracy over conventional mortars in that it fired a spin - stabilized projectile . The first units were deployed in 1943 , and were used in limited numbers in combat during the Battle of Iwo Jima and Battle of Okinawa . Due to its ease of construction , it was produced in limited numbers and distributed to hidden arsenals for use as last - ditch weapons during the projected Allied invasion of the Japanese home islands . Unlike the Type 4 20 cm Rocket , which could be launched from an ordinary pipe or culvert with sufficient diameter , wooden rails , or even directly from a slope in the ground , the Type 4 40 cm rocket required specially designed launch rails .
4th Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment The 4th Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment was assembled in Rockland , Maine on By May 20 , 1861 with Colonel Hiram G . Berry as its commanding officer . He received four Knox County companies , one from Searsport , Winterport , Wiscasset , and Damariscotta , and two from Belfast . In all , 1 , 085 men , including a regimental band , were mustered . The regiment was mustered out of service July 19 , 1864 , with the expiration of their term . The veteran volunteers and recruits were transferred to 19th Maine Infantry . Of the 1440 men that served in the regiment during the war 170 men were killed in action or died of wounds received in battle . An additional 443 were wounded , 137 men perished of disease , and 40 men expired in Confederate prisons . Casualties and total strength . The 4th Maine enrolled 1 , 440 men during its existence . 170 men were killed in action or died of wounds received in battle , with another 443 wounded . An additional 137 men died of disease , and 40 men died in Confederate prisons .
George Strong ( VC ) George Strong VC ( 7 April 1833 – 25 August 1888 ) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . Details . Strong was born 7 April 1833 in Odcombe , Somerset . He was 19 years old , and a private in the Coldstream Guards , British Army during the Crimean War , when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC . In September 1855 , at Sevastopol , in the Crimea , when on duty , Private Strong picked up a live shell which had fallen into the trench , and threw it over the parapet . He was well aware of the extreme danger involved , and his action saved many lives . Strong died on 25 August 1888 . The medal . His Victoria Cross is displayed at The Guards Regimental Headquarters ( Coldstream Guards RHQ ) in Wellington Barracks , London , England .
Kosmos 2424 Kosmos 2424 ( meaning " Cosmos 2424 " ) is one of a set of three Russia n military satellites launched in 2006 as part of the GLONASS satellite navigation system . It was launched with Kosmos 2425 and Kosmos 2426 . This satellite is a GLONASS - M satellite , also known as Uragan - M , and is numbered Uragan - M No . 715 . Kosmos 2424 / 5 / 6 were launched from Site 81 / 24 at Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan . A Proton - K carrier rocket with a Blok DM upper stage was used to perform the launch which took place at 20 : 18 UTC on 25 December 2006 . The launch successfully placed the satellites into Medium Earth orbit . It subsequently received its Kosmos designation , and the international designator 2006 - 062C . The United States Space Command assigned it the Satellite Catalog Number 29672 . It is in the second orbital plane in orbital slot 14 . It started operations on 3 April 2007 .
French ship Beautemps - Beaupré ( 2002 ) The Beautemps - Beaupré is a ship of the French Naval Hydrographic and Oceanographic Service , named after the hydrographer Charles - François Beautemps - Beaupré . It replaced the " Espérance " , decommissioned in 2000 . It was launched on 26 April 2002 and entered service on 13 December 2003 .
Fort de Vaujours The Fort de Vaujours , located in the commune of Courtry , Seine - Saint - Denis , near the town of Vaujours , is one of the forts built at the end of the 19th century to defend Paris . The fort became a research center for the Commissariat à l ' énergie atomique ( CEA ) , France ' s Atomic Energy Commission . The center was closed in 1997 . History . In 1870 , France was partly occupied by the Prussian army . As a result of this defeat , the Séré de Rivières system of fortifications was planned and constructed to defend Paris . In total , 18 forts , five redoubts and 34 batteries were built around Paris between 1874 and 1881 . Construction started in 1876 on a roughly pentagonal fort with 48 artillery pieces and a garrison of 691 troops . Work was completed in 1882 . The fort was updated in 1911 with a machine gun turret and a Mougin turret with two 155mm guns . The Fort de Vaujours is unique in its association with two annexes connected by a covered way to the main fort . The fort ' s barracks were burned in 1944 . In 1947 the Sevran explosives works used the facility . From 1955 the site was occupied by the CEA as a research center , which considerably modified the fort and its environs . The CEA conducted pyrotechnic experiments at the location , using shock tubes and similar apparatus to study high - pressure shock waves in uranium . The Vaujours facility closed in 1997 . The CEA proposed to sell the property , but concerns about radioactive contamination have stalled the sale . The large trapeziodal fort ' s main armament was a twin 155mm Mougin turret . The turret remains , but its guns have been removed . Annexes . Fort de Vaujours ' artillery battery annexes are located to the north and south of the main fort , connected by covered ways . The northern battery was manned by 162 troops with six gun mounts in casemates . The fort formed a rectangle , surrounded by a ditch which lacked the caponier s of the main fort for its defense . The south annex also has six gun emplacements . The north battery has nearly disappeared while the south battery is covered by modern buildings .
Hardened aircraft shelter A hardened aircraft shelters ( HAS ) or protective aircraft shelter ( PAS ) is a reinforced hangar to house and protect military aircraft from enemy attack . Cost considerations and building practicalities limit their use to fighter size aircraft . Background . HASs are a passive defence measure ( i . e . , they limit the effect of an attack , as opposed to active defences ; e . g . , surface - to - air missile s ) which aim to prevent or at least degrade enemy attacks . The widespread adoption of hardened aircraft shelters can be traced back to lessons learned in the 1967 Arab - Israeli Six - Day War when the Israeli Air Force decimated the unprotected Egyptian Air Force , at the time the largest and most advanced air force in the Arab world , at its airbase s . As with many military items , whether structures , tank s or aircraft , its most prolific use was during the Cold War . NATO and Warsaw Pact countries built hundreds of HASs across Europe . In this context hardened aircraft shelters were built to protect aircraft from conventional attacks as well as nuclear , chemical and biological strikes . NATO shelters , built to standard designs across the continent , were designed to withstand a direct hit by a 500 lb ( 226 kg ) bomb , or a near miss by a larger one ( i . e . , 1 , 000 lb + ) . In theory HASs were also built to protect aircraft in a nuclear strike ; however , the effect of such an attack on airfield taxiway s , runways , support facilities and personnel would have made any retaliatory mission extremely difficult and subsequent return and rearming almost impossible . In the post - cold war era , the value of the HAS concept was further eroded by the introduction of precision - guided munition s . Iraq ' s HAS hangars were built to a standard somewhat higher than NATO or Warsaw Pact shelters , but nevertheless proved almost useless during the Gulf War . Early attempts to defeat them typically used a " one - two punch " using a TV - guided missile to blast open the doors , followed by bombs tossed in the front . US efforts soon turned to simply dropping a 2 , 000 lb laser guided bomb on the top , which would easily penetrate the roof and explode within . Although NATO hangars would remain useful against any conceivable attack on Europe in the short term ( which would generally lack precision guidance systems ) , the value of HAS hangars against well - equipped first world air forces is effectively zero .