naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Galgala campaign The Galgala campaign was a military campaign by Transitional Federal Government - linked Puntland , Somalia , that took place from August 8 until October 17 , 2010 . It was aimed at re - gaining control of the Galgala hills , which had fallen in hands of al - Qaeda - linked al - Shabaab commander Sheikh Mohamed Said Atom and his militia . Background . Atom has been involved in smuggling arms from Puntland to al - Shabaab fighters in Southern Somalia and has been implicated in incidents of piracy , kidnapping , and terrorism . Campaign . The campaign started on August 8 , in response to an al - Shabaab attack on July 26 which left 2 Puntland soldiers dead . In response to the crackdown , al - Shabaab launched several bombings , targeting civilian centers such as the city of Bosaso . The campaign ended when Puntland forces seized the villages of Dhagah Barur , Dhagahdheer , and Dindigle on October 17 . Dindigle was al - Shabaab ' s last stronghold in the region . Aftermath . After the campaign ’ s conclusion , 150 of Atom ’ s men were reported to have defected and joined the Puntland Intelligence Agency . Military sources reported that Atom “ ‘ fled before the Galgala war started ’ and left his comrades to face Puntland troops alone . ” It was believed that Atom had fled to Burao , Somaliland ’ s second largest city . Burao police chief Abdirahman Fohle conducted raids to look for al - Shabaab linked militants . He denied reports that Atom was hiding in the area , but affirmed that he would arrest “ him or anyone else who is a threat to regional security . ”
Rudolf Bäcker Rudolf Bäcker ( 21 February 1914 – 3 September 2005 ) was a highly decorated Sanitäts - Feldwebel in the Wehrmacht during World War II . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership .
Battle at Borodino Field The Battle at Borodino Field was a part of the Battle of Moscow , on the Eastern Front of World War II . While referring to the battle in Russian , the Borodino Field is actually more commonly applied rather than just Borodino , cf . Georgy Zhukov ( " . . . this division [ 32nd ] was forced to cross the arms with the enemy on the Borodino Field . . . " ) . At noon on 13 October 1941 , German Junkers and Messerschmitt aircraft appeared over the Borodino Field , site of the climactic 1812 French - Russian clash . On 16 October , severe fighting broke out in the center of Borodino Field . Subsequently , the Germans managed to take the field . The Spaso - Borodinsky Monastery was burnt and the Borodino Museum suffered damage . Borodino Field was freed by the 82nd Soviet Rifle Division during the Russian counter offensive . A monument was later erected in the field with the inscription in bas - relief : " Here , on the lines of the sacred Borodino Field in October , 1941 the heroic units of the 5th Army have been fighting to the bitter end , rebutting the furious onslaught of German fascist usurpers " .
Theodore Frelinghuysen Jewell Theodore Frelinghuysen Jewell ( August 5 , 1844 – July 26 , 1932 ) was a rear admiral of the United States Navy . Biography . Jewell was appointed an acting midshipman on November 29 , 1861 when he entered the United States Naval Academy . His class of 1865 graduated early on November 22 , 1864 . He served on the , at the Naval Observatory in Washington , D . C . and at the U . S . Naval Academy . During the Civil War while still at the Naval Academy , in the summer of 1863 when the nation ' s capital was threatened by General Robert E . Lee ' s forces , he was in command of a fleet of howitzers at the US Naval Yard for the defense of Washington , D . C . Jewell was involved in peacekeeping activities from the in Seoul , Korea , Panama in 1872 , and Hawaii in 1874 , during the election of King Kalākaua , to negotiate the duty free exportation of sugar to the United States . A riot occurred on election day and marines and sailors from the " Tuscarora " and the USS " Portsmouth " landed to restore order . In 1879 he was executive officer of the frigate . From January 1893 to February 1896 he was superintendent of the Naval Gun Factory at the Washington Navy Yard . Jewell served with Admiral Dewey at the Battle of Manila Bay and later commanded the European squadron of the American Fleet in March 1904 when he was made a rear admiral . He retired in November 1904 . He was the son of Thomas and Eleanor ( Spencer ) Jewell , born in Washington D . C . on August 5 , 1844 . On June 15 , 1871 he married Elizabeth Lindsay Poor , daughter of rear admiral Charles Henry Poor . They had one son Commander Charles T . Jewell . Admiral Jewell died July 26 , 1932 at his residence in Washington , D . C . and was buried in Arlington National Cemetery .
Paul - Ernst Renisch Paul - Ernst Renisch ( 2 July 1917 – 25 January 1998 ) was a highly decorated Major in the Fallschirmjäger during World War II . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership .
Richard Landwehr Richard Landwehr has been the author of numerous books about the Waffen - SS , its foreign ( that is , non - German ) volunteers in particular . He has been putting out a magazine called " Siegrunen " on that topic " [ f ] or more than 25 years " . His work has been published in the Journal for Historical Review ( JHR ) , published by the Institute for Historical Review an American Holocaust denial organization . It is of no surprise then that Landwehr ' s works about the Waffen SS are favourable toward them . His article " The European Volunteer Movement in World War II " ( 20 1981 JHR 59 - 84 ) lauds the Waffen SS and the ideals they fought for while assiduously avoiding any mention of war crimes ( real or alleged ) . The world view that permeates Landwehr ' s work is best summed up in his own words from the 1981 article in JHR : " After a generation of slander , vilification and falsehood concerning the European volunteers , the first rays of light are beginning to shine through . Slowly , but surely , their story is being told . As for the soldiers themselves , many are of the belief that they were ahead of their time , both militarily and philosophically , and that their legacy is yet to be fulfilled . For myself , perhaps the most incisive observation was made by the former Waffen - SS Colonel Joachim Peiper in a letter to his comrades while he was being held in American confinement under sentence of death : ' Don ' t forget that it was in the ranks of the SS that the first European died ' . " After citing the example of the Dutch SS volunteers , Landwehr claims that " the men who got into the Waffen - SS usually represented the best human material that their respective countries had to offer " ( 1981 JHR ) . However , some historians do not agree . Dr . van Hoesel ' s 1948 study ( cited in both George Stein ' s " The Waffen SS " and Henry L . Mason ' s 1952 " Purge of the Dutch Quislings " ) of 450 Dutch SS volunteers revealed some joined to avoid prosecution for petty crime or delinquency . Others joined out of boredom and a desire for adventure , some for prestige , better food or to avoid labour service . In fact , the record left by the Nazis themselves serves to contradict Landwehr ' s misleading image of the idealistic European SS volunteer . Stein notes that Gottlub Berger , who dealt with foreign volunteers , was aware of the prevalence of criminal elements and noted that " many criminals are quite outstanding soldiers if one knows how to handle them " ( Berger to Gruppenfuhrer Rauter , April 9 , 1942 , Geheim , RFSS / T - 175 , 111 / 2635463ff . ) . In " A European Anabasis - Western European Volunteers in the German Army and SS 1940 - 1945 " , historian Kenneth Estes authoritatively documented the motivations of the western European volunteers and came to markedly different conclusions than those of Landwehr . Landwehr ' s work is often quoted by neo - Nazi websites and he is routinely defended by them . The group Nazi Lauck NSDAP / AO expressed outrage after they claimed a German court had tried Landwehr in absentia for charges arising from his books .
INS Gaj INS Gaj is a offshore tugboat built by Hindustan Shipyard Limited , Visakhapatnam for the Indian Navy . It operated under the navy ' s Eastern Naval Command . Description . It is powered by twin Wartsila diesel engine having power of 1421 hp ( 1 , 060 kW ) . The propulsion is provide by two Volth Shneider propellers which allows for a 360 degrees turn on spot . The rated capacity of the tugboat is 25 - tonne Bollard Pull . The ship can achieve a speed in excess of 12 knots with a endurance of ten days . It is fitted with a six - tonne hydraulic deck crane and fire fighting equipments . It is also fitted with diving and salvage equipment . It has a complement of 22 sailors . Commissioning . It was commissioned on 10 October 2002 in Eastern Naval Command ( ENC ) by its Commanding - in - Chief Vice - Admiral Raman Puri . The ship has been named after the erstwhile INS Gaj built by Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers , Kolkata having pennant No : A - 51 and was commissioned in September 1973 .
199th ( Manchester ) Brigade The 199th ( Manchester ) Brigade was a formation of the British Army during the First World War . It was raised as a second line brigade , part of the 66th ( 2nd East Lancashire ) Division , from those men in the Territorial Force who had not agreed to serve overseas . The brigade served on the Western Front .
Sadaaki Konishi Sadaaki Konishi was a Lieutenant in the Imperial Japanese Army during World War II . Biography . Konishi was a Lieutenant in the IJA , and was the second - in - command over the prison camp at Los Baños in the Philippines . He was cruel to the prisoners interned there , withholding salt in order to give cramps to the internees , and also cutting the food rations for all of the people who were held there as prisoners . He went so far as to dump a truck load of fruit on the asphalt behind the camp , telling the prisoners that if they wanted any food , they would have to go to the ground and eat it . But in the extreme heat of 110 degrees fahrenheit , the fruit rotted in the pile , and it was well beyond scavenging . This was because of his racism , as one internee told US interviewers that he called himself the " strongest white race hater in the army " . On February 23 , 1945 , the United States Army and the Philippines attacked the camp , trying to liberate most of the prisoners . Most of the prisoners were extricated , but Konishi escaped . He returned a few days later with a force of men , but by then the camp was empty . The Japanese massacred some 1 , 500 men , women , and children in adjacent towns whom they suspected of collaborating with the liberators . Konishi was later hanged for war crimes .
Cobra ( missile ) The Cobra was a Swiss / German anti - tank missile designed by the Oerlikon - Contraves and Bölkow GmbH companies . It entered service with the German Army in the late 1950s . It was followed by the Cobra 2000 and Mamba missile systems , which were upgrades that improved the guidance system and performance of the missile . Description . The Cobra has a cruciform arrangement of four large forward swept wings . The main body is a long cylinder , with an underslung launch booster . Each of the wings has a spoiler on the rear edge which is used to steer the missile . The warhead is at the front of the missile , behind which is the gyro and guidance circuitry which allows the missile to interpret steering instructions from the operator . Behind the guidance mechanism is the sustainer motor , around which is wrapped the guidance wire which plays out behind the missile . The missile is normally deployed with a single operator controlling and control box linked to up to eight missiles , which can be deployed up to twenty meters away from the operator . On launch the booster fires , projecting the missile up into the air at an angle of 20 degrees . The operator then steers the missile towards the target along his line of sight using a joystick on the control box . Development . Development of the system began in 1954 as a collaboration between Contraves , Oerlikon , Bölkow and Rakete . The initials of these companies gave the project its name : COBRA . The first successful tests were conducted in 1956 , with the West German government placing an initial order for 2 , 000 missiles in January 1957 . Production of the original missile ended in 1968 , with a new version , the Cobra 2000 entering service . The Cobra 2000 extended the range of the missile to 2 , 000 meters and could be fitted with either an Anti - tank warhead or a dual purpose anti - tank / fragmentation warhead . The Mamba was introduced in 1972 and improved the guidance system , and added a dual thrust motor with an initial low power launch mode , followed by a higher powered sustainer which allows the missile to be gathered more easily during the initial seconds of flight . Initial launch speed is just 35 meters per second , after the sustainer is engaged this increases to 140 meters per second . The missile travels faster , reducing the time of flight to its maximum range in just 17 . 5 seconds . Also the operator is provided with a x7 power telescope . Service history . The weapon was widely used by NATO forces most notably West Germany and was exported to Argentina , Brazil , Chile ( Mamba ) , Denmark , Greece , Israel , India , Turkey , Pakistan , Spain . Approximately 170 , 000 of the missiles were produced . The missile saw limited use in a number of conflicts including the Six day war and the Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 . The missile proved to be ineffective , as it was difficult to control and unreliable in combat conditions .
Fanfare ( decoy ) The T - Mk 6 Fanfare is a towed sonar decoy developed after the Second World War by the United States Navy . It replaced the Foxer noisemaker . It was more effective than the Foxer , producing a sound similar to a ship ' s propeller , rather than wideband noise .
Alert state The phrase alert state is used in more than one professional discipline . National defence . The phrase alert state is used in " milieu " variously , although in a capitalized form the reference is of an indication of the state of readiness of the armed force s for military action or a State against terrorism or military attack . The term frequently used is " on High Alert " Examples are the DEFCON levels of the US armed forces , probably indicating some degree within DEFCON : 2 to DEFCON : 4 , possibly DEFCON : 1 classified with the words as " high alert " . The British government ' s UK Threat Levels , probably including the highest three levels of five , these being classified as substantial , severe and critical . Both highest positions within the classification are synonymous with " red alert . " All these rely on an understanding of the word alert , which is also originally relevant to a type of military activity , within the earliest recorded usage . Psychology . In the context of the Mental status examination , the " state of consciousness " of an alert person is classified apart from either lethargic or hyper - alert , elsewhere an alert person is capable of providing the correct information when asked their name , their present location and the date , or otherwise is able to talk normally . Altogether the relaxed and alert state of mind of the meditator is scientifically classified as brainwaves of the alpha and beta description respectively . The beta state that corresponds to the prior description is , in fact , within the range of 12 to 15 Hz ( & 15 – 19 Hz ) . Other . The phrase is in use within environmental considerations , and also is in usage as a term of change within a system generating electrical energy .
French submarine Iris ( Q188 ) " Iris " ( Q188 ) was a of the French Navy , commissioned in 1936 . She was interned in Spain from November 1942 , following the scuttling of the French fleet in Toulon , finally returning to service post - war until 1950 . Service history . The submarine was laid down on 1 July 1932 at the " Ateliers et Chantiers Dubigeon " shipyard at Nantes , launched on 23 September 1934 , and commissioned on 15 September 1936 . On 27 November 1942 , following the German occupation of Vichy , the fleet at Toulon were ordered to scuttle their ships , however " Iris " was one of five submarines ( the others were , , , and ) that disobeyed and attempted to escape , sailing from the harbour avoiding minefields and circling German Ju 88 bombers . " Iris " , under the command of " Lieutenant de vaisseau " Degé , with a skeleton crew of only 17 men , escaped from Toulon harbour and once in the open sea submerged until nightfall , evading the screen of German U - boat s stationed there to intercept them , and further out British submarines on the same mission . " Iris " sailed to neutral Spain , arriving at Barcelona on the 28th . Under the terms of the 1907 Hague Convention a warship can stay in a neutral port for a maximum of 48 hours or be interned . Degé contacted the French Consul General , who was unable to assist them in procuring any more food and fuel ( of which they were desperately short ) or gaining any extension to the deadline . After contacting the French Naval Attaché at Madrid the crew of " Iris " was offered a simple choice ; internment or scuttling . They voted for internment . The crew were held at the prison camp at Miranda de Ebro , while a Spanish crew under the supervision of Degé and " Enseigne de vaisseau " Robert Lagane maintained the submarine . In January 1943 , in order to prevent any escape attempts , the propellers were removed , and in late February " Iris " was towed to Cartagena . Finally , on 29 November 1945 , " Iris " returned to France , and remained in service until decommissioned on 1 February 1950 . References .
Château de Bélarga Le Château de Bélarga is a " château " constructed in the 17th century . Part of the building is from an earlier castle dating from the 14th and 15th centuries . It is located on the left bank of the Hérault River in the " commune " of Bélarga in the Hérault " département " of France . History . A castle was recorded in Bélarga before 1281 , in a document concerning the construction of a village . An " enceinte " commanded by the this fortress was built at the end of the 13th century or the beginning of the 14th century . The building dominated a ford over the Hérault which was subject to a toll . The area belonged to the Guilhem family , powerful lords of Clermont - Lodève ( today Clermont - l ' Hérault ) . Berenger IV of Guilhem was described as lord of the " castrum de Belesgario " in 1310 . His successor , Pierre de Clermont , is infamous for having committed in Bélarga a crime against the person of a young woman from Puilacher , for which he was condemned in 1310 by the sénéchal of Carcassonne ; the sentence was confirmed by the Parlement de Paris on 29 January 1311 ( " see below " ) . One result was the confiscation of the seigneurie of Bélarga . In the 17th century , the castle belonged to the Mirmans , a family of the Nobles of the Robe which included numerous magistrates in the sovereign courts of Languedoc . In 1654 , the knight François de Mirman , " conseiller du roi " and " intendant des gabelles " , had the titles of " baron de Florac , seigneur de Bélarga , etc . " . The Mirmans gave the building its current appearance , embellishing it " in the rustic taste fashionable in the 17th century in Montpellier " . Description . The north wing of the present building probably dates from the 14th century , altered in the 15th . North of this , a new " château " was built in the 17th century . Ownership . The Château de Bélarga is private property , inhabited by its owners . It was the object of a study for the cultural heritage inventory by the French Ministry of Culture in 1976 . Pierre de Clermont ' s crime . On 29 January 1311 , the Parlement de Paris confirmed a sentence passed by the sénéchal of Carcassonne on Pierre de Clermont , seigneur de Bélarga , in these terms :
Battle of Samos ( 1824 ) The Battle of Samos ( ) was a naval battle fought on August 5 / 17 , 1824 off the Greek island of Samos during the Greek War of Independence . The island of Samos , under its leader , Lykourgos Logothetis , had successfully rebelled against the Ottomans in 1821 , and established its own autonomous government . The island ' s position however , a few miles off the Anatolian coast , made it vulnerable to a potential Ottoman attack . In the summer of 1824 , following the destruction of Psara , the Ottoman fleet and troops assembled on the Anatolian coast , with the intention of capturing the island . Anxious to avoid repeating the failure to protect Psara , the Greek fleet , under admiral Georgios Sachtouris , assembled to guard the island . After some minor engagements on the previous days , the decisive battle occurred on August 17 . The Greek fireship s , including one under the celebrated Constantine Kanaris , then attacked and succeeded in burning three Ottoman ships , forcing the Kapudan Pasha Mehmed Hüsrev to withdraw . Together with the victory at the strait of Gerontas soon after , the battle of Samos ensured the safety of the island this year . However , it was also not included in independent Greece ; rather , it became an autonomous principality under Ottoman suzerainty until the Balkan Wars .
Father Raskin Father Raskin or Jozef Raskin ( born Stevoort , 1892 – died Dortmund , 1943 ) was a Belgian Scheutist . He was a missionary in China , chaplain of the Belgian Army and propagandist for his congregation . During the Second World War he was decapitated by the Germans .
Aerotécnica AC - 14 The Aerotécnica AC - 14 was a Spanish five - seat light helicopter of the 1950s , designed by Jean Cantinieau , based on enlarging his Nord Norelfe design . The AC - 14 continued the Cantinieau practice of mounting the engine forward of the main rotor , and like the Norelfe , used the ducted exhaust from the turboshaft to counter the torque of the main rotor at low speeds , while at high speeds the exhaust gases were deflected rearwards to increase speed , torque being compensated for by movable twin tail fins . The first of prototype flew on 16 July 1957 . A pre - production order for ten machines was placed by the Spanish Air Force where they served for a short time under the designation EC - XZ - 4 . No full production ensued , as they were much more expensive than the second hand Bell 47G - 2 and G - 3 . Related content . Related development : Nord Norelfe Comparable aircraft : Designation sequence : AC - 11 - AC - 12 - AC - 13 - AC - 14 - AC - 21