naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Grey Lock ' s War The western theatre of Father Rale ' s War in northern New England was referred to as " Gray Lock ' s War " . Grey Lock distinguished himself by conducting guerrilla raids into Vermont and western Massachusetts . He consistently eluded his pursuers , and acquired the name Wawanolet ( also Wawanolewat , Wawanotewat ) , meaning " he who fools the others , or puts someone off the track . " Grey Lock ' s War was not part of the conflicts between France and England . Unlike the continuing wars between France and England that involved local natives , often to their detriment , Grey Lock ' s War was fought by Native Americans for their own reasons . Grey Lock , like the majority of his people , did eventually ally himself with the French . Ancient Jesuit records from Fort Saint - Frédéric , demonstrates that this great war chief , was known to the French as la " Tête Blanche " ( White Head ) . He converted to Catholicism and was baptized under the French name of Pierre - Jean , while his wife was known as Hélène . They had a son and a daughter , Jean - Baptiste and Marie - Charlotte . Gray Lock ' s descendants today carry the family name Wawanolet . Conflicts . Massachusetts Governor Samuel Shute officially declared war on the Abenaki on July 25 , 1722 . Shute , who had ongoing political disputes with the Massachusetts assembly , abruptly sailed for England on January 1 , 1723 , leaving Lieutenant Governor William Dummer to manage Massachusetts involvement in the war . On August 13 , 1723 , Gray Lock first entered the war by raiding Northfield , Massachusetts , and four warriors killed two citizens near Northfield . The next day they attacked Joseph Stevens and his four sons in Rutland . Stevens escaped , two boys were killed , and the other two sons were captured . On October 9 , 1723 , Gray Lock struck two small forts near Northfield , inflicting casualties and carrying off one captive . In response , Governor Dummer ordered the construction of Fort Dummer where Brattleboro , Vermont is now . The fort became a major base of operations for scouting and punitive expeditions into Abenaki country . Fort Dummer was present - day Vermont ' s first permanent European settlement , made under the command of Lieutenant Timothy Dwight . On June 18 , 1724 , Grey Lock attacked a group of men working in a meadow near Hatfield , Massachusetts . Grey Lock retired from the area and killed men at Deerfield , Northfield , and Westfield over the summer . In response to the raids , Dummer ordered more soldiers for Northfield , Brookfield , Deerfield and Sunderland . On October 11 , 1724 , seventy Abenakis attacked Fort Dummer and killed 3 or 4 soldiers . In September 1725 , a scouting party of six men was sent out from Fort Dummer . Grey Lock and 14 others ambushed them just west of the Connecticut River , killing two and wounding and capturing three others . One man escaped , while two Indians were killed .
Dabene Treasure The Dabene Treasure ( ) was unearthed in 2004 near the village of Dabene in the municipality of Karlovo , Plovdiv Province , central Bulgaria . The excavations were led by the archaeologist Martin Hristov . Other elements of the treasure were discovered in 2006 . The excavations in the area began after two archaeologists from the National Historical Museum met a local woman with an exquisite golden necklace found by her husband while ploughing with his tractor . The couple was unaware of the origins of the jewel and cooperated with the archaeologists . The whole treasure consists of 15 , 000 golden elements . The most important of them was a dagger made of gold and platinum with an unusual edge . The treasure was dated to 2000 BC . The scientists suggest that the Karlovo valley where Dabene is located used to be a major crafts center which exported golden jewelry all over Europe . That conclusion was made because the golden elements were not discovered in a burial mound and there are no remains of bones or ceramics and therefore the elements were not burial gifts . The treasure was unearthed in perfect condition and was exhibited in the National Historical Museum without restoration on 9 August 2009 .
Ivan Inzov Ivan Nikitich Inzov ( ; 1768 - 1845 ) was a Russia n commander in the Patriotic War of 1812 and Governor of Bessarabia from 1818 . Chişinău owes to him some of its finest buildings , including the Nativity Cathedral . Inzov ' s obscure origin and booming career , in combination with his physical likeness to Constantine Pavlovich , led some of his contemporaries to suspect that his father was Emperor Paul of Russia ( who was only 14 years his senior ) . In the early 1820s , Alexander Pushkin was one of his subordinates at Kishinev . In the words of Henri Troyat , Inzov " looked upon Pushkin as a being set apart , who must be handled carefully " . He was buried in a purpose - built mausoleum in Bolhrad , a city he had founded . He also served as a temporary Governor General of Novorossiia for nearly a year , from July 1822 to May 23 , 1823 , between Governors General Alexandre Langeron and Mikhail Vorontsov .
Small Smart Weapon Small Smart Weapon or Scorpion missile is a new generation small American missile manufactured by Lockheed Martin . It is long , weighs , is approximately the diameter of a coffee cup and can be fitted with four different types of guidance systems . It is being used by CIA in Drone attacks in Pakistan in an effort to minimize collateral damage .
Hirate Hirohide During the battle of Mikatagahara , Hirohide was sent by Oda Nobunaga to provide reinforcement to Tokugawa Ieyasu when he was attacked by Takeda Shingen . When his allies were greatly struggling during the attack by the Takeda army , he put up a valiant fight until he was killed .
William Butler ( 1759 – 1821 ) William Butler ( December 17 , 1759 – November 15 , 1821 ) was a United States Representative from South Carolina . Born in Prince William County , Virginia , he moved to South Carolina as a young man . He served in the " Snow Campaign " under Colonel Richard Richardson in 1775 and in Gen . Andrew Williamson ' s expedition against the Cherokee Indians in 1776 . In 1779 he was a lieutenant in Pulaski ' s Legion , under Gen . Benjamin Lincoln , and served under Gen . Andrew Pickens at the siege of Augusta in 1780 . He served as captain under General William Henderson in 1781 , and was a captain of Mounted Rangers under Pickens in 1782 . Butler was a member of the State convention which adopted the United States Constitution , and was a member of the South Carolina House of Representatives from 1787 to 1795 . He was sheriff of the Ninety - Six District in 1791 , and was elected major general of the upper division of State militia in 1796 . Butler was elected as a Democratic - Republican to the 7th United States Congress and served in the five succeeding Congresses , from March 4 , 1801 to March 3 , 1813 . He then chose not run for reelection . Butler was a major general commanding the troops raised for the defense of South Carolina in the War of 1812 , and then retired to his plantation on the Saluda River , near Mount Willing , South Carolina . He died at his plantation in 1821 at the age of 61 , and was buried in the family plot at Butler Methodist Church , near Saluda . William Butler was the father of William Butler ( 1790 - 1850 ) , Andrew Pickens Butler , and Pierce Mason Butler , and the grandfather of Matthew Calbraith Butler . All except Pierce Butler ( who served as governor of South Carolina ) were members of the U . S . Congress from South Carolina . Butler was a first cousin to Sophia Butler ( Smith ) Bonham , the mother of Texas hero James Butler Bonham and U . S . Congressman Milledge Luke Bonham .
Remington SR - 8 The Remington SR - 8 was a prototype sniper rifle developed by Remington Arms . It was originally developed for the Italian Army , and was designed to shoot a . 338 Lapua bullet . The design of the rifle is based on the Remington M700 , with the trigger assembly and design taken largely from the M24 . The ejector design had to be modified from that of the standard model 700 to allow for the larger rim of the . 338 Lapua cartridge . The status of the project is unknown , though it has likely been shelved . It is used in a popular free online game called Urban Terror , and in the mod . References . http : / / www . snipercentral . com / sr8 . htm
Soliferrum Soliferrum or Soliferreum ( Latin : " solus " , " only " + " ferrum " , " Iron " ) was the Roman name for an ancient Iberian ranged pole weapon made entirely of iron . The soliferrum was a heavy hand - thrown javelin , designed to be thrown to a distance of up to 30 meters . In the Iberian language it was known as " Saunion " . Design . The soliferrum was forged from a single piece of iron which usually measured 1 . 5 to 2 meters in length and around one centimeter in diameter . This missile weapon had a narrow , barbed tip so it could pierce shield s and armour . The tip of the soliferrum came in several forms . In its simplest form , it had only a sharpened tip but usually it had two small spikes or even more . These spikes had one or several hooks , so the weapon would be hard to extract after it had penetrated an enemy ' s body . The central part of the soliferrum was usually thickened to facilitate the grip of the weapon . Sometimes there were moldings of about ten centimeters long in the middle of the weapon to further improve the grip and thus prevent the weapon from slipping in sweaty or bloody hands . Advantages . The soliferrum was an extremely effective heavy javelin . The weight and the density of the weapon ' s iron shaft , its small diameter and its narrow tip gave the soliferrum excellent armor - piercing capacity at close range and enabled it to penetrate even heavy shields . Usage . Ancient Iberian warriors were heavy users of javelins , casting this ranged weapon by volleys in order to disorganize an enemy formation before advancing to close combat with mêlée weapon s . The Iberian warrior was typically buried with his soliferrum and all his other weapons . Origin . Archeological findings suggest that the soliferrum first appeared in the regions of Aquitania and Languedoc , north of the Pyrenees , during the 1st millennium BC . From there , the weapon was brought to the Iberian Peninsula by migrating Celts and it was in Iberia that the soliferrum achieved its fame . The soliferrum remained in use in the Iberian peninsula under Roman rule until the end of the 3rd century and it coexisted with the falarica ( the Iberian pilum ) .
Anatoly Betekhtin Anatoly Vladimirovich Betekhtin ( ; September 20 , 1931 – October 27 , 2012 ) was a Soviet military commander and full general since 1988 . He was born in the village of Argunovo , Nikolsky District , Vologda Oblast . He started his military career in 1950 and graduated from the Kiev Military college of Self - propelled artillery in 1953 , the Military Academy of Armoured Forces in 1961 , the General Staff Academy in 1972 , and higher academic courses of General Staff Academy in 1980 . Betekhtin became a full general of the Red Army . In June 1981 he was appointed as a head of the Odessa Military District . In January 1984 he headed the Baltic Military District . In 1987 Betekhtin became the commander of the Transbaikal Military District . From 1988 to 1992 he was the first deputy minister of the Soviet Land Forces .
João Belo - class frigate The João Belo class , also known as Comandante João Belo class , is a class of four frigates of French design , identical to the " Commandant Rivière " class , with extra equipment for tropical climates . Ordered by the Portuguese Navy in 1964 , the four ships of this class were constructed in Nantes ' shipyard . In the 1960s the Portuguese Navy was interested in the acquisition of British frigates of the Leander class , but because of British political opposition against Portugal this acquisition was impossible . Portugal was then forced to buy frigates of an already existing project due the urgency in the acquisition of naval ships for the defense of African , Macau ' s and Portuguese Timor ' s waters . The two remaining frigates in active service of this class were replaced , in 2008 , by the " Bartolomeu Dias " class ( Dutch " Karel Doorman " class ) in the Portuguese Navy . The NRP " João Belo " and the NRP " Sacadura Cabral " were sold to the Uruguayan Navy , becoming , respectively the ROU " Uruguay " and the ROU " Pedro Campbell " .
Allied Military Currency Allied Military Currency ( " AMC " ) was a form of currency issued by the Allied powers during World War II , to be issued to troops entering liberated or newly occupied countries , as a form of currency control . Background . Historically , soldiers serving overseas had been paid in local currency rather than in their " home " currency ; most cash drawn by soldiers would go directly into the local economy , and in a damaged economy the effects of a hard currency such as the dollar circulating freely alongside weaker local currencies could be severely problematic , risking severe inflation . There were other problems as well ; once dollars were circulating in a combat region , the opposing side could freely use its own stocks of dollars as currency , or acquire stocks for use elsewhere . The high purchasing power of the dollar , and its easy transference back to the United States , also posed a significant incentive to black - market eering . However , whilst the use of local currencies was effective where they were provided in cooperation with the local authorities , it was impractical in combat zones where the government might be either hostile , deliberately ambivalent , or simply non - existent . In these cases , the military authorities issued special " military currency " , which was paid out to soldiers at a fixed rate of exchanged and simply declared legal tender in occupied areas by local commanders . Implementation . Five types of currency were issued : The majority of the notes were printed by the United States Bureau of Engraving and Printing , and some were printed by Russia , and the Japanese Ministry of Finance . Collectors . Notes today are fairly common , and can be valued anywhere from one dollar ( for a common bill ) to a couple thousand dollars for a rare series , low printing , or replacement bill .
Armstrong Whitworth 12 inch / 40 naval gun The Armstrong Whitworth 12 inch naval gun of 40 calibres length was designed by , and manufactured mainly by , Armstrong ' s ordnance branch , Elswick Ordnance Company . It was intended for the Royal Navy ' s s , but budgetary constraints delayed their introduction . The first units were instead supplied to Japan . As the Type 41 12 - inch ( 305 mm ) / 40 caliber naval gun it was the standard main battery on several early United Kingdom - built pre - dreadnought battleships of the Imperial Japanese Navy . It later entered service with the RN as the 12 inch Mark IX , being fitted to warships of three pre - dreadnought classes prior to World War I . Also during the war several guns were converted for use as railway gun s , and , towards the end of the conflict , for use on the M - class submarine monitor s . The gun also saw service with the Italian " Regia Marina " , in two classes of pre - dreadnought battleships . Design and development . The Type 41 12 - inch naval gun was produced by Armstrong Whitworth , Elswick , Newcastle upon Tyne , as a slightly modified version of the “ EOC G pattern ” 12 - inch guns used on contemporary Royal Navy battleships . Japanese service . Japan purchased a total of 44 of these weapons for use on the four ships of the and , and the battleships and . Each ship carried two guns in single mounts . In combat at the Battle of the Yellow Sea in the Russo - Japanese War , Japanese battleships , and all had one of their main guns taken out of action due to bore prematures . The cause was traced to faulty fuses , and the problem was rectified prior to the Battle of Tsushima . The gun was officially designated as " Type 41 " from the 41st year of the reign of Emperor Meiji on December 25 , 1908 . It was further re - designated in centimeters on October 5 , 1917 as part of the standardization process for the Imperial Japanese Navy to the metric system . The Type 41 12 - inch gun fired an shell , with either an armor piercing , high explosive or general purpose warhead . United Kingdom service . Royal Navy service . The gun entered service with the Royal Navy as BL 12 inch gun Mark IX on the following ships : M - class submarine mounting . The gun was in service mounted on the three M - class submarines from 1920 to 1932 . Railway gun . Four guns were mounted on railway carriages and used by the British army in World War I on the Western Front . Italian service . Armstrongs also sold versions of their 12 inch 40 - calibre gun to Italy , to arm the ( commissioned 1905 ) and s ( commissioned 1908 ) . The version for the s fired a heavier shell .
Hans - Gerrit von Stockhausen Commander Hans - Gerrit von Stockhausen ( 11 August 1907 , Kassel – 15 January 1943 , Berlin ) was a " Korvettenkapitän " with the Kriegsmarine during World War II . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross ( ) . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . He sailed with the and , sinking twelve ships on five patrols , for a total of of Allied shipping . As commander of " U - 65 " attacked and sank the " British Premier " on 24 December 1940 . He died in a car accident in Berlin on 15 January 1943 , aged 35 .
RAF Bawdsey RAF Bawdsey was an RAF station situated on the eastern coast in Suffolk , England . Bawdsey Manor , dating from 1886 , was taken over in March 1936 by the Air Ministry for developing the Chain Home ( CH ) RDF ( radar ) system . Also known as Bawdsey Research Station ( BRS ) , the first CH station was built there , characterised by eight tall masts , four for transmitting and four for receiving . The station ' s Superintendent was initially Robert Watson - Watt , later followed by A . P . Rowe . When war was declared in September 1939 , the development activities at Bawdsey were relocated , first to Dundee , Scotland , and later to Worth Matravers near Swanage in Dorset on the southern coast of England , where they became the Telecommunications Research Establishment ( TRE ) . The CH station at Bawdsey remained , and the overall site was designated RAF Bawdsey . The radar site lies about 600m . from Bawdsey Manor itself along the top of the cliffs going in the direction of Shingle Street . Apart from the radar scanners which were above ground , there was a large underground command centre built in the late 1950 ` s . It incorporated an uplit radar display showing the whole of SouthEast England and on which would have been projected any aircraft . Around the walls of the command post was a gallery with the status boards of all the fighter command and other RAF airfields in the area . The command centre was self - supporting for a limited time and included living quarters , and air filtration to make it capable of operating during nuclear attack . The command centre was accessed by way of a small ` bungalow ` which can be seen on the left of the road which runs from Bawdsey village to Bawdsey Manor . The station was sttod down for a number of years but was re - opened in 1978 as a Bloodhound missile site , but was closed again two years later when the missiles were moved to West Rainham . In 1944 a mock commando raid was staged at Bawdsey . RAF Bawdsey was warned of the attack and told of the approximate expected time of the attack . In the small hours the sentries on lookout saw a flotilla of rubber dinghies approaching the shore . The sentries had not been warned to expect a mock attack by friendly forces and so assumed it was the Germans . Bawdsey was prepared for an attack by sea and defences were in place . These consisted of drums of petrol which were anchored to the sea bed and which could be ruptured by explosive charges detonated from the shore . There were also machine gun positions along the cliffs . Once the oncoming dinghies were close to the shore the defenders detonated the drums of petrol which were then ignited by tracer fire from the machine guns . The invaders were incinerated . The question is who failed to warn the sentries of the impending attack . The event has been and still is covered by a ` D Notice .
German submarine U - 151 ( 1940 ) German submarine " U - 151 " was a Type IID U - boat of the Nazi German " Kriegsmarine " during World War II . Her keel was laid down on 6 July 1940 by Deutsche Werke in Kiel as ' werk ' 280 . She was launched on 21 December 1940 and commissioned on 15 January 1941 with " Kapitänleutnant " Hans Oestermann in command . " U - 151 " began her service life with the 1st U - boat Flotilla . She was then assigned to the 22nd flotilla and subsequently to the 31st flotilla . She spent the war as a training vessel . She was scuttled in May 1945 . Fate . The boat surrendered at the German island of Heligoland and was scuttled in the " Raederschleuse " ( lock ) at Wilhelmshaven on 2 May 1945 . The wreck was broken up on an unknown date .
Allan Leonard Lewis Allan Leonard Lewis VC ( 28 February 1895 – 21 September 1918 ) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . Details . Lewis was 23 years old , and a Lance - Corporal in the 6th Battalion , The Northamptonshire Regiment , British Army during the First World War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC . On 18 September 1918 at Rossnoy , near Lempire , France , Lance - Corporal Lewis was in command of a section on the right of the attacking line , held up by intense machine - gun fire . He saw that two guns were enfilading the line and crawled forward alone , successfully bombed the guns and by rifle fire made the whole team surrender . On 21 September he rushed his company through the enemy barrage , but was killed while getting his men under cover from heavy machine - gun fire . Further information . Lance - Corporal Lewis is remembered on the Vis - en - Artois memorial near Vis - en - Artois British Cemetery , Haucourt as he has no known grave The medal was handed to Lance - Corporal ' s Lewis ' s elder brother Frank by their mothers . She made him promise that the medal would never be sold as she said that she lost a son , and she considered it would be blood money . He kept the medal in his home until his death . It was then agreed by the children of Frank that as he still had a brother , alive , he could hold the medal for his remaining days and then it was to be placed in a museum , either the regimental or local Hereford . Unfortunately when this brother died , the medal was assumed to be part of his estate and was kept by sole beneficiary of the will . Despite requests from Franks close family , the medal was not put into a museum .