naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Simon Petru Cristofini Simon Petru Cristofini ( 1903 - 1943 ) was a Corsican soldier who commanded the Phalange Africaine and was executed for treason by the French authorities because of his support Italian irredentism in Corsica during the Italian occupation of Corsica . Biography . Colonel Simon Petru Cristofini ( or Pietro Simone Cristofini ) was born in Calenzana , Haute - Corse on 26 May 1903 and in 1939 became a Captain of the " 3rd Algerian Fusiliers " regiment . He was initially a supporter of Marshal Philippe Pétain . After the Allied occupation of French North Africa he commanded the " Phalange Africaine " . Indeed the Allied forces landed in French Morocco and Algeria in November 1942 . Immediately , German and Italian reinforcement troops land in French Tunisia . On November 14 , the idea of an " African Phalange " was launched in Paris with the support of the 3rd Reich Ambassador Otto Abetz . In December , German authorities approve the plan and the related logistic . Soon 330 volunteers were recruited under the orders of Colonel Cristofini and instructed in the Bordj - Ceda camp , ending with the constitution of a 210 men Company , called " Franzosische Freiwilligen Legion " and incorporated into the 2nd Battalion , 754 . PzG Rgt , 334 . PzG Division , 5 . Panzerarmee ( von Arnim ) . In Tunisia he was wounded in one eye and then , before returning to Corsica , he met Benito Mussolini in Rome . Colonel Cristofini was a supporter of the union of Corsica to Italy and defended irredentist ideals . He actively collaborated with Italian forces in Corsica during the first months of 1943 . In the island he worked with Petru Giovacchini ( the possible governor of Corsica if the Axis had won the war ) . Cristofini , as head of the Ajaccio troops , helped the Italian Army to repress Resistance opposition in Corsica before the Italian Armistice in September 1943 . He was put on trial for treason after the Allies retook Corsica , and sentenced to death . He tried to kill himself , and was executed while suffering from his wounds in November 1943 . His wife , Marta Renucci , was sentenced in 1946 to 15 years of jail in Algiers for supporting irredentism and for collaborating with Italian fascism , but served only a reduced sentence .
Battle of Garigliano The Battle of Garigliano was fought in 915 between Christian forces and the Fatimid Caliphate . Pope John X personally led the Christian forces into battle . Background . After a series of ravaging attacks against the main sites of the Lazio in the second half of the 9th century , the Fatimids established a colony next to the ancient city of Minturnae , near the Garigliano River . Here they even formed alliances with the nearby Christian princes ( notably the hypati of Gaeta ) , taking advantage of the division between them . John X , however , managed to reunite these princes in an alliance , in order to oust the Saracens from their dangerous strongpoint . The Christian armies united the pope with several South Italian princes of Lombard or Greek extraction , including Guaimar II of Salerno , John I of Gaeta and his son Docibilis , Gregory IV of Naples and his son John , and Landulf I of Benevento and Capua . The King of Italy , Berengar I , sent a support force from Spoleto and the Marche , led by Alberic I , duke of Spoleto and Camerino . The Byzantine Empire participated by sending a strong contingent from Calabria and Apulia under the " strategos " of Bari , Nicholas Picingli . John X himself led the " milities " from the Lazio , Tuscany , and Rome . Battle . The first action took place in northern Lazio , where small bands of ravagers were surprised and destroyed . The Christians scored two more significant victories at Campo Baccano , on the Via Cassia , and in the area of Tivoli and Vicovaro . After these defeats , the Muslims occupying Narni and other strongholds moved back to the main Fatimid stronghold on the Garigliano : this was a fortifited settlement ( " kairuan " ) whose site , however , has not yet been identified with certainty . The siege began in June 915 . After being pushed out the fortified camp , the Saracens retired to the nearby hills . Here they resisted many attacks led by Alberic and Landulf . However , deprived of food and noticing their situation was becoming desperate , in August they attempted a sally to reach the coast and escape to Sicily . According to the chronicles , all were captured and executed . Aftermath . Berengar was rewarded with the papal support and eventually the imperial crown , while Alberic ' s prestige after the victorious battle granted him a preeminent role in the future history of Rome . John I of Gaeta could expand his duchy to the Garigliano , and received the title of " patricius " from Byzantium leading his family to proclaim themselves " dukes " .
USS Akela ( SP - 1793 ) The wooden - hulled , twin - screw , steam yacht " Akela " — built in 1899 at Morris Heights , N . Y . , by the Gas Engine and Power Co . and the Charles L . Seabury Co . — was acquired by the Navy from Bridgeport , Connecticut businessman Henry Alfred Bishop and delivered on 24 December 1917 . Redesignated was commissioned at the New York Navy Yard on 16 April 1918 , Chief Boatswain ' s Mate John J . Stegin , USNRF , in charge . Assigned to the Armed Guard Inspection Board of the 3d Naval District , Akela took inspection parties to various merchant ships with embarked armed guard detachments over the next several months . Entering the Seabury yard at Morris Heights on 6 November , Akela was still there , undergoing repairs , when the armistice was signed on the 11th November 1918 . She remained there , inactive and " awaiting orders " , into the spring of 1919 . The last formal entry in the ship ' s log , dated 15 April , does not report a formal decommissioning . In any case , the ship was returned to her owner on that day and stricken from the Navy list exactly one month later .
58th Airlift Squadron The 58th Airlift Squadron ( 58 AS ) is part of the 97th Air Mobility Wing at Altus Air Force Base , Oklahoma . It operates C - 17 Globemaster III aircraft training pilots for airlift and airdrop operations . Mission . The 58 AS is responsible for providing pilot and loadmaster initial qualification and advanced upgrades for all United States active duty , reserve , and guard units . History . The 58th conducted aerial transportation in Pacific Theater , and participated in the airborne assault on Nadzab , New Guinea , on 5 September 1943 during World War II . The 58th provided global airlift from , 1966 – 1971 and 1977 – 1993 . It has conducted C - 17 aircrew training since 1996 .
Ernst Ziemer Ernst Ziemer ( 9 December 1911 – 6 August 1986 ) was a highly decorated " Hauptmann " in the " Wehrmacht " during World War II . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross and its higher grade Oak Leaves was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership .
534th Bombardment Squadron The 534th Bombardment Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit . It was last assigned to the 381st Bombardment Group , stationed at Sioux City Army Air Base , Iowa . It was inactivated on 27 June 1949 . History . Established in late 1942 as a B - 17 Flying Fortress heavy bombardment squadron ; it trained under II Bomber Command in Washington , Texas and Idaho . It received deployment orders for the European Theater of Operations ( ETO ) in May 1943 . The squadron was assigned to VIII Bomber Command in England in June 1943 , to RAF Ridgewell . The unit ' s mission was to conduct strategic bombardment operations over Occupied Europe and Nazi Germany . It operated chiefly against strategic objectives on the Continent . It participated in the intensive bombing campaign against enemy aircraft factories during Big Week , 20 – 25 February 1944 , the Group often supported ground troops and attacked targets of interdiction when not engaged in strategic bombardment . The squadron supported the Normandy invasion in June 1944 by bombing bridges and airfields near the beachhead . It attacked enemy positions in advance of ground forces at Saint - Lô in July 1944 . The squadron assisted the airborne assault on Holland in September . It struck airfields and communications near the battle zone during the Battle of the Bulge , December 1944 - January 1945 . It also supported the Allied crossing of the Rhine in March 1945 and then operated against communications and transportation in the final push through Germany . After V - E Day , the unit returned to Sioux Falls Army Air Field , South Dakota in July 1945 , although many combat personnel were demobilized upon their return to the United States . A small cadre of personnel were formed with replacement personnel assigned . The unit was programmed for conversion to B - 29 Superfortress very heavy bombers ; however , no aircraft were assigned . The Japanese capitulation in early August led to the units ' inactivation on 28 August , with personnel either reassigned to other units or demobilized . The squadron was reactivated in the Air Force Reserve in February 1947 at Sioux City Army Air Base , Iowa . Having been allotted to the organized reserves , with assignment to the Second Air Force , Air Defense Command , it was redesigned as a very heavy bombardment unit on 27 December 1946 . In late September 1947 , the squadron was assigned to the 381st Bombardment Group , ( Very Heavy ) . In July 1948 , the group was reassigned from the Second Air Force to the Tenth Air Force , which in December , became a part of the Continental Air Command , the forerunner of the Strategic Air Command ( SAC ) . The 534th Squadron was inactivated on 27 June 1949 due to budget restrictions .
Marie François Rouyer Marie François Rouyer ( 2 March 1765 – 10 August 1824 ) was a French general during the Napoleonic Wars . In 1783 he joined the army of a German state and became a lieutenant of dragoons within three years . In 1791 he joined the French army as an infantry captain . He fought in the French Revolutionary Wars , becoming an Adjutant General Chef de brigade ( colonel ) on 12 April 1794 . He won promotion to general of brigade on 30 July 1799 . Napoleon Bonaparte named him a commander of the Légion d ' Honneur on 14 June 1804 . Assigned to lead a brigade in the VI Corps , he fought at Haslach - Jungingen and Dürrenstein in the War of the Third Coalition . He earned advancement to general of division on 24 December 1805 but continued to lead a brigade . The following year he fought at Halle , Waren - Nossentin , and Lübeck . In the last action he captured Carl Carlsson Mörner and 600 Swedes . In 1807 , he led his troops at Mohrungen and Braunsberg before being given command of a Hessian division . He became a Baron of the Empire on 18 March 1809 . In the War of the Fifth Coalition his division of French - allied Germans guarded Napoleon ' s line of communications . His forces were mauled at Franzensfeste on 4 August 1809 while attempting to suppress the Tyrolean Rebellion . In early 1810 he led a division in Catalonia . In 1813 and 1814 , he commanded the 2nd Division in Italy at Caldiero and the Mincio . King Louis XVIII of France appointed him a chevalier of the Order of Saint Louis . He was buried at Barville , Vosges on 10 August 1824 . ROUYER is one of the names inscribed under the Arc de Triomphe , on Column 1 .
Gal mesedi The gal mesedi was a Hittite military and administrative title literally meaning " chief of the royal bodyguards " . It is considered to be one of the most important and prestigious posts of the Hittite Kingdom . History . The " gal mesedi " was a commander responsible for the safety of the king himself . On most cases he was a member of the royal family and sometimes the brother of the king , whom he sometimes succeeded as in the case of Hattusili III , who before becoming a king was the " gal mesedi " of his brother , King Muwatalli II . A " gal mesedi " could also at times command independent military units that weren ' t under the king ' s jurisdiction .
Luxembourg American Cemetery and Memorial The Luxembourg American Cemetery and Memorial is located in Luxembourg City , Luxembourg . The cemetery can be found 2 . 5 kilometers southwest of Findel Airport . It is administered by the American Battle Monuments Commission . Under a US - Luxembourg treaty signed in 1951 the US government was granted free use in perpetuity of the land covered by the cemetery , without taxation . The cemetery , which is in extent contains the remains of 5 , 076 American service members . On 22 occasions two brothers rest side - by - side in adjacent graves . Most of the interred died during the Battle of the Bulge which was fought nearby in winter 1944 / spring 1945 . The 5 , 076 headstones are set in 9 plots of fine grass , lettered A to I . Separating the plots are two malls radiating from the memorial and two transverse paths . Two flagpoles overlook the graves area . Situated between the two flagpoles lies the grave of General George S . Patton Jr . Not far from the cemetery entrance stands the white stone chapel , set on a wide circular platform surrounded by woods . It is embellished with sculpture in bronze and stone , a stained - glass window with the insignia of the five major U . S . commands that operated in the region , and a mosaic ceiling . German fallen from the same battle are buried in the Sandweiler German war cemetery , about 1 . 5 kilometres away . The design of the tombstones are dark stone crosses compared to white tombstones of the American cemetery . American Cemetery and Memorial
SS San Jacinto ( 1903 ) SS " San Jacinto " ( ID - 2586 ) was an American commercial passenger - cargo ship chartered by the United States Army for World War I service and considered for acquisition by the United States Navy as USS " San Jacinto " ( ID - 1531 ) . " San Jacinto " was built in 1903 at Chester , Pennsylvania . During the period the United States participated in World War I , she served under U . S . Army charter . Although the U . S . Navy considered acquiring " San Jacinto " and even assigned her the naval registry Identification Number ( Id . No . ) 1531 , the Navy never took control of her , and she remained under Army control through the end of the war . On either 9 July , 10 July , or 11 July 1918 " San Jacinto " collided with the U . S . Navy cargo ship USS " Oosterdijk " ( ID - 2586 ) in the North Atlantic Ocean . Both ships were seriously damaged and forced to turn about to steam for the nearest port . Despite the efforts of her crew to save her , " Oosterdijk " had to be abandoned on either 10 July 1918 or 11 July 1918 and sank at 15 : 30 hours that afternoon . " San Jacinto " carried " Oosterdijk " s crew members to Halifax , Nova Scotia , Canada . " San Jacinto " was repaired and returned to service under Army charter for the remainder of the war .
45th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment The 45th Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry , the " Washburn Lead Mine Regiment " , was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War . It participated in many of the leading campaigns in the Western Theater . Service . The 45th Illinois Infantry was organized at Galena , Illinois , and mustered into Federal service on December 25 , 1861 . It took its name from Elihu B . Washburne who represented northwestern Illinois in the United States House of Representatives and from the fact that mining lead was a well established industry in northwestern Illinois . One member of the regiment , Wilbur Fisk Crummer , wrote a book about experiences titled " With Grant at Donelson , Shiloh and Vicksburg " . Crummer ' s service ended in July 1863 when he was wounded and the book does not cover what happened to the 45th after that time . Crummer records that at the Battle of Shiloh , the 45th was approached by an unidentified regiment . The officers of the 45th decided these were Union troops and ordered the men to hold their fire . However , it was a Confederate regiment , and they were able to get quite close before releasing a devastating volley on the 45th . Crummer later wrote that at the Battle of Jackson , Mississippi , Confederate Minié ball s were fired into beehives , and angry bees caused several Union companies to retreat . In the summer of 1863 , the 45th was stationed near the Shirley house at Vicksburg ( Crummer was wounded by Confederate sharpshooter while writing out a report in the Shirley house ) . When Union forces captured Vicksburg , the regiment was given the advance of the Union army for meritorious service and had the honor of being the first Federal regiment to march into Vicksburg , where the regiment ' s national flag was raised at the Vicksburg courthouse . The regiment was mustered out on July 12 , 1865 . Total strength and casualties . The regiment suffered 9 officers and 76 enlisted men who were killed in action or mortally wounded , and 2 officers and 136 enlisted men who died of disease , for a total of 223 fatalities .
Russian submarine K - 157 Vepr " Vepr " ( K - 157 ) ( literally means " wild boar " ) is a Project 971 " Schuka - B " ( also known by the NATO reporting name " Akula - II " ) class nuclear - powered attack submarine of the Russian Navy . Her keel was laid down on 16 June 1990 by Sevmash . She was launched on 10 December 1994 , commissioned on 25 November 1995 , and homeported in Gadzhievo . 1998 incident . Shortly before midnight , 10 September 1998 , " Vepr " was in port at Severomorsk . Alexander Kuzminykh , a 19 - year - old seaman who was being detained on punishment charges , broke out from his quarters , killed his guard by stabbing him with a chisel , then seized his AKS - 74U assault rifle and shot dead five more sailors . He then took two hostages , whom he later killed . He barricaded himself in the torpedo room , and for 20 hours repeatedly threatened to set a fire to detonate the torpedoes . While " Vepr " had no nuclear weapons and her reactor was shut down , the detonation of her torpedoes while she was tied up at the dock would have ruptured her reactor , creating what the regional director of the Federal Security Service ( FSB ) , Vladimir Prikhodko described as " a nuclear catastrophe . . . a second Chernobyl . " Attempts to persuade him to surrender failed . Kuzminykh ' s mother was flown to the naval base but was unable to persuade her son to give himself up . The situation remained a standoff until early on the morning of 12 September , when a special FSB anti - terrorist commando unit stormed the torpedo room . Early reports indicated that he had been killed by the FSB , but later reports indicated that he committed suicide . FSB officers regretted that " there was no way to preserve Alexander Kuzminykh ' s life . " Kuzminykh was found fit when he was conscripted at a St . Petersburg enlistment office , even though he had suffered from a mental disorder and had been inhaling intoxicants . When Kuzminykh volunteered for the submarine service , he passed additional medical and psychiatric tests with high marks . References . This article is based on information from the Bellona Foundation and various news stories .
Battle of Cirencester The Battle of Cirencester was fought in 628 at Cirencester in modern - day England . The conflict involved the armies of Mercia , under King Penda , and the West Saxons , under Kings Cynegils and Cwichelm . The Mercians defeated the Saxon army and , according to Bede , " after reaching an agreement " , took control of the Severn valley and the minor kingdom of the Hwicce , which had been under the influence of Wessex since the Battle of Dyrham in 577 .
Mill Springs Union order of battle The following Union Army units and commanders fought in the Battle of Mill Springs of the American Civil War on January 19 , 1862 , near present - day Nancy , Kentucky . The Confederate order of battle is listed separately . First Division , Army of the Ohio . BG George Henry Thomas
William Bee Ravenel III William Bee Ravenel III ( Aug 9 , 1914 – May 12 , 1968 ) was an educator and a soldier . As head of the English Department at the Episcopal High School in Alexandria , Virginia , he was a major influence on the life of Arizona senator and 2008 U . S . presidential candidate John McCain , who called Ravenel " one of the finest men I have ever known " . During World War II Maj . Ravenel received both the Silver Star and the Bronze Star with two Oak Leaf Cluster s while serving in the 6th Armored Division of General George Patton ' s Third Army . He became a Colonel in the U . S . Army Reserve while teaching at Episcopal High . Sen . McCain reflected on the positive impact Mr . Ravenel had on his life in an interview with the Harvard Mentoring Project of the Harvard School of Public Health : " I have never forgotten the confidence his praise gave me . Nor did I ever forget the man who praised me . Years later , during the time I was imprisoned in Vietnam , I thought about Mr . Ravenel a lot . He was the one who reinforced in me the standards of honorable behavior . I was faced with several decisions and one in particular , would I accept an offer of the Vietnamese to go home early ? I thought about the fact that Mr . Ravenel had been in combat in World War II and thus had a feel for what I was involved in . And I really believed , as I thought about it and considered it , that Mr . Ravenel wouldn ' t look favorably upon such a decision , because it was not an honorable one . So , I refused the offer . . . " After I returned home , Mr . Ravenel was the only person outside of my family who I wanted to see , because his approval or disapproval of me was probably more important than anyone else ' s in my life , outside of my father ' s . I felt he was someone to whom I could explain what had happened to me , and who would understand . That is a high tribute to Mr . Ravenel . " I regret that I was never able to pay him that tribute . Upon return I found that my mentor had passed on . Mr . Ravenel had died of a heart attack two years [ sic ] before my release from prison . He lived for only 53 years . His early death was a great loss to his family , friends , and students , and to everyone who had been blessed with his company ; a loss I found difficult to accept . " Were William B . Ravenel the only person I remembered from high school , I would credit those days as among the best of my life . He was an inspirational man , and I wasn ' t the only one that he inspired . His influence over my life , while perhaps not apparent to most who have observed its progress , was more important and more benevolent than that of any other person save members of my family . "