naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Roman civil war of 394 The Roman civil war of 394 AD was fought between political factions based in Rome and Constantinople . Because the Western Emperor Eugenius ( though nominally Christian ) had pagan sympathies , the war assumed religious overtones , with Christianity pitted against the last attempt at a pagan revival . Background . Arbogast was a powerful Frankish general ( " magister militum " ) employed in the Roman army , who had managed to pacify the barbarians in Gaul and along the Rhine frontier on behalf of the Empire in 389 AD . In a naked grab for power , he turned against the Western Roman emperor , Valentinian II , and instigated his murder , though he declared Valentinian ' s death to be a suicide . He then proclaimed his supporter , Eugenius , a former rhetoric teacher , as Emperor in 392 AD . Eugenius then spent months attempting to gain legitimacy by winning over Eastern Emperor , Theodosius I . Civil War . Refusing to recognise the usurpers , in January 393 the Eastern emperor Theodosius I elevated his son Honorius as the Augustus of the West , and thus his co - Emperor . He marched with a large army to avenge Valentinian ' s death , travelling from Constantinople to northeastern Italy . Here , Theodosius confronted Arbogast , Eugenius and their forces at the Battle of the Frigidus River , near Aquileia . The first day of battle ( September 5 , 394 AD ) ended in near defeat for Theodosius , and he was saved only by the coming of night . During that long night he prayed to his Christian God , during which it was said that Theodosius was visited by two " heavenly riders all in white , " who gave him courage . The next day , he reorganised his troops . As the battle began again , Theodosius ' forces were aided by a natural phenomenon known as the Bora , which produces cyclonic winds . The Bora blew directly against the forces of Eugenius and disrupted the line , allowing the tactical brilliance and masterful generalship of Theodosius ' commander , Stilicho , to win the day . Eugenius was killed in his camp and Arbogast committed suicide and , with their deaths , the pagan counter - revolution in Rome also died . Theodosius once again reunited the Empire under the authority of one Emperor , but it was not to not last . By 395 AD he was dead , and his two sons re - divided the empire , permanently this time .
Agrupación Aérea Presidencial Agrupación Aérea Presidencial ( Presidential Air Group ) is the Head of State Air Transport Unit for the President of Argentina . Background . The Presidential Air Group is a small fleet of Argentine Air Force aircraft and helicopters for official use by the President , immediate family and senior government officials . The fleet is administered by the Casa Militar ( " Military House " ) , charged with presidential security and transportation . Both military and civilian pilots staff the fleet . The aircraft are painted white with pale blue lines , evoking the Argentine Flag . Aircraft . The main aircraft is a Boeing 757 known as Tango 01 after its military registry : " T - 01 " ( the " T " stands for " Transport " , although it is fortuitously pronounced " Tango " , as in the Argentine national dance , in the NATO alphabet ) . The 757 entered in service in 1995 replacing the former T - 01 , a Boeing 707 . The aircraft is nicknamed Virgen de Luján after Argentina ' s Patron saint . The " Tango 01 " 757 has been an object of political contention for the last decade ( and a political campaign hot - topic during the 1999 Presidential election ) , with many politicians and media commentators denouncing this aircraft as an unnecessary and expensive luxury prone to abuse by presidents , their families , friends and political allies . The current Presidential fleet also includes two Fokker F28 ( T - 02 and T - 03 ) ( one always in service ) and Learjet 60 ( T - 10 ) . The Learjet is also used by the Air Force Chief of Staff . These aircraft are based at Aeroparque Jorge Newbery and El Palomar Air Force base . As helicopter s , a Sikorsky S - 70 ( H - 01 ) and two Sikorsky S - 76 ( H - 02 and H - 03 ) also make - up the fleet , with an additional Air Force Bell 212 , as needed . During Néstor Kirchner and Cristina Fernández administration AAP used different aircraft for their global flights , most notably Boeing 747 loaned from Aerolíneas Argentinas and a private Bombardier Global 5000
Siege of Kiev ( 1240 ) The Siege of Kyiv by the Mongols took place between November 28 and December 6 , 1240 , and resulted in a Mongol victory . It was a heavy moral and military blow to Halych - Volhynia and allowed Batu Khan to proceed westward into Europe . Background . In 1237 , the Mongols began their invasion of Rus by conquering the northern principalities of Ryazan and Vladimir - Suzdal . In 1239 , they advanced against southern Rus , capturing the cities of Pereyaslav and Chernihiv . When the Mongols sent several envoys to demand the city ' s submission , they were executed by Michael of Chernigov and later Dmytro . The next year , the Mongol general Batu Khan reached Kiev . At the time , the city was ruled by the principality of Halych - Volhynia . The chief commander in Kiev was Dmytro , " voivode " of Danylo of Halych . The number of defenders inside the city was only about 1 , 000 . Danylo at that time was in Hungary seeking a military union to prevent invasion . The Siege . The vanguard army under Batu ' s cousin Möngke came near the city . Möngke was apparently taken by the splendor of Kiev and offered the city terms for surrender , but his envoys were killed . The Mongol had no choice but assault . Batu Khan crushed the forces of the Rus vassals , the Chorni Klobuky , who were on their way to relieve Kiev , and the entire Mongol army camped outside the city gates , joining Möngke ' s troops . On November 28 the Mongols set up catapult s near Kiev ' s Lech gates , one of the three gates of old Kiev and where tree cover extended almost to the city walls The Mongols then began a bombardment that lasted several days . On December 5 , Kiev ' s walls were breached , and hand - to - hand combat followed in the streets . The Kievans suffered heavy losses and Dmytro was wounded by an arrow . When night fell the Mongols held their positions while the Kievans retreated to the central parts of the city . Many people crowded into the Church of the Tithes . The next day , as the Mongols commenced the final assault , the church ' s balcony collapsed under the weight of the people standing on it , crushing many . After the Mongols won the battle , they plundered Kiev . Most of the population was massacred . Out of 50 , 000 inhabitants before the invasion , about 2 , 000 survived . Most of the city was burned and only six out of forty major buildings remained standing . Dmytro , however , was shown mercy for his bravery . After their victory at Kiev , the Mongols were free to advance into Halych - Volhynia and Poland .
Tom McClean Tom McClean is a veteran of both the Parachute Regiment and the SAS and is a survival expert who lived on the island of Rockall from 26 May to 4 July 1985 to affirm Britain ' s claim to it . Having been abandoned as a baby , McClean started life as an orphan . He spent much of his teenage years working on a farm until he was bored and enlisted in the British Army . After Blyth and Ridgeway rowed the Atlantic in 1966 , McClean announced to both that he was going to complete this alone . Military career . McClean started his military career in the Parachute Regiment and then progressed into the SAS for a total of nine years . Civilian life . Following his retirement from military service , McClean gained fame for numerous feats of endurance . He holds the world record as the first man to row across the Atlantic Ocean from west to east solo which he did in 1969 . In 1982 he sailed across the Atlantic ] ] in the smallest boat to accomplish that crossing . The self - built boat measured 9 feet and 9 inches , and because of the weight of the food took seven weeks to cross . His record was broken three weeks later by a sailor manning 9 feet and 1 inch long boat . In response McClean , used a chainsaw to cut two feet off his own vessel - making it 7 feet and 9 inches long . [ [ File : Giltspur - Tom McClean ' s Record Breaking Boat . jpg | right | 170px | Giltspur - Tom McClean ' s Record Breaking BoatDuring the return trip he lost his mast and the journey took even longer than his first attempt but he regained the record . In 1985 McClean lived on Rockall from 26 May to 4 July and thereby reaffirmed the [ [ United Kingdom ] ] ' s claim to the island . [ [ File : Tom McClean - Sea Trials - Mallaig , 1985 . jpg | left | 300px | Tom McClean - Sea Trials - Mallaig , 1985 ] ] Two years later , the then 44 - year - old McClean set about regaining his transatlantic rowing record and achieved his goal crossing the Atlantic in 54 days ( a record still held to this day ) . In 1990 McClean sailed the Atlantic again , this time in a 37 ft boat shaped like a bottle which he had constructed himself . His boat , the Typhoo Atlantic Challenger , sailed from New York to Falmouth , England . McClean ' s most recent feat was the construction , in 1996 , of a boat shaped like a giant whale . The boat , ' Moby ' Prince of Whales , stands 25 ft high and 65 ft long . It has a spout which can launch water as high as 6 metres in the air . External links . [ [ Category : Year of birth missing ( living people ) ] ] [ [ Category : Living people ] ] [ [ Category : British Parachute Regiment soldiers ] ] [ [ Category : Special Air Service soldiers ] ] [ [ Category : Single - handed sailors ] ] [ [ Category : British motivational speakers ] ]
Bothal Castle Bothal Castle is a castle and stately home in the village of the same name near the River Wansbeck , between Morpeth and Ashington in the English county of Northumberland . Botl is Old English for a dwelling . Bothal could refer to a particular dwelling or hall . It was fortified before the Norman conquest , and renovated and remodelled a number of times . It is a Scheduled Ancient Monument and a Grade I listed building . In 1095 , Bothal was given by king William Rufus to Guy I de Balliol , whose daughter Alice married William Bertram , Baron of Mitford , who probably built a hall house . Several generations later , in 1343 , Sir Robert Bertram was given permission to turn his manor house into a castle , including an impressive gatehouse . The gate tower and fragments of curtain wall are medieval , a good deal of which still survive to this day . Through the marriage of Sir Robert ' s daughter Hellen to Sir Robert Ogle , the estate passed to the Ogle family in the 14th century . In August 1583 Lord Ogle negotiated a marriage between his daughter Jane and Edward Talbot , a son of George Talbot , 6th Earl of Shrewsbury . Shrewsbury ' s agents visited Bothal , and described the house as ' a castle battled , and not unlike to Nether Haddon where Master John Manners doth dwell . ' In 1591 the estate passed to the Cavendish - Bentinck family ( Dukes of Portland ) , through the marriage of Catherine , Countess of Ogle to Sir Charles Cavendish of Welbeck . It is used as a private residence of the Cavendish - Bentinck family and also houses the Welbeck Estate Office . The castle is in an excellent state of repair and is not accessible for the public .
Precision Lightweight GPS Receiver The AN / PSN - 11 Precision Lightweight GPS Receiver ( PLGR , colloquially " plugger " ) is a ruggedized , hand - held , single - frequency GPS receiver fielded by the US military . It incorporates the Precise Positioning Service - Security Module ( PPS - SM ) to access the encrypted P ( Y ) - code GPS signal . Introduced in January 1990 , and extensively fielded until 2004 when it was replaced by its successor , the Defense Advanced GPS Receiver ( DAGR ) . In that time period more than 165 , 000 PLGRs were procured worldwide , and despite being superseded by the DAGR , large numbers remain in unit inventories and it continues to be the most widely used GPS receiver in the US military . The PLGR measures 9 . 5 by 4 . 1 by 2 . 6 inches and weighs with batteries . It was originally delivered to the US military with a six - year warranty , however this was extended to 10 years in June 2000 .
SS Brita ( 1908 ) Brita was a cargo ship that was built in 1908 by Sunderland Shipbuilding Ltd , Sunderland as Odland for Norwegian owners . A sale in 1922 saw her renamed Odland 1 . In 1928 , she was sold to Sweden and renamed " Brita " . She was seized by Germany in 1940 at Bergen , Norway and impressed into service under the name Desiderus Siedler . In May 1945 , she was seized by the Allies at Copenhagen , passed to the Ministry of War Transport ( MoWT ) and renamed Empire Connell . In 1947 , she was sold into merchant service and renamed Ballyholme Bay . In 1951 , she was sold to Hong Kong and renamed Laure Pattison . She served until 1952 , when she was scrapped . Description . The ship was built in 1921 by Sunderland Shipbuilding Co Ltd , Sunderland . The ship was long , with a beam of . She had a depth of . The ship had a GRT of 1 , 252 and a NRT of 704 . The ship was propelled by a triple expansion steam engine , which had cylinders of , and diameter by . The engine was built by North East Marine Engine Co Ltd , Sunderland . History . " Odland " was built for Dampskibsakties Odland . She was placed under the management of H Fredriksen , Christiania . In June 1909 , " Odland " was driven ashore in Murray Bay , Quebec , Canada . On 16 March 1920 , " Odland " rescued the crew of the British schooner in the English Channel , off St Catherine ' s Point , Isle of Wight . The Board of Trade awarded her captain a piece of plate for rescuing the crew of " Rosa Harriette " , who had been adrift for 16 hours . In 1922 , " Odland " was sold to Borre Dampskibsselskap AS and renamed " Odland 1 " . In 1924 , she was sold to Dampskibs AS Martha and renamed " Brita " . In 1928 , she was sold to Rederi AB Väsby , Sweden . Her port of registry was changed to Lergerbet . The Code Letters KGNJ and Swedish Official Number 7447 were allocated . " Brita " was operated under the management of Filip Ohlsson . In 1934 , her code letters were changed to SDMI . On 9 April 1940 , " Brita " was in port at Bergen , Norway while on a voyage from Sweden to France with a cargo of woodpulp when she was seized by German forces . She was transferred to a German port the following month and in December 1940 the Prize Court in Hamburg declared that her cargo was contraband . Ownership of " Brita " was assumed by the German Government . " Brita " was renamed " Desiderus Siedler " and placed under the management of F G Rheingold , Danzig . In May 1945 , " Desiderus Siedler " was seized by the Allies at Copenhagen . She was passed to the MoWT and renamed " Empire Connell " . Her port of registry was changed to London and she was placed under the management of Charles M Willie & Co ( Shipping ) Ltd . The Code Letters GNMN and United Kingdom Official Number were allocated . In 1947 , " Empire Connell " was sold to H P Lenaghan & Sons Ltd , Belfast and was renamed " Ballyholme Bay " . In 1951 , she was sold to Pattison Orient Line , Hong Kong and was renamed " Laure Pattison " , serving until 1952 when she was scrapped .
Alesha - class minelayer The " Alesha " class minelayers , known in the USSR as Project 317 , was a designation for a class of three ships used by the Soviet Navy in the 1960s . The ships were named " Pripyat " , " Sukhona " and " Vychegda " , but were assigned the reporting name " Alesha " by NATO .
Leadership of the National Reconnaissance Office The Director of the National Reconnaissance Office ( DNRO ) of the United States is responsible to the Secretary of Defense ( through the Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence ) and the Director of National Intelligence for all national space and assigned airborne reconnaissance activities . The DNRO provides top - level management direction to the NRO in response to Secretary of Defense and Director of National Intelligence requirements . Below is a list of directors of the National Reconnaissance Office , and the terms in office .
Massachusetts National Guard The Massachusetts National Guard was founded as the Massachusetts Bay Colonial Militia on December 13 , 1636 , and contains the oldest units in the United States Army . It is currently headquartered at Hanscom Air Force Base and commanded by Major General L . Scott Rice . The Massachusetts Army National Guard reorganized in 1946 after five years of active duty . The 26th Infantry Division was the largest unit ; however , there were now two major non - divisional units in the state : the 182d Infantry Regimental Combat Team and the 104th Antiaircraft Artillery Brigade . The Guard was still in the process of rebuilding when the Korean War broke out in June 1950 . The 26th Division was considered for active duty , but eight non - divisional units were ordered into active duty as part of the Army ’ s expansion instead . Massachusetts Army National Guard . Major units of the Massachusetts Army National Guard include the following : Camp Edwards in the Massachusetts Military Reservation , Cape Cod , Massachusetts is the major training site for Army National Guard units . Armories for the MA ARNG include Hudson Armory . Historical Notes : The 26th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade is descended from the 26th Infantry Division . The 104th Infantry Regiment was raised in 1639 as the Hampshire Regiment in Springfield , MA . The 101st Engineer Battalion ( United States ) , 101st Field Artillery Regiment , 181st Infantry Regiment ( United States ) and 182nd Infantry Regiment ( United States ) are the oldest combat regiments in the United States Army . The 181st Infantry Regiment ( United States ) , 182nd Infantry Regiment ( United States ) , 101st Field Artillery Regiment and the 772nd Military Police Company are four of only twenty Army National Guard units with campaign credit for the War of 1812 . Massachusetts Air National Guard . Otis Air National Guard Base and Barnes Municipal Airport , Massachusetts are the major Massachusetts Air National Guard bases .
USS Ericsson ( TB - 2 ) The first USS " Ericsson " ( Torpedo Boat No . 2 / TB - 2 ) was the second torpedo boat built for the United States Navy . The first — — had been built seven years earlier . " Ericsson " was launched on 12 May 1894 by Iowa Iron Works , Dubuque , Iowa ; sponsored by Miss Carrie Kiene ; and commissioned on 18 February 1897 , Lieutenant N . R . Usher in command . Service history . Pre - Spanish - American War . On 18 May 1897 , " Ericsson " arrived at Newport , Rhode Island , her home port . Through the summer months , she cruised New England waters for trials and training , instructing regular and reserve officers in torpedo tactics . She left Newport on 18 September for a cruise to Annapolis , Norfolk , Wilmington , Charleston , Savannah , and several ports in Florida , arriving at Key West on the last day of the year . This was to be her base for operations in the Caribbean during the next seven months . Spanish - American War . As war with Spain approached , " Ericsson " patrolled the Florida Keys , intensified her training operations , and carried messages for the increasing number of the fleet present in the area . She continued this duty after the opening of the war , then on 22 April 1898 began a blockade patrol between Havana and Key West . She joined the fleet at Santiago , Cuba 20 June , and during the Battle of Santiago de Cuba on 3 July , was in the thick of the fight , firing on the Spanish fleet . As the defeated Spanish ships blazed and threatened to explode , " Ericsson " played a leading part in the rescue efforts through which men of the U . S . Navy that day showed their courage , skill , and determination as clearly as they had in the fighting . She laid herself alongside the Spanish cruiser , ignoring the fact that the Spanish ship ' s ammunition was already exploding , and that flames were firing the loaded guns . Over 100 Spanish officers and men were thus saved , and more were taken off the flagship " Maria Teresa " and " Oquendo " , as " Ericsson " towed small craft from her squadron ' s larger ships to the burning hulks . Post - war fate . " Ericsson " patrolled off Cuba through mid - August 1898 , and on 23 August arrived at New York , where she was decommissioned on 21 September and laid up . In December 1900 , she was returned to commission , still in reserve , then sailed for Norfolk , Virginia , where on 6 March 1901 she was assigned to the Reserve Torpedo Flotilla . In October 1908 , she moved to Charleston Navy Yard , where she was decommissioned on 5 April 1912 and later sunk in ordnance tests .
Mine - clearing line charge A mine - clearing line charge ( abbreviated MCLC and pronounced " mick lick " ) is used to create a breach in minefields under combat conditions . While there are many types , the basic design is for many explosive charges connected on a line to be projected onto the minefield . The charges explode , detonating any buried mines , thus clearing a path for infantrymen to cross . The system may either be man - portable , or vehicle - mounted . The systems do not guarantee clearance of all types of mines . History . The British and Commonwealth developed their systems during the Second World War . The Canadians developed " Snake " , an oversized application of the Bangalore Torpedo in 1941 to 1942 . A more flexible development was " Conger " , developed in 1944 , a tube that could be fired across the minefield and then filled with explosive before detonation . Conger was a 2 - inch woven pipe launched by a five - inch rocket . The tube and rocket were mounted in a Universal Carrier which had been stripped out to reduce it down to an armoured tracked trailer that could be towed by a tank , often a Churchill AVRE . The rocket was fired , trailing the hose across the area to be cleared . Compressed air was then used to pump the high explosive - just over a ton of 822C - into the hose before it was detonated . Conger was used in Normandy where there were instances of premature detonation . In the postwar period the British introduced Giant Viper . Current use . Systems in current use include the British Python , which can clear a 7 . 3 m wide by 180 – 200 m long path , and the American M58 Mine Clearing Line Charge , which can clear an 8 m wide by 100 m long path . Both are large , heavy systems that are deployed in a vehicle – towed trailer . The US Army also uses the Antipersonnel Obstacle Breaching System , which clears a path 0 . 6 to 1 . 0 meters by 45 meters , and is light enough to be carried by two soldiers . Some modern mines , such as the Italian SB - 33 mine , have a fuze mechanism that detonates the mine if subject to gradual , steady pressure , but locks the fuze if subject to a sudden shock . This can defeat the use of mine - clearing line charges to clear such mines .
USS Merrimack ( AO - 179 ) USS " Merrimack " ( AO - 179 ) was the third ship of the " Cimarron " - class of fleet oilers of the United States Navy . " Merrimack " was built at the Avondale Shipyards in New Orleans , Louisiana ( USA ) starting in 1978 and was commissioned in 1981 for service in the Atlantic Fleet . Total cost for the ship was $ 107 . 1 million . She was last homeported at Norfolk , Virginia ( USA ) . Between 1989 and 1991 " Merrimack " was " jumboized " , meaning that , after cutting the ship into two sections after about a third from the bow , a 35 . 7 m long section was added to increase the fuel load . " Merrimack " was decommissioned on 18 December 1998 and struck from the Naval Vessel Register on the same day . Her title was transferred to the Maritime Administration . She is currently moored at Fort Eustis , Virginia , with the National Defense Reserve Fleet .