naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Tiberius Coruncanius Tiberius Coruncanius ( died 241 BC ) was a consul of the Roman Republic in 280 BC . As a military commander in that year and the following , he was known for the battles against Pyrrhus of Epirus that led to the expression " Pyrrhic victory " . He was the first plebeian Pontifex Maximus , and possibly the first teacher of Roman law to offer public instruction . Biography . Coruncanius , of plebeian descent , is believed to have hailed from Tusculum . He was first elected consul in 280 BC with Publius Valerius Laevinus , and led an expedition into Etruria against the Etruscan cities . When Pyrrhus of Epirus invaded Italia , and defeated the Roman legions of Laevinus at the Battle of Heraclea , Tiberius ' legions were recalled to Rome to bolster the defense of Roman territory . In 254 BC or 253 BC , he was the first plebeian elected " Pontifex Maximus , " or chief priest of the Roman Republic , which position had been previously monopolized by patricians . He died in 241 BC and was succeeded by another plebeian briefly . Impact . He was the first who publicly professed law ( " publice professus est " ) , known to be both eloquent and full of knowledge . Like Socrates , he left no writings . His public legal instruction had the effect of creating a class of legally skilled non - priests ( " jurisprudentes " ) , a sort of consultancy . After Coruncanius ' death , instruction gradually became more formal , with the introduction of books on law beyond the then scant official Roman legal texts . It is possible that as the first plebeian " Pontifex Maximus , " Coruncanius allowed members of the public and students of the law of Ancient Rome to attend his consultations tasked with giving legal advice to citizens . These consultations were probably held outside the College of Pontiffs , and thus accessible to all those interested . As such , he became the first teacher of Roman law . ( How students of law learned their material earlier is unknown ) . References . < BR >
Charles F . Willis Charles Fountain Willis , Jr . ( July 23 , 1918 - March 16 , 1993 ) was born in Beaumont , Texas and earned a B . A . from the University of Florida in 1939 . During World War II , Willis was a commander in the Naval Air Arm of the United States Navy . He served as a patrol pilot , a bomber pilot , and a fighter pilot . His efforts earned the Distinguished Flying Cross three times , three Air Medal s , and a Purple Heart . Following the end of the war , Willis entered private industry and founded Willis Air Service in 1946 . In 1951 , Willis and Stanley M . Rumbough , Jr . co - founded the " Citizens for Eisenhower " movement in an attempt to secure the election of Dwight D . Eisenhower . Willis continued his work for the Eisenhower campaign in 1952 by joining the campaign staff . He is credited for coining the iconic political slogan , " I Like Ike . " After Eisenhower ' s election in late 1952 , Willis joined Eisenhower ' s staff and served as assistant to the assistant to the president from January 23 , 1953 until June 30 , 1955 . Following Willis ' departure from the White House , he served as assistant to the chairman of W . R . Grace and Company until 1957 when he became president of Alaska Airlines .
Ōtomo clan Following the establishment of the Kamakura shogunate in 1185 , members of the clan were granted the post of Constable ( " Shugo " ) of Bungo and Buzen Province s in Kyūshū . As the Ōtomo were one of the major clans of Kyūshū , along with the Shōni and the Shimazu , they had a central role in organizing efforts against the Mongol invasions of Japan in 1274 and 1281 . They also played an important role in the establishment of the Ashikaga shogunate , in the 1330s . Ōtomo warriors fought alongside those of Ashikaga Takauji and enabled him to win a number of key battles , including the battle of Sanoyama ; this helped to ensure them powerful government positions in the new shogunate . A powerful clan throughout the Sengoku period ( 1467 – 1573 ) , the Ōtomo are especially notable as one of the first clans to make contact with Europeans , and to establish a trade relationship with them . In or around 1542 , three Portuguese ships were carried by a typhoon to the island of Tanegashima , just off the coast of Kyūshū . Within ten years , trade with the Portuguese was fairly regular and common in Kyūshū . The Jesuit missionary Francis Xavier arrived in Japan in 1549 , and soon afterwards met with Ōtomo Sōrin , " shugo " of Bungo and Buzen provinces , who would later be described by Xavier as a " king " and convert to Roman Catholicism in 1578 . Ōtomo was eager to secure for his clan further trade and contact with the Portuguese , seeing the technological and , more importantly perhaps , economic benefits that could be derived . In 1552 , emissaries from the Ōtomo clan traveled to Goa with Xavier , to meet with the Portuguese Governor of India . Xavier and other Jesuit missionaries would return to Kyūshū , traveling and proselytizing ; the Ōtomo were always well - disposed towards them , and they saw some success in Bungo as a result , converting many Japanese to Christianity . Towards the end of the 16th century , the Ōtomo fought both the Shimazu and Mōri clans , of whom the latter were expert sailors . Though they did not play a major role in the campaigns of Tokugawa Ieyasu which ended the Sengoku period , they did retain their domains into the Edo period . Its members include :
Type 022 missile boat The Type 022 ( NATO designation : " Houbei " class ) missile boat is a ship class in the Chinese People ' s Liberation Army Navy . The first boat was launched in April 2004 by the Hudong - Zhonghua Shipyard at Shanghai . The boats incorporate stealth features and are based off an Australian - designed wave - piercing catamaran hulls that are more stable than other fast missile craft in high sea conditions . Approximately 83 of these missile boats are currently in service with three flotillas having been produced over a span of seven years . Design . The Houbei class fast attack craft are China ' s entry into a growing list of missile - armed attack craft which include Finland ' s Hamina class missile boat , and Norway ' s Skjold class patrol boat . The Australian AMD cataraman design may mean as much as a 50 % reduction in vessel speed penalty in high sea conditions ( in which monohulls may only perform at half or less of their maximum capability ) . Further , seasickness and disorientation is significantly reduced , improving the combat readiness / situational awareness of the small - craft operators during such conditions . In addition to the stealthy polygonal - designed superstructure with its stealthy gun mount , the Houbei has an advanced C4 datalink that may represent some kind of capability to allow AWACS planes or other ships to vector the Type 22 ' s missiles .
Army general ( East Germany ) Army general ( ) was a senior military rank of East Germany , used until 1990 . It was the equivalent of a four - star rank in NATO - nations and ranked below the " Marschall der DDR " ( " marshal of the German Democratic Republic " ) , although no one was ever promoted to the latter rank . East German officers who achieved the rank of " Armeegeneral " were : Army general in other countries . This four - star rank OF - 9 was largely used in other armed forces of the former Warsaw Pact countries . Some examples are described below .
Kalashnikov AK - 100 series " For the Russian naval gun see : AK - 100 Naval gun " The AK - 74M is the basis for the new Russian AK - 100 family of Kalashnikov firearms : The AK - 101 , 102 , 103 and 104 are destined primarily for export , while the AK - 105 is slated to replace the AKS - 74U with the Russian Armed Forces . Additionally , the AK - 107 ( 5 . 45×39mm M74 ) and AK - 108 ( 5 . 56×45mm NATO ) rifles have a balanced recoil system to reduce felt recoil and muzzle rise . This balanced recoil system is derived from the AEK - 971 rifle .
Battle of Manassas Gap The Battle of Manassas Gap , also known as the Battle of Wapping Heights , took place on July 23 , 1863 , in Warren County , Virginia , at the conclusion of General Robert E . Lee ' s retreat back to Virginia in the final days of the Gettysburg Campaign of the American Civil War . Union forces attempted to force passage across the Blue Ridge Mountains and attack the Confederate rear as it formed a defensive position in the upper Shenandoah Valley . Despite successfully forcing the passage at Manassas Gap , the Union force was unable to do so before Lee retreated further up the valley to safety , resulting in an inconclusive battle . Background . Following their defeat at the Battle of Gettysburg , Lee ' s Confederate Army of Northern Virginia retreated across the Potomac River at Williamsport , Maryland , and withdrew into the Shenandoah Valley . Maj . Gen . George G . Meade ' s Army of the Potomac , in pursuit of the Lee ' s broken army , decided to try to flank the Confederate army by crossing the river east of the Blue Ridge Mountains at Harpers Ferry and Berlin , Maryland , into the Loudoun Valley and then forcing a passage across the Blue Ridge in Lee ' s rear . To this end , on July 23 , Meade ordered the III Corps , under Maj . Gen . William H . French , to cut off the retreating Confederate columns at Front Royal , Virginia , by forcing passage through Manassas Gap . Battle . At dawn , French began his attack with the New York Excelsior Brigade , led by Brig . Gen . Francis B . Spinola , against Brig . Gen . Ambrose R . Wright ' s brigade of Georgians , under the command of Col . Edward J . Walker of the 3rd Georgia Regiment , defending the pass . The fight was slow at first , with the superior Union force using its numbers to push Walker from his defensive position back through the gap . In the late afternoon , around 4 : 30 p . m . , French made a concerted assault on Walker ' s brigade , driving them from the gap . The Confederates were quickly reinforced by Maj . Gen . Robert E . Rodes ' s division and artillery , stalling the Union advance . By dusk , the Union attack became uncoordinated and was abandoned . During the night , Confederate forces withdrew into the Luray Valley . On July 24 , the Union army occupied Front Royal , but Lee ' s army was safely beyond pursuit . Aftermath . The small fight was inconclusive . The Union army was able to successfully gain passage through the gap in the Blue Ridge and occupy Front Royal , but not before Lee was able to withdraw further up the valley to safety . By failing to cut off the Confederate retreat and bring Lee into battle , the Army of Northern Virginia was allowed to reorganize and regroup . By the end of the summer both armies had taken their familiar positions opposite the Rappahannock and Rapidan rivers , setting the stage for the Bristoe and Mine Run campaigns in the fall .
Marion T . Anderson Marion T . Anderson ( November 13 , 1839 - February 7 , 1904 ) was an American soldier who received the Medal of Honor for valor during the American Civil War . Biography . Anderson served in the American Civil War in Company D , 51st Indiana Infantry for the Union Army . He received the Medal of Honor on September 1 , 1893 . Medal of Honor citation . Citation : Led his regiment over 5 lines of the enemy ' s works , where he fell , severely wounded .
Fort Pearsall Fort Pearsall was an early frontier fort constructed in 1756 in Romney , West Virginia ( then known as Pearsall ' s Flats , Virginia ) to protect local settlers in the South Branch Potomac River valley against Native American raids . The area around present - day Romney had been settled as early as 1725 by hunters and traders in the valley . Fort Pearsall was originally erected as a log house with a stockade by Job Pearsall ( Pearsal or Pearsoll ) and his brother John on their plantation in an area between Indian Mound Cemetery and the South Branch Potomac River near the river crossing of the old Fort Loudoun Road ( Northwestern Turnpike ) to Winchester in 1738 , according to tradition . However , a look at when forts were built in the region indicates that the fort was likely built when a fort was really needed ; in 1755 in the aftermath of the failed Braddock campaign in the opening days of the French and Indian War . Possibly , Job Pearsall and his brother John constructed the stockade to protect the settlers of Pearsall ' s Flats and the South Branch Potomac Valley . The brothers also constructed a number of homes for settlers that same year . Pearsall ’ s stockade was provisioned as a fort for the Virginia Regiment , a bona fide military force raised by the colony , by George Washington in 1755 and garrisoned in 1756 . The fort came under the command of Captain Robert McKenzie during the French and Indian War . Fort Pearsall was garrisoned at various times during the war until 1758 . At around 1758 , there were at least 100 people living in the general area of Pearsall ' s Flats , though this can ' t be verified by historical records . The number seems suspect unless the " general area " includes the South Branch River Valley eight miles south to The Trough and some 15 miles to the north at the confluence with the North Branch Potomac River . After the hostilities in the area , Thomas Fairfax , 6th Lord Fairfax of Cameron recognized the fact that more settlers would be interested in moving into the South Branch Potomac Valley and that he would gain substantial revenue from the sales of plots of land in the Pearsall ' s Flats vicinity . Lord Fairfax sent a survey party to Pearsall ' s in 1762 to formally lay out the town into 100 lots . Lord Fairfax then renamed the town Romney in honor of the Cinque Ports city on the English Channel . Some confusion ensued for several decades concerning the ownership of land within the town as counterclaims were made by the original settlers and those who purchased lots laid out by Lord Fairfax ' s surveyors . According to oral tradition , Pearsall ' s Fort was garrisoned again in 1774 for Lord Dunmore ' s War , however , it cannot be documented in the historical records . Today , a marker stands in Indian Mound Cemetery by the " Yellow Banks " overlooking the South Branch commemorating Fort Pearsall . Alongside the marker is a pile of what are thought to be remnants of the old fort .
Max Wolff ( soldier ) Max Wolff Filho ( July 29 , 1912 – April 12 , 1945 ) was a Brazilian Army sergeant , a member of the Brazilian Expeditionary Force who fought in Italy in World War II . Max Wolff was born in Rio Negro , Paraná , Brazil . He enlisted in 1930 in the city of Curitiba , joining the 15th Hunters Battalion . During World War II , he was a member of the Brazilian Expeditionary Force , under the command of the US 5th Army . He arrived in Italy in 1944 . A few days before his death , Wolff was awarded the US Bronze Star by General Lucian Truscott . First Sergeant Max Wolff died from German machine - gun fire in Riva de Biscaia , near Montese , during a reconnaissance patrol . At the time of his death , Wolff was already a widower and left a 10 - year old daughter . He was posthumously promoted to Second Lieutenant for his bravery .
Aichi F1A The Aichi F1A ( designated AB - 13 by its designers and manufacturers at Aichi ) was a prototype Japanese floatplane of the 1930s . A single - engined biplane , the F1A was intended as a short - range observation aircraft suitable for operation off the Imperial Japanese navy ' s warships , but only two were built , the Mitsubishi F1M being selected instead . Design and development . The F1A was designed by Aichi in response to a 1935 specification , issued to Aichi , Kawanishi and Mitsubishi for a replacement for the Imperial Japanese Navy ' s Nakajima E8N floatplane s , which were used for short - ranged reconnaissance and observation missions from the Navy ' s warships . Aichi at first considered a low - winged monoplane design , the AM - 10 , to meet this requirement , but this was rejected in favour of a more conventional biplane design , the AB - 13 . The AB - 13 was a small single - bay biplane of mixed construction . It had wooden stressed - skin wings with plywood skinning that folded to allow easy storage aboard ship , while combat flaps were fitted as the aircraft was required to have sufficient maneuverability for air combat as well as its normal observation missions . The fuselage was of metal construction , with the pilot sitting in an open cockpit , but the observer ' s position being enclosed . Both float and wheeled undercarriages were designed , with the seaplane having a single main float , while the landplane version had a fixed tailwheel undercarriage . Power was provided by a single Nakajima Hikari radial engine . Operational history . Two prototypes of the AB - 13 , designated Experimental 10 - " Shi " Observation Aircraft and with the short system designation F1A were built , the first a floatplane and the second with wheeled undercarriage , both being completed in 1936 . Although Mitsubishi ' s competing F1M1 prototypes had poor stability both on the water and in the air , they had superior performance to Aichi ' s design . Mitsubishi redesigned its aircraft as the F1M2 , eliminating its handling problems , and it was selected for production in 1940 .
Anna Mae Hays Brigadier General Anna Mae Hays ( born February 16 , 1920 ) was the first woman in the U . S . Military to be promoted to a general officer rank . Biography . Hays was born in 1920 in Buffalo , New York . Following graduation from high school , she enrolled at Allentown General Hospital School of Nursing , from which she graduated in 1941 , having obtained a diploma in nursing . She then joined the Army Nurse Corps in early 1942 , and was sent to the China Burma India Theater . Stationed in India for the duration of World War II , she was on leave in the United States when the war ended . Remaining with the Corps , she saw service during the Korean War . A succession of academic posts followed including a stint at Walter Reed Hospital , and she also earned a Master in Science in Nursing degree . She was promoted on June 11 , 1970 , after being appointed by President Richard Nixon on May 15 , of that year . She was chief of the Army Nurse Corps from September 1 , 1967 until her retirement on August 31 , 1971 . On the same day , directly after the promotion of Colonel Hays , Elizabeth P . Hoisington was also promoted to Brigadier General . See also . Brigadier General Anna Mae Hays Bio and Interviews
Battle of Lerida ( 1642 ) The Battle of Lerida was a battle fought on October 7 , 1642 during the Catalan Revolt . History . After a series of victories in 1642 the Franco - Catalan army under the command of Philippe de La Mothe - Houdancourt controlled almost the whole of Catalonia , including Lerida . King Philip IV of Spain ordered Diego Felipez de Guzmán , Marquis of Leganés to assemble an army from Tarragona and Zaragoza to retake Lerida . La Mothe positioned his smaller army in the " Llano de las Forques " and defeated the Spanish army . After the victory , the French Army besieged Tortosa , but was forced to withdraw .
Admirable - class minesweeper The " Admirable " class was the largest and one of the most successful classes of minesweeper s the United States Navy ordered during World War II . Typically , the minesweeper detected and removed naval mine s before the rest of the fleet arrived , thereby ensuring safe passage for the larger ships . They were also charged with anti - submarine warfare ( ASW ) duties with rear - mounted depth charge racks and a forward - firing Hedgehog antisubmarine mortar . Their job was essential to the safety and success of U . S . naval operations during World War II and the Korean War . These minesweepers were also employed as patrol vessel and convoy ecorts . As a part of Project Hula – a secret 1945 program that transferred 149 U . S . Navy ships to the Soviet Navy at Cold Bay , Territory of Alaska , in anticipation of the Soviet Union joining the war against Japan – the U . S . Navy transferred 24 " Admirable " - class minesweepers to the Soviet Navy between May and August 1945 . At least some of them saw action in the Soviet offensive against Japanese forces in Northeast Asia in August 1945 . The Soviet Union never returned them to the United States . After World War II , the United States transferred " Admirable " - class minesweepers to the Republic of China Navy , the Republic of Chinas Chinese Maritime Customs Service , the Republic of Korea Navy , the Republic of Vietnam Navy , and the Dominican , Mexican , Myanmar , and Philippine navies .
Juan Emilio Cheyre Juan Emilio Cheyre Espinoza ( born October 10 , 1947 ) is a retired Chilean Army General . He was Commander - in - Chief of the Chilean Army from 2002 to 2006 . As Commander - in - Chief he attempted to distance the Army from former dictator General Augusto Pinochet , and condemned the human rights abuses of Pinochet ' s dictatorship . In 1973 he handed over a two years old child , whose parents had been murdered by the army , to a nunnery . In 2003 , Cheyre as Commander - in - Chief of the Army issued an historically relevant document titled " Chilean Army : End of a Vision , " in which he stated that " never again " could the circumstances that led Chile to the collapse of its democracy be met . Cheyre was succeeded as Commander - in - Chief by Army General Oscar Izurieta on March 10 , 2006 . He worked later as an academic at the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile . In 2013 he was appointed as president of the " Servicio de Registro Electoral " , but few months later he withdraw from his office as consequence of the controverse about his acts in 1973 as he handed over a child . Qualifications . Some of Cheyre ' s academic qualifications include :
Lourenço de Almeida Lourenço de Almeida ( c . 1480 - March 1508 ) was a Portuguese explorer and military commander . He was born in Martim , Kingdom of Portugal , the son of Francisco de Almeida , first viceroy of Portuguese India . Acting under his father , Lourenço distinguished himself in the Indian Ocean , and made Ceylon ( present Sri Lanka ) tributary to Portugal ( see Portuguese Ceylon ) . He belonged to the Order of Christ . He made the first Portuguese voyage to Ceylon in 1505 and established a settlement there , thus permitting the expansion of the Portuguese Empire in Asia . He defeated the fleet of the samorin at the Battle of Cannanore in 1506 . Two years later however , he died in a naval action off Chaul , in India , at the Battle of Chaul .
Harper ' s Ferry Model 1805 The model 1805 U . S . Martial " Harper ' s Ferry " flintlock pistol , manufactured at the Harpers Ferry Armory in Virginia ( now West Virginia ) , was the first pistol manufactured by a national armory . Harper ' s Ferry models 1805 , 1806 , 1807 and 1808 flintlock pistols were all identical and there were no changes in design during this model year sequence . The pistol was a . 54 caliber , single - shot , smoothbore , flintlock pistol intended for field duty and was issued as an Officer ' s pistol . Harper ' s Ferry model 1805 – 1808 flintlock pistols were known then as “ horsemen ’ s pistols ” and were produced in pairs ; both pistols having identical serial numbers . With just one shot readily available without reloading , a " brace " was the standard issue ( a pair of two flintlock pistols were known as a " brace " ) . Horse accouterments also included a standard pair of saddle holsters . No serial number higher than 2048 has ever been discovered — and that is exactly half of the number recorded as produced at the Harper ' s Ferry Armory . There are between 200 – 300 of these pistols known to exist today . Currently manufactured reproductions of the original pistols are made with a larger caliber than the original , as well as a rifled bore for more accurate shooting . The model 1805 – 1808 U . S . Martial " Harper ' s Ferry " flintlock pistol is used today on the insignia of the U . S . Army Military Police Corps .