naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
102nd Regiment United States Colored Troops The 102nd Regiment United States Colored Troops was an African American infantry unit of the Union Army during the American Civil War . The unit was organized as the 1st Michigan Colored Volunteer Infantry Regiment before being redesignated as the 102nd Regiment USCT . History . The 1st Michigan Colored Infantry was formed on February 23 , 1863 , after an editorial and letter writing campaign by Henry Barns , an editor for the " Detroit Tribune and Advertiser " . Barns was commissioned the regiment ' s first colonel for his efforts ; he maintained this post until voluntarily stepping down in favor of a regular army officer . The regiment was organized at Camp Ward , located on a farm . Eight - hundred and forty - five men from Detroit , southern Michigan , and Ontario , Canada , volunteered for the regiment . Some of these volunteers were escaped slaves from the Underground Railroad , and some were fighting to free their family members who may have still been in slavery . During training , a regimental band was formed which toured to recruit more volunteers . The regiment also had artillery and cavalry elements . On May 23 , 1864 , the unit was redesignated the 102nd Regiment United States Colored Troops . The 102nd Regiment fought throughout South Carolina , eastern Georgia and Florida . The infantry was assigned to the fort at Port Royal where they served as the second line of defense . In Baldwin , Florida , 21 miles away from Jacksonville , the unit was attacked suddenly by a Confederate cavalry force . The soldiers easily defeated the Confederates , which proved to their officers that they were just as skilled and reliable as any other infantry . In Manchester the regiment and the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry succeeded in an attack on the flank of Confederate forces , putting them in disorder . Then the regiment was attacked by 200 Confederates and caused many casualties to the enemy . The Confederates came to a truce and there Generals Robert E . Lee and Joseph E . Johnston had surrendered ; the war was over after that . This was the regiment ' s last battle ; they served occupation duty until they were called together and were mustered out of service on September 30 , 1865 . The regiment returned to Detroit were they were disbanded on October 17 , 1865 . Strength and casualties . The total enrollment in the 102nd Regiment was 1446 ; 6 people were killed in action , 5 people died of wounds , and 129 people died of disease .
Escalade Escalade is the act of scaling defensive wall s or ramparts with the aid of ladder s , and was a prominent feature of siege warfare in medieval times . It was one of the most direct options available for attacking a fortification , but was also one of the most dangerous . Escalade consisted simply of soldiers advancing to the base of a wall , setting ladders , and climbing to engage the defending forces . This would generally be conducted in the face of arrow fire from the battlements , and the defenders would naturally attempt to push ladders away from the wall . Heated or incendiary substances such as boiling water , sand and pitch coated missiles were sometimes poured on attacking soldiers . As the result of all this , it was often difficult for attackers to reach the top of the wall . Even when they did so , however , they would be heavily outnumbered by the defenders . Often , the objective of escalade was not to take the fortification itself , as it was thought impossible to get sufficient numbers of troops up the ladders . Rather , infiltration in this manner had the intention of opening the fortification ' s gates , to allow a more direct attack . Fortifications were often constructed in such a way as to impede escalade , or at least to make it a less attractive option . Some of the measures taken to counter escalade included the digging of moat s ( which prevented ladder - bearing soldiers from reaching the base of a wall ) , the construction of machicolation s ( which facilitated attacks on enemy soldiers while they climbed ) , and walls incorporating a talus feature . Because of the difficulties involved , escalade was usually very costly for the attackers . Two critical factors in determining the success or failure of escalade were the number of ladders and the speed with which they could be arranged . A slow attack gave the defenders too much time to pick off the attackers with arrows , while having too few ladders meant that the number of troops would be insufficient to capture the battlements . Escalade was , in essence , an attempt to overwhelm defenders in a direct assault rather than sit through a protracted siege . Attackers would generally attempt escalade if they had reason for wanting a swift conclusion , or if they had an overwhelming superiority in numbers . Otherwise , less costly siege tactics were often preferred . Modern assaulters sometimes use off - the - shelf ladders or firefighting ladder trucks to attack a building through upper windows and balconies . Purpose - modified vans and trucks with a variety of ramps , ladders , and stairs on the roof are also available . SWAT teams and other special forces units often put these to use to raid a house through an upper window and the front door simultaneously .
Andrew Pulford Air Chief Marshal Sir Andrew Douglas Pulford , ( born 22 March 1958 ) is a senior Royal Air Force officer . A helicopter pilot with operational service in Northern Ireland , the Falklands War and Iraq , Pulford commanded RAF Odiham and No . 2 Group , and served as Assistant Chief of Defence Staff Operations before taking up the post of Deputy Commander - in - Chief Personnel at Air Command and Air Member for Personnel in 2010 . He became Chief of the Air Staff on 31 July 2013 . Early life . Born the son of Douglas and Jean Pulford , Pulford was educated at Magnus Grammar School in Newark . Service career . Pulford joined the Royal Air Force as an acting pilot officer in January 1977 and spent many of his 5 , 000 flying hours with No . 18 Squadron . He was regraded to pilot officer in January 1978 and then promoted to flying officer in January 1979 and flight lieutenant in July 1981 , seeing service in the Falklands War with C Flight on board RFA " Tidespring " , while on exchange service with the Royal Navy in 1982 . He had an exchange tour with the Royal Australian Air Force between 1985 and 1987 . Promoted squadron leader in January 1987 and to wing commander in January 1994 , he became Officer Commanding No . 18 Squadron in 1996 and Principal Staff Officer to the Chief of the Air Staff ( United Kingdom ) in 1999 . Promoted to group captain in January 2000 , he took the Higher Command and Staff Course at Shrivenham in 2001 before becoming Station Commander at RAF Odiham in December 2001 and being deployed as Commander Joint Helicopter Force Headquarters ( JHFHQ ) for Operation Telic in Iraq . Appointed CBE in the Queens Birthday Honours 2004 , he was made Director Air Resources and Plans at the Ministry of Defence in August 2004 and , after being promoted to air commodore in January 2005 , he became Air Officer Commanding No . 2 Group with the rank of air vice marshal in February 2007 . Pulford then served as Assistant Chief of the Defence Staff Operations from September 2008 until his appointment as Deputy Commander - in - Chief Personnel at Air Command and Air Member for Personnel with the rank of air marshal in September 2010 . Pulford was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath ( KCB ) in the 2013 New Year Honours . He was also promoted to Air Chief Marshal on taking up the appointment of Chief of the Air Staff , in July 2013 , the first helicopter pilot ever to be professional head of the Royal Air Force . Pulford ' s interests include military history , motorcycling , old cars and sailing . Family . In 1982 Pulford married Nicola Jane Pearse ; they have a son and a daughter .
Henry L . Roosevelt Henry Latrobe Roosevelt ( October 5 , 1879 – February 22 , 1936 ) was an Assistant Secretary of the United States Navy . A member of the Roosevelt family , he was born in Morristown , New Jersey , to Nicholas Latrobe Roosevelt , who had a naval career of distinction and was a grandson of Nicholas Roosevelt , an inventor and land - owner . Roosevelt entered the United States Naval Academy in 1896 but did not graduate . He became a Lieutenant Colonel in the Marine Corps , in which he served during the Spanish – American War . He was at times stationed in Philadelphia , Panama , Cuba and Haiti . After retiring in 1920 , he served as the European manager for the Radio Corporation of America from 1923 to 1928 and oversaw the building of large radio stations at Ankara , Turkey , and Warsaw , Poland . He returned to the United States in 1933 to head the Radio Real Estate Corporation , but was soon selected by Naval Secretary Claude A . Swanson for the post of Assistant Secretary of the Navy . He became the fourth Roosevelt and fifth member of the Roosevelt family to occupy that office , after Theodore Roosevelt , Franklin D . Roosevelt ( the current president at the time ) , Theodore Roosevelt , Jr . and Theodore Douglas Robinson . Due to Swanson ' s poor health , Roosevelt was at times Acting Secretary . He made many tours of inspection and speeches , calling for the strengthening of the navy as a deterrent to war . In 1902 , he married Eleanor Morrow , daughter of California Circuit Judge W . W . Morrow . He had three children , William Morrow , Henry Latrobe , and Eleanor Katherine , who married Reverdy Wadsworth , son of U . S . Representative James W . Wadsworth , Jr . . He died at Bethesda Naval Hospital of a heart attack following intestinal influenza .
Siege of Thorn ( 1703 ) The Siege of Thorn was set during the Great Northern War , between Sweden and Saxony from May to October 14 , 1703 . The Swedish army was commanded by Charles XII of Sweden and the Saxon by General von Kanitz . The siege ended with a victory for Sweden , and the whole garnison surrendered to the Swedes .
Äran - class coastal defence ship The " Äran " class was a class of coastal defence ship s of the Swedish Navy . The class comprised " Äran " , " Wasa " , " Tapperheten " and " Manligheten " . Design . Dimensions and machinery . The ships of the class were long , had a beam of , a draught of , and had a displacement of 3 , 592 ton . The ships were equipped with 2 shaft reciprocating engines , which were rated at and produced a top speed of . Armour . The ships had belt armour of and turret armour . Armament . The main armament of the ships where two single turret guns . Secondary armament included six single guns and ten single guns . Construction . " Äran " was laid down at the Lindholmen At Goteborg shipyard and launched in 1902 . " Wasa " was laid down at the Bergsund At Finnboda shipyard and was also launched in 1902 . " Tapperheten " and " Manligheten " where both laid down at Kockums At Malmo shipyard and were launched in 1904 .
RFA Aldersdale ( X34 ) RFA " Aldersdale " ( X34 ) was a Dale - class fleet tanker of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary . She was originally one of six ships ordered by the British Tanker Co . , which were purchased on the stocks by the Admiralty prior to the Second World War . " Aldersdale " was part of convoy PQ 17 in 1942 , and was damaged by bombs from three Junkers aircraft on 5 July 1942 after Convoy PQ 17 had been ordered to scatter . " Aldersdale " was abandoned and the drifting wreck was torpedoed and sunk by " U - 457 " on 7 July 1942 .
HMS Pembroke ( 1812 ) HMS " Pembroke " was a 74 - gun third rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy , launched on 27 June 1812 at Blackwall Yard . She was fitted with screw propulsion in 1855 , transferred to the Coastguard in 1858 , and used as a base ship from 1887 . She was renamed HMS " Forte " as a receiving hulk in 1890 , and was eventually sold out of the Navy in 1905 .
Avord Air Base Avord Air Base or BA 702 ( ) , named after Captain Georges Madon , is a base of the French Air Force located north northwest of Avord in central France . Airbase 702 hosts about 2 , 500 personnel ( French Air Force military and some civilian ) . Because of its strategic location in the middle of France it is extremely suitable as a multi purpose base . It has a single runway 06 / 24 , . Units on the base . The base perimeter contains some maximum - security zones with : Other support units :
Pierre D ' Artaguiette Pierre D ' Artaguiette or d ' Artaguette ( died 1736 ) , said to be a Canadian , was the younger brother of Diron d ' Artaguette . As an officer in the French Army in 1730 , Pierre was mentioned in dispatches for ' brilliant valor ' during the Natchez war ( Gayarre p . 441 ) , after which Périer appointed him to rebuild Fort Rosalie ( Wallace p . 288 ) . In 1734 Bienville sent him to Fort de Chartres with the rank of Major to command the Illinois District of the Province of Louisiana . In 1736 d ' Artaguiette led a force of French and Illini against the formidable Chickasaw during the Chickasaw Wars . His impetuous attack at Ogoula Tchetoka on 25 March 1736 was crushed . Some accounts say d ' Artaguiette died on the battlefield ; others state D ' Artaguiette was captured with eighteen other Frenchmen , and burned alive in the Indian fashion .
Black Hawk Down ( book ) Black Hawk Down : A Story of Modern War is a 1999 book by Mark Bowden that chronicles the United States Army Rangers , 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment , 10th Mountain Division , Delta Force , Navy SEALs , and UN forces attempt to capture Somali warlord Mohamed Farrah Aidid in Mogadishu and the intense battle that resulted between U . S . forces and local militia and citizens . One of the key events is the downing of a pair of UH - 60 Black Hawk helicopters , from which the book derives its title , and the subsequent attempt to rescue their crews . The raid quickly became the most intensive close combat in the military history of the United States since the Vietnam War . The events of the raid were later renamed the Battle of Mogadishu by international media , as opposed to the operation ' s name of Gothic Serpent . Bowden is not an historian , but a journalist , and , as such , writes his account of the battle as a narrative , rather like a novel . Bowden ' s sources included extensive research , interviews with participants from both sides of the conflict , footage recorded by observation aircraft , and recordings of radio traffic . The book is based on a series of articles written by Bowden for " The Philadelphia Inquirer " . The book was a finalist for the 1999 National Book Award for Nonfiction . A film adaptation directed by Ridley Scott was released in 2001 . Rangers Return in 2013 . In March 2013 two survivors from Task Force Ranger returned to Mogadishu with a film crew to shoot a short film BulletProof Faith - Rangers Return to " Black Hawk Down " which will debut in October 2013 on the 20th anniversary of the battle . Author Jeff Struecker and country singer Keni Thomas relived the battle as they drove through the Bakaara Market in armored vehicles and visited the Wolcott crash site .
USS New Berne ( 1862 ) USS " New Berne " ( 1862 ) was a steamer acquired by the Union Navy during the American Civil War . She served the Navy primarily as a supply ship but , as a Union ship of the blockade of the waterways of the Confederate States of American , she was also responsible to take on the role of a gunship when the opportunity presented itself . Built as a steamer at New York City in 1862 . Screw steamer , " United States " , built at New York City in 1862 was purchased by the Navy at New York City 27 June 1863 from Wakeman , Dimon & Co . ; and commissioned at New York Navy Yard 15 August 1863 , Acting Vol . Lt . Thomas A . Harris in command . Civil War service . Assigned to the North Atlantic blockade . Designated a supply ship , " New Berne " departed New York 1 September 1863 to join the North Atlantic Blockading Squadron . For the remainder of the war , she carried mail , supplies , officers , and seamen from Northern ports to and from the ships and stations of her squadron . In pursuit of Confederate blockade runners . From time to time her performance of this vital but unspectacular duty was enlivened by pursuit of a blockade runner . She departed Newport News , Virginia , before dawn 11 December hunting a “ steamer burning soft coal ” reportedly attempting to run the blockade near the entrance to Chesapeake Bay . She did not catch this elusive steamer but had better luck the following spring when she chased steamer " Pevensey " aground near Beaufort , North Carolina , 9 June 1864 . Shortly thereafter the blockade runner , carrying arms , lead , bacon , and uniforms for Robert E . Lee ’ s army , exploded . She scored again 16 December 1864 when , with , she captured and burned schooner " G . O . Bigelow " in ballast at Bear Inlet , North Carolina . Post - war service and decommissioning . After the war , " New Berne " continued service as a supply ship , but for two periods in ordinary , 5 December 1866 to 8 February 1867 and 5 April to 26 November 1867 , until decommissioning 29 March 1868 . She was transferred to the U . S . War Department at Washington , D . C . 1 December 1868 . References .
Seoul Air Base Seoul Air Base ( sometimes K - 16 Air Base , Seoul Airport , Seongnam Air Base or Shinchonri Air Base ) It is located in Seongnam city , right below Seoul . Runway 20 is equipped with ILS . History . Korean War . The USAF designated the base at K - 16 during the Korean War . USAF units based here included : Postwar . The base is home to the ROKAF 15th Composite Wing . The US Army ' s 2nd Battalion ( Assault ) , 2nd Aviation Regiment , 2nd Infantry Division operating Sikorsky UH - 60 Blackhawk s is based there . The Seoul Air Show is held annually in this airfield . The base is used as a VIP airfield by the President of South Korea and other VIPs and heads of state .
Fulgence Charpentier Fulgence Charpentier , OC ( June 29 , 1897 – February 6 , 2001 ) was a French - Canadian journalist , editor and publisher . Born in Sainte - Anne - de - Prescott , Ontario , Charpentier ' s career included diplomatic , political and bureaucratic positions , but his first love had been journalism ever since he began his reporting career at Montreal ' s " Le Devoir " in 1915 , during which he earned $ 20 a week . In 1918 , Charpentier joined the Canadian army , but the war ended before he could be sent overseas . He stayed in the army after the Armistice to work in a military hospital on the campus of McGill University in Montreal . Charpentier began covering Parliament for Ottawa ' s " Le Droit " ( the city ' s largest newspaper ) in 1922 . He got the job because his father built " Le Droit " ' s first offices . The newspaper sent him to law school in Toronto for two academic years before he began his parliamentary reporting . Charpentier was the longest - serving member of the Parliamentary Press Gallery . His early stories on the then - unilingual English environment of Parliament were believed to be instrumental in getting federal authorities to increase the visibility of French in the Canadian public service . Over the course of his career , Charpentier also wrote for Montreal ' s " La Presse " and Quebec ' s " Le Soleil " . He was also head of the French section of the Canadian Censorship Branch through most of the Second World War , assuming full control of the Censorship Branch in January 1945 , when chief censor Wilfrid Eggleston resigned . He was appointed editor - in - chief of " Le Droit " following his diplomatic career in 1968 at the age of 71 . His resume included serving as a media spokesman for ambassador Georges Vanier in Paris and working as a diplomat from 1946 until 1968 in some francophone African nations and South America . While serving in Africa , Charpentier met Dr . Albert Schweitzer and became an advocate for his work . Charpentier was still writing weekly columns on his trusty typewriter for " Le Droit " until 1999 , when he had to stop due to chronic bronchial pneumonia at the age of 101 . The Canadian Parliamentary Press gallery held a celebration for him shortly after Charpentier ' s retirement . In 1978 , he was made a Member of the Order of Canada and was promoted to Officer in 1998 . He died at age 103 of pneumonia on February 6 , 2001 . Charpentier served on the Ottawa Board of Control , and ran for mayor in 1935 , but lost .
USS Grand Island ( PF - 14 ) USS " Grand Island " ( PF - 14 ) , a , was the only ship of the United States Navy to be named for Grand Island , Nebraska . " Grand Island " , a patrol frigate , was originally classified as PG - 122 and launched by the Kaiser Cargo , Inc . , shipyard in Richmond , California , on 19 February 1944 as PF - 14 , sponsored by Mrs . William Shackleton ; and commissioned on 27 May 1944 , with Lieutenant Commander H . L . Morgan in command . Service history . After completing her shakedown cruise off the coast of southern California , " Grand Island " reported for duty with the 12th Naval District on 12 September 1944 . She subsequently performed weather station and plane guard duty out of San Francisco , California , and participated in several training exercises with patrol forces on the West Coast . She also was engaged from time to time in antisubmarine escort duty . " Grand Island " departed San Francisco on 26 March 1946 , arrived at Charleston , South Carolina , on 13 April 1946 via the Panama Canal Zone , and was turned over to the 6th Naval District for disposal . She was decommissioned on 21 May 1946 and was stricken from the Navy Register on 19 June . Declared not essential to the defense of the United States , the frigate was turned over to the State Department Foreign Liquidation Corporation and finally transferred to Cuba on 16 June 1947 , where she served as " Maximo Gomez " .
BMD - 3 The BMD - 3 ( " Boyevaya Mashina Desanta " , Russian " Боевая Машина Десанта " , literally " Combat Vehicle of the Airborne " ) is a light infantry fighting vehicle originating in the Soviet Union that is fully amphibious and air - droppable with crew inside . It is intended to be a fire - support platform for use by airborne and air assault units . It is not an upgraded BMD - 1 but a completely redesigned vehicle with a hydropneumatic suspension , new hull , a more powerful 2V - 06 - 2 diesel engine and fitted with the complete turret of the BMP - 2 . The vehicle is manufactured at the Volgograd Tractor Factory , Volgograd , Russia under the industrial index Objekt 950 and entered service with the VDV in 1990 , in the last year before the fall of the Soviet Union . 123 BMD - 3s and 60 BMD - 4s are in service with the Russian Airborne Troops . They are planning to receive 10 BMD - 4M vehicles and 10 BTR - MD vehicles for final testing by mid - 2013 , with commissioning by the end of 2013 . The Russian Airborne is planning to acquire 1 , 000 BMD - 4Ms through 2020 .