naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Aaro Pajari Aaro Olavi Pajari ( 17 July 1897 in Asikkala – 14 October 1949 ) was a Major General in the Finnish Army . During the World War II , he received the Mannerheim Cross of Liberty twice . Aaro Pajari is regarded as one of the bravest and most courageous men of the Finnish army in the World War II . His tactical greatness , as well as his manner of leading from the front made him a great leader and led to great devotion and motivation from the troops under his command . His greatest achievement was the Finnish victory at the Battle of Tolvajarvi in the winter of 1939 – 1940 , where his small Finnish force smashed a far larger Soviet army . Pajari went on to serve brilliantly throughout the Winter , Continuation , and Lapland wars , becoming famous for his success in leading small unit , and guerrilla style operations .
German submarine U - 192 German submarine " U - 192 " was a very short - lived Type IXC / 40 U - boat of the Nazi German " Kriegsmarine " built during World War II for service in the Battle of the Atlantic . During her maiden voyage in May 1943 she disappeared without a trace , along with her 55 crew . She was built in Bremen during 1942 and was ready to sail in April 1943 , following four months of working - up trials in the Baltic Sea , under the command of " Oberleutnant " Werner Happe . War patrol . Nothing is known of " U - 192 " ' s only war patrol following her departure from Kiel . She radioed in basic progress reports for the first three fruitless weeks of operation , but nothing came after the beginning of May , and by June she was given up for lost , as there had been no contact or sightings for a month . Post - war , allied investigators reported that she may have been lost in an attack on Convoy SC - 128 , where the Flower class corvette reported attacking a submarine on the 6 May close to where " U - 192 " was supposed to be . However , the results of the attack were not conclusive as the submarine was not confirmed sunk or identified , the true fate of " U - 192 " will probably never be known , except she was lost somewhere in the Atlantic Ocean .
Battle of Mek ' ele The Battle of Mek ' ele , sometimes known as the siege of Mek ' ele , took place in January 1896 during the First Italo - Ethiopian War . Italian forces surrendered a partially completed fort at Mek ' ele , a city in the northern Tigray Region of Ethiopia which they had occupied since 1895 , to Ethiopian forces . The Italians numbered by 20 officers , 13 non - commissioned officer s , and 150 in the ranks , supported by 1 , 000 Askari and two mountain guns . After two weeks of bombardment by Ethiopian artillery - which possessed a longer reach than that of the Italians - the Ethiopians managed to cut off the fort ' s water supply , prompting the defenders surrender .
Armed Forces of South Russia The Armed Forces of South Russia ( ) were formed on the 8th of January 1919 , it incorporated many of the smaller formations of the White army in that area under them , including the Volunteer Army ( which was renamed the Caucasian Volunteer Army ) . Besides that , the AFSR included the Army of the Don , the Crimean - Azov Army , the Forces of Northern Caucasus and the Army of Turkestan . In January it numbered 51 , 000 Infantry , 34 , 000 Cavalry , 204 Field guns , 682 machine guns and 6 armoured trains . By July 1919 it had grown to 104 , 000 Infantry , 56 , 000 Cavalry , 600 Field guns , 1 , 500 machine guns , 19 aircraft , 34 armoured trains , 1 Cruiser , 5 Destroyers , 4 Submarines and 20 Gunboats . By October , after heavy loses and the transfer of units to other armies , the armies strength fell drastically . In April 1920 Anton Denikin , commander - in - chief of the AFSR , delegated all authority to Pyotr Nikolayevich Wrangel , who took command of the so - called " Russian Army " , which included all units remaining from the SFR after its defeat .
Michael Jackson ( American Revolution ) General Michael Jackson ( 18 December 1734 – 10 April 1801 ) was a soldier from Massachusetts . He is best remembered for his innovation within the printing industry and has been compared to Matthew Grainger . Jackson and Grainger were the first to perfect the use of diecutting and glass UV on offset machines . Jackson was born in Newton , Massachusetts , and served in the French and Indian War as a lieutenant . In the American Revolutionary War he was captain of a minuteman company and took part in the final part of the Battles of Lexington and Concord , harassing the British retreat to Boston . He was wounded at the Battle of Bunker Hill . He served as the major of the Gardner ' s Regiment of the Massachusetts line from June 3 , 1775 to December 31 , 1775 . He was lieutenant colonel of the 16th Continental Infantry from January 1 to December 31 , 1776 . He was wounded at Montressor ' s Island on September 24 , 1776 . He was promoted to colonel in the Massachusetts Line on January 1 , 1777 and given command of the 8th Massachusetts Regiment the same date . He was transferred to the 3rd Massachusetts Regiment on June 12 , 1783 and commanded it until it was mustered out of service later that year . On September 30 , 1783 he received a brevet ( honorary promotion ) to brigadier general and finished his country ' s service as a general under George Washington and the Continental Army on November 3 , 1783 . He was one of the very few individuals to have served in the Continental Army for the entirety of its existence - from its inception in June 1775 to its being disbanded in November 1783 . His five brothers and five sons , including Michael Jackson , Jr . , also all served in the war . The family granted some farm lands in its possession to Harvard University to help found the institution . After the Revolutionary War , some members of the Jackson family moved to Madison , WI , where they helped establish city institutions including Methodist Hospital and the Jackson Clinics , now Meriter Hospital and two of them married into the Hobbins family , which like them included many doctors and surgeons . Dr . Joseph Hobbins served at Camp Randall as the Union doctor and surgeon in charge of treating Confederate soldiers during the American Civil War and sought to establish the University of Wisconsin ' s first medical college and founded the Wisconsin Horticulture Society and Madison Literary Club , and other Hobbinses founded many of the capital ' s first banks . In the early 1900s , Mary Hobbins fought for and founded the city ' s first hospital ( Madison General Hospital ) and founded the Badger Chapter of the American Red Cross . A book detailing the Jackson Hobbins blood lines , " 300 Years American " , by Alice F . and Bettina Jackson chronicles some of these sons and daughters of the American Revolution dating from Jamestown to the 1950s .
23rd Indian Infantry Brigade The 23rd Indian Infantry Brigade was an infantry formation of the Indian Army from 1941 to at least 1947 . The brigade was formed in February 1941 , at Loralai in India and in June 1941 , assigned to the 14th Indian Infantry Division . In March 1942 , the brigade was assigned to the 23rd Indian Infantry Division , just before being renumbered 123rd Indian Infantry Brigade . As the 123rd the brigade served in the Burma Campaign with not only the 23rd but with the 14th again and the 5th Indian Infantry Division . As 123rd Indian Brigade , the brigade served with the Punjab Boundary Force during the Partition of India in 1947 .
Louis Stromeyer Georg Friedrich Louis Stromeyer ( March 6 , 1804 – June 15 , 1876 ) was a German surgeon . He was born and died in Hanover . He was the son of surgeon Christian Friedrich Stromeyer ( 1761 – 1824 ) . Biography . From 1823 he studied medicine at the University of Göttingen , receiving his doctorate in Berlin in 1826 . In Göttingen he joined the German student Corps Hannovera . After graduation he undertook scientific travels throughout Europe , returning to Hanover in 1828 , where he taught classes at the surgical school and founded an orthopedic institite . From 1838 to 1840 he was a professor of surgery at the University of Erlangen , followed by professorships at Munich ( 1841 – 42 ) , Freiburg ( 1842 – 48 ) and Kiel . He was a military surgeon during the First War of Schleswig ( 1848 – 1851 ) , and served as Surgeon General of the Kingdom Hanover in the German war and with the Prussian army during the Franco - Prussian War . Stromeyer was a pioneer in orthopedics and orthopedic surgery . In 1831 he performed the first subcutaneous tenotomy ( tendon surgery ) of the Achilles tendon on a deformed foot . He introduced tenotomic surgery to England through a friend , English surgeon William John Little ( 1810 – 1894 ) . Stromeyer performed the operation on Dr . Little in order to correct a clubfoot condition . Stromeyer also did maxillofacial surgery , being remembered for the eponymous " Stromeyer hook " , a device used for zygomatic arch fractures .
Theobald Taaffe , 1st Earl of Carlingford Theobald Taaffe , 1st Earl of Carlingford ( c . 1603 – 31 December 1677 ) , known as 2nd Viscount Taaffe , of Corren and 2nd Baron of Ballymote between 1642 and 1661 , was a Royalist officer who played a prominent part in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms , and accompanied Charles II in exile . Following the Restoration , he was created 1st Earl of Carlingford . Biography . Sir John Taaffe , 1st Viscount Taaffe of Corren , left fifteen children , of whom the eldest was Theobald . Theobald Taaffe was appointed to lead the Irish Munster army by Donagh MacCarthy , Viscount Muskerry in 1647 . He was not an impressive commander , failing to prevent the sack of Cashel and then leading the Munster army to defeat at the battle of Knocknanauss in 1647 . He had an antiquated sense of chivalry - before Knocknanuss he suggested to Baron Inchiquin , the enemy general , that the battle should be decided by 1000 hand picked men from each side . Inchiquin ' s reply was sarcastic : " you have performed as much as I desire in bringing your army hither , I shall not desire you to lose any advantage you have in numbers of men , being your offer was only made for recreation " . As fate would have it , Taaffe and Inchiquin fought on the same side at the Battle of Arklow two years later . Unfortunately for Taaffe , Inchiquin lost this time . With the defeat of the Royalist cause in Ireland , Taaffe went into exile with Charles II . He was one of the ten named in Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652 as leaders of the Royalist forces in Ireland . Following the Restoration of Charles II , he was created Earl of Carlingford . He was sent on missions to the Duke of Lorraine and to the Holy Roman Emperor , by which was established the connection of his family with the house of Habsburg and Lorraine , which continued to the end of the Habsburg monarchy . He was married twice , firstly to Mary White , by whom he had a son , The Hon . John Taaffe , who married Rose Lambart , and secondly to Anne Pershall , without issue . He also had a daughter by Lucy Walter named Mary Crofts ( The Hague , 1651 – 1693 ) , whose father some sources claim to have been Theobald Taaffe , 1st Earl of Carlingford and others Henry Bennet , 1st Earl of Arlington , married firstly William Sarsfield and had female issue , and married secondly William Fanshawe ( b . The Hague , May 1651 ) , and had issue . References . See Würzbach , " Biographisches Lexicon Österreichs . Memoirs of the Family of Taaffe " ( Vienna , 1856 ) , privately printed ; article in the " Contemporary Review " ( 1893 ) , by EB Lanin . " The Prague Politik " published in December 1904 contains some interesting correspondence collected from Taaffe ' s papers .
Tian Dan Tian Dan ( ) , from Linzi , was a general during ancient China ' s Warring States period and member of the royal house of Qi ( Shandong ) who was known for a spectacular military tactic called " Fire Cattle Columns " . After the kingdom was nearly destroyed under King Min of Qi in 284 BC , he helped regain its territory and restored the king ' s son . He later fought the Beidi nomads , either in the far north or some pocket of these people living in or between the Chinese states . Yan and Qi Conflicts . In 314 BC , Zizhi , the Chancellor of Yan Kingdom , rebelled against his king and brought the country into months of inner fighting . King Xuan of Qi desired to take advantage of Yan ' s weakened defenses and launch a military attack on Ji ( near modern Beijing ) , the capital of Yan . However , the attack was unsuccessful . In 286 BC , King Min of Qi attacked the state of Song and destroyed it , annexing its land into Qi territory . Although successful , the attack incited hostility against Qi from the remaining six kingdoms . The following year , General Meng Wu of Qin led an attack on Qi that captured nine cities . By 284 BC , King Min was resented by most Qi citizens and had drawn the ire of the powerful Qin kingdom , which led a semi - coalition army to attack Qi . The Qi army suffered heavy losses and lost many portions of its territory . In 284 BC , Yan forces led by Yue Yi managed to corner Qi within the City of Ju , however Tian Dan was able to launch a successful counterattack and retook the lost territory of Qi .
Lindsay Gordon Air Vice - Marshal James Lindsay Gordon DFC ( 11 December 1892 - 3 March 1940 ) was a leading figure in the pre - World War II Royal Canadian Air Force and a pilot in the Royal Naval Air Service during World War I . Career . James Lindsay Gordon was born on 11 December 1892 in Montreal , Québec the son of Edward Percy Gordon and his wife Helen Lindsay . The young Gordon was educated at Montreal High School and McGill University . In 1918 , while a member of Royal Air Force , Gordon was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross . His citation was as follows : From 1922 to 1924 Gordon was the first Director of the Royal Canadian Air Force .
Waldemar Radener Waldemar Radener ( 24 January 1921 – 8 January 1957 ) was a German Luftwaffe ace and recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross ( ) during World War II . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . Career . Radener was born on 24 January 1921 at Lüchtrigen and as a " Leutnant " joined 4 staffel , Jagdgeschwader 26 " Schlageter " ( JG 26 ) in February 1943 following completion of training . Radener claimed his first victory , an Royal Air Force ( RAF ) Spitfire , on 3 May 1943 and two United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) P - 47 Thunderbolt ' s near Arnhem on 30 July . Radener was appointed " Staffelkapitän " ( squadron leader ) of 6 staffel , JG 26 in August . Radener shot down a P - 47 on 11 January 1944 to record his 10th claim , and was awarded the German Cross in Gold on 16 April . On 11 May Radener downed a B - 24 Liberator bomber but then accidentally rammed a second in his Focke - Wulf Fw 190 A - 8 . He baled out with minor injuries . Radener was again shot down by USAAF P - 51 Mustang fighters on 15 June and suffered injuries on landing keeping him hospitalised until the end of the month . In September 1944 " Oberleutnant " Radener was re - appointed " Staffelkapitän " , 7 . / JG 26 , and by the end of 1944 had 23 credited victories . Radener was then made " Gruppenkommandeur " ( group commander ) of II . / JG 26 in January 1945 , and in February 1945 transferred to command II . / Jagdgeschwader 300 ( JG 300 ) . Radener was awarded the " Ritterkreuz " in March 1945 and survived the war . He joined the " Bundesluftwaffe " but was killed in a flying accident on 8 January 1957 near Schongau . Radener was credited with 37 victories and 14 unconfirmed victories , all recorded over the Western front . These included 12 heavy bombers ( 10 USAAF , 2 RAF ) with another six unconfirmed .
Celsus ( usurper ) Titus Cornelius Celsus , Roman usurper under Gallienus , one of the Thirty Tyrants enumerated by Trebellius Pollio . In the twelfth year of Gallienus ' reign ( 265 ) , when usurpers were springing up in every quarter of the Roman world , a certain Celsus , who had never risen higher in the service of the state than the rank of a military tribune , living quietly on his lands in Africa , in no way remarkable except as a man of upright life and commanding person , was suddenly proclaimed emperor by Vibius Passienus , proconsul of the province , and Fabius Pomponianus , general of the Libyan frontier . So sudden was the movement , that the appropriate trappings of dignity had not been provided , and the hands of Galliena , a cousin it is said of the lawful monarch , invested the new prince with a robe snatched from the statue of a goddess . The downfall of Celsus was not less rapid than his elevation : he was slain on the seventh day , his body was devoured by dogs , and the loyal inhabitants of Sicca testified their devotion to the reigning sovereign by devising an insult to the memory of his rival unheard - of before that time . The effigy of the traitor was raised high upon a cross , round which the rabble danced in triumph .
19th Infantry Division ( Wehrmacht ) The 19th Infantry Division was a formation of the German Wehrmacht during World War II . Originally formed 1 October 1934 as Artillerieführer VI in Hannover , the division was renamed " 19 . Infanterie - Division " on 15 October 1935 . Mobilized on 25 August 1939 the division participated in the Invasion of Poland and the Battle of France . After the French campaign , the division was reorganized as a tank division and on 1 November 1940 was renamed " 19 . Panzer - Division " .
Blohm & Voss BV 138 The Blohm & Voss BV 138 " Seedrache " ( Sea Dragon , but nicknamed " Der Fliegende Holzschuh " ( " flying clog " , from the side - view shape of its fuselage ) was a World War II German trimotor flying boat that functioned as the " Luftwaffe " s main long - range maritime reconnaissance aircraft . Design and development . A total of 297 BV 138s were built between 1938 and 1943 . The aircraft was unusually powered by three engines , with one mounted high above the centerline driving a four - blade propeller , and one on each wing driving three - blade propellers . The pre - production prototypes and the BV 138 A - 01 to BV 138 A - 06 , were powered by various makes of engines ranging from 485 – 746 kW ( 650 – 1 , 000 hp ) . The first standardized version , BV 138 B - 1 , was powered by three 880 PS ( 868 hp , 647 kW ) Junkers Jumo 205 D aircraft diesel engine s . Unusual were the aircraft ' s " twin boom " tail unit , and gun turret s at the bow and the stern of the fuselage , as well as behind the central engine . These features together produced the aircraft ' s ungainly appearance . The first of the 227 standard service variant , BV 138 C - 1 , began service in March 1941 . Although various versions of the aircraft carried a variety of armament , the standard included two 20 mm MG 151 / 20 cannon s , one in a power - operated bow turret and one in a power - operated stern turret , up to three 7 . 92 mm MG 15 machine gun s , and a 13 mm ( . 51 in ) MG 131 machine gun in the aft center engine nacelle . It could carry 500 kg ( 1 , 100 lb ) of bombs or depth charge s or , in place of these , up to 10 passengers . Several were later fitted with FuG 200 " Hohentwiel " low - UHF band search radar for anti - shipping duties . Some were converted for minesweeper role . The BV 138 MS variant , with the " MS " , signifying " Minensuch " ( German for mine - clearing , literally mine - search ) , carried a degaussing device , a hoop with the same diameter as the length of the fuselage and field - generating equipment , instead of weapons . Survivors . No complete BV 138s remain in existence . However , the wreck of one aircraft , sunk after the war in a British air show , was raised from the seabed of the Øresund Sound in 2000 , and is on display at the in Helsingør . On 27 June 2012 , two divers ( Pascale Roibu and Iulian Rusu ) found a Heinkel He 114 seaplane in Siutghiol Lake near Mamaia , Constanta , Romania . Recently near this Heinkel 114 the two divers also found pieces of a Blohm & Voss BV 138 seaplane . In June 2013 , a vessel from the Norwegian Geological Survey filmed a Blohm & Voss BV 138 at a depth of 35 m in Porsangerfjorden , Norway , not far from the WW2 German seaplane harbour in Indre Billefjord .
Herbert Augustine Carter Major Herbert Augustine Carter VC ( 26 May 1874 – 13 January 1916 ) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . He was the son of the vicar of St Erth in Cornwall and served in two campaigns in East Africa . Details . Carter was 29 years old , and a lieutenant in the Indian Mounted Infantry , Indian Army , during the Third Somaliland Expedition when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC . On 19 December 1903 during a reconnaissance at Jidballi , British Somaliland , when two sections were retiring before a force of Dervishes who outnumbered them by thirty to one , Lieutenant Carter rode back alone , a distance of 400 yards , to the assistance of an Indian private who had lost his horse and was closely pursued by a number of the enemy . The man was so badly wounded that it took three attempts to get him on to the horse . In a later incident he saved another soldier by shooting a lion with his last cartridge . In the Great War having been promoted Major he arrived at Mombasa already ill with fever and then marched inland through barren country in intense heat but died from heat exhaustion in Mwelo Mdogo , British East Africa before the unit was able to engage the enemy forces . Memorial . He is buried at St Erth in a plot planted with tropical plants including laurels and castor oil plants . Another memorial to his memory can be found in York Minster Made of black marble with bronze figures and designed by Sir Bertram Mackennal of Melbourne , Australia . The medal . His Victoria Cross is displayed at the Duke of Cornwall ' s Light Infantry Museum , Bodmin , Cornwall , England .
Pyrocollodion Pyrocollodion is a smokeless powder invented by Dmitri Mendeleev . Mendeleev discovered it in 1892 and proposed to use it to replace gunpowder in the Russian Navy . This offer was rejected because of cost and efficiency . Pyrocollodion is known to be spontaneously combustible , and explosive . When ignited , it will burn / explode quickly , and with excessive heat output . If ignited in a tight , contained space , it will leave little to no remnants , such as unburned powder , particular kinds of flame scarring , or smoke of any kind . Pyrocollodion is a variant of nitrocellulose . The natural ingredients found in Pyrocollodion can now be used in the production of cocaine and cigarettes .
German submarine U - 207 German submarine " U - 207 " was a Type VIIC U - boat of the Nazi German " Kriegsmarine " during World War II . Ordered on 16 October 1939 from the Germaniawerft shipyard in Kiel , she was laid down on 14 August 1940 as ' werk ' 636 , launched on 24 April 1941 and commissioned on 7 June under the command of " Oberleutnant " Fritz Meyer . A member of one wolfpack , she sank two ships totalling in one patrol . She was sunk by two British warships near Greenland on 11 September 1941 . Operational history . " U - 207 " s only patrol began with her departure from Trondheim in Norway on 24 August 1941 . She headed west , approaching southern Greenland and attacking the north Atlantic convoy SC - 42 , sinking the " Stonepool " using torpedo es and five minutes later the " Berury " with gunfire . The convoy escorts reacted swiftly : HMS " Leamington " and " Veteran " used depth charge s to sink the unfortunate U - boat . 41 men died ; there were no survivors .