naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Yakovlev Yak - 30 ( 1948 ) The Yakovlev Yak - 30 was an experimental Soviet interceptor from the late 1940s . Derived from the Yak - 25 , from which it differed primarily in having wings sweptback 35° at quarter chord , the Yak - 30 retained the fuselage , tail surfaces and undercarriage of the earlier fighter fundamentally unchanged . History . The Yak - 30 was designed to meet a Soviet requirement for a fighter capable of Mach 0 . 9 , and able to operate from existing unpaved airstrips . To meet this request required a sweptback wing . Yakolev based their design on the existing Yak - 25 experimental fighter , but incorporated a modified wing with a sweep of 35 degrees . Development . The Yak - 30 was to be very similar to the former Yak - 25 , with only a few changes . The fuselage was that of the Yak - 25 but with a circular cross - section . The tail was as on the Yak - 25 but with a one - piece rudder , and slightly enlarged horizontal surfaces . The three NR - 23 cannon armament were retained , and the cockpit layout was unchanged . The wing tip tanks could not be used , as they moved the aircraft ' s center of gravity too far forward , so they were redesigned to fit flush under the wing , midway from the fuselage . The aircraft was powered by a 1 , 590 kgf ( 3 , 505 lbf ) RD - 500 turbojet . Testing . The first of two Yak - 30 prototypes was given callsign " 42 " , and the number " 5 " painted on the rudder . This aircraft was successfully test flown on 4 September 1948 by pilot Anokhin , who continued test flying the aircraft until 16 December 1948 . The second prototype , the Yak - 30D , which joined the flight test programme early in 1949 , had a 38 cm ( 15 in ) section inserted in the aft fuselage , revised mainwheel doors forming a large section of the fuselage skinning , Fowler - type flaps in place of split flaps , increased fuel and ammunition capacity , and changes to the oxygen system and radio equipment . The Yak - 30D was also fitted with air brakes on the aft fuselage . Normal loaded weight ( without external fuel ) was increased by 110 kg ( 243 lb ) . During testing , it reached a speed of Mach 0 . 935 in a dive . Compared to the Yak - 25 , top speed was increased by 40 km / h ( 25 mph ) and service ceiling was increased by 1 , 000 m ( 3 , 281 ft ) . However , the swept wing was found to be unsatisfactory with poor aileron authority . Although the modifications introduced by the Yak - 30D eradicated several shortcomings displayed by the first prototype , the first production deliveries of the superior MiG - 15 were already taking place by the time that the improved version of the Yakovlev fighter entered flight test , and the results of NII V - VS trials were , therefore , little more than academic . The Yak - 30 designation was later reused for the Yakovlev Yak - 30 ( 1960 ) .
Ion Ferguson Ion Ferguson Royal Army Medical Corps ( 1913 - 1990 ) was an Irish volunteer for the British army who escaped from Oflag IV - C , Colditz Castle , during the Second World War . Ferguson was captured by the Germans in Greece in 1941 and held as a POW until 1945 . Ferguson was moved to Colditz Castle after protesting to the German authorities about the treatment of prisoners . According to Punch magazine , " Dr . Ferguson is a typical Irish rebel who kicked against the authority of senior officers until becoming a P . O . W . , when he would not allow the Germans to ill - treat anyone without voluble protest . His intransigence landed him in Colditz . . . " Whilst incarcerated in Colditz in a ploy to get the attention of the German authorities , Ferguson wrote a letter to an Irish friend , the son of Eamon De Valera , the Irish Taoiseach , in which he called for Ireland to join the war on the Allies ' side . As intended the letter was stopped by the German censors but his wish to be moved to another prison camp was granted and he was moved to Stalag IV - D . In Stalag IV - D he certified a number of prisoners as insane , who were consequently repatriated before he convinced the Germans of his own insanity and returned to Britain the same way . Ferguson is described by the Lancashire Telegraph as a ' brave , no - nonsense Irish doctor ' . Ferguson wrote a biography of his wartime experiences in Doctor at War ( 1957 ) . Bibliography . Doctor at War , Panter Books , ( 1957 )
No . 623 Squadron RAF No . 623 Squadron RAF was a heavy bomber squadron of the Royal Air Force during the Second World War . History . The squadron was formed on 10 August 1943 at RAF Downham Market in Norfolk from ' C ' Flight of 218 Squadron , as well as receiving crews from No . 3 L . F . S . and No . 1653 Conversion Unit . It was equipped with Stirling Mk . III bombers , as part of No . 3 Group RAF in Bomber Command . The squadron carried out night raids against Germany , but was short - lived and was disbanded on 6 December 1943 at Downham Market . The aircraft went mostly to conversion units of No . 5 Group RAF . Aircraft operated . Some examples :
Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus ( consul 122 BC ) Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus ( died 104 BC ) was consul of Rome in 122 BC . He was the son of the Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus who was consul in 162 BC . In the year of his consulship he was sent against the Allobroges in Gallia Transalpina , under the pretext that they had received Rome ' s enemy , Teutomalius , king of the Salluvii , and had laid waste to the territory of Rome ' s allies , the Aedui . Rome ’ s desire to create a secure land route to their provinces in Spain through Gaul was more likely its real reason for entering Gaul . He and Quintus Fabius Maximus Allobrogicus conquered the Allobroges and their ally , Bituitus , king of the Arverni , near Vindalium , at the confluence of the Sulga and Rhone , winning the battle mainly through terror caused by war elephants . He erecting trophies to commemorate his victory , traveled on an elephant in procession through the province , and was honored with a triumph in 120 BC , at the fore of which he paraded the captive Vituitus . As censor in 115 BC , he expelled thirty - two senators from the senate . He is most famous for constructing the Via Domitia ( cir . 118 BC ) , connecting Rome to her provinces in Spain . Constructed along an ancient trading road , crossing the Alps by one of the easiest passages , the Col de Montgenèvre . , it is possibly the same pass taken by Hannibal in his famous crossing in 218 BC . It was built around the same time as the founding of Colonia Narbo Martius ( Narbonne ) , the first Roman colony in Gaul . He was also elected Pontifex . He died around 104 BC , leaving two sons , Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus ( consul in 96 BC ) and Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus ( consul in 94 BC ) . He was the grandfather of Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus ( consul in 54 BC ) .
John L . Throckmorton General John Lathrop Throckmorton ( February 28 , 1913 – February 13 , 1986 ) was born in Kansas City , Missouri on February 28 , 1913 . After graduating from Culver Military Academy in 1931 he attended and graduated from the United States Military Academy on June 12 , 1935 , and was commissioned as a Second Lieutenant in the Infantry . In World War II , he was assigned to the G3 Section , First Army in the European Theater from 1943 to 1946 . After the war , he served in the TAC Department at West Point from 1946 to 1949 . He took command of a battalion in the 5th Regimental Combat Team in Hawaii from 1949 to 1950 and later became the regimental combat team commander from 1950 to 1951 during the Korean War . After the war , he attended the National War College in 1954 , and later became Commandant of Cadets at West Point from 1956 to 1959 . He served from 1959 to 1960 as Assistant Commanding General , 101st Airborne Division , followed by an assignment as Secretary General Staff , Office of the Chief of Staff Army from 1960 to 1962 . He took command of the 82nd Airborne Division from 1962 to 1964 , then deployed to Vietnam as Deputy Commander , Military Assistance Command , Vietnam , from 1964 to 1965 . His service in Vietnam was followed by an assignment as Deputy Commander , Office of the Chief Army Reserve from 1965 to 1966 . Throckmorton also served a tour of duty in 1967 , commanding Task Force Detroit during the Detroit riots He held successive commands as Commanding General , XVIII Airborne Corps ( 1967 ) ; Commanding General , Third United States Army , ( 1967 – 1969 ) ; and Commander in Chief , United States Strike Command , ( 1969 – 1973 ) . General Throckmorton retired in Fayetteville , North Carolina in 1973 . He died on February 13 , 1986 and was buried at Arlington National Cemetery next to his wife , Regina Theresa Higgins , whom he married on October 16 , 1937 . The library at Fort Bragg is named in his honor .
USA - 245 USA - 245 or NRO Launch 65 ( NROL - 65 ) is an American reconnaissance satellite which is operated by the National Reconnaissance Office . Launched in August 2013 , it is the last KH - 11 reconnaissance satellite , and the last spacecraft to be launched in the Keyhole program . Details of USA - 245 ' s mission are classified by the US military , however numerous independent analysts identified it as a KH - 11 before launch , and amateur satellite watchers have since observed it in the orbit used by such satellites . KH - 11 satellites are used to provide high - resolution optical and infrared imagery for US intelligence agencies . USA - 245 was launched by United Launch Alliance , using a Delta IV Heavy rocket with the flight number Delta 364 and the name " Victoria " . The launch took place from Space Launch Complex 6 at the Vandenberg Air Force Base at 18 : 03 UTC ( 11 : 03 local time ) on 28 August 2013 . After deploying its payload , the rocket ' s upper stage was deorbited after completing one orbit . The launch was the first Delta IV mission to use a new ignition sequence aimed at reducing damage to the first stage insulation caused by igniting a cloud of hydrogen around the vehicle at liftoff . To mitigate this , the rocket ' s starboard engine was lit two seconds earlier than on previous flights .
Unit cohesion in the United States military Unit cohesion in the United States military it has been the subject of dispute and political debate since World War II as the United States military has expanded the categories of citizens it accepts as servicemembers . Unit cohesion is a military concept , defined by one former United States Chief of staff in the early 1980s as " the bonding together of soldiers in such a way as to sustain their will and commitment to each other , the unit , and mission accomplishment , despite combat or mission stress " . The concept lacks a consensus definition among military analysts , sociologists , and psychologist s . Race . Prior to US Executive Order 9981 , issued on July 26 , 1948 by President Harry S . Truman , the American military was segregated . Opponents of racial integration frequently alleged that integrating the armed forces would have detrimental effects on unit cohesion . Women in combat . Brian Mitchell , in his article " Women Make Poor Soldiers " ( excerpted from his 1989 book " " Weak Link : The Feminization of the American Military " " ) , expressed concern that placing women in combat lowers unit cohesion , either due to sexual relationship s taking priority over group loyalty , or because men would feel obliged to be more protective of women than other men . Mitchell ' s view was harshly criticized in a New York Times review , which stated the book was " spoiled by intemperate allegations and a supercilious tone " and lacked sourcing for statements . Fraternization . Air Force Instruction 36 - 2909 on " Professional and Unprofessional Relationships " says : Sexual orientation . Conservative commentary in the U . S . has taken the view that the service of gays in the military is deleterious to essential components of unit cohesion , such as moral and discipline . Urvashi Vaid , criticizing the " Don ' t ask , don ' t tell " policy in 1995 , called unit cohesion a euphemism for " heterosexual male bonding " and wrote that " the essence of male bonding lay in the forcible suppression of undercurrents of homosexual desire . "
Beretta AR70 / 90 The Beretta AR70 / 90 is a gas operated self - loading assault rifle chambered for the 5 . 56mm cartridge , and is the standard issue service rifle of the Italian Armed Forces . The weapon is also designed to be fitted with a rifle grenade , and has grenade sights . The AR series comes in many variants such as the AR90 , with a wire folding stock , for use by paratroopers . History . The Beretta AR70 / 90 assault rifle was developed in the 1980s when the Italian Government decided that its military and law enforcement agencies needed a new standard service weapon . It was made to be compatible with other NATO weapons by the adoption of standard 5 . 56mm STANAG loaders , whereas the AR70 / 90 ' s predecessor , the BM59 , derived from the U . S . M1 Garand , was chambered in 7 . 62 ( . 308 ) , another NATO caliber which today is considered suitable mostly for sniper or machine gun use . There is a semi - auto version of the AR - 70 / 90 called the AR 70 / 90S which lacks a flash hider and bayonet mount . Description . The AR - 70 / 90 is manufactured according to 1980s standards , i . e . with limited use of polymer plastic parts and using stainless steel whenever possible ( a Beretta staple ) . It weighs approximately 4 kg in standard configuration . It has three firing positions ( full auto , three - round burst , and semi - auto ) and a safe , and has a carrying handle not unlike the Vietnam - era M16 , a long , bulky barrel , and a hollow stock . It is usually fitted with an ACOG or a red dot optic . Future . As of late 2010 the AR70 / 90 is supplemented in service by the new Beretta ARX - 160 , a totally new project which sees a great leap forward in soldier - to - weapon interfacing , several major developments in sighting and firepower such as the integrated ( and also detachable ) grenade launcher GLX - 160 , and the " Future Soldier Program " integration .
Edgar C . Erickson Edgar C . Erickson ( July 18 , 1896 — March 31 , 1989 ) was a United States Army Major General who served as Chief of the National Guard Bureau . Early life . Edgar Carl Erickson was born in Worcester , Massachusetts on July 18 , 1896 , and was educated in the schools of Worcester . Pancho Villa Expedition . In April , 1914 Erickson enlisted in Company H . 2nd Massachusetts Infantry . In 1916 he served with his unit on the Mexican border during the Pancho Villa Expedition . World War I . Erickson was a Sergeant when he received his commission a Second Lieutenant in 1917 . He served with 2nd Battalion 104th Infantry Regiment , 26th Infantry Division in France during World War I . Post World War I . After the war Erickson became a partner in Erickson Steel , a company formed to produce prefabricated building s . He later worked as General Manager of Worcester ’ s Hedlund Coal Company . In 1932 he graduated from the United States Army Command and General Staff College . A Republican , he served in the Massachusetts State Senate from 1933 to 1936 . He subsequently served as Superintendent of the Worcester County Training School . Having maintained his membership in the National Guard , by 1939 Erickson had risen to Colonel and Commander of the 181st Infantry Regiment . World War II . Erickson served as the Adjutant General of Massachusetts from 1939 to 1942 with the rank of Brigadier General . In 1940 he was also called to federal service as the Director of Selective Service for Massachusetts . In 1942 Erickson accepted a reduction to Colonel in order to serve in uniform overseas . He was assigned as liaison officer to the Chinese Nationalist Army for the remainder of the war . Post World War II . After the war Erickson was assigned to the National Guard Bureau . His assignments included : Chief of the Infantry Regulations Branch ; Chief of Plans ; Acting Chief of the Army Division ; and Acting Deputy Chief of the National Guard Bureau . In 1953 Erickson was appointed Chief of the National Guard Bureau , and he served until his 1959 retirement . As NGB Chief , Erickson oversaw an increase in authorized personnel strength and a corresponding recruiting effort to fill the positions , as well as the fielding of the first jet fighters for units of the Air National Guard and the fielding of modern tank s for the Army National Guard ’ s Armor units . Awards and Decorations . Erickson ’ s awards included the Distinguished Service Medal ( Army ) , Legion of Merit , and Bronze Star Medal . Retirement and death . In retirement Erickson resided in Worcester and Sun City , Arizona . He died in Rutland Massachusetts ’ Holden Nursing Home on March 31 , 1989 and was buried at Worcester County Memorial Park in Paxton . Legacy . The Erickson Trophy is awarded annually to the distinguished graduates of each of the state National Guard Officer Candidate Schools . The actual trophy and an inscribed list of recipients is maintained on display at National Guard Bureau , with replicas presented to each winner . Family . In 1920 he married Nancy I . Sundstrom ( 1898 - 1982 ) . They had one son , Russell , who died in 1987 .
Boeing Phantom Works The Phantom Works division is the advanced prototyping arm of the Defense and Security side of The Boeing Company . Its primary focus is developing advanced military products and technologies , many of them highly classified . Founded by McDonnell Douglas , the research and development group continued after Boeing acquired the company . Its logo was derived from the McDonnell Douglas F - 4 Phantom combat jet . Scope and responsibility . Phantom Works ' organization mirrors that of Boeing ' s Defense business units , with ' Advanced ' versions of each unit ( e . g . Advanced Boeing Military Aircraft ) . The underlying technology is provided by the Boeing Research and Technology ( BR & T ) organization , who develop new technologies ( i . e . Technology Readiness Level 1 - 4 ) for use by Boeing ' s Commercial and Defense units . Phantom Works responsibility is to grow those technologies into prototype ( i . e . Technology Readiness Level 4 - 6 ) to then transition those prototypes to the business units to turn into products ( i . e . Technology Readiness Level 7 - 9 ) . Locations . Headquartered in St Louis , Phantom Works has projects throughout the majority of Boeing locations in the United States . Additionally an international group does modelling and simulation work for various governments in the United States , Britain , Australia , and India .
Cheveley Castle Cheveley Castle was a medieval fortified manor house near Cheveley , Cambridgeshire , England . Details . Cheveley Castle was built by Sir John Pulteney , a merchant - financier and Lord Mayor of London , around 1341 on the outskirts of the village of Cheveley . The castle was built in an Edwardian style , with four circular towers , gatehouse and a bailey wall , on an elaborate moated site north - west of the village . It is the only castle of its type to have been built in Cambridgeshire , and was probably intended less for defence than as a high - status hunting lodge - in the 14th century , Cheveley was at the centre of a deer park . The moat at Cheveley may have inspired other , similar moated designs across the eastern region . The castle deteroriated after the early 17th - century , and today only limited masonry remains exist on the site , which is a scheduled monument .
Allied Maritime Transport Council The Allied Maritime Transport Council ( AMTC ) was an international agency created during World War I to coordinate shipping between the allied powers of France , Italy , Great Britain , and the United States . The council was formed at a conference in Paris in November 1917 , with each nation appointing its respective ministers ( or delegates ) in charge of shipping to the council . The representatives were : The AMTC had four executive committees for charging , imports , tonnage and statistics . In the functionally leading Charging Committee James Arthur Salter and Jean Monnet - civil servants for their respective countries Great Britain and France - were working together . The Transport Council existed until March 1919 , when it was merged with the Supreme Economic Council . Its executive committees were disbanded . Salter and Monnet called their business in the AMTC ‘ international administration ’ . In more critical terms the Transport Council worked like a cartel , just run by states , trying to eliminate the economic and logistic competition between the partners . So the organization tried to hold prices down , pooled the allied tonnage and coordinated the allied logistics with substantial rationalization effects .
904th Military Airlift Group The 904th Military Airlift Group is an inactive United States Air Force Reserve unit . It was last active with the 459th Military Airlift Wing , based at Stewart Air Force Base , New York . It was inactivated on 31 December 1969 . History . Following the mobilizations in 1961 and 1962 for the Berlin Crisis and the Cuban Missile Crisis , Continental Air Command ( ConAC ) realized that it was unwieldy to mobilize an entire wing unless absolutely necessary . Their original Table of Organization for each Wing was a wing headquarters , a troop carrier group , an Air Base Group , a maintenance and supply group , and a medical group . In 1957 , the troop carrier group and maintenance and supply groups were inactivated , with their squadrons reassigned directly to the wing headquarters - despite the fact that many wings had squadrons spread out over several bases due to the Detached Squadron Concept dispersing Reserve units over centers of population . To resolve this , in late 1962 and early 1963 , ConAC reorganized the structure of its reserve Troop Carrier Wings by establishing fully deployable Troop Carrier Groups and inserting them into the chain of command between the Wing and its squadrons at every base that held a ConAC troop carrier squadron . At each base , the group was composed of a material squadron , a troop carrier squadron , a tactical hospital or dispensary , and a combat support squadron . Each troop carrier wing consisted of 3 or 4 of these groups . By doing so , ConAC could facilitate the mobilization of either aircraft and aircrews alone , aircraft and minimum support personnel ( one troop carrier group ) , or the entire troop carrier wing . This also gave ConAC the flexibility to expand each Wing by attaching additional squadrons , if necessary from other Reserve wings to the deployable groups for deployments . As a result , the 904th Troop Carrier Group was established with a mission to organize , recruit and train Air Force Reserve personnel in the tactical airlift of airborne forces , their equipment and supplies and delivery of these forces and materials by airdrop , landing or cargo extraction systems . The group was equipped with C - 119 Flying Boxcar s for Tactical Air Command airlift operations . The 904th TCG was one of three C - 119 groups assigned to the 514th TCW in 1963 , the others being the 903d Troop Carrier Group at McGuire AFB , New Jersey and 905th Troop Carrier Group at Bradley Field , Connecticut . Reassigned to Military Airlift Command , 1966 , trained and re - quipped with C - 124 Globemaster II intercontinental transports . Began flying worldwide airlift missions . Elevated to active - duty in January 1968 to provide additional airlift support for the Vietnam War . Returned to reserve status , June 1969 . Inactivated with retirement of C - 124 in December 1969 and inactivation of Stewart AFB .
Andrew Bringle Corporal Andrew Bringle was an American soldier who fought in the American Civil War . Bringle received the country ' s highest award for bravery during combat , the Medal of Honor , for his action during the Battle of Sayler ' s Creek in Virginia on 6 April 1865 . He was honored with the award on 3 July 1865 . Biography . Bringle ' s date of birth and death are unknown but he was born in Buffalo , New York . He enlisted into the 10th New York Cavalry .