naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
London Defence Positions The London Defence Positions were 19th century earthworks in the south - east of England , designed to protect London from foreign invasion landing on the south coast . The 1859 Royal Commission on the Defence of the United Kingdom report on Britain ' s defences believed that London was practically undefendable ; they proposed a fort at Shooters Hill to defend the Royal Arsenal at Woolwich , but it was never acted upon . Following a number of proposals by senior military figures based on simple earthworks for infantry and moveable armaments , the London Defence Scheme was announced in Parliament in March 1889 . The London Defence Positions were to be earthworks to be thrown up in time of war , but backed up with permanent works which acted as stores and magazines , at 5 mile ( 8 km ) intervals . They were built along a 70 - mile ( 113 - kilometre ) stretch of the North Downs from Guildford to the Darenth valley . Thirteen sites were chosen , at Pewley Hill , Henley Grove , Denbies , Box Hill , Betchworth , Reigate , East Merstham , Fosterdown , Woldingham , Betsoms Hill , Halstead , Farningham and ( to the north of London ) North Weald . The design of each site varied , but they were never very elaborate , just a magazine and storehouses for the mobilisation of troops , with limited defences . The intention was that the sites would , in addition to holding ammunition and other supplies , act as strong points in an almost continuous line of field fortifications . The trench lines joining the Defence Positions could be rapidly excavated on the outbreak of war . Related stores were set up at Tilbury , Warley and possibly Caterham . They were quickly viewed as obsolete , and all were sold off in 1907 , with the exception of Fort Halstead , now used by DSTL . During World War I , part of the London Defence Positions scheme was resurrected to form a stop line of trenches , in case of a German invasion . North of the Thames , the line was continued to the River Lea at Broxbourne rather than stopping at Epping . South of the Thames , it was continued to Halling , via Wrotham , linking to the Chatham defences . At the western end the line was stopped short at Buckland Hill , just beyond Reigate Fort . At Guildford , houses have been built on the Pewley Hill site , but Henley Fort , Guildford , England ( aka Henley Grove ) has been well preserved as a youth education centre . It could be seen on a Heritage Open Day . Reigate Fort . Reigate Fort has been owned by the National Trust since 1932 . The structure was falling into disrepair , but grant money from the Biffaward , the Heritage Lottery grant and the National Trust itself has enabled the Trust to restore the building . The first phase of the repairs was carried out in 2000 and was funded by a grant of £ 104 , 000 from the Biffaward . A second phase cost £ 174 , 000 . The fort opened to the public free of charge in 2007 , though restoration work is ongoing . Information boards have been installed to tell visitors about the buildings . A teacher ' s pack is available and educational visits can be arranged .
450th Expeditionary Flying Training Squadron The 450th Expeditionary Flying Training Squadron ( 450 EFTS ) is a provisional United States Air Force unit assigned to the 322d Air Expeditionary Group . In 2008 it was converted to an expeditionary unit on provisional status for activation by Air Combat Command any time after 28 October 2008 . Its current status is undetermined . The squadron most recently was assigned to the 323d Flying Training Wing based at Mather Air Force Base , California . It operated T - 37 Tweet and T - 43 Bobcat aircraft conducting flight training for members of the United States military and foreign allies . History . Established as a B - 26 Marauder medium bomber squadron in mid - 1942 ; trained under Third Air Force in Florida . Deployed to European Theater of Operations ( ETO ) , being assigned to VIII Bomber Command 3d Bombardment Wing in England . Engaged in attacks on enemy targets in France and the Low Countries ; being reassigned to IX Bomber Command in 1943 with the establishment of Ninth Air Force in England . Also supported VIII Bomber Command strategic bombardment raids in Occupied Europe and Nazi Germany , attacking enemy airfields to disrupt interceptor attacks on heavy bomber formations and destroy enemy interceptor aircraft on the ground before they could be launched . After D - Day deployed to Advanced Landing Ground s in France and later Belgium . Provided tactical air support and bombardment of enemy strong points and military targets to disrupt resistance to Allied ground forces advancing from the French invasion beaches and the ensuing offensives on the continent ; 1944 - 1945 . Attacked enemy forces as part of the Western Allied invasion of Germany , 1945 and continued offensive tactical operations in support of ground forces until German capitulation in May 1945 . Became part of the United States Air Forces in Europe army of occupation in Germany during 1945 . Demobilized in place and personnel returned to the United States in the fall of 1945 ; squadron inactivated as a paper unit in December 1945 . Reactivated as a reserve air training command squadron ; assigned and performed advanced flight training for air cadets , 1947 - 1949 . Inactivated due to funding restrictions . Assigned to Tactical Air Command and reactivated in 1954 flying F - 86 Sabre s ; later F - 100 Super Sabre s as a fighter - day squadron . Inactivated in 1957 due to funding restrictions . Reactivated in 1972 as an Air Training Command navigator training squadron . It conducted undergraduate navigator training for USAF , United States Navy , United States Marine Corps , and United States allies from , 1973 - 1992 .
James Buck James Buck ( 1808 – November 1 , 1865 ) was an American Civil War Medal of Honor recipient and a sailor in the United States Navy . Biography . Buck , born in Denver , Colorado , joined the Navy in 1852 as an Acting Master ' s Mate and he was awarded the Medal of Honor as a Quartermaster under General Order 11 , dated April 3 , 1863 . Buck is buried in Greenmount Cemetery in Baltimore , MD . His grave can be found in section Q - 24 , GPS ( lat / lon ) : 39 . 30936 , - 76 . 6062 . Honors . The United States Navy named three ships after him — USS " Buck " . The first ship to be name after Buck , was a motorboat built in 1911 . The second ship to be named after Buck was , a Sims - class destroyer , that served from 1939 until she was sunk during the invasion of Italy in 1943 . The third and final ship to take its name from James Buck was , an Allen M . Sumner - class destroyer , which served from 1946 until 1973 . Medal of Honor citation . Rank and organization : Quartermaster , U . S . Navy . Born : 1808 , Baltimore , Md . G . O . No . : 11 , April 3 , 1863 . Citation : Served on board the U . S . S . Brooklyn in the attack upon Forts Jackson and St . Philip and at the taking of New Orleans , 24 and 25 April 1862 . Although severely wounded by a heavy splinter , Buck continued to perform his duty until positively ordered below . Later stealing back to his post , he steered the ship for 8 hours despite his critical condition . His bravery was typical of the type which resulted in the taking of the Forts Jackson and St . Philip and in the capture of New Orleans .
Delivering Security in a Changing World The 2003 Defence White Paper , titled Delivering Security in a Changing World , set out the future structure of the British military , and was preceded by the 1998 Strategic Defence Review ( SDR ) and the 2002 SDR New Chapter , which responded to the immediate challenges to security in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks in 2001 . Published under the then Secretary of State for Defence , Geoff Hoon , the report effectively introduced a series of cutbacks to core equipment and manpower and the scaling back of a series of future capital procurement projects . This was justified due to the implementation of a policy termed Network Enabled Capability . The review also outlined a major restructuring and consolidation of British Army Infantry regiments . Key points . The White Paper , scaling back to an extent from the previous Strategic Defence Review , outlined the following posture for the UK armed forces : Most of the reforms listed below were announced as part of the " Delivering Security in a Changing World : Future Capabilities " review , published on 21 July 2004 . British Army Royal Air Force Royal Navy The review also mentioned " significant " classified enhancements of British special forces , including strength increases and investment in new equipment . Financially , in a Treasury spending review announced the week before , the budget would rise by £3 . 7bn from £29 . 7bn in 2004 / 2005 to £33 . 4bn in 2007 / 2008 . The review also mentions £3bn to be invested into procuring new helicopters over the next ten years . Future army structure . The future regimental structure of the British Army , after changes were outlined in the review was announced in December 2004 . Significant changes included :
Fort Hommet 10 . 5 cm Coastal Defence Gun Casement Bunker The Fort Hommet 105 mm coastal defence gun casement bunker is a fully restored gun casemate that was part of " Fortress Guernsey " constructed by the forces of Nazi Germany between 1940 and 1945 . Location . The bunker is to be found in Castel on the northern side of Vazon Bay and is part of a complex of reinforced concrete fortifications built by the Germans on the site of Fort Hommet . Fort Hommet is on a headland that lies 3 . 3 miles north west of St Peter Port on the other side of the Island . History . Fort Hommet was constructed on the Vazon Bay Headland in the late Napoleonic Wars era as part of the anti - French defences although there had been fortifications recorded here as far back as 1680 . A Martello tower was built on the site in 1804 with further batteries and a barracks being added later . On 20 October 1941 , after the occupation of the Channel Islands , a directive ordered by Adolf Hitler proclaimed that the Islands would be turned into an impregnable reinforced concrete fortress as part of the Atlantic Wall , and the Organisation Todt constructed fortifications round the coast . As part of these plans this restored casement was one of 21 similar standard constructions built to house 10 . 5cm K331 ( f ) guns . Four such casemates were installed at Fort Hommet and make up part of Stützpunkt ( Strongpoint ) Rotenstein . 1943 Construction . The construction work began in April 1943 after the completion of a railway link between Vazon and St Peter Port which was the essential link needed for the transportation of the vast quantity of materials required to build the fortifications . The schedule of work consisted of initial site excavations followed by a concrete base poured . Wooden shuttering would then be built and steel reinforcing would be installed in the form of cradles . The concrete would then be poured in a continuous fashion giving each structure its immense strength . Once cured , the shuttering was removed and the bunker was fitted out . The process was carried out in a matter of weeks . Liberation . After the liberation of Guernsey in 1945 , the fortifications were stripped of all their fixtures and fittings by both the British Army and the islanders . By the late 1940s all the metal fittings including guns and blast doors were removed for their scrap value . Many of the bunkers including this casemate at Fort Hommet , were buried in an attempt to return the coastal landscape to its pre - war condition . Restoration . As part of Guernsey ' s fiftieth liberation celebrations , and part of the project Fortess Guernsey , the States of Guernsey had all the 105 mm casemates on the island surveyed with a view to restoring the best example . This casemate was found to be dry and structurally sound although it was just a bare shell . The entrance to the casemate was excavated in April 1993 and restoration work began .
27th Home Army Infantry Division ( Poland ) 27 Volhynian Infantry Division ( ) was the World War II Polish Armia Krajowa unit fighting in 1944 in Volhynia region . It was recreated on January 15 , 1944 from smaller partisan units of self - defence during the Volhynia massacre and was patterned after the prewar Polish 27th Infantry Division . History . The unit was mobilized from secondary units from the Kowel , Łuck and Równe Home Army inspectorates as well as from former Polish policemen who had deserted German service . After mobilization in March 1944 , the division became one of the largest partisan unit in Central Europe with 7300 soldiers , officers and NCOs . The division initially aided local self - defence units during the massacres of Poles in Volhynia and fought against the Ukrainian Insurgent Army . It also fought German anti - partisan units and regular Wehrmacht troops . Despite orders by the Polish government not to harm civilians , Home Army partisans retaliated against the massacre of Poles by burning down Ukrainian villages and killing ethnic Ukrainians whom they encountered on Volhynian roads . In 1944 the division fought several major battles near Włodzimierz Wołyński ( February 23 ) , Hołoby ( March 9 ) and Zasmyki ( March 17 ) . During the latter two battles the division cooperated with local Soviet partisan groups and the advancing Red Army . After reaching the frontline and contacting with the Soviets , Col . Jan Kiwerski " Oliwa " was asked to combine the unit with the Red Army as a regular unit of Soviet - backed Polish army . He declined and returned to partisan fighting . The division was surrounded by the Germans near Kowel on April 2 . After receiving a promise of Soviet help , the unit fought surrounded for two weeks . When no help arrived , the unit started to break through in the direction of Włodawa . As a result of heavy fighting , it lost between 10 % and 50 % of personnel . The division returned northwards and was surrounded by the end of May . Elements of the division broke through the Prypeć river and reached the Soviet lines . The officers were arrested by the NKVD and sent to Russia while most of the soldiers were conscripted to the army of Gen . Zygmunt Berling . The remnants of the division withdrew westwards , crossed the Bug River on June 7 to the Parczew Forest near Lublin . It joined other Home Army units and took part in the liberation of Kock , Lubartów , and the village Firlej on July 21 . After the Red Army reached the area they took over the captured territory . Most of the divisions officers , NCOs and ordinary soldiers were arrested by the NKVD and were interred in GuLags . Only a small part joined the Red Army or the Polish Army .
75th Cavalry Division The 75th Cavalry Division was a cavalry formation of the Red Army during the Great Patriotic War . It was formed in September and October 1941 in Novosibirsk , Siberian Military District . The compound was formed as part of the ruling NKO USSR № 459ss on 11 August 1941 . The redeployment of the division of the Soviet - German front was launched in November 1941 . передислоцирована из Колышлея в район станция Ласково , Солодча . In accordance with Directive Stavka № 4299 from 2 November 1941 it was relocated from Novosibirsk to Glotovku ; directive Stavka on 24 November 1941 relocated from Kolyshleya station area affectionately Solodcha . The division was part of the ' operational army ' ( part of the front - line fighting force ) from 5 December 1941 . During the war the division was always acted on the Western front and took part in the offensive phase of the Battle of Moscow . As part of the 10th Army participated in the Tula offensive ( 6 – 17 December 1941 ) . It was subordinated to the 10th Army from 6 December 1941 to 19 December 1941 . The division along with the 41st , 57th Cavalry Division s to Mishulin ' s Cavalry Group as the mobile group for the 10th Army . The group minus the 41st Cavalry Division was assigned to attack the flank of the German 2nd Panzer Army south of Tula . Before the group was fully committed the group was assigned to the 1st Guards Cavalry Corps . It was then transferred to the 1st Guards Cavalry Corps of the Western Front - January 1942 to 21 March 1942 . Then the division participated in one of the greatest cavalry raids of the war . On the night of 26 – 27 January 1942 the Corps slipped across the lines into the German 4th Army ' s rear areas and began what would be a six month operation against the German supply lines . The division was dissolved on 26 March 1942 , and portions were used to replenish the 2nd Guards Cavalry Division .
Battle of Panium The Battle of Panium ( also known as Paneion , , or Paneas , Πανειάς ) was fought in 200 BC between Seleucid and Ptolemaic forces as part of the Syrian Wars . The Seleucids were led by Antiochus III the Great , while the Ptolemaic army was led by Scopas of Aetolia . The Seleucids won the battle . Details of this battle are not clear , but it is known today that major factor in the Seleucid victory was that the Seleucid army used the cataphract in a decisive manner . The cataphracts attacked the Egyptian cavalry on the flanks and drove the enemy cavalry off , leaving the backs of the enemy infantry to the front of the line exposed . The Seleucid cataphracts then attacked their infantry in the rear , thus leading to an Egyptian rout . The specific equipment used by these relatively early cataphracts is not clearly known . The battle was fought near Paneas ( Caesarea Philippi ) , and marked the end of Ptolemaic rule in Judea . Some biblical commentators see this battle as being the one referred to in Daniel 11 : 15 , where it says , " Then the king of the North will come and build up siege ramps and will capture a fortified city . "
Springfield Model 1840 flintlock musket The Model 1840 flintlock musket was produced at Springfield Armory . The . 69 caliber musket had a 42 " barrel , an overall length of 58 " , and a weight of 9 . 8 lbs . More than 30 , 000 were produced by the Springfield Armory and two independent contractors between 1840 and 1846 . The Model 1840 was a minor improvement over the Springfield Model 1835 musket , and therefore was not dramatically different from the older Model 1835 . The Model 1840 featured a longer bayonet with a clasp and a stock with a comb . The designers of the Model 1840 anticipated that the musket would eventually be rifled , and made the barrel heavier than the earlier Model 1835 accordingly . The various modifications to the Model 1840 made it slightly heavier than the Model 1835 . The Model 1840 was the last flintlock musket produced at Springfield Armory . Many were converted to percussion lock before they made it to the field . Although produced as a smooth bore musket , most of the Model 1840 ' s had their barrels rifled later , as the designers had anticipated .
United States Army Correctional Brigade The United States Army Correctional Brigade is a prison which prepares prisoners for transition to civilian life as useful citizens or , in a few select cases , for return to military service . Prior to 1 October 1992 , Camp Funston was the home of the brigade . The Correctional Brigade environment was unique in that prisoner control was maintained by military discipline , instead of walls and bars for most of the typical prisoners ’ stay . The Correctional Brigade ' s philosophy is that the minimum custody / military discipline environment when coupled with correctional treatment , educational programs , military and vocational training best prepared the typical first - time prisoner for a crime - free life after prison as either a productive soldier or a useful citizen in civilian life . Moreover , this correctional system was asserted to be less expensive to establish and operate than the traditional prison .
Elias Corneliussen Elias Corneliussen ( 1881 – 6 April 1951 ) was a Norwegian military officer , an admiral of the Royal Norwegian Navy . He served as acting Chief of Defence of Norway from January to May 1946 . Corneliussen was decorated Commander with Star of the Royal Norwegian Order of St . Olav in 1948 . He was a Commander of the British Order of the Bath , and or the French Légion d ' honneur .
WWII / Korea LVT Museum The WWII / Korea LVT Museum is located in a Quonset hut style building at Camp Del Mar , Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton , California near the Assault Amphibian School Battalion Training Command . It houses exhibits on landing vehicles tracked ( LVT ) s from World War II and the Korean War including six vintage models used by the U . S . Marine Corps . The museum highlights the service of the " Alligator " Marines during the amphibious assaults of World War II and the Korean War . In 1996 , the museum won the prestigious Colonel John H . Magruder III Award from the Marine Corps Heritage Foundation .
Battle of the Fetters Battle between Sparta and Arcadia c . 550 BC in which the Arcadians defeated the Spartans . According to Herodotus , the Spartans marched to battle carrying rods with which to parcel out their soon - to - be - conquered land and chains with which to shackle their soon - to - be - conquered Arcadian Helots . Instead , they became prisoners of war and ended up wearing the very chains they brought with them . Sparta , still recoiling from the defeat at Hysiai and Messian revolts , in need of more land and resources took to attacking Arcadian Tegea . Though few details are known today of the battle itself , the upset victory for Tegea is legendary . The fetters , the chains that the Spartans brought , were put on display for centuries to come . Sparta ' s cocky attitude and Tegea ' s non - militaristic status was often remarked on by Herodotus , Greek historian of the time , saying the battle ' s failure for the Spartans and the shame that came with it inspired Sparta to further improve their military .
Army No . 208 Wireless Set The No . 208 Wireless Set was a wireless radio transceiver used by the Australian Army during the Second World War . Developed in 1941 , the unit was based on the Army No . 108 Wireless Set and manufactured by AWA . There were three versions , the 208 , 208 * and the 208 Mark II . The 208 could be carried , but not operated , in a backpack .
Department of Defence ( South Africa ) The Department of Defence is the defence ministry of the South African government . It oversees the South African National Defence Force , the armed forces responsible for defending South Africa . Organisation and Structure . The Macro - Structure of the Department of Defence as Approved by the Minister of Defence on 15 August 2008 is below :
No . 598 Squadron RAF No . 598 Squadron RAF was an Anti - aircraft Co - operation squadron of the Royal Air Force during the Second World War . History . The squadron was formed on 1 December 1943 at RAF Peterhead , Scotland from 1479 Flight and No . 1632 Flight RAF . It was tasked as an Anti - aircraft Co - operation Unit to cover the north east of Scotland and though officially based at Peterhead , it had detachments all over Scotland . The squadron continued in its role to March 1945 , when it moved south to RAF Bircham Newton and re - equipped with the Bristol Beaufighter . It disbanded at Bircham Newton on 30 April 1945 .
Parthian - class submarine The Parthian " class submarine or P " class was a class of six submarine s built for the Royal Navy in the late 1920s . They were designed as long - range patrol submarines for the Far East . These ships were almost identical to the , the only difference being a different bow shape .