naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Eduard Dietl Eduard Dietl ( 21 July 1890 – 23 June 1944 ) was a German general of World War II . He was born in Bad Aibling , Bavaria . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross and its higher grade Oak Leaves and Swords was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . Military career . Eduard Dietl was the son of a Bavarian finance official . In 1909 , at his second attempt to join the 5 . Bavarian Infanterie Regiment , he entered as an officer cadet . After studying at the Kriegschule in Munich , he was commissioned Leutnant in October 1911 . In October 1915 he was promoted to Oberleutnant and served as a company commander with his regiment . In March 1918 , he was promoted to Hauptmann . He was wounded four times during his actions in the First World War . He joined the DAP ( Deutsche Arbeiter Partei ) and Freikorps of Franz Ritter von Epp in 1919 . Dietl was prepared with his company on 9 November 1923 to support Adolf Hitler and the rebels in the Beer Hall Putsch . However it did not come to an intervention . Dietl continued to serve in the German Army and , as a Generalmajor , he helped organise the 1936 Winter Olympics held at Garmisch - Partenkirchen . Dietl commanded the German 3rd Mountain Division that participated in the German invasion of Norway on 9 and 10 April 1940 . Most of this division was landed at Narvik by a German naval force of ten destroyer s , commanded by Commodore Friedrich Bonte , on 9 April 1940 . British naval forces led by the battleship HMS " Warspite " destroyed all ten destroyers that had ferried Dietl ' s troops to Narvik and managed to recapture the town . Dietl ' s mountaineers withdrew into the hills and later retook the town when Britain abandoned her efforts to evict the Germans from Norway due to German success on the Western Front ( the Franco - German border , Luxembourg , Belgium and the Netherlands ) . A convinced Nazi and one of Hitler ' s favourite generals , he was the first German soldier to receive , on 19 June 1940 , the oak leaves cluster to the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross . Dietl was also popular among his men , and his Finnish allies . Dietl subsequently commanded German forces in Norway and northern Finland and in Eastern Europe and rose to the rank of " Generaloberst " ( equivalent to a US four - star general ) , commanding the 20th Mountain Army on the northern Eastern Front , where the results of the German Arctic campaign were disappointing . Dietl initially turned down his promotion , but was convinced to accept the appointment by Generaloberst Alfred Jodl . On 23 June 1944 , a Ju 52 aircraft carrying Dietl , General der Infanterie Thomas - Emil von Wickede , General der Gebirgstruppe Karl Eglseer , Generalleutnant Franz Rossi and three other passengers crashed in the vicinity of the small village of Rettenegg , Styria ; there were no survivors . External links . Arrival at Hitler - Mannerheim meeting ( see 53 seconds into clip ) . http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = CqpnDzNxMN8 & feature = related
HMS Breda ( 1692 ) HMS " Breda " was a 70 - gun third - rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy , launched at Woolwich Dockyard on 23 April 1692 . She was named after the Declaration of Breda made in 1660 by Charles II of England . In 1701 , under Captain Christopher Fogg , she became the flagship of Vice - Admiral John Benbow . His squadron left for the West Indies on 2 September 1701 as the War of the Spanish Succession began . During the Action of August 1702 , " Breda " , under Benbow ' s command , was one of only two ships in the squadron to effectively engage the French . After several days , the contumacy of Benbow ' s captains in refusing to fight , and his own injuries , forced him to return to Port Royal , where several were convicted of cowardice at a court - martial . In 1718 , " Breda " was commanded by Captain Barrows Harris , and took part in the Battle of Cape Passaro . During the Blockade of Porto Bello ( 1726 – 7 ) she served as flagship for Vice - Admiral Hosier , who died aboard her in 1727 . She was broken up in 1730 .
War sand War sand is sand contaminated by remains of projectiles used in war . This kind of sand has been found in Normandy , since the invasion of Normandy , among other places . In 1988 , the sand on Omaha Beach was discovered to contain man - made metal and glass particles deriving from shrapnel ; 4 % of the sand in the sample was composed of shrapnel particles . Researchers also discovered iron and glass beads in the sand , originating from munitions explosions .
Oriental Institute in Sarajevo The Oriental Institute in Sarajevo ( ) is an academic institute in Sarajevo , Bosnia and Herzegovina . It has existed since 1950 , but it suffered significant destruction in 1992 during the Siege of Sarajevo . 1992 shelling . Its premises , research library and complete manuscript collection ( more than 2 , 000 codices and 15 , 000 other archival material ) was deliberately destroyed in shelling on May 18 , 1992 by Serb forces around the besieged city of Sarajevo . According to interviews with eyewitnesses , the building had been hit with a barrage of incendiary munitions , fired from positions on the hills overlooking the town center . No other buildings in the densely built neighborhood were hit . The Institute , which occupied the top floors of a large , four - storey office block on the corner of Veljka Cubrilovica Street and Marshal Tito Boulevard ( Sarajevo Centar municipality ) , was completely burned out , its collections destroyed . The manuscript collection of the Oriental institute was one of the richest collections of Oriental manuscripts in the world . Those manuscripts were written over centuries in the wide areas of the East to serve as life manuals for the people all over the world . Losses also included 5 , 263 bound manuscripts in Arabic , Persian , Turkish , Hebrew and local " arebica " - " ( Bosnian in Arabic script ) " , as well as tens of thousands of Ottoman - era documents .
Cold Response Cold Response is the name given to Norwegian exercises with invited Partnership for Peace countries held in northern Norway . The first one was the largest military exercise in Norway in 2006 . Around 10 , 000 soldiers from 11 nations participated . It was a national Norwegian exercise with all NATO states invited to participate . The second exercise was held in March 2007 , and the third in March 2009 . The fourth exercise was held in February – March 2010 . Approximately 8 , 500 soldiers participated . The 5th exercise was held from 12 – 23 March 2012 , where over 16000 soldiers participated . Cold Response 2006 . Operations . Several of the operations were along the coast in the borders between sea and land , and together with roads and populated areas . Surveillance , patrols , road control posts , vehicle inspection , control of air space , minesweeping , evacuation of civilians , and riot control were important part of the exercise . Being a winter exercise , it puts an extra challenge in doing all this under harsh weather conditions . Participants . Among the participants were the Norwegian Telemark Battalion , a thousand soldiers from the Norwegian Home Guard , the Norwegian Airforce ' s 339 Squadron and 720 Squadron , and most of the Norwegian Navy ' s available forces . About 3 , 000 soldiers from the British 3 Commando Brigade , completed their annual winter training by taking part in the exercise . 800 French mountain special forces , and 2000 Swedish soldiers along with smaller units from the Netherlands , Latvia , Estonia , Switzerland , USA , Finland , Spain , Denmark and Canada also took part . Scenario . After an earthquake in the fictional country of Asando , an armed conflict by extremists and separation - groups against government forces erupts . The security council approves a resolution to allow NATO to take control of the situation . A peacekeeping force was assigned to help settle the conflict . C130 Hercules accident . A Norwegian airforce C - 130 Hercules crashed during the exercise in north Sweden on the 15th of March 2012 where all five on board were killed . External links . The 2010 exercise . February 17 through March 4 . Up to 9000 troops from 14 participating nations . The 2012 exercise . Held from the 12 – 21 March , with over 16000 troops from 15 participating nations .
Giulio Martinat Giulio Martinat ( 24 February 1891 , Perrero - 26 January 1943 , Nikolayevka ) was an Italian " General " during World War II . He was killed leading his men of the 2 Alpine Division Tridentina in the Battle of Nikolayevka . Life . Born in a small town of Piemonte , he enrolled in the Italian Army when young and fought in the conquest of Libya in 1911 . In 1935 went to the conquest of Ethiopia and in 1939 of Albania , where he distinguished himself receiving medals of honor . In 1939 he published a book titled " Il grande capo d ' una grande impresa " , edited by " Societa Studi Valdesi " , about the qualities of the military leader Duca d ' Aosta in 1690 against the French . In 1942 was sent to Russia , where was promoted to " General " of the Tridentina " Alpini " division . In January 1943 Giulio Martinat was leading his troops in the Don area , where was killed in combat receiving the Italian Gold Medal of Military Valor . His sacrifice opened the road for the Italian withdrawal at the Battle of Nikolayevka . The town of Perrero , where was born , has dedicated a monument to him in May 1950 .
Belvedere ( fort ) The Forte di Belvedere or Fortezza di Santa Maria in San Giorgio del Belvedere ( often called simply Belvedere ) is a fortification in Florence , Italy . It was built by Grand Duke Ferdinando I de ' Medici during the period 1590 – 1595 , with Bernardo Buontalenti as the designer , to protect the city and its rule by the Medici family . On the same side of the river as the Grand Ducal palace , the Pitti Palace in the Oltrarno district of the city , today the grounds provide spectacular outlooks over Florence ; the buildings are used to hold works of art , and as a venue for exhibitions of contemporary sculpture . The design and construction of the Fort were entrusted to architect Bernardo Buontalenti , the chief architect for both Cosimo I and his son , Ferdinando . The Fort served many purposes : to protect the center of government in Florence , the Pitti Palace ; to protect the south end of the city of Florence and the Oltrarno district ; to demonstrate the power of the Medici family ; hold the treasury of the Medici ; and finally to provide a shelter for the Grand Duke if the city came under attack . The fort was connected to Palazzo Vecchio via the Vasari Corridor over Ponte Vecchio , passages in the Pitti Palace and paths through Boboli Gardens . Buontalenti applied contemporary fortification principles when he designed the Fort . The walls are designed at angles that allow for all the walls to be seen by another wall , allowing for cross fire to assist in protecting the other walls . The location where the fort was placed had long been considered of strategic importance since the time of Michelangelo , then head engineer of fortifications . An earlier version of the fort was built of earth and stone gabion s as seen in frescoes in Palazzo Vecchio . In addition to being a fortification , the Belvedere was meant to be a sign of Medici prestige . The villa inside the fortress was designed to be elegant and did not adhere to the military purposes of the rest of the fort . Since the villa was meant to be used as the residence of the Grand Duke during times of unrest or epidemic , it was built as a comfortable , luxurious palace , another sign of Medici domination in Florence . The Fort served as a garrison for troops for over 100 years after its completion .
USS Whippet ( SP - 89 ) The first USS " Whippet " ( SP - 89 ) was an armed motorboat that served in the United States Navy as a patrol vessel from 1917 to 1919 . " Whippet " was a civilian motorboat completed in 1917 by Greenport Basin and Construction Company at Greenport on Long Island , New York . On 9 July 1917 , the U . S . Navy acquired her from her owner , Mr . O . C . Jennings of New York City , for World War I service as a patrol boat . She was commissioned as USS " Whippet " ( SP - 89 ) on 24 July 1917 . " Whippet " conducted antisubmarine and coastal defense patrols in the 2nd Naval District in southern New England during World War I . On 11 January 1919 , " Whippet " was decommissioned . She was stricken from the Navy List and returned to her owner the same day .
Arnold Döring Arnold Döring ( 29 January 1918 – 10 April 2001 ) was a German Luftwaffe ace and recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross during World War II . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . Arnold Döring was credited with 23 aerial victories . Career . He was born on 29 January 1918 at Heilsberg in Ostpreußen and joined the Luftwaffe in 1938 as ground staff . After pilot training , he was posted in November 1940 to 9 . / KG 53 . In the summer of 1942 he was transferred to 8 . / KG 55 based on the Eastern front . During the fighting at Stalingrad , Döring achieved his first victories when shot down three Russian TB - 3 four - engine bombers in one night . He destroyed another six on the ground . During the day he shot down seven MiG - 1 and MiG - 3 fighters , and also flew bombing missions in the He 111 . In the summer 1943 Oberfeldwebel Döring undertook Wilde Sau missions flying single - engine fighters on night interception missions against RAF bombers . He achieved his first victory by night on 27 / 28 September . During his time with II . / JG 300 , he claimed five night and three day victories . In May 1944 he was transferred to 7 . / NJG 2 . Two further victories were claimed on the night of 3 / 4 March 1945 over England during Operation Gisela . On 17 April 1945 he was finally awarded the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross . Arnold Döring was credited 23 victories ( 13 at night ) in 392 missions ( 348 as a bomber pilot ) . He recorded 13 victories at night , including three victories recorded over the Eastern front . 10 of his victories were by day , including seven claimed over the Eastern front and two USAAF B - 17 four - engine bombers over the Western front . Döring was also very successful against ground targets , destroyed 25 aircraft , 200 vehicles , about 70 wagons and locomotives , 16 tanks , four ammunition wagons , one tank platoon , eight bridges , two ammunition dumps and sinking one gunboat , two tankers and two freighters amounting to 18 , 000 BRT . After the war he joined the Bundeswehr in 1957 and retired in 1972 .
Scorpio ( weapon ) The scorpio or scorpion was type of Roman artillery piece . Also known by the name of the triggerfish , it was described in detail by Vitruvius . In the progressive evolution of catapult s , the next major improvement after the scorpio was the cheiroballistra . A weapon of remarkable precision and power , the scorpio was particularly dreaded by the enemies of the Roman Empire . Design . The scorpio was a smaller catapult - type weapon , more of a sniper weapon than a siege engine , operated by one man . The scorpio was basically an early crossbow , a " catapult with bolts " , probably first invented by the Greeks , then later adopted and used on a larger scale by the Roman legion s . This catapult used a system of torsion spring s to propel the bolts . The complexity of construction and in particular the torsion springs ( which the Romans referred to as " tormenta " ) led to great sensitivity to any variation in temperature or moisture , which limited their use . Moreover , this type of technology , which disappeared by the High Middle Ages ( with the exception of the Byzantine Empire ) , reappeared during the First Crusade in the form of a new type of catapult based on a system of slings and counterweights for the projection of stone balls , and as giant crossbows as the field of metallurgy progressed . Use . During the Roman Republic and early empire , 60 scorpio per legion was the standard , or one for every centuria . The scorpio had mainly two functions in a legion . In precision shooting , it was a weapon of marksmanship capable of cutting down any foe within a distance of 100 meters . During the siege of Avaricum in the war against the Gauls , Julius Caesar describes the terrifying precision of the scorpio . In parabolic shooting , the range is greater , with distances up to 400 meters , the firing rate is higher ( 3 to 4 shots per minute ) . With precision shooting the rate of fire was significantly less . Scorpio were typically used in an artillery battery at the top of a hill or other high ground , the side of which was protected by the main body of the legion . In this case , there are 60 scorpio present which can fire up to 240 bolts per minute at the enemy army . The weight and speed of a bolt was sufficient to pierce enemy shields , and usually also to wound that enemy .
USS Portsmouth ( CL - 102 ) USS " Portsmouth " ( CL – 102 ) was a " Cleveland " - class light cruiser of the United States Navy , the third ship to carry the name . " Portsmouth " was laid down by the Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company of Newport News , Virginia on 28 June 1943 ; launched on 20 September 1944 ; sponsored by Mrs . Marian M . Dale and Mrs . Sarah B . Leigh , and commissioned 25 June 1945 , Captain Heber B . Brumbaugh in command . Service history . Following shakedown off Cuba , " Portsmouth " , based at Norfolk , was employed with the Operational Development Force until the spring of 1946 . In May she departed on a goodwill cruise to Africa and after visiting Cape Town , Lagos , Freetown , Monrovia , Dakar , and Casablanca , steamed into the Mediterranean for calls at Naples , and Palermo before heading home . On 25 November , " Portsmouth " got underway to return to the Mediterranean . Arriving at Naples on 7 December , she shifted around the peninsula to Trieste at the end of the month , and until February 1947 cruised in the politically turbulent Adriatic . The following month , she returned for another two weeks at Trieste and in April she sailed for the United States . The following November , she again steamed east to the Mediterranean , returning to the east coast for overhaul at Boston on 11 March 1948 . On completion of overhaul , she resumed type exercises off the eastern seaboard and conducted Naval Reserve training cruises to the Caribbean . On 9 March 1949 , she entered the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard for inactivation overhaul . Decommissioned on 15 June 1949 , she joined the Atlantic Reserve Fleet . Two of her main engines remain in service today as part of the MARF facility for the S7G nuclear reactor prototype in Ballston Spa , New York .
Shrewsbury Castle Shrewsbury Castle is a red sandstone castle in Shrewsbury , Shropshire , England . It stands on a hill in the neck of the meander of the River Severn on which the town originally developed . The castle is situated directly above Shrewsbury railway station . History . It was built as a defensive fortification for the town , which was otherwise protected by the river . Town wall s , of which little now remains , then radiated out from the castle and surrounded the town ( although the area known now as Town Walls still has a small section of it and a tower known as Town Walls Tower and in the care of the National Trust ) . In 1138 , King Stephen successfully besieged the castle held by William FitzAlan for the Empress Maud during the period known as The Anarchy . The castle was also briefly held by Llywelyn ap Iorwerth , prince of Wales , in 1215 . Little of this original physical structure remains . Modern . The Shropshire Horticultural Society bought the castle and gave it to the town in 1924 . Until 1981 , borough council meetings , where the full council would be present , used the castle ' s hall . Meetings later moved to Oakley Manor in Belle Vue , and then to the Guildhall in Frankwell . The castle is currently owned by Shropshire Council , and managed by Shropshire Museums . It is licenced for Civil Ceremonies within the Thomas Telford Circular Room . Shropshire Regimental Museum . Since 1985 , the castle has housed the Shropshire Regimental Museum , with artefacts from the King ' s Shropshire Light Infantry . The museum combines the collections of the 53rd , the 85th , the KSLI to 1968 , the local Militia , Rifle Volunteers and Territorials , as well as those of other county regiments - the Shropshire Yeomanry and the Shropshire Artillery Volunteers and the Shropshire Royal Horse Artillery . The museum was attacked by the IRA on 25 August 1992 and extensive damage to the collection and to some of the Castle resulted . It re - opened in 1995 . Construction . Laura ' s Tower overlooks the surrounding townscape and further out to the countryside . Marriages have taken place here and the castle grounds are used sometimes for plays , which have included the Canterbury Tales , among others .
Amdjereme raid The alleged Amdjereme raid took place in Amdjereme , Chad on March 6 , 2006 , only two weeks after Chad and Sudan signed the Tripoli Accord in which the governments of the two nations pledged to end support for rebels operating in their respective countries . According to Chadian forces , the attack began when Janjaweed , Sudanese militia men , aided by the Government of Sudan , crossed the border from Sudan into Chad and raided the town of Amdjereme . According to Chadian Minister of Communications Hourmadji Moussa Doumgor the Janjaweed stole " 700 camels , 1 , 000 cows and 1 , 500 sheep and other goods belonging to these peaceful citizens . This new janjawid attack constitutes a flagrant violation of the Tripoli Accord and the Sudanese government should be held responsible . This latest incursion by Sudanese government militia undermines efforts backed by the African Union and Libya to seek a lasting solution to the conflict between the two countries . " In the government report , the Chadian military exchanged gunfire with the rebels and chased them back into Sudan . They recovered and returned the livestock to the citizens of Amdjereme . The Government of Chad has accused Sudan of supporting United Front for Democratic Change rebels in the past , such as the Battle of Borota and the first and Second Battle of Adré . Chadian President Idriss Déby is especially concerned over recent high - level defections from the Chadian military to Sudan . The attack was the second in the region in three days .