naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
383d Fighter Squadron The 383d Fighter Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit . Its last assignment was with 364th Fighter Group stationed at Camp Kilmer , New Jersey . History . Organized and trained in California during 1943 , assigned to 364th Fighter Group . Arrived England in February 1944 , being assigned to VIII Fighter Command at RAF Honington , East Anglia . Initially flew escort , dive - bombing , strafing , and patrol missions in France , Belgium , the Netherlands , and Germany . At first the squadron operated primarily as escort for B - 17 / B - 24 Liberator heavy bombers . Patrolled the English Channel during the Normandy invasion in June 1944 , and , while continuing escort operations , supported ground forces in France after the invasion by strafing and bombing locomotives , marshalling yards , bridges , barges , and other targets . Converted from P - 38 ' s to P - 51C / D Mustang ' s in the summer of 1944 and from then until the end of the war flew many long - range escort missions heavy bombers that attacked oil refineries , industries , and other strategic objectives at Berlin , Regensburg , Merseburg , Stuttgart , Brussels , and elsewhere . Also flew air - sea rescue missions , engaged in patrol activities , and continued to support ground forces as the battle line moved through France and into Germany . Demobilized in England during the late summer and fall of 1945 , personnel returning to the United States . Inactivated as a paper unit , November 1945 .
First Earth Battalion The First Earth Battalion was the name proposed by Lieutenant Colonel Jim Channon , a U . S . soldier who had served in Vietnam , for his idea of a new military of supersoldier s to be organized along New Age lines . The Men Who Stare at Goats . According to the book " The Men Who Stare at Goats " by journalist Jon Ronson , Channon spent time in the 1970s with many of the people in California credited with starting the human potential movement , and subsequently wrote an operations manual for a First Earth Battalion . The manual was a 125 - page mixture of drawings , graphs , maps , polemical essays and point - by - point redesigns of every aspect of military life . Channon imagined new battlefield uniform would include pouches for ginseng regulators , divining tools , food stuffs to enhance night vision , and a loud speaker that would automatically emit " indigenous music and words of peace . " A movie based on the book — released in Autumn 2009 — starring George Clooney , Ewan McGregor , Jeff Bridges and Kevin Spacey , fictionalized the First Earth Battalion as the " New Earth Army " . Beliefs . Channon believed the Army can be the principal moral and ethical basis on which politics can harmonize in the name of the Earth . Channon declared the First Earth Battalion ' s primary allegiance was to the planet earth . Channon envisioned the First Earth Battalion would organize itself informally : uniforms without uniformity , structure without status , and unity powered by diversity , and members would be multicultural , with each race contributing to " rainbow power " . Channon proposed as a guiding principle that members of the First Earth Battalion seek nondestructive methods of conflict resolution because their first loyalty is to the planet . Warrior Monk . Channon coined the term " warrior monk " for potential members of the First Earth Battalion . Credo . According to the book " Mind Wars " by Ronald McRae , each member of the First Earth Battalion would be sworn to uphold a credo of " high commandos and guerrilla gurus " :
Gotlands regemente Gotlands regemente ( Gotland Regiment ) , also P18 , was a Swedish Army armoured regiment located in the province of Gotland that traces its origins back to the 19th century . History . The regiment was created from " Gotlands infanteriregemente " and one armoured battalion of " Göta pansarlivgarde " in 1963 . It was given the designation P 18 ( 18th Armoured Regiment ) . For a short time in the 1990s , the unit was merged with the wartime organized " Gotlandsbrigaden " . In 2000 , the unit was reorganized and renamed back to its old designation and name . In 2005 , the regiment was closed down . Organization before close - down . 2000 - 2005 . These companies merged with P 10 to form the battalion VN .
Naval Special Warfare Cold Weather Detachment Kodiak The Naval Special Warfare Cold Weather Detachment Kodiak is a United States Navy base near Kodiak , Alaska used to train United States Navy SEALs . The training includes cold weather survival and advanced tactical training in forested , coastal environments . The base covers 55 acres on Spruce Cape and training is conducted throughout the surrounding area and nearby Long Island . As of November 2008 , six SEAL classes averaging 40 students come to Kodiak each year for a 28 - day course . The trainees are sent to Kodiak after completing Basic Underwater Demolition / SEAL ( BUD / S ) selection and before they are assigned to their respective SEAL teams .
Circular rampart A circular rampart ( German : " Ringwall " ) is an embankment built in the shape of a circle that was used as part of the defences for a military fortification , hill fort or refuge , or was built for religious purposes or as a place of gathering . The period during which these structures appeared stretches from the Neolithic to the Middle Ages . Construction . The key feature of a circular rampart is the embankment forming the primary means of the defensive fortification . It can be constructed in various ways : as a simple earth embankment , as a wood and earth structure or as a wall . Circular ramparts usually have a moat or ditch in front of them ; the embankment can be enhanced with a wooden palisade . Often several concentric rings were built , which produced a more effective defensive position against attackers . The interior of such sites often shows evidence of buildings such as halls , barns and other secondary structures . Locations . Circular ramparts have been discovered found in northern Europe , for example , in Denmark , Estonia , Sweden , Germany and Great Britain ; in central Europe , in Austria and Switzerland ; in southeastern Europe in Romania , Moldova and Ukraine ; and also in the United States . They are often hidden in woods and discovered by aerial photography . Archaeological profiles through the defences and excavations of the interior enable analysis of the period the site was occupied , the pottery used and the type of food consumed .
240th Battalion , CEF The 240th Battalion , CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War . Based in Renfrew , Ontario , the unit began recruiting in the Spring of 1916 in the counties of Lanark , Renfrew , and Frontenac . After sailing to England in May 1917 , the battalion was absorbed into the 156th ( Leeds and Grenville ) Battalion , CEF and the 6th and 7th Reserve Battalions in June , 1917 . The 240th Battalion , CEF had one Officer Commanding : Lieut - Col . E . J . Watt .
Joseph B . Plummer Joseph Bennett Plummer ( November 15 , 1816 – August 9 , 1862 ) was a career soldier in the United States Army , serving as a general during the American Civil War . Biography . Plummer was born in Barre , Massachusetts , and educated in the common schools . He taught school for several years . In 1841 , he received an appointment to the United States Military Academy . He received a brevet rank of second lieutenant in the 1st U . S . Infantry and served on garrison duty . He missed the first year of the Mexican - American War due to sickness . Plummer did quartermaster duty on the Texas frontier from 1848 until 1861 . In 1852 , he was promoted to a captaincy in the 1st U . S . Infantry . He married Frances Hagner ; they had a son , Satterlee Clark Plummer , who later also became an officer in the U . S . Army after graduating from West Point in 1865 . Plummer was commissioned as the colonel of the 11th Missouri Volunteers in September 1861 and assigned command of the post at Cape Girardeau , Missouri , a position he filled until March 1862 . Then , he was appointed as a brigadier general , U . S . Volunteers . In April 1862 , Plummer was promoted to major of the 8th U . S . Infantry in the Regular Army . He was wounded at the Battle of Wilson ' s Creek while commanding a battalion of Regulars . Later , Plummer commanded the 5th Division of Pope ' s army at New Madrid and the Island Number Ten campaign . He subsequently commanded a brigade of Stanley ' s division at Corinth and died in camp at Corinth on August 9 , 1862 ( exactly one year after Wilson ' s Creek ) from lingering effects of his wounds and prolonged exposure in the field . Plummer was buried in Arlington National Cemetery .
Ernest Albert Garlington Ernest Albert Garlington ( February 20 , 1853 – October 16 , 1934 ) was a United States Army general who received the Medal of Honor during the Indian Wars . Early life and education . Garlington was born in Newberry , South Carolina as the son of Albert Creswell Garlington , a general in the South Carolina militia during the American Civil War . He entered the University of Georgia ( UGA ) in Athens in 1869 ; however , he left UGA before graduating to accept an appointment to the United States Military Academy . He graduated from the academy in 1876 and was commissioned on June 15 of that year as a second lieutenant in the 7th Regiment of the United States Cavalry , but he did not physically join the unit until after the Battle of the Little Big Horn , which occurred several weeks after his appointment . Military career . He was quickly promoted to First Lieutenant on June 25 , 1876 and then to Regimental Adjutant June 6 , 1877 , and served in that post until 1881 . He commanded one of the failed Adolphus Greely Relief Expeditions in 1883 . On December 29 , 1890 , Garlington was injured while at Wounded Knee Creek , South Dakota , and received the Medal of Honor on September 23 , 1893 , for distinguished gallantry . Garlington ' s next promotions were to captain on December 3 , 1891 , and Major ( United States ) , Inspector General , on January 2 , 1895 . In 1898 , Garlington served as Inspector General in Cuba during the Spanish - American War and participated in the Battle of Santiago de Cuba . In that same year ( July 7 , 1898 ) , he was promoted to Lieutenant Colonel . He again served as Inspector General from 1899 through 1901 in the Philippines during the Philippine - American War . On March 1 , 1901 , Garlington was promoted to Colonel . He served in the Inspector General position again in the Philippines from 1905 to 1906 . The ultimate promotion for Garlington was to Brigadier General , Inspector General of the Army , on October 1 , 1906 , after which he served on the General Staff of the Army . In 1908 , he conducted the Army investigation into the Brownsville Affair . Death and legacy . Garlington died in 1934 and was buried in Arlington National Cemetery . His first wife , Anna Buford Garlington ( 1864 – 1954 ) and his daughter , Sally Garlington Chamberlin ( 1890 – 1949 ) , are buried with him . His son , Cresswell Garlington , ( 1887 - 1945 ) was also a Brigadier General in the United States Army and is buried in a separate plot at Arlington . Books written by Garlington include : " Historical Sketches of the Seventh Cavalry Regiment " and " A catechism on cavalry outposts , reconnaissance , patrols , and advance and rear guards " . Medal of Honor citation . Rank and organization : First Lieutenant , 7th U . S . Cavalry . Place and date : At Wounded Knee Creek , S . Dak . , December 29 , 1890 . Entered service at : Athens , Ga . Born : February 20 , 1853 , Newberry , S . C . Date of issue : September 26 , 1893 . Citation : Distinguished gallantry .
First Battle of Clusium ( 82 BC ) The First Battle of Clusio was a battle that took place in June of 82 BC during the context of Sulla ' s Second Civil War . The battle pitted the Optimates under the command of Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix against the Populares forces commanded by Gnaeus Papirius Carbo . The battle resulted in a precarious Populares victory . Context . Through the course of the campaign of 82 BC , the Populares forces had divided into two groups , those in the north under the command of Gnaeus Papirius Carbo , and those in the south who were commanded by Gaius Marius the Younger . Sulla had successfully defeated Marius Battle of Sacriporto and had managed to pin Marius and his fellow survivors under a siege at Preneste . Rome itself soon after had fallen to the Optimates . Soon after , the war had shifted to Etruria where Sulla engaged in a pitched cavalry skirmish against Populare forces near the Glanis River , emerging victorious . The Battle . According to Appian , the two armies eventually met on the outskirts of Clusium . After a bloody battle , the armies separated at nightfall . The battle is generally referred to as a stalemate , but the German scholar , Theodor Mommsen affirmed the following : Consequences . The surviving Populares forces , including Marius , took refuge at Preneste to escape the pursuing Sullan forces . Sulla arrived shortly thereafter and besieged the city . The city fell on 4 November , holding out surprisingly until all of Italy was under Sulla ' s direct control .
Operation Braunschweig Operation " Braunschweig " ( Eng : " Brunswick " ) , named after the German city , was the German summer offensive that began on 28 June 1942 . The operation was initially named " Fall Blau " ( Case Blue ) , which is the common name used for the whole offensive . The name was changed from " Blau " to " Braunschweig " on 30 June . The plans following the original Case Blue ( originally named " Blue I " and " Blue II " ) were renamed to Operation Clausewitz ( 1942 ) and Operation Dampfhammer . " Clausewitz " detailed the beginning of the operations of Army Group A in July 1942 , " Dampfhammer " the follow - up operations in July 1942 . In Führer Directive No . 45 , dated 23 July 1942 , Adolf Hitler outlined new goals for Operation " Braunschweig " . The German forces were to advance towards the Caucasus ( Operation Edelweiss ) and Stalingrad ( Operation Fischreiher ) . Hitler had personally intervened in the plans for this operation , and ordered a split in Army Group South . This division of Army Group South had caused alarm in the General Staff , and Hitler was warned repeatedly about the dangers this division entailed . Later studies confirmed this split to be one of the main causes for the eventual demise of the German 6th Army in Stalingrad . Hitler persisted in this division of Army Group South for strategic reasons : acquiring the oilfields in the Kaukasus and cutting Soviet supply transports along the Volga through Stalingrad . On July 23 , 1942 Hitler met with Chief of staff Lutze and SA Obergruppenführer Jüttner at the Werwolf headquarters . They discussed several events but the key discussion surrounded Directive Number 45 , which was a continuance of Operation Braunschweig . In this meeting Hitler stated several directives that , “ Army Group A take the Caucasus and Baku ( Operation Edelweiss ) , while Army Group B was supposed to conquer Stalingrad and , if possible , Astrakhan ( operation Heron – Fischreiher because of the fish in the Volga River ) . Army Group North was instructed to conquer Leningrad ( Operation Fireworks because of artillery fire ) . ” ) . ” The directive said : The directives went on to explain just what each individual army should do in the upcoming assault .
Charles B . McVay , Jr . Charles Butler McVay II ( September 9 , 1868 – October 28 , 1949 ) was an admiral in the United States Navy after World War I . In 1907 - 1909 , After the cruise of the Great White Fleet , he commanded the tender , " Yankton " . He then held various assignments of increasing importance throughout and after World War I . Later , in the earlier 1930s , he served as Commander - in - Chief , Asiatic Fleet . Rear Admiral Charles Butler McVay Jr . was born on September 9 , 1868 at Edgeworth , Pennsylvania . He was an 1890 graduate of the United States Naval Academy . During the Spanish - American War ( 1898 ) , Ensign McVay served aboard the USS Amphitrite ( BM - 2 ) , a double - turret monitor . They patrolled the waters off Cuba , Puerto Rico , and Key West and participated in the shelling of San Juan in May 1898 . In 1908 , after serving as a navigator aboard USS Hartford and USS Alabama and a tour at the US Naval Academy , Commander McVay was given command of the USS Yankton . In 1909 , Lieutenant Commander McVay , was stationed at Norfolk , Virginia , as the USS Yankton had just returned from an around the world cruise with the Great White Fleet . World War I service . During World War I , Charles B . McVay Jr . served as commander aboard three vessels : USS Saratoga , USS New Jersey ( BB - 16 ) , and USS Oklahoma . Asiatic Fleet Command . After the Great War , Charles B . McVay Jr . served as a commander in the Yangtze Patrol . At this time , the United States with Japan and the major European nations , had garrisons in Shanghai , Beijing and Tianjin . U . S . Navy gunboats regularly patrolled the Yangtze River to protect foreigners during a turbulent period when China had no effective central government . In 1929 , Charles V . McVay Jr . was promoted to Admiral and commanded the United States Asiatic Fleet . He retired from the Navy in October 1932 and died on October 28 , 1949 . His son , Charles B . McVay III , was the commanding officer of the ill - fated " Indianapolis " .
USRC Alabama ( 1819 ) USRC " Alabama " , was a wood hull topsail schooner designed by William Doughty that served in the United States Revenue Cutter Service from 1819 to 1833 . Although her homeport was Mobile , Alabama , she was stationed temporarily with her sister ship , the USRC " Louisiana " . The two cutters were successful in the capture of the pirate vessel " Bravo " after a firefight on 31 August 1819 . The " Alabama " was active in the Caribbean suppressing piracy and slave trade . In 1833 she was ordered to New York , but failed to make the trip and was sold in August 1833 .
Benjamin C . Christ Benjamin C . Christ ( September 12 , 1824 – March 27 , 1869 ) was an officer in the Union army during the American Civil War . He commanded a brigade in the IX Corps of the Army of the Potomac at several important battles , including the Battle of Antietam . Christ grew up in Minersville , Pennsylvania , where , as an adult , he was a coal merchant and a hotel proprietor . With the outbreak of the Civil War , Christ received an appointment on April 21 , 1861 , as the lieutenant colonel of the 5th Pennsylvania Infantry . He mustered out July 25 at the end of the regiment ' s 3 - months service . In September , he was appointed as colonel of the 50th Pennsylvania Infantry , and participated in the Battle of Port Royal . Soon he was in command of the 1st Brigade , 1st Division of the IX Corps . At Chantilly , he assumed temporary command of his division upon the death of , Isaac Stevens . He returned to command of the 1st Brigade and fought at the battles of South Mountain and at Antietam near Burnside ' s Bridge . Shortly after Antietam he was transferred to command of the 2nd Brigade in the 1st Division . This brigade he led at the Battle of Fredericksburg . Christ was in command of the 3rd Brigade , 2nd Division in the IX Corps during the Siege of Vicksburg but returned to command of the 2nd Brigade during the Knoxville Campaign . In the Spring of 1864 the IX Corps was transferred back to the Eastern Theater and Christ took command of the 2nd Brigade in the 3rd Division and fought at the battles of the Wilderness , Spotsylvania , Cold Harbor . When the Union army assaulted the Confederate works at Petersburg , Christ was wounded . He left the field for only a short time before returning to command the 1st Brigade , 3rd Division in the IX Corps . He was mustered out on September 30 , 1864 . At the close of the war , he received a brevet promotion to brigadier general for his services at the battles of Spotsylvania and Petersburg . He died shortly after the war ' s end in 1869 in Philadelphia . Veterans from his 50th Pennsylvania erected a monument on the Antietam Battlefield in the decades after the war . A bronze statue of Colonel Christ tops the impressive memorial .
22nd Brigade ( Australia ) The 22nd Brigade was a brigade - sized infantry unit of the Australian Army . The brigade was raised for service during the World War II on 15 July 1940 as part of the 8th Division . The brigade participated in the defence of Malaya with its headquarters at Mersing – Endau .
Dennis Michie Dennis Mahan Michie ( April 10 , 1870 – July 1 , 1898 ) was a United States Army officer and college football coach . He served as the first head football coach at the United States Military Academy , helming the Army football team in 1890 and again in 1892 , compiling a record in 3 – 2 – 1 . Michie was killed in the Spanish – American War . Army ' s home football stadium , Michie Stadium , was dedicated in his honor when it opened in 1924 .
Thomas Button Sir Thomas Button ( died April , 1634 ) was a Welsh officer of the Royal Navy and explorer who in 1612 – 1613 commanded an expedition that unsuccessfully attempted to locate explorer Henry Hudson and to navigate the Northwest Passage . It was , nonetheless , a voyage of discovery and Thomas Button was an explorer as well . Button sailed from England about the beginning of May 1612 , in two ships ; and Discovery and reached the mouth of a river which he named the Nelson after a member of the ships company who had died . They wintered at what is now known as Port Nelson and the next year headed north to search for the Northwest Passage . They lost the " Resolution " to sea ice and continued on to 65° North . He discovered and named Mansel Island and returned to England in September 1613 . He is credited with exploring and securing the west coast of Hudson Bay for his country . He named the area New North Wales and New South Wales . Button was knighted by James I . He continued on to have a successful naval career and became an Admiral , appointed ' Admiral of the King ' s Ships on the coast of Ireland ' for the rest of his career . Despite his standing in the Royal Navy , he had a long quarrel with the English Admiralty which was nearing resolution in his favour at the time of his death . Button and his men were the first recorded Europeans to walk in the area now known as Manitoba . His discovery meant others followed after him , using his landmarks , his stories , and his detailed notes . The first maps of areas near Hudson Bay were struck from his explorations and from those of his predecessor , Henry Hudson . They were the first Europeans in this area of North America . He was one of the very first Europeans to explore North America in many areas that are now part of Canada . The Nelson River was named by him . Unfortunately he is not well known and acknowledged for his great achievements . Most of the Hudson Bay Company history is not very well known , even with the vast archives available in Manitoba , Canada . The largest land purchase in Canadian history is due to the Hudson Bay Company holdings , and the first explorers and map makers in the area .
Operation Windmill Operation Windmill ( OpWml ) was the United States Navy ' s Second Antarctica Developments Project , an exploration and training mission to Antarctica in 1947 – 1948 . This operation was a follow up to the First Antarctica Development Project known as Operation Highjump . The expedition was commanded by Commander Gerald L . Ketchum , USN , and the flagship of Task Force 39 was the USS " Burton Island " . The USS " Edisto " ( AG - 89 ) sailed on 1 November 1947 for the Panama Canal to rendezvous with the " Burton Island " for the expedition .