naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Second Messenian War The Second Messenian War was a war between the Ancient Greek states of Messenia and Sparta . It started around 40 years after the end of the First Messenian War with the uprising of a slave rebellion . This war lasted from 685 to 668 BC . Prelude . The First Messenian War lasted from 743 BC to 724 BC . Sparta at the time prior to conquest dealt with overpopulation in the Laconia region . In an effort to further expand their territory in the Peloponnese , the Spartan Army went to war with the Messenians . As a result of the two decade battle , the Messenian people became enslaved as helots and declared serfs of the state following Spartan victory in the west region of the Peloponnese Furthermore , it was said that the first battle was initiated because some Messenian men carried off some Spartan women praying at a temple . When the Messenians refused to return them , the Spartans invaded Messenia War . The Second Messenian War was the result of revolt by the helot population of Messenia , supported with the aid of the Argives . In an attempt to regain freedom , the Messenians invaded Laconia . The first battle , the Battle of Deres , happened before the allies arrived . Aristomenes fought so well that he was made the new king of Messenia by his people . He followed this up by crossing into Sparta and placed a shield in the temple of Athena in order to scare the Spartans . This forced the Spartans to send to Delphi where they were told to gain a leader from Athens . Upon doing so the Spartans marched on the Messenians at Boar ' s Grave where they met Aristomenes and his troops , who defeated them . However , it was Sparta who had the upper hand when they bribed the Messenian allies into retreating through the Messenian lines when the Spartans advanced into battle . Again , this loss forced the Messenians into a fortified city at Mt . Eira ( Ira ) . It was , while fortified here , that the Messenians started to use the land as enemy territory and several raids were made of the surrounding towns , some even led by Aristomenes himself . During this time Aristomenes was captured . Before he could be executed he escaped his holding and made it back to Eira . The Messenians held Eira for over ten years before the Spartans made their last attack . Before Eira fell , however , the Spartans allowed the women and children to be released along with Aristomenes . The ones who did not escape Eira were again turned into helots and most of the ones who escaped fled to Italy . Aristomenes himself left for Rhodes where he died and was honored as a hero Furthermore , the Spartans were able to quell the revolts following the death of the Argive commander . With the aid and support of leader Tyrtaeus , the Spartan Army was able to crush the Messenians and re - establish their helot status . As a result of this war , Spartan society became a strong militaristic power in the Mediterranean in order to control the masses along the Peloponnese and to prevent further rebellions brought on by the helots who later did manage to break away from Spartan rule around 350 BC .
Vidyut - class missile boat The Vidyut ( Sanskrit ; Devanagari : विद्युत् , " lightning " ) " class " missile boats of the Indian Navy were an Indian variant of the Soviet Osa I class . These vessels formed the illustrious 25th " Killer " Missile Boat Squadron , which sunk 2 destroyer s , a minesweeper and various other vessels of the Pakistan Navy during the Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 . Acquisition . In 1964 , the Soviet Union offered the " Osa " class missile boats to a visiting Indian delegation . However , the Indian Navy showed no interest in the smaller boats at the time . Until 1965 , the primary acquisitions of the Indian Navy had been from Britain . After the Indo - Pakistani War of 1965 , the British declined to transfer modern equipment to India . So , India turned to the Soviet Union for its military acquisitions . In 1967 , during the Six Day War , an Egypt ian missile boat attacked and sank the Israeli frigate , " Eilat " , from a range well beyond the frigate ' s guns . In 1968 , a Pakistani delegation to the Soviet Union was also offered the missile boats and transfer of associated infrastructure . However , the Pakistan Navy wanted larger vessels and turned down the offer . In 1969 , after examining the performance of the Egyptian boats during the Six Day War , India finalized agreements for the acquisition of the Osa - I class missile boats from the Soviet Union . The vessels were commissioned into the Indian Navy starting in 1971 , a few months before the start of the war with Pakistan . Operations . The 25th Missile Boat Squadron , consisting of vessels from the " Vidyut " class , played a crucial role in the Indian attacks on Karachi in December 1971 . The two key operations in which these vessels played an active role , were Operation Trident and Operation Python . Commander B . B . Yadav , who commanded " Operation Trident " was awarded the Maha Vir Chakra . Lieutenant Commander B . N . Kavina , Petty Officer M . O . Thomachan , Petty Officer R . N . Sharma and L . K . Chakravarty and Lieutenant Commander Inderjit Sharma received the Vir Chakra for their roles in Operation Trident . Lieutenant Commander Vijai Jerath , was awarded the Vir Chakra for Operation Python .
Operation Brandy Operation Brandy was a raid on Florø , Norway by British Commandos and Motor Torpedo Boat s during the Second World War . The raid over the night of 14 / 15 February 1943 , consisted of two Norwegian Motor Torpedo Boats ( MTBs ) and seven men from No . 10 ( Inter - Allied ) Commando and No . 12 Commando . Two German ships were torpedoed and a third struck a mine laid by the MTBs . One of the MTBs ran aground and had to be abandoned .
Task Force Shield Task Force Shield was set up by the Coalition Provisional Authority in 2003 to provide security for Iraq ' s critical oil infrastructure . The Task Force was originally composed of a small team of American military personnel , contractors from the UK - based firm Erinys International , and Iraqis hired , trained and supervised by Erinys . The Iraqi force trained by Erinys was called the Oil Protection Force ( OPF ) . After the Coalition Provisional Authority transferred control of Iraq to the Interim Government , the OPF became a subordinate element of Iraq ' s Ministry of Oil . The Ministry of Oil did not renew the Erinys contract . Task Force Shield was disbanded in 2005 . In April 2006 , the Office of the Special Inspector General for Iraq Reconstruction published a report on the activities of Task Force Shield . The report determined that Task Force Shield was ultimately unsuccessful and found that there were indications of potential fraud .
Convoy HX 133 Convoy HX 133 was the 133rd of the numbered series of World War II HX convoys of merchant ships from HalifaX to Liverpool . The ships departed Halifax on 16 June 1941 , and were found on 23 June by U - boat s of the 1st U - boat Flotilla , operating out of Brest , France . U - boats sank six ships before the convoy reached Liverpool on 3 July . There was strong criticism of the RCN corvette ' s signalling capabilities as borne out by the number of collisions that occurred .
USS Caroline County ( LST - 525 ) USS " Caroline County " ( LST - 525 ) was an built for the United States Navy during World War II . Named for counties in Maryland and Virginia , she was the only U . S . Naval vessel to bear the name . " LST - 525 " was laid down on 18 October 1943 at Jeffersonville , Indiana by the Jeffersonville Boat & Machine Company ; launched on 20 December 1943 ; sponsored by Mrs . Anna Mae Federspiel ; and commissioned on 14 February 1944 with Ensign James R . Stevens in command . Service history . During World War II , LST - 525 was assigned to the European Theater and participated in the following operations : Convoy UGS - 36 ( April 1944 ) and the invasion of southern France ( August and September 1944 ) . Following the war , LST - 525 was decommissioned on 25 June 1946 . She was recommissioned in October , 1950 and performed services for the Amphibious Force , U . S . Atlantic Fleet , until decommissioned on 15 September 1954 . On 1 July 1955 she was named USS " Caroline County " ( LST - 525 ) . Again reactivated in mid - 1965 , " Caroline County " provided support and resupply for riverine forces in Vietnam in 1967 and 1968 . Decommissioned in early 1970 at Orange , Texas she was struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 15 September 1974 . " Caroline County " was sold for scrapping by the Defense Reutilization and Marketing Service ( DRMS ) 1 August 1975 . " Caroline County " earned two battle star s for World War II service as LST - 525 and four battle stars for Vietnam War service .
Fokker T . IX The Fokker T . IX was a Dutch twin - engined bomber designed and built by Fokker for the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army Air Force as a replacement for their obscolescent Martin - built bombers . Development . Design of the T . IX was started in 1938 as the company ' s first all - metal bomber project . It was a mid - wing monoplane with twin fins and rudders and retractable landing gear , powered by two 1375 hp ( 1025 kW ) Bristol Hercules radial piston engines . The T . IX first flew on 11 September 1939 , but in April 1940 during testing it was damaged when it collided with a hangar door . The subsequent German invasion of the Netherlands stopped repair and further development .
Convoy HX 106 Convoy HX - 106 consisted of some 41 ships , eastbound from Halifax , Nova Scotia to Liverpool , England . The use of convoys was a standard tactic throughout the Battle of the Atlantic as a defence against U - boats and German commerce raiders . Intercepted . On 8 February 1941 the two German battleships , " Scharnhorst " and " Gneisenau " , appeared over the horizon . The German squadron was under the command of Admiral Günther Lütjens . The captain of the " Scharnhorst " offered to draw off the escorting Royal Navy battleship HMS " Ramillies " , so that the " Gneisnau " could sink the merchant ships . This strategy , if successful , would have entailed little risk to " Scharnhorst " as she was faster than " Ramillies " , and her newer 11 " guns outranged the 1915 era 15 " guns of the British ship . But , Lutjens strictly followed Hitler ' s directive not to engage enemy capital ships . The presence of " Ramillies " was sufficient to deter the attack . Later , two of the convoy ' s merchant ships were sunk by submarines , including the " MV Arthur F . Corwin " loaded with 14 , 500 tons of aviation spirit . She went down on 13 February taking all 59 crew with her .
Henri Salaun ( French Navy officer ) Vice admiral Henri Salaun was an admiral in the French Navy . From 1 February 1920 to 1 February 1921 , and again from 22 July 1924 to 31 December 1927 , he was Chief of Staff of the French Navy . With the naval minister Georges Leygues he tried to get government funding priority for naval re - armament in coastal defence and the fleet , but many of the projects they initiated were delayed or cancelled due to priority instead being given to Army projects such as the Maginot Line ( since Germany was seen as the main enemy and thus land re - armament as the priority ) . He did , however , preside over the opening of new docks and a deep - water basin at Le Havre on Bastille Day 1928 , shortly after also presiding over a naval review at the port .
Charles Breyer ( Medal of Honor ) Sergeant Charles Breyer ( June 19 , 1844 to September 9 , 1914 ) was an English soldier who fought in the American Civil War . Breyer received the country ' s highest award for bravery during combat , the Medal of Honor , for his action during the First Battle of Rappahannock Station in Virginia on 23 August 1862 . He was honored with the award on 8 July 1896 . Biography . Breyer was born in England on 19 June 1844 and enlisted into the 90th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry at Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . He died on 9 September 1914 and his remains are interred at the Limerick Church Burial Ground in Pennsylvania .
Colonel ( Canada ) In the Canadian Forces , the rank of colonel ( Col ) ( French : " colonel " or " col " ) is an army or air force rank equal to a captain of the navy . A colonel is the highest rank of senior officer . A colonel is senior to a lieutenant - colonel or naval commander , and junior to a brigadier - general or commodore . Typical appointments for colonels include : The rank insignia for a colonel is four stripes , worn on the cuffs of the service dress jacket , and on slip - on s on other uniforms . The insignia worn on the headdress for an army colonel is the crest of the Canadian coat of arms : a crowned gold lion with a maple leaf in its paw standing on a red - and - white wreath , all beneath the royal crown ; the collar insignia is two crossed sabres . Some colonels , by nature of holding a specific appointment , may continue to wear the insignia of their personnel branch or regiment ; for example , the honorary colonel of an infantry regiment . Colonels in the air force wear the badge of their personnel branch ( most often the Air Operations Branch ) on their headdress . Colonels are addressed by rank and name ; thereafter by subordinates as " Sir " or " Ma ' am " . Before unification of the Canadian Forces in 1968 , rank structure and insignia followed the British pattern . Honorary ranks and appointments . There are also several honorary ranks and appointments associated with the rank of colonel , or containing the word " colonel " in their title . Personnel holding these honorary ranks are not part of the military operational chain - of - command . Rather , they serve in a ceremonial manner , often as a guest of honour at parades , mess dinners , or at other military traditions such as during Remembrance Day . Usually , honorary ranks are filled by people who have had a prior association with the battalion , regiment , or squadron they represent . Princess Patricia of Connaught was the colonel - in - chief of Princess Patricia ' s Canadian Light Infantry , one of the most decorated infantry regiments in the Canadian Forces ( CF ) . An honorary colonel of a CF flying or air maintenance squadron may be a past commanding officer of that squadron ( who has since retired from active duty ) , or an air ace during the war .
Siege of Hataya The siege of Hataya was one of several battles in Japan ' s Tōhoku region which served as preludes to the decisive Sekigahara Campaign which would end the 250 - year period of war known as Sengoku . Naoe Kanetsugu , a general loyal to Ishida Mitsunari , attacked Hataya castle on his way to Mogami Yoshiaki ' s fortress at Yamagata . His force was 20 , 000 strong , and the 300 man garrison under Eguchi Gohei have come to be celebrated in various chronicles for their brief , but brave , defense against such incredible odds .
10th Army ( German Empire ) The 10th Army ( ) was an army level command of the German Army in World War I formed in January 1915 in Cologne . It served exclusively on the Eastern Front . It was dissolved on 6 January 1919 . History . During World War I the 10th army was stationed at the Eastern Front against Russia , and occupied Poland and Belorussia at the end of 1918 when the war ended . Commanders . The 10th Army had the following commanders :
Zvi Brenner Zvi Brenner was an Israeli leader during World War II and the early days of the State of Israel . He trained under Orde Wingate and served alongside Moshe Dayan . He was one of the founders of the Israeli Defense Forces along with Dayan and Yigal Allon . After being wounded badly , he later served as the Secretary of the Kibbutzim Movement . He was a leader of kibbutz Afikim until his death . Early life . Born in Poland in 1915 , Zvi immigrated as a child to the United States with his mother and siblings , settling in Chicago . There he was one of the founders of the Hechalutz movement in the U . S . He was chosen in 1934 to join the new Kibbutz Afikim being established in Israel . Palestine and the Special Night Squads . Zvi joined the Hagana and participated in operations including a defense of Kibbutz Ramat HaKovesh and the establishment of Hanita in 1938 . It was in Hanita that Zvi was introduced to the British Captain Charles Orde Wingate . Wingate established the Special Night Squads ( SNS ) which were units of Jews and British soldiers . Zvi was established as the commander of the SNS unit operating out of Afikim . World War II . When Palestinian Jews were allowed to join the British army to fight the Nazis , Zvi , newly married and a father , disobeyed Hagana orders and volunteered . Eventually , the Jewish Brigade was formed in 1944 . In March , 1945 , the Jewish Brigade fought the Germans on the front lines in northern Italy , where Zvi suffered a serious injury to his leg from a grenade .
Francis J . Wiercinski Lieutenant General Francis J . ( Frank ) Wiercinski is Commander , United States Army Pacific ( USARPAC ) . Wiercinski joined the US Army in 1979 . He was previously the Deputy Commander for Support , of the Multinational Division North , Iraq . The troops under his command were responsible for a large part of Iraq , stretching from Baghdad to the Turkish border , and east and west to the borders of Iran and Syria . During Operation Anaconda ( 2002 ) , in Afghanistan , Wiercinski ( then a Colonel ) was commander of the 187th Infantry Regiment ( a . k . a . " The Rakkasans " ) , 3rd Brigade , 101st Airborne Division ( Air Assault ) .
Andrew Scott ( VC ) Major Andrew Scott VC ( 22 August 1840 – 5 September 1882 ) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . Details . Scott was 36 years old , and a captain in the Bengal Staff Corps , British Indian Army during the Balochistan Campaign when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC . On 26 July 1877 at Quetta , British India , Captain Scott was on duty at the regimental parade ground in the evening when he heard that British officers were being killed and immediately rushed to the rescue . He found one lieutenant cut down and another hard pressed and wounded but being protected by a sepoy . Captain Scott bayoneted two of the assailants and closed with a third , who fell with him to the ground and was killed by the sepoys of the regiment . This action saved the life of the wounded lieutenant . He was killed in action at Srinagar , Kashmir , on 5 September 1882 . Further information . He later achieved the rank of major .
HMS Brilliant ( H84 ) HMS " Brilliant " was a built for the Royal Navy that saw service during the Second World War . From 1931 to 1938 , she served in the Mediterranean . At the outbreak of war , " Brilliant " was deployed with the 19th Destroyer Flotilla at Dover and took part in Channel convoy protection and escorting minelaying operations . On 10 May 1940 , she took part in Operation XD , the destruction of Dutch port facilities and the evacuation allied personnel . On 15 May she collided with en route for the Hook of Holland . After repairs she was again damaged this time by dive bomber s on 25 July , returning to port by jettisoning her aft guns . In May 1941 , she took part in Operation Splice , the delivery of fighters to Malta . From there , she joined HMS London in the hunt for German supply ships in the Atlantic . They intercepted the " Esso Hamburg " and " Egerland " which were both scuttled by their crews . Operating from Freetown , " Brilliant " rescued 321 personnel from the boats of HMT Oronsay which was torpedoed by an Italian submarine on 9 October 1942 . Thereafter , she joined Force H for Operation Torch , the invasion of North Africa . She sank the Vichy French minesweeper off Oran on 8 November . After conversion for anti - submarine work , she joined the 13th Destroyer Flotilla in Gibraltar in July 1943 . On Christmas Day 1943 she rammed and sank a surfaced U - boat which was firing on her . The threat from other U - boats forced her to leave the survivors to die in the water . On 24 December 1944 " Brilliant " was escorting the transport ship when the it was struck by a torpedo from , 5½ nautical miles off Cherbourg . " Brilliant " was able to rescue about 500 survivors from the damaged troopship as she lay at anchor , but due to various communication failures , no other vessels reached her before she sank and 764 died . On 7 June 1945 , " Brilliant " escorted King George VI on board as he visited the Channel Islands . She escorted surrendered U - boats to Scotland in Operation Deadlight before being paid - off into reserve in November 1945 .
HMNZS Tui ( 1970 ) HMNZS " Tui " , formerly USNS Charles H . Davis ( T - AGOR - 5 ) , was one of nine " Conrad " class oceanographic ships built for the United States Navy ( USN ) , that later saw service in the Royal New Zealand Navy ( RNZN ) . Serving with the USN from 1963 to 1970 , these ships were designed to perform acoustic experiments on sound transmission underwater , and for gravity , magnetism and deep - ocean floor studies . The ship was recommissioned into the RNZN in late 1970 , and as HMNZS " Tui " served as an oceanographic survey and research ship until her decommissioning in 1997 . In 1999 , the ship was scuttled as a dive wreck . Construction . The fourth ship to be so named by the Navy , " Charles H . Davis " ( T - AGOR - 5 ) was laid down by Christy Corp . , Sturgeon Bay , Wisconsin , 30 June 1962 ; launched 30 June 1962 ; sponsored by Mrs . Roy Alexander Gano , wife of Admiral Roy Alexander Gano , Commander MSTS ; delivered to the Navy 25 January 1963 and turned over to the Military Sea Transportation Service ( MSTS ) 25 January 1963 . Operational history . RNZN . In 1970 , she was transferred to the RNZN , and was commissioned on 11 September 1970 as HMNZS " Tui " . " Tui " was named after the Tui bird , and was the second of two ships with this name to serve in the RNZN . After a partial refit and the installation and testing of scientific equipment , " Tui " began a program of work for the Defence Scientific Establishment in Auckland . For years " Tui " went unobtrusively about the kind of work she was designed for , primarily underwater acoustics . " Tui " worked in Australian , Indian Ocean and South Pacific waters . She worked on Auckland University research , with DSIR scientists , and with other oceanographic ships . " Tui " also took part in several American research programs . Her acoustic research was mainly to do with the detection and tracking of submarines . During the 1970s she made an extensive search for the Maria Theresa Reef . Decommissioning and fate . In 1997 , " Tui " was decommissioned and was replaced by the hydrographic ship HMNZS " Resolution " . In February 1999 , " Tui " was scuttled from Tutukaka Heads to serve as a tourist attraction and wreck for divers , following a period of work on her which removed any objects in danger of breaking free and welding shut any areas that may have posed a hazard for wreck divers . Her anchor was presented to the City of Napier . External links .