naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Black project In the United States and United Kingdom , a black project is in the vernacular a highly classified military / defense project , unacknowledged publicly by the government , military personnel , and defense contractors . Examples of U . S . military aircraft developed as black projects include the F - 117 Nighthawk stealth attack aircraft and the B - 2 Spirit stealth bomber , both of which were highly classified and denied to exist until ready to be announced to the public . In the United States the formal term is " Special Access Program ( SAP ) " . A black site is a location where a black project takes place .
Bartolomeo d ' Alviano Bartolomeo d ' Alviano ( 1455 – 1515 ) was an Italian condottiero and captain who distinguished himself in the defence of the Venetian Republic against the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian . Biography . Born at Todi , the son of Francesco d ' Alviano and Isabella degli Atti , Bartolomeo fought very early in his life in Central Italy , serving in the Papal States and , in 1496 , the Orsini family against Pope Alexander VI and the Colonna . In 1503 , hired by Ferdinand II of Spain , he was determinant in the victory at the Battle of Garigliano over the French army , which started the Spanish domination over southern Italy . At the beginning of 1505 he was employed by the Venetians and was granted a cavalry captaincy by the Senate with an annual pay of 150 gold pounds . [ 3 ] In 1507 , together with Nicolò Orsini , Bartolomeo was hired by the Republic of Venice . The following year he defeated the Imperial Army of Maximilian I , Holy Roman Emperor in Cadore , at Mauria and Pontebba , conquering Gorizia and Trieste . In the same year Pordenone also fell and the " Serenissima " assigned its signory to Alviano himself . In 1509 ( the year he began the construction of new city walls at Padua ) , however , he was crushingly defeated at the Battle of Agnadello , being also wounded in the fray . Alviano was charged of the result , as he allegedly attacked the enemy without the authorisation of Orsini , then commander - in - chief . Captured by the French , he remained a prisoner until 1513 . In 1513 , after the alliance between France and Venice against the Duchy of Milan , he was freed , and later fought under the French commander Louis de la Trémoille . He was defeated at the Battle of Vicenza by the Spanish Viceroy of Naples Ramón de Cardona . Later Alviano again conquered , and sacked , Pordenone , which in the meantime had fallen again to the House of Habsburg . He was subsequently a protagonist of the French victory at Marignano ( September 1515 ) , in which he attacked the Swiss mercenaries with a corps of only 300 knights . Later he managed to conquer also Bergamo , but died in the October of the same year during the siege of Brescia . He was buried in the church of Santo Stefano in Venice . Notes . 3 . Pietro Bembo . History of Venice . Book VII , 5 . In fiction . A fictional version of Bartolomeo d ' Alviano appears in the video games " Assassin ' s Creed II " , " " and " " as a member of the Order of the Assassins .
Michael Willcocks Lieutenant General Sir Michael Alan Willcocks , KCB , CVO ( born 27 July 1944 ) was until 30 April 2009 the Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod for the Parliament of the United Kingdom ' s House of Lords . This title is generally shortened to Black Rod . Military career . Willcocks was commissioned into the Royal Regiment of Artillery in 1964 . He was appointed Commanding Officer of 1st Regiment Royal Horse Artillery in 1983 . He became Deputy Assistant Chief Of Staff at Headquarters UK Land Forces in 1985 , Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence / Operations at Headquarters UK Land Forces in 1988 and Commander Royal Artillery for 4th Armoured Division in 1989 . He went on to be Assistant Chief of Staff for Land Operations at the Joint War Headquarters for the Gulf War in 1991 , Director of Army Plans and Programme at the Ministry of Defence in 1991 and Director - General Land Warfare at the Ministry of Defence in 1993 . He was then appointed Chief of Staff for the Allied Command Europe Rapid Reaction Corps in 1994 , Chief of Staff for the Land Component of the Peace Implementation Force ( IFOR ) in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1995 and Assistant Chief of the General Staff in 1996 . His last appointments were as Deputy Commander ( Operations ) for the Stabilization Force ( SFOR ) in Bosnia and Herzegovina from 1999 and as UK military representative to NATO and the European Union from 2000 until his retirement in 2001 . Black Rod . Willcocks was appointed Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod on 9 May 2001 . After seven years in this post , he announced in late 2008 that he was stepping down from the role , and relinquished the post on 29 April 2009 . At his last State Opening of Parliament , Dennis Skinner , MP , who was famous for interrupting Black Rod with a traditional " Queen ' s Speech Joke " , asked , " any Tory moles at the Palace ? " . This was in reference to the recent arrest of Conservative MP Damian Green in connection with an investigation about him receiving confidential information from a civil servant at the Home Office who was formerly a Conservative Party candidate . In a mild but highly memorable breach of protocol , Black Rod responded ( interruptions are supposed to be ignored ) " I shall miss you , Dennis " , receiving laughter from other MPs . As Black Rod , Willcocks oversaw the Queen Mother ' s lying - in - state at Westminster Hall . He was appointed Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in the New Year Honours , 2000 . The Queen invested him with the insignia of a Commander of the Royal Victorian Order on his retirement as Black Rod on 29 April 2009 . Willcocks is also a Knight Commander of Merit with Star of the Sacred Military Constantinian Order of St George . Other roles . Sir Michael is also the current Charter Commissioner for the Press Complaints Commission .
Small unit riverine craft The small unit riverine craft ( SURC ) is rigid - hull , armed and armored patrol boat used by the U . S . Marines and U . S . Navy to maintain control of rivers and inland waterways . They are similar in size and purpose to the much older Patrol Boat , River vessels used during the Vietnam War . According to the Navy , “ The primary mission of the SURC is to provide tactical mobility and a limited weapons platform for the ground combat element of a Marine Air Ground Task Force in littoral and riverine environments . ” The boat ’ s secondary mission includes “ command and control , reconnaissance , logistic / resupply , medevac , counter - drug operations , humanitarian assistance , peacekeeping , and noncombatant evacuation operations . ” The boat is transportable by C - 130 Hercules aircraft and can be launched from its trailer at lakeside . The boats were first deployed to Iraq and were used there by the U . S . Navy and U . S . Marine Corps . The United States Navy Riverine Squadron s , units of the Navy Expeditionary Combat Command ( NECC ) used the boats to patrol strategic areas of Iraq . The boats are built by Raytheon Naval & Maritime Integrated Systems , with a contract to build up to 100 boats . Raytheon ’ s contract partners are SAFE Boats International of Port Orchard , Washington and Boat Master of Fort Myers , Florida . The United States transferred six SURC patrol boats 25 September 2013 to the Philippine Marine Corps to provide a platform for command and control , reconnaissance , logistic / resupply , medical evacuation , counter - drug operations , humanitarian assistance , peacekeeping and non - combatant evacuation operations & will be deployed to augment sea - based forces to address terrorism and lawlessness .
William Leggatt Sir William Watt Leggatt , DSO , MC ( 23 December 1894 – 27 November 1968 ) was an Australian soldier , lawyer and politician . He served as commanding officer of the 2 / 40th Battalion and later Sparrow Force during World War II , fighting in Timor against the Japanese invasion in 1942 . He was captured by the Japanese and sent to Changi prison in Singapore . Following the war , he was based in Melbourne in charge of war crimes investigation until 1946 . In 1948 he was elected to the Victorian parliament . He died in 1968 and was accorded a state funeral .
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1908 United Nations Security Council Resolution 1908 , adopted unanimously on January 19 , 2010 , after endorsing the Secretary - General ' s recommendation , the Council increased the size of the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti ( MINUSTAH ) established under Resolution 1542 ( 2004 ) , in the aftermath of the 2010 Haiti earthquake . The resolution authorised an additional 3 , 500 peacekeepers for Haiti , bringing the total number of MINUSTAH troops to 8 , 940 and a police component to 3 , 711 . The resolution also expressed sympathy and solidarity to those affected by the earthquake . The Force consists of troops from up to 17 countries including Argentina , Bolivia , Canada , Jordan , France , South Korea and the United States , and police from 41 countries including Argentina , Bangladesh , Brazil , Egypt , Russia and Spain . The month ' s President of the Council , Zhang Yesui of the People ' s Republic of China , said that the adoption of the resolution would be important for maintaining peace and stability , supporting relief efforts and helping to restore post - disaster reconstruction .
Besora Castle Besora Castle is a castle located in the Vall de Lord , in the municipality of Santa Maria de Besora , between Navès and the Serra de Busa , in the " comarca " of Solsonès in the province of Lleida , Catalonia , Spain . The castle is built above a rocky spur at an altitude of 1 , 092 m , and was accessible only by a path from the north , duly fortified . It is formed by three extended buildings , today converted into a rural dwelling in the local style , the masia . History . The earliest historical mention of the castle is in the year 982 , according to some sources or in 885 ; in either case it appears already cited in 875 in the donation of the dowry of Emma , daughter of Wilfred the Hairy , count of Barcelona , as a gift when she entered the monastery in Sant Joan de les Abadesses . During the Muslim period , it was one of the castles used to watch the frontier with the Christian territories . At the end of the ninth century , Wilfred the Hairy established military positions in Cardona , Osona , Berguedà and in the Vall de Lord . Possibly the border of the county was then to the north of the city of Solsona , marked by the castle of Besora . Parts of its walls are preserved , as a residential area . In addition , remains of the old parish church of Santa Maria de Besora , which was the parish church until the one in use now was built in 1759 . During the War of the Remences in the 15th century , the castle was occupied on various occasions by Francesc de Verntallat . The castle suffered considerable damage , and was almost destroyed during the First Carlist War in 1838 , when it served as a refuge and a battlesite for a Carlist force . The royalist leader Buenaventura Carbó , who later served as governor of Cuba , was forced to flee the castle and the parish .
Guy Pedroncini Guy Pedroncini was a French academic and military historian specialising in the First World War , and notable as the biographer of Philippe Pétain and for his work on the French army mutinies of 1917 . He was born in Paris on 17 May 1924 and died on 11 July 2006 , at the age of 82 . An alumnus of the prestigious École Normale Supérieure at Saint - Cloud , Pedroncini worked as a high school teacher in lycées in Tours and in Courbevoie while working on his doctoral thesis . This thesis , on the French army mutinies of 1917 , was published in 1967 and was the first to provide detailed statistical analysis of more than 600 courts martial , based on his then unprecedented access to the French military justice archives . Between 1969 and his retirement in 1992 , Pedroncini held professorial and decanal posts at the universities of the Sorbonne , Panthéon - Sorbonne in Paris and the University of Maine , Le Mans . He was director of the " Institut d ' Histoire des conflits contemporains " , from 1983 to 1995 , and publisher of the " Revue des guerres mondiales et des conflits contemporains " from 1985 to 1997 .
R - 46 ( missile ) The R - 46 was an intercontinental ballistic missile ( ICBM ) design by the Soviet Union during the Cold War . The R - 46 concept was to launch a very large hydrogen bomb into orbit as a fractional orbital bombardment system ( FOBS ) . The existence of the system was alluded to in a speech by then Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev in 1961 . The design was not developed , however , and the FOBS concept was abandoned as part of SALT II .
USS Albert Gallatin ( 1871 ) Albert Gallatin was a U . S . Revenue Cutter that grounded on Boo Hoo Ledge off Manchester , MA on 6 January 1892 . History . Named after President Thomas Jefferson ' s Secretary of the Treasury , the " Albert Gallatin " was built in Buffalo , New York in 1871 at a cost of $ 65 , 000 . She was armed with a , brass Whitworth carriage gun , mounted in a broadside and sported an iron hull and mahogany decks . The initial propulsion was a horizontal , direct - acting steam engine with a Fowler steering propeller which was removed in 1874 . " Albert Gallatin " was ported in Boston Harbor and patrolled from Portsmouth , NH to Holmes Hole , MA . Captain Gabrielson also skippered the Revenue Cutter " Dexter " when it came to the aid of City of Columbus which wrecked off Martha ' s Vineyard . The shipwreck . In the morning of 6 January 1892 , Capt . Gabrielson was attempting to make the safety of Gloucester Harbor during a snowstorm and became disoriented . The cutter hit Boo Hoo Ledge hard . While trying to free the ship of the ledge the ship flooded and the smokestack fell onto the ship , killing the ship ' s carpenter , Mr . J . Jacobson . The other 39 members of the crew were rescued . At the time of her sinking , Gallatin was armed with two 20 - pound Dahlgren guns on Marsilly carriages . In small arms , she had new Lee magazine rifles and other pistols cited in " Barnstable ( MA ) Patriot " , 12 January 1892 . The current coordinates of " Albert Gallatin " are , at a depth of around .
Conspicuous Gallantry Cross The Conspicuous Gallantry Cross ( CGC ) is a second level military decoration of the United Kingdom armed forces . Created in 1993 and first awarded in 1995 , it was instituted after a review of the British honours system to remove distinctions of rank in the awarding of gallantry decorations . The Victoria Cross is the only higher combat gallantry award presented by the United Kingdom . History . The CGC was instituted in the aftermath of the 1993 review of the honours system . As part of the drive to remove distinctions of rank in awards for bravery , the CGC replaced both the Distinguished Conduct Medal ( Army ) and the Conspicuous Gallantry Medal ( Air and Naval ) as second level awards to Other Ranks and ratings . The CGC also replaced the Distinguished Service Order ( DSO ) , in its role as an award to officers for gallantry . The DSO was retained as an award for outstanding leadership . The CGC now serves as the second level award for gallantry for all ranks across the whole armed forces . Eligibility . The CGC , which may be awarded posthumously , is awarded " " in recognition of an act or acts of conspicuous gallantry during active operations against the enemy " " . All ranks of the Royal Navy , Royal Marines , British Army , and Royal Air Force may be awarded the CGC in recognition of qualifying acts of gallantry . Bars are awarded to the CGC in recognition of the performance of further acts of gallantry meriting the award . Recipients are entitled to the postnominal letters CGC . Appearance . The medal is in the shape of a cross pattée in silver . Arranged behind the cross , visible between the arms is a laurel wreath . On the obverse of the medal , the circular medallion in the centre depicts St . Edward ' s crown . The reverse is plain which allows room for the engraving of the rank , name , and unit of its recipient . The award date is also engraved on the reverse of the medal . The medal is suspended by a white ribbon with two narrow dark blue stripes at the edge and one centre stripe in crimson . Recipients . The following is a full list of recipients who have been Gazetted to date .
Class Z Reserve The Class Z Reserve was a Reserve contingent of the British Army consisting of previously enlisted soldiers , now discharged . The first Z Reserve was authorised by an Army Order of 3 December 1918 . When expected problems with violations of the Armistice with Germany did not eventuate , the Z Reserve was abolished on 31 March 1920 . Following the Second World War , a new Z Reserve of soldiers and officers who had served between 3 September 1949 and 31 December 1948 were available for recall if under 45 years of age .
Eurofor European Rapid Operational Force ( Eurofor ) is a multinational rapid reaction force composed of forces from four states of the European Union : France , Italy , Portugal and Spain as part of a Battlegroup of the European Union . It has a permanent staff capable of commanding operations , involving commitments of up to a Light Division in size . Eurofor was formed in 1995 , and was answerable to the Western European Union ( WEU ) directly . It is tasked with performing the so - called Petersberg tasks , including humanitarian , peacekeeping and peace enforcement missions . With the merger of several WEU elements into the European Union , Eurofor has by and large become part of the Common Security and Defence Policy . Missions . Eurofor has been involved in two deployments , one in Albania and one in Macedonia . " Mission Albania " was in response to a refugee crisis in Albania following the Kosovo War . The deployment was initially part of NATO operation " Allied Harbor " and once NATO ground forces entered Kosovo , Eurofor ' s mission also incorporated the defence of NATO supply lines through Albania . " Mission Macedonia " was conducted under the wing of the European Union , as part of EUFOR Concordia . Formally , Eurofor became answerable directly to the European Union , through the Political and Security Committee . This operation began on 31 March 2003 when the Macedonian authorities invited assistance with the goal of the establishment of a stable and secure environment in Macedonia . This mission officially ended on 15 December 2004 .
Gravel mines Gravel mines , also called Button mines were small U . S . made air - dropped anti - personnel mine s . They were used extensively during the Vietnam War as part of the McNamara Line . They were also used as a rapid - deployment area denial expedient , to provide a barrier during combat search and rescue ( CSAR ) operations between downed pilots or other endangered units and infantry threats . The mines consisted of a small green or brown camouflage fabric pouch filled with Lead ( II ) azide and 30 grams of coarse ground glass between two sheets of plastic . No fuse was required because the explosive became shock - sensitive after dispersal , i . e . able to be detonated without a fuse on contact . The explosive lumps came in wedge or cubed shapes and their plasticizers evaporated after three to eight minutes exposure to air . To allow them to be handled and dropped from the air , the mines were stored soaked in Freon 113 . Once released from their container , the Freon would evaporate in between 3 and 8 minutes , thereby arming the mines . The mines varied in size , from simple warning bomblets ( Button mines ) , whose detonation was to be picked up by air dropped acoustic sensors and relayed to a central control centre , through to larger mines , while not powerful enough to kill a person outright , they were capable of wounding anyone stepping on it . The larger mines were fitted with a two tablet chemical system to gradually render the explosive inert , although the reliability of this mechanism is unknown . The mines were also used by the U . S . during the Battle of Khe Sanh , however a U . S . Air Force history described them as being ' little more than a nuisance ' , with the Viet Cong clearing the gravel mine fields using Oxen dragging logs and the mines becoming inert after a short time . 37 million gravel mines were produced between 1967 and 1968 , though mines were produced into 1970 . Specifications . The mines were typically deployed from SUU - 41A / A and SUU - 41B / A dispensers , with the dispensers packed into cluster bomb units with between 12 and 16 dispensers in each cluster bomb . A single bomb could contain between 1 , 470 and 7 , 500 mines . The bombs could be dropped from aircraft at between 60 and 6000 meters and at speeds of 370 km / h to 1300 km / h . The dispensers would burst at an altitude of between 200 to 300 meters , scattering the mines .
Lawrence Okai Lieutenant General Lawrence Aboagye Okai ( born 19 October 1934 ) is a former Chief of the Defence Staff of the Ghana Armed Forces . He is also a former member of the Supreme Military Council ( SMC ) government led by General Acheampong . Army career . Lawrence Okai rose in the Ghana army to the rank of Major General prior to his appointment as the Chief of the Defence Staff in December 1974 . Politics . After the formation of the SMC in replacement of the National Redemption Council government , Okai became a member of the ruling junta as head of the armed forces . He continued in this position till he was replaced by Lieutenant General Fred Akuffo in November 1976 . Retirement . Following his retirement from the army , he became active with the Veterans Association of Ghana , rising to become the Chairman of its National Council .
USS Wahneta ( YT - 1 ) The first USS " Wahneta " ( YT - 1 ) was a United States Navy yard tug in commission from 1892 to 1920 . " Wahneta " ( Yard Tug No . 1 ) was laid down in April 1891 at Boston , Massachusetts , by the City Point Iron Works . She was launched on 3 March 1892 and subsequently was placed in service and assigned to the 5th Naval District . Stationed at the Norfolk Navy Yard in Norfolk , Virginia , she engaged in unglamorous but vital tug , tow , and general harbor duties . In February 1893 , " Wahneta " served as a seagoing observation platform off Port Royal , South Carolina . From her deck , observers watched test firings of the 15 - inch ( 381 - millimeter ) pneumatic rifle s of the unique " dynamite gun cruiser " USS " Vesuvius " . Returning to her routine work soon thereafter , " Wahneta " remained based at Norfolk from 1893 to 1922 , through both the Spanish - American War and World War I . On 17 July 1920 , as the U . S . Navy established its modern hull classification system , " Wahneta " was designated YT - 1 . Subsequently placed out of service at Norfolk on 4 August 1920 , the venerable " Wahneta " was sold on 6 December 1922 to the Norfolk Lighterage Company .
Randolph M . Holder Randolph Mitchell Holder ( born September 20 , 1918 in Jackson , Mississippi ) , was commissioned Ensign April 10 , 1940 following flight training . Reporting to Torpedo Squadron 6 ( VT - 6 ) in the famous aircraft carrier , he took part in the early carrier operations in the critical months following the attack on Pearl Harbor and then fought in the pivotal Battle of Midway , first of the great American successes in the sea war . In the gallant attack of the torpedo plane s early on June 4 , 1942 , Holder and his comrades attacked the Japanese ships without fighter cover . Though Holder and many others were shot down while pressing this attack , they forced radical maneuvers and diverted Japanese air cover so as to make the later raids lethal to the enemy fleet . Lieutenant ( j . g . ) Holder was presumed dead next day , June 5 , 1942 , and was awarded the Navy Cross posthumously for his heroism . Namesake . In 1944 , the destroyer escort was named in his honor ; after DE - 401 ' s loss , the destroyer USS " Holder " ( DD - 819 ) received a similar honor in 1945 .