naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Battle of Autas The Battle of Autas or Awtas was an early battle involving Muslim forces , fought in the year 630 in Awtas , Saudi Arabia , after the Battle of Hunayn , but prior to the Siege of Ta ' if . Muhammad came with 12 , 000 fighters against a coalition of tribes . An ambush took place and a rain of arrows were fired on the Muslims . Background . A league of Mountain tribes hostile to Muhammad formed an alliance to attack him . The non - Muslim author Washington Irving claims that the tribes were hostile to Muhammad because he was spreading Islam by the sword , which greatly displeased the tribes . The league consisted of Thakefites , Hawazin s , Joshimites , Saadites and several other hardened Mountain tribes . According to Islamic tradition the valley of the Banu Sa ' d ( who Irving refers to as Saadites ) is where Muhammad was nurtured as a child and was also purified by an Angel . The Thakefites were idolaters who worshipped Allāt . They controlled the productive area of Taif , and were also the tribe which drove Muhammad out of Taif , pelting stones at him in the public square , when he was first preaching Islam . Another reason according to Irving that the tribes joined together was that they knew Muhammad was preparing to come back to Taif with a vengeance with his newfound power . Battle . After the Conquest of Mecca , the neighboring tribes of Hawazin and Thaqueef were given the choice of converting to Islam , or going to war with Muslims . Muhammad went to Autas with 12 , 000 men . As the Muslim army passed through the valley of Hunain , a group of hostile tribes fired rain of arrows on the Muslims . The attacked surprised the Muslims , and many fled away from the arrows . Only 9 men remained with Muhammad . Including Uthman . After a while the Muslim regrouped and gathered around Muhammad . They then marched to Autas , after a confrontation , the tribes were defeated and the Muslims captured a large amount of war booty . Primary sources . The Sunni hadith collection Sahih Muslim mentions that Muhammad sent an army to Autas :
Enoch Hale Enoch Hale ( 1733 – 1813 ) was born in Rowley , Massachusetts on November 28 , 1733 . He and his brother Nathan Hale ( not the famous spy of the same name in the American Revolution ) would move to Rindge , New Hampshire as young men . During the French and Indian War Enoch Hale served in the New Hampshire Provincial Regiment in 1755 and 1757 - 1758 . Enoch Hale was the 1st magistrate in the town of Rindge . During the American Revolutionary War Colonel Enoch Hale led the 15th New Hampshire Militia Regiment at the Battle of Bennington and Battle of Rhode Island in 1778 . In 1785 he built the over the Connecticut River . Colonel Enoch Hale died April 9 , 1813 in Grafton , Vermont .
9th Virginia Cavalry The 9th Virginia Volunteer Cavalry Regiment was a cavalry regiment raised in Virginia for service in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War . It fought mostly with the Army of Northern Virginia . Virginia ’ s 9th Cavalry Regiment was formed in January , 1862 , using John E . Johnson ' s eight company 1st Battalion , Virginia Cavalry ( " Lee ' s Legion " ) as its nucleus . These companies and the two added were from the counties of Stafford , Caroline , Westmoreland , Lancaster , Essex , Spotsylvania , Lunenburg , King William , King George , and Richmond . The unit served in W . H . F . Lee ' s , Chambliss ' , and Beale ' s Brigade , Army of Northern Virginia . It fought in the Seven Days ' Battles and the conflicts at Gainesville , Second Manassas , Sharpsburg , Fredericksburg , Dumfries , Rapidan Station , Brandy Station , Upperville , Hanover , Gettysburg , Williamsport , Funkstown , and Culpeper Court House . The 9th went on to fight at Bristoe , Mine Run , The Wilderness , and Todd ' s Tavern . Later it skirmished around Richmond and Petersburg , then was active in the Appomattox operations . This unit reported 32 casualties at Upperville , lost four percent of the 490 engaged at Gettysburg , and had 22 disabled at Williamsport . It surrendered 1 officer and 26 men . The field officers were Colonels Richard L . T . Beale , John E . Johnson , W . H . F . " Rooney " Lee , and Thomas Waller ; Lieutenant Colonel Meriwether Lewis ; and Major Samuel A . Swann .
RMS Empress of Canada ( 1922 ) RMS " Empress of Canada " was an ocean liner built in 1920 for the Canadian Pacific Steamships ( CP ) by Fairfield Shipbuilding & Engineering Company at Govan on the Clyde in Scotland . This ship - - the first of two CP vessels to be named " Empress of Canada " - - regularly traversed the trans - Pacific route between the west coast of Canada and the Far East until 1939 . History . In 1920 , Canadian Pacific Steamships ordered a new ship to be built by Fairfield Shipbuilding & Engineering Company at Govan near Glasgow in Scotland . This " Empress " was a 21 , 517 ton , 653 - foot ocean liner . She undertook her maiden voyage on 5 May 1922 . Based at the port of Vancouver , British Columbia , the first " Empress of Canada " was intended to provided service to Japan , Hong Kong , and China . Her sister ships included " Empress of France " and " Empress of Britain " . Great Kantō earthquake . On 34 September 1923 , the " Empress of Canada " arrived at Tokyo harbor — just three days after the devastating Great Kantō Earthquake struck the city . She found that the " Empress of Australia " had been converted to a command post from which the British consul was directing relief work ; and the " Empress of Canada " transported refugees to Kobe - - 587 Europeans , 31 Japanese , and 362 Chinese . World War II . Following the outbreak of World War II in 1939 , she was converted for use as a troopship . She carried ANZAC troops from New Zealand and from Australia to the war zones in Europe . The return voyage from Europe was not less dangerous than the trip north had been . On 13 March 1943 , while en route from Durban , South Africa to Takoradi carrying Italian prisoners of war along with Polish and Greek refugees , the SS " Empress of Canada " was torpedo ed and sunk by the Italian submarine " Leonardo Da Vinci " approximately 400 miles ( 640 km ) south of Cape Palmas off the coast of Africa . Of the approximate 1800 people on board , 392 died . Nearly half of the fatalities reported were Italian prisoners .
Yeoman ( United States Navy ) Yeoman is the oldest rating in the United States Navy . Yeomen perform administrative and clerical work . They deal with protocol , naval instructions , enlisted evaluations , officer FitReps , visitors , telephone calls and mail . They organize files and operate office equipment and order and distribute supplies . They write and type business and social letters , notices , directives , forms and reports . Training / School . ' A ' School is held in NTTC Meridian , MS ( averages 46 calendar days to complete ) ' C ' school - flag officer writer ( NEC YN - 2514 ) is also in Meridian , MS ( a 5 - week course ) A yeoman flag writer serves on the personal staffs of flag and general officer s and certain other senior officers . Must be able to function independently and carry out required duties . Must be able to draft personal and professional correspondence , act on matters of social usage , protocol , honors and ceremonies , prepare and liquidate travel orders , and prepare officer reports of fitness . Individuals serve in a highly visible position and must conduct themselves in a professional manner at all times . Additionally , members will be required to satisfactorily meet any additional requirements of the flag officer . A rating must be an E6 - E9 to be eligible for flag writer school . Submarine Yeoman ( YNSS ) . Yeoman , Submarines ( YNSS ) receive extensive training in administrative support as regular YN ’ s ; they are additionally responsible in keeping the ship ' s daily schedule , receiving visitors , ordering and distributing supplies . Submarine Yeomen are assigned to either a Fast Attack or Ballistic Missile submarine for their initial sea tour . They are usually assigned duties in an office environment . People in this rating may work alone with little supervision , or work closely with others under close supervision depending on the assignment . They do mostly administrative work . A School ( Job School ) Information < br > Groton , CT — 4 weeks ( Basic Enlisted Submarine School ) Ships named in honor of a yeoman . Reference : Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships
Desert Rock exercises Desert Rock was the code name of a series of exercises conducted by the US military in conjunction with atmospheric nuclear tests . They were carried out at the Nevada Proving Grounds between 1951 and 1957 . Their purpose was to train troops and gain knowledge of military maneuvers and operations on the nuclear battlefield . They included observer programs , tactical maneuvers , and damage effects tests . Camp Desert Rock was established in 1951 , 1 . 5 miles south of Camp Mercury . The site was used to billet troops and stage equipment . The camp was discontinued as an Army installation in 1964 . Desert Rock I , II , III . Observer programs were conducted at shots " Dog " , " Sugar " , and " Uncle " . Tactical maneuvers were conducted after shot " Dog " . Damage effects tests were conducted at shots " Dog " , " Sugar " , and " Uncle " to determine the effects of a nuclear detonation on military equipment and field fortifications . Desert Rock IV . Observer programs were conducted at shots " Charlie " , " Dog " , " Fox " , and " George " . Tactical maneuvers were conducted after shots " Charlie " , " Dog " , and " George " . Psychological tests were conducted at shots " Charlie " , " Fox " , and " George " to determine the troops ' reactions to witnessing a nuclear detonation . Desert Rock V . Exercise Desert Rock V included troop orientation and training , a volunteer officer observer program , tactical troop maneuvers , operational helicopter tests , and damage effects evaluation . Desert Rock VI . Observer programs were conducted at shots " Wasp " , " Moth " , " Tesla " , " Turk " , " Bee " , " Ess " , " Apple 1 " , and " Apple 2 " . Tactical maneuvers were conducted after shots " Bee " and " Apple 2 " . Technical studies were conducted at shots " Wasp " , " Moth " , " Tesla " , " Turk " , " Bee " , " Ess " , " Apple 1 " , " Wasp Prime " , " Met " , and " Apple 2 " . A test of an armored task force , RAZOR , was conducted at shot " Apple 2 " to demonstrate the capability of a reinforced tank battalion to seize an objective immediately after a nuclear detonation . Desert Rock VII , VIII . Tactical maneuvers were conducted after shots " Hood " , " Smoky " , and " Galileo " . At shot " Hood " , the Marine Corps conducted a maneuver involving the use of a helicopter airlift and tactical air support . At shot " Smoky " , Army troops conducted an airlift assault , and at shot " Galileo " , Army troops were tested to determine their psychological reactions to witnessing a nuclear detonation . See also . Totskoye nuclear exercise of 1954 , a somewhat comparable series of soviet exercises , although with much less radiation safeguards present .
David R . Macdonald David Robert Macdonald ( born 1930 ) was United States Assistant Secretary of the Treasury ( Enforcement , Operations , and Tariff Affairs ) from 1974 to 1976 ; as Under Secretary of the Navy from 1976 to 1977 ; and as Deputy U . S . Trade Representative from 1981 to 1983 . Biography . David Robert Macdonald was born in Chicago on November 1 , 1930 . He was educated at Cornell University , receiving a B . S . in 1952 , and at the University of Michigan Law School , receiving a J . D . in 1955 . After serving in the United States Army from 1955 to 1957 , Macdonald took a job as an attorney with the Chicago law firm of Kirkland & Ellis . He worked at Kirkland & Ellis until 1962 , at which point he joined Baker & McKenzie as a partner . Macdonald practiced law at Baker & McKenzie until 1974 , when he left the firm upon being appointed Assistant Secretary of the Treasury ( Enforcement , Operations , and Tariff Affairs ) . In 1976 , President of the United States Gerald Ford nominated Macdonald as Under Secretary of the Navy and Macdonald held this office from September 14 , 1976 to February 4 , 1977 . Upon leaving public service in 1977 , Macdonald returned to Baker & McKenzie . He also became a member of the board of directors of the Chicago Crime Commission at this time . In 1980 , he was a member of the executive committee of the World Trade Conference . From 1979 to 1981 , Macdonald was an active member of the Republican National Committee , serving on its Policy Board , Economic Affairs Council , and as cochairman of its tax subcommittee . In 1981 , President Ronald Reagan named Macdonald as a Deputy U . S . Trade Representative under United States Trade Representative Bill Brock , and Macdonald served in this capacity until 1983 , at which point he again returned to Baker & McKenzie .
Cessna 180 The Cessna 180 is a four - or six - seat , fixed conventional gear general aviation airplane which was produced between 1953 and 1981 . Though the design is no longer in production , many of these aircraft are still in use as personal aircraft and in utility roles such as bush flying . Development . Cessna introduced the heavier and more powerful 180 as a complement to the Cessna 170 . It eventually came to be known as the Skywagon . The prototype Cessna 180 , N41697 , first flew on May 26 , 1952 . Cessna engineering test pilot William D . Thompson was at the controls . In all its versions , 6 , 193 Cessna 180s were manufactured . In 1956 , a tricycle gear version of this design was introduced as the Cessna 182 , which came to bear the name Skylane . Additionally , in 1960 , Cessna introduced a heavier , more powerful sibling to the 180 , the conventional gear Cessna 185 . For a time , all three versions of the design were in production . Design . The airframe of the 180 is all metal , constructed of aluminum alloy . The fuselage is a semi - monocoque structure , with exterior skin sheets riveted to former s and longerons . The strut - braced wings , likewise , are constructed of exterior skin sheets riveted to spars and ribs . The landing gear of the 180 is in a conventional arrangement , with main gear legs made of spring steel , and a steerable tailwheel mounted on a hollow tapered steel tube . Cessna 180s produced between 1953 and 1963 have two side windows , while 1964 to 1981 models feature three side windows , as they use the same fuselage as the Cessna 185 . 180s can be equipped with floats and skis . Operational history . Record flight . The Cessna 180 gained recognition as the aircraft chosen by Geraldine Mock , the first woman pilot to successfully fly around the world . The flight was made in 1964 in her 1953 model , the " Spirit of Columbus " ( N1538C ) , as chronicled in her book " Three - Eight Charlie " . The Cessna factory obtained the aircraft and kept it at the Pawnee ( Wichita , Kansas ) manufacturing plant after the epic flight , suspended from the ceiling over one of the manufacturing lines . It is currently on display at the National Air and Space Museum . Operators . Civil . The Cessna 180 is popular with air charter companies and is operated by private individuals and companies . Military . 19 Cessna 180s were in service with both the Australian Army and RAAF from 1959 to 1974 .
Bellanca 28 - 90 The Bellanca 28 - 90 Flash was an American military aircraft derived from an earlier air racer developed in the 1930s for export to Spain to take part in the Spanish Civil War . Although it never reached Spain , the order was diverted to China where the aircraft briefly saw service . Later , a new batch destined for Spain ended up in Mexico . Design and development . The Bellanca 28 - 70 air racer built by Giuseppe Mario Bellanca for the 1934 MacRobertson Race was shipped to Great Britain but was unable to participate in the race due to a lack of time to adequately prepare the aircraft . It went back to the USA to finish its tests , but was badly damaged in a landing accident . In 1936 the aircraft was rebuilt with a 900 hp P & W " Twin Wasp " and redesignated the 28 - 90 . After being purchased by British long - distance air racer James Mollison , he renamed the aircraft " Dorothy " after actress friend Dorothy Ward . Mollison used the Bellanca 28 - 90 for a new transatlantic speed record on 29 – 30 October 1936 and later in the year made an attempt to set a long - distance London - Cape Town that was aborted . In 1937 Mollison flew to Madrid and sold the aircraft to the Republican government in Spain . Operational history . The Spanish Republican government in desperate need of modern military aircraft placed an order for 20 aircraft in 1936 through a " arms length " deal with Air France . In order to circumvent US government export restrictions in the Neutrality Acts aimed at stopping exports to combatants in Europe , the Bellanca 28 - 90s were marked with spurious Air France livery and declared by Bellanca to be mailplanes . The truth was discovered , however , and export permission was denied . Nevertheless , the Chinese government managed to secure permission to buy the aircraft and they were shipped there instead . Fitted with bomb racks and machine guns mounted in the fuselage at Hangkow , this first batch of machines saw brief service , although seven of them were destroyed on the ground in Japanese raids without having seen combat . The remainder were destroyed in testing . Undaunted , the Spanish government tried again , ordering 22 examples as " trainers " with full payment in advance , with the aircraft this time being exported to a Greek civil reservist flying school . Once again , however , the truth was found out and export permission denied . They were eventually successfully purchased for export to Mexico , but with their true destination again Spain . However , before the aircraft could be supplied , the Spanish Civil War was over . After languishing for over a year in a warehouse in Veracruz , they were indeed purchased by the Mexican Air Force , with which they served from 1939 to 1940 until grounded due to safety concerns . In 1946 , the surviving 19 airframes were acquired by the Charles E . Babb Company and shipped to Glendale , California . A final sale of the Bellancas still in packing crates was made to the US Navy where the aircraft were distributed to US Navy Technical Centers as training aids .
Harold Day ( Royal Navy officer ) Flight Sub - Lieutenant Harold Day ( 17 April 1897 – 5 February 1918 ) , DSC was a Welsh - born World War I flying ace credited with 11 confirmed aerial victories . World War I . Harold Day originally served as a Sopwith Triplane pilot for 10 Naval Squadron . He scored his first aerial victory with them , sending an Albatros D . V down out of control on 12 August 1917 . He then switched to 8 Naval Squadron and a Sopwith Camel for his remaining ten victories . During December 1917 , he teamed with Guy William Price to drive down DFW two - seater reconnaissance planes on three different days . Fighting solo , Day destroyed one enemy plane and drove down three others during January 1918 . On 2 February 1918 , he joined Robert J . O . Compston and three other RNAS pilots in destroying a German recon plane , and in driving down an Albatros D . V later in the day . On 5 February , he joined three other RNAS pilots in destroying a reconnaissance machine ; that brought his total to one enemy plane destroyed solo , two more shared , and eight driven down out of control . He then dived on another German plane . Day ' s Camel came to pieces during the dive , plummeting him to his death . Günther Schuster of Jasta 29 was credited with the victory over Day . Day was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross , which was gazetted 22 February 1918 . Honors and awards . Text of citation accompanying award of the Distinguished Service Cross Fit . Sub - Lieut . Harold Day , R . N . A . S . In recognition of the skill and determination shown by him in aerial combats , in the course of which he has done much to stop enemy artillery machines from working . On the 6th January , 1918 , he observed a new type enemy aeroplane . He immediately dived to attack , and after a short combat the enemy machine went down very steeply , and was seen to crash . On several other occasions he has brought down enemy machines out of control .
16th Reserve Division ( German Empire ) The 16th Reserve Division ( " 16 . Reserve - Division " ) was a unit of the Imperial German Army in World War I . The division was formed on mobilization of the German Army in August 1914 as part of VIII Reserve Corps . The division was disbanded in 1919 during the demobilization of the German Army after World War I . The division was recruited primarily in the Prussian Rhine Province . At the beginning of the war , it formed the VIII Reserve Corps with the 15th Reserve Division . Combat chronicle . The 16th Reserve Division fought on the Western Front , participating in the opening German offensive which led to the Allied Great Retreat , fighting at Sedan in late August 1914 . It fought in the First Battle of the Marne . Thereafter , it remained in the line in the Champagne region and fought in the Second Battle of Champagne in September – October 1915 . It fought on the Aisne until October 1916 , and then joined the Battle of the Somme . Its next major engagement was the Second Battle of the Aisne , also called the Third Battle of Champagne ( and by the Germans , the Double Battle on the Aisne and in the Champagne ) . In July 1917 , the division was transferred to the Eastern Front . It remained on the Eastern Front until November 1917 , and then returned to the Western Front . The division fought in the 1918 German Spring Offensive , and remained in the Flanders and Artois regions until the end of the war . Allied intelligence rated the division as second class in 1918 . Order of battle on mobilization . The order of battle of the 16th Reserve Division on mobilization was as follows : Order of battle on April 10 , 1918 . The 16th Reserve Division was triangularized in late September 1916 . Over the course of the war , other changes took place , including the formation of artillery and signals commands and a pioneer battalion . The order of battle on April 10 , 1918 was as follows :