naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Virginia Regiment The Virginia Regiment was formed in 1754 by Virginia ' s Royal Governor Robert Dinwiddie , initially as an all volunteer militia corps . He promoted George Washington , the future first president of the United States of America , to its command upon the death of Colonel Joshua Fry . Washington , who had previously been a lieutenant colonel of the Virginia militia , received a promotion to colonel when he assumed command . The regiment served in the French and Indian War , with members participating in actions ( all under Washington ' s command ) at Jumonville Glen and Fort Necessity in 1754 , the Braddock expedition in 1755 , and the Forbes expedition in 1758 . Small detachments of the regiment were involved in numerous minor actions along Virginia ' s extensive wilderness frontier . One of his junior officers was William Trent , a fur trader and merchant from Philadelphia who had bought extensive lands in the Ohio Country . Most recruits were characterized by Washington as " loose , Idle Persons . . . quite destitute of House , and Home . " Hampered by frequent desertions because of poor supplies , extremely low pay and hazardous duty , Virginia Regiment recruiters went to Pennsylvania and Maryland for men . Washington said of them , " and not a few . . . have Scarce a Coat , or Waistcoat , to their Backs " . Later drafts pulled only those who could not provide a substitute or pay the £10 exemption fee , ensuring that only Virginia ' s poor would be drafted . White males between 16 and 50 were permitted to serve , although the regiment ' s size rolls report men as young as 15 and as old as 60 in the ranks , along with references to a small number of drafts with partial African and native American ancestry . The Virginia Regiment is noteworthy in the colonies because it was the first all - colonial professional military force . Although colonials had served in the British Army , and local militias were common , the regiment was the only unit at the time to drill regularly and wear a standard uniform . The formation of the Virginia Regiment presaged later attempts to more formally professionalize the militia in the colonies : When the colony of Virginia ordered the creation of multiple regiments in 1775 with the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War , these were called the Virginia Line .
Battle of Numistro The Battle of Numistro was fought in 210 BC between Hannibal ' s army and one of the Roman consular armies led by consul Marcus Claudius Marcellus . It was the fourth time both generals met in a battle . Previous encounters were all located around the walls of Nola ( Campania ) in 216 , 215 and 214 a . C . and had been favourable for the roman side . Antecedents . In the early months of 210 a . C . consulship , the city of Salapia ( Apulia ) was betrayed to the romans . Punic side lost an important garrison of cavalry there . After this , Hannibal retreated to Brutium and Marcellus conquered the towns of Maronea and Meles , in the Caudian Samnium . Shortly after , the Carthaginian general came back to Apulia and defeated proconsul Gnaeus Fulvius Centumalus Maximus in the Second Battle of Herdonia . Then Marcellus informed the Senate he would intercept and gave battle against the Punic general to restore Roman honor . His was the only full strength Roman army in the south of Italy at the moment ( there was other minor army in Capua with one legion of 5 . 000 men and an allied alae of 7 . 500 soldiers ) , so the consequences of a new defeat could be disastrous for the Roman side and its attempt to counter the invasion in that part of the country . Anyway , Marcellus moved from Samnium and intercepted the Punic army in Numistro , a town northeast of Lucania . Roman army encamped in a plain while Punic camp was in a hill . Numistro was placed close to actual Muro Lucano , in a route that punic army used between Northern Apulia and Brutium . The battle . According to Livy , the fight started early in the morning . Marcellus put his " I Legion " and " Right Alae Sociorum " in the front line . During the combat both units were relieved by the " III Legion " and " Left Alae " . Punic forces described by Livy included balearic slingers and Spanish infantry , as well as elephants . The battle lasted one day and after a hard fight , the result was inconclusive , since it ended due to nightfall , with Hannibal retreating to Apulia the next day and Marcellus leaving his injured soldiers at the town to recover and following Hannibal to hunt him in that territory , having minor engagements until the end of that year ' s campaign . Frontinus tells that the battle was won by Hannibal thanks to the surrounding terrain . Both generals met again in battle the following year in Canusium . Numistro and Canusium were probably separated in time , no more than six months , as the first one happened during last period of 210 B . C . consulship while the second one , was fought in the early months of 209 B . C .
2d Bombardment Wing ( World War II ) The 2d Bombardment Wing is a disbanded organization of the United States Army Air Forces . Its last assignment was with the Continental Air Forces , based at McChord Field , Washington . It was last active in November 1945 . History . Pre World War II . The wing was organized in 1919 at Langley Field , Virginia and assumed control of all Air Service units on the Atlantic Coast . It was inactivated at Langley in 1921 and most of its personnel were assigned to Air Park No . 3 . It was reactivated the following year and conducted mostly bombardment operations . As the 2nd Wing , the unit became one of the original wings of the GHQ Air Force on 1 March 1935 . It once again conducted much of the United States Army ' s pursuit , bombardment and observation operations in the eastern part of the United States . The wing ' s 2d Bombardment Group was the first group of the Air Corps to equip with the Boeing B - 17 Flying Fortress . The wing provided cadres for new tactical units activating as the Air Corps expanded under the Woodring Plan . It participated in maneuvers during 1940 that influenced Air Corps doctrine on the employment of airpower . The wing was inactivated in 1941 and its personnel used as the cadre for 1st Bomber Command . World War II . The group was reactivated as a heavy bomber operational command and control organization in June 1942 . It moved to England , August – September 1942 , and became a heavy bombardment wing of Eighth AF . In the fall of 1942 , it helped to train bombardment groups assigned to Twelfth Air Force . It served in combat in the European theater from November 1942 to June 1943 . The wing ceased combat temporarily during July and August 1943 while its groups were detached to the Mediterranean theater . The wing resumed combat in the European theater in October 1943 and continued operations until April 1945 . In August 1945 it returned to the US and was inactivated in November . Lineage . Components . Groups Squadrons Company
10th Transportation Battalion ( United States ) The 10th Transportation Battalion is a transportation battalion of the United States Army first constituted in 1942 . The 10th Transportation is a subordinate unit of the 7th Sustainment Brigade . Lineage . Constituted 6 July 1942 in the Army of the United States as Headquarters and Headquarters Company , 10th Port of Embarkation Activated 25 July 1942 at the San Francisco Port of Embarkation , California Converted and redesignated 7 November 1942 as the 10th Port Headquarters and Headquarters Company , Transportation Corps Inactivated 31 January 1947 in Italy Redesignated 23 August 1954 as Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment , 10th Transportation Battalion , and allotted to the Regular Army Activated 2 September 1954 at Fort Eustis , Virginia Reorganized and redesignated 30 November 1971 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company , 10th Transportation Battalion Campaign participation credit . World War II : Sicily ; North Apennines ; Rome - Arno Vietnam : Defense ; Counteroffensive ; Counteroffensive , Phase II ; Counteroffensive , Phase III ; Tet Counteroffensive ; Counteroffensive , Phase IV ; Counteroffensive , Phase V ; Counteroffensive , Phase VI ; Tet 69 / Counteroffensive ; Summer - Fall 1969 ; Winter - Spring 1970 ; Sanctuary Counteroffensive ; Counteroffensive , Phase VII ; Consolidation I Southwest Asia : Defense of Saudi Arabia ; Liberation and Defense of Kuwait ; Cease - Fire
Operation Gaff During World War II , Operation Gaff was a six - man patrol of Special Air Service commandos , who parachuted into German - occupied France on 18 July 1944 , with the aim of killing or kidnapping German Field Marshal Erwin Rommel . From March 1943 , Allied Intelligence had been undertaking research on the whereabouts , bases and travel arrangements of Field Marshal Rommel . Part of the research asked the question of how easy it would be to kill Rommel . After D - Day , the Allies were meeting fierce resistance , marshalled by Rommel with Hitler ' s orders to stand firm at all costs . With losses mounting , Field Marshal Montgomery agreed with a plan to take Rommel out of the battle plan . After SAS Lieutenant - Colonel William Fraser was told the location of Rommel ' s headquarters , a chateau home of the Dukes de La Rochefoucauld in the village of La Roche - Guyon , Brigadier R . W . McLeod assigned six specially - trained assassins led by French SAS Captain Jack William Raymond Lee . On July 18 , Lee and his team parachuted into Orléans ; they found that Rommel had been severely injured the previous day after his staff car had been overturned in an attack by RAF Hawker Typhoon s and replaced by Günther von Kluge . With their plan redundant , they moved toward advancing US Army lines on foot , while ambushing trains and attacking German units along their route . They reached safety on 12 August .
Edgar R . Anderson , Jr . Lieutenant General ( Dr . ) Edgar Ratcliffe Anderson Jr . ( born March 13 , 1940 ) was the 15th Surgeon General of the United States Air Force , Headquarters U . S . Air Force , Bolling Air Force Base , Washington D . C . Biography . Born in Baton Rouge , Louisiana , Anderson entered the Air Force in March 1965 after receiving his medical degree from Louisiana State University , New Orleans . He is board certified in family practice , dermatology and aerospace medicine . He has commanded Air Force hospitals of all sizes and been a command surgeon . He is a command pilot , a former medical test pilot , chief flight surgeon and basic parachutist with 2 , 200 flying hours , principally in fighter aircraft . He retired from the Air Force on January 1 , 1997 .
Tissaphernes Tissaphernes ( ; Old Persian " Čiθrafarnah " > Mod . Persian " Čehrfar " ) ( died 395 BC ) was a Persian soldier and statesman , grandson of Hydarnes . In 413 BC he was satrap of Lydia and Caria , and commander in chief of the Persian army in Asia Minor . When Darius II ordered the collection of the outstanding tribute of the Greek cities , he entered into an alliance with Sparta against Athens , which in 412 BC led to the conquest of the greater part of Ionia . But Tissaphernes was unwilling to take action and tried to achieve his aim by astute and often perfidious negotiations ; Alcibiades persuaded him that Persia ' s best policy was to keep the balance between Athens and Sparta , and rivalry with his neighbour Pharnabazus of Hellespontic Phrygia still further lessened his energy . When , therefore , in 408 BC the king decided to support Sparta strenuously , Tissaphernes was removed from the generalship and limited to the satrapy of Caria , whereas Lydia and the conduct of the war were entrusted to Cyrus the Younger . On the downfall of Athens , Cyrus and Tissaphernes both claimed jurisdiction over the Ionian cities , most of which acknowledged Cyrus as their ruler ; but Tissaphernes took possession of Miletus , where he was attacked by Cyrus , who gathered an army under this pretence with the purpose of using it against his brother Artaxerxes II . The king was warned by Tissaphernes , who took part in the battle of Cunaxa , and afterwards tried to destroy the Greek mercenaries of Cyrus by treachery . He was then sent back to Asia Minor to his old position as general in chief and satrap of Lydia and Caria . He now attacked the Greek cities , to punish them for their allegiance to Cyrus . This led to the war with Sparta in 399 BC . Tissaphernes , who once again had recourse to subtle diplomacy , was beaten by Agesilaus II on the Pactolus near Sardis in 395 BC ; and at last the king yielded to the representations of Pharnabazus , strongly supported by the " chiliarch " ( vizier ) Tithraustes and by the queen - mother Parysatis , who hated Tissaphernes as the principal cause of the death of her favourite son Cyrus . Tithraustes was sent to execute Tissaphernes , who was lured to Ariaeus ' residence in Colossae and slain in 395 BC . Etymology . " Chithrafarna " ( " čiθra " + " farnah " ) " Shining Fortune " : " čiθra " is from the Proto - Indo - European adjective " ( s ) koitrós " ' bright ' ; " farnah " is equivalent to Avestan " xvarənah " ' fortune ' .
HMAS Curlew HMAS " Curlew " ( M 1121 ) was a Ton class minesweeper operated by the Royal Navy ( as HMS " Chediston " ) from 1953 to 1961 , and the Royal Australian Navy from 1962 to 1991 . During her Australian service , the ship operated off Malaysia during the Indonesia – Malaysia confrontation during the mid - 1960s , then was modified for use as a minehunter . Delays in bringing a replacement class into service kept " Curlew " operational until 1990 , and she was sold into civilian service in 1991 . Construction . The minesweeper was built by the Montrose Shipyard in Scotland , launched on 20 February 1953 , and commissioned into the Royal Navy as HMS " Chediston " . Operational history . Royal Australian Navy . The ship was one of six sold to the Royal Australian Navy for A£ 5 . 5 million in 1961 . " Chediston " was modified for tropical conditions , and commissioned on 21 August 1962 as HMAS " Curlew " . During the mid - 1960s , " Curlew " was one of several ships operating in support of the Malaysian government during the Indonesia - Malaysia Confrontation . This service was later recognised with the battle honour " Malaysia 1964 - 66 " . In the late 1960s , " Curlew " and sister ship were modified for use as minehunter s . Decommissioning and fate . The delay in bringing the Bay class minehunter s into service kept " Curlew " operational until 2001 . " Curlew " paid off on 30 April 1990 and was sold on 17 June 1991 . The vessel was to operate as a salvage mothership , but was unable to be used as such because one of the main engines was unserviceable . " Curlew " was used in the films " Paradise Road " and " The Thin Red Line " . After several groundings on shallow mudbanks and a short salvage trip to a reef just off the coast of central Queensland , " Curlew " was sold to a new owner . As of mid - 2003 , the ship was operating out of Port Huon , Tasmania as a fishing vessel .
TM - 83 mine The TM - 83 is a Russia n off - route anti - tank mine , first shown publicly in 1993 . The mine consists of a large Misznay Schardin effect warhead and infra - red and seismic sensors . Description . The mine is positioned 5 m from the road it is intended to attack and aimed using an integrated sight . The seismic sensor detects approaching vehicles and alerts the infra - red sensor . When the vehicles reach the optimum target point the warhead is triggered . The mine can also be remote triggered from up to 100 meters away . The mine can remain operational for up to 30 days . Armour penetration is claimed to be 100 – 400 mm at a range of 50 meters .
USS Shrimp ( SP - 645 ) USS " Shrimp " ( SP - 645 ) was a United States Navy patrol vessel in commission from 1917 to 1918 . " Shrimp " was built as a private motorboat of the same name by the Gas Engine and Power Company at Morris Heights in the Bronx , New York , in 1912 . On 14 May 1917 , the U . S . Navy acquired her from her owner , H . W . D . Rudd of Boston , Massachusetts , for use as a section patrol boat during World War I . She was commissioned as USS " Shrimp " ( SP - 645 ) on 21 August 1917 . " Shrimp " was assigned to harbor patrol duty in Boston Harbor and local escort duty in the Boston area . Although twice reported lost at sea and once nearly destroyed by fire , " Shrimp " survived her misadventures and remained in service . She eventually was reassigned to night patrol duty at the Fore River Shipyard in Quincy , Massachusetts , but soon was recalled for further harbor patrol duty in Boston Harbor . " Shrimp " was decommissioned on 30 November 1918 and returned to Rudd on 25 February 1919 .
Cadzow Castle Cadzow Castle , now in ruins , was constructed between 1500 and 1550 on the site of an earlier royal castle , one mile south - east of the centre of Hamilton , South Lanarkshire , Scotland . The town of Hamilton was formerly known as Cadzow or Cadyou ( , the " " being the letter yogh ) , until renamed in 1455 in honour of James Hamilton , 1st Lord Hamilton . The castle sits above a gorge overlooking the Avon Water in what is now Chatelherault Country Park , but was previously the hunting and pleasure grounds of the Duke of Hamilton ' s estate of Hamilton Palace . The ruin is a category B listed building and a Scheduled Ancient Monument . History . The early castle . The ancient kings of Strathclyde are said to have had a hunting lodge at Cadzow , prior to that kingdom ' s assimilation into Scotland in the 12th century . The original Cadzow Castle was built in the 12th century as an occasional royal residence for King David I ( 1124 – 1153 ) . Royal charters of David ' s reign were issued from here as early as 1139 . His successors Alexander II , Alexander III and others down to Robert the Bruce also used the castle , primarily as a hunting lodge . It is possible that this earlier castle was on an alternative site at , now known as Castlehill , although the area is now a housing estate . The estate of Cadzow was divided in 1222 , with Cadzow Castle passing to the Comyns . Following the forfeiture of their lands for supporting John Baliol , the estate was granted by Robert the Bruce to Walter FitzGilbert de Hambeldon in the early 14th century . FitzGilbert was ennobled as the first Baron of Cadzow , and is the ancestor of the Dukes of Hamilton . He constructed a motte near the town ( ) , which remains , adjacent to the M74 motorway . The 16th - century castle . The present castle was built around 1530 by Sir James Hamilton of Finnart , who also constructed nearby Craignethan Castle . Following her escape from Loch Leven Castle in 1568 , Mary , Queen of Scots , stayed here . As a result it was destroyed by forces of the Earl of Mar , regent for James VI , in the late 16th century , as retaliation against the Hamiltons for their support of Mary . It was partially rebuilt in the 18th century , to serve as a folly within the Duke ' s park . The castle today . The site is now owned and managed by Historic Scotland . There is no public access to the ruins , as the structure is unstable , and largely supported by scaffolding . Footpaths within the country park allow visitors to view the ruin . The Duke ' s Bridge , built high across the Avon Gorge , offers the most dramatic view of the ruins above the wooded gorge . A series of excavations , sponsored by Historic Scotland , took place at the castle between 2000 and 2003 .
SS Rajputana The SS " Rajputana " was a British passenger and cargo carrying ocean liner . She was built for the Peninsular & Oriental Steam Navigation Company at the Harland and Wolff docks on the River Clyde near Glasgow , Scotland in 1925 . She was one of the P & O ' R ' class liners from 1925 that had much of their interiors designed by Lord Inchcape ' s daughter Elsie Mackay . Named after the Rajputana region of western India , she sailed on a regular route between England and British India . She was requisitioned into the Royal Navy on the onset of World War II and commissioned in December 1939 as the armed merchant cruiser HMS " Rajputana " . The installation of eight six - inch guns gave her the firepower of a light cruiser without the armoured protection . She was torpedoed and sunk off Iceland on 13 April 1941 , after escorting a convoy across the North Atlantic . World War II . In the Battle of the Atlantic HMS " Rajputana " escorted several North Atlantic convoys from Bermuda and Halifax under Captain F . H . Taylor , including BHX 42 , BHX 45 , BHX 49 , BHX 52 , BHX 54 , BHX 61 , BHX 64 , BHX 71 , BHX 83 , BHX 94 , BHX 101 , BHX 111 and BHX 117 Her sister ships SS " Rawalpindi " , SS " Ranchi " and SS " Ranpura " were also converted to armed merchant cruisers . Except for small corvettes , the converted passenger ships like HMS " Rajputana " were the only armed protection for most of the early convoys . With their six - inch guns , they were the only escorts that could engage German surface ships . Very few convoys received the protection of the larger cruiser s or battleship s . On 13 April 1941 , four days after parting company with convoy HX 117 , she was torpedoed by " U - 108 " in the Denmark Strait west of Reykjavík , Iceland . She sank over an hour later with the loss of 42 men , including her last civilian captain Commander C . T . O . Richardson . A total of 283 of her crew were saved by the destroyer HMS " Legion " , some of them after spending 12 hours in overcrowded lifeboats . Among the survivors was Daniel Lionel Hanington , who later become a Rear Admiral in the Royal Canadian Navy . Of her sister ships two survived the war . On 23 November 1939 , while on " Northern Patrol " guarding the GIUK gap , HMS " Rawalpindi " engaged in battle against the German small battleship s " Scharnhorst " and " Gneisenau " . She prevented the breakthrough of the ships , but was herself sunk southeast of Iceland in the Iceland - Faroe passage . HMS " Ranchi " ( F15 ) survived the war and was scrapped at Newport in 1953 . HMS " Ranpura " ( F93 ) was sold to the Admiralty in 1943 and converted to a repair ship . She served in the Royal Navy as a fleet depot ship until 1961 , when she was broken up . She took part in the 1956 British invasion of Egypt .
219th Electronics Engineering and Installation Squadron The United States Air Force ' s 219th Engineering Installation Squadron ( 219th EIS ) is a communications infrastructure engineering Air National Guard squadron located at Tulsa International Airport in Tulsa , Oklahoma . The mission of the 219th EIS is to support the warfighter by engineering , installing and maintaining global C4 systems . It adds value to the country by responding to national , state and local emergencies . The 219th Radar Section has been crucial during DoD projects involving the Air Force ' s Over the Horizon Backskatter Radar and Air Force Research Labs projects in New York , Ohio , and Massachusetts .
Malyuta Skuratov Grigory Lukyanovich Skuratov - Belskiy ( ) , better known as Malyuta Skuratov ( ) ( ? – January 1 , 1573 ) was one of the most odious leaders of the Oprichnina during the reign of Ivan the Terrible . Malyuta Skuratov rose to prominence in 1569 by taking part in the trial and execution of Vladimir of Staritsa , Ivan IV ' s only cousin and a possible claimant to the throne . In December 1569 , Malyuta Skuratov strangled a former Metropolitan of Moscow , Philip II , by the order of Ivan the Terrible , for his criticism of the Oprichnina . In January 1571 , Skuratov led a punitive expedition against Novgorod , killing thousands of its citizens on suspicion of treason . In 1571 , Skuratov was put in charge of the investigation into the causes of the Russian army ' s defeat by the army of the Crimean Khan Devlet I Giray . Malyuta Skuratov was killed during the siege of Weissenstein ( now Paide , Estonia ) in the Livonian War in 1573 . He lies buried near the grave of his father in the Joseph - Volokolamsk Monastery . One of Skuratov ' s daughters , Maria Grigorievna , married Boris Godunov . His other daughter , who had poisoned Mikhail Skopin - Shuisky , was married to Prince Dmitry Ivanovich Skopin - Shuisky .