naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
United States Cartridge Company The United States Cartridge Company was an early manufacturer of cartridge ammunition for small arms . The company was founded in 1869 by American Civil War general Benjamin Butler . Company startup was during the most rapid evolution of cartridge design to date . Lowell , Massachusetts emerged as one of the most successful cartridge producers in the United States while Butler served as a congressman from Massachusetts from 1867 to 1879 and as governor from 1883 to 1884 . After supplying large quantities of ammunition for World War I , the company was acquired by the owner of Winchester Repeating Arms ; and the Lowell factory closed as manufacturing shifted to New Haven , Connecticut . Butler family . Benjamin Butler , a lawyer who grew up on Lowell , became a major shareholder of Middlesex Mills in the 1850s ; because of his successful law practice he was one of Lowell ' s wealthiest residents at the end of the Civil War . With other local capitalists , he formed the Wamesit Power Company , the United States Bunting Company , and the United States Cartridge Company . Patent attorney Joe V . Meigs invented an improved metallic cartridge for the company ; and oversaw production beginning in 1869 . Meigs was replaced in the mid - 1870s by Charles Dimon , who had been an officer under Butler ' s command during the Civil War . By the early 1880s , the company employed 250 workers producing cartridges , paper - shot - shells , and primers . Paul Butler assumed control of the company when his father died in 1893 . Benjamin Butler ' s grandson , Butler Ames , replaced Charles Dimon in 1902 . Boom years . A 29 July 1903 powder magazine explosion in Tewksbury , Massachusetts destroyed or damaged seventy homes killing 22 employees and residents and injuring 70 more . New brick magazines and factories replaced early wooden structures prior to World War I . The company employed 1 , 200 when British purchasing agents arrived in September 1914 to request expanded production . Lowell ' s Bigelow carpet factory was converted to ammunition production , and a new ammunition factory was built in South Lowell . As employment swelled to 15 , 000 , a labor strike in the autumn of 1915 was resolved within a month to sustain ammunition production . A total of 2 , 262 , 671 , 000 military cartridges were manufactured for the United Kingdom , Russia , the Netherlands , Italy , France , and the United States . New owners and locations . National Lead Company purchased a controlling stock interest after Paul Butler died in 1918 . Cartridge manufacturing machinery was moved from Lowell to New Haven in 1926 where manufacturing continued under the Winchester name after the Lowell plants closed on 1 January 1927 . Winchester was purchased by Olin Corporation on 22 December 1931 . Olin used their subsidiary United States Cartridge Company to build and operate the Saint Louis Ordnance Plant manufacturing military small arms ammunition in St . Louis through World War II .
USS Turbot ( SS - 427 ) USS " Turbot " ( SS - 427 ) , a " Balao " - class submarine , was the second ship of the United States Navy to be named for the turbot , a large , brown and white flatfish , valued as a food . " Turbot " s keel was laid down on 13 November 1943 at Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , by the Cramp Shipbuilding Company , but the contract for her construction was cancelled on 12 August 1945 . Her partially completed hulk was launched on 12 April 1946 and , in 1950 , was assigned to the Naval Ship Research and Development Center at Annapolis , Maryland , where it was used for research and development in connection with the control and reduction of machinery noise in submarine s . " Turbot " was stricken from the Naval Vessel Register in 1958 , and sold for scrapping to the Bethlehem Steel Corporation , at Sparrow ' s Point , Maryland ; however , rather than being scrapped , she remained tied up to a U . S . Navy pier in Carr ' s Creek at the North Severn Naval Station in Maryland , where she continued to be used for testing well into the 1980s . Some material was removed from her hulk for use in other submarines , and her six torpedo air flasks were installed in the submarine USS " Pampanito " ( SS - 383 ) in San Francisco , California .
AN / SLQ - 49 Chaff Buoy Decoy System The AN / SLQ - 49 Chaff Buoy Decoy System , commonly referred to as " Rubber Duck " , consists of inflatable radar - reflecting decoy buoys . Used by the U . S . Navy , Royal Navy , and other NATO countries , the decoy is designed to seduce radar - guided anti - ship missile s by simulating the radar cross section of a ship . When deployed , the system launches into the water two octahedron - shaped inflatable decoy floats , connected by a cable . The AN / SLQ - 49 has been in operation since 1985 . Originally designed to confuse or distract enemy radar operators , it has demonstrated effective missile seduction capabilities .
Tripoli clashes ( mid - October 2011 ) Clashes in Tripoli broke out on 14 October 2011 when a group of Gaddafi loyalists in the Libyan capital , Tripoli , rose up against the National Transitional Council , leading to a firefight in the city ' s Abu Salim district as well as smaller clashes elsewhere in the city . Background . Tripoli , the Libyan capital , fell to rebel forces in late August 2011 . The rebel forces were mostly met well by the local populace who seemed glad to be rid of Gaddafi , though it was clear that not all of the citizens of Tripoli supported the NTC . This was the first and so far only action by loyalists in the city since it came under the control of anti - regime forces . It was the third conflict to erupt in Tripoli since the outbreak of the Libyan Civil War , the first being the February 2011 Tripoli clashes , the second being the aforementioned battle for control of the city . The Battle . The clashes were reported to have started when a group of roughly 80 of Gaddafi ' s loyalists raised the ousted leader ' s green flag , even going as far as to raise the flag over a street , enraging opposition forces , which lead to an exchange of fire . It was unclear who fired first but the situation quickly escalated . After the loyalist protesters dissipated , NTC forces searched the area , many of them discovering weapons caches . Soon after that , loyalist snipers opened fire , causing a large - scale gun battle between them and NTC forces . NTC fighters came in armed pickup trucks and began firing at the loyalists . There were reportedly shots fired by heavy machine guns on both sides . In the confusion , about 30 NTC fighters were hit by friendly fire . Two Gaddafi loyalists and one NTC fighter were confirmed dead in the fighting . After that , the uprising was quickly quelled with several of the loyalists killed or captured . The conflict was mostly confined to the Abu Salim district , one which is known to be home to loyalists , although small clashes happened in other parts of the city , none of which resulted in any serious casualties . Aftermath . Once the clashes were brought under control , the council set up roadblocks in and around the city , as well as trying to root out loyalists remaining in the city . NTC forces also made their presence known by randomly firing their weapons in the air from time to time .
John Park ( VC ) John Park VC ( February 1835 – 16 May 1863 ) , born in Derry , Ireland , was an Irish recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . Details . Park was 19 years old , and a sergeant in the 77th Regiment ( later The Middlesex Regiment - Duke of Cambridge ' s Own ) , British Army during the Crimean War when the following deeds took place for which he was awarded the Victoria Cross . On 20 September and 5 November 1854 at the Battle of the Alma and Inkerman , Crimea , Sergeant Park showed great bravery . On 19 April 1855 Park also distinguished himself at the taking of the Russian Rifle Pits , during which he was severely wounded . He showed great resolution at both attacks on the Redan . Park ' s citation reads : Park died in Allahabad , India , on 16 May 1863 , from sunstroke .
Arthur Frederick Saunders Arthur Frederick Saunders VC ( Ipswich ( 23 April 1879 – 30 July 1947 ) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . Arthur trained for the Merchant Marine and joined the Royal Navy at age 15 , serving for 15 years and reaching the rank of Petty Officer ( 2nd Class ) . Leaving the navy he worked for Ransomes , Sims & Jeffries . While at Ransomes , he joined the Territorial element of The Suffolk Regiment , the 3rd ( Reserve ) Battalion . At the outbreak of war , he joined the Regular Army as a duration only soldier in a service battalion His award came as a result of the Battle of Loos on the Western Front in September 1915 . His battalion were supporting the advance of the Cameron Highlanders . He was 36 years old , and a sergeant in the 9th ( Service ) Battalion , Suffolk Regiment , British Army in the on the First World War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC . On 26 September 1915 near Loos , France , He was recovered by stretcher bearer s from the Scots Guards . Common belief states that the wounds to his leg meant that it was amputated when he reached an Advanced Dressing Station . However , this is inaccurate . After medical attention and a period of convalescence his leg had become 3 inches shorter therefore he wore a medical boot to aid his walking . In the Second World War he served in the Home Guard .
William de la Pole ( 1478 – 1539 ) Sir William de la Pole ( 1478 - sometime between October and November 1539 ) , was an English lord , and Knight of Wingfield Castle in Wingfield , Suffolk . He was the son of John de la Pole , 2nd Duke of Suffolk ( 1442 - 1492 ) and Elizabeth Plantagenet ( Elizabeth of York , Duchess of Suffolk ) ( 1444 - 1504 ) . Around 1497 , he married Katherine Stourton , daughter of William Stourton , 2nd Baron Stourton and Margaret Chidiocke , but they had no issue . Katherine , twice widowed and aged about 42 , was more than 20 years older than William , so the motive for the marriage was probably financial as her second husband , Lord Grey , had left her much of his property . He was brother to John de la Pole , 1st Earl of Lincoln , Edmund de la Pole , 3rd Duke of Suffolk and Richard de la Pole . As nephews of Edward IV the de la Poles had a much stronger hereditary claim to the throne than Henry VII who was descended from an illegitimate son of John of Gaunt . Even if William , unlike his brothers , had no personal ambition to the throne , his ancestry would have made it impossible for Henry to trust him . He was held prisoner in Tower of London for 37 years till his death , longer than anyone else in history , for allegedly plotting against King Henry VII with his brothers Edmund and Richard , who fled the country in 1501 , apparently after their conspiracy was detected .
20th Marine Regiment ( United States ) 20th Marine Regiment was an engineer regiment of the United States Marine Corps that fought during World War II . History . 20th Marines was formed on June 15 , 1943 at Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune , North Carolina from cadred units of the 19th Marine Regiment . It originally consisted of three battalions and was assigned to support the 4th Marine Division . The 1st and 2nd Battalions were made up of Marines while the 3rd Battalion was formed with US Navy Construction Battalion personnel also known as Seabee s . During the war the Regiment fought during the Battle of Kwajalein , Battle of Saipan and Battle of Tinian . The regiment was deactivated on August 31 , 1944 and its component battalions were reassigned within the 4th Marine Division .
French ship Lion ( 1803 ) Lion was a 74 - gun ship of the line of the French Navy . She took part in Allemand ' s expedition of 1805 under Captain Eleonore - Jean - Nicolas Soleil . On 21 October 1809 , she departed Toulon escorting a convoy bound to Barcelona . Six days into the journey , she encountered a British squadron sent by Admiral Cuthbert Collingwood , which gave chase . " Lion " ran aground near Sète , and was set on fire by her crew to avoid capture .
Vismod The term vismod is an abbreviation of the term " visually modified " , and is used by the elements of the United States Department of Defense to refer to any vehicle , aircraft , or other object that has been altered to simulate equipment used by an enemy for training purposes , often by specialized units referred to as the OpFor or " opposing force " . It is also sometimes used in filmmaking and television production to simulate real - world military equipment that is required for a scene in a television show or movie but cannot be procured due to financial or other complications . Below are some of the most well - known examples of vismod usage . Vismods in the US Navy and US Air Force . The United States Navy and Air Force were the first branches of the military to use vismods effectively for training purposes in response to appalling air to air combat performance of their pilots during the Vietnam War , taking A - 4 Skyhawk s and F - 5 Freedom Fighter s and painting them in the colors of Soviet and Warsaw Pact aircraft , complete with red star insignia . These were used as ' adversary ' aircraft at the Navy ' s Top Gun program at Marine Corps Air Station Miramar and the Air Force ' s RED FLAG exercise s at Nellis Air Force Base ( Top Gun was later replaced by the Naval Strike and Air Warfare Center at Naval Air Station Fallon ) . These aircraft were later supplemented and eventually replaced by F / A - 18 Hornet s , F - 14 Tomcat s , and F - 16 Fighting Falcons , with the Air Force recently adding F - 15 Eagle s as well . Vismods in the US Army . Following the example set by the Navy and Air Force , the United States Army developed the National Training Center at Fort Irwin , California . Due to the complex and intricate nature of modern mechanized warfare , the vismods used here cover a wide range of ground vehicles and even helicopter s ( UH - 1 Hueys made to resemble the Mil Mi - 8 , for example ) , fitted with MILES gear . The most common vismods were M551 Sheridan light tanks which were dressed up to resemble Russian - made tanks and Infantry Fighting Vehicles such as the T - 72 and BMP - 1 , respectively and Humvees made to resemble BRDM - 2 scout vehicles . As the Sheridans aged and grew harder and more inefficient to maintain , they were eventually replaced with M113 armored personnel carriers and M1 Abrams tanks . Similar vismod - equipped units also operate at the Joint Readiness Training Center at Fort Polk , Louisiana . Vismods in film and television production . In some cases , vismods are used to simulate real - world military hardware that would be too expensive or otherwise impractical to procure for filming . Hollywood vismods have covered a wide range of vehicles , from aircraft ( such as an Aérospatiale Puma made to resemble an Mi - 24 Hind ) to ground vehicles ( Centurion tank s made to resemble M1 Abrams ) , and even small arms , such as Chinese - made Type 56 assault rifle s being visually modified to resemble Soviet - made AK - 74 rifles . Some of the more notable Hollywood vismod examples include " Red Dawn " and " Courage Under Fire " .
Air offensive An air offensive is a type of military operation conducted using aircrew , airborne and strategic missile troops to allow securing of war , campaign or operational initiative , air - space superiority or ensure defeat of enemy forces through use of air - delivered ordnance , or destruction of enemy air , ground and naval forces . The air offensive can be conducted by the air forces independently , or in coordination with the Land and Naval Services within the scope of Combined Operations . In some countries the air offensive can be conducted by the ground forces using aviation assets such as troop carrier operations during the Second World War or the post - war use of helicopter s . Air offensives , also known as the aviation offensives in Russian , are sometimes referred to by their principal type of aircraft or missile as the Air superiority offensive such as the Luftwaffe Operation Adlerangriff , bombing air offensive such as the Anglo - American air offensive against Germany from 1943 until the German surrender in 1945 , assault air offensive as exemplified by the operations during the Battle of Kursk , and air - assault offensive such as Operation Shiny Bayonet by the 1st Cavalry Division during the Vietnam War . Air offensives tend to be strategic in nature , with one of the largest conducted was by the Red Army Air Force , commencing in August 1943 , when some 10 , 000 aircraft took part in the support of the Kursk Strategic Defensive , Orel Strategic Counter - offensive ( Operation Kutuzov ) , Belgorod - Kharkov Strategic Counter - offensive ( Operation Rumyantsev ) , Smolensk Strategic Offensive ( Operation Surorov ) , Donbass Strategic Offensive and Chernigov - Poltava Strategic Offensive Operation s . Ordinarily the air offensive consists of three phases : air preparation of the offensive ( including intelligence preparation of the battlefield ) , immediate preparation for the offensive , and offensive support operations .
USS Vincent ( SP - 3246 ) USS " Vincent " ( SP - 3246 ) was a United States Navy patrol vessel in commission from 1917 or 1918 to 1919 . " Vincent " was built as a civilian wooden single - screw cabin motorboat of the same name in 1909 by Britt Brothers at Lynn , Massachusetts . The U . S . Navy acquired her under a free lease from her owner , the Transfer Company of Norwich , Connecticut , for use as a section patrol boat during World War I ; sources differ on the date of the acquisition , suggesting that it could have happened in both June 1917 and June 1918 . She was commissioned as USS " Vincent " ( SP - 3246 ) ; sources disagree on her commissioning date , stating that it was 28 June 1917 , 20 June 1918 , and 28 June 1918 " Vincent " was assigned to the 3rd Naval District . No deck logs have been found describing her service there , but she presumably performed patrol duties at least through the end of World War I . The Navy returned " Vincent " to the Transfer Company on 28 June 1919 and she was stricken from the Navy List the same day .
Robert C . Lee Robert Corwin Lee was Vice President of the Moore - McCormack Lines shipping company , and an officer of the US Navy achieving the rank of Rear Admiral ( lower half ) in the US Naval Reserve . Family . On 1918 - 06 - 15 , he married Elsie Francis Calder , daughter of Senator William M . Calder . Navy . Lee was promoted to the rank of Commander before leaving full time service . Later , he was promoted to Rear Admiral ( lower half ) ( Commodore ) in the US Naval Reserve , as a result of service during World War II . Shipping . Lee was instrumental in negotiating several significant contracts for Moore - McCormack in the 1920s , with Poland and Russia . Both his wife and daughter , Kay Calder Lee , were " sponsors " ( launching ladies ) for several ships :
Royal Danish Naval Academy The Royal Danish Naval Academy ( known in Denmark as " Søværnets Officersskole " or more commonly , " Søofficerskolen " ) educates and commissions all officers for the Royal Danish Navy . Having existed in more than 300 years , it is the oldest still - existing officers ' academy in the world . The education . All aspirant s ( unlike many navies all candidates begin their time as aspirants and then become cadets ) begin their education with 6 months of basic military training and general seamanship . Parts of this at the " Naval NCO and Basic Training School " ( Danish : " Søværnets Sergent - og Grundskole " ) near Frederikshavn and other parts on the training vessel " Georg Stage " . This goes to both aspirants that begin their education without prior military service and those who are recruited among enlisted and petty officers . Then follows an intensified NCO - training for another 6 months . If these periods are completed and passed , then the aspirant will move onto the Naval Academy . Here follows the education for the two functional lines ( either the master - line for 4 years or engineering - line for 4½ years ) . Included in these periods , where the aspirants of each line , is separated , is also an 11 months leadership training period , where both lines are educated together in courses like leadership , naval warfare , naval history , teaching , psychology , administration , social sciences and economics . At this time , the aspirant becomes a cadet . After 5 - 5½ years of training and education from the very start the aspirant is commissioned as an officer . Besides career - officers , the naval academy also trains civilian licensed marine engineers and first officers , towards naval commissioning . This training - period is 11 months for first officers , and 14 months for engineers . The naval academy also runs the junior staff officers course . This course runs for 11 months , and requires satisfactory service as an OF - 1 ( Danish " premierløjtnant " ) . Location . The naval academy is located on Holmen in central Copenhagen .
2nd Virginia Infantry The 2nd Virginia Volunteer Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment raised in today ’ s West Virginia for service in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War . It fought as part of the Stonewall Brigade , mostly with the Army of Northern Virginia . The 2nd Virginia was assembled at Charles Town in April , 1861 , then moved to Harper ' s Ferry to seize the armory . The unit was accepted into Confederate service in July . Its companies were from the counties of Clarke , Frederick , Floyd , Jefferson , and Berkeley . It became part of the Stonewall Brigade and served under Generals T . J . Jackson , R . B . Garnett , Winder , Paxton , J . A . Walker , and W . Terry . The 2nd fought at First Manassas , Second Manassas , First Kernstown , and in Jackson ' s Valley Campaign . It went on to fight with the Army of Northern Virginia from the Seven Days ' Battles to Cold Harbor except during the Maryland Campaign when it was detached to Martinsburg as provost guards . Later the unit was involved in Early ' s operations in the Shenandoah Valley and the Appomattox operations . It reported 90 casualties at First Kernstown , 25 at Cross Keys and Port Republic , 27 at Gaines ' Mill , and 77 at Second Manassas . The regiment lost 2 killed and 19 wounded at Fredericksburg , had 8 killed and 58 wounded at Chancellorsville , and had about eight percent of the 333 engaged at Gettysburg disabled . On April 9 , 1865 , it surrendered with 9 officers and 62 men . A Notable death from the Regiment is the one of Private John Wesley Culp , who was killed on his Uncles Farm in Gettysburg ( Culp ' s Hill ) Its field officers were Colonels James W . Allen , Lawson Botts , and John Q . A . Nadenbousch ; Lieutenant Colonels Raleigh T . Colston , Francis Lackland , and William W . Randolph ; and Majors Francis B . Jones , Edwin L . Moore , and Charles H . Stewart . Dr . Hunter McGuire , who eventually would become Chief Surgeon of the Second Corps , amputating the arm of Stonewall Jackson after Chancellorsville , and the leg of Isaac Trimble after Gettysburg , as well as a founder of the Medical Society of Virginia and a president of the American Medical Association , initially enlisted as a private in Company F .
1st Royal Saxon Guards Heavy Cavalry The 1st Royal Saxon Guards Heavy Cavalry ( " Garde - Reiter - Regiment ( 1 . Schweres Regiment ) " ) was a heavy cavalry of the Royal Saxon Army . Established in 1680 as a cuirassiers unit , the regiment fought in the Battle of Vienna ( 1683 ) , the Nine Years ' War , the War of the Spanish Succession , the Silesian Wars , the Napoleonic Wars , the Austro - Prussian War , the Franco - Prussian War and World War I . The regiment was disbanded in 1919 .