naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Spy basket The Spy gondola , Spy basket , Observation car or sub - cloud car ( or ) was a byproduct of " Peilgondel " development ( a gondola to weight an airship ' s radio - locating antenna ) . They were used almost entirely by the Germans in the First World War on their military airship s . The spy basket could be lowered from above through the cloud deck several hundred metres , in order to inconspicuously observe the ground and to help navigate the airship . Development . The " Peilgondel " was developed by Paul Jaray to act as a heavy plumbbob for an airship ' s radio antenna . A free - hanging antenna wire would move and flex in the wind hindering communications ; the added weight reduced this movement . Juray then developed the " Peilgondel " further into a manned spy gondola . Use . Spy baskets were used on , among others , Schütte - Lanz and Zeppelin airships . , it was not always certain which airships used them : the blueprints for LZ 62 ( L 30 ) and LZ 72 ( L 31 ) included the spy basket operating plant but the German Navy was no longer installing them at that time ; however a fish - shaped spy basket can be seen on photographs of the German Army LZ 83 ( tactical number LZ 113 ) . The Imperial War Museum in London exhibits a Zeppelin observation car that was found near Colchester after the Zeppelin air raid of September 2 , 1916 which is believed to have fallen from the LZ 90 . After the war the Americans briefly experimented with a spy basket on the . Zeppelin spy basket development and use . Captain Ernst A . Lehmann , the German airship captain , described in his book " The Zeppelins " how he and Baron Gemmingen , Count Zeppelin ' s nephew , had developed the device . To test the prototype he blindfolded the helmsman of the airship and allowed himself to be lowered by a winch from the bombroom in a modified cask , equipped with a telephone . Hanging some below the airship using a compass he could tell the helmsman which bearing to take and effectively drive the airship . He later recounted how , while returning from the aborted raid on London in March 1916 in the Z 12 , Baron Gemmingen insisted on being the first to use it on their secondary target , Calais . The basket was equipped with a wicker chair , chart table , electric lamp , compass , telephone , and lightning conductor . With the Zeppelin sometimes within , sometimes above the clouds and unable to see the ground , Gemmingen in the hanging basket would relay orders on navigation and when and which bombs to drop . The Calais defenders could hear the engines but their searchlights and artillery fire did not reach the airship . LZ26 ' s basket was lowered from the airship on a specially constructed tether 1000 metres long ; other airships may have used one approximately 750 metres long . The tether was high grade steel with a brass core insulated with rubber to act as the telephone cable . Despite Gemmingen reporting a feeling of loneliness while being lowered and losing sight of the airship , crewmen would nevertheless volunteer for this duty because it was the one place they could smoke . Its use is dramatized in the 1930 film " Hell ' s Angels " .
Patrick Experton World renowned test pilot , Patrick Experton worked for French aerospace company Dassault Aviation from 1978 until his retirement in 2002 . Biography . A graduate of the French Air Force Academy Class of 1962 , Patrick Experton was first assigned to the EC Roussillon flying Mirage IIIE aircraft then to the EC Alsace in Dijon , also flying Mirage III . He then was transferred to the CEV ( Centre D ' essais en Vol ) in Istres , and then to the USAF Test Pilot School out of Edwards AFB , California in the mid - 1970s , becoming the first French pilot to fly the F - 15A Eagle . At the time , the Giscard d ' Estaing administration was considering an order for two wings of F - 15s ; the order however never materialized and instead lead to the development of the Mirage 4000 . He then returned to France to Istres AB with the CEV where he conducted spin trials for the newly acquired Mirage F - 1C . He then commanded the EC 3 / 30 Lorraine squadron from 1976 to 1978 operating out of Reims AB , also one of the first unit equipped with the aircraft . Dassault Aviation hired him as a test pilot in 1978 , and he assumed the lead role in the development of the Alpha Jet trainer aircraft , variants of the Mirage F - 1 such as the CR reconnaissance version , as well as the Mirage 50 ( first flight May 1979 ) . He was the lead test pilot for the Mirage IIING from 1982 to 1984 ( first flight December 1982 ) . The aircraft was an attempt by Dassault to maintain its market share with existing Mirage III customers . The project however never gained sufficient traction to clinch any significant domestic or foreign air force orders . From the mid - 1980s onwards , he became closely involved with the development of the newly acquired Mirage 2000 FBW aircraft . His most significant contribution to the program was his critical lead role in the design of the Mirage 2000 - 5 variant . The 2000 - 5 is a significantly improved version of the 2000C / RDI aircraft with superior engine performance , weapon and sensor systems . In the mid - 1990s , he switched to the business aircraft side of Dassault Aviation , leading several test programs such as the Dassault Falcon 900 and Falcon 900EX and working on the development of the Falcon Jets next generation avionics systems . Throughout his career , and into retirement , Patrick Experton has maintained strong ties with the US flight testing community and with the Society of Experimental Test Pilots ( SETP ) in particular .
Table of ranks and insignia of the Waffen - SS This table contains the final rank s and insignia of the Waffen - SS , which were in use from 1942 - 1945 in comparison to the German Wehrmacht Heer . The highest rank of the combined SS ( " Gesamt - SS " ) was that of " Reichsführer - SS " ; however , there was no Waffen - SS equivalent to this position . Details , conditions , and prerequisites for SS - Candidates , aspirant or volunteers for full membership to the Allgemeine SS are described in the main articles SS - Bewerber and SS - Anwärter .
Penteconter ( ship ) The penteconter , alt . spelling " pentekonter " , also transliterated as " pentecontor " or " pentekontor " ( , fifty - oared ) , was an ancient Greek galley in use since the archaic period . The penteconters emerged in an era when there was no distinction between merchant and war ships . They were versatile , long - range ships used for sea trade , piracy and warfare , capable of transporting freight or troops . A penteconter was rowed by fifty oarsmen , arranged in two rows of twenty - five on each side of the ship . A midship mast with sail could also propel the ship under favourable wind . Penteconters were long and sharp - keeled ships , hence described as " long vessels " ( , " nḗes makraí " ) . They typically lacked a full deck , therefore they were also called " unfenced vessels " ( , " áphraktoi nḗes " ) . According to some contemporary calculations , penteconters are believed to have been between long , approximately 4 meters wide , and capable of reaching a top speed of 9 knots ( 18 km / h ) . However , modern reconstructions of penteconters as well as other ancient ship designs such as triremes which were manned by modern untrained amateurs attained that top speed fairly easily on initial sea trials , which implies that the top speed of that type of ship in the ancient era had to be substantially higher . Ancient Greeks also used the triaconter ( also triacontor , ) , a shorter version of the penteconter with thirty oars . There is a general agreement that the trireme , the primary warship of classical antiquity , evolved from the penteconter via the bireme . The penteconter remained in use until the Hellenistic period , when it became complemented and eventually replaced by other designs , such as the " lembos " , the " hemiolia " and the liburnians .
USS O - 4 ( SS - 65 ) USS " O - 4 " ( SS - 65 ) was an " O " - class submarine of the United States Navy . Her keel was laid down on 4 December 1916 by the Fore River Shipbuilding Company in Quincy , Massachusetts . She was launched on 20 October 1917 , and commissioned on 29 May 1918 with Lieutenant Robert H . English ( 1888 – 1943 ) , in command . Service history . " O - 4 " operated out of Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , during World War I and patrolled the U . S . Atlantic coast from Cape Cod to Key West , Florida . On 24 July 1918 , a British steamer mistook " O - 4 " and for German U - boat s and fired on the submarines . Although " O - 4 " received six hits from the steamer , she suffered no major damage . In November , she joined the 20 - submarine contingent that departed Newport , Rhode Island , on 3 November for European waters , however , hostilities ceased before the boats had reached the Azores . " O - 4 " then sailed to New London , Connecticut , to train students at the Submarine School there . Reclassified to a second line submarine on 26 July 1924 , and reverting to a first liner on 6 June 1928 , she trained Submarine School students at New London until 1931 , with the exception of a brief tour at Coco Solo . " O - 4 " decommissioned on 3 June 1931 . The approach of World War II saw the recall of " O - 4 " to active service . She recommissioned on 29 January 1941 and trained students at the Submarine School until war ' s end . After the war , she steamed to Portsmouth , New Hampshire , to decommission there on 20 September 1945 . She was struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 11 October 1945 , and scrapped on 1 February 1946 .
Fürst - Wrede - Kaserne Fürst - Wrede - Kaserne has been a military facility in Munich , Germany , since 1936 when it was built by the Munich " Heeresbauamt " ( army construction bureau ) under its original name " Verdun - Kaserne " . After World War II the U . S . forces renamed it Will Kaserne , and the Bundeswehr renamed it once more in honor of Karl Philipp von Wrede on April 17 , 1972 . History . Originally , the fully motorized 7th Anti - Tank Detachment ( " Panzerabwehrabteilung 7 " ) and an artillery unit used the barracks . After the war the facility was enlarged and renamed by the American troops who occupied it in 1951 ; the 169th Infantry Regiment , 43rd Division . The 43rd Division only stayed in Germany during the Korean War time . After that , elements of the 24th Division moved into Will Kaserne and stayed there until it was returned to the German government . In 1969 the " Bundeswehr " acquired the installation . Until the beginning of the 1990s , the 200th Anti - Aircraft Regiment " Flugabwehrregiment 200 " ( FlaRgt 200 ) , the 200th Drone Battery ( " Drohnenbatterie 200 " ) and the 4th Company of the 210th Maintenance Battalion " Instandsetzungsbataillons 210 " ( 4th InstBtl 210 ) were stationed there . In 1993 the 1st and 3rd companies as well as the headquarters of the 760th " Feldjäger " ( Military Police ) Battalion moved from Bayern - Kaserne into the barracks . The battalion was renumbered the 451st " Feldjäger " Bn in 2003 . Further users of the barracks have been the 60th Regional Network Control Center ( " Regionales Netzführungszentrum 60 " ) , the 663rd / 900th Stationary Signal Center ( " Festes Fernmeldezentrum der Bundeswehr 663 / 900 " ) , the " Kraftfahrausbildungszentrum Munich " ( motor training center ) and Service Team 4 of the Munich Bundeswehr Service Center . The northern part of the barracks was sold in 2006 . Since March 2008 , the facility ' s infrastructure has been redeveloped as part of a public - private partnership project in conjunction with a subsidiary of Hochtief construction company . From January 1956 until March 1957 Will Kaserne was occupied by the 88th Abn AAA Battalion of the 11th Airborne Division . At that time in 1957 the 88th AAA was deactivated and the members were transferred to other units in the 11th and others .
HMS Lancaster ( 1694 ) HMS " Lancaster " was an 80 - gun third rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy , launched at Bursledon on 3 April 1694 . She was rebuilt according to the 1719 Establishment at Portsmouth , from where she was relaunched on 1 September 1722 . After this time , her armament of 80 guns , previously carried on two gundecks , was carried on three , though she continued to be classified as a third rate . On 15 February 1743 she was ordered to be taken to pieces and rebuilt at Woolwich Dockyard as a 66 - gun third rate according to the 1741 proposals of the 1719 Establishment . This rebuild returned her to a two - decker , and she was relaunched on 22 April 1749 . " Lancaster " was broken up in 1773 .
660th Bombardment Squadron The 660th Bombardment Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit . Its last was assigned to the 40th Bombardment Wing , stationed at Forbes AFB , Kansas . It was inactivated on 1 January 1962 . History . The squadron was activated in 1959 as a result of Strategic Air Command phasing out the B - 47 , and additional squadrons were activated as part of the consolation of Stratojet wings , and the replacement of the B - 47 by B - 52 Stratofortress es . In March 1961 , President John F . Kennedy directed that the phaseout of the B - 47 be accelerated . and the squadron was inactivated on 1 January 1962 as part of the drawdown of the USAF B - 47 force .
Military leadership in the American Revolutionary War Many military leaders played a role in the American Revolutionary War . This list is a compilation of some of the most important leaders among all of the many participants in the war . In order to be listed here , an individual must satisfy one of the following criteria : Some individuals simultaneously held positions in more than one organization ; a number of Continental Army generals also held high - ranking positions in their state militia organizations . United States . When the war began , the American colonists did not have a regular army ( also known as a " standing army " ) . Each colony had traditionally provided for its own defenses through the use of local militia , which had their own command hierarchy . Some states , most notably Pennsylvania and Massachusetts , also had their own navies . Seeking to coordinate military efforts , the Continental Congress established ( on paper ) a regular army — the Continental Army — in June 1775 , and appointed George Washington as commander - in - chief . The development of the Continental Army was always a work in progress , and Washington reluctantly augmented the regular troops with militia throughout the war . British Empire . At the head of the British forces was the king , who was captain general of all forces both naval and military . It was usual for him to delegate his military powers as captain general or commander - in - chief . From 1772 to 1778 the office was vacant , but from 1778 to 1782 Sir Jeffery Amherst officiated as Commander - in - Chief with the title of General on the Staff . He was succeeded in February , 1782 by Henry Seymour Conway . Next in importance to the Commander - in - Chief was the Secretary at War , who served as head of the War Office , and was bidden " to observe and follow such orders and directions as he should from time to time receive from the king or the general of the forces " . Not until 1783 was he a minister responsible to parliament . At the start of part of the war the secretary was Lord Barrington . He was replaced in 1778 by Charles Jenkinson , 1st Earl of Liverpool who held this position until the fall of Lord North ' s government . Commander - in - Chief , North America . Until the war was widened into a global conflict by France ' s entry into the war in 1778 , the war ' s military activities were primarily directed by the Commander - in - Chief , North America . German principalities . Great Britain hired the services of military troops from a number of German principalities of the Holy Roman Empire . The largest number arrived in 1776 pursuant to agreements signed in late 1775 or early 1776 , but additional forces were recruited in 1778 , with only limited success . The single largest contingent came from Hesse - Kassel , hence the term " Hessians " . Dutch Republic . The Dutch Republic played a significant economic role in the war , but its military participation was limited , in part due to internal political divisions .
Volley Firing Infantry Weapon The Volley Firing Infantry Weapon ( VFIW ) was a rifle concept of French origin designed by Pierre Jampy . The weapon was gas operated , and was fed by clips holding 3 rounds . The VFIW had the capability of firing on both semi and full automatic and adjustable spread .
HMS Zulu ( F124 ) HMS " Zulu " ( F124 ) was a Tribal - class frigate of the Royal Navy in service from 1964 to 1984 . She was the third ship bearing the name of HMS " Zulu " , having been named after an ethnic group located primarily in KwaZulu - Natal Province , South Africa . " Zulu " was built by Alexander Stephen and Sons , of Govan , at a cost of £5 , 100 , 000 . She was launched on 3 July 1962 and commissioned on 17 April 1964 . " Zulu " was the only " Tribal " built with Seacat missiles ; her six sister frigates were built with two 40 mm Bofors guns and fitted with Seacat during later refits . She was sold to the Indonesian Navy in 1984 and renamed " Martha Khristina Tiyahahu " . Royal Navy Service . In 1966 , " Zulu " contributed to the Beira Patrol off the coast of East Africa , assisting in the enforcement of an oil blockade on Rhodesia . In 1972 , a United States Navy P - 3 Orion aircraft crashed on a mountain in northern Morocco with the loss of 14 crew . " Zulu " ' s Westland Wasp helicopter was sent to the wreckage site , where five bodies were found . In 1974 , " Zulu " deployed to the West Indies . When Guatemala threatened to annex Belize in 1975 , " Zulu " steamed to the area from an American port to augment British forces . Such was the urgency that Zulu left 20 sailors behind . In 1977 , " Zulu " was presented at the Spithead Fleet Review , held in honour of Queen Elizabeth ' s Silver Jubilee . At this time she was part of the 4th Frigate Squadron . Later that year , " Zulu " formed part of the eight - ship Group 6 deployment , led by the cruiser , on naval exercises in the Far East . Manpower shortages in the Royal Navy necessitated " Zulu " being reduced to reserve in 1979 , as part of the Standby Squadron . She was placed on the disposal list in 1981 . During the Falklands War , " Zulu " was taken out of reserve and prepared for active service . She operated in home waters and , in 1983 , became the Gibraltar Guardship . Before decommissioning in 1984 , " Zulu " fired the Royal Navy ' s last " full " broadside . Indonesian Navy Service . Indonesia bought " Zulu " in 1984 , renaming the frigate " Martha Kristina Tiyahahu " , in honour of Martha Christina Tiahahu , who fought against Dutch colonial forces . The frigate was struck from the Indonesian Naval Vessel Register in 1984 and currently awaits scrapping .
Raghoji I Bhonsle Raghoji I Bhonsale ( died 1755 ) of the Bhonsale dynasty , was a Maratha general who took control of the Nagpur Kingdom in east - central India during the reign of Shahu . His successors ruled the kingdom until 1853 . The Bhonsale family were originally headmen from Deor or Deur ( presently in Koregaon Taluka , District Satara and was under Deshmukhi rights of Bhoite Clan ) , a village in Satara District . Raghoji ' s grandfather and his two brothers had fought in the armies of Shivaji , and to the most distinguished of them was entrusted a high military command and the collection of " chauth " ( tribute ) in Berar . Nagpur was then the capital of a Gond kingdom ruled by Chand Sultan , who had moved the capital to Nagpur from Deogarh . On Chand Sultan ' s death in 1739 , there were disputes as to his succession , and his widow invoked the aid of Raghoji , who was governing Berar on behalf of the Maratha . Raghoji , on being called in by the contending Gond factions , replaced the two sons of Chand Sultan on the throne from which they had been ousted by a usurper , and retired to Berar , with a suitable reward for his assistance . Dissensions , however , broke out between the brothers , and in 1743 Raghoji again intervened at the request of the elder brother and drove out his rival . But he had not the heart to give back a second time the country he held within his grasp . Burhan Shan , the Gond Raja , though allowed to retain the outward insignia of royalty , became practically a state pensioner , and all real power passed to the Marathas . Bold and decisive in action , Raghoji was the type of a Maratha leader ; he saw in the troubles of other states an opening for his own ambition , and did not even require a pretext for plunder and invasion . Twice his armies invaded Bengal , and he obtained the cession of Cuttack . Chanda , Chhattisgarh , and Sambalpur were added to his dominions between 1745 and 1755 , the year of his death . He was succeeded by Janoji Bhonsle . Battle of Damalcherry . Dost Ali Khan ordered Chanda Sahib to march against the Rajah of Tirusivapuram . There upon the Rajah invited the assistance of the Maratha Confederacy . Soon afterwards took place the Battle of Damalcherry , which was a major confrontation between the Mughal Empire ' s Nawab of the Carnatic , Dost Ali Khan and his Maratha opponent Raghoji I Bhonsale . The battle concluded with the fall of Dost Ali Khan and three years of Maratha occupation in the Carnatic . Battle of Burdwan . Raghoji I Bhonsale and his forces numbering more than 40 , 000 Marathas were routed in battle by the Mughal Emperor ' s Nawab of Bengal Alivardi Khan during the Battle of Burdwan .
Sverris saga Sverris saga is one of the kings ' sagas . Its subject is King Sverre Sigurdsson ( r . 1177 – 1202 ) of Norway and it is the main source for this period of Norwegian history . As the foreword tells us , the saga in its final form consists of more than one part . Work first began in 1185 under the king ’ s direct supervision . It is not known when it was finished , but presumably it was well known when Snorri Sturluson began writing his Heimskringla in the 1220s since Snorri ends his account where Sverris saga begins . Thus the saga is contemporary or near - contemporary with the events it describes . The saga is obviously written by someone sympathetic to Sverre ’ s cause , but the strict demands of the genre ensure some degree of impartiality . Authorship and composition . The first distinct part of the saga is called " Grýla " and describes the events until the aftermath of Sverre ' s first major victory at the Battle of Kalvskinnet in 1179 . Central to this part is Sverre ' s claim to be the son of King Sigurd Munn and his struggle against his rival claimant Magnus Erlingsson . According to the foreword , " Grýla " was written by Karl Jónsson from Þingeyrar monastery in Iceland . Karl Jónsson is known to have visited Norway from 1185 to c . 1188 . Sverre is supposed to have served as " Grýla " ’ s main source and decided what should be written . " Grýla " is written in a unique style that to some degree seems to be inspired by the long medieval tradition of hagiography . Style . The style and focus of Sverris saga is very unlike that of the earlier Norwegian synoptics . Instead of narrowly focusing on the king and major events of state , Sverris saga is a detailed and rich biography with a large cast of characters , elaborate scenes and dialogue . The saga is particularly detailed when it comes to Sverre ' s speeches , as well as his battles and military strategy .
Ostrów Lednicki Ostrów Lednicki is an island in Poland , on an island on Lake Lednica . Ostrów Lednicki is located between Gniezno and Poznań . A gród was built here in medieval times Remains of a chapel , church and palace , thought to be the home of the first Kings of the Piast dynasty . Today the ruins are of archaeological significance .