naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Deseret Test Center The Deseret Test Center was a U . S . Army operated command in charge of testing chemical and biological weapons during the 1960s . Deseret was headquartered at Fort Douglas , Utah . History . In May 1962 the U . S . Army established the Deseret Test Center at Fort Douglas , Utah , a disused army base . The command at Deseret was established as a result of Project 112 and Project SHAD . The project required a joint task force to undertake chemical and biological testing . In response , the Joint Chiefs of Staff established Deseret Test Center under the auspices of the U . S . Army . On May 28 , 1962 a U . S . Army Chemical Corps directive outlined Deseret ' s mission : ( to ) prepare and conduct extra continental tests to assess chemical and biological weapons and defense systems , both by providing support data for research and development and by establishing a basis for the operational and logistic concepts needed for the employment of these systems . The center occupied Building 103 and 105 at Fort Douglas , where administrative and planning decisions were made . Despite being based at Douglas , no tests were actually performed on the base . The headquarters at Fort Douglas was staffed by 200 individuals . Deseret was designed to assist not only the Army but the Navy and the Air Force as well ; thus , it was funded jointly by all branches of the U . S . military and Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) . Deseret also received administrative support from Dugway Proving Ground , about 80 miles away . The U . S . Army closed Deseret Test Center in 1973 . Tests . Between its opening in 1962 and 1973 the Deseret Test Center was at the helm of Project 112 , a military operation aimed at evaluating chemical and biological weapon s in differing environments . The test began in the fall of 1962 and were considered " ambitious " by the Chemical Corps ; the tests were conducted at sea , in Arctic environments and in tropical environments . Tests were aimed at human , plant and animal reaction to the chemical and biological agents and were conducted in the United States , Liberia , Egypt , South Korea and Okinawa . According to the Department of Defense , Deseret planned 134 chemical and biological weapons tests and of those 46 were carried out and 62 were canceled . The tests of Project 112 , and the related seaborne Project SHAD , were kept secret until October 2002 . Many tests occurred on U . S . soil and released live biological agents , chemical agents or their simulants . In total , according to the reporting of CBS News , more than 5 , 000 soldiers and sailors were involved in the secret tests , many of them unknowingly . From 1963 - 1965 there were 18 tests involving biological simulants , usually " Bacillus globigii " ( BG ) . BG was used to simulate dangerous agents , such as anthrax ; once thought harmless to humans , research in the intervening years has revealed some simulants can actually cause infection in those with weakened immune system s . 14 separate tests were performed using VX , sarin , nerve agent simulants and tear gas es .
Wilhelm Behrens Wilhelm Behrens ( 23 August 1888 – 15 August 1968 ) was a highly decorated Generalleutnant in the Wehrmacht during World War II who commanded several divisions . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . Wilhelm Behrens was discharged from active service in 1944 , in 1946 he was taken by the Red Army and held until 1949 .
Action of 1678 The Action of 1678 took place in 1678 in the Strait of Gibraltar and was a French victory over a Dutch force . Ships involved . France . " Courtesan " 70 ( flag ) < br > " Invincible " 68 - Damaged < br > " ? " 68 < br > " ? " 68 < br > " ? " 68 < br > " ? " 40 Netherlands ( Evertsen ) . 11 ships of the line
SS Kembu Maru ( 1942 ) Kembu Maru was a 6 , 816 GRT cargo ship which was built in 1941 Taikoo Dockyard & Engineering Company of Hong Kong Ltd . She was built as Empire Blossom and was ready to be launched when Hong Kong was invaded by Japan in December 1941 . The ship was completed by the Japanese and put into service . On 4 December 1943 she was sunk by American bombing at Kwajalein Atoll . Description . " Empire Blossom " was built as a 6 , 603 GRT cargo ship by Taikoo Dockyard & Engineering Company of Hong Kong Ltd . She was laid down in May 1941 , as yard number 303 . The ship was completed in February 1943 . She was long , with a beam of . On completion she was 6 , 816 GRT , 9 , 925 DWT . She was powered by a triple expansion steam engine . Career . The engine and boilers intended for " Empire Blossom " were sent to Singapore on 1 December 1941 aboard the SS " Ulysees " of Holt Line . The ship was launched as " Empire Blossom " . It was completed in February 1943 and put into service by the Imperial Japanese Navy as " Kembu Maru " . On 4 August 1943 , " Kembu Maru " was damaged by at . On 4 December 1943 , " Kembu Maru " was bombed and torpedo ed by aircraft from . She was carrying a cargo of aviation fuel in drums . The bombing caused the ship to explode and sink immediately , with a column of smoke being seen . At the time of her sinking she was in the Kwajalein Atoll ( ) .
USS John Paul , Jr . ( 1861 ) USS " John Paul , Jr . " ( 1861 ) was a steamer acquired by the Union Navy during the beginning of the American Civil War . She served the Union Navy ’ s struggle against the Confederate States of America as a ship ’ s tender , an observation platform , and as a gunboat despite the fact she was only lightly armed . Assigned to the South Atlantic blockade as ship ’ s tender . " Paul Jones , Jr . " was built in 1862 – 63 and was assigned as tender to U . S . gunboat of the South Atlantic Blockading Squadron during the Civil War . Use as an observation platform . A shallow draft vessel , she was used effectively as an observation boat to gather intelligence in the outlets and estuaries of St . Simon ’ s and Doboy Sounds , Altamaha ( Buttermilk Channel ) , Georgia . Providing service as a patrol vessel . Never mounting more than one small howitzer , she also assisted " Seneca " in guarding the sounds to prevent Confederate river steamers , which were generally unarmed , from using the waterways . " Paul Jones , Jr . " served in this capacity from March 1863 through June 1864 . Post - war deactivation and sale . She was sold 17 August 1865 .
Józef Niemojewski Józef Niemojewski ( of Rola coat of arms ) ( born July 4 , 1769 in Śrem - died July 16 , 1839 in Rokitnica ) was a Brigadier General of the Duchy of Warsaw , Major General of the Polish insurrectionist forces in Wielkopolska during the Greater Poland Uprising ( 1794 ) and the Kościuszko Uprising , Brigadier General in the Grande Armée of Napoleon Bonaparte and elected starosta of Śrem eldership .
Allan Wright Group Captain Allan Richard Wright Early life . Wright was born in Devon on 12 February 1920 . His father had been in the Royal Flying Corps from 1916 and retired from the RAF in 1943 . He entered Royal Air Force College Cranwell as a Flight Cadet in April 1938 . Military career . After training Wright was posted to No . 92 Squadron RAF at RAF Tangmere on 29 October flting Bristol Blenheim night fighters . On on March 8 , 1940 , the squadron converted to Spitfires . Wright fly his first combat mission on May 23 , 1940 over Dunkirk and claimed a probable Messerschmitt Bf 110 destroyed and two damaged . The following day Wright added one confirmed Me 110 and one ' probable ' Me 110 and on 2 June a Messerschmitt Bf 109 . During the Battle of Britain he shared a Heinkel He 111 destroyed on 14 August , a Heinkel He 111 of Kampfgeschwader 27 ( KG 27 ) at night over Bristol on 29 August , a Heinkel He 111 and Messerschmitt Bf 109 ' probable ' on 11 September , a Messerschmitt Bf 109 damaged on the 14th , a Messerschmitt Bf 109 ' probable ' on the 15th , a Junkers Ju 88 ' probable ' on the 19th , a Dornier Do 17 on the 26th , a Junkers Ju 88 on the 27th , and two Messerschmitt Bf 109 ' s on the 30th . On 30 Sept he was shot down and wounded near Brighton by a Messerschmitt Bf 109 of Jagdgeschwader 27 ( JG 27 ) and hospitalised . The award of the DFC was made on 22 October 1940 . On 6 December 1940 he destroyed a Messerschmitt Bf 109 . By July 1941 Wright had received a bar to the DFC . He was posted to 59 OTU ( Operational Training Unit ) RAF in July 1941 . Service with RAF Fighter Command HQ and as an instructor followed until being posted to No . 29 Squadron RAF at RAF West Malling in March 1943 , where as a night fighter he had his last confirmed kill - a Junkers Ju 88 on 3 April . For the remainder of the war , Wright worked on training and fighter tactics . He became chief instructor at the Pilot Gunnery Instructor Wing of the Central Gunner School , and later commanded the Air Fighting Developing Unit ( AFDU ) at RAF Wittering . In early 1945 , Wright was transferred to RAF El Bellah in Egypt where commanded the fighter wing of the Middle East Advanced Bombing and Gunnery School . Remaining in the RAF post - war , he retired as a Group Captain on 12 February 1967 . Honours and awards . 22 October 1940 - Pilot Officer Allen Richard Wright ( 33499 ) is awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross ( DFC ) -
Woodbridge ' s Regiment of Militia Woodbridge ' s Regiment of Militia , also known as the " 1st Hampshire County Militia Regiment " and " Woodbridge ' s ( 25th ) Regiment " and " The 25th Regiment of Foot " . On April 20 , 1775 , the day immediately following the Battles of Lexington and Concord , Woodbridge ' s regiment was formed and marched to Cambridge , Massachusetts near Boston , and participated in the Siege of Boston and the Battle of Bunker Hill . The regiment spent part of the summer and the fall of 1776 as part of the Fort Ticonderoga garrison . The next year the regiment was called up at South Hadley , Massachusetts on August 16 , 1777 as reinforcements for the Continental Army during the Saratoga Campaign . The regiment marched quickly to join the gathering forces of General Horatio Gates as he faced British General John Burgoyne in northern New York . The regiment served in General Warner ' s brigade . With the surrender of Burgoyne ' s Army on October 17 , the regiment was disbanded on November 29 , 1777 .
George Washington Glick George Washington Glick ( July 4 , 1827 – April 13 , 1911 ) was the ninth Governor of Kansas . George Washington Glick was raised on his father ' s farm near Greencastle , Ohio . He enlisted for service in the Mexican – American War , but saw no action . At age 21 he entered the law offices of Buckland and Hayes ( later President Rutherford B . Hayes ) ; he was admitted to the bar two years later and established a moderate law practice , earning a reputation as a hard - working lawyer . Glick moved to Atchison , Kansas , in 1859 and formed a partnership with Alfred P . Otis . He served as a Union soldier in the 2nd Kansas Infantry during the Civil War . Elected to the Kansas State Legislature in 1862 , he served for 14 of the next 18 years and was Speaker " pro tempore " in 1876 . He served in both houses of the state legislature . Glick was well respected and considered " just and expert " by his colleagues . He was elected Governor in 1882 and served until 1885 . Legislation enacted during his tenure included the creation of a railroad commission , a " good roads " law , reassessment of tax laws , and the establishment of a livestock sanitary commission . He was later appointed pension agent in Topeka by President Grover Cleveland . After 15 years of civic service , George Glick was forced to abandon his political career because of a throat infection that nearly destroyed his ability to speak . He continued , however , as an attorney for various railroads . He also managed his farm and served as a charter member and first vice president of the Kansas Historical Society . Glick died in 1911 in Atchison , Kansas . Statue replacement . In 1914 , the state of Kansas donated a marble statue of Glick to the U . S . Capitol ' s National Statuary Hall Collection as one of its two allowed entries . The statue was sculpted by Charles Niehaus , who sculpted seven other statues for the collection , including Kansas ' s other entry , Senator John J . Ingalls in 1905 . In 2003 , Kansas became the first state to replace a statue when it replaced Glick with a bronze of former president Dwight D . Eisenhower . Kansas remained the only state to do so until August 31 , 2006 , when the California State Legislature voted to replace its statue of Thomas Starr King with one of former president Ronald Reagan .
No . 186 Squadron RAF No . 186 Squadron of the Royal Air Force was formed on 1 April 1918 at East Retford , providing night pilot training for home defence and on the Western front . On 31 December 1918 it was reformed as an operational shipboard unit aboard . In 1919 , the squadron became a torpedo development unit , renumbering to become 210 Squadron on 1 February 1920 . The Squadron reformed again , on 27 April 1943 , at RAF Drem as a fighter - bomber squadron , eventually receiving its first Hurricanes in August , after transferring to RAF Ayr , converting to Typhoons and later , Spitfire VBs . The squadron was renumbered as 130 squadron on 5 April 1944 . Six months later , on 5 October 1944 , The squadron was reformed as a Bomber Command Lancaster unit , based at Tuddenham , and flew its first bombing raid 13 days later . The squadron was disbanded on 17 July 1945 .
John Doyle ( British Army soldier ) John Doyle ( abt . 1828 - August 1892 ) was an Irishman who served in the 8th King ' s Royal Irish Hussars ( a light cavalry unit ) as a Private soldier during the Crimean War and the Indian Rebellion of 1857 . Life . Doyle was born at Birr , Ireland , about 1828 and died at Liverpool , England in August 1892 . Doyle enlisted in the British Cavalry at Newbridge , Ireland in 1850 . His brother , Patrick , had signed up as an infantryman and died when his transport , HMS " Birkenhead " , struck a reef off Cape Agulhas , South Africa . He rode in the Charge of the Light Brigade at Balaklava and survived , lightly wounded but not captured . Achievements . Doyle fought at four major Crimean War battles : Alma , Balaklava , Inkerman , and Sebastopol . He was a member of the Balaclava Commemoration Society , made up of survivors of the Charge of the Light Brigade of 1854 . In Manchester in 1877 he published a memoir of his service titled " A Descriptive Account of the Famous Charge of the Light Brigade at Balaclava " .
Kowsar Kowsar ( or Kosar ) is a medium - range , land - based anti - ship missile made by Iran . It can defeat electronic jamming systems and " cannot be thrown off course " , according to Iranian officials . The Kowsar designation apparently ( Missile Defense Advocacy Alliance 2006 ) is used to refer to two different missiles : Iranian - produced versions of the PRC C - 701 and the TL - 10 A . Combat history . Some news reports indicate that this was the missile used on July 14 , 2006 in the 2006 Lebanon War when Hezbollah fired two at Israeli warships . One of the missiles hit the corvette INS " Hanit " , causing heavy damage and the deaths of four Israeli servicemen . The other missile hit an Egyptian merchant ship causing heavy damage ; it is reported that all the crew survived .
USS LST - 19 USS LST - 19 was a built for the U . S . Navy during World War II . She was designed to carry troops and military equipment to the shores of the battle front and quickly deliver her cargo . She served in the Pacific Ocean and post - war returned home proudly with four battle star s to her credit . " LST - 19 " was laid down on 22 October 1942 at Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , by the Dravo Corporation . ; launched on 11 March 1943 ; sponsored by Mrs . Frances P . Gott ; commissioned on 15 May 1943 ; and redesignated LST ( H ) on 15 September 1945 . World War II Pacific Theatre operations . During World War II , " LST - 19 " was assigned to the Asiatic - Pacific theater and participated in the following operations : Conversion to hospital ship . At war ' s end , USS " LST - 19 " was converted into a hospital ship . Post - war occupation hospital duty . Following World War II " LST ( H ) - 19 " performed occupation duty in the Far East in October and December 1945 . Post - war decommissioning . She was decommissioned on 20 March 1946 and was struck from the Navy List on 1 May 1946 . On 5 December 1947 , she was sold to Ships and Power Equipment Co . , of Barber , New Jersey , for scrapping . Awards . " LST - 19 " earned four battle stars for World War II service .
Aviem Sella Aviem Sella ( , born January 7 , 1946 ) is a former colonel in the Israeli Air Force . Aviem Sella ( originally Slibiosiky ) , was born in Haifa during the Mandate era . He studied at the Hebrew Reali School , and began his national service in the Israel Defense Forces in 1963 , joining the Israeli Air Force as a fighter pilot . In 1967 , he fought in the Six - Day War with 109 Squadron . He was one of the first Israeli pilots to fly F - 4 Phantom jets , and was also one of the founders of 69 Squadron . He fought in the War of Attrition , participating in Operation Priha . At the outbreak of the Yom Kippur War , Sella was in the United States studying at a professional course , but returned to Israel and fought in the war as deputy commander of 69 Squadron . Between 1976 and 1979 , he commanded a fighter squadron , and between 1980 and 1983 , he was the Air Force ' s Director of Operations . He commanded Operation Opera , the air strike against the Iraqi Osirak nuclear reactor in 1981 , and was a commanding officer in Operation Mole Cricket 19 during the 1982 Lebanon War . Sella was later sent to study in the United States , and earned a Master ' s Degree in information systems at New York University ' s Faculty of Computer Applications and Information Systems . While pursuing a PhD , Sella recruited Jonathan Pollard to spy for Israel . Pollard was indicted on espionage charges in 1987 . Pollard ' s Israeli handlers were granted immunity from prosecution in the United States in exchange for cooperation after Pollard ' s arrest . Sella ' s role , however , was unknown at the time and the Israelis were not forthcoming about his involvement . For this reason , Sella was not given immunity by the US when his role was uncovered . Israel then refused to extradite Sella for questioning . In March 1987 , Sella was indicted " in absentia " in Federal court on three counts of espionage , facing a maximum sentence of life imprisonment and a $ 500 , 000 fine . After Sella was promoted to Brigadier General and given command of Tel Nof Airbase , and the U . S . Congress reacted by threatening to cut aid to Israel . U . S . officials in Israel were instructed to have no contact with Sella , or with the airbase so long as he commanded it . Israel refused to relieve him of his duties , creating tensions . Sella then resigned to defuse US - Israel tensions , and was subsequently appointed an instructor at Israel ' s National Security College . Sella finished his doctorate at Tel Aviv University ' s Business School and earned a degree in economics from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem . He later started " Sibm " , an IT company , which acted as a consultant on information systems . In 2003 , he sold his company , which had 40 employees , to Matrix ID Ltd , but continued to work for Matrix as director of strategic consulting at Matrix ' s Security Division .
Casemate de Wittring The Casemate de Wittring is a component of the Maginot Line fortifications in northeastern France . It is located in the Fortified Sector of the Sarre section of the line and was associated with Ouvrage Haut - Poirier , a " petit ouvrage " of the main Line . Wittring has been restored and is operated as a museum . The casemate was armed with a machine gun / anti - tank gun embrasure ( JM / AC47 ) , one twin machine gun embrasure , two mixed - arms cloches ( AM ) and two automatic rifle ( GFM - B ) cloches . Wittring controlled access to dikes and floodgates in the area that were intended to inundate portions of the Sarre valley to block an invasion from Germany . The commander of the casemate in 1940 was Adjutant - Chef Hillaire , in charge of an element of the 133rd Fortress Infantry Regiment ( RIF ) . The Casernement d ' Achen provided peacetime above - ground barracks and support services to Wittring and other positions in the area . History . Wittring was attacked by units of the German 262nd Infantry Division on 21 June 1940 during the Battle of France , surrendering the same day after heavy bombardment . Wittring was sold to private owners in 1987 , with restoration starting in 1992 . The association " L ' Amicale de la Casemate de Wittring " restored the destroyed entry with 14 cubic meters of concrete , among other less complex work . Current condition . The Casemate de Wittring is maintained as a museum and may be visited .
Vermont Distinguished Service Medal The Vermont Distinguished Service Medal is awarded to U . S . veteran s from Vermont who served in a combat theater . The medal was established in 1999 , but is retroactive ly available to veterans of prior military service . The " Vermont Distinguished Service Medal " is a state award , presented by the Vermont Department of Veterans Affairs . U . S . military active duty regulations allow their members to accept but not wear state awards . In addition , activated National Guard members may not wear their state awards while serving in Title 10 ( federal ) status . Description . Following is the blazon narrative describing the Vermont Veterans Medal : The ribbons of the Vermont medals for veterans contain the four primary colors of the Coat of arms of Vermont : red , yellow , blue and green . The alternating red and yellow at the center of the ribbon loosely parallels the design and colors of the National Defense Service Medal , which is presented to military members with service during a time of conflict . Field of azure blue encompasses the red and yellow , symbolizing the honor of military service . Next , fields of green represent Vermont , the Green Mountain State , which reminds us that service to our nation is also service to the citizens of our state . The edges of this ribbon are bordered in yellow . In the Vermont Coat of Arms , bundles of wheat are shown in yellow . In this ribbon , they represent the protection offered our state by nature ’ s bounty . The medal is cast in silver , with the Coat of arms of Vermont on the obverse and the Great Seal of Vermont on the reverse . Across the top is inscribed “ Vermont National Defense , ” uniting the interests of our state with our nation . The year “ 1777 ” is inscribed at the bottom , indicating the year of the Battle of Bennington where Vermonters first took arms to defend their state in war , and the year of the founding of the Vermont Republic .