naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Lithobolos A lithobolos or stone thrower was an artillery weapon used in ancient warfare and medieval warfare . These machines threw stones of 10 lb to 180 lb in weight . They looked alike and differed only in size : the dimensions being calculated by a complex mathematical formula based on the spring diameter . History . The first recorded stonethrowers were used by the Macedonian army of Alexander the Great during the siege of Halicarnassus in 334 BC . According to the Hellenistic engineer Philo of Byzantium , the common " effective " range against fortifications was 150 meters with a load of 27 kg ; at that distance , walls had to be 5 m thick to withstand the impact . Anti - personnel stonethrowers hurled much smaller balls , though arrow - shooters like the scorpio were preferred for these purposes . Super - heavy stonethrowers such as those fielded by Demetrius Poliorcetes in his siege of Rhodes ( 305 - 304 BC ) threw stones of up to 75 kg and could be brought close to the walls in siege - towers . Balls of such size were found in small numbers in the arsenals of Carthage and Pergamon , corrobating ancient reports of their use . The Roman artillery engineer Vitruv provides measurements for even more powerful stone - throwers , but it is not known whether these were ever used in combat . Modern experiments show that smaller projectiles could be hurled at least 400 – 500 m , while ancient authors record maximum ranges of as much as 700 m . The Greeks , who wanted to protect the city of Syracuse against the Roman artillery had their own stonethrower made by Archimedes . Archimedes called his stonethrower the lithobolos . Another stone thrower was supposedly built by Charon of Magnesia .
337th Infantry Division ( Wehrmacht ) The 337th Infantry Division ( German : " 337 . Infanterie - Division " ) was a German division in World War II . It was formed on 16 November 1940 in Kempten . The division was destroyed on the Eastern front in July 1944 and formed the stab of Divisionsgruppe 337 on 7 August 1944 which later was the basis of the 337 . Volks - Grenadier - Division .
8 cm PL kanon vz . 37 The 8 cm kanon PL vz . 37 ( Anti - aircraft Gun Model 37 was a Czech anti - aircraft gun used during the Second World War . Those weapons captured after the German occupation of Czechoslovakia in March 1939 were taken into Wehrmacht service as the " 7 . 65 cm Flak M 37 ( t ) " . 97 were in service during the Munich Crisis in September 1938 of which Slovakia seized one when it declared independence six months later .
Nathaniel Burslem Nathaniel Godolphin Burslem VC ( 2 February 1837 – 14 July 1865 ) , born in Limerick , Ireland ; was by birth both Irish and by descent English recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . Burslem was born 2 February 1836 in County Limerick , Ireland , the son of George James Burslem of the 94th Regiment of Foot and Susan ( née Vokes ) , of Limerick ( married Dublin 15 March 1836 ) . His father was English , and traced his family back to the town of Burslem in Staffordshire . His grandfather was Colonel Nathaniel Godolphin Burslem who was awarded the Gold Medal - the forerunner of the VC Medal . On 21 August 1860 at the Taku Forts , China , during the Third China War Lieutenant Burslem , then aged 24 and serving in the 67th Regiment of Foot , British Army , and Private Thomas Lane of his regiment displayed great gallantry for which they were both awarded the VC . They swam the ditches of the North Taku Fort and attempted , during the assault and before an entrance had been effected by anyone , to enlarge an opening in the wall , through which they eventually entered . In doing so , they were both severely wounded . His Victoria Cross is displayed at The Royal Hampshire Regiment Museum & Memorial Garden , Winchester , England . He later achieved the rank of captain before selling his commission and sailing , along with his brother John Godolphin Burslem , to New Zealand . He arrived in 1865 and bought land in the North Island and was planning to grow flax , but he and an acquaintance capsized their canoe on the Thames River , both drowning on 14 July 1865 . His body was not recovered . References . Listed in order of publication year
Royal Aircraft Factory F . E . 3 The Royal Aircraft Factory F . E . 3 ( also known as the A . E . 1 ( " Armed Experimental " ) was a British experimental single - engined pusher biplane built prior to the First World War . It was intended to be fitted with a shell - firing gun , but was quickly abandoned , being found to be structurally unsound . Design and development . In 1913 , the Royal Aircraft Factory designed an experimental armed pusher biplane , the F . E . 3 ( " Farman " or " Fighting " Experimental ) , with the alternative designation A . E . 1 ( " Armed Experimental " ) . The F . E . 3 was to carry a Coventry Ordnance Works 1½ lb shell - firing quick loading gun . In order to reduce the drag associated with the pusher layout favoured for gun - carrying aircraft , the tail was carried on a single tubular tailboom connected by bearings to the four - bladed propeller , with bracing wires running to the wings and undercarriage . The crew of two , gunner and pilot , sat in tandem in a wood and metal nacelle . The aircraft was powered by a single water - cooled Chenu inline engine mounted in the nose of the nacelle , connected to a long shaft running under the cockpit which drove the propeller using a chain drive . The gun was to fire through the cooling intake for the engine . It flew in the summer of 1913 , but testing was stopped after the aircraft ' s propeller broke in flight resulting in a forced landing . Flight testing did not resume , as it was realised that the tailboom was not strong enough to allow safe flying . Although the F . E . 3 did not fly again , the gun installation was test fired with the aircraft suspended from a hangar roof , showing that recoil loads were not excessive .
Jean - André van der Mersch Jean - André van der Mersch ( also known as Jan Andries vander Mersch or Jan André van der Meersch ) ( Menen , 10 February 1734 - Dadizele , 14 September 1792 ) was a leading figure in the Brabant Revolution best known for his victory against Austrian forces at the Battle of Turnhout in 1789 .
USS Southerner ( 1861 ) USS " Southerner " ( 1861 ) was a schooner purchased by the Union Navy to be used as a sunken obstruction in the waterways of the Confederate States of America . She was part of what was called the " stone fleet " . " Southerner " – a Chesapeake Bay schooner – was purchased by the Union Navy at Baltimore , Maryland , on 13 August 1861 . The vessel was laden with stone and towed to Hampton Roads . On 26 August , she and sister stone schooner " Mary and Hetty " got underway with Flag Officer Silas Stringham ' s task force for the assault on Hatteras Inlet , North Carolina . There , she was used as a transport during the reduction of Fort Hatteras and Fort Clark on the 28th and 29th . She presumably foundered sometime before 11 October 1861 .
Anatoly Rogozhin Anatoli Ivanovich Rogozhin ( ) was a Russian officer who served in the Imperial Russian Army , the White Army , and was the last commander of the Russian Corps in Serbia during World War II . He was born on April 12 , 1893 in the Chervlen stanitza of the Terek Cossack Host , the son of a cossack officer . After being raised in a cadet school and completing the Nikolaevsk Cavalry School , Rogozhin commanded several cossack units in Persia . Returning to Russia in 1914 , Rogozhin fought on the South - Western front during World War I . He then served in Kiev , then went to Terek where his unit confronted rebellion in the face of the February Revolution . In June 1918 , Rogozhin participated in the Terek Cossack rebellion against the Bolsheviks and became a part of the White movement . After evacuating from Russia , Rogozhin served in the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats , and Slovenes in the border patrol . During World War II he joined the Russian Corps , becoming the commander of a regiment . He received an Iron Cross second class for bravery in battle . Upon the death of General Boris Shteifon , he became the last commander of the Corps . Rogozhin managed to negotiate a surrender with the British forces . He and his men were targeted for repatriation to the SMERSH but were saved by British general Steele . He became the commander of the refugee camp . He also helped organize the evacuation of Russian veterans of the Corps and was one of the last to leave the camp in 1951 . Organizing the " Russian Corps Combatants " veterans organization ( Союз Чинов Русского Корпуса ) , he also established the " Nashi Vesti " ( Our News ) periodical magazine . Rogozhin moved to the United States where he continued being active in white emigre organizations . He died on April 6 , 1972 , and is buried in the Novo Deveevo Russian Orthodox convent in Nanuet , New York by a chapel dedicated to the Corps .
Minas Gerais class battleship ( 1908 ) Class three battleships of the Dreadnought type designed according to specification tests for the house Vickers in 1907 ( the third was not ordered ) . These ships have made Brazil one of the naval powers of the secondary period . The battleship remained in service until the 1950s , engaging in patrols in the South Atlantic in World War I ( a bid to bring the vessels to the British fleet was not accepted ) . In the interwar Mine was modernized and both served in WWII as floating batteries . History . Background . At the beginning of twentieth century the Navy of Brazil initiated the program of technological modernization and acquisition of ships , aiming increase and refit the fleet . This found itself obsolete since the end of the Empire ( 1889 ) , Among other factors : In accordance with the guidelines of foreign minister , José Maria da Silva Paranhos ( Rio Branco ) , and the Minister of Marine , Julio Cesar de Noronha , the government of President Rodrigues Alves commissioned in 1906 , Next to the yards " Sir WG Armstrong Whitworth & Co Ltd " ( Elswick , Newcastle upon Tyne , in England ) , Three large ships of the battleship " Dreadnought Class , " which , in Brazil , was named " Class Minas Geraes " . However , because of diplomatic pressure Argentina , Fearful of naval power in Brazil , and difficulties of financing the purchase of vessels , the initial order of three battleships had been reduced to only two , 23 , 500 t maximum displacement , baptized with the names of E Minas Gerais and E São Paulo . After the keel was laid ( April 17 of 1907 ) , Was released to the sea ( September 10 of 1908 ) And embedded in April 6 of 1910 . Operations and activities . In early November 1910 , the two new battleships and Cruiser Bahia ( C - 12 ) Participated in the Revolt of Chibata . Both " Minas Gerais " And " São Paulo " participated in the bombing of Salvador ( 1912 ) , within the call Politics of bailouts . Subsequently , during the WWI ( 1914 - 1918 ) , worked hard at work patrolling the territorial waters of Brazil . Underwent extensive upgrading between intervention 1935 and 1939 , when she received improvements to its weapons systems and propulsion , with the replacement of their old Boilers the coal by engine oil . During the WWII , in 1942 , Was part of the defense system of the port of Salvador , in Bahia . Was in active service until 1952 , And disembodied in September 20 of 1953 and subsequently broken up .
USS Worcester ( 1866 ) USS " Worcester " was a " Contoocook " - class bark - rigged screw steam sloop - of - war in the United States Navy . Built as Manitou of unseasoned white oak timbers , she was laid down in 1863 at Boston , Massachusetts , by the Boston Navy Yard and launched on 25 August 1866 . Renamed Worcester on 15 May 1869 , she was apparently placed in commission on 27 February 1871 , Commander William D . Whiting in command . Among the ship ' s officers at the time of her commissioning was the naval strategist and author , Lieutenant Commander Alfred T . Mahan . Service history . Voyage to England , 1871 . After an abbreviated fitting out , " Worcester " loaded a cargo of supplies to be delivered to the suffering victims of the Franco - Prussian War . Although she had never conducted sea trials , she departed Boston on 5 March 1871 with a heavy cargo in her holds . Heavy weather sprang up soon after she left port , and Commander Whiting was obliged to use caution in using the ship ' s spread of canvas until he felt sure of the ship ' s sea - keeping qualities . Three days out , on 8 March , the port forward boiler burst , sending clouds of steam into the forward part of the ship and severely scalding 10 men — four of whom later died . A subsequent court finding revealed that the explosion had been due to defective tubes . For most of the remainder of the voyage , the ship weathered heavy gales that lasted from two to three days at a stretch . But for the explosion , the ship performed well on her maiden voyage and carried a good spread of canvas for the remainder of the trip to England . Making port at Plymouth , England , on 4 April , " Worcester " eventually discharged her cargo at London . The plan to sell the cargo to raise money to purchase relief supplies for the French fell through . It seemed that the French really did not need help after all , and those who did could not afford to pay the cost of transporting the supplies from the French coast to their districts . " Worcester " concluded her business at London , sailed to Liverpool where she received on board some ordnance before returning to Boston . There , she remained until January 1872 . North Atlantic Squadron , 1872 – 1875 . Made flagship of the North Atlantic Squadron under Rear Admiral S . P . Lee , " Worcester " served in that capacity until 1875 . In ordinary , 1876 – 1881 . She was placed in ordinary in 1876 and laid up at the Norfolk Navy Yard , Portsmouth , Virginia , the following year . Made receiving ship at Norfolk in 1878 , with Capt . Walter W . Queen in command , " Worcester " was laid up at the Norfolk Navy Yard during 1879 and 1880 . Eventually , the ship ' s hull rotted , and it was found unfit for repair in 1881 . On 27 September 1883 , the sloop - of - war was sold and was presumably broken up soon thereafter .
Manchukuo Imperial Guards The Manchukuo Imperial Guards ( 禁衛隊 ) was the elite unit of the Manchukuo armed forces created in 1933 . It was charged with the protection of the Kangde Emperor Puyi , and senior members of the Manchukuo civil government . Its headquarters was in the capital of Hsinking , near the Imperial Palace in the center of the city . History . The Manchukuo Imperial Guard was patterned after the Imperial Guard of Japan , and was responsible primarily for the protection of the imperial household . Its members were selected from candidates of Manchu ethnic backgrounds , and were trained independently of the Manchukuo Imperial Army or the Japanese Kwantung Army . Although largely a ceremonial force , they received the latest firearms , and also carried Japanese - style swords ( guntō ) or sabre s as dress weaponry . Their uniform was grey or black with silver or gold insignia , with a five - color , five pointed star on their helmets and kepi s . Initially , the Guard consisted of 200 men . Later , an independent brigade called the Chinganyuchitui or “ Special Guard Corps ” was formed for use in special operations during the Pacification of Manchukuo . It was effective in combat , and participated in the Ki Feng - lung District Subjugation in November 1932 and in anti - bandit operations .
Ioannis Demestichas Ioannis Demestichas ( , 1882 – 1960 ) was a Greek Navy officer and politician . He is best known for his participation in the Macedonian Struggle under the " nom de guerre " of " Kapetan " Nikiforos ( Καπετάν Νικηφόρος ) . He was born in Athens on 1 January 1882 . As a Lieutenant , he volunteered for the Macedonian Struggle and led an armed band in the region of Central Macedonia in 1906 – 1907 . He fought in the Balkan Wars of 1912 – 1913 , the First World War and in the Asia Minor Campaign . In 1927 – 1928 he served as Chief of the Fleet Command and subsequently , until 1930 , as Chief of the Hellenic Navy General Staff . He retired in 1934 with the rank of Vice Admiral and became involved in politics , being elected to parliament . In 1935 he participated in the abortive Venizelist coup . During the Second World War , he served in the Greek government in exile as Minister for Mercantile Marine in 1943 – 1944 . He died in 1960 .
ANBO IV The ANBO IV was the unique home - designed military combat aircraft in use by the Lithuanian Air Force in World War II , designed by Lithuanian aircraft designer Antanas Gustaitis . Development . ANBO IV aircraft was developed from the training aircraft ANBO III . The design was supervised by colonel Antanas Gustaitis . First flight took place on July 14 , 1932 and the prototype was powered by a Wasp engine . Ater successful trials serial production began . Thirteen serial built aircraft was powered by British Bristol Pegasus engines and were manufactured by Lithuanian Aircraft State Factory . It could be armed with two pairs of light machine guns and could carry 200 kg of bombs . Operational history . ANBO IVs were introduced into Lithuanian Air Force in 1934 and shortly before that few aircraft made demonstration flights in few European countries : Soviet Union , France , United Kingdom and most Scandinavian countries . Between June 25 and July 29 , 1934 three aircraft commanded by colonel Gustaitis flew 10 , 000 km route . ANBO IV and ANBO 41 aircraft equipped respectively one and two reconnaissance squadrons in Lithuanian Air Force , at the time of Soviet Occupation of Baltic Republics in the summer of 1940 . A photo exists showing that least one Anbo IV or Anbo 41 survived this period and was operated by the Luftwaffe during the German occupation .
Battery Oldenburg Battery Oldenburg is a German artillery battery , built during World War Two as part of the Atlantic Wall . This coastal battery is situated east of Calais . The battery started in 1940 with artillery guns in an open emplacement . Organisation Todt build the two casemates around the 240mm guns during the war . Both casemates or Turms ( towers ) are 35 meters long and 15 meters high positioned in a slight offset from each other to gain a broader range with both guns . Turm East and Turm West housed guns of Russian origin . The guns were captured by the German army during World War One and re - chambered by Krupp from 255mm to 240mm . Both casemates are 35 meters long and 15 meters high above ground level . The western of the two casemates , Turm West is two storeys deep , while the eastern casemate , Turm East , is three storeys deep . Besides the two casemates battery Oldenburg has a combined fire control - hospital bunker , which still has a beautiful fresco and other paintings , there are ammunition bunkers and personnel bunkers . Behind the two casemates and fire control bunker is the barrack site used by Organisation Todt . The battery was under the command of the Kriegsmarine section 2 . / MAA 244 from 1941 onwards . Battery Oldenburg was part of the coastal defence of the Strait of Dover and situated in the Hellfire Corner . Battery Oldenburg is also known as " le Moulin Rouge " . Battery Oldenburg surrendered to Canadian forces in 1944 .
Naval Discipline Act 1957 The Naval Discipline Act 1957 was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom governing discipline in the Royal Navy . It governed courts - martial and criminal penalties for crimes committed by officers and rating s of the Royal Navy . It was substantially replaced at the end of 2008 by the Armed Forces Act 2006 , which created a unified code of military law for all three British Armed Forces . The whole Naval Discipline Act was repealed in October 2009 . Amendments . The Armed Forces Act 1981 amended certain aspects of the Act ; most notably , it abolished the death penalty for the crime of espionage for the enemy on ships or in naval establishments . The Human Rights Act 1998 abolished the death penalty for all other capital crimes under the Act . In 2004 , courts martial in the Royal Navy were reformed by an order issued by the parliamentary Joint Committee on Human Rights . The Committee found that the appointment of serving naval officers as Judge Advocate s , and their appointment by the Chief Naval Judge Advocate ( also a serving officer ) , undermined the independence and impartiality of courts martial , thereby contravening human rights legislation . The Order instructed that all judge advocates should be appointed solely by the Judge Advocate of the Fleet , a civilian circuit judge .
John Barry ( VC ) John Barry VC ( 1 February 1873 – 8 January 1901 ) born St Mary ' s parish , Kilkenny , Ireland , was an Irish recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . Barry was 27 years old , and a private in the 1st Battalion , The Royal Irish Regiment , British Army during the Second Boer War when the following deed took place on 7 / 8 January 1901 at Monument Hill , South Africa for which he was awarded the VC : His VC is on display at the Lord Ashcroft Gallery in the Imperial War Museum , London . References . Listed in order of publication year External links . city
Ambrose R . Wright Ambrose Ransom Wright ( April 26 , 1826 – December 21 , 1872 ) was a lawyer , Georgia politician , and Confederate general in the American Civil War . Early life . Wright , known by the nickname " Rans " , was born in Louisville , Georgia . He read law under the tutelage of Governor and Senator Herschel V . Johnson , who later became his brother - in - law , and was admitted to the bar . He became prominent politically , although he ran unsuccessfully for the Georgia legislature and for the United States Congress . He was a presidential elector for Millard Fillmore in 1856 , a supporter of Bell and Everett in 1860 , and a Georgia commissioner to Maryland in 1861 . Civil War . At the start of the Civil War , Wright enlisted as a private in Georgia Militia , but he was commissioned colonel of the 3rd Georgia Infantry on May 18 , 1861 , and served in North Carolina and Georgia until the summer of 1862 and won a victory for the Confederacy at the Battle of South Mills in North Carolina in April 1862 . In May , Wright traveled with his regiment to Virginia and fought in the Battle of Seven Pines as part of Brig . Gen Albert G . Blanchard ' s brigade . Blanchard was removed from command afterwards due to poor performance and Wright replaced him , being promoted to brigadier general . Wright ' s Georgians made a distinguished record in the Army of Northern Virginia from the Seven Days Battles to the Siege of Petersburg . He was badly wounded at the Battle of Antietam in 1862 and at Chancellorsville in 1863 . At the Battle of Gettysburg , Wright ' s brigade , part of Maj . Gen . Richard H . Anderson ' s division of Lt . Gen . A . P . Hill ' s Corps , had the distinction of penetrating the farthest into the Union defenses on Cemetery Ridge on July 2 , 1863 . As of November 26 , 1864 , Wright was named major general on a temporary commission ( which was not made permanent ) and ordered to Georgia , where he exercised command until the end of the war . Postbellum career . In 1863 , Wright had been elected to the Georgia state senate and president of that body " in absentia " . Resuming his law practice after the termination of hostilities , he purchased the " Augusta Chronicle & Sentinel " newspaper in 1866 , and , in 1871 , was defeated for the Democratic nomination for the United States Senate . The following year , General Wright was a delegate to both the state and national Democratic conventions and was elected to the United States House of Representatives , but died at Augusta , Georgia , before taking his seat . At a special election to fill the vacancy , Alexander Stephens was elected his successor . General Wright is buried in Magnolia Cemetery ( formerly City Cemetery ) , Augusta .