naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Torimono sandōgu The torimono sandōgu ( also " torimono hogu " or " mitsu dogu " ) were known as the " three tools of arresting " . The torimono sandōgu were three types of pole weapons used by the samurai class and their retainers in feudal Japan during the Edo period . History . In Edo period Japan the samurai were in charge of police operations ; various levels of samurai police with help from non - samurai commoners used many types of non lethal weapons in order to capture suspected criminals for trial . The torimono sandōgu was part of the six tools of the police station ( " bansho rokugin " or " keigo roku - go " ) , these were the " kanamuchi " , " kiriko no bo , tetto , sodegarami , tsukubo " , and the " sasumata " . Samurai police were required to have these six tools or weapons on hand to effectively deal with disturbances . The torimono sandōgu were symbols of office and were often displayed in front of police checkpoints or used in processions , especially while convicted prisoners were being led to their execution . Description and use . The torimono sandōgu consisted of the " sodegarami " ( sleeve entangler ) , " sasumata " ( spear fork ) and " tsukubo " ( push pole ) . All three implements were mounted on long hardwood poles usually around 2 meters in length , sharp metal barbs or spines attached to metal strips covered one end of these implements to keep the person being captured from grabbing the pole . The opposite end of the pole would have a metal cap , or " ishizuki " like those found on naginata and other pole weapons . Torimono sandōgu implements were designed to entangle , restrain and obstruct criminals rather than injure them .
Peace enforcement Peace enforcement is a practice of ensuring peace in an area or region . Part of a three - part scale between peacekeeping and peacemaking , it is sometimes considered to be the midpoint . Peace enforcement is different from peacemaking where options , possibly including force , are used to bring conflicting parties to negotiations . While it is an approach to maintaining an existing peace , and can thus only be done by an outside party which is recognized as neutral , this is differentiated from peacekeeping largely in the level of force the outside group is willing to use in response to violations of the established peace . The difference between peace enforcement and peacekeeping : Peacekeeping , a role the U . N . has played over the years , is relatively straightforward and , despite its difficulties , comparatively easy . Peacekeeping involves monitoring and enforcing a cease - fire agreed to by two or more former combatants . It proceeds in an atmosphere where peace exists and where the former combatants minimally prefer peace to continued war . Peace - enforcement , as it is used by the Joint Staff , entails the physical interposition of armed forces to separate ongoing combatants to create a cease - fire that does not exist . Boutros - Ghali , on the other hand , uses the term to refer to actions to keep a cease - fire from being violated or to reinstate a failed cease - fire . It is a subtle difference , but it does imply the existence of some will for peace . The American version more realistically portrays another , far more difficult matter . By definition , in a situation for which peace - enforcement is a potentially appropriate response , war and not peace describes the situation , and one or more of the combatants prefer it that way . This means that , unlike peacekeepers , peace enforcers are often not welcomed by one or either side ( s ) . Rather , they are active fighters who must impose a cease - fire that is opposed by one or both combatants ; in the process , the neutrality that distinguishes peacekeepers will most likely be lost . Peace enforcement has largely been avoided in the past . The level of violence encountered by peacekeeping operations in some areas ( such as the 1994 events in Rwanda , where several Belgian soldiers were forced to watch the ongoing massacres and were ultimately killed themselves without being allowed to engage ) has shocked the international community and led to unwillingness on the part of nations not otherwise involved to enter peacekeeping operations in potentially " hot " conflicts unless they have the ability to use force if necessary .
Augustine Joseph Hickey Duganne Augustine Joseph Hickey Duganne ( 1823 – 1884 ) was a Civil War era American poet , playwright , and dime novelist . He is the author of " Camps and Prison " ( 1865 ) , a vivid account of his Civil War experiences as a Union officer . Quote . " Pleasure which must be enjoyed at the expense of another ' s pain , can never be enjoyed by a worthy mind . Pleasure ' s couch is virtue ' s grave . " Poetical Works . Duganne ' s lyrics were published in a number of labor papers in the 1840s . He kept the notion that the poet must write for and in the interests of the working class , his mission is clear in the poem , " The Song of Toil " . In 1897 , the Birmingham Labor Advocate published an edited version of his soulful poem , " Keep It Before the People . " The poem exalts the strength , freedom , and natural equality of all humankind , and concludes with the rallying cry : Keep it before the people : / That the laborer claims his need : / The right of soil , / And the right of toil , / From spur and bridle freed ; / The right to bear , / And the right to share , / With you and me , my brother ! / What is given , / By God from heaven , / To one as well as another !
Battle of Dufile The Battle of Dufile was fought at the fort of Dufile , Uganda on November 28 , 1888 between Mahdi st forces and a garrison loyal to the Khedive of Egypt . This followed a three - day siege in which the fort was penetrated and members of steamer crews were killed in the harbour . The 1200 garrison troops were led by Selim Bey while 1400 Mahdists were led by Umar Sālih . The Mahdists lost between 210 and 250 killed and retreated from the area for a period . Before the siege began , news of the approach of the Mahdists allowed the concentration of troops from other garrisons at Dufile . On November 17 , Selim Bey moved women and children to safety at Wadelai along with Emin Pasha , who had been confined at Dufile by a mutinous garrison since August 1888 . Emin ' s departure by steamer for Wadelai that day was saluted by the playing of the Khedivial hymn and the firing of the fort ' s guns to acknowledge his restoration as the Khedive ' s Governor of Equatoria . The bulk of the garrison who survived the battle were taken by Frederick Lugard to Kampala Hill , after Emin had abandoned them , following the entreaties of Henry Morton Stanley . Shortly after they arrived there in December 1891 , they participated in the Battle of Kampala Hill .
Joseph K . Bratton Lieutenant General Joseph K . Bratton ( April 4 , 1926 – June 2 , 2007 ) was an American Army officer and nuclear engineer . Biography . Bratton was born in St . Paul , Minnesota . He graduated third in the class of 1948 at the United States Military Academy and was commissioned in the Corps of Engineers . He served with an engineer battalion in Austria from 1949 to 1952 and with the divisional 13th Engineer Combat Battalion in Korea in 1953 and 1954 , both before and after the armistice there . He later commanded the 24th Engineer Battalion , 4th Armored Division , in Germany ( 1964 – 65 ) and the 159th Engineer Group in Vietnam ( 1969 – 70 ) . Bratton also held numerous staff assignments . He was a military assistant to Secretary of the Army Stanley Resor from 1967 to 1969 and secretary to the Joint Chiefs of Staff from 1970 to 1972 . Having received a Master ' s Degree in nuclear engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1959 , Bratton served as Chief of Nuclear Activities , Supreme Headquarters , Allied Powers , Europe ( SHAPE ) , from 1972 to 1975 and Director of Military Applications at the U . S . Department of Energy from 1975 to 1979 . His last assignments before becoming Chief of Engineers in October 1980 were as Division Engineer of the Corps ' South Atlantic Division ( 1979 – 80 ) and then briefly as Deputy Chief of Engineers . Bratton died on June 2 , 2007 , of an aneurysm , at the age of 81 in Virginia . His wife had preceded him in death in 2006 . He is interred in Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington , Virginia . Awards and decorations . His military awards included ; References . " This article contains public domain text from "
Erich Kahsnitz Erich Kahsnitz ( 17 February 1898 – 29 July 1943 ) was a highly decorated Generalmajor in the Wehrmacht during World War II . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . Erich Kahsnitz was wounded on 5 July 1943 , near Belgorod during the Battle of Kursk . He died of his wounds on 29 July 1943 in Breslau and was posthumously promoted to Generalmajor .
7 . 5 cm leichtes Infanteriegeschütz 18 The 7 . 5 cm leichtes Infanteriegeschütz 18 ( 7 . 5 cm le . IG 18 ) was an infantry support gun of the German Wehrmacht used during World War II . History . Development of the gun began in 1927 , by Rheinmetall . The crew was protected by an armour ed shield . There was a mountain gun variant , the 7 . 5 cm le . GebIG 18 . For transport , The mountain variant could be broken down into six to ten packs , the heaviest weighing 74 . 9 kg . The Germans would typically assign two of these to each mountain battalion . Six 7 . 5 cm le . IG 18F were manufactured in 1939 . These were airborne gun s , capable of being broken down into 4x140 kg loads . The airborne variant had smaller wheels and no shield . There was also an infantry support gun , known as the 7 . 5 cm Infanteriegeschütz L / 13 which was designed as a replacement for the le . IG 18 , this gun could be broken into four to six loads . However though prototypes were tested the German army felt that it did not improve on the existing design sufficiently to merit introduction and the army stayed with the earlier gun .
Hans Hahne ( general ) Hans Hahne ( 30 November 1894 – missing as of 24 June 1944 ) was a highly decorated Generalmajor in the Wehrmacht during World War II who commanded the 197 . Infanterie - Division . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . Hans Hahne disappeared 26 June 1944 near Vitebsk during the Vitebsk – Orsha Offensive of Operation Bagration ; he was posthumously promoted to the rank of Generalmajor .
PM - 43 and PM - 68 mine The PM - 43 ( Putkimiina m / 43 ) and PM - 68 ( Putkimiina m / 68 ) are Finnish anti - personnel fragmentation mines . The PM - 43 has a long cylindrical steel body , with heavy fragmentation grooves . It has been used with variety of fuzes including the Model 43 , VS - 70 , and US - 65 currently it is used with the VS - 86 tripwire fuze . The mine is normally mounted in a tree . The PM - 68 is similar but uses a body formed from a tightly coiled spring , and currently uses a VS - 91 fuze , although it can be used with any of the fuzes used with the PM - 43 . The mines are potentially in service with the Finnish army .
Jock Lewes Lieutenant John Steel Lewes , known as Jock ( 21 December 1913 – 31 December 1941 ) was born in Calcutta but grew up in Australia and served as a British officer of the Welsh Guards in World War II . He is the eponym of the Lewes bomb and was a founder member and principal training officer of the Special Air Service . Lewes was first commissioned as a second lieutenant , University Candidate , General List in 1935 whilst a student at Christ Church College , Oxford . He was President of the Oxford University Boat Club 1936 – 37 , but gave up his place in the 1937 Blue boat which ended up winning the 1937 University Boat Race , ending a 15 year Cambridge winning streak . After graduation he transferred to a Territorial Army unit , 1st Battalion , the Tower Hamlets Rifles , Rifle Brigade before joining the Welsh Guards . In 1941 Lieutenant David Stirling gathered a small unit of volunteers , among whom was Lewes . This unit was named L Detachment of the Special Air Service Brigade . The main objective of this group was to conduct raids against the lines of communication of Axis forces in the Western Desert . David Stirling said of Lewes : " Jock could far more genuinely claim to be founder of the SAS than I . " Jock Lewes was killed in action in December 1941 . He was returning from a raid on German airfields when the Long Range Desert Group truck he was travelling in was attacked by a lone Messerschmitt 110 fighter . Lewes was fatally wounded in the thigh by a 20mm round from the fighter and bled to death in about four minutes . He was buried on the site where the attack happened but the whereabouts of his grave are now unknown . He is commemorated on the Alamein Memorial . Lewes was engaged to marry Mirren Barford , an Oxford undergraduate , at the time of his death . Lewes created the Lewes bomb which was a light combined incendiary and explosive charge . The Lewes bomb was used throughout World War II .
Charles Cruft ( general ) Charles Cruft ( January 12 , 1826 – March 23 , 1883 ) was a teacher , lawyer , railroad executive , and a Union general during the American Civil War . Biography . Cruft was born in Terre Haute , Indiana . He graduated from Wabash College in 1842 . He was employed as a bank clerk , lawyer , president of the St . Louis , Alton , and Terre Haute Railroad ( 1855 – 1858 ) , and published the " Terre Haute Express " newspaper ( 1861 - 1872 ) . When the Civil War broke out in 1861 , Cruft witnessed the First Battle of Bull Run as a civilian . This encouraged him to return to his native Indiana and raised the 31st Indiana Infantry ; he was appointed its colonel on September 20 , 1861 . At the Battle of Fort Donelson , he commanded a brigade in Lew Wallace ' s division and was wounded during the fighting . He was again wounded , in the head , shoulder , and left thigh , at the Battle of Shiloh while leading his regiment in the Hornet ' s Nest . He was promoted to brigadier general of volunteers on July 16 , 1862 . He recovered and commanded a brigade at the Battle of Richmond , Kentucky , where he was again wounded . He commanded a brigade during the Battle of Perryville , but was not engaged in the fighting . He fought at Stones River and Chickamauga . At Chattanooga he commanded the 1st Division , IV Corps , and took part in the fight for Lookout Mountain . He led his division during the Atlanta Campaign and commanded a Provisional Division , composed of units from the Army of the Tennessee that could not rejoin William T . Sherman for the March to the Sea , at the Battle of Nashville . On March 7 , 1865 , President Abraham Lincoln nominated Cruft for appointment to the brevet grade of major general of volunteers , to rank from March 5 , 1865 , and the U . S . Senate confirmed the award on March 10 , 1865 . Cruft was mustered out on August 24 , 1865 . Cruft returned to Terre Haute and resumed his legal practice . He died at his home and is buried in Woodlawn Cemetery , Terre Haute .
Adolf Trowitz Adolf Eduard Trowitz ( 24 September 1893 – 3 January 1978 ) was a highly decorated Generalmajor in the Wehrmacht during World War II who commanded several divisions . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . Adolf Trowitz was captured by Soviet troops in July 1944 during Operation Bagration and was held until 1955 .
Herbert Rollwage Herbert Rollwage ( 24 September 1916 – 4 January 1980 ) was a German Luftwaffe ace and recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves during World War II . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross and its higher grade Oak Leaves was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . Herbert Rollwage is credited with at least 71 victories in 664 combat missions .
USS Henlopen ( SP - 385 ) USS " Henlopen " ( SP - 385 ) was a minesweeper and tug that served in the United States Navy from January to March 1918 . " Henlopen " was built as a commercial fishing boat of the same name in 1912 by W . G . Abbott at Milford , Delaware . On 12 December 1917 , the U . S . Navy acquired her at New York City from her owner , James W . Elwell & Company of New York City , for use on the section patrol as a minesweeper and tug during World War I . She was commissioned as USS " Henlopen " ( SP - 385 ) on 26 January 1918 . After two months of service , " Henlopen " was transferred to France at New York City on 27 March 1918 for French Navy use as a minesweeper and tug .
Battle of Đức Cơ Battle of Đức Cơ was a major engagement between the North Vietnam ese 5th Battalion of the 33rd Regiment and the South Korean 3rd Battalion of the 1st Cavalry Regiment on August 9 , 1966 . The battle resulted from North Vietnamese attempts to infiltrate Đức Cơ from Cambodia . On the night of August 9 , the reinforced North Vietnamese 5th Battalion attacked a Korean tactical base in Đức Cơ , when the airborne were alerted to prevent the Defeated North Vietnamese regiments , trying to retreat back into Cambodia . During several hours of fighting the outnumbered South Koreans defeated their enemies who left more than one hundred bodies on the field . On the same day , meanwhile , USAF jet fighters opened fire on a pair of South Vietnamese villages , which they mistakenly believed were Vietcong camps . The resulting attack left 63 people dead and at least 100 more injured .
Fingerspitzengefühl Fingerspitzengefühl is a German term , literally meaning " " finger tips feeling " " and meaning intuitive flair or instinct , which has been appropriated by the English language as a loanword . In German , it describes a great situational awareness , and the ability to respond most appropriately and tactfully . It can be applied well to diplomats , bearers of bad news , or to describe a superior ability to respond to an escalated situation . The word is enjoying a second life in the English language in military terminology , where it is used for the stated ability of some military commanders , such as Field - Marshal Erwin Rommel , to maintain with great accuracy in attention to detail an ever - changing operational and tactical situation by maintaining a mental map of the battlefield . In this sense the term is synonymous with the English expression of " keeping one ' s finger on the pulse " . The mental image given is of a military commander who is in such intimate communication with the battlefield that it is as though he has a fingertip on each critical point , expressed in the 18th and 19th centuries as " having a feel for combat " . The term is only figurative , and cannot in itself give a realistic picture of the ability being described . It is cognitively related to personal possession of multiple intelligences , notably those pertinent to visual and spatial data processing . The term indicates that in addition to any discursive processing of information that the commander may be conducting ( i . e . , mental thinking through things in inner discourse ) , something else is going on , the simultaneous assignment of cognitive relationships between disparate pieces of information reaching the commander and immediate re - synthesis of the whole picture . Even though there is no physical connection between the commander and his troops , other than conduits for discursive information such as radio signals , it is as if he had his own sensitive presence in each spot . One of the functions of a static map is to allow a traveler to decide upon a course of action suitable for getting from one point to another . In times of war , the terrain and the troops and weapons deployed upon it can be changed much more rapidly than cartographers can change their maps . The mind of the superb commander must maintain such a map and adjust it by constantly incorporating any information that he gets that may allow him to tweak his inner picture . The concept may be compared to ideas about intuition and neural net programming . The same phenomenon , but conceptualized in a radically different way , seems to be described by D . T . Suzuki in swordsmanship teaching stories recounted in his " Zen and Japanese Culture , " and given in analytical detail in " Zen Buddhism and Psychoanalysis " ( Fromm , Suzuki and De Martino ) .
82nd Airborne Division War Memorial Museum The 82nd Airborne Division War Memorial Museum is a museum located at Ardennes and Gela Streets on the Fort Bragg Army base . Established in 1945 , the museum chronicles the history of the 82nd Airborne Division from 1917 to the present including World War I , World War II , Vietnam War , and Persian Gulf War s as well as campaigns in Grenada , Panama , Operation Golden Pheasant , Operation Restore Hope and Operation Enduring Freedom . The museum is open to the public but photo id and a vehicle search is required to enter Fort Bragg . The museum grounds serve as a location for military ceremonies as well . Exhibits . The collection includes light armor weapons , rifles , handguns , and uniforms from multiple eras including captured arms and uniforms of enemy forces including German paratrooper and Luftwaffe . Personal items including a name tag and military uniform belonging to Manuel Noriega , captured during Operation Just Cause .
Joint Requirements Oversight Council Part of the United States Department of Defense acquisition process , the Joint Requirements Oversight Council ( JROC ) reviews programs designated as JROC interest and supports the acquisition review process in accordance with law ( 10 U . S . C . 181 ) . The JROC accomplishes this by reviewing and validating all Joint Capabilities Integration and Development System documents for Acquisition Category I and IA programs , and other programs designated as high - interest . For Acquisition Category ID and IAM programs , the JROC makes recommendations to the Defense Acquisition Board or Information Technology Acquisition Board , based on such reviews . The JROC is chaired by the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , who also serves as the co - chair of the Defense Acquisition Board . The other JROC members are the Vice Chiefs of each military service : Vice Chief of Staff of the Army , Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps , Vice Chief of Naval Operations and Vice Chief of Staff of the Air Force . Moreover , the JROC charters Functional Capabilities Boards . These boards are chaired by a JROC - designated chair and , for appropriate topics , co - chaired by a representative of the Milestone Decision Authority . Functional Capabilities Boards are the lead coordinating bodies to ensure that the joint force is best served throughout the Joint Capabilities Integration and Development System and acquisition processes . The Joint Capabilities Integration and Development System process encourages early and continuous collaboration with the acquisition community to ensure that new capabilities are conceived and developed in the joint warfighting context . The JROC , at its discretion , may review any Joint Capabilities Integration and Development System issues which may have joint interest or impact . The JROC also validates key performance parameters .