naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Dahiya doctrine The Dahiya doctrine is a military strategy put forth by the Israeli general Gadi Eizenkot that pertains to asymmetric warfare in an urban setting , in which the army deliberately targets civilian infrastructure , as a means of inducing suffering for the civilian population , thereby establishing deterrence . The doctrine is named after a southern suburb in Beirut with large apartment buildings which were flattened by the Israel Defense Forces ( IDF ) during the 2006 Lebanon War . Israel has been accused of implementing the strategy during the Gaza War . History . 2006 Lebanon War . The first public announcement of the doctrine was made by General Gadi Eizenkot , commander of the IDF ' s northern front , in October 2008 . He said that what happened in the Dahiya ( also transliterated as Dahiyeh and Dahieh ) quarter of Beirut in 2006 would , " happen in every village from which shots were fired in the direction of Israel . We will wield disproportionate power against [ them ] and cause immense damage and destruction . From our perspective , these are military bases . [ . . . ] This isn ' t a suggestion . It ' s a plan that has already been authorized . [ . . . ] Harming the population is the only means of restraining Nasrallah . " Noting that Dahiya was the Shiite quarter in Beirut that was razed by the Israeli Air Force during the Second Lebanon War , Israeli journalist Yaron London wrote in 2008 that the doctrine , " will become entrenched in our security discourse . " Operation Cast Lead . Whether by design or default , Israel at least partially implemented such a strategy during Operation Cast Lead . The 2009 Goldstone Report makes several references to the Dahiya doctrine , calling it a concept which requires the application of " widespread destruction as a means of deterrence " and which involves " the application of disproportionate force and the causing of great damage and destruction to civilian property and infrastructure , and suffering to civilian populations . " The Fact Finding Mission which submitted the Report concluded that the doctrine had been put into practice during the conflict . Criticism . The doctrine is defined in a 2009 report by the Public Committee Against Torture in Israel as follows : " The military approach expressed in the Dahiye Doctrine deals with asymmetrical combat against an enemy that is not a regular army and is embedded within civilian population ; its objective is to avoid a protracted guerilla war . According to this approach Israel has to employ tremendous force disproportionate to the magnitude of the enemy ’ s actions . " The report further argues that the doctrine was fully implemented during Operation Cast Lead . Richard Falk wrote that under the doctrine , " the civilian infrastructure of adversaries such as Hamas or Hezbollah are treated as permissible military targets , which is not only an overt violation of the most elementary norms of the law of war and of universal morality , but an avowal of a doctrine of violence that needs to be called by its proper name : state terrorism . "
Xyston The xyston ( " spear , javelin ; pointed stick , goad " ) was a type of a long thrusting spear in ancient Greece . It measured about long and was probably held by the cavalryman with both hands , although the depiction of Alexander the Great ' s xyston on the Alexander Mosaic in Pompeii ( see figure ) , suggests it could also be used single handed . It had a wooden shaft and a spear - point at both ends . Possible reasons for the secondary spear - tip were that it acted partly as a counterweight and also served as a backup in case the Xyston was broken in action . The xyston is usually mentioned in context with the " hetairoi " ( ) , the cavalry forces of ancient Macedon . After Alexander the Great ' s death the " hetairoi " were named " xystophoroi " ( , " spear - bearers " ) because of their use of the xyston lance . In his Greek - written " Bellum Judaicum " , the Jewish historian Flavius Josephus uses the term " xyston " to describe the Roman throwing javelin , the " pilum " . The xyston was wielded either underarm or overarm , presumably as a matter of personal preference . It was also known , especially later , as the kontos ; meaning literally " barge - pole " ; the name possibly originated as a slang term for the weapon .
David Watson ( general ) Major General Sir David Watson , ( 7 February 1869 – 19 February 1922 ) was a Canadian journalist , newspaper owner , and general . Born in Quebec City , Quebec , the son of William Watson and Jane Grant , Watson was a journalist with the " Quebec Morning Chronicle " ( later called just " Quebec Chronicle " ) . He later became general manager of the paper and general manager of its publisher . He started his military career as a private in the 8th Regiment , Royal Rifles . He was promoted to lieutenant and then to captain in 1903 , major in 1910 , and lieutenant - colonel in 1912 . In 1914 , he enlisted in the Canadian Expeditionary Force and was soon given command of the 2nd Battalion , CEF . He was promoted to Brigadier General in 1915 and took command of the 5th Brigade , 2nd Canadian Division . He was promoted to Major - General and took command of the 4th Canadian Division upon its creation in 1916 . He led his various commands in most of the major Canadian battles of World War I including Second Ypres , the Somme , Vimy Ridge , Passchendaele , Amiens , Second Arras , and Cambrai . In late 1917 , he and fellow general Victor Odlum saved their commanding officer , General Arthur Currie , from a career - ending charge of embezzlement by lending Currie enough money so that he could repay a large sum he had borrowed from regimental funds before the war . After the war , he resumed his job at the " Quebec Chronicle " and became the majority owner . He was also chairman of the Quebec Harbour Commission . He died in 1922 .
Pat Darling Pat Darling ( born 31 August 1913 , Casino , New South Wales , Australia – died 2007 ) was an Australian servicewoman and nursing sister with the 2 / 10th Australian General Hospital . Early life . Born as Janet Patteson Gunther , her great grandfather , Archdeacon James Gunther , was a missionary to indigenous Australians at Wellington , New South Wales . Her grandfather , Archdeacon William Gunther , was rector of St John ' s , Parramatta . The second eldest of eight children , she attended bush schools before leaving school at 12 to help out at home in the farm . World War II . She trained in general nursing at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital in Camperdown , and worked as a private nurse until enlisting in 1940 with the 2nd / 10th Australian General Hospital . She sailed to Singapore in February 1941 . She was one of the Australian nurses taken prisoner by the Japan ese in Sumatra during World War II . She wrote about her three and a half years incarceration and survival in " Portrait of a Nurse " ( published in 2001 ) . Family . She married Major George Colin Darling ( NX101315 2 / 5 Infantry Battalion ) , a manager with the Port Kembla steelworks in 1957 and a widower with four children in 1949 . She stopped nursing in the late 1940s / early 1950s . Colin Darling died in the early 1970s . Death . Janet Patteson Gunther " Pat " Darling died in 2007 , aged 94 . While George Colin Darling died in 1983 , aged 76 .
851 Naval Air Squadron 851 Naval Air Squadron was a Fleet Air Arm squadron of the Royal Navy , first formed in October 1943 at Squantum Naval Air Station in Massachusetts , United States as a MAC - ship escort squadron . It was later disbanded around December 1945 . It was reformed in 1954 as an Australian squadron on 3 August 1954 . History . After pilot training the squadron was formed in October 1943 , equipped with Grumman Avenger IIs to operate as a torpedo bomber reconnaissance and escort squadron . As a squadron they flew their 12 Avengers to the west coast of the USA and embarked on HMS " Shah " at Alameda in January 1944 , where a Wildcat fighter flight was added . They sailed to the Indian Ocean via Williamstown docks , Australia to Cochin , where the carrier ' s deck cargo of aircraft was unloaded , thus enabling 851 Squadron ' s naval flying operations for the first time . Tasked with anti - submarine patrols in the Indian Ocean and Bay of Bengal , 851 Squadron ' s Avengers and Wildcat flights briefly operated from a shore base at Colombo Racecourse , then at Katukurunda , as well as forming the " Shah ' s " full complement . Sinking of U - 198 . The two carriers HMS " Shah " and HMS " Begum " ( carrying 832 Squadron ) formed the hunter - killer group Force 66 in July 1944 , searching for " U - 198 " . On 10 and 12 August 1944 the U - boat was located near the Seychelles and attacked by 851 ' s Avengers , although damage could not be clearly ascertained . The aircraft directed the RN frigate HMS Findhorn and the Indian sloop HMIS Godavari to the submarine and they were able to sink " U - 198 " with the loss of all hands . Sinking of the " Haguro " . In February 1945 the Shah sailed to Durban for a refit , and the Wildcats were withdrawn . Sailing to Burma in May 1945 , the Shah with 851 Squadron ' s Avengers supported Operation Dracula , the invasion of Rangoon . 851 Squadron dive - bombed the Japanese heavy cruiser " Haguro " , suffering losses in the attacks for little return . However they directed ships of the 26th Destroyer Flotilla which sank the " Haguro " in a night torpedo action known as " Operation Dukedom " . Decommissioning . The squadron subsequently returned to Katukurunda , Colombo Racecourse and Trincomalee . After VJ - Day the squadron left their aircraft and sailed on HMS " Shah " to the UK where the squadron was disbanded and the carrier returned to the USA . 851 Squadron was subsequently reactivated as a squadron of the Royal Australian Navy .
Joint Staff Headquarters ( Pakistan ) The Joint Staff Headquarters ( reporting name : JS HQ ) , is the combatant joint - field operations secretariat and principle headquarter of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee established after Indo - Pakistani war of 1971 in Rawalpindi . The JS HQ served as the principle headquarters of Pakistan Armed Forces and concerned authorities relating the defence and strategic developments . The JS HQ was set up to improve coordination , command and communication between the three arms of Pakistan Armed Forces .
Potez 15 The Potez 15 ( also written Potez XV ) was a French single - engine , two - seat observation biplane designed as a private venture by Louis Coroller and built by Potez and under licence in Poland . Design and development . The plane was designed in the beginning of 1920s by Henry Coroller in Potez works . It was a development of a fighter SEA IV built by " Société d ' Etudes Aéronautiques " , a former firm of Henry Potez and Coroller . A prototype was flown in October 1921 and shown at Paris Air Show that year . It was conventional biplane with a fixed tailskid landing gear and a nose - mounted 276 kW ( 370 hp ) Lorraine 12D engine . The engine was later replaced by a 224 kW ( 300 hp ) Renault 12Fe . After a successful evaluation , the aircraft was ordered by the " Aéronautique Militiare " as a reconnaissance aircraft . The first planes were manufactured and delivered in late 1923 . Series - built planes were powered with Lorraine - Dietrich 12Db inline engine . 410 were built in France . The plane was built in two main military variants : Potez 15 A2 reconnaissance plane and Potez 15 B2 bomber - reconnaissance plane . A single prototype of a floatplane variant Potez XV HO2 was built . There was also an export variant Potez XVII of 1923 , built for Bulgaria only , with the same LD 12Db engine . Already in 1923 , Poland bought a licence for the Potez 15 and started to manufacture them in Podlaska Wytwórnia Samolotów ( PWS , 35 built in 1925 ) and Plage i Laśkiewicz aircraft works ( 100 built in 1925 - 1926 ) . A development of Potez 15 was Potez 27 ( Potez XXVII ) , Operational history . Primary user of Potez 15s was the French Air Force , from late 1923 . Main user became the Polish Air Force with 110 aircraft bought and 135 manufactured in Poland . In the Polish Air Force , they were used from late 1924 . Their withdrawal from combat units started in 1927 , then they were used for training until mid - 1930s . 120 aircraft were sold to Romania , 12 to Spain , and eight to Denmark . Six Potez XVIIs were sold to Bulgaria . 25 Potez XV A2 were used in Yugoslavia . These shared the engine , fuselage , undercarriage and tailfin of the Potez 15 , combining them with the wings and stabilizer s from a newer design , the 25 . Description . Wooden construction biplane with fixed landing gear . The fuselage was framed , with metal covering for front engine section , plywood covering for the midsection and canvas covering for the tail section . Rectangular two - spar wings , plywood ( leading edge ) and canvas covered , of equal span . Crew of two , sitting in tandem in open cockpits : pilot in front , observer in the rear . Conventional fixed landing gear , with a common straight axle and a rear skid . Engine in front , two barrel - type water Lamblin radiators below the fuselage , between the landing gear . Two - blade wooden propeller . Fuel tanks in the fuselage . The pilot had one fixed 7 . 7 mm ( . 303 in ) Vickers machine gun with an interrupter gear , the observer had twin 7 . 7 mm ( . 303 in ) Lewis Gun s on a ring mounting .
Carcara UAV The Carcará is a Brazilian light weight UAV designed to be transported by a single man . His height allows takeoff and landing in restricted areas where other aircraft are unable to operate . Designed to be used in any theater even if is devoid of track , or surrounded by any obstacles . It ’ s designed to be used by Brazilian Marine Corps infantry in a real - time reconnaissance . Characteristics . Ordered by Brazilian navy to equip an infantry marine corps . Navy wanted a UAV with stealth features , lightweight , flexible and resistant . The Carcará have low acoustic signature , can be controlled by a single soldier and have telemetry data .
791st Bombardment Squadron The 791st Bombardment Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit . It was last assigned to the 468th Bombardment Group , stationed at Roswell Army Airfield , New Mexico . It was inactivated on 31 March 1946 . History . Established as a B - 24 Liberator heavy bombardment squadron in mid - 1943 and activated on 1 August . Trained under II Bomber Command in Idaho and Utah . In January 1944 the squadron received deployment orders for the European Theater of Operations ( ETO ) . Moved to RAF Rackheath , Norfolk in England , February – March 1944 , and was assigned to the VIII Bomber Command . Upon arrival in England engaged in very long range strategic bombardment operations over Occupied Europe and Nazi Germany . In combat , the unit served chiefly as a strategic bombardment organization , attacking the harbor at Kiel , chemical plants at Bonn , textile factories at Stuttgart , power plants at Hamm , steel works at Osnabrück , the aircraft industry at Brunswick , and other objectives . In combat , the unit served chiefly as a strategic bombardment organization , attacking the harbor at Kiel , chemical plants at Bonn , textile factories at Stuttgart , power plants at Hamm , steel works at Osnabrück , the aircraft industry at Brunswick , and other objectives . Attacked German communications and fortifications during the Battle of the Bulge , December 1944 – January 1945 . Hit enemy transportation to assist the Allied assault across the Rhine in March 1945 . After the German Capitulation in May 1945 , the squadron was ordered back to the United States for B - 29 transition and redeployment to the Pacific Theater of Operations ( PTO ) . Redeployed to the US June / July 1945 . Upon arrival , most of the group was demobilized due to their combat service in Europe ; a cadre of officers and men was formed at Sioux Falls Army Air Field , South Dakota on 25 August . At Sioux Falls , the unit was reformed with newly - trained pilots , aircrews and ground personnel . The reformed group was sent to Harvard Army Airfield , Nebraska for initial Second Air Force training . The Japanese Capitulation in early August canceled the planned deployment to the Pacific , however the group continued to train Due to the advanced training state of the squadron received new B - 29 Superfortress es and completed training . In December 1945 was assigned to a permanent base at Clovis AAF , New Mexico as part of Continental Air Forces . Reassigned in March 1946 to the 468th Bombardment Group due to personnel and funding shortages . Inactivated on 31 March 1946 along with the 468th BG .
563d Rescue Group The United States Air Force ' s 563d Rescue Group ( 563 RQG ) directs flying operations dedicated to Personnel Recovery ( PR ) . The 563 RQG is part of the Air Combat Command ( ACC ) and is a geographically separated unit ( GSU ) of the 23d Wing ( 23 WG ) at Moody Air Force Base , Georgia . The home station for the 563 RQG is Davis - Monthan Air Force Base , Arizona and it also has responsibility for rescue squadrons operating as GSUs at Nellis Air Force Base , Nevada . The group is responsible for training , readiness , and operations of one HC - 130P squadron , two HH - 60G squadrons , two Guardian Angel squadrons , and an operations support squadron operating from two geographically separated operating locations . The 58th Rescue Squadron trains , equips and employs combat - ready pararescuemen , combat rescue officers and supporting personnel worldwide in support of U . S . national security interests . It provides survivor contact , treatment and extraction during combat rescue operations , uses various fixed and rotary wing insertion and extraction assets . It employs by any means available to provide combat and humanitarian search , rescue and medical assistance in all environments . The 66th Rescue Squadron operates the HH - 60G " Pavehawk " and provides rapidly deployable combat rescue forces to theater commanders worldwide . They tactically employ the HH - 60G helicopter and its crew in hostile environments to recover downed aircrew and isolated personnel during day , night or marginal weather conditions . The squadron also conducts military operations other than war including ; civil search and rescue , disaster relief , international aid , emergency medical evacuation and counter - drug activities . History . Flew combat rescue and evacuation missions 1944 – 1945 at Biak Island and in the Philippines . Provided courier service , carried supplies and messages , evacuated allied prisoners and wounded personnel , and occasionally provided reconnaissance . From 1946 – 1950 provided rescue capabilities in Japan . Flew combat rescue and evacuation missions during the Korean War , 1950 – 1953 . Credited with rescuing almost 10 , 000 United Nations personnel , including almost 1 , 000 combat saves behind enemy lines . Returned to providing rescue capability in Japan , 1953 – 1957 . Performed combat search , rescue , and recovery missions in Southeast Asia , 1966 – 1975 . Credited with 3 , 681 saves , including 2 , 632 combat saves . Operated a Joint Service Rescue Center at Tan Son Nhut AB , Vietnam , for Commander , Seventh Air Force , 1966 – 1973 .
Wilhelm Brennecke Wilhelm Brennecke ( 9 August 1918 – 4 March 1998 ) was a German Luftwaffe bomber pilot and recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross during World War II . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership .
Frank E . Hill ( Medal of Honor ) Frank E . Hill ( 1850 - March 29 , 1906 ) served in the United States Army during the American Indian Wars . He received the Medal of Honor . Hill was born in Mayfield , Wisconsin . He died on March 20 , 1906 in Manhattan , Nevada . His ashes rest in the Columbarium of San Francisco in San Francisco , California . Hill was severely wounded during an outbreak at Camp Date Creek , Arizona Territory on September 8 , 1872 ; he later received a Medal of Honor for the incident . He also received an honorable mention for his actions north of Baby Canyon on December 29 , 1872 . Medal of Honor citation . His award citation reads : Secured the person of a hostile Apache Chief , although while holding the chief he was severely wounded in the back by another Indian .
SCR - 508 The SCR - 508 Radio was a mobile Signal Corps Radio used by the U . S . Army during World War II , for short range ground communications . The SCR - 508 series radio represented the army ' s commitment to both FM , and crystal tuning , and was used extensively by armor and mechanized units . The turret bustle of late series light and medium tanks was designed around this radio . Use . The SCR - 508 series was standardized on 22 July 1941 , and used by armored forces for command and control of tank units . It replaced the earlier SCR - 293 and SCR - 245 and was used primarily in the M5 light tanks as well as the M4 medium tanks . It also provided the intercom system to all crew stations . It was replaced by the AN / VRC - 8 series radios . Variants . Different combinations of components could be arranged in the mounts . The Artillery branch used the same radios mirroring the SCR - 508 series but with a different frequency range
Taji , Iraq Taji , or Tajidiyah ( ) is a town approximately 20 miles north of the city of Baghdad , within Baghdad Province . History . Al - Taji airfield , in the volatile Sunni Triangle , was originally an Iraqi Republican Guard base during the Saddam era . It was once a center for the manufacture of chemical weapons . Taji was also the location of the largest tank maintenance facility in Iraq .
George Parrott George Fountain Parrott ( 23 December 1887 – 9 October 1918 ) was an officer in the United States Navy during World War I . Biography . Born at Falling Creek , Lenoir County , North Carolina , George Fountain Parrott was the 3rd of 7 children born to George Franklin and Julia Bizzell Parrott , and was first cousin to Marion A . Parrott . His maternal grandfather , Fountain Bizzell , had served in Company G , North Carolina 55th Infantry Regiment . George attended first the Kinston Graded School , then the Rhodes Military Institute , and finally graduated from the Oak Ridge Institute in North Carolina . He was able to attend the US Naval Academy after having been appointed from the 2nd North Carolina district by the Hon . Claude Kitchin . Parrott was appointed Midshipman 3 July 1906 and graduated from the U . S . Naval Academy , class of 1911 . He was promoted to the rank of Ensign March , 1912 ; Lt . Jr . grade March , 1914 ; Lt . Sr . grade April , 1917 ; and Lieutenant Commander August , 1918 . He was the executive officer on the USS " Shaw " ( DD – 68 ) in the English Channel . The " Shaw ' s own ordeal came on 9 October 1918 . While escorting the giant British transport , Aquitania , Shaw ' s rudder jammed just as she was completing the right leg of a zigzag , leaving her headed directly towards the transport . A moment later , Aquitania struck Shaw , cutting off 90 feet of the destroyer ' s bow , mangling her bridge and setting her on fire " . Lt . Parrott was killed during the accident . He is a recipient of the Navy Cross and listed on the World War I Honor Roll and on the Tablets of The Missing at the American Cemetery and Memorial section of Brookwood Cemetery in Brookwood , Surrey County , England . Namesake . USN " Parrott " ( DD - 218 ) was named for him .
Yoshizawa Shōten When the Russo - Japanese War broke out in 1904 , Yoshizawa Shōten sent off a camera team to follow the Japanese troops . The public interest aroused by this media event allowed the studio to build more theatres around Asakusa and to build Japan ' s first movie studio in Meguro in Tokyo in 1908 . It was even successful enough to print its own magazine , " Katsudō shashinkai " , and build an amusement park in Asakusa named after Luna Park in Coney Island in 1910 . But when several arson incidents led to the destruction of several theatres and the Asakusa Luna Park in 1911 , financial considerations prompted Yoshizawa to take part in the merger with Yokota Shōkai , M . Pathe and Fukuhōdō that formed Nikkatsu in 1912 .