naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Burgonet The burgonet helmet ( sometimes called a burgundian sallet ) was a Renaissance - era and early modern combat helmet . It was the successor of the sallet . Characteristics . The burgonet helmet is characterised by a skull with a large fixed or hinged peak projecting above the face - opening , and usually an integral , keel - like , crest or comb running from front to rear . Attached to the skull are substantial hinged cheekpieces which usually do not meet at the chin or throat . A flange projects from the lower parts of the skull and cheekpieces to protect the back and sides of the neck . Though typically a relatively light helmet and open faced , a falling buffe , a sort of visor that was closed by being drawn up rather than down , was sometimes used . Some helmets , often termed " close burgonets " , were made which took elements , such as the peak , crest and falling buffe , of the burgonet and combined them with the hinged bevor of the close helmet . Use . Commonplace throughout Europe , it first came into use early in the 16th century and had attained its classic form by c . 1550 . Accompanied by plate armour , burgonets were mostly worn by cavalry : cuirassier s , demi - lancer s and , in Eastern Europe , hussar s . The Border Reivers , of the English - Scottish borderlands , were very fond of burgonets and the morion in Elizabethan times , and as a result reivers were often called " steil " ( steel ) " bonnets " . Burgonets were also a popular helmet type among the Polish winged hussars , where they merged with types of capeline ( zischagge ) helmets , often featuring a nasal bar or facial guard . The burgonet was common among the mercenary Swiss infantry who were pikemen who could defend themselves against cavalry ( perhaps taking helmets of this form as trophies ) . Following the appearance of the Adrian and Brodie helmet s and the Stahlhelm , in the First World War , the Swiss experimented with a " streamlined " form of the burgonet for their own national helmet , but both designs were rejected . The factors of utility of the burgonet over older helmets include :
MVSN Colonial Militia MVSN Colonial Militia were colonial military units of the Italian Fascist MVSN organization ( " Milizia Volontaria per la Sicurezza Nazionale " ; " Volunteer Militia for National Security " ) based in the Italian African colonial possessions of Italian North Africa ( comprising Cyrenaica and Tripolitania ) , and in Italian East Africa ( comprising Eritrea , Ethiopia and Italian Somaliland ) . These units consisted of seven Legions of militia recruited initially from Italian colonists , but later included local Africans . Units from Italian East Africa were formed into the Africa Division which was a light infantry division and was later destroyed in combat . All legions were destroyed during the North African and East African campaigns during World War II .
1st Special Squadron ( Japanese Navy ) The 1st Special Squadron ( January 1917 – October 1918 ) was an Imperial Japanese Navy fleet . In accordance with the Anglo - Japanese Alliance , the fleet helped defend Australia and New Zealand as well as Allied shipping in the Pacific and Indian oceans during World War I . Background . At the outbreak of war , the Royal Australian Navy ( RAN ) stood at 3 , 800 personnel and consisted of sixteen ships , including the , the light cruiser s and , the destroyer s , and , and the submarines and . Another light cruiser ( ) and three destroyers were under construction , and a small fleet of auxiliary ships was also being maintained . After the Imperial German Navy ' s German East Asia Squadron was destroyed early in the war , most RAN ships were redeployed to the European theatres , leaving Australia and New Zealand exposed to German merchant raiders operating in the Pacific . The Australian government requested help from the British Admiralty , as the remaining warships could not effectively protect the region . These requests suggested that ships of the United States Navy be deployed to supplement the forces in Australian waters , but instead , the Admiralty contacted Japan and made arrangements for several ships to be sent to Australia . 1st Special Squadron . In January 1917 , Japan created the 1st Special Squadron , made up of several cruisers supported by the 2nd Destroyer Division . They were tasked to defend the Strait of Malacca and shipping from Australia to Aden . To provide more coverage , the Japanese Navy formed the 3rd Special Squadron on March 26 , 1917 , to defend the eastern coast of Australia and New Zealand . With the capture and sinking of German raiders , the pressure against Allied shipping lessened , and after December 1917 , the 3rd Special Squadron was dissolved and the operational area of the 1st Special Squadron was enlarged to include the eastern coast of Australia and New Zealand . The defence of Australia , New Zealand and of Indian shipping lanes by Japanese ships continued until October 1918 .
James Meredith Helm Rear Admiral James Meredith Helm ( 16 December 1855 – 28 October 1927 ) was an officer in the United States Navy during the Spanish - American War . Biography . Born at Grayville , Illinois , Helm graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1875 . He served in various ships and abroad until the Spanish - American War , when he commanded the gunboat . In the blockade of Cuba , he captured a Spanish steamer and three contraband schooners , and was advanced five numbers in grade for outstanding performance at the Battle of Manzanillo on 30 June 1898 . Helm subsequently commanded the and . During World War I , Helm was Commandant of the 4th Naval District and received the Navy Cross for his achievements . He retired 16 December 1919 and died 28 October 1927 . Namesake . The destroyer was named for him .
Aist - class LCAC The Aist class ( " Project 12321 Dzheyran " ) was the first large assault hovercraft operated by the Soviet Navy . Designed by a design bureau wing of Almaz shipbuilding company in 1964 - 1965 . Production lasted from 1970 until 1985 at Almaz plant at Leningrad . Configuration . The Aist class was built to roughly the same size as the British SR . N4 commercial channel ferry . The Russian name for this class is " maly desantny korabl na vozdushnoy podushke " meaning " small landing craft on air cushion " . The Aist class prototype was built in 1970 and the type entered production in Leningrad in 1975 . It was produced there at a rate of about six every four years . By the early 1990s twenty to twenty four had been produced . They began to be withdrawn following the fall of the Soviet Union , and by 2004 only six remained , in two levels of configuration . A modified main engine intake was installed on all Russian Navy Aists in service with the Baltic Sea fleet . These intakes are believed to include special filters to reduce the ingestion of salt water , sand and dust particles into Aist ' s engines and machinery , limiting the effects of salt water corrosion . The Aist have suffered from high cushion pressure , and produce exceptionally heavy cushion spray , especially at low speeds . Operations . Three modified Aists ( 700 series ) are based in the Baltic Sea , the other three are in the Caspian . 609 participated in the Caspian Sea exercise in 2002 . The earlier engines have been upgraded to allow an increase in displacement to 298 tons , up from the type ' s original 260 tons , but at a loss of roughly half the type ' s original range . Some units carry two SA - N - 5 quadruple SAM systems and chaff launchers . Variations . In addition to the Baltic Sea upgrades several variants have been built and differ externally in fin height , overall length , superstructure details and defensive armament . In an effort to reduce accidents an Aist combat mission simulator was produced by the former Soviet Navy to improve the ability of Aist commanders to operate the craft on the sea and beaches . Capacity . The Aist was upgraded during the 1990s to carry 80 tons of cargo .
Betty Duvall Betty Duvall ( 1845 – 1891 ) was a Confederate spy during the American Civil War . Betty Duvall was from Washington , D . C . She was the daughter of Eli Duvall Sr . and Sarah ( née Thompson ) Duvall . Washington D . C . - based spy Rose O ' Neal Greenhow gave her a note about a Union plan for the first Battle of Manassas ( or Bull Run ) to give to General P . G . T . Beauregard ; Duvall carried it tucked in her hair . She continued to be a spy , and for one of her missions she brought her cousin . She was descended from the immigrant Mareen Duvall .
Battle of Paye The Battle of Paye was a battle during the Philippine - American War between the United States and the Philippines . It was fought on December 19 , 1899 , near San Mateo in Morong ( now Rizal ) between the forces of General Henry Ware Lawton , and 200 Filipino riflemen under General Licerio Gerónimo . Lawton was killed in the battle , and his attack was repelled , making the Battle of Paye the final confrontation between Lawton ' s company and Gerónimo ' s . Lawton was the highest - ranking American commander to die in the Philippine conflict . Battle . The battle began while Lawton and his men were en route to San Mateo and received fire from Filipinos under the cover of dense jungle and secure trenches in the town . Very few of the Filipinos were even visible . Lawton ' s forces dug in and engaged in a fierce fire - fight . A team of Filipino sharpshooters known as the " Tiradores del Muerte " ( " Marksmen of Death " ) set up position away . Having shrugged off cautionary warnings from his officers , Lawton walked up and down the line , rallying his men . A sharpshooter shot Lawton and killed him instantly . The death of their commander was a terrible blow to Lawton ' s men , who took scores of casualties without successfully retaliating . Part of the reason that they could not dent the Filipino positions was that , as a Filipino rifleman fell dead or wounded , a large number of bolomen were ready to take his rifle and keep a steady stream of heavy fire . When they eventually withdrew , it took almost a day to bear Lawton ' s body through thicket and mud to Manila , for funeral rites at Paco Cemetery . Lawton is buried in Arlington National Cemetery . Aftermath . Before his death , Lawton had written in a formal correspondence , " Taking into account the disadvantages they have to fight against in terms of arms , equipment and military discipline , without artillery , short of ammunition , powder inferior , shells reloaded until they are defective , they are the bravest men I have ever seen . . . " The Filipinos rejoiced as their enemy retreated . It was their first victory . The Morong Command also had victory in other battles against the Americans . The riflemen who fought in the battle included Colonel Maximo Abad , who later led Philippine forces to victory in the Battle of Pulang Lupa . Lawton ' s command suffered around 14 killed , including himself and 15 wounded .
Petrograd formula The Petrograd formula was a Peace Formula constructed by the Bolshevik party after their Revolution in November 1917 . The Bolsheviks did not want Russia to participate in the first World War . After the interception of the Miliukov note , the Petrograd Soviet issued the Petrograd Formula in May declaring " peace without annexations or indemnities , on the basis of the self - determination of peoples " .
Toby Frere Vice Admiral Sir Richard Tobias ( ' Toby ' ) Frere KCB ( born 4 June 1938 ) is a former Royal Navy officer who ended his career as Chief of Fleet Support . Naval career . Educated at Eton College and the Royal Naval College , Dartmouth , Frere joined the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve through National Service in 1955 and was commissioned into the Royal Navy in 1958 . During the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962 , as a submarine r based at Halifax , he was involved in setting up a barrier patrol with American air support off Newfoundland . He commanded the submarine s HMS " Andrew " , HMS " Odin " and HMS " Revenge " before taking charge of the frigate HMS " Brazen " . Promoted to Rear - Admiral , he was appointed Director - General , Fleet Support ( Policy & Services ) in 1988 and then Flag Officer , Submarines and Commander Submarines for the Eastern Atlantic in 1991 before becoming Chief of Fleet Support in 1994 and retiring in 1997 . In retirement he became the First Chairman of The Prison Service Pay Review Body as well as Chairman of the Governors of Oundle School . Family . In 1968 he married Jane Barraclough ; they have two daughters .
HMS E25 HMS " E25 " was a British E class submarine built by William Beardmore and Company , Dalmuir . She was , along with the future , one of a pair of submarines ordered by the Ottoman Navy on 29 April 1914 , but was taken over by the Royal Navy and assigned the " E25 " name . She was laid down in November 1914 , launched on 23 August 1915 , and was commissioned on 4 October 1915 . HMS " E25 " was sold on 14 December 1921 .
Zone of immunity The zone of immunity ( or immunity zone ) around a warship is an area from which both plunging fire and direct enemy fire is less effective . The concept was a factor in battleship design and in tactics during engagements . Warships traditionally have vertical , or near vertical , belt armour which protects against missile s ( shells ) travelling horizontal ly , and horizontal deck armour , which protects against plunging ( downward ) shell fire . Belt armour is generally thicker than deck armour . A shell fired at short range will travel at a high velocity on a more or less horizontal trajectory . If it strikes a ship it will do so either at an acute angle to the belt armour or an oblique angle to the deck armour . A shell fired at long range will travel on a parabolic trajectory , arriving at its target at a steep angle of descent and so strike the deck armour although at a velocity markedly less than its original muzzle velocity . If a ship is too close to an adversary , shells fired horizontally may pierce inadequate vertical armour ; beyond a certain range , determined by the kinetic energy of incoming projectiles , plunging shells will penetrate deck armour . The distance between these two situations , which is determined by the energy of incoming ordnance and the thickness of the armour of the target vessel , is known as the zone of immunity .
Gratien Fernando Bombardier Wathumullage Gratien Hubert Fernando CGA ( 1915 – 5 August 1942 ) was the leader of the Cocos Islands Mutiny , an agitator for the freedom of Sri Lanka from the British . Fernando was born to Sinhalese Buddhist parents . His father was a superintendent at the Ceylon Telegraph Office . He went to school at St Thomas ' College , Mt Lavinia . He was later converted to Roman Catholicism . He was impressed by the program of the Lanka Sama Samaja Party and by the anti - imperialist literature which it circulated . He was very much an anti - racist in his attitude and at the beginning of the Second World War joined the Ceylon Garrison Artillery in order to fight fascism . He was shipped off with his unit first to the Seychelles and later to Horsburgh Island in the Cocos Islands . Here , he argued with his officers and agitated for action among his colleagues : his agenda was the opening of the battle against British colonialism . He finally persuaded a core group to rebel , seize the island and signal the Japan ese that they had done so . On the night of 8 / 9 May , led by Fernando , men of the unit mutinied . However , their plan failed and the rebellion was suppressed the next day . The leaders of the mutiny were court - martial led and condemned within a week . Fernando ’ s father petitioned the army authorities to commute the death penalty and asked Sir Oliver Ernest Goonetilleke , the Civil Defence Commissioner , to intercede with Admiral Sir Geoffrey Layton , the British Commander of Ceylon . However , when Layton interviewed Fernando , he was adamant that he did not wish to be reprieved or pardoned . He told his family ' I ’ ll never ask a pardon from the British : that would disgrace the cause . Many years hence the World may hear my story ' . He was executed on 4 August 1942 at Welikada Prison , Ceylon , and two other mutineers shortly thereafter . They were the only British Commonwealth troops to be executed for mutiny during the Second World War . Fernando showed defiance to the end , his last words being ‘ Loyalty to a country under the heel of a white man is disloyalty ’ . He was buried at the Borella cemetery in an unmarked grave .
463d Bombardment Squadron The 463d Bombardment Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit . Its last assignment was with 346th Bombardment Group stationed at Kadena Airfield , Okinawa . It was inactivated on 30 June 1946 . History . Established as a very heavy bomb squadron in 1942 . Mission was as an Operational Training Unit ( OTU ) under II Bomber Command training B - 24 replacement pilots and aircrew . Redesignated a B - 29 Superfortress operational squadron in August 1944 . Trained under Second Air Force ; deployed to the Western Pacific , being assigned to the new Eighth Air Force . Arrived in Okinawa but Japanese Capitulation led to drawdown of Eighth Air Force and the squadron never was engaged in combat . Flew show - of - force missions over Occupied Japan and aircraft helped evacuate prisoners of war from Japan and China to airfields in the Philippines . Personnel demobilized and aircraft flown to storage in the United States in May 1946 and the unit was inactivated as a paper unit in Okinawa on 30 June .
Operation Blow to the Head Operation Blow to the Head was a Yemeni military operation against the militants in the insurgent Yemeni town of Sa ' dah in Sa ' dah Province . The Yemeni government troops began trying to capture the town on January 13 , 2010 . On that day the Islamic militant Abdullah al - Mehdar was killed by Yemeni security forces . Region insurgency . In June 2004 , insurgency returned in Yemen . The Yemeni Government allegedly received help from the United States in controlling the insurgent force . From June to August 2004 , Houthis battled with the Yemeni Government under Hussein al - Houthi . Houthi was killed in the insurgency by September . His brother , Abdul - Malik al - Houthi took over command over the insurgents , and leads them today . The allies launched Operation Scorched Earth , but the rebels agreed to a short truce on February 12 , 2010 . Operation . The Yemeni government troops led a military operation against the insurgent town of Sa ' dah . Abdullah al - Mehdar , led the Al - Qaeda insurgents against the government troops . Other Islamic rebels also fought against the Yemeni troops , with the fighting destroying much of the old Sa ' dah city . Many buildings were reduced to rubble . Al - Mehdar was killed in a gunfight with Security Forces on the opening day of the conflict . Fifteen Shi ' a rebels were killed in the next two days in the operation . On January 19 , 2010 , several rebels were killed by government forces in raids on Houthi hideouts in the old corner of the north . About 25 rebels were reported captured by the Yemeni government . The operation ended after a truce was declared by both sides on February 12 , 2010 .
HMS D5 HMS " D5 " was a British D class submarine built by Vickers , Barrow . " D5 " was laid down on 23 February 1910 , launched on 28 August 1911 and was commissioned on 19 February 1911 . Sinking . " D5 " met her fate south of South Cross Buoy off Great Yarmouth in the North Sea . She was sunk by a German mine laid by on 3 November 1914 after responding to a German attack on Yarmouth by cruisers . There were only five survivors , including her commanding officer , Lieutenant Commander Godfrey Herbert .
Chausses Chausses ( ; ) are armour for the legs , usually made from mail . They could extend to the knee or cover the entire leg . Chausses were the standard type of metal leg armour during most of the European Middle Ages . Chausses offered flexible protection that was effective against slashing weapons . However , the wearer felt the full force of crushing blows . Reinforcing plates called poleyns began to supplement mail armour in the 13th century . One of the first locations to see this protection was the knee . But because most leg armor had to be pulled on from the foot , rather than snapped on such as a breastplate , a chausse might have been considered to be worn on the foot . Steel shin plates called schynbalds came into use during the final quarter of the century . Unlike greave s , schynbalds protected only the front of the lower leg . These early plate additions were worn over chausses and held in place with leather straps . Chausses became obsolete in the 14th century as plate armour developed . Chausses were also worn as a woollen legging with layers , as part of civilian dress , and as a gamboissed ( padded ) garment for chain mail . The old French word chausse , meaning stocking , survives only in modern French as the stem of the words chaussure ( shoe ) and chaussette ( sock ) and in the tongue - twister : " Les chausses sèches de l ’ archiduchesse " " Sont elles sèches ou archisèches ? " which today is often misunderstood as " " les chaussettes de l ’ archiduchesse " " .
Battle of Marihueñu Battle of Marihueñu was one of the early decisive battles of the Arauco War between the Mapuche leader Lautaro and the Spanish general Francisco de Villagra on 23 February 1554 . History . After the defeat at the Battle of Tucapel , the Spanish had hurriedly reorganized their forces , reinforcing fort La Imperial for its defense and abandoning Confines and Arauco in order to strengthen Concepción . Araucanian tradition had dictated a lengthy celebration after their victory , which kept Lautaro from exploiting the weakness of the Spanish position as he desired . It was only in February 1554 that he succeeded in putting together an army of 8 , 000 men , just in time to confront a punitive expedition under the command of Francisco de Villagra at the Battle of Marihueñu . Lautaro chose the hill of Marihueñu to fight the Spanish , and subsequently organized his forces in four divisions : two had the mission of containing and wearing down the enemy , another would be held in reserve to launch a fresh attack as the Spanish were about to crumble , and the last would work to cut off their retreat . Additionally , a small group was sent to destroy the reed bridge the Spanish had erected across the Bío - Bío River , which would disrupt even more the attempted retreat of Villagra . The Spanish attack broke the first Mapuche lines , but the quick action of the third group maintained the Mapuche position . Later , the wings of this division began to attack the Spanish flanks , and the fourth division attacked from behind . After hours of battle and the loss of their artillery , only a small group of Spanish were able to retreat after a desperate fight to break through the Mapuche that blocked their escape in their rear .
Francis A . Bishop Private Francis A . Bishop was an American soldier who fought in the American Civil War . Bishop received the country ' s highest award for bravery during combat , the Medal of Honor , for his action during the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House in Virginia on 12 May 1864 . He was honored with the award on 1 December 1864 . Biography . Bishop was born in Bradford County , Pennsylvania . He enlisted into the 57th Pennsylvania Infantry on 15 September 1861 . After his Medal of Honor event he also participated in other event . He attained the rank of corporal and mustered out on 29 June 1865 . He moved to Retsil , Washington after the war and died there . His remains are interred in Blanchard , Michigan .
Panssarimiina m / 44 The Panssarimiina m / 44 is a Finnish anti - tank blast mine . It entered service in 1944 and was used during the Second World War and Continuation War . The mine used a wooden case , consisting of an upper box containing the main charge and a downward facing fuze , this was placed into a sturdy wooden tray , larger than the box . Enough pressure on the upper box resulting in the upper box collapsing into the lower tray triggering the detonator .