naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Ta ' if massacre The Ta ' if massacre was an incident that followed the short 1924 Battle of Ta ' if ; the entire episode is also known as the al - Taif incident . The battle and resultant massacre comprised the first major standoff of the Second Hashemite - Saudi War . Following a short siege , the city was abandoned by Hashemite forces and then capitulated to the battle - ready Ikhwan force under the command of Abdulaziz Ibn Saud . The Ikhwan troops took out their rage on the residents of the city . In the resulting bloodbath , some 300 - 400 Ta ' if residents were massacred . Following the fall of Taif , Saud ' s forces moved on Mecca . Background . Ta ' if was taken by the Hashemite forces in September 1916 , during the Arab Revolt , and later incorporated into the Kingdom of Hejaz . Ta ' if did not remain in Hashemite hands for very long however . Tensions between the King of the Hejaz , Husayn ibn Ali , and Abdulaziz al - Saud , Sultan of Nejd , soon broke out into violence . The hostilities were temporarily patched up in 1919 , with truce signed in the aftermath of the First Hashemite - Saudi War . Conquest and massacre . In late August 1924 , the Saudi - allied Ikhwan , under the leadership of Sultan bin Bajad and Khaled bin Luwai were ready to attack Ta ' if . The city was supposed to have been defended by the king ’ s son , Ali , but he fled in panic with his troops . The uprotected city was quickly breached by the Ikhwan on September 3 , who went on a rampage through the city . In the resulting massacre , some 300 to 400 of Ta ' if residents were killed . Aftermath . Following the fall of Ta ' if the Saudi forces moved to conquer Mecca , Medina , and eventually Jeddah , which fell in December 1925 , completing the conquest of Hejaz . In 1926 Abdulaziz al - Saud was officially recognized as the new king of Hejaz . Ta ' if remained a part of the Kingdom of Hejaz until Abdulaziz al - Saud unified his two kingdoms into one under the title of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932 . The king would later die in the city on 9 November 1953 .
SS Frontier ( 1922 ) Frontier was a 1 , 000 GRT Cargo ship that was built in 1922 as Cattaro by Memeler Schiffswerke , Lindenau & Co , Memel , Germany . After a sale in 1930 she was renamed Finkenau . In 1945 , she was renamed Levensau and was seized later that year by the Allies at Brunsbüttel , passed to the Ministry of War Transport ( MoWT ) and was renamed Empire Convoy . She was allocated to the Netherlands in 1946 and renamed Grebburg . She was sold into merchant service in 1947 and renamed Echo . A sale to South Africa in 1952 saw her renamed " Frontier " . The ship served until 1957 when she ran aground and broke up . Description . Frontier was built in 1922 by Memeler Schiffsbau , Lindenau & Co Memel , Germany . The ship was long , with a beam of and a depth of . She was propelled by a triple expansion steam engine , which had cylinders of , and diameter by stroke . The engine was built by Vulcan Werke , Stettin , Germany . History . The first ship built by Lindenau at the Memeler Schiffswerke , " Cattaro " was built for the Hamburg Amerikanische Packetfahrt AG , Hamburg . She was allocated the Code Letters RDFQ and was assessed as 1 , 424 GRT , 810 NRT . In 1930 , she was sold to Bugsier Reederei & Bergungs AG , Bremerhaven and was renamed " Finkenau " . She was assessed as 916 GRT , 473 NRT . In 1934 , her Code Letters were changed to DQOY . In May 1940 , " Finkenau " was damaged by a mine in the Baltic Sea . In 1945 , her hame was changed to " Levensau " . She was seized in May 1945 at Brunsbüttel , passed to the MoWT and renamed " Empire Convoy " . Her port of registry was changed to London . She was placed under the management of Atkinson & Co Ltd . The Code Letters GJBX and United Kingdom Official Number 180585 were allocated . " Empire Convoy " was assessed as 1 , 000 GRT , 433 NRT . In 1946 , " Empire Convoy " was allocated to the Netherlands and was renamed " Grebberg " . In 1947 , she was sold to Huidig & Veder and was renamed " Echo " . In 1952 , she was sold to African Coasters ( Pty ) Ltd , Durban , South Africa . In 1953 , she was renamed " Frontier " , the fourth African Coasters ship to bear that name . She was assessed at 1 , 400 DWT . She served until 27 September 1957 when she ran aground at the mouth of the Ncera River , east of East London while on a voyage from Durban to Port Elizabeth . On 29 September , she broke up and was declared a total loss .
Gloire - class frigate The " Gloire class frigate " was a type of 18 - pounder 40 - gun frigate , designed by Pierre - Alexandre Forfait in 1802 . They were built on the specifications of the " Seine " class frigate " Pensée " ( sometimes also called " Junon " class ) .
62nd Corps ( German Empire ) The 62nd Corps ( ) was a corps formation of the German Army in World War I . It was formed in January 1917 and dissolved in October 1918 . Chronicle . The 62nd Corps ( z . b . V . ) was formed in Janauary 1917 . With the onset of trench warfare , the German Army recognised that it was no longer possible to maintain the traditional Corps unit , that is , one made up of two divisions . Whereas at some times ( and in some places ) a Corps of two divisions was sufficient , at other times 5 or 6 divisions were necessary . Therefore , under the Hindenburg regime ( from summer 1916 ) , new Corps headquarters were created without organic divisions . These new Corps were designated " General Commands for Special Use " ( ) . The 62nd Corps was dissolved in October 1918 . Commanders . The 62nd Corps had the following commanders during its existence :
Moisin Nagant M39 The Moisin Nagant M39 was a Finnish rifle based on model Mosin Nagant 1891 and was used in the Winter War and the WWII History . Finland declared independence from Russia in 1917 . Taking advantage of the revolutionary environment in Russia at the time , the Finnish White Guards expelled all communist . The armories left behind became the property of the new Finnish Republic . The Russian Model 1891 became the standard issue to Finnish troops . These rifles were not to the specifications required by the Finnish army so the Finnish m / 39 was rebuilt upon Russian Model 1891 receivers and included new barrels , sights , and stocks . These rifles saw action in Continuance War against the Soviet Union . The tactics of the Finnish army depended upon smaller squads of attacking troops and the deployment of snipers . After the Winter and Continuance wars the Finn ' s had a new influx of Russian Model 1891 / 30 and never had to manufacture receivers . This Finnish m / 39 Mosin - Nagant is the one of the finest examples of the Mosin Nagant rifle . Incredible feats of accuracy with these rifles will make any shooter a true believer .
Military history of ancient Rome The military history of ancient Rome is inseparable from its political system , based from an early date upon competition within the ruling elite . Two consuls were elected each year to head the government of the state , and in the early to mid - Republic were assigned a consular army and an area in which to campaign . From Gaius Marius and Sulla onwards , control of the army began to be tied into the political ambitions of individuals , leading to the political triumvirate of the late 1st century BC and its resolution in a civil war that led to the Republic ' s collapse . The Empire was increasingly plagued by usurpation s led or supported by military conspiracies , leading to the Crisis of the Third Century ( A . D . 235 – 284 ) in the late empire and eventual final decline . Following is a list of topics on the military history of ancient Rome .
Battle of the Gulf of Naples The naval Battle of the Gulf of Naples took place on 5 June 1284 in the south of the Gulf of Naples , Italy , when an Aragonese - Sicilian galley fleet commanded by Roger of Lauria defeated a Neapolitan galley fleet commanded by Charles of Salerno ( later Charles II of Naples ) and captured Charles . Charles ' Genoese allies had collected several large fleets of galleys , and Lauria determined to attack Charles ' galleys which were at Naples before these could join them and hunt down Lauria . He used the cover of darkness to arrive off Naples , where he made several raids ashore to try to tempt Charles out where he could be fought . On the night before the battle , Lauria captured 2 Provençal galleys sent ahead by Charles ' ally and father Charles I of Naples who was heading south from Genoa . Charles had definite orders to stay in port and wait for his allies , but his impetuousness overcame his initial reluctance and after Lauria ' s galleys approached closely the Neapolitans came out in single file and chased them in a disorganised manner southward . Lauria feigned retreat and kept ahead of them until he drew close to 10 or so galleys he ' d left near Castellammare , then turned and formed a crescent formation , with the galleys that had joined at the rear , and attacked Charles ' fleet from the sides , where galleys were the most vulnerable . Charles ' 15 - 18 Regno galleys fled back to Naples , leaving the 9 - 13 French - crewed galleys to be captured . Charles ' galley was the last to be captured , and surrendered only when Lauria sent divers overboard in order to sink it . Charles was kept prisoner until Edward I of England intervened in 1288 . Ships involved :
333d Bombardment Group The 333d Bombardment Group is an inactive United States Air Force unit . Its last was assigned to the 316 Bombardment Wing , stationed at Kadena Air Base , Okinawa . It was inactivated on 28 May 1946 . History . Established as a B - 17 Flying Fortress Operational Training Unit ( OTU ) for replacement personnel under Second Air Force . Trained pilots and aircrews from July 1942 to April 1944 . Realigned as an operational B - 29 Superfortress very heavy bomb group in July 1944 . Trained under Second Air Force until June 1945 , being deployed to Okinawa as part of the new Eighth Air Force in the Pacific Theater . Arrived in Okinawa but Japanese Capitulation led to drawdown of Eighth Air Force and the group never was engaged in combat . Flew show - of - force missions over Occupied Japan and aircraft helped evacuate prisoners of war from Japan and China to airfields in the Philippines . Personnel demobilized and aircraft flown to storage in the United States in May 1946 and the unit was inactivated as a paper unit in Okinawa on 28 May .
Robert Klein ( Medal of Honor ) Robert Klein ( November 11 , 1848 – November 29 , 1931 ) was a United States Navy sailor and a recipient of the United States military ' s highest decoration , the Medal of Honor . Biography . Klein was born November 11 , 1848 , in Gerdonen , Germany , and joined the U . S . Navy from Marseille , France . He served in the Spanish – American War of 1898 . By January 25 , 1904 , he was a chief carpenter ' s mate on the . On that day , he rescued several shipmates who had been overcome by turpentine fumes in a double bottom compartment . For this action , he was awarded the Medal of Honor nine months later , on October 6 , 1904 . Klein ' s official Medal of Honor citation reads : Serving on board the U . S . S . " Raleigh " , for heroism in rescuing shipmates overcome in double bottoms by fumes of turpentine , 25 January 1904 . After his military service , Klein lived for several decades in Shanghai , China ; he died there at age 83 on November 29 , 1931 .
USS S - 25 ( SS - 130 ) USS " S - 25 " ( SS - 130 ) was a first - group ( " S - 1 " or " Holland " ) S - class submarine of the United States Navy . " S - 25 " was laid down on 26 October 1918 by the Fore River Shipbuilding Corporation in Quincy , Massachusetts . She was launched on 29 May 1922 sponsored by Mrs . Ross P . Schlabach , and commissioned on 9 July 1923 with Lieutenant Commander George H . Fort in command . US Navy service . Operating from New London , Connecticut , in 1923 , " S - 25 " participated in winter maneuvers in the Caribbean Sea and Panama Canal Zone area from January into April 1924 . Then transferred to the West Coast , she operated primarily in the waters off southern California into 1931 . Fleet problems and division exercises during that period took her back to Panama from March into May 1927 and in February 1929 and to Hawaii in 1927 , 1928 , and 1930 . Transferred again , she sailed from San Diego , California , on 15 April 1931 ; arrived at Pearl Harbor on 25 April ; and from then into 1939 operated in Hawaiian waters . " S - 25 " cleared Pearl Harbor to return to the Atlantic Ocean on 16 June of that year and arrived at New London on 25 August . Voyage repairs followed and in February 1940 , she was assigned to a test and evaluation division there . In December , she was detached and ordered to Key West , Florida , where she provided training services into May 1941 , then returned to New London to prepare for transfer under the terms of the lend - lease agreement . Polish Navy service . " S - 25 " was decommissioned on 4 November 1941 and simultaneously transferred to Great Britain where she was renamed . She was then loaned to the government of Poland in exile , accepted by Lieutenant Commander B . Romanowski of the Polish Navy , and commissioned as ORP " Jastrząb " . While traveling in an Allied convoy near Norway , " Jastrzab " strayed some 100 miles ( 160 km ) off her proper course , and on 2 May 1942 was sunk by friendly fire by the destroyer HMS " St . Albans " ( ex - USS " Thomas " ) and the minesweeper HMS " Seagull " .
Barnwell Castle Barnwell Castle is a ruined castle , south of the town of Oundle , and west of the village of Barnwell , Northamptonshire ( ) . It has been designated by English Heritage as a Grade I listed building , and is a Scheduled Ancient Monument . A motte and bailey castle was erected in 1132 . The stone castle was built during the reign of King Henry III by the family of Berengar Le Moyne . In the English Civil War it was used by its owner , Sir Edward Montagu , as an arsenal for the Royal cause . After the civil war the Montagu family built a substantial manor house , Barnwell Manor , near the castle . Substantial parts of the castle remain . It is quadrilateral in shape with cylinder towers on the northeast , northwest and southwest corners . On the southeast corner is a twin - towered gatehouse . The walls are up to high and over thick . The castle is privately owned and access is not permitted .
Robert Hope Moncrieff Aitken Colonel Robert Hope Moncrieff Aitken VC CB ( 6 February 1826 – 18 September 1887 ) was a Scottish recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . Details . He was 31 years old , and a Lieutenant in the 13th , Bengal Native Infantry , Bengal Army during the Indian Mutiny when the following deeds took place for which he was awarded the VC : He later achieved the rank of Colonel . Legacy . His Victoria Cross is displayed at the National Army Museum " ( Chelsea , England ) " . He is unique in that the decoration ceremony was performed at the same place , the Residency at Lucknow , and almost on the exact spot where several of his V . C . actions had taken place . He did not , however , receive the actual ' medal ' on this occasion , as it had been mislaid . A memorial was erected at the Residency in Lucknow . It reads
Fast - roping Fast - roping , also known as Fast Rope Insertion Extraction System ( FRIES ) , is a technique for descending a thick rope . It is useful for deploying troops from a helicopter in places where the helicopter itself cannot touch down . First developed by the British with UK rope manufacturer Marlow Ropes , its first combat use was during the Falklands War . The original rope was a thick nylon that could be used in a manner akin to a firepole . The special ropes used today are braided ( plaited ) , which results in pattern on the outer circumference that is not smooth and so is easier to grip . Originally , each person would hold the rope for the next person ; however this has been phased out . It is quicker than abseiling ( rappelling ) , although more dangerous , particularly if the person is carrying a heavy load , because the rope is not attached to them with a descender . The person holds onto the rope with his gloved hands and feet and slides down it . The British method advises not to use the feet as this can make the descent for following personnel more dangerous because boot polish or the leather of the boot can make the rope extremely slippery . Several people can slide down the same rope simultaneously , provided that there is a gap of approximately between them , so that each one has time to get out of the way when they reach the ground . The rope must be thick , typically diameter , to prevent it from being wildly jerked about from the rotor blast of the helicopter . It is essential to wear glove s , as sliding down a rope generates great heat from friction . Fast roping onto a ship can take approximately 30 seconds , and is used when a rapid build up of boarding forces is required .
187th ( 2 / 3rd West Riding ) Brigade The 187th ( 2 / 3rd West Riding ) Brigade was a formation of the Territorial Force of the British Army . It was assigned to the 62nd ( 2nd West Riding ) Division and served on the Western Front during the First World War .
Amos Norcott Major General Sir Amos Godsell Robert Norcott ( 1777 – 1838 ) of the 95th Rifles fought throughout the Peninsular War and at the Battle of Waterloo where he commanded a battalion . He later served as an acting Governor of Jamaica and before becoming the commander of Cork District . Early life . Amos was born 3 August 1777 at Westminster , London , the only child of Lieutenant Amos Norcott of the Green Horse Regiment . He entered the British Army in 1793 , joining the 33rd Foot Regiment as a second lieutenant and serving on the staff of his great - uncle , Robert Cuninghame , 1st Baron Rossmore , the Commander - in - Chief of Ireland . Military career . Norcott later served with his regiment in India . During his time there , he became friends with Arthur Wellesley ( the future Duke of Wellington ) , who helped him pay off his gambling debts . In 1802 Norcott transferred into the newly formed 95th Rifles and served with them throughout the Peninsular War Despite being wounded at the Battle of Corunna , he was promoted to the rank of acting lieutenant colonel and he commanded a battalion of the Rifles at the Battle of Waterloo . During the battle , he was badly wounded again ; for his actions he was later invested as a Companion of the Order of the Bath . His lieutenant colonelcy was confirmed on 9 September 1819 with the brevet rank of full colonel of the 8th Foot Regiment . He then became a major general in July 1830 . On 13 September 1831 , Norcott was made a Knight Commander of the Royal Hanoverian Guelphic Order in a ceremony at St James ' s Palace . In 1834 , he served as acting Governor of Jamaica before later becoming commander of the Cork District where he died at Marysboro House on 8 January 1838 . Family . Amos Norcott married Elizabeth Noble , of Yorkshire , on 14 November 1801 , and had three sons :
Tupolev Tu - 75 The Tupolev Tu - 75 was a military transport variant of the Tu - 4 bomber , as was a similar airliner , the Tu - 70 , both using a new , purpose - designed fuselage . The first Soviet military machine of this class , it was equipped with a rear fuselage loading ramp . It was not placed into production because the VVS decided it would be cheaper to modify its existing Tu - 4s for the transport mission and to use its existing Lisunov Li - 2 and Ilyushin Il - 12 transports . Design and development . The Tupolev OKB began work in September 1946 on a military transport version of the Tupolev Tu - 70 airliner and this was confirmed by the Council of Ministers on 11 March 1947 with state trials to begin in August 1948 . To expedite the process the maximum use was made of the components of the Tu - 70 . Its engines were the uprated Shvetsov ASh - 73 TKFN or TKNV fuel - injected version . A new , narrower fuselage was designed which included a rear cargo hatch , a vehicle loading ramp and paratroop exit doors . Three gun turrets , dorsal , ventral and tail , were to be adapted from the Tu - 4 , although they were not fitted on the prototype . It had a crew of six , three gunners , a radio - operator , a navigator and two pilots . The aircraft was intended for three different roles ; transport , parachute transport and aerial ambulance . In the first role it was designed to carry two ASU - 76 assault gun s , two STZ NATI artillery tractor s , six or seven GAZ - 67 B jeeps or five guns without their prime movers or any combination of equipment up to . To facilitate the loading of cargo a winch was mounted on the ceiling of the cargo hold with a capacity of . It could carry either 120 troops , 96 fully loaded paratroopers or 64 standard parachute loads . As an aerial ambulance it could carry 31 stretchers and four medical attendants . Operational history . Construction of the first prototype was quite prolonged ; the aircraft was not finished until November 1949 , with its first flight taking place on 21 January 1950 . It finished its manufacturer ' s trials the following May , but Tupolev decided not to submit it for the State acceptance trials as the Soviet Air Force had already decided that it would be cheaper to rely on its existing transports and to modify Tu - 4 bombers for the cargo role . The prototype was used by the MAP ( – Ministry of Aviation Industry ) until it crashed in October 1954 .