naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Sussex pledge The " Sussex " pledge was a promise made in 1916 during World War I by Germany to the United States prior to the latter ' s entry into the war . Early in 1916 , Germany had instituted a policy of " unrestricted submarine warfare " , allowing armed merchant ships – but not passenger ships – to be torpedoed without warning . Despite this avowed restriction , a French cross - channel passenger ferry , the " Sussex " , was torpedoed without warning on March 24 , 1916 ; the ship was severely damaged and about 50 lives were lost . Although no U . S . citizens were killed in this attack , it prompted President Woodrow Wilson to declare that if Germany were to continue this practice , the United States would break diplomatic relations with Germany . Fearing the entry of the United States into World War I , Germany attempted to appease the United States by issuing , on May 4 , 1916 , the " Sussex pledge " , which promised a change in Germany ’ s naval warfare policy . The primary elements of this undertaking were : In 1917 Germany became convinced they could defeat the Allied Forces by instituting unrestricted submarine warfare before the United States could enter the war . The " Sussex " pledge was therefore rescinded in January 1917 , thereby initiating the decisive stage of the so - called First Battle of the Atlantic . The resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare and the Zimmerman Telegram caused the United States to declare war on Germany on April 6 , 1917 .
William Grant , Lord Grant William Grant , Lord Grant PC ( 19 June 1909 – 19 November 1972 ) was a Scottish Tory politician and judge . Educated at Fettes College , Oriel College , Oxford and Edinburgh University , he was admitted as an advocate in 1935 . He served in the Royal Artillery during World War II . He was an unsuccessful parliamentary candidate for Edinburgh East in 1951 and April 1954 , and was elected for Glasgow Woodside in 1955 . He served as Solicitor General for Scotland from 1955 to 1960 , and as Lord Advocate from 1960 to 1962 . He was appointed a Privy Counsellor in 1958 . In 1962 he was raised to the bench as Lord Justice Clerk , with the judicial title Lord Grant . He presided over the Rachel Ross murder trial for which Paddy Meehan was convicted and served seven years before being pardoned and Lord Grant ' s summing up in this case was heavily criticised as indeed was his decision to put the case to the jury . The Meehan case was one of Scotland ' s most notorious miscarriages of justice and several Conservative and Labour Ministers and Lord Advocates failed to act on new evidence . He died in 1972 as a result of a road accident .
1914 – 1918 Commemorative War Medal The 1914 – 1918 Commemorative War Medal ( , ) was a Belgian commemorative war medal established by royal decree on 21 July 1919 and awarded to all members of the Belgian Armed Forces who served during the First World War that were eligible for the inter - allied victory medal . Medal description . The Belgian 1914 – 1918 Commemorative War Medal was struck from bronze , it was 47 mm high by 31 mm wide , triangular shaped and with rounded sides . On its obverse , the relief left profile of a helmeted soldier within a 29 mm in diameter circular recess , the helmet adorned with laurels . Between the circular recess and the bottom left corner of the medal , the relief date " 1914 " , in the lower right corner , the relief date " 1918 " . In the upper point of the triangle , above the circular recess , the relief images of a lion rampant with an oak branch to its left and a laurel branch to its right . On the reverse , near the top , the relief image of a crown surrounded by the same branches as the lion on the obverse , below the crown , the relief semi circular inscription in French on two rows over the large relief dates " 1914 – 1918 " , " MEDAILLE COMMEMORATIVE / DE LA CAMPAGNE " , the inscription repeated in Dutch below the dates " HERDENKINGSMEDAILLE / VAN DEN VELDTOCHT " ( COMMEMORATIVE MEDAL OF THE 1914 – 1918 CAMPAIGN ) . Ribbon and devices . The medal was suspended by a ring through the suspension loop to a 39 mm wide red silk moiré ribbon with an 11 mm wide central yellow stripe bordered by 1 mm wide black stripes . Multiple devices were allowed for wear on the ribbon : Notable recipients ( partial list ) . The individuals listed below were awarded the 1914 – 1918 Commemorative War Medal :
Laurence J . Hansen Laurence Hansen ( born December 11 , 1917 ) was born in Cleveland , Ohio . From 1936 to 1937 , he attended Fenn College in Cleveland . During the Second World War , Hansen rose to the rank of Lieutenant Colonel in the Air Force . During the course of the war he was , " decorated with the Bronze Star Medal , the Air Medal and the Legion of Merit . " From November 1942 to November 1946 , Hansen served as the personal pilot for General Dwight D . Eisenhower . Hansen retired from the military in November 1946 and went to work for his family ’ s manufacturing firm in Cleveland , Ohio . In 1983 he wrote an account of his experiences as Eisenhower ’ s pilot . The booklet was published by Aero - Medical Consultants , Inc . , of Largo , Florida , under the title " What It was Like Flying for “ Ike . ” "
2nd Regiment Indiana Cavalry The 2nd Regiment Indiana Cavalry , also designated the 41st Regiment Indiana Infantry or the 41st Regiment Indiana Volunteers , was the first complete cavalry regiment raised in the U . S . state of Indiana to fight in the American Civil War . Service . According to Frederick H . Dyer ( " see references " ) the 2nd Indiana ' s total service fatalities were four officers and 38 enlistees killed and mortally wounded , and three officers and 211 enlistees dead of disease .
2nd Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment The 2nd Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment ( also known as the " Second Maine Regiment " , " Second Maine Infantry " , or " The Bangor Regiment " ) was mustered in Bangor , Maine for two year ' s service on May 28 , 1861 and mustered out in the same place on June 9 , 1863 . This was the first Civil War regiment to march out of Maine ( in 1861 ) , and was greeted with accolades by civilians as it made its way to Washington . It engaged in " eleven bloody and hard - fought battles " including both the First Battle of Bull Run , where it was the last regiment to leave the field , and Fredericksburg , where it took its greatest number of casualties . The first commander of the 2nd Maine was Col . Charles Davis Jameson , a lumber merchant from Old Town , Maine who later became a Brigadier General . He died of camp fever after being wounded in battle . Jameson ' s successor was Col . Charles W . Roberts of Bangor , who had a horse shot out from under him at 2nd Bull Run . The last commander was Col . George Varney . Augustus Choate Hamlin of Bangor , nephew of Vice President Hannibal Hamlin , was the regiment ' s Assistant Surgeon , and later Surgeon . He would write books about Andersonville Prison and the Battle of Chancellorsville after the war . Quartermaster Sergeant Luther H . Peirce became a wealthy Bangor lumber merchant in the post - war period and paid for the erection of a monument to the 2nd Maine at Mount Hope Cemetery . Five of the ten companies of the regiment were raised in Bangor , including a Gymnasium Company , the Grattan Guards , and a company of Ex - Tigers ( firemen ) under Capt . Daniel Sargent of Brewer , Maine , who would be promoted to Lt . Col . ( second in command ) under Varney . Other companies were from Castine , Milo , and Old Town . When the regiment was eventually mustered out in Bangor , huge crowds gathered to celebrate its return on Broadway , and a ceremony was held at Norumbega Hall downtown . Survivors of the 2nd Maine who had enlisted for three , rather than two years were transferred to the 20th Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment under protest . Casualties . The regiment lost 69 men killed in action or died of wounds received in battle and an additional 70 men died of disease and 15 men executed for mutiny . According to the " History of Penobscot County , Maine " , the regiment suffered 47 killed or wounded in the First Battle of Bull Run and over 100 missing in action ( presumably including those taken prisoner )
Kosoha Kosoha was an Indian scout serving in the United States Army during the Indian Wars who received the Medal of Honor for bravery . Biography . Kosoha was born in Arizona and after entering the army served as a scout in the Indian Wars . He received the Medal of Honor for “ engagements with Apaches ” . Medal of Honor citation . Rank and organization : Indian Scouts . Place and date : Winter of 1872 - 73 . Entered service at : - - - - - - . Birth : Arizona . Date of issue : 12 April 1875 . Citation : Gallant conduct during campaigns and engagements with Apaches .
Alexander Randall Alexander Williams Randall ( October 31 , 1819 – July 26 , 1872 ) was a lawyer , judge and politician from Wisconsin . He served as the sixth Governor of Wisconsin from 1858 until 1861 . He was instrumental in raising and organizing the first Wisconsin volunteer troops for the Union Army during the American Civil War . Life and career . Randall was born in Ames , New York on October 31 , 1819 . His father , Phineas , was judge of the court of common pleas there from 1837 to 1841 . Randall attended Cherry Valley Academy in New York then studied law with his father . He was admitted to the bar in New York at age 19 . Shortly after that , he moved to Wisconsin . He opened a law practice in Waukesha in 1840 , where he became postmaster in 1845 . Randall was a delegate to the state ' s first constitutional convention in 1846 . There he successfully advocated for a resolution that would put the question of " Negro suffrage " to a statewide referendum . He was elected to the Wisconsin State Assembly in 1855 . From 1855 to 1857 , he was a circuit judge in Milwaukee . Randall was elected governor in 1857 as a Republican , and won re - election in 1859 . As governor , Randall conducted an investigation of fraud in the distribution of federal railroad land grants in Wisconsin perpetrated by his predecessor . Prior to the beginning of the Civil War , he was an ardent abolitionist and proposed that Wisconsin secede from the Union if Abraham Lincoln did not win the presidency . Once war began Randall raised 18 regiments , 10 artillery batteries , and three cavalry units before leaving office , exceeding Wisconsin ' s quota by 3 , 232 men . The Union Army created a military camp from the former state fairgrounds in Madison , Wisconsin , and named it " Camp Randall " after the governor . Camp Randall Stadium is now located on the site of the military camp . In 1861 , President Abraham Lincoln appointed Randall U . S . Minister to the Papal States and in 1863 Assistant Postmaster General . President Andrew Johnson appointed him U . S . Postmaster General in 1866 and he remained in that position until 1869 . When Johnson was impeached , Randall remained loyal , testifying on Johnson ' s behalf and contributing to his defense fund . After leaving the federal government , Randall moved to Elmira , New York , where he resumed practicing law . He died there July 26 , 1872 . He is buried in Woodlawn Cemetery .
United States Coast Guard Cutter Cutter is the term used by the United States Coast Guard for its commissioned vessels . A Cutter is or greater in length , has a permanently assigned crew , and has accommodations for the crew to live aboard . They carry the ship prefix USCGC . History of the USCG cutters . The Revenue Marine and the Revenue Cutter Service , as it was known variously throughout the late 18th and the 19th centuries , referred to its ships as cutters . The term is English in origin and refers to a specific type of vessel , namely , " a small , decked ship with one mast and bowsprit , with a gaff mainsail on a boom , a square yard and topsail , and two jib s or a jib and a staysail . " By general usage , that term came to define any vessel of Great Britain ' s HM Customs and Excise and the term was adopted by the U . S . Treasury Department at the creation of what would become the Revenue Marine . Since that time , no matter what the vessel type , the service has referred to its vessels with permanently assigned crews as cutters . First ten cutters . In 1790 , Congress authorized the Secretary of the Treasury , Alexander Hamilton , to create a maritime service to enforce customs laws ( 1 Stat . L . 145 , 175 ; 4 August 1790 ) . Alternately known as the system of cutters , Revenue Service , and Revenue - Marine this service would officially be named the Revenue Cutter Service ( 12 Stat . L . , 639 ) in 1863 . This service was placed under the control of the Treasury Department .
Duurstede Castle Castle Duurstede is a medieval castle in Wijk bij Duurstede in the province of Utrecht in the Netherlands . Origin and development . The castle originated in the 13th century . Around 1270 , Zweder I van Zuylen van Abcoude built a freestanding keep on a raised and moated site near the lost city Dorestad . Until the beginning of the 15th century Duurstede Castle was in possession by the Van Zuylen van Abcoude family , until they were forced to sell it to the bishops of Utrecht in 1449 . Bishop David of Burgundy , who reigned from 1459 to 1496 , completely rebuilt the castle . The old donjon was enclosed by new buildings . The still intact burgundian tower was also built around this time . His successors Frederick IV of Baden and Philip of Burgundy also used the castle as their residence , and Philip of Burgundy embellished the castle with renaissance features . Philip of Burgundy settled at Duurstede Castle when he became bishop of Utrecht in 1517 . He was accompanied by his court painter Mabuse ( Jan Gossaert ) , who helped to decorate the new palace of his master . At Philip ' s death , in 1524 , Mabuse designed and erected his tomb in the church of Wijk bij Duurstede . After Philip ' s death , Charles V , Holy Roman Emperor confiscated all territorial possessions of the bishopric of Utrecht , including Duurstede Castle . Later years . In 1580 , as a result of the Dutch Revolt , the castle fell into the hands of the States of Utrecht . The states , however , invested their money into building modern fortification around Wijk bij Duurstede , and as a result the castle fell into neglect . Further damage was done when French troops devastated Wijk by Duurstede in 1672 , after which the townspeople used stone from the castle to rebuild their homes . In 1852 the town council became owner of the castle and turned the surrounding fortifications into a park . Until 1925 the castle could only be reached by a little ferry . The Donjon . The old donjon built by Zweder van Abcoude in the 13th century has withstood the passage of time reasonably well , and is an excellent example of medieval towers . The walls are 2 . 5 metres thick ; the original entrance was at the second level and could only be reached with a wooden ladder that could be removed or destroyed in times of need . The Burgundian Tower . One of the corner towers of the old castle was expanded in the 15th century into its current form . While the rest of the castle had a more residential purpose , the Burgundian tower obviously had a military purpose . It is more than 40 metres high , and has very thick walls . Film and TV . Castle Duurstede was used in the following films and TV - shows : See also . city
Shalimar - class ferry Shalimar - class ferry is a series of three service watercraft being built by Shalimar Works ( 1980 ) Ltd , Kolkata for the Indian Navy . The catamarans can carry up to 50 personnel . Each unit in this class is of two - hull catamaran - type and are made of steel .
Sir Barry Close , 1st Baronet Sir Barry Close , 1st Baronet ( 3 December 1756 – 12 April 1813 ) was an army general in the East India Company and a political officer . Life . Barry Close was born at Elm Park in Armagh , the third son of Maxwell Close and his wife Mary . The family had moved from Yorkshire to Ireland during the reign of Charles I . Barry joined the Madras army as a fifteen - year - old cadet in 1771 after his early schooling in Ireland . He was commissioned an ensign with the Madras infantry in 1773 and rose to become an adjutant of the 20th battalion in 1777 . He saw action in the defence of Tellicherry against Hyder Ali and his General Sirdar Khan in 1780 . Close ' s treatment of the sepoys and his leadership prevented his battalion from mutinying unlike several others . He gained a reputation as a linguist and chose to conduct all business with the sepoys in their own language . Close demonstrated his diplomatic talent when he served under James Stuart , commander - in - chief of the Madras army who was dismissed by Lord Macartney for not attacking the French . By handling this situation he rose in reputation and after becoming a captain on 18 December 1783 , he was appointed to negotiate with Tipu Sultan . He served as deputy adjutant - general of the Madras army during the Siege of Seringapatam . Following this he was appointed adjutant - general and gazetted a lieutenant - colonel on 29 November 1797 . Close founded the Madras military fund and promoted the formation of a permanent police committee to improve the law and order of Madras . He was then posted to deal with the Mysore rulers drafting treaties with them . Close was made he first resident in the court of Mysore . He was also to negotiate with the nawab of Arcot and was later posted resident at the Peshwa court in Poona . His knowledge of Persian and several Indian languages helped him in these assignments . While in Poona in August 1805 he was promoted to the rank of colonel in the 20th Madras native infantry . He intervened to solve a mutiny in Madras by British officers by talking to the sepoys in their language exhorting them not to follow the dissenting officers . Close was promoted to major - general in 1810 while he was on leave in Britain . Robert Hobart , 4th Earl of Buckinghamshire , who was then the President of the Board of Control , exerted his influence to have Close created a baronet by the prince regent on 12 December 1812 . The title became extinct on Close ' s death in London on 12 April 1813 , and he was buried at St Marylebone Parish Church , Middlesex . The town of Closepet near Mysore was named after him although it was later renamed Ramanagaram .
Vitebsk ( air base ) Vitebsk ( also Vitebsk Northeast or Andronovichi ) is an air base in Belarus located 8 km northeast of Vitebsk . It is a small airfield complex with a single large tarmac . It was home to 339 VTAP ( 339th Military Air Transport Regiment ) flying 32 Ilyushin Il - 76 cargo jets as well as Antonov An - 22 planes .
495th Tactical Fighter Squadron The 495th Fighter Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit . It was last assigned to the 48th Fighter Wing and stationed at RAF Lakenheath , England . The squadron motto " MALA IPSA NOVA " translates to " Bad News Itself " . History . Activated as a Southeastern Air District Army Air Corps training squadron , equipped with a variety of second - line aircraft , both single and twin engine , preparing its pilots and maintenance crews for eventual combat . After the Pearl Harbor Attack , the squadron flew antisubmarine patrols from , March – April 1942 . Resumed aircrew training , many of the group ' s members went on to serve in squadrons stationed in Europe and the Pacific theaters . Eventually coming under the AAF III Fighter Command in 1944 , trained replacement pilots with P - 47 Thunderbolt s , inactivated in 1944 with the end of RTU training . Reactivated in 1977 as a fourth tactical fighter squadron with the modern USAF 48th Tactical Fighter Wing at RAF Lakenheath , England . The 495th Tactical Fighter Squadron was activated with the 48th TFW on 1 April 1977 with a squadron tail color of green . This was 33 years to the day since the squadron ’ s inactivation . The 495th mission was as a replacement training unit for F - 111F pilots assigned to the other three fighter squadron . Inactivated in December 1991 with the retirement of the F - 111F at Lakenheath .
John Henry Patterson ( Medal of Honor ) John Henry Patterson ( February 10 , 1843 – October 5 , 1920 ) was a Union officer during the American Civil War and a recipient of the Medal of Honor for courage under fire at the Battle of the Wilderness . Biography . Patterson was born in New York City and joined the United States Army there . On May 5 , 1864 , under heavy fire from Confederate forces , Patterson left cover to rescue a wounded officer , who was in danger of both capture and death , as the forest near where he had fallen had caught fire during the battle . Patterson picked up the officer and carried him several hundred yards to safety . Medal of Honor citation . Rank and Organization : Citation :
Surfman Badge The Surfman Badge is a military badge of the United States Coast Guard , issued to enlisted personnel who qualify as Coxswains authorized to operate surf boats in heavy surf . Surf boats are boats that are designed to operate under extreme weather and sea conditions . Some surf boats that the Coast Guard operates are the 47 - foot Motor Lifeboat ( MLB ) , the ( now decommissioned ) 44 - foot MLB and the 52 - foot MLB ( the only " Boats " in the Coast Guard to be given names ) such as the VICTORY at Station Yaquina Bay , Oregon , the oldest steel motor lifeboat in the U . S . Coast Guard . To be awarded the Surfman Badge , a service member must undergo training in actual surf and breaking bar conditions , accumulate a minimum amount of hours operating in these conditions , while conducting practical exercises and undergo a rigorous underway check ride as well as an oral review board . Coast Guard regulations do not permit the wearing of both Surfman and Coxswain insignia simultaneously .
Copertino Castle The Copertino Castle is a castle in Apulia , southern Italy . It is located in the eponymous city of Copertino , north of Gallipoli on the heel of Apulia , between Manduria and Galatina . Overview . Like the castle of Otranto , Copertino was built for the defence of the peninsular of the Salento . The castle was originally built in the Norman period , and altered significantly for Alfonso Castriota by Charles V ' s renowned fortifications expert Evangelista Menga in 1540 , in response to significant military developments including the use of gunpowder . The alterations included a ditch and majestic bastions with 90 arrow slits to allow cannon movements . Copertino therefore incorporates an Angevin keep , being later enlarged to a quadrangle plan with a tapered rampart at each of the four corners . The entrance portal is in Catalan - Durazzesque style , conceived as a triumphal arch , with the entrance to the family chapel of St Mark to the right of the entrance vestibule . The chapel itself is decorated with 15th Century frescoes by the mannerist painter Gianserio Strafella . The Castle ' s inner courtyard includes several enormous galleries , and to the left of the Castle ' s entrance is the porticoed palace built for the Squarciafico Pinelli , Counts of Copertino and Marquesses of Galatone , ancestors of the Princes of Belmonte . Copertino Castle is one of the largest fortresses constructed in Apulia . It is held in local folklore that Isabella of Taranto , daughter of Tristan de Clermont and Catherine of Taranto , who later became Queen of Naples , was born at Copertino Castle .
291st Infantry Division ( Wehrmacht ) The German 291st Infantry Division , was an infantry division of the Wehrmacht and served in World War II . Organisation . Formation < br > The 291 . Infantry Division was formed in February 1940 as a Division of the 8th Wave at the Troop training ground Arys im WK I ( Prussia ) . The division was formed with :