naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Manual of arms A manual of arms was an instruction book for handling and using weapons in formation , whether in the field or on parade . Such manuals were especially important in the matchlock and flintlock eras , when loading and firing was a complex and lengthy process typically carried out in close order . When capitalized , the term has reference to one of several important manuals , such as the British Army manual of 1764 , the manual of Frederick the Great or Von Steuben ' s manual , adopted by the Continental Army in 1777 . The positions and evolutions contained in such manuals have become the standard for parade drill throughout most of the world . Typical examples of rules and procedures can be found in the 1764 manual . It was used by both sides at the start of the American Revolution . Such manuals contain various evolutions , such as the twelve or so steps needed to load , ready and fire , and steps for fixing bayonets , forming line ( for firing ) , column ( for bayonet charges ) or square ( for repelling cavalry ) . A second example is the manual used for training of Union troops in 1861 . While not always dictating the stance ( as reference is made to loading from horseback ) , specific instructions were given for drawing on command ( specifically the rifle and pistol ) , loading , firing , cease - firing , inspecting and returning the weapons to their carrying position ( slinging the carbine , or holstering the revolver ) .
Naval Observatory Vector Astrometry Subroutines The Naval Observatory Vector Astrometry Software ( NOVAS ) is a software library for astrometry - related numerical computations . It is developed by the Astronomical Applications Department , United States Naval Observatory . Currently , NOVAS has two different editions for C and Fortran respectively . Algorithms . The algorithms used by NOVAS are based on vector astrometry theories and the IAU resolutions . Instead of using trigonometric formulae from spherical astrometry , NOVAS uses the matrix and vector formulation which is more rigorous . This version implements the resolutions on astronomical reference systems and Earth rotation models passed at the IAU General Assemblies in 1997 , 2000 , and 2006 . According to the Astronomical Applications Department , the algorithms used in NOVAS are identical to those used in the production of the US part of the Astronomical Almanac . A detailed description of the algorithms can be found here : Kaplan , et al . ( 1989 ) " Astron . J . " 97 , 1197 . Structure . The NOVAS library provides three levels of subroutines ( functions ) : basic , utility , and supervisory . Basic - level subroutines supply the values of fundamental variables , such as the nutation angles and the heliocentric positions of solar system bodies for specific epoch es . Utility - level subroutines perform transformations , such as those caused by precession , nutation and aberration . Supervisory - level subroutines serve as interfaces to the basic and utility subroutines to compute the coordinates of stars or solar system bodies for specific dates and times . Usage . The NOVAS library can be linked by programs that work with positions of celestial bodies . For example , " Pocket Stars " , an astronomy software for Smartphone and PDA platforms , used the NOVAS as its astrometry engine . A Python library , PyNOVAS , can be used to call NOVAS functions from Python . It uses SWIG to connect with the C version of NOVAS . Current status . A new version of NOVAS is being developed .
32nd ( Cornwall ) Regiment of Foot The 32nd Regiment of Foot was an infantry regiment of the British Army . History . War of Spanish Succession . The 32nd Foot was first raised in 1702 as a regiment of marines to fight in the War of Spanish Succession . It won its first battle honour in 1705 for the siege and capture of Gibraltar . Napoleonic Wars . The 32nd landed in Portugal in 1808 , and under the soon to be Duke of Wellington , fought in the battles of Roliça and Vimiero . They fought under Moore in the retreat to Corunna , and on returning to England they were part of the Walcheren expedition in the Netherlands where many were struck down with malaria . After being reinforced they returned to Spain , leading the Battle of Salamanca and taking part in all the major conflicts right into France . For the final chapter in Napoleon ' s history , the 32nd fought at the Battle of Quatre Bras , arriving about 2 pm just in time to help halt the French advance . The Cornish regiment were renowned for their bloodcurdling Death Howl before attacking . Two days later at Battle of Waterloo the 32nd were stationed opposite the French main attacks , stoically standing their ground before attacking Napoleon ' s assaulting troops . There were 647 men of all ranks at the start of 18 June 1815 , and at the end of the day there were only 131 men left standing ; they suffered the greatest loss of any regiment on that day . They Stood , They Fought , They Died , They Won , They Are Remembered Lower Canada Rebellon . In 1833 Inglis joined the 32nd ( Cornwall ) Regiment of Foot , in which all his regimental service was passed . In 1837 he saw active service in Canada in the Lower Canada Rebellion , including the actions at St . Denis and St . Eustache . Second Anglo - Sikh War . During the Second Anglo - Sikh War , in 1848 to 1849 in the Punjab , Inglis was in command at the Siege of Multan and at the Battle of Gujrat . Indian Mutiny . The regiment famously defended Lucknow from July to November 1857 , Victoria Cross es being awarded to William Dowling , Henry George Gore - Browne , Samuel Hill Lawrence , and William Oxenham . The regiment ' s commanding officer , Col John E . W . Inglis , served as Brigadier in overall command of the Lucknow Residency during the Siege . He was promoted to General and knighted for his services . The regiment was retitled and equipped as a Light Infantry regiment as a result of its contribution to the defence of the Residency , for which it also won a battle honour . Merger . In 1881 it was merged into the The Duke of Cornwall ' s Light Infantry . The colours of the 32nd Foot in Monmouth Church are said to have inspired Sir Edward Hamly to pen these inspiring words : " A moth - eaten rag on a worm - eaten pole , < br > It does not look likely to stir a man ' s Sole , < br > ' Tis the deeds that were done ' neath the moth - eaten rag , < br > When the pole was a staff , and the rag was a flag . " TV and film . In the TV miniseries " Poldark " ( 1975 – 77 ) , based on the Poldark novels of Winston Graham , Ross Poldark is said to have fought in the American Revolution as a member of the 32nd Foot Regiment .
Confederate Memorial in Nicholasville The Confederate Memorial in Nicholasville is an historic statue located on the Jessamine County courthouse lawn in Nicholasville , Kentucky , ten miles south of Lexington , Kentucky . It is one of three locations regarding the Civil War in Jessamine County ; the other two are Camp Nelson Civil War Heritage Park and Camp Nelson National Cemetery . It consists of an granite pedestal and bronze " Confederate " soldier statue with knapsack and kepi hat . Inscriptions are on all four sides of the pedestal , including a passage from " Bivouac of the Dead " . The process for erecting the statue started in 1880 , when Jefferson Oxley , a veteran of the Confederate Army , started the Jessamine County Memorial Association to fund such a statue . However , by 1896 , sixteen years later , it had still not been built . The Association was told there was a Union soldier monument which had not been paid for , and could be theirs at a discount . For $ 1 , 500 the monument was purchased , and the Yankee was " galvanized " into a Confederate soldier . At the dedication , over 3 , 500 spectators came to witness the occasion , including 160 from Louisville who came by special train . Among the Louisvillians was Bennett H . Young , who spoke at many such statue dedications . The statue was unveiled by Oxley ' s son Lawson , as Jefferson Oxley had died . On July 17 , 1997 , the Confederate Memorial in Nicholasville was one of sixty - one different monuments related to the Civil War in Kentucky placed on the National Register of Historic Places , as part of the Civil War Monuments of Kentucky Multiple Property Submission .
James Duffy ( VC ) James Duffy ( 17 November 1889 – 8 April 1969 ) ( ) was a British Army soldier during the First World War , and an Irish recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . Duffy was born on 17 November 1889 in Gweedore ( " Gaoth Dobhair " ) , County Donegal , Ireland . He was 28 years old , and a private in the 6th Battalion , The Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers , British Army during the First World War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC . On 27 December 1917 at Kereina Peak , Palestine , whilst the company was holding a very exposed position , Private Duffy , a stretcher - bearer , and another stretcher - bearer went out to bring in a seriously wounded comrade . When the other stretcher - bearer was wounded , Private Duffy returned to get another man , who was killed almost immediately . The private then went forward alone and , under very heavy fire , succeeded in getting both wounded men under cover and attended to their injuries . His gallantry undoubtedly saved both men ' s lives . Death and legacy . He died in Drumany , Letterkenny on 8 April 1969 and was buried in Conwal Cemetery , Letterkenny , County Donegal . His Victoria Cross is displayed at the Inniskilling Museum in Enniskillen Castle , Northern Ireland . A stone bench was unveiled in Letterkenny Town Park on 10 July 2007 to honour the war veteran . His daughter Nelly was present when former Letterkenny Mayor Ciaran Brogan unveiled the bench in one of his final duties . References . Listed in order of publication year
Compton Castle Compton Castle is a fortified manor house in the village of Compton , about west of Torquay , Devon , England ( ) . The castle has been home to the Gilbert family for most of the time since it was built . It has been a National Trust property since 1951 . The original undefended manor house was built in the mid - 14th century and consisted of a hall flanked by solar and service rooms at each end - these were rebuilt in the later Middle Ages . The fortress - like front was added in about 1520 by John Gilbert . The central hall was in ruins by the 18th century , but was faithfully reconstructed in the 1950s . Compton Castle ' s most famous inhabitant was Sir Humphrey Gilbert ( 1539 – 1583 ) , coloniser of Newfoundland and half - brother of Sir Walter Raleigh ; legend has it that Raleigh smoked the first pipe of tobacco in Britain while visiting Sir Humphrey . The castle was home to the Gilbert family until the estate was sold in 1785 whereupon it gradually declined until a descendent bought it back in 1931 ; he gave it to the National Trust in 1951 on the condition that members of the family should continue to occupy the castle . They still do , and administer it for the Trust . The castle was used as a location for the filming of the 1995 version of " Sense and Sensibility " . Its Great Kitchen is notable for the insight it gives into medieval domestic life , and its small formal gardens are enclosed by a stone curtain wall . There is another Compton Castle at Compton Pauncefoot , Somerset .
Phillip Davidson Phillip Buford Davidson , Jr . ( November 26 , 1915 – February 7 , 1996 ) was an American Lieutenant general , who served in World War II , the Korean War , and the Vietnam War . Biography . Davidson was born on November 26 , 1915 in Hachita , New Mexico . Davidson attended West Point , graduating in 1939 . During World War II , he served as assistant intelligence officer in the 96th Infantry Division . Later , he served as a squadron commander in George Patton ' s Third Army . Following the War , he was assigned as an instructor to the Army ' s School of Intelligence in Fort Leavenworth , Kansas . Starting in 1948 and continuing throughout the Korean War , Davidson was chief , Plans and Estimates Branch , in General Douglas MacArthur ' s intelligence office . It was during this time that occurred one of the US Army ' s greatest intelligence failures in history - the failure to predict Chinese entry into the Korean war . In 1969 , while assigned as commanding General of the Army training center at Fort Ord , California , Davidson was the respondent in the United States Supreme Court decision Parisi v . Davidson . In that case , the court granted habeas relief to a soldier seeking an honorable discharge as a conscientious objector . During the Vietnam War , 1967 until 1969 , Davidson was the chief of US intelligence in Vietnam , under the command of William Westmoreland and later Creighton Abrams . From May 3 , 1971 to September 30 , 1972 , Davidson , then a Major General , was the Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence , Headquarters , Department of the Army . He later was promoted to Lieutenant General . In 1988 , he published " Vietnam at War : The History 1946 - 1975 " , ( ISBN 0195067924 ) which is widely regarded as one of the most comprehensive accounts of the Indochina wars . He followed it up in 1990 with " Secrets of the Vietnam War " ( ISBN 0891413820 ) , where he described his experiences in Vietnam . Davidson died February 7 , 1996 in San Antonio , Texas . He was buried in Arlington National Cemetery . Davidson is a member of the Military Intelligence Hall of Fame . Military decorations . Lieutenant general Davidson received a lot of decorations during his military service . Here is the list :
Alfred Taylor Dale Admiral Alfred Taylor Dale ( 26 September 1840 – 14 November 1925 ) was a British Royal Navy admiral . He joined the Royal Navy in 1854 . Promoted to Lieutenant on 14 April 1860 , Commander on 4 April 1870 , Captain on 31 December 1876 , Rear - Admiral on 10 September 1891 , Vice - Admiral on 16 September 1897 , and Admiral on 3 May 1903 . In April 1894 , he was appointed Second in command , Channel Squadron . In 1896 , he commanded the Particular Service Squadron of six ships , specially commissioned in reply to a congratulatory telegram from Kaiser Wilhelm II to President Paul Kruger of South Africa on the repulse of Dr . Jameson ' s Raid . He was aboard the ship he commanded at that time , HMS " Revenge " , a pre - dreadnought battleship of the " Royal Sovereign " class . He is buried at Brompton Cemetery , London .
Battle of Opole The Battle of Opole took place in the Polish town of Opole , in early April 1241 , during the Mongol invasion of Poland . It ended in the victory of the Mongol forces , who defeated knights from Opole Silesia and Lesser Poland , headed by Duke Wladyslaw Opolski . In late March 1241 , Mongol forces , which had previously been divided into two armies , reunited in the area of Krakow . On April 1 , the invaders headed westwards , to the Polish province of Silesia . After a skirmish near Raciborz , the Mongols decided not to besiege well - fortified Raciborz . Instead , they followed the Oder towards Opole . There , they faced units from Lesser Poland ( the provinces of Krakow and Sandomierz ) , reinforced with knights of Duke of Opole , Wladyslaw . Since the Poles were numerically inferior , they retreated after a short battle . The Mogols followed them towards Wroclaw , and Legnica ( see Battle of Legnica ) .
Madsen M1945 The Madsen M1945 is a submachinegun created in 1945 by the Dansk Industrie Syndikat AS , better known as Madsen , it was used by Dinsmark , Mexico and El Salvador , the two last in limited numbers , in 1946 , dinsmark replaced it by a much more inexpensive weapon , the Madsen M1946 . Description . Madsen M1945 submachine gun was developed in 1945 by famous Danish arms - making company Dansk Industrie Syndikat AS ( DISA ) , better known for its trade mark " Madsen " . The Madsen model 1945 submachine gun was one of the last " old style " submachine guns , designed for expensive old - style manufacturing techniques that included plenty of milling and machining of steel , rather than stamping and welding . Not surprisingly , this gun was quite expensive and saw little success - it was sold in very limited numbers to Mexico and El Salvador , and within a year after its introduction it was replaced in production with much more simple and inexpensive weapon , the Madsen M1946 submachine gun . Madsen M1945 submachine gun is a blowback weapon that fires from open bolt , in full automatic mode only . The design of the bolt and return spring was patterned after the blowback pistols , as the breechblock was attached to the long " slide " , which enclosed the barrel forward of the chamber for most of its length . The return spring was located around the barrel , and the cocking was achieved by gripping the serrations on the sides of the slide and pulling the slide back until the bolt is locked by the sear . The firing pin was a separate movable arrangement , which projected forward from the bolt face only when the bolt was fully in battery , thanks to the internal lever that controlled firing pin movement . The safety was made in the form of the lever , located in the front of the trigger guard . The weapon was put into rifle - type wooden stock , although a version with underfolding stock , made from steel wire , was also briefly promoted . Gun was fed from Suomi type 50 - round 4 - stack box magazines . Sights consisted of the front protected post and two separate folding rear blades , marked for 100 and 200 meters .
Chung Cheng Aviation Museum The Chung Cheng Aviation Museum ( ) is an aviation museum located at Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport , Taoyuan County , northern Taiwan . The museum is located in the southeastern area of the airport between the main freeway entrance and the airport terminals . It was built in 1981 by Boeing under a Civil Aeronautics Administration contract . Many retired Republic of China Air Force fighters are represented in the museum . Transportation . The museum is accessible from Haishan Station of the Taiwan Railway Administration or Taoyuan Station of the Taiwan High Speed Rail .
Edwyn Alexander - Sinclair Admiral Sir Edwyn Sinclair Alexander - Sinclair , GCB , MVO ( 1865 – 13 November 1945 ) was a British Royal Navy officer , notable for firing the first shots of the Battle of Jutland , and for leading a squadron of light cruiser s in the Baltic to support independence of Estonia and Latvia in 1918 - 19 . Naval career . Born in Malta , Edwyn Sinclair Alexander - Sinclair joined the Royal Navy as a Cadet in 1879 at the age of 14 , becoming a Midshipman 2½ years later . He was made Lieutenant in 1890 , and served as Flag - Lieutenant to both Admiral Tracey and Admiral Sir Michael Culme - Seymour , gaining promotion to Commander in January 1901 . He then had two sea commands , the destroyer from February 1902 until January 1904 , then the despatch vessel until 1905 . Alexander - Sinclair was promoted to captain in 1905 , and was appointed commander of the Royal Naval College , Osborne , serving there until 1908 , when he received the MVO . Between May 1911 and August 1913 he was captain of HMS " Victory " , the flagship of the Commander - in - Chief , Portsmouth . In 1914 , at the start of World War I , Alexander - Sinclair was captain of the dreadnought , before flying his flag in from 1915 as Commodore of the 1st Light Cruiser Squadron . He received the CB for his part in the destruction of Zeppelin " L 7 " on 4 May 1916 . On 31 May 1916 it was the 1st Light Cruiser Squadron under Alexander - Sinclair that first engaged scouting vessels of the German High Seas Fleet and signalled " enemy in sight " , leading to the Battle of Jutland , after which he received a Mention in Despatches from Vice - Admiral Sir David Beatty , commander of the Battlecruiser Fleet , and the Russian Order of St . Vladimir ( Third Class ) with swords . Promoted to Rear Admiral in 1917 , he then commanded the 6th Light Cruiser Squadron , flying his flag in . In November 1918 Alexander - Sinclair was given the honour of leading the surrendered German Fleet into internment at Scapa Flow , and awarded the KCB . Soon afterwards , in December 1918 , Alexander - Sinclair ' s 6th Squadron was sent to the Baltic , at the request of Estonian Government , to take part in the Estonian War of Independence . They delivered 6500 rifles , 200 machine guns and two field guns . The British squadron also captured two Russian destroyers , " Spartak " and " Avtroil " , and turned them over to Estonia , which renamed them " Vambola " and " Lennuk " . Alexander - Sinclair then blockaded the Russian Navy base at Kronstadt until relieved by the 1st Light Cruiser Squadron under Rear - Admiral Walter Cowan . He was Admiral - Superintendent of Portsmouth Dockyard from 1920 to 1922 , and then as Vice Admiral , commanded the 1st Battle Squadron , Atlantic Fleet from 1922 to 1924 , before serving as Commander - in - Chief , China Station from 1925 to 1926 , and after promotion to Admiral , as Commander - in - Chief , The Nore from 1927 to 1930 . He retired in 1930 .
RAF Chedworth RAF Chedworth was a Royal Air Force station near Chedworth , Gloucestershire . It opened in spring 1942 as a satellite station to RAF Aston Down . It was the home of 12 Group Tactical Exercise Unit . History . No . 55 Operational Training Unit was stationed at Chedworth from August 1942 until February 1943 . No . 3 Tactical Exercise Unit RAF arrived 17 July 1944 , becoming 55 OTU on 18 December 1944 until 29 May 1945 . Much of the site remains , including most of the two runways , one blister hangar ( of 2 originally ) , the armoury , and 2 control towers . RAF Chedworth is now home to the Chedworth Radio Controlled Flying Club .
HMAS Kara Kara ( Y276 ) HMAS " Kara Kara " ( Y276 ) was a 525 ton auxiliary boom defence vessel of the Royal Australian Navy ( RAN ) during the Second World War . Built by J . Crichton & Company , Saltney and launched in 1926 for Sydney Ferries as a vehicular ferry . She was converted to a cargo carrier after the opening of the Sydney Harbour Bridge in 1932 . Requisitioned by the RAN in 1941 and used as a auxiliary boom defence vessel at Darwin . Paid off in 1945 , she was placed in reserve until 1972 , when she was sold to be broken up . Her hull was sunk as a target off Jervis Bay in 1973 . History . " Kara Kara " , " Koondooloo " and " Kalang " were three double ended vehicular ferries ordered by Sydney Ferries for use on the harbour . Built by J . Crichton & Company , Saltney and launched in 1926 . After the opening of the Sydney Harbour Bridge in 1932 , " Kara Kara " was converted as a cargo carrier and undertook this role until 1941 . Requisitioned by the Royal Australian Navy ( RAN ) on 27 February 1941 and converted into a boom defence vessel and commissioned as HMAS " Kara Kara " on 14 September 1941 . She was purchased outright on 7 November 1941 . She sailed to Darwin to act as a boom defence vessel for the Darwin anti - submarine boom net . During the Japanese air raid on Darwin on 19 February 1942 , she claimed one hit on an enemy aircraft , however was strafed suffering light damage and the loss of two men killed . She was paid off into reserve at Darwin on 8 December 1945 , she was laid up until leaving Darwin on 6 December 1950 and arriving at Sydney on 22 December 1950 . " Kara Kara " was transferred to the un - maintained reserve at the Waverton Depot on 30 December 1960 and was later used as a depot ship for the reserve fleet at Athol Bight . Fate . Sold to Marrickville Metals , Marrickville for scrap on 15 February 1972 , " Kara Kara " was stripped of useful material and the hulk was handed back to the RAN for use as a target . On 31 January 1973 , " Kara Kara " was sunk forty miles off Jervis Bay by RAN A - 4G Skyhawk fighter - bombers , and gunfire from , and . The engine from " Kara Kara " is on display at the Australian National Maritime Museum at Darling Harbour , Sydney . " Kara Kara " was awarded the battle honour Darwin 1942 - 43 .