naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Social War ( 357 – 355 BC ) The Social War , also known as the War of the Allies , was fought from 357 BC to 355 BC between Athens with its Second Athenian Empire and between the allies of Chios , Rhodes , and Cos as well as the independent Byzantion . Origins . Provoked by Athens ' increasingly dominating stance over its Second Athenian Empire , Chios , Rhodes , and Cos overthrew their democratic governments and broke away from the league , assisted by Byzantion . The Athenian generals Chares and Chabrias were given command of the Athenian fleet . War . During midsummer of 357 BC Chabrias ' s fleet was defeated and he was killed in the attack on the island of Chios . Chares was given complete command of the Athenian fleet and withdrew to the Hellespont for operations against Byzantion . The generals Timotheus , Iphicrates and his son Menestheus were sent to help him during an oncoming naval battle between the sighted enemy fleet on the Hellespont . Timotheus and Iphicrates refused to engage due to a blowing gale but Chares did engage and lost many of his ships . Timotheus and Iphicrates were accused by Chares and put on trial , however only Timotheus was condemned to pay a fine , and escaped . In 356 BC , the revolting allies ravaged the Athenian - loyal islands of Lemnos and Imbros but were only able to lay siege to Samos because it was defended by cleruchs . Chares commanded the Athenian fleet at the Battle of Embata , and lost decisively . Philip II ' s interference . King Philip II of Macedon , father of Alexander the Great , used the war as an opportunity to further the interests of his Macedonian kingdom in the Aegean region . In 357 BC , Philip captured Amphipolis , a depot for the gold and silver mines from Mount Pangaion and the approach to it , as well as for timber , securing Macedon ' s economic and political future . He secretly offered Amphipolis to the Athenians in exchange for the valuable port Pydna ; when they complied , both Pydna and Potidaea were conquered over the winter and occupied ; Philip , however , did not surrender Amphipolis . He also took the city of Crenides from the Odrysae and renamed it Philippi . Persian interference and the end of the war . Chares was in need of money for his war effort but frowned upon asking it from home ; thus , partly compelled by his mercenaries , he entered the service of the revolted Persian satrap Atrabazus . The Athenians originally approved this collaboration but then ordered it to be dropped due to the Persian king Artaxerxes III Ochus ' s complaint and their fear of Persian support for the revolting confederates . Furthermore , as a result of increasing Athenian operations near the Persian empire , in 356 BC Persia asked Athens to leave Asia Minor , threatening war . In 355 BC Athens , not in any shape for another war , complied and withdrew , recognizing the independence of the confederate allies . Chares ' war party was replaced by a peaceful one under Eubulus . The financial surplus racked for the war was put in a fund to be used for public entertainment .
Farnell Castle Farnell Castle is an oblong tower house dating from the late 16th century four miles south of Brechin , Angus , Scotland . History . The present castle replaces a previous castle on the site , in existence in 1296 . The castle originated as the Bishop ’ s palace of the Bishop of Brechin . Bishop Meldrum called it ‘ Palatium Nostrum ’ in 1512 . It was disposed of in about 1566 , supposedly by Donald Campbell . It was turned into a secular castle by Catherine , Countess of Crawford . Subsequently the Earl of Southesk purchased the castle . It was an alms house in the 19th century . Structure . The castle is a three - storey structure , built from rubble and slate . The east section , which was the bishop ’ s residence , has crow - stepped gable s . On the north are a projecting garderobe , with sanitary flues . On the east gable , at the level of the floors , there is a double row of corbel s , and corbels which appear to have been for the purpose of supporting a roofed gallery . On the northern skewpots are small carved shields . One has the initial M , and a crown above ; the other I . M . , thought to stand for ‘ Jesu Maria ’ There is a circular stair tower in front . It is a category A listed building . There is ruined rectangular lean - to dovecot with rubble walls supported by later buttressing in the castle grounds .
Japanese seaplane carrier Nisshin Nisshin was a seaplane carrier of the Japanese Imperial Navy during World War II . The ship was built at Kure Naval Arsenal from 1938 to 1942 . She was built with 2 catapults for launching , lifting and storing up to 25 planes . Then in 1942 modifications were made for the ship to also carry Type ' A ' midget submarine s as well as carry and lay 700 mines . Design . The vessel was essentially similar to the preceding seaplane carrier Chitose and " Mizuho " but was fitted with more powerful engines which improved its speed to reach speeds of 24 knots through its 47 , 000 bhp , two - shafted engines . The Nisshin could run up to 11 , 000 knots on a full fueling . Due to her heightened speeds , she was used a lot on express runs to get supplies to designated areas quickly . The Nisshin weighed over 11 , 317 tons and was 188 m long and 20 m wide with a draft of 7 m . Armaments included an array of 24 guns . World War II . The ship usually operated as a fast transport . On one such mission the Nisshin was sunk on 22 July 1943 in the Bougainville Strait by American dive bombers . She was on her way to Buin on the Shortland Islands with supplies and reinforcements of over 600 troops of the South Sea No . 4 Guard Unit , 22 tanks , 8 artillery pieces , mortars and fuel for the garrison in their upcoming fight against American troops who had landed nearby on New Georgia Island . The Nisshin had departed from Kure with the Hagikaze and Arashi on July 10 , on the 15th they were joined by the cruiser Mogami and the light cruisers Agano and Oyode and the destroyer Isokaze , steaming on for Rabaul where more troops were collected . On 21 July the ships were spotted from the air , but it seems the Americans had advanced notice of their arrival and for the day a cat and mouse game ensued . Nisshin dashed forward with her higher speeds but in the end received a number of direct hits and sunk . As the ship sank it is noted the courage of her crew with gunners staying at their posts to lay covering fire for the escaping soldiers , with other crew giving priority to their escapes over their own . In the end only 178 souls were saved , with the largest portion being the soldiers . Captain Ito went down with his ship . See also . High - speed transport ( US Navy )
Major - General ( United Kingdom ) Major General ( Maj Gen ) is a senior rank in the British Army . Since 1996 the highest position within The Royal Marines is the Commandant General Royal Marines who holds the rank of Major General . A Major General is superior to a Brigadier but subordinate to Lieutenant General . The rank has a NATO rank code of OF - 7 , equivalent to a Rear - Admiral in the Royal Navy or an Air Vice - Marshal in the Royal Air Force or the air forces of many Commonwealth countries . The rank insignia is a pip over a crossed sword and baton . Royal Air Force usage . From the foundation of the Royal Air Force on 1 April 1918 to 31 July 1919 , the RAF maintained a rank of major general . The rank insignia was derived from that of a Royal Navy rear - admiral and featured a broad gold stripe on the cuff below one narrow gold stripe . The two stripes were surmounted by an eagle ( volant and affronty ) under a king ' s crown . The RAF replaced its rank of major general with the rank of air vice - marshal on the 1 August 1919 . The following officers held the rank of major general in the RAF :
Andrew Juxon - Smith Brigadier Andrew Terence Juxon - Smith ( 1933 – 1996 ) was a politician and military official in Sierra Leone . He was briefly ( 27 March 1967 to 18 April 1968 ) Chairman of the National Reformation Council and acting Governor - General , equivalent to head of the Sierra Leonean state . He and the Council were overthrown in April 1968 by a group of low - level military officials led by John Amadu Bangura that restored Sierra Leone to rule by parliament under Siaka Stevens . He was a member of the Creole people , though he also had Sherbro and Mende ancestry . He later moved the United States and died in Stapleton , New York .
Blaise de Lasseran - Massencôme , seigneur de Montluc Blaise de Lasseran - Massencôme , seigneur de Montluc ( or Blaise de Montluc ) ( c . 1502 – 26 July 1577 ) was a marshal of France . Life . He was born at the family seat near Condom in the modern " département " of Gers . Despite being the eldest son of a good family , he had , like most gentlemen of Gascony , to rely on his sword . He was the brother of Jean de Montluc . He served first as a private archer and man - at - arms in Italy , with Bayard for his captain , fought all through the wars of King Francis I of France , and was knighted at the battle of Ceresole ( 1544 ) , to which victory he had brilliantly contributed as adviser to the young Duke of Enghien . Having apparently enjoyed no patronage , he was already middle - aged . From then on , however , his merits were recognized . His chief feat was the famous defence of Siena ( 1555 ) which he related himself . When the religious wars broke out in France , Montluc , a staunch royalist , held Guyenne for the king . Henry III made him in 1574 marshal of France , an honour which he had earned by nearly half a century of service and by numerous wounds . He died at Estillac near Agen . Works . Montluc ' s reputation was made by his " Commentaires de Messire Blaise de Montluc " ( Bordeaux , 1592 ) , in which he described his fifty years of service ( 1521 – 1574 ) . This book , the " soldier ' s Bible " ( or " breviary , " according to others ) , as Henry IV called it , is one of many books of memoirs produced by the gentry of France at that time . It is said to have been dictated , which may account for the style . The " Commentaires " are in the collection of Michaud and Poujoulat , with a standard edition in the " Société de l ' histoire de France " , ed . by M . de Ruble ( 5 vols , 1865 – 1872 ) . See Rüstow , " Militarische Biographien " , v . i . ( Zürich , 1858 ) . Blaise de Montluc condemned the development of the infantry firearm saying :
German submarine U - 90 ( 1941 ) German submarine " U - 90 " was a Type VIIC U - boat of the Nazi German " Kriegsmarine " during World War II . She was laid down at the Flender Werke in Lübeck as ' werk ' 294 on 1 October 1940 , launched on 25 October 1941 and commissioned on 20 December with " Kapitänleutnant " Hans - Jürgen Oldörp in command . After training with the 8th U - boat Flotilla , " U - 90 " was assigned to the 9th flotilla on 1 July 1942 for operations . She was a member of one wolfpack in a patrol in which she was sunk by a Canadian warship . Operational career . Patrol and loss . Having departed Kiel on 30 June 1942 , the boat hugged the southern Norwegian coast before turning west and sailing through the ' gap ' separating the Faroe and Shetland Islands . She was attacked and sunk by depth charge s from the Canadian destroyer HMCS " ST . Croix " in the Northern Atlantic on 24 July .
Trail of the Eagles ' Nests The Trail of the Eagles ' Nests ( ) of south - western Poland , is a marked trail , named after a chain of 25 medieval castles which the trail passes by , between Częstochowa and Kraków . The Trail of the Eagles ' Nests was first marked by Kazimierz Sosnowski . Since 1980 , much of the area has been designated a protected area known as the Eagle Nests Landscape Park ( ) . The castles date mostly to the 14th century , and were constructed by the order of King of Poland Kazimierz the Great . They have been named the " Eagles ' Nests " , as most of them are located on large , tall rocks of the Polish Jura Chain featuring many limestone cliffs , monadnocks and valleys below . They were built along the 14th - century border of Lesser Poland with the province of Silesia , which at that time belonged to the Kingdom of Bohemia . The Trail of the Eagles ' Nests is considered one of the best tourist trails in Poland , marked as No . 1 on the official list of most popular trails in the country . It encompasses all 25 castles and watchtowers , and is long ( the bicycle trail is long ) . Most of the sites can also be reached by bus . The castles of the Eagles ' Nests . The Eagles ' Nests castles ( ) , many of which survived only in the form of picturesque ruins , are perched high on the tallest rocks between Częstochowa and the former Polish capital Kraków . The castles were built to protect Kraków as well as important trading routes against the foreign invaders . Later , the castles passed on into the hands of various Polish aristocratic families .
Frederick W . Gerber Frederick William Gerber ( 1813 - November 10 , 1875 ) was a German - American soldier who received the Medal of Honor for his 32 years of service in the US Army . He is one of only two people ( the other being general Adolphus Greely ) who received the Medal of Honor for his entire career rather than a single action . He was born in Dresden , Germany . Gerber immigrated to the United States in the 1830s and enlisted in the 4th US Infantry in 1839 , only to retire a first time in 1844 . He joined the 1st Engineer Battalion when it was founded in 1846 and served in the Mexican - American War . During the Battle of Mexico City , he is said to have saved the life of then second lieutenant George B . McClellan . During the American Civil War , he was responsible for training volunteer recruits into combat engineers . In September 1864 , he was promoted to Sergeant Major of engineers , becoming the senior enlisted soldier in the Corps of Engineers and the first person to hold this rank . He was appointed adjutant of the Corps of Engineers in February 1867 . He was offered a commission on several occasions , but declined each offer . Upon his retirement in November 1871 , Gerber received the Medal of Honor for his entire career . He was the first US Army engineer to receive the medal . He was buried in Cypress Hills National Cemetery in Brooklyn . Medal of Honor citation . Rank and organization : Sergeant Major , U . S . Engineers . Place and date : 1839 - 1871 . Entered service at : Brooklyn , N . Y . Birth : Dresden , Germany . Date of issue : November 8 , 1871 . Distinguished gallantry in many actions and in recognition of long , faithful , and meritorious services covering a period of 32 years .
29th Infantry Division Peloritana The 29th Infantry Division Peloritana was an infantry division of the Italian Royal Army ( " Regio Esercito " ) . The division fought in Ethiopia during the interwar period . The division was reorganized as the binary 29th Infantry Division Piemonte prior to World War II and fought in Greece . Garrisoned in Messina , Sicily , the division was made up entirely of Sicilians . Ethiopia . The division fought on the " southern front " during the Second Italo - Abyssinian War . Greece . The division fought during the Greco - Italian War , the Battle of Greece , and the Axis occupation of Greece during World War II . Order of battle Oct . 1935 . 29th Division ( Peloritana ) Each Army Division had a Pack - Mules unit of 3000 mules and three Regimental Trucks units ( 20 light trucks each ) . Order of battle 1940 . 29th Division ( Piemonte )
HMAS Gull HMAS " Gull " ( M 1185 ) ( formerly HMS " Swanston " ) was a Ton class minesweeper that served in the Royal Navy ( RN ) and Royal Australian Navy ( RAN ) . Construction . The ship was built by J . S . Doig Limited at Grimsby , England for the RN . The ship was commissioned as HMS " Swanston " . Operational history . Australia . The minesweeper was sold to the RAN in 1961 , and was recommissioned as HMAS " Gull " on 19 July 1962 . During the mid - 1960s , " Gull " was one of several ships operating in support of the Malaysian government during the Indonesia - Malaysia Confrontation . This service was later recognised with the battle honour " Malaysia 1964 - 66 " . Decommissioning and fate . HMAS " Gull " paid off on 7 November 1969 .
USS Excel ( AM - 94 ) USS " Excel " ( AM - 94 ) was an of the United States Navy . Laid down on 19 December 1941 by the Jakobson Shipyard , Inc . , Oyster Bay , Long Island , New York , launched on 10 May 1942 , and commissioned on 11 December 1942 . The ship was reclassified as a submarine chaser , PC - 1598 on 1 June 1944 . World War II Atlantic operations . USS Excel arrived at Norfolk , Virginia , on 21 January 1943 for minesweeping exercises in the Virginia Capes , then sailed to Portland , Maine , where she based for patrol and minesweeping duty from 15 March 1943 to 3 February 1944 . She was reclassified PC - 1598 on 1 June . Returning to Norfolk , she had local patrol , sweeping , and training duty until 9 June , when she sailed for San Diego , California , and Pearl Harbor , arriving on 1 August . Service as a submarine chaser . After serving as escort on a voyage to Eniwetok , " PC - 1598 " departed Pearl Harbor on 14 October 1944 to escort a convoy of LST s by way of Eniwetok and Guam to Ulithi . Here a new convoy of landing craft was assembled , and with it " PC - 1598 " arrived at Hollandia , New Guinea , on 16 November . For the next two months , she escorted convoys among the ports of New Guinea , aiding in the assembling of shipping for the Lingayen assault . She left Hollandia on 10 January 1945 on escort duty for San Pedro Bay , Leyte , and on 9 February , arrived at Ulithi , where she joined in exercises , and transported men from place to place in the vast fleet anchorage . In company with six other minecraft , " PC - 1598 " sailed from Ulithi on 19 March 1945 to sweep mines off Okinawa , clearing the way for both pre - invasion bombardment and the assault landings of 1 April . She carried out her hazardous mission successfully , destroying many enemy mines , and sailed from the island on 5 April for a repair period at Guam . " PC - 1598 " gave patrol and escort services in the Marianas , and on 3 July she rescued a downed aviator . After voyaging to Okinawa in the escort for a large convoy between 8 and 21 July , she returned to duty in the Marianas . On 5 August , she made rendezvous off Saipan with the submarine to take off one of the officers , who was severely ill . " PC - 1598 " operated out of Saipan until 17 October 1945 , when she sailed for San Francisco , California . Decommissioning . " PC - 1598 " was decommissioned on 22 January 1946 at San Francisco , California , and sold on 11 June 1947 to the Tidewater / Shaver Barge Lines of Suisun Bay , California . Fate unknown .
858th Bombardment Squadron The 858th Bombardment Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit . Its last assignment was with the 492d Bombardment Group , based at Kirtland Field , New Mexico . It was inactivated on 17 October 1945 . History . Established in October 1943 as a B - 24 Liberator heavy bomb squadron ; assigned to II Bomber Command for training . One of the last B - 24 squadrons established . After training was deployed to the European Theater of Operations ( ETO ) , being assigned to VIII Bomber Command in England at RAF North Pickenham . Entered combat in May 1944 , engaging in long - ranger strategic bombardment of enemy industrial targets in central Germany . Attacked airfields and V - weapon launching sites in France during the first week in June . Bombed coastal defenses in Normandy on 6 June 1944 and attacked bridges , railroads , and other interdiction targets in France until the middle of the month . Resumed bombardment of strategic targets in Germany and , except for support of the infantry during the Saint - Lô breakthrough on 25 July 1944 . The squadron suffered very high losses of personnel and equipment while engaged in combat ; combat losses leading to withdrawal of unit from operations in August 1944 after only 89 days of combat . Remaining equipment and personnel were reassigned to other Eighth Air Fore units in England . Squadron organization was transferred without personnel or equipment , to RAF Harrington on 5 August 1944 and assumed personnel , equipment , and the special operations " Carpetbagger " mission of the 406th Bombardment Squadron ( Provisional ) . With black - painted aircraft configured with engine flame dampeners and optimized for night operations , the group operated chiefly over southern France with B - 24 ' s and C - 47 ' s , transporting agents , supplies , and propaganda leaflets to patriots . Flew its last Carpetbagger mission in April 1945 and then ferried personnel and equipment to and from the Continent until July . Returned to the US , July – August 1945 and was reassigned to Kirtland Field , New Mexico and was redesignated a B - 29 Superfortress Very Heavy bomb squadron . Was programmed for B - 29 operations in the Central Pacific , however became unnecessary when Pacific War ended . Inactivated on 17 October 1945 .
M - class blimp The Goodyear Aircraft Company of Akron , Ohio built the M - class blimp for the US Navy as the follow - on to the K - class anti - submarine warfare blimp used during World War II . It was a significantly larger airship . Four airships , designated M - 1 through M - 4 , were delivered in early 1944 . Operations of K - ships in tropical regions had shown a need for a blimp with greater volume to offset the loss of lift due to high ambient temperatures . A contract was awarded to the Goodyear Aircraft Company for the prototype M - class blimp on August 16 , 1943 . This contract was followed by another contract on September 11 , 1943 for 21 M - class blimps . These airships were given the Navy designation of ZNP - M , ( Z = lighter - than - air ; N = non - rigid ; P = patrol ; M = type / class . ) However , on November 22 , 1943 , the quantity of blimps was reduced to four . These were delivered to the Navy in February , March , and April 1944 . The M - Class airships were retired from service by 1956 . The gondola of the M - 4 was retained in the conservation area at Lakehurst until the mid - 1970s , The M - class blimps were three hundred and ten feet ( 94 . 49 m ) long with a 117 foot ( 35 . 66 m ) long control car . In order to maintain the proper loading on the catenary , the control car was built in three sections with universal joints between the sections . The catenary is the webbing internal to the envelope from which the control car is hung from the top of the envelope . Control of the weight distribution from the catenary is necessary to control wrinkling of the envelope . The capacity of the envelope of the M - 1 was 625 , 000 cu ft ( 17 , 698 m³ ) with an increase in capacity to 647 , 000 cu ft ( 18 , 321 m³ ) for M - 2 through M - 4 . These airships were powered by two Pratt & Whitney radial air - cooled engines .
Battle of Kulevicha The Battle of Kulevicha , also known as the Battle of Kulewtscha , was fought during the Russo - Turkish War , 1828 - 1829 on June 11 , 1829 between Russia and the Ottoman Empire . The Russians were led by Hans Karl von Diebitsch ( German - born general serving the Russian Empire ) , while the Ottomans were led by Reşid Mehmed Pasha with the objective of relieving Varna . The Russians were victorious .
W46 Towards the end of 1955 consideration was given to using the physics package of the TX - 46 aerial bomb as a warhead for the USAF Snark intercontinental cruise missile . Consideration to use one the Army ' s Redstone MRBM was also given . The XW - 46 / Redstone was canceled in favor of the Titan II / W - 53 combination in April 1958 .