naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
French prisoners of war in World War II After the French armies surrendered during and after the Battle of France in the summer of 1940 , Germany seized two million French prisoners of war and sent them to camps in Germany . Work camps . About one third were released on various terms . Of the remainder , the officers and noncommissioned officers were kept in ' Offizierslager ' ( officers ' camps or " Oflags " ) and did not work . The privates were sent out to work . About half of them worked in German agriculture , where food supplies were adequate and controls were lenient . The others worked in factories or mines , where conditions were much harsher . The Jewish POWs were not singled out by the Nazis . The Germans held 120 , 000 non - white soldiers from the French colonies . These men were not sent to Germany ; instead they were put to work on German Army projects inside France ' s Occupied Zone . Conditions were somewhat better for them than for the Frenchman held in Germany . However , they became very hostile to the Vichy regime , and on their return to the colonies rejected the idea of a close relationship with France . In the last days of combat in June 1940 , German units killed several thousand black soldiers and POWs in French colonial regiments . About 60 , 000 black soldiers survived , and were treated like the other colonial POWs . Repatriation . Between 1940 and 1941 , 330 , 000 were eventually returned to France or repatriated for medical reasons , while 16 , 000 managed to escape . The prisoners were repatriated to France in the summer of 1945 . The reunion was not a happy one . Many returned to an atmosphere of indifference or scorn that they had allowed themselves to be captured rather than to have died for their country . Meanwhile , while the men were gone , their wives became more independent . The Vichy government provided a small stipend ; about 10 % took to prostitution to provide essentials for their children . The government promoted a " cult of the return , " with the theme that women earning wages or raising children on their own did so only temporarily until their husbands returned . After the war , there was a restoration of traditional patriarchal authority in the family .
USS Chase County ( LST - 532 ) USS " Chase County " ( LST - 532 ) was an built for the United States Navy during World War II . Named after counties in Kansas and Nebraska , she was the only U . S . Naval vessel to bear the name . LST - 532 was laid down on 24 September 1943 at Evansville , Indiana by the Missouri Valley Bridge & Iron Company ; launched on 28 November 1943 ; sponsored by Mrs . Fred M . Wyatt ; and commissioned on 20 January 1944 with Lieutenant Marinus Pilkington in command . Service history . During World War II , LST - 532 was assigned to the European Theater and participated in the Invasion of Normandy in June , 1944 . She loaded troops and equipment including vehicles at Polgwidden ( a . k . a . Trebah ) Beach , Helford River , near Falmouth , Cornwall , England on 1 June 1944 . This location was the most westerly embarkation site for this operation and the distance that they had to travel to rendezvous with the rest of the OP . NEPTUNE fleet meant that these personnel then spent the next 5 days aboard this flat bottomed vessel in the terrible weather conditions that delayed the OP . OVERLORD landings until 6 June . Footage taken by a US Army Film Unit on 1 June 1944 showing this vessel ( and LSTs 533 and 27 ) loading at this venue exist and public access of ' proof ' quality video showing this original footage can be viewed on line for free at ' Critical Past ' . ( N . B . - I have no personal connection with this company - but this categorically verifies this information above and beyond all other sources . ) Following the War , she operated with the Service Force , U . S . Atlantic Fleet . The ship was decommissioned on 8 June 1955 and renamed USS " Chase County " ( LST - 532 ) on 1 July 1955 . On 15 April 1967 she was transferred to the Military Sea Transportation Service ( MSTS ) and served as USNS " Chase County " ( T - LST - 532 ) until struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 10 June 1973 . Transferred to the Republic of Singapore in 1973 , her final fate is unknown . LST - 532 earned one battle star for World War II service .
USS LCI ( L ) - 449 USS " LCI ( L ) - 449 " was an built for the United States Navy during World War II . Like most ships of her class , she was not named and was known only by her designation . The ship was laid down on 17 June 1943 by New Jersey Shipbuilding of Barber , New Jersey , launched on 14 August 1943 and commissioned as USS " LCI ( L ) - 449 " on 25 August 1943 . Service history . World War II , 1943 – 1946 . Assigned to LCI Flotilla 3 " LCI ( L ) - 449 " took part in the occupation of Kwajalein and Majuro Atolls , from 31 January to 8 February 1944 , receiving the Navy Unit Commendation . On 16 June 1944 her designation changed to LCI ( G ) - 449 ( Landing Craft Infantry ( Gunboat ) ) , with the replacement of her five 20 mm guns with two 40 mm guns , four 20 mm guns , six . 50 cal . machine guns and ten MK . 7 rocket launchers , to provide close - in fire support . In this new role " LCI ( G ) - 449 " took part on the capture and occupation of Saipan , 20 June to 16 July 1944 , of Guam , 17 to 21 July 1944 , and of Tinian , 24 July to 1 August 1944 . At the invasion of Iwo Jima on 17 February 1945 , while shelling enemy positions in support of Underwater Demolition Team swimmers , the ship was heavily damaged by Japanese counter - fire and went out of control . Despite very serious wounds the ship ' s commanding officer , Rufus G . Herring , took the helm , rallied his men , and kept the ship in action . For his " conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty , " he was awarded the Medal of Honor , while the ship was awarded the Presidential Unit Citation . " LCI ( G ) - 449 " then took part in the Assault and occupation of Okinawa Gunto in April 1945 . Decommissioning and disposal . " LCI ( G ) - 449 " was decommissioned and laid up in the Pacific Reserve Fleet , San Diego Group , in January 1946 and struck from the Naval Vessel Register that year . On 3 May 1948 she was transferred to the Maritime Commission for disposal .
William Merrifield William Merrifield VC , MM ( 9 October 1890 – 8 August 1943 ) was a Canadian recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . Details . Merrifield was a native of Brentwood , Essex , England , who had emigrated to Canada for employment . He enlisted in the 2nd Battalion Canadian Expeditionary Force ( CEF ) on 23 September 1914 and in 1917 , at 27 years of age , was transferred to 4th ( Central Ontario ) Battalion , CEF , as a replacement . He went on to win the Military Medal ( MM ) for his conduct during the battle of Passchendaele in November of that year . On 1 October 1918 at the battle of the Canal du Nord in France , only a month before the armistice , Sergeant Merrifield was trapped with his comrades under the fire of two German machine - gun posts . Merrifield gathered up bombs ( grenades ) and single - handedly attacked and destroyed the two machine guns . Dashing from shell - hole to shell - hole , he killed the occupants of the first post and , although wounded , continued to attack the second post and with a bomb killed the occupants . He refused to be evacuated and led his platoon until he was again severely wounded . He was awarded the Victoria Cross for his heroic actions . The 4th ( Central Ontario ) Battalion of the Canadian Expeditionary Force is perpetuated today by The Royal Hamilton Light Infantry ( RHLI ) , which contributed the majority of the soldiers to the unit . After being discharged in April 1919 , William Merrifield moved to Sault Ste . Marie , Ontario where a school is named after him in recognition of his service to his country . William Merrifield died in Toronto , Ontario on 8 August 1943 , and is buried in West Korah Cemetery , Sault Ste . Marie , Ontario . Medal . The Merrifield VC and accompanying medals were donated to the Canadian War Museum by the Merrifield family in November 2005 . The Sgt Merrifield VC medal set consists of the Victoria Cross , the Military Medal , the 1914 - 15 Star , the British War Medal 1914 - 1920 , the Victory Medal 1914 - 1919 , and the King George VI coronation medal , 1937 . There is a small display at the William Merrifield VC Armouries in Brantford , Ontario , Canada featuring a reproduction medal .
Combat Combat or fighting is a purposeful violent conflict meant to weaken , establish dominance over , or kill the opposition , or to drive the opposition away from a location where it is not wanted or needed . The term " combat " ( French for " fight " ) typically refers to armed conflict between military force s in warfare , whereas the more general term " fighting " can refer to any violent conflict between individuals or nations . Combat violence can be unilateral , whereas fighting implies at least a defensive reaction . However , the terms are often used synonym ously along with the term " Battle Ready " . A large - scale fight is known as a battle . Combat may take place under a specific set of rules or be unregulated . Examples of rules include the Geneva Conventions ( covering the treatment of soldiers in war ) , medieval Chivalry , the Marquess of Queensberry rules ( covering boxing ) and several forms of combat sport s . Combat in warfare involves two or more opposing military organizations , usually fighting for nations at war ( although guerrilla warfare and suppression of insurgencies can fall outside this definition ) . Warfare falls under the laws of war , which govern its purposes and conduct , and protect the rights of military personnel and non - combatants . Combat may be armed ( using weapon s ) or unarmed ( not using weapon s ) . Hand - to - hand combat ( melee ) is combat at very close range , attacking the opponent with the body ( striking , kick ing , strangling , etc . ) and / or with a melee weapon ( knives , sword s , baton s , etc . ) , as opposed to a ranged weapon . Hand - to - hand combat can be further divided into three sections depending on the distance and positioning of the combatants :
Rikugun Ki - 202 The Rikugun Ki - 202 " Shūsui - Kai " ( , translated as " Sharp Sword , improved " ) was a direct development of the German Messerschmitt Me 163 " Komet " rocket - powered interceptor aircraft . None were produced before Japan ' s surrender that ended World War II . In a split from the development of the Mitsubishi J8M and Mitsubishi Ki - 200 , the IJA instructed Rikugun to develop a new design based on the Me 163 , independent of the IJN ' s J8M . A fundamental shortcoming of the Me 163 , and all other aircraft based on it , was extremely limited endurance , typically only a few minutes . The Imperial Japanese Navy proposed to improve the endurance of the J8M1 by producing a version with only one cannon , thereby saving weight and space for more fuel ( the J8M2 ) . The Army , on the other hand , opted to keep both cannon , but enlarge the airframe to accommodate larger tanks , resulting in the Ki - 202 , which was to have been the definitive Army version of the fighter . Power was to be supplied by a thrust Mitsubishi Toku Ro . 3 ( KR20 ) rocket motor . Undercarriage was to have been a sprung skid and tail - wheel .
French submarine Bévéziers ( Q179 ) The Bévéziers ( Q179 ) was a 1500 - tonne submarine of the French navy named in honour of the Bataille de Bévéziers ( Battle of Beachy Head ) of 1690 . The " Bévéziers " was based in the Caribbean . At the start of the Second World War she sailed to England before voyaging to French West Africa . On September 25 , 1940 , during the Battle of Dakar , while under the command of " Capitaine de corvette " ( Lieutenant - Commander ) Lancelot , " Bévéziers " torpedoed the battleship HMS " Resolution " . She sailed back to Toulon before being sent to Madagascar . On May 5 , 1942 she was depth charged and sunk by Swordfish torpedo bombers from the British aircraft carrier HMS " Illustrious " as part of the opening attacks of the Battle of Madagascar She was raised by the Allies the next year , placed on reserve , and scrapped in 1946 .
Tommy Gunn ( action figure ) Tommy Gunn was an Action figure or boys ' doll produced by Pedigree Toys Ltd from 1966 until 1968 . The basic doll depicted a British infantry soldier of the time complete with Sterling submachine gun but was also available in World War II dress carrying a Sten gun . The figure was in direct competition with Action Man by Palitoy and in the same manner as the competing product , offered a variety of alternative outfits and accessories . It is rumoured that the designers at Pedigree had contacts within the British Ministry of Defence and hence were able to get accurate drawings of British military weapons and dress leading to better models than Palitoy could offer - for instance , the boots had actual laces in them . The standard of construction of the dolls was also considered better by some , and it did indeed offer a better level of articulation than primary competitor Action Man ; having better and more authentic shaped hands and grip gave more equipment holding options and was , more importantly , able to stand , run stooped , and adopt a ' kneel + firing ' position without alternative support , much easier than the Action Man figure . Whilst Action Man originally offered the ability to acquire a free figure ( although these models were production ' seconds ' often arriving with two of same hand , or overly stiff or impaired articulation etc . ) by collection of on - pack ' stars ' ( which were relative in value to the cost of the item ) , Tommy Gunn included a ' cigarette style ' Medal card in each pack . These were saved onto a presentation card and sent off when the set was completed . The card and ' perfect / boxed ' new figure were returned together . However , sadly , the presentation cards were red biro ( indelible ball point ) inked crossed , which seemed a shame as the cards were very detailed and thus , spoilt the presentation . Despite all this , they were unable to offer the same wide range as Palitoy who had access to all Hasbro ' s designs and Tommy Gunn sold in much lower volumes and production was halted in 1968 . After Tommy Gunn ' s demise , Palitoy shifted the theme of Action Man towards British armed forces rather than following Hasbro ' s American outfits . Whether this was related is debatable . Pedigree Toys went on to use the body moulds for Tommy Gunn to make action figures of the characters from the TV series " Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons " and these sold well for a brief period . Tommy Gunn and the " Captain Scarlet " figures are now very rare and are highly collectable .
HMS Tartar ( 1756 ) HMS " Tartar " was a 28 - gun sixth - rate frigate of the Royal Navy . The ship was designed by Sir Thomas Slade and based on the " Lyme " of 1748 , " with such alterations as may tend to the better stowing of men and carrying for guns . " The ship was first commissioned in March 1756 under Captain John Lockhart , and earned a reputation as a fast sailer during service in the English Channel . She made many captures of French ships during the Seven Years War , including 4 in 1756 and 7 the following year . During the peace that followed , the ship sailed to Barbados carrying a timekeeper built by John Harrison , as a part of a series of experiments used to determine longitude at sea . She also served in the American Revolutionary War , capturing the Spanish " Santa Margarita " of 28 guns off Cape Finisterre on 11 November 1779 , and went on to see further service during the French Revolutionary War . HMS " Tartar " was eventually wrecked off Saint - Domingue on 1 April 1797 .
Tim White ( newscaster / reporter ) Tim White ( born July 30 , 1950 ) is an American Emmy Award - winning news anchor and investigative reporter known for his role as host of the popular FOX - TV / Sci Fi Channel / syndicated paranormal documentary series " Sightings " from 1992 to 1997 . From 1999 to 2008 , Tim was the co - anchor of the Evening News broadcasts for NBC - TV Affiliate WKYC - TV , Channel 3 in Cleveland , Ohio . Biography . White , who was born Dale Timothy White in Detroit , and raised in nearby suburban Clare , Michigan , attended college at Michigan State University and the University of Southern California , and earned a doctorate in communications from the University of Maryland . He served in the Air Force Reserve , attaining the rank of brigadier general . Accomplishments and awards . White ' s on - air television credits include WJZ - TV ( Baltimore ) , WCVB - TV ( Boston ) , and WTTG - TV ( Washington , DC ) , where he won multiple Emmy awards anchoring Fox Morning News . He has also hosted programs for PBS , CBS - TV , CNN , Turner Broadcasting , Knowledge TV , Paramount Pictures , and Worldnet . White joined WKYC - TV Channel 3 , Gannett ' s NBC affiliate in Cleveland , Ohio in 1999 . White is also inducted into the Ohio Radio and Television Broadcasters Hall of Fame . On December 12 , 2008 , White opted to leave WKYC as a result of his contract not being renewed . The two parties could not come to an agreement on the financial terms of a new contract . Dr . White is the president of Lives and Legacies Films , Inc . which has produced the PBS series First Person Singular , most notably a program on the life of Elie Wiesel . In September 2011 , The Buffalo Bill Historical Center has made s White the division director for the center ' s new Content and Programming ( formerly Content ) Division . White had been associated with the center for the past several years as a non - trustee member of the Development , Fundraising and Marketing Committee of the board of trustees . After managing his own news group company in Cody , Wyoming for the past few years , White currently resides in Arlington , Virginia . Career as Air Force Reserve General . White retired from the Air Force Reserve as a Brigadier General on August 14 , 2006 . White had also served as Director of Public Affairs , Office of the Secretary of the Air Force , the Pentagon , Washington , D . C . and Mobilization Assistant to Director of Strategic Communication .
Castle of Moncalieri The Castle of Moncalieri is a palace in Moncalieri ( province of Turin ) , Piedmont , in northern Italy . It is one of the Residences of the Royal House of Savoy listed by UNESCO as World Heritage Sites in 1997 . History . The first structure was a fortress built by Thomas I of Savoy around 1100 on a hill , to command the main southern access to Turin . In the mid - 17th century Yolanda of Valois , wife of Duke Amadeus IX , turned it into a pleasure residence . Architect Carlo di Castellamonte enlarged the construction substantially , and the interiors were redesigned by him and other local artists . The castle was the site of the marriage between Maria Vittoria Francesca of Savoy to the Prince of Carignano . It was also the place where Maria Carolina of Savoy married Anthony of Saxony by proxy in 1781 . It was the scene of the death of Maria Antonietta of Spain in 1785 ; she was the wife of Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia . Victor Amadeus would later die there in 1796 . The castle was used extensively by the Savoyards , and was the first castle occupied in 1798 by the French armies , who retained it until 1814 . Returned to Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia and later to his distant nephew Charles Albert of Sardinia , Prince of Carignano , it became the residence of young family princes who studied here . King Victor Emmanuel II preferred it to the Royal Palace of Turin , and had numerous apartments furnished according to his tastes . In 1849 it was the seat of the famous proclaim in favour of Massimo D ' Azeglio , and later was used by the Mother Queens and royal princesses . Since 1921 it has been the home of the 1st Battalion of the Carabinieri , but the historical rooms can be freely visited . On April 5 , 2008 , a fire broke out in the castle , damaging one of the towers and the hall of the proclaim . Overview . The current structure of the castle is in the shape of a horseshoe facing south , with four massive square towers at each angle . The side sections have fived floors , brick walls and robust buttress es . Two other minor buildings parallel the side sections and create two courts . The southern façade has a " giardino all ' italiana " and two small cylindrical towers , last remains of the 15th - century castle . The northern entrance has also a notable belvedere .
USS John P . Gray ( APD - 74 ) USS " John P . Gray " ( APD - 74 ) , ex - DE - 673 , was a United States Navy high - speed transport in commission from 1944 to 1946 . Construction and commissioning . " John P . Gray " was laid down as the " Buckley " - class destroyer escort USS " John P . Gray " ( DE - 673 ) on 18 December 1943 by the Dravo Corporation at Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania and launched as such on 18 March 1944 , sponsored by Mrs . Roy C . Gray , mother of the ships namesake , Lieutenant , junior grade , John P . Gray . She then was towed down the Ohio River and the Mississippi River to Orange , Texas , for fitting out at the Consolidated Shipbuilding Company shipyard . The ship was reclassified as a " Charles Lawrence " - class high - speed transport and redesignated APD - 74 on 27 June 1944 . After conversion to her new role , the ship was commissioned at the Consolidated yard on 15 March 1945 with Lieutenant Commander W . E . Sims in command . Service history . Following a shakedown cruise to Guantanamo Bay , Cuba , during April and May 1945 , " John P . Gray " arrived at New London on 1 June 1945 to escort the Italian submarine " Ris Mameli " to Guantanamo Bay . From there " John P . Gray " proceeded via the Panama Canal Zone to San Diego , California , arriving 19 June 1945 . She departed for Pearl Harbor , Territory of Hawaii , 21 June 1945 , and spent July 1945 training underwater demolition team s on the island of Maui . In August 1945 she returned briefly to California to embark an underwater demolition team unit for duty ; and , after a stopover in Hawaii , she arrived Eniwetok 30 August 1945 . Meanwhile , World War II came to end with the surrender of Japan on 15 August 1945 . The war over , " John P . Gray " arrived at Jinsen , Korea , on 8 September 1945 to take part in occupation operations . Departing on 14 September 1945 , she steamed via Guam and Eniwetok to Pearl Harbor , and was attached to Operation Magic Carpet , the giant operation undertaken to return to the United States the thousands of Pacific war veterans demobilizing after World War II . She made two voyages between Hawaii and San Diego , then departed San Diego on 30 November 1945 for Norfolk , Virginia . " John P . Gray " arrived at Hampton Roads , Virginia , on 13 December 1945 , and then moved to Green Cove Springs , Florida , where she arrived on 25 January 1946 . Decommissioning and disposal . " John P . Gray " was decommissioned at Green Cove Springs on 29 April 1946 and entered the Texas Group of the Atlantic Reserve Fleet at Orange , Texas . Later she was moved to San Francisco . After nearly 21 years of inactivity , she was stricken from the Navy List on 1 March 1967 and was sold for scrapping on 3 September 1968 .
Culinary specialist ( United States Navy ) Culinary specialist ( abbreviated CS ) is a United States Navy occupational rating . It was formerly the mess management specialist ( MS ) rating until 15 January 2004 , and as Steward ( SD ) prior to 1975 . Duties . Culinary specialists operate and manage US Navy messes and living quarters established to subsist and accommodate naval personnel in addition to many other duties including but not limited to : Navy culinary specialists run the White House mess for the President of the United States .