naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
La Maraude La Maraude describes the tactic employed by Napoleonic armies of scavenging for supplies instead of relying on extended lines of supply . It was Napoleon ’ s belief that armies should be largely self - sufficient , as this freed them from the constraints of supply lines and allowed them to move far more quickly than their more static enemies . The tactic proved very successful in Western and central Europe but was less successful in the more desolate regions of Spain and Russia where food was less plentiful . The tactic was particularly flawed whenever an army was forced to retreat over land which it had already scavenged as in the retreat from Moscow . One result of this method of provisioning was that French soldiers became accomplished cooks and were able to create very nourishing meals from very basic ingredients .
Royal Flying Corps Canada The Royal Flying Corps Canada ( RFC Canada ) was a training organization of the British Royal Flying Corps located in Canada during the First World War . It began operating in 1917 . As the war progressed , Great Britain found that it needed more trained aircrew and more training facilities . Training was provided both by the " Curtiss Aviation School " at Long Branch near Toronto ( land plane training ) and Hanlan ' s Point on Toronto Island ( for flying boat training ) , and in the United States . The British realized that thousands of Canadians and Americans had joined British flying operations and more wanted to join , so it made sense to open British air training stations in Canada . Canada also had space for such facilities . After much negotiation with the Canadian government , the RFC , commanded in Canada by Lt Col ( later Brig Gen ) Cuthbert Hoare , began operating several training stations in southern Ontario . Stations were opened at Camp Borden ( main training site ) , Beamsville , Hamilton ( armament school ) , North Toronto ( Armour Heights , Leaside and Long Branch ) , and Deseronto ( Mohawk and Rathburn ) . The Curtiss JN - 4 ( Jenny ) was used for training ; 500 Avro 504K s had been ordered but they were not used before the war ended in November 1918 . Hoare made several agreements with U . S . Brig Gen George O . Squier ( US Army Signal Corps ) and the US Aircraft Production Board . Squier had overall responsibility for the US Army ’ s air service , which was short of flight instructors . The RFC released five experienced American pilots to the US Army , where they became squadron commanders . The US Air Board acquiesced in the British opening a recruiting office in New York City , ostensibly to recruit British citizens , but in fact also soliciting US citizens , of whom about 300 were successfully signed up . The RFC would also train many US Army flight personnel : 400 pilots ; 2 , 000 ground - crew members ; and 20 equipment officers . These Americans would then collect aircraft and equipment from the UK , before coming under RFC control in France . Ten American squadrons would train in Canada during the summer of 1917 , while RFC squadrons were allowed to train during the winter in Fort Worth , Texas . During the last two years of the war 3135 pilots and 137 observers trained in Canada and Texas for both the RFC and the new Royal Air Force ( RAF ) . Of these trainees , 2 , 624 went to Europe for operational duty .
Fort Buchanan , Arizona Fort Buchanan , was a United States Army post founded in 1856 three miles southwest of present day Sonoita , Arizona in what is now called Hog Canyon . The fort was located on the east slope of the canyon and under constant attack by native Americans . It was officially abandoned in 1861 but during the American Civil War troops of the California Column occasionally manned the post . In February 1865 Apaches attacked and forced the small garrison to retreat . It was then abandoned for good and Fort Crittenden was established half a mile east on the flats in 1867 .
Heinz - Horst Hißbach Heinz - Horst Hißbach ( 30 January 1916 – 14 April 1945 ) was a German Luftwaffe night fighter ace and recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross ( ) during World War II . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . Heinz - Horst Hißbach claimed 34 aerial victories , all of them at night .
BL 16 . 25 inch Mk I naval gun The Elswick BL 16 . 25 inch naval gun was an early British superheavy breech - loading naval gun , commonly known as the 110 - ton gun or 111 - ton gun . Service . Elswick had already supplied similar guns to Italy ' s Regia Marina and fitted in the " Andrea Doria " of 1885 and the Royal Navy required parity for its Mediterranean fleet . The adoption of this gun was influenced by the slow rate of production of the preferred new 13 . 5 inch guns : the Royal Navy had the option of delaying the completion of the new s until sufficient 13 . 5 inch guns were available to equip them with four guns in two twin barbettes as planned ; to use 12 - inch guns , or to equip them with the new 16 . 25 inch guns . The decision made was to install 16 . 25 inch guns in HMS " Benbow " in 1887 in single barbettes fore and aft , each gun substituting for two 13 . 5 inch guns . For the following HMS " Victoria " and HMS " Sans Pareil " the 16 . 25 inch guns were mounted in pairs in a single turret placed forward . Weaknesses such as droop and cracking were discovered in the early design , and the many subsequent changes meant that none of the 12 guns built were identical , so the Mk I denomination was discontinued and the individual guns were referred to by their serial numbers . The great weight , low rate of fire and short life of less than 75 rounds meant that the guns were less than successful and were in fact never fired in action . < br style = " clear : left ; " > Ammunition . < br style = " clear : left ; " >
HMS Conqueror ( 1773 ) HMS " Conqueror " was a 74 - gun third rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy , launched on 10 October 1773 at Plymouth . She was commanded by Captain George Balfour in the Battle of the Saintes , 1782 . She was broken up in 1794 .
Toa Maru " Toa Maru " No 2 is a World War II Japanese transport ship sunk by the American submarine off Gizo , Solomon Islands in Ironbottom Sound on 25 November 1943 . The hull of the wreck is intact and lying on its starboard side . The ships masts are still attached to the hull , however recently the superstructure has fallen into the sand . The deepest point of the wreck is by the stern , which rests in of water , however the top of the wreck can be reached at a depth of . The contents of the ship ' s 6 cargo holds include saki bottles , ammunition clips , two Type 95 tanks , motor - cycle sidecar combinations and a fuel tanker . However , since the sinking , the ship has been salvaged removing some of the cargo and the ship ' s propeller . In its 2010 travel guide , " Diver " magazine named the wreck as one of the top 20 wreck dives in the world .
Frank Douglas Stevens Captain Frank Douglas Stevens was a World War I flying ace credited with five aerial victories . Stevens tallied five " driven down out of control " victories between 3 May and 16 August 1917 . His observer / gunners in his Royal Aircraft Factory FE . 2 d included fellow ace Lieutenant William Cambray . Stevens became an Officer of the Order of the British Empire on 3 June 1919 . References . " Above the Trenches : a Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915 – 1920 . " Christopher F . Shores , Norman L . R . Franks , Russell Guest . Grub Street , 1990 . ISBN 0 - 948817 - 19 - 4 , 9780948817199 .
B - 36 Peacemaker Museum The B - 36 Peacemaker Museum is a non - profit organization dedicated to " Dedicated to the preservation of the rich aviation history of North Texas " . Original purpose of the museum . The museum was originally created to preserve and display the last Convair B - 36 built . Of 386 B - 36s built from 1945 to 1954 , only four intact examples survive . B - 36 - J - III 52 - 2827 " City of Fort Worth " was built in Fort Worth , Texas in 1954 . The aircraft was accepted by the Air Force on August 14 , 1954 and was retired on 12 , February 1959 . It was displayed at Amon Carter Field , later Greater Southwest Airport , from 1959 until the late 1970s , when it was moved to Carswell Air Force Base . Exposed to the extremes of Texas weather , the giant aircraft slowly deteriorated . In the early 1990s the aircraft was disassembled and moved indoors to hangar space at the factory where it was built , donated by Lockheed Aircraft . A group of dedicated volunteers , many of them retired Convair employees who had worked on the original B - 36 assembly line , spent 40 , 000 man - hours restoring the plane . Transfer of the B - 36 to Arizona . The aircraft is officially owned by the National Museum of the United States Air Force ( NMUSAF ) , but was on loan to the B - 36 Peacemaker Museum . In 2006 , it was agreed that the Peacemaker Museum did not have the proper resources to restore and exhibit the aircraft , and the aircraft was trucked to the Pima Air & Space Museum ( PASM ) in Tucson , Arizona where it is was restored and is currently exhibited . In the arid Tucson climate , it is possible to display aircraft outdoors without the kind of deterioration that occurred in Fort Worth . As the National Museum of the United States Air Force still retains ownership of the aircraft , the future direction of the B - 36 Peacemaker Museum is still undecided .
Camp Coiner Camp Coiner is a USFK installation located on the northern part of Yongsan Garrison located in Seoul , South Korea . It was named after 2nd Lieutenant Randall Coiner assigned to the 3rd Battalion , 31st Infantry Regiment of the 7th Infantry Division who was posthumously awarded the Silver Star for actions taken in 1953 during the Korean War near the village of Sokkagae . Camp Coiner is located within the Yongsan - gu district of Seoul . East of the camp is the commercial district of Itaewon , with westernized shopping and nightlife . To the west of Yongsan is the Samgakji subway station and Yongsan Electronics Market . Prior to the US military taking control of the camp from the Imperial Japanese Army , Camp Coiner was used as a garrison for a horse drawn artillery unit . Currently the camp is home to elements of 8th PERSCOM , the 8th MP Brigade , 17th Aviation Brigade ( disestablished in 2005 ) , and the 1st Signal Brigade .
USS Glaucus ( 1863 ) USS " Glaucus " was a large steamship acquired by the Union Navy during the American Civil War . The Union Navy planned to use her as a gunship in the blockade of ports of the Confederate States of America , but , also found it useful to use her to transport the president of Colombia to Cartagena , Colombia . On her return to blockade duty , " Glaucus " experienced a fire and several groundings , but managed to make it through to the end of the war . Service history . " Glaucus " , a screw steamer , was in the process of being built by the Van Duesen Brothers in New York City for the Neptune Steamship Company when she was purchased on behalf of the U . S . Navy on 17 July 1863 by Rear Admiral F . H . Gregory ; and commissioned 18 February 1864 , Comdr . C . H . B . Caldwell in command . " Glaucus " was assigned to the North Atlantic Blockading Squadron , but before assuming her duties she was chosen to transport Senor Manuel Murillo , newly elected President of Colombia , to Cartagena . She departed 5 March from New York and arrived Cartagena 16 March . Returning to Beaufort , North Carolina , 3 May 1864 , " Glaucus " took up blockading station off Cape Fear River . On 28 May , while pursuing a blockade runner off the Western Bar , " Glaucus " caught fire and was nearly destroyed . The crew managed to control the flames , however ; and she proceeded to Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , for repairs , arriving 9 June 1864 and decommissioning 11 June . Repaired and recommissioned 22 August 1864 , she broke down on her way to New York City , and had to again undergo extensive repairs . Sailing to join the West India Convoy Fleet , she grounded near Molasses Reef in the Bahamas , and had to be towed 30 May 1865 . She was decommissioned 6 June and sold 12 June 1865 to John Henderson . Renamed " Worchester " , she had an active merchant career before being scrapped at Boston , Massachusetts , in 1894 .
James Whitehead ( police officer ) Brigadier James Whitehead , CB , CMG , CBE , DSO , OStJ , ADC ( 18 January 1880 – 1 December 1955 ) was a British Indian Army officer who later became a senior officer in the London Metropolitan Police . Whitehead was the son of Lieutenant - Colonel Edmund Whitehead , an officer in the Black Watch . He was educated at Dulwich College and at the Royal Military College , Sandhurst . He was commissioned a Second Lieutenant into the Royal West Kent Regiment on 12 August 1899 , but on 29 October 1901 transferred to the Indian Staff Corps in the Indian Army . He was promoted Lieutenant on 12 November 1901 and Captain on 12 August 1908 , by which time he was serving with the 1st Brahmans . In 1907 he married Winifred Fanny Fell ; they had four sons and one daughter . He attended the Staff College from 1911 to 1912 . By the beginning of 1914 , Whitehead was serving as a cadet company commander at Sandhurst and on 4 February 1914 he was granted the temporary rank of Major , as was normal for this post . On 14 October 1914 , having reverted to Captain , he was appointed Deputy Assistant Adjutant - General ( DAAG ) and on 27 February 1916 he was advanced to Assistant Adjutant - General ( AAG ) with the temporary rank of Lieutenant - Colonel . On 3 June 1916 he was made a Brevet Lieutenant - Colonel . For his service in the First World War , Whitehead received the Distinguished Service Order ( DSO ) in the 1916 King ' s Birthday Honours and was made a Companion of St Michael and St George ( CMG ) and an Officer of the French Légion d ' honneur . In 1921 , he became Director of Organisation at Simla . He was appointed an Aide - de - Camp to King George V in 1924 . He commanded the 11th Indian Infantry Brigade at Abbottabad from 1925 until 1927 , when he retired from the Army with the rank of Brigadier . He was appointed a Chief Constable in the Metropolitan Police on 1 October 1927 . He commanded No . 1 District ( West End , Hammersmith and Wandsworth ) . He was promoted to Deputy Assistant Commissioner on 29 June 1933 , when district commanders were given that rank for the first time , and Assistant Commissioner " A " on 30 September 1933 . In this role , he was in charge of organisation and uniformed policing . He was appointed a Commander of the British Empire ( CBE ) on 11 May 1937 and an Officer of the Order of St John ( OStJ ) on 20 December 1937 . He retired from the police in 1938 . In 1939 , he was recalled to the Army , serving as Deputy Adjutant - General with the British Expeditionary Force in France . After returning to Britain in 1940 he commanded the Home Guard in the London District . For this service he was made a Companion of the Bath ( CB ) on 3 September 1940 .
Abd al - Aziz ibn al - Walid Abd al - Aziz ibn al - Walid ( ; died 728 / 9 ) was a member of the Umayyad dynasty and a military leader in the wars against the Byzantine Empire . He was a son of the Caliph al - Walid I ( reign ed 705 – 715 ) . He led in his first campaign against the Byzantines in Asia Minor in 709 , when he captured a fortress , although his uncle Maslamah ibn Abd al - Malik led the main raid of the year afterwards . In 710 he led the main Umayyad attack , although under the auspices of Maslamah as commander - in - chief for the Byzantine front , and in 713 he led an attack against the frontier fortress of Gazelon . In 714 / 5 , his father the Caliph attempted to reverse the succession arrangement , by which the throne would pass to his brother Sulayman , in favour of Abd al - Aziz , but was unable to impose his will . When Sulayman in turn died in 717 , Abd al - Aziz intended to claim the throne , but upon learning that Umar II had been chosen as caliph , he presented himself before him and acknowledged his rule . Abd al - Aziz died in Anno Hegirae 110 ( 728 / 729 CE ) .
Hiro G2H The Hiro G2H ( or Hiro Navy Type 95 Twin - engined Land - based Attacker ) was a 1930s Japan ese bomber or reconnaissance monoplane designed and built by the Hiro Naval Arsenal for the Imperial Japanese Navy . Design and development . The Hiro G2H1 was one of the first long - range land - based bomber / reconnaissance aircraft designed and built for the Imperial Japanese Navy . The prototype appeared in 1933 but suffered from structural weakness . The aircraft was a low - wing , cantilever monoplane powered by two 1 , 180 hp ( 880 kW ) Type 94 piston engines . The aircraft struggled with the unreliability of the engines , and only eight aircraft were built . The development of the aircraft was costly in both manpower and finance and the aircraft did not live up to expectations . The aircraft however did give the Navy experience in the operation of long - range land - based aircraft , which was to prove invaluable in the later Pacific war . Operational history . One aircraft was lost in an accident but the rest operated against the Chinese mainland during the Sino - Japanese incident . In 1937 , five aircraft were destroyed in a fire at their base on Cheju Island .
Capture of Oxford The Capture of Oxford took place during Isabella ' s Campaign in the Despenser wars . She and her lover , Roger Mortimer , 1st Earl of March , took the town en route to London . March to Oxford . Isabella of France and Mortimer moved out again on their March on London . They successfully avoided Edward II of England ' s army , and they moved south . There , they moved to capture Oxford . They marched south , nearing London every step they took . Edward II prepared to run , and Isabella and Mortimer ' s forces took Oxford .
SM UB - 83 SM " UB - 83 " was a German Type UB III submarine or U - boat in the German Imperial Navy ( ) during World War I . She was commissioned into the German Imperial Navy on 15 October 1917 as SM " UB - 83 " . " UB - 82 " was sunk on 10 September 1918 by off Orkney at , all 35 crew members died in the event . Construction . She was built by AG Weser of Bremen and following just under a year of construction , launched at Bremen on 15 September 1917 . " UB - 83 " was commissioned later that same year . Like all Type UB III submarines , " UB - 83 " carried 10 torpedoes and was armed with a deck gun . " UB - 83 " would carry a crew of up to 3 officer and 31 men and had a cruising range of . " UB - 83 " had a displacement of while surfaced and when submerged . Her engines enabled her to travel at when surfaced and when submerged .
Benjamin H . Child Corporal Benjamin Ham Child ( May 8 , 1843 to May 16 , 1902 ) was an American soldier who fought in the American Civil War . Child received the United States ' highest award for bravery during combat , the Medal of Honor , for his action during the Battle of Antietam in Maryland on 17 September 1862 . He was honored with the award on 20 July 1897 . Biography . Child was born in Providence , Rhode Island on 8 May 1843 . He enlisted into the 1st Rhode Island Volunteer Light Artillery . He died on 16 May 1902 and his remains are interred at the Swan Point Cemetery in Providence , Rhode Island .
William Kueffner William Charles Kueffner ( February 27 , 1840 – March 18 , 1893 ) was an officer in the Union Army during the American Civil War who served in the 9th Illinois Infantry in the Western Theater in several campaigns . He was later brevetted as a brigadier general for bravery in combat and was a noted attorney in southern Illinois following the war . Biography . Kueffner was born in Germany . He lived in Mecklenburg before emigrating to the United States . He settled in the Hill Country of Texas in the German - American community , where he was an outspoken opponent of slavery . He moved North on the outbreak of the Civil War and relocated to Belleville , Illinois . He subsequently joined the Union Army and was commissioned as a captain in the 9th Illinois Infantry . Over the next four years , he took part in 110 engagements and was wounded four times . Following his final battle wound , he was transferred to the 23rd Veterans Reserve Corps , with whom he served in non - combat areas . However , very late in the war , he had recovered sufficiently to become the colonel and commander of the 149th Illinois Volunteer Infantry . He was brevetted Brigadier General , U . S . Volunteers in the ominbus promotions following the war , backdated to March 13 , 1865 , for " gallant and meritorious services " . After the war , Kueffner was the collector of internal revenue for the 12th district of Illinois until removed in 1869 by order of President Ulysses S . Grant for political reasons . He then studied law , passed his bar exam , and established a profitable legal practice . He became one of Belleville ' s and Southern Illinois ' most outstanding lawyers . Kueffer died in the spring of 1893 at the age of 53 . He was buried in the Walnut Hill Cemetery in Belleville . He is honored there with an impressive stone statue .
List of academicians educated at the United States Military Academy The United States Military Academy ( USMA ) is an undergraduate college in West Point , New York that educates and commissions officers for the United States Army . This list is drawn from alumni of the Academy who became university educators or administrators , such as Dennis Hart Mahan ( class of 1824 ) , George Washington Custis Lee ( class of 1854 ) , Dwight D . Eisenhower ( class of 1915 ) , and Wesley Posvar ( class of 1946 ) .
Sanjay Kumar ( soldier ) Rifleman Sanjay Kumar , PVC of 13 Jammu and Kashmir Rifles , born in village Klol Bukiana in Bilaspur district of Himachal Pradesh , is a recipient of the Param Vir Chakra , India ' s highest military award . He was the leading Scout of a team tasked to capturing Area Flat Top on July 4 , 1999 during the Kargil war . The area was held by Pakistan military . Having scaled the cliff , the team was pinned down by machine gun fire from an enemy bunker , about 150 meters away . Sanjay Kumar , realizing the magnitude of the problem and the detrimental effect this bunker would have in the capture of Area Flat Top , crawled alone up the ledge , along a flank , and charged towards the enemy bunker through a hail of automatic fire . Almost instantly he took two bullets in his chest and forearm that left him bleeding profusely . Though bleeding from the bullet wounds , he continued the charge towards the bunker . In hand - to - hand fighting , he killed three enemy soldiers . He then picked up an enemy machine gun and crept towards the second enemy bunker . The enemy soldier s , taken completely by surprise , were killed by him as they fled their post . Inspired by his act the rest of the platoon charged , assaulted the feature and captured Area Flat Top . In popular culture . Sanjay Kumar ' s story along with others who were part of the same conflict was portrayed in the movie LOC Kargil and the character was played by Sunil Shetty . Controversy : Double Demotion . The army disregarding his heroics , in 2010 demoted Sanjay Kumar two positions down from Havildar to Lance Naik . The army refused to cite any reasons for his demotion . Moreover , in an act of apparent hiding of facts , the army continues to mention him as Havildar in press releases . Padam - Vir Chakra Awardees has to be saluted irrespective of his rank , which is alleged to be the bone of contention between him and his seniors . Mr . Kumar has been offered a job from Himachal Pradesh Government . He may apparently accept this offer after completing his 17 Years Service ( for receiving post retirement benefits ) in army .
44th Armoured Division ( India ) The 44th Indian Armoured Division was an armoured division of the Indian Army during World War II . It was formed in Burma February 1943 , from the 32nd and 43rd Armoured divisions . It was reformed as the 21st Infantry Division in April 1944 . Formation . 268th Indian Infantry Brigade . converted from 268th Indian Armoured Brigade August 1945