naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Round shot Round shot ( or solid shot , or a cannonball , or simply " ball " ) is a solid projectile without explosive charge , fired from a cannon . As the name implies , round shot is spherical ; its diameter is slightly less than the bore of the gun from which it is fired . Round shot was made in early times from dressed stone , but by the 17th century , from iron . It was used as the most accurate projectile that could be fired by a smoothbore cannon , used to batter the wooden hulls of opposing ships , fortification s , or fixed emplacements , and as a long - range anti - personnel weapon . However , masonry stone forts designed during the early modern period ( known as star fort s ) were almost impervious to the effects of roundshot . Grapeshot and round shot were some of the early projectiles used in smoothbores . Round shot was used by naval guns during most of the age of sail , being replaced after the invention by Benjamin Robins of the extruded bullet around the mid - 19th century . In land battles , round shot would often plough through many ranks of troops , causing multiple casualties . Unlike the fake gunpowder explosions representing roundshot in movies , real roundshot was more like a bouncing bowling ball , which would not stop after the initial impact , but continue and tear through anything in its path . It could bounce when it hit the ground , striking men at each bounce . The casualties from round shot were extremely gory ; when fired directly into an advancing column , a cannon was capable of passing straight through up to forty men . Even when most of its kinetic energy is expended , a round shot still has enough momentum to knock men over and cause gruesome injury . Round shot has the disadvantages of not being tightly fitted into the bore ( to do so would cause jamming ) . This causes the shot to " rattle " down the gun barrel and leave the barrel at an angle unless wadding or a discarding sabot is used . This is known as ' windage . ' Round shot has been totally replaced by modern shells . Round shot is used in historical recreations and historical replica weapons . In the 1860s , some round shots were equipped with winglets in order to benefit from the rifling of cannons . Such round shot would benefit from gyroscopic stability , thereby improving their trajectory , until the advent of the ogival shell .
List of Missouri Civil War Confederate units This is a list of Missouri Civil War Confederate Units , or military units from the state of Missouri which fought for the Confederacy in the American Civil War . A border state with both southern and northern influences , Missouri attempted to remain neutral when the war began . However , this was unacceptable to the Federal government , and Union military forces moved against the capital to arrest the legislature and the governor . Governor Claiborne Jackson called out the Missouri State Guard to resist . Union forces under Gen . Nathaniel Lyon seized the state capital , and a minority of pro - Union members of the legislature declared the governor removed from office . They appointed a pro - Union governor , and the Federal government recognized him even though he had not been elected . This resulted in a civil war within the state , as Missourians divided and joined both the Union and Confederate armies . Missouri sent representatives to the United States Congress and the Confederate States Congress , and was represented by a star on both flags . Arkansas soldiers in Missouri units . In addition to serving in Confederate units organized in Arkansas , many Arkansas soldiers would serve in Confederate units organized in Missouri . Because Missouri Confederate troops were effectively driven out of the geographic area of Missouri after the Pea Ridge Campaign , except during raids by Generals Marmaduke , Shelby and Price , many of the Missouri units recruited heavily in Arkansas . This practice led some Missouri units to be mislabeled as Arkansas units when Confederate service records were compiled by the United States War Department in the 1880s , and some Arkansas units being mislabeled as Missouri units . Troops living near the borders with other states often enlisted in the nearest unit , even if across the state line , resulting in Arkansas soldiers enlisting in units from Missouri , Louisiana and Tennessee . The following is a list of Missouri units that contained large numbers of Arkansas soldiers :
USS Kaula ( AG - 33 ) USS " Kaula " ( AG - 33 ) was built in 1938 by Henry Robb Ltd , in Leith , Scotland . She was acquired by the U . S . Navy as " Cubahama " 3 January 1941 from her owner , Balboa Shipping Company of New York and renamed " Kaula " 15 January then commissioned at Baltimore , Maryland 22 January with Lieutenant Commander W . L . Ware in command . Sailing to Hampton Roads , Virginia , 25 January , " Kaula " departed 4 February for Hawaii , via the Panama Canal and the West Coast , reaching Pearl Harbor 17 March . Prior to the outbreak of war in the Pacific , she carried cargo from Pearl Harbor and Honolulu to various islands in the Hawaiian chain and to Johnston and Palmyra Island s . During the Japanese raid on Pearl Harbor 7 December , she was en route to Palmyra Island . Throughout the war with the Japanese Empire , " Kaula " operated out of Pearl Harbor and Honolulu to principal Hawaiian Islands and to outlying islands west to Midway and south to Palmyra . Usually sailing in convoy , she ranged the Hawaiian Sea frontier carrying military equipment , ammunition , and contingents of Seabees until she sailed for the United States on 18 May 1945 , arriving at Seattle , Washington on 26 May . Following 2 months of overhaul , " Kaula " departed Seattle 31 July on the first of several voyages to Alaska . Assigned to the 13th Naval District , she steamed for the US Coast Guard to Ketchikan , Juneau , Seward , Kodiak , and Dutch Harbor before returning to Seattle 18 September . She operated in Puget Sound and the Strait of Juan de Fuca before steaming to Blake Island Anchorage , Washington , 6 December and decommissioning 14 January 1946 . Struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 12 March , " Kaula " was transferred to the Maritime Commission 15 July for sale to her former owner .
Akola Fort Akola fort ( also called Asadgad or Asagad ) along with the Narnala and Akot fort s forms the major fortifications of the Akola district , Maharashtra , India . History . In its earliest form of mud made by one Akol Singh to protect the village . He saw a hare chasing a dog and considering this to be an auspicious sign , he built an earthen wall here to protect the village . Akola was fortified majorly in 1697 CE during the reign of Aurangzeb by Asad Khan , from whom the fort took its name ( Asadgad ) . In 1803 , Arthur Wellesley camped here before proceeding to win the Battle of Argaon in the Second Anglo - Maratha War . The fortress was dismantled by the British Raj in about 1870 . It was reported in 1910 in a district gazetteer that the central part of the fort ( the " hawakhana " ) was used as a school . Major features . Akola fort is notable in that it is bereft of any decorative embellishments . There are several inscriptions on the fort . An inscription on the " Dahi handa " gate gives its date of constructions as 1114 AH ( 1697 CE ) , ' during the reign of emperor Aurangzeb when Nawab Asad Khan was minister . ' Another on the Fateh Buruj bastion has no exact date . It too mentions the same minister but a different emperor ( Shah Alam ) . One on the Eidgah , contains texts and statement that the building was finished by Khawja Abdul Latif in 1116 AH ( 1698 CE ) . On the " Agarves " gate an inscription in Marathi reads that Govind Appaji in 1843 CE constructed the fort . The latter statement contradicts all the other inscriptions . Shri Raj Rajeshwar Mandir . Akola ’ s oldest Shiva temple is Rajeshwar Mandir . Shiv temple built by Chola _ Empire king raj rajeswar Folklore . While king Akolsingh was living in the Asadgad Fort , there is a famous story is associated with this payas temple . Every night his queen went to this temple to worship Lord Shiva at midnight . She had deep belief in Lord Shiva . Once king Akolsingh thought that his queen is going for a wrong reason in the midnight , so he followed her with a sword ; the queen came to know that King Akolsingh was following her and thinking that she is walking in the midnight not for worship but for illicit work . She felt gloomy and guilty and went straight went to the Shiva temple and pleaded the god that her husband the king was thinking wrong about her , and that it was insulting that he was having no faith in her loyalty and her character , so that she pleaded " kindly get me into your Pind ( Shiva Ling ) " , and suddenly the Shiva ling broke in two parts and the queen jumped into that ling and then it is closed . The king understood his mistake and could not forgive himself . Still the Shiva ling in this temple has a little crack which shows and proves the reality of ancient story . This temple is the base aastha of this Akola city . there are 2 bridges first one is the dagadi pool ( stone bridge ) and the other is lokhand pool ( iron bridge ) . this rion bridge was built at the time of british . See also . List of forts in Maharashtra
Ninth United States Army The Ninth United States Army is a field army of the United States Army . It was one of the main U . S . Army combat commands used during the campaign in Northwest Europe in 1944 and 1945 . It was commanded from its inception by Lieutenant General William Simpson . It had been designated Eighth Army , but on arrival in the United Kingdom it was renamed to avoid confusion with the famous British formation of the same designation . All American field armies in the European Theatre of Operation were designated with odd numbers , even numbered field armies served in the Pacific Theatre of Operations . History . The first responsibility for Ninth Army , upon its arrival on 5 September was to take part in the final reduction of the German forces holding out in the French port of Brest . After the surrender of the town fifteen days later , Ninth Army was sent east to take its place in the line . It came into the line between Third Army and First Army . In November , Ninth Army was shifted to the very northern flank of 12th Army Group . It undertook operations to close the front up to the Roer River . 16 December saw the opening of the last great German offensive of the war , the Battle of the Bulge . Ninth Army was isolated from the headquarters of 12th Army Group , and it was thus placed ( on 20 December ) under the command of General Bernard Montgomery ' s 21st Army Group along with First Army , despite opposition from General Omar Bradley . Simpson reoriented his command quickly to help in the reduction of the salient that the Germans had created . Many of Ninth Army ' s units passed to the command of First Army , which was doing the main work of reducing the German salient from the north . In the meantime , the remainder of Ninth Army continued to hold the line along the Roer . When First Army and Third Army had finished reducing the salient , First Army returned to the command of 12th Army Group , but Ninth Army remained under the command of 21st Army Group for the remainder of the Rhineland Campaign . Late February and Ninth Army launched Operation Grenade , which was the southern prong of a pincer attack coordinated with Canadian First Army ' s Operation Veritable , with the purpose of closing the front up to the Rhine . By 10 March , the Rhine had been reached in all sectors of Ninth Army ' s front . It was not until after 20 March that Ninth Army units first crossed the Rhine itself . However , after doing so , the Army quickly struck east around the north of the Ruhr . An enormous pocket soon formed containing the German Army Group B under Model . By 4 April , Ninth Army had reached the Weser and was switched back to 12th Army Group . The end was now clearly in sight , and as part of Ninth Army , along with the newly arrived Fifteenth Army , reduced the enormous Ruhr Pocket , other elements reached the Elbe on 18 April . 2 May saw the whole of Ninth Army ' s front reached the agreed demarcation point with the Russians , and the advance ceased . Reactivation . In 2012 , US Army Africa was re - designated as US Army Africa ( Ninth Army ) under the Army modularization program .
11 Squadron SAAF 11 Squadron was a World War II squadron of the South African Air Force . It was created in South Africa in 1939 and served in East Africa until 1941 as an army cooperation and reconnaissance squadron . It was re - formed in 1944 as a fighter bomber squadron and served in Italy until 1945 when it returned to Egypt and was disbanded on conclusion of the war on 30 October 1945 . It was re - activated in 1974 , flying Cessna 185s as an army liaison squadron until 1991 when it disbanded for the final time . History . 11 Squadron served in two periods during World War II , in East Africa and again later in Egypt and Italy . It was formed on 11 December 1939 at Waterkloof Flying Station equipped with 24 Hawker Hartbees in an army co - operation role , moving to Kenya in May 1940 . The squadron received its first Fairey Battle in June 1940 and by 19 August all of the Hartbees aircraft had been replaced by Fairey Battles deployed from Archers Post in Kenya . It served in a reconnaissance and army cooperation role in Italian Somaliland and Ethiopia until June 1941 when its aircraft were transferred to 15 Squadron and 11 Squadron was disbanded . The squadron was re - formed on 29 June 1944 at Almaza in Egypt flying Mk . VB and Mk . VC Spitfires in the role of fighter squadron . It was moved to Edku in July 1944 and to Perugia in Italy in September 1944 - where it exchanged the Spitfires for Curtiss Kittyhawk Mk . IVs as part of the Desert Air Force . In Italy , the squadron was part of No . 8 ( S . A . A . F . ) Wing responsible for ground - attack and fighter - bomber sweeps in support of the armies in Italy until the end of the war . In August 1945 the squadron received Spitfire Mk . IXs and was transferred back to Egypt where it remained until being disbanded on 30 October 1945 . It was resurrected in January 1974 as a liaison and army cooperation squadron equipped with Cessna 185s and based at Potchefstroom Air Base . It was finally disbanded in 1991 .
HMAS Kinchela HMAS " Kinchela " ( Z96 ) was an auxiliary boom gate vessel of the Royal Australian Navy ( RAN ) . She was built in 1914 as a cargo vessel for the Macleay River Co - operative Steamship Company . Built by Morrison & Sinclair , Balmain , as " Tamban " , for the Macleay River Co - operative Steamship Company , she was launched in 1914 . Her compound engines were installed by Wildridge and Sinclair , Balmain . She was operated on the Milson ' s Point run . She was renamed " Kinchela " in October 1915 . She collided with a lighter at Darling Harbour , Sydney on 25 June 1918 . She was sold in 1922 to the North Coast Steam Navigation Company . She collided with " Newcastle " in Newcastle Harbour on 22 August 1922 . She ran aground on the spit at Port Macquarie , New South Wales in March 1933 . She was hulked in 1936 and her machinery was removed . Part of her machinery was fitted in " Nambucca " . Her hull was requisitioned by the RAN on 28 August 1942 and she was converted into an auxiliary boom gate vessel . She was paid off for disposal in 1945 and while being towed to Sydney she almost sank . She was sold in July 1946 . Notes .
Sasumata The ( spear fork ) is a pole weapon used by the samurai class and their retainers in feudal Japan . Description and use . Although some sources place the origin of the sasumata in the Muromachi period , most sources discuss its use in the Edo period . In Edo period Japan the samurai were in charge of police operations , various levels of samurai police with help from non - samurai commoners used many types of non - lethal weapons to capture suspected criminals for trial . The " sasumata " ( spear fork ) together with the " tsukubō " ( push pole ) and the " sodegarami " ( sleeve entangler ) comprised the " torimono sandōgu " ( three tools / implements of arresting ) used by samurai police and security forces . Samurai police in the Edo period used the sasumata along with the sodegarami and tsukubō to restrain and arrest suspected criminals uninjured . The head of the sasumata would be used to catch around the neck , arms , legs , or joints of a suspect and detain him until officers could close in and apprehend him ( using " hojōjutsu " ) . The sasumata had a long hardwood pole usually around two meters in length with sharp barbs or spines attached to metal strips on one end of the pole to keep the person being captured from grabbing the pole . The opposite end of the sasumata pole would often have a metal cap , or " ishizuki " like those found on naginata and other pole weapons . Today , a modern version of the sasumata is still occasionally used by the police and as a self - defense tool . These modern sasumata are often made of aluminum , without the sharpened blades and spikes found on their medieval counterparts , they have been marketed to schools due to a growing fear of classroom invasions . A reported rise in school invasions has prompted many schools in Japan to keep sasumata available as a method for teachers to protect themselves or students and detain a potential threat until the authorities can arrive . Firefighting . There was also firefighting versions of the instrument known as a " chokyakusan " , " rinkaku " , " tetsubashira " , or " tokikama " . A similar weapon in China was known as a " chang jiao qian " , and sometimes called a " cha gan " or " huo cha " ( fire fork ) , which had a similar firefighting role . The sasumata type implements were used by firefighters to help dismantle burning buildings , raise ladders , and otherwise assist with their duties . Modern Use . Sasumata are in modern use in public places in Japan such as schools , where they are kept to protect against tresspassers or violent assailants .
74th Bombardment Squadron The 74th Bombardment Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit . Its last assignment was with the 106th Bombardment Wing , based at March Air Force Base , California . It was inactivated on 1 December 1952 . History . World War II . Established as the 74th Aero Squadron , presumably a tactical defense unit , 1918 – 1919 . Re - established in 1933 at Albrook Field , Panama Canal Zone . Operated Northrop A - 17 s as a dive - bomber 17th Attack Squadron . Designated as the 74th Bombardment Squadron ( Medium ) at Albrook Field circa 5 March 1940 , converting to Douglas B - 18 Bolo . On 20 November 1940 , the squadron was again re - designated as the 74th Bombardment Squadron ( Heavy ) . On 14 July , the Squadron moved from Albrook to Howard Field , in anticipation of receipt of its first Boeing B - 17B Flying Fortress the following month . The Squadron moved from Howard Field to Aguadulce Field , Panama , on 8 November 1941 and , following the Pearl Harbor Attack , moved to Rio Hato Army Airfield on 11 December . By 16 January 1942 , the unit had been transformed , and found itself at Guatemala City Airport , Guatemala , equipped with six Boeing B - 17B ' s and four B - 17E ' s taken over and consolidated from other units . In August 1942 , the Squadron was assigned to the 40th Bombardment Group and this assignment lasted until 12 May 1943 . Began conversion to Consolidated B - 24D Liberators in mid - 1943 . By October 1943 , the 74th was the only Sixth Air Force tactical unit still operating from Guatemala City Airport and , the following month , ended its association with the 6th Bombardment Group , when that organization was disbanded . It subsequently fell directly under VI Bomber Command . The period between April and August , the unit moved again to the remote Seymour Island AAF on the Galapagos Islands . The move accomplished , the unit engaged in patrols over the eastern Pacific . The unit returned to Aguadulce Field , Panama , on 13 February 1945 after only some seven months . In May . the Squadron moved to Rio Hato Field , remaining until the end of the war , being inactivated on 1 November 1946 . Korean War . The squadron was reactivated as the 135th Bombardment Squadron ( Medium ) on 27 March 1951 . It operated B - 29 Superfortress es as part of the Federalized 106th Bombardment Group , New York Air National Guard that was elevated to active duty at March AFB , California during the Korean War . The 135th Bomb Squadron continued operations under SAC ' s Fifteenth Air Force until it was inactivated , with personnel and equipment being assigned to the 320th Bombardment Wing when the guardsmen were relieved from active duty on 1 December 1952 .
Władysław Galica Władysław Galica ( born September 20 , 1900 in Chicago - September 7 , 1943 in Warsaw , Poland ) was a Polish Army Colonel . Member of the Polish resistance Armia Krajowa ( codenames : Bródka , Poręba ) during World War II . In 1940 Władysław became commander of the " Kraków area ( ZWZ ) " and in 1941 Chief - Inspector of the Protection Service of the Uprising ( " Główny Inspektor Wojskowej Służby Ochrony Powstania " ) . Arrested by the Gestapo in 1943 he was murdered by Germans in Pawiak .
Antoine Louis Popon de Maucune Antoine Louis Popon de Maucune ( 21 February 1772 – 18 February 1824 ) joined the pioneer corps of the French army in 1786 and was a lieutenant by the time the French Revolutionary Wars broke out . He fought in the north in 1792 and in the Alps in 1793 . Afterward he served in Italy through 1801 . During this period , he fought at Arcole in 1796 and at Novi in 1799 . He was appointed to command the 39th Line Infantry Demi - Brigade and led it in the 1800 campaign . During the Napoleonic Wars Maucune led the 39th in Marshal Michel Ney ' s VI Corps at Elchingen in the 1805 campaign and at Jena , Magdeburg , Soldau , and Eylau in the 1806 – 1807 campaign . Promoted to general officer , he led a brigade at Friedland in 1807 . In Spain from 1808 and 1811 , he commanded a brigade at Gallegos , Tamames , Alba de Tormes , Ciudad Rodrigo , Almeida , Bussaco , Casal Novo , and Fuentes de Onoro . In May 1811 , the army was reorganized and Maucune was promoted to lead a division . This started a period of remarkable bad luck . At Salamanca in July 1812 , his isolated division was wrecked by a combination of British infantry and cavalry attacks . In June 1813 , the British surprised his troops at San Millán de la Cogolla . The division missed the Battle of Vitoria but helped fight off the Allied pursuit at Tolosa . His division was scattered at Sorauren in late July 1813 and at the Bidassoa in October . After these defeats , Marshal Nicolas Soult replaced him with Jean François Leval . Sent to Italy , he was defeated at the Taro River in April 1814 while defending against three - to - one odds . Maucune is one of the names inscribed under the Arc de Triomphe on Column 35 .