naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
No . 42 Radar Squadron 42 Radar Squadron is a unit of the Canadian Forces under Royal Canadian Air Force . The squadron operates the AN / TPS - 70 radar from CFB Cold Lake in Alberta , Canada . History . 42 Aircraft Control and Warning ( AC & W ) Squadron of the Canadian Air Force became operational in June 1955 . The Squadron was originally used to provide radar control to the CF - 100 s flying around CFB Cold Lake . In October 1962 , 42 AC & W Squadron became 42 Radar Squadron in the Semi - Automated Ground Environment ( SAGE ) system as part of the 28th North American Air Defence System ( NORAD ) Region .
Sahmaw Airfield Sahmaw Airfield is a former wartime United States Army Air Forces airfield in Burma used during the Burma Campaign 1944 - 1945 . It is now abandoned . History . The airfield was a temporary combat airfield used by the 33d Fighter Group between 26 December 1944 and 4 May 1945 , flying P - 38 Lightning s . It was also used by the 71st Liaison Squadron , between 15 October and 16 January 1945 , flying L - 4 Piper Cubs and UC - 64A Norseman light aircraft . After the Americans moved out , the airfield was abandoned and was returned to agricultural use .
181st ( 2 / 6th London ) Brigade The 181st ( 2 / 6th London ) Brigade was a formation of the British Army during the First World War . It was assigned to the 60th ( 2 / 2nd London ) Division and served in the Middle East .
Cover ( military ) In military combat , the concept of cover refers to anything which is capable of physically protecting an individual from enemy fire . This differentiates it from the similar concept of concealment , in that an object or area of concealment only affords the benefit of stealth , not actual protection from small arms fire or artillery fragments . An example of " cover vs . concealment " would be sandbags vs . tall grass . Uniform . In some military services ( especially in the United States ) , a uniform hat is sometimes referred to officially as a cover , as in " Soldier , remove your cover ! " or " You ' re not in uniform without your cover . " It is a convention in the US Army that an armed soldier must wear cover while indoors to indicate that they are under arms . In gaming . Many first and third - person shooter video games encourage the player to utilize cover . This gameplay mechanic is often referred to as a " cover system " .
Siege of Coria ( 1142 ) The second Siege of Coria by the Emperor Alfonso VII of León was begun in early May 1142 and ended with the taking of the town in June . Coria had previously been reconquered just after 1085 by Alfonso VI . It was lost to the Almoravids sometime not long after Alfonso ' s death in 1109 . Alfonso VII had vainly besieged it in July 1138 , in which action his general Rodrigo Martínez was killed . The successful siege of 1141 was " the prelude to a frenetic bout of military activity during the latter part of the reign of Alfonso VII [ during which ] the emperor is known to have led in person at least eight military expeditions into al - Andalus . " The main source for the siege is the second book of the contemporary " Chronica Adefonsi imperatoris " , which dates the siege to " two years and six months after the capture of Oreja " . The initial response to the arrival of Alfonso ' s army by the inhabitants of Coria , both the Almoravids ( from northern Africa ) and the local Muslims , was to fortify the gates against entry or exit with a " strong supporting wall " . While siege engine s had been used four years earlier , in 1142 they were more effectual : [ Alfonso ] commanded his engineers to build a wooden tower which projected above the walls of the city , and siege engines , catapults and mantlets with which they began to undermine the walls of the city and to destroy the towers . Unfortunately for the defenders famine rapidly set in . The siege was still underway on 6 June , when , from his camp , Alfonso granted the village of Fradejas to the Diocese of Zamora . The charter of this grant attests that Ponce Giraldo de Cabrera , possibly already lord of nearby Salamanca and recently created prince of Zamora , and Ponce de Minerva were present at the siege . With deaths from starvation on the rise , the Almoravids offered Alfonso terms : if in a period of thirty days they could not gain external aid , they would surrender the city with all of their captives and riches . Letters were sent to the kings of al - Andalus , but as none could lend any aid , the garrison surrendered peacefully . After the siege a bishop , Íñigo Navarro , was appointed to the refounded Diocese of Coria . Alfonso then marched north to Salamanca , where the Abbot Peter the Venerable was awaiting him .
Ground Observer Corps World War II Organization . The Ground Observer Corps was a World War II Civil Defense program of the United States Army Air Forces to protect against air attack . The 1 . 5 million civilian observers at 14 , 000 coastal observation posts used naked eye and binocular searches to search for German and Japanese aircraft until the program ended in 1944 . Observations were telephoned to filter centers , which forwarded authenticated reports to the Aircraft Warning Service which also received reports from the Army Radar Stations . Cold War Organization . The Ground Observer Corps was reformed during the Cold War as an organization of the United States Air Force Civil Defense network which provided aircraft tracking with over 200 , 000 civilian volunteers . The corps was established in early 1950 to supplement the Lashup Radar Network and a permanent radar network started with " ADC radar site " P - 1 ( McChord AFB ) on June 1 , 1950 . " Filter centers " ( e . g . , in New Haven , Connecticut and Baltimore , Maryland ) received telephoned voice information from 8 , 000 posts , and the information was relayed to Air Defense Command ground control interception centers . By 1952 the program was expanded in Operation Skywatch with over 750 , 000 volunteers at over 16 thousand posts ( 98 per post in shifts ) and 75 centers . The program ended in 1958 with the advent of the automated 1959 USAF radar network ( SAGE ) and the automated Army networks ( Missile Master ) . GOC volunteers were encouraged to continue their service in the Radio Amateur Civil Emergency Service ( RACES ) .
Richard Koll Richard Koll ( 7 April 1897 – 13 May 1963 ) was a highly decorated Generalleutnant in the Wehrmacht during World War II who commanded the 1 . Panzer - Division . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . Richard Koll was captured by British troops in 1945 and was released in 1946 .
Military Knights of Windsor The Military Knights of Windsor are retired military officers who receive a pension and accommodation at Windsor Castle , and who provide support for the Order of the Garter and for the services of St . George ' s Chapel , Windsor Castle . They are commanded by a senior retired officer as Governor of the Military Knights of Windsor . History . The Military Knights of Windsor were constituted by King Edward III following the Battle of Crécy , when many knights captured by the French were forced to liquidate their estates to raise ransom money in order to secure their release . Formerly called Alms Knights ( until 1833 ) they were often informally described as the Poor Knights . At the original establishment of the Order of the Garter twenty - six were appointed and attached to the Order and its chapel at St . George ' s Chapel , Windsor . King Henry VIII halved their number to thirteen , Elizabeth I re - founded the order in 1559 . At his restoration , King Charles II increased the number to eighteen . King William IV renamed them the Military Knights of Windsor . Poor Knights were originally impoverished military veteran s . They were required to pray daily for the Sovereign and Knights Companions of the Order of the Garter ; in return , they received a salary and were lodged in Windsor Castle . Today the Military Knights , who are no longer necessarily poor , but are still military pensioners , participate in the Order ' s processions , escorting the Knights and Ladies of the Garter , and in the daily services in St . George ' s Chapel . They are not members of the Order itself , nor are they automatically a knight of any chivalric order .
Acacia - class sloop The " Acacia " class was a class of twenty - four sloops that were ordered in January 1915 under the Emergency War Programme for the Royal Navy in World War I as part of the larger " Flower Class " , which were also referred to as the " Cabbage Class " , or " Herbaceous Borders " . They were ordered in two batches , twelve ships on 1 January and another twelve on 12 January , and all were launched within about four or five months , and delivered between May and September 1915 . They were used almost entirely for minesweeping until 1917 , when they were transferred to escort duty . They were single - screw Fleet Sweeping Vessels ( Sloops ) with triple hulls at the bows to give extra protection against loss when working .
Battle of Lwów ( 1920 ) During the Polish - Soviet War of 1920 the city of Lwów ( modern Lviv , Ukraine ) was attacked by the forces of Alexander Ilyich Yegorov . Since mid - June 1920 the 1st Cavalry Army of Semyon Budyonny was trying to reach the city from the north and east . At the same time Lwów was preparing the defense . The inhabitants raised and fully equipped three regiments of infantry and two regiments of cavalry as well as constructed defensive lines . The city was defended by an equivalent of three Polish divisions aided by one Ukrainian infantry division . Finally after almost a month of heavy fighting on August 16 the Red Army crossed the Southern Bug River and , reinforced by additional 8 divisions of the so - called " Red Cossacks " , started an assault on the city . The fighting occurred with heavy casualties on both sides , but after three days the assault was halted and the Red Army retreated . With the crushing defeat of main forces of the Red Army in the battle of Warsaw , and the Polish victories at Komarów at Zadwórze , Russian forces were forced to retreat from Lwów . For the heroic defense with large units of locally raised volunteers the city was awarded with the Virtuti Militari medal on 11 November 1920 . Lwów theatre of operations . Commanders and forces . Polish commanders included Czesław Mączyński , Domaszewicz ( 240 ) , Zagórski ( 240 ) , Tatar - Trześniowski ( 240 ) , Abraham ( cavalry ) , Krynicki , Śniadowski ( artillery ) , Wit Sulimirski . Rómmel ( 1st Cavalry Division ) . Units : 240 Volunteers . Size : volunteers ~ 12 , 000 . 1st Cavalry Division . Soviet commanders included Semyon Budyonny , Jakira ( cavalry ) , Kotowski ( cavalry ) . Budionny ' s insistence ( bordering on insubordination ) on capturing Lwów has led to weakening Soviet forces near Warsaw and was a factor in their eventual defeat . The battle . Around the time of Battle of Radzymin in mid - August , the Polish line of defense in the upper Bug River region had been breached by the Red Army . Polish units in that region had begun a series of delaying maneuvers ( like the battle of Zadwórze ) and retreated towards Lwów . Polish 1st Cavalry Division engaged Soviet units under Budionny near Artasowo and Żółtańce . Soviet units attempted to swing north , but were reached by the news that the main Soviet forces had been defeated near Warsaw . Related battles . Several battles near Lwów were decisive for the outcome of the entire war . They included :
Cedar Creek and Belle Grove National Historical Park Cedar Creek and Belle Grove National Historical Park became the 388th unit of the United States National Park Service when it was authorized on December 19 , 2002 . The National Historical Park was created to protect several historically significant locations in the Shenandoah Valley of Northern Virginia , notably the site of the American Civil War Battle of Cedar Creek and the Belle Grove Plantation . Although there are over 3 , 700 acres within the park ’ s authorized boundary , over half of this is still privately owned . Much of the battlefield is not accessible to the public , but the park offers ranger - led and self - guided driving tours of the battlefield via public roads . Nearly all of the remaining land ( approximately 1 , 500 acres ) and buildings are preserved and administered by partner sites which predate the park . Since summer 2010 , the park has offered interpretive ranger programs at key partner sites , including Cedar Creek Battlefield Foundation headquarters , Belle Grove Plantation , and Hupp ’ s Hill Civil War Park . In 2012 , the park acquired land on which sits a monument to the 8th Vermont Infantry and now offers access through semi - regular programs at the site . In March 2013 , the park opened a Visitor Contact Station in Middletown , Virginia , featuring interpretive exhibits and information on how visitors can experience the park . The Cedar Creek Battlefield and Belle Grove is also a U . S . National Historic Landmark . and the " Cedar Creek Battlefield and Belle Grove " , is listed on the National Register of Historic Places . The plantation house of Belle Grove ( 1797 ) is open to the public and operates independently as part of the National Trust for Historic Preservation .
Jay L . Johnson Admiral Jay L . Johnson , USN , ( born June 5 , 1946 ) is the former President and Chief Executive Officer of General Dynamics . A retired United States Navy admiral , he served from 1996 - 2000 as 26th Chief of Naval Operations ( CNO ) . Early life . Johnson was born in Great Falls , Montana , and raised in West Salem , Wisconsin . An Eagle Scout and later recipient of the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award , he graduated in 1968 from the United States Naval Academy . Upon completion of flight training , Johnson was designated a Naval Aviator in 1969 . Military service . His first sea - duty tour was aboard the carrier , where he made two combat cruises flying the F - 8J Crusader with Fighter Squadron 191 ( VF - 191 ) . Subsequent squadron and sea duty tours after transitioning to the F - 14 Tomcat included : VF - 142 , VF - 101 , Commanding Officer of VF - 84 ; Commander , Carrier Air Wing ONE and Assistant Chief of Staff for Operations for Commander , U . S . Sixth Fleet . Shore duty assignments included : Aviation Junior Officer Detailer and Head , Aviation Officer Junior Assignment Branch at the Bureau of Naval Personnel ( BUPERS ) in Washington , DC ; Student , Armed Forces Staff College , in Norfolk , VA ; and the Chief of Naval Operations ( OPNAV ) Strategic Studies Group at The Pentagon . His first Flag Officer assignment was as Assistant Chief of Naval Personnel for Distribution in the Bureau of Naval Personnel . In October 1992 , he reported as Commander , Carrier Group Eight / Commander , Battle Group . In July 1994 , he was assigned as Commander , Second Fleet / Commander , Striking Fleet Atlantic / Commander , Joint Task Force 120 . In March 1996 , he reported for duty as the 28th Vice Chief of Naval Operations in Washington , D . C . In August 1996 , Admiral Johnson became the 26th Chief of Naval Operations following the death of Admiral Jeremy M . Boorda , and served until July 21 , 2000 . Later career . Johnson was Executive Vice President of Dominion Resources , Inc . , from December 2002 to September 2008 , also serving as Senior Vice President of Dominion Energy , Inc . , from 2000 to 2002 ; President and Chief Executive Officer of Dominion Delivery from 2002 to 2007 ; and Chief Executive Officer of Dominion Virginia Power from October 2007 to September 2008 . Johnson has been a director of General Dynamics , one of the largest U . S . defense contractor s , since 2003 . He served as Vice Chairman from September 2008 to July 2009 , and President and Chief Executive Officer from then until January 2013 , when he was succeeded by Phebe Novakovic .
16th Brigade ( Australia ) The 16th Brigade was an infantry brigade in the Australian Army . First raised during World War I , when it existed only briefly in 1917 and did not participate in the fighting . Raised again in 1939 for service during World War II , during which it saw action in Libya , Greece and New Guinea before being disbanded in 1946 after the conflict had ended . Today , its name is perpetuated by the 16th Aviation Brigade which was raised on 2 April 2002 . History . World War I . The 16th Infantry Brigade was formed in England , on the Salisbury Plain , as part of the 6th Division on 17 March 1917 . The unit it did not see any action and was disbanded on 19 October 1917 due to manpower shortages in the AIF . World War II . The 16th Infantry Brigade was reformed on 13 October 1939 , again as part of the 6th Division . The 16th Brigade fought in the Western Desert Campaign in Libya , the Battle of Greece , the Kokoda Track campaign and the Battle of Buna – Gona in Papua , and in the Aitape – Wewak campaign in New Guinea .
USS S - 2 ( SS - 106 ) USS " S - 2 " ( SS - 106 ) was the prototype of the " Lake - type " " S " - class submarine of the United States Navy . ( was the " Holland - type " prototype and the " Government - type " . ) Her keel was laid down on 30 July 1917 by the Lake Torpedo Boat Company in Bridgeport , Connecticut . She was launched on 15 February 1919 sponsored by Mrs . Philip B . Brill , and commissioned on 25 May 1920 , Lieutenant Commander William M . Quigley in command . After trials and outfitting , " S - 2 " rendezvoused off Portsmouth , New Hampshire on 22 July 1921 with members of Submarine Divisions 18 and 12 ( SubDivs 18 and 12 ) , for what was — at that time — the longest cruise on record for American submarines . They sailed via the Panama Canal to Pearl Harbor and then on to Cavite , Luzon , in the Philippine Islands . Submarines which had previously served in the Asiatic Fleet had been carried over , tied to the decks of colliers . The two divisions operated from the Cavite Naval Station during the three years following their arrival on 1 December 1921 . They frequently visited Chinese ports at Shanghai , Chefoo , Chinwangtao , Tsingtao , Amoy , and Woosung during this period . On 29 October 1924 , Far East duty was terminated for the divisions and they departed for the west coast of the United States . " S - 2 " , however , remained behind . On 5 November , her status was reduced to , in commission , in reserve . Retaining a partial crew for maintenance and readiness , she remained in reserve until 5 May 1928 , when she again was commissioned in full . " S - 2 " spent the rest of May , June , and July in China , then resumed operations in the Philippines which she continued until ordered to return to Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , for inactivation . She departed Manila on 27 April 1929 and sailed via Guam , Pearl Harbor , California , and the Panama Canal to the Naval Shipyard at Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . Arriving on 5 August , " S - 2 " was decommissioned there on 25 November . After being stripped , she was struck from the Naval Vessel Register in 1931 and sold on 14 September of that year .
Dodmerb The Department of Defense Medical Examination Review Board ( DoDMERB ) is an element of the United States Department of Defense ( DoD ) which processes the medical components of admission for applicants to the United States Service Academies ; Service Reserve Officer Training Corps ( ROTC ) programs ; the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences ( USUHS ) ; and other officer accession programs as directed by the Department of Defense ( DoD ) . DoDMERB schedules , examines , evaluates the results of the medical exam and applicant medical history , and determines whether applicants meet or do not meet medical accession standards . Waivers . Applicants determined to not meet medical standards may be considered for a medical waiver * from the specific program to which they ' ve applied under the following conditions : 1 . Service Academies ( West Point , US Naval Academy , US Air Force Academy , US Coast Guard Academy , US Merchant Marine Academy , and the Maritime Academies in Maine , Massachusetts , New York , Michigan , Texas , and California ) and USUHS will be automatically considered for medical waiver consideration " if " the applicant is deemed by Admissions to be competitive for an offer of appointment . If an applicant is NOT deemed to be competitive for an offer of appointment , there will be no initiation of medical waiver consideration . 2 . ROTC ( applications made through US Army Cadet Command , Ft Monroe , Virginia ; Naval and Marine Corps Option , Pensacola , FL ; and Air Force , Maxwell AFB , AL ) for 4 year or 3 year guaranteed scholarship programs = Depending on the specific program , applicants who are selected to undergo scholarship board review or are awarded a scholarship ( contingent on a DoDMERB determination of MEETS medical standards or is GRANTED a waiver ) , will AUTOMATICALLY be considered for a medical waiver , without a guarantee of a final decision . The applicant is NOT required to do anything for this process to be initiated . 3 . Campus based ( administered and issued at the particular ROTC program on the college or university campus ) scholarship or non - scholarship applicants = The Battalion or Detachment Commander initiates waiver consideration after assessing the candidates overall cadet / midshipman performance .
SM U - 81 SM " U - 81 " was one of the 329 submarine s serving in the Imperial German Navy ( " Kaiserliche Marine " ) in World War I . " U - 81 " was engaged in the naval warfare and took part in the First Battle of the Atlantic . " U - 81 " had one 10 . 5 cm gun with 140 - 240 rounds . On 8 February 1917 she torpedoed the 143 miles off Fastnet , forcing her crew to abandon her . She then shelled the drifting hulk until being chased away by the " Acacia " - class sloop . " Laburnam " took the floating hulk under tow , but the line parted in the rough seas , and " Mantola " was left to sink , which she did on 9 February .
Soviet aircraft carrier Minsk Minsk is an aircraft carrier that served the Soviet Navy , and later the Russian Navy , from 1978 to 1994 . She was the second " Kiev " - class vessel to be built . History . Named after the capital city of Belarus , the " Minsk " was laid down in 1972 , launched on 30 September 1975 , completed on 27 September 1978 , and decommissioned on 30 June 1993 . The " Minsk " operated with the Pacific Fleet . She was retired as a result of a major accident ( details not known ) which required the facilities at the Chernomorskiy yard , in Mykolayiv , located in the newly independent Ukraine ( the reasons for not attempting a repair are not known ) . In 1995 she was sold to a South Korean businessman , and later resold to Shenzhen Minsk Aircraft Carrier Industry Company Limited , a Chinese company . Until 2006 , when the company went bankrupt , " Minsk " was part of a military theme park in Yantian district , Shatoujiao ( 沙头角 ) sub - district , Shenzhen called Minsk World . The aircraft carrier was put up for auction on 22 March 2006 . No bids at the starting price of 128 million RMB were received , so the carrier was withdrawn from sale . On 31 May 2006 , the Soviet aircraft carrier was finally auctioned off in Shenzhen for 128 million RMB to CITIC Shenzhen , the current operator . The panorama below shows the Aircraft Carrier at the CITIC Minsk World in Shenzhen , its current location . The park is open to the public .