naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Plug and fight Plug - and - fight is the military equivalent of plug and play as applied to commercial and personal computer systems . Plug - and - fight refers to the capability of certain large military systems such as the Medium Extended Air Defense System ( MEADS ) to automatically recognize and assemble various system elements , like sensors , weapons , and control nodes , into a single integrated supersystem or system - of - systems . Plug - and - fight systems can be rapidly reconfigured without interrupting operations – adding , removing , and rearranging system elements in response to evolving threats and changing defense strategies . The architecture of such modular systems is often described as netted - distributed . Plug - and - fight system elements connect to an open wired or wireless communication network through a standardized interface , and have the ability to interact with other system elements on that network to accomplish specific combat objectives . To maximize product applicability , and to ensure the general acceptance of system developers , any plug - and - fight standardized interface should be based on protocols and standards that are widely - recognized , well - defined , strongly - controlled , and non - proprietary . Modern examples include Ethernet , IP , TCP , CORBA , and any specific message structure that can be freely disseminated and used without licensing . In November 2011 , MEADS system elements successfully performed a simulated engagement against real - world air and representative missile threats demonstrating plug - and - fight capabilities . Sensors , shooters , and tactical operations centers ( TOC ) simply act as nodes on the network , and a military commander can dynamically add or subtract these elements as the situation dictates without shutting the system down .
Stridsvagn L - 60 Stridsvagn L - 60 ( Strv L - 60 ) , also known as Landsverk L - 60 , was a Swedish tank developed in 1934 . It was developed by AB Landsverk as a light tank which included several design features later adopted by Germany and Russia in their tank designs . The L - 60 was progressively improved and four variants were created : L - 60A , L - 60B , L - 60C ( 37mm gun ) , L - 60D ( new turret and 37mm gun and twin machine guns ) . The L - 60 eventually evolved into the Stridsvagn m / 38 and subsequent Stridsvagn m / 39 and Stridsvagn m / 40 and was adopted by the Swedish army as such . Foreign service . Hungarian Service . The L - 60 was built under license by the Hungarian Weiss Company for the Hungarian army . It was adopted by the Hungarian army as the Toldi . Irish Service . The first Irish Landsverk L60 was delivered in 1935 and joined Ireland ' s only other tank a Vickers Mk . D in the 2nd Armoured Squadron . The second Landsverk L60 arrived in 1936 . The Landsverk ' s were still in use up until the late 1960s . One L60 is preserved in running order and the other is in the National Museum of Ireland , Collins Barracks , Dublin . Dominican service . Twenty were sold to the Dominican Republic army in 1956 , having been refurbished and designated L / 60L . In the Dominican Civil War in April 1965 , these tanks saw use against invading American forces during “ Operation Power Pack ” . Three of the Dominican L / 60Ls were destroyed : one by a US Army M40 recoilless rifle team of the 82nd Airborne Division , and the other two respectively by a M50 Ontos and a M48 Patton of a US Marine Corps armor detachment of the 6th MEU . This 29 April 1965 battle was one of the very few tank - vs - tank battles to ever happen in the Western Hemisphere . After “ Power Pack ” ended , the United States assisted the Dominican Republic in rebuilding its army and twelve of the original twenty L / 60Ls were again refurbished and restored to service . These dozen continued in frontline use until 2002 . Today one is preserved in excellent , drivable condition as a historical icon by the Dominican Republic army .
Fifty - Ninth Army ( Japan ) The was an army of the Imperial Japanese Army during the final days of World War II . History . The Japanese 59th Army was formed on June 15 , 1945 under the Japanese 15th Area Army as part of the last desperate defense effort by the Empire of Japan to deter possible landings of Allied forces in the San ' yo region of western Honshū during Operation Downfall . The Japanese 59th Army consisted mostly of poorly trained reservists , conscripted students and home guard militia . Headquartered in Hiroshima , most of its command staff , including its commander Lieutenant General Yoji Fujii were killed during the atomic bombing of Hiroshima . Remnants of the 59th Army attempted to perform relief work and maintain public order in the devastated city with little success . The IJA 59th Army was officially demobilized after the surrender of Japan on August 15 , 1945 .
Republikanischer Schutzbund The ( ) was a paramilitary organization established in 1923 by the " Sozialdemokratische Arbeiterpartei Österreichs " ( SDAPÖ ) ( ) to secure power in the face of rising political radicalization after World War I . It had a Czech section associated with the Czechoslovak Social Democratic Workers Party in the Republic of Austria . Origins & Development . The Republikanischer Schutzbund was one of many paramilitary forces to organize after the fall of the Habsburg Empire . This one in particular was a branch of the Social Democratic Workers ' Party ( SDAPÖ ) . Its purpose was to defend the party and to maintain the balance of power amidst increasing radicalization of politics in Austria . This includes a good amount of saber rattling between the Schutzbund and the conservative Heimwehr , as encouraged by the SDAPÖ newspaper , the Arbeiter Zeitung . July Revolt of 1927 . On January 30 of 1927 , a veterans ' group clashed with the Schutzbund , leaving one veteran and one child were killed by the right - wing Heimwehr . The results of the trial led to the July Revolt of 1927 . Austrian Civil War . By June 1933 , Federal Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuß banned the Schutzbund , forcing it underground . On February 11 , 1934 , the Heimwehr commander in Vienna Emil Fey called for the disarmament of the Schutzbund . Upon raiding Hotel Schiff in Linz , the Linz Schutzbund commander Richard Bernaschek actively resisted , resulting in armed conflict known as the Austrian Civil War . See also . Reichsbanner Schwarz - Rot - Gold , paramilitary organization of the German SPD
T - 40 The T - 40 amphibious scout tank was a light amphibious tank used by the Soviet Union during World War II . Importance . Amphibious capability was important to the Red Army , as evidenced by the production of over 1 , 500 amphibious tanks in the 1930s . The T - 40 was intended to replace the aging T - 37 and T - 38 tank light amphibians . It was a superior design , but due to the pressures of war the Soviets favored the production of simpler tank designs , and only a small number of T - 40s were built . Development . The T - 40 was an improvement over the T - 37 and T - 38 in several respects . The coil - spring suspension of the T - 38 was replaced by a modern torsion - bar suspension with four pairs of road wheels . The boat - shaped hull was entirely welded , in contrast to the riveted hulls of the T - 37 and T - 38 . The welded , conical turret shape improved protection , although the armor was still very thin . Armament was a 12 . 7mm DShK heavy machine gun , a much more potent weapon than the 7 . 62mm DT machine gun mounted on the T - 38 . Water propulsion was via a small propeller mounted at the rear of the hull . The propeller was set into an indent in the hull rear , and was thus better protected than the exposed propeller of the T - 38 . Buoyancy was provided by the large boat - shaped hull . Production . The T - 40 entered production just prior to the outbreak of war , and was intended to equip reconnaissance units . As the need for large numbers of tanks became critical , a secondary non - amphibious variant was designed on the T - 40 chassis . This design became the T - 60 . The T - 60 was simpler , cheaper , better armed , and could fulfill most of the same roles . Under the stress of war , production of the T - 40 was halted in favor of the T - 60 . Thus only 222 T - 40s were issued , compared to over 6 , 000 T - 60s . The last batch of T - 40s built had BM - 8 - 24 Katyusha rocket racks mounted instead of turrets . This version provided a mobile mount for a 24 - rail multiple - launch rocket system , firing 82mm unguided rockets . The T - 40 was widely photographed at the time of Operation Barbarossa and also during the defence of Moscow . The type was very rarely seen after the end of 1941 . Some T - 40 remained in service as late 1946 in school units .
INS Teg ( F45 ) INS " Teg " ( F45 ) is the fourth constructed for the Indian Navy . She was built by the Yantar shipyard in Kaliningrad , Russia , and was commissioned on April 27 , 2012 . She is the first of the second batch of s to be completed . Design . " Teg " belongs to the of frigate s . The " Talwar " class guided missile frigates are modified Krivak III class frigates built by Russia . These ships use stealth technologies and a special hull design to ensure a reduced radar cross section . Much of the equipment on the ship is Russian - made , but a significant number of systems of Indian origin have also been incorporated . The main difference between " Teg " and the earlier " Talwar " - class ships is the use of BrahMos missiles in place of the Klub - N missiles in the earlier ships . It is the first of the three frigates built in Russia as a follow - up order to the first batch of Talwar - class frigates . Construction . " Teg " was laid down on July 27 , 2007 , and launched on November 27 , 2009 . Following post - construction work , she began sea trials in the Baltic Sea on September 1 , 2011 , and is expected to be commissioned by 2012 . During " Teg " < nowiki > ' < / nowiki > s sea trials in mid - October , her port - side turbine was damaged , forcing a two - week delay in her trials schedule while repairs were made . " Teg " completed her sea trials in early December 2011 , leaving only acceptance trials before her delivery to the Indian Navy in April 2012 . These trials were completed in early February 2012 . INS " Teg " was commissioned into the Indian Navy on April 27 , 2012 , at the Yantar shipyard at Kaliningrad in Russia . She was commissioned by Vice Admiral KN Sushil , Flag Officer Commanding - in - Chief , Southern Naval Command with Captain Rakesh Kumar Dahiya serving as her first commanding officer .
Gotha LD . 1 The Gotha LD . 1 ( for " Land Doppeldecker " - " Land Biplane " ) and its derivatives were a family of military aircraft produced in Germany just before and during the early part of World War I . Used for training and reconnaissance , they were conventional designs with two - bay unstaggered wings , tailskid landing gear , and two open cockpits in tandem . Made quickly obsolete by the rapid advances in aviation technology , several were supplied as military aid to the Ottoman Empire when withdrawn from German service .
Zygmunt Puławski Zygmunt Puławski ( October 24 , 1901 - March 21 , 1931 ) was a Polish aircraft designer and pilot . He invented a gull - wing aircraft design , also known as " Puławski wing " and constructed a series of Polish PZL fighters He was born in Lublin . In the summer of 1901 , during the Soviet offensive in the Polish - Soviet War , he volunteered for a Boy Scout battalion . In late 1920 he commenced studies at Warsaw University of Technology . He was a member of the Aviation Section of the Students ' Mechanical Club , where he constructed some gliders . He distinguished himself as a thorough and able student . In 1925 he graduated from the University , receiving the Engineer title , and left for practice in the Breguet works in France . After his return , he served in the national service , completing military aviation school in Bydgoszcz and becoming a pilot . From 1927 he became a main designer of the Central Aviation Workshops ( CWL ) in Warsaw , soon reorganized into the PZL ( " Państwowe Zakłady Lotnicze " - State Aviation Works ) . To meet a requirement of the Polish military department , in 1928 Puławski designed a modern all - metal high - wing fighter with an inline engine , PZL P . 1 . For the P . 1 , he invented a gull - wing design , giving the pilot an excellent view from his cockpit . The P . 1 was flown in 1929 and met with great interest in the world . Its wing design became also known as " Puławski wing " or " Polish wing " , and was later copied in some other designs in the world . The P . 1 was not produced , in a favour of Puławski ' s next designs with a radial engine , preferred by the Polish Air Force . A development of the P / 1 was the PZL P . 6 with a radial engine , first flown in 1930 . With a pilot Bolesław Orliński , it won a National Air Races in the USA . It was named the best fighter in the world by some of military press at that time . Its improved variant , PZL P . 7 , was produced for the Polish Air Force ( 150 made ) . In early 1931 Puławski designed another fighter development PZL P . 8 , returning to his favourite inline engine . In 1930 , he was also ordered to start working upon the P . 7 development , with a stronger engine and begun design work upon the PZL P . 11 then . Puławski also flew aircraft in the Warsaw Aeroclub . He died on March 21 , 1931 in a crash of his newest amphibious flying boat PZL . 12 in Warsaw , at the age of 29 ( the plane fell due to strong wind , after take - off ) . After his death , the PZL P . 11 project was finished by Wsiewołod Jakimiuk , becoming the main Polish fighter during the Invasion of Poland 1939 . Additionally , a faster export model PZL P . 24 , based entirely on Puławski ' s construction features , was developed and sold to some countries . Puławski was one of the most talented Polish designers . Partly due to his death , Puławski ' s fighters , most modern in the early 1930s , had not been replaced with modern successors before 1939 , when they were already obsolete .
Savatiya Savatiya ( also Kotlas South , Savati , or Savvatiya ) is an air base in Arkhangelsk Oblast , Russia located 36 km south of Kotlas . It is a small interceptor airfield . It was home to 445 IAP ( 445th Interceptor Aviation Regiment ) which received Tupolev Tu - 128 ( Fiddler ) aircraft in 1967 , MiG - 25 aircraft by the late 1970s , and MiG - 31 by the 1990s . It is also listed as being home to 458 IAP ( 458th Interceptor Aviation Regiment ) which flew MiG - 31 s in the 1990s .
Francis Huebschmann Francis ( Franz ) Huebschmann ( born in Riethnordhausen , Grand Duchy of Weimar , 19 April 1817 ; died in Milwaukee , Wisconsin , 21 March 1880 ) was a noted surgeon of the American Civil War for the Union Army and a Wisconsin physician and politician . Biography . He was educated at Erfurt and Weimar , and graduated in medicine at Jena in 1841 . He came to the United States in 1842 , and settled in Milwaukee , where he resided until his death . He was school commissioner from 1843 until 1851 , a member of the first Wisconsin Constitutional Convention of 1846 , and served on the committee on suffrage and elective franchise . He was the special champion of the provision in the constitution granting foreigners equal rights with Americans . He was presidential elector in 1848 , a member of the Milwaukee City Council and Milwaukee County supervisor from 1848 until 1867 , and Wisconsin State Senator in 1851 / 2 , 1862 , and 1871 / 2 . From 1853 until 1857 , he was superintendent of the affairs of the First Nations of the northern United States . During the Civil War , he entered the Union Army in 1862 as surgeon of the 26th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment . He was surgeon in charge of a division at the Battle of Chancellorsville , and of the 9th Army Corps at Gettysburg , where he was held by the Confederates for three days . He was also at the Battle of Chattanooga , in charge of the Corps hospital in Lookout Valley in 1864 , and brigade surgeon in the Atlanta Campaign . He was honorably discharged in that year , and , returning to Milwaukee , became connected with the United States General Hospital .
German submarine U - 251 German submarine " U - 251 " was a Type VIIC U - boat of the Nazi German " Kriegsmarine " during World War II . The submarine was laid down on 18 October 1940 at the " Bremer - Vulkan - Vegesacker Werft " ( yard ) in Bremen as ' werk ' 16 , launched on 26 July 1941 and commissioned on 20 September under the command of " Kapitänleutnant " Heinrich Timm . In ten patrols , she sank two ships of 11 , 408 GRT . She was a member of three wolf pack s . She was sunk by British and Norwegian aircraft in the Kattegat in April 1945 . Service history . After training with the 6th U - boat Flotilla , she became operational on 1 May 1942 . " U - 245 " was transferred to the 11th flotilla on 1 July and the 13th flotilla on 1 June 1943 . There followed spells with the 24th , 21st and 31st flotilla s , ( see infobox for dates ) . 1st patrol . The boat ' s first patrol was preceded by a short trip between Kiel and Kristiansand in Norway . Her first sortie proper began with her departure from Kristiansand on 20 April 1942 . The second part of this patrol was marked by sinking the " Jutland " south of Bear Island on 3 May after the ship had been hit by bombs from German aircraft . She then made three forays from Kirkenes , Skjomenfjord and Trondheim over the rest of May . 2nd patrol . Her second patrol was also in May and covered the eastern Norwegian Sea . 3rd patrol . The submarine sank the " El Capitan " on 17 July 1942 near northeast Iceland . This ship was with Convoy PQ - 17 before being attacked by Luftwaffe Ju - 88 s . The ship had been abandoned ; " U - 251 " finished her off . For the rest of her career , the U - boat patrolled northern waters ; at one time steaming as far north and east as Novaya Zemlya in the Kara Sea . 10th patrol and loss . By the time of her tenth sortie , the Allies dominated the air . This situation was dramatically demonstrated when the boat was sunk by rockets from no less than eight British and Norwegian Mosquito s of 143 , 235 and 248 squadrons in the Kattegat on 19 April 1945 . Thirty - nine men died ; there were four survivors .
Hermann Recknagel Hermann Recknagel ( 18 July 1892 , Hofgeismar – 23 January 1945 ) was a German general during World War II and recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords ( ) . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross and its higher grade Oak Leaves and Swords was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . Recknagel was shot on 23 January 1945 by partisan s between Piotrków Trybunalski and Tomaszów Mazowiecki .
Jérôme Carcopino Jérôme Carcopino ( 27 June 1881 – 17 March 1970 ) was a French historian and author . He was the fifteenth member elected to occupy seat 3 of the Académie française , in 1955 . Biography . Carcopino was born at Verneuil - sur - Avre , Eure and educated at the École normale supérieure where he specialised in history . From 1904 to 1907 he was a member of the French School in Rome . In 1912 he was a professor of history in Le Havre . In 1912 he became a lecturer at the University of Algiers and inspector of antiquities in Algeria until 1920 . His career was interrupted by World War I when he served in the Dardanelles . He became a professor at the Sorbonne in 1920 until 1937 when he became Director of the French School in Rome . From 25 February 1941 to 18 April 1942 he was the Minister of National Education and Youth in the government of Vichy France . He was a member of many archaeological and historical institutes in Europe .
Battle of Bitter Lakes The battle of Bitter Lakes was a part of the military campaign of Shoshenq I to the Kingdom of Judah in 925 BC where he conquered many cities and towns including Jerusalem . The location of the conflict was at Bitter Lakes , that we can identify with the lakes to the north by the frontier channel that was developed in part to guard the eastern border of Egypt , although it is not certain that the channel reached that far south . The fortress es at the boundary served as a checkpoints for Asiatics who attempted to enter Egypt . This would also serve to block the attacks such as this one mentioned in a stele of Shoshenq I in Karnak . Battle . The battle begun as a result of a border incursion by bedouins . According to some scholars , Shoshenq used these forays as an excuse to launch an invasion to Palestine . Paul Ash suggests that they may have been marauding nomads in the area of the shores of the Bitter Lakes , in present - day Egypt . The pharaoh was followed by his royal scribe Hori , and chariotry , to the battle field . Not much is known about the actual battle besides the fact that Shoshenq won after surprising the enemy at the shores of Bitter Lakes . Records of the battle . Previously mentioned stele of Shoshenq I , discovered at Karnak , mentions this much about the battle : " " Now , My Majesty found that [ . . . they ] were killing [ . . . ] army - leaders . His Majesty was upset about them Š [ His Majesty went forth , ] his chariotry accompanying him without ( the enemy ' s ) knowing it . His Majesty made great slaughter among them , Š at the edge of the Bitter Lakes . " A contemporary , Hori , had been a " real royal scribe , [ following ] the king at his incursions into the foreign lands Biblical Shishak . Sheshonk I is frequently identified with the Egyptian king " Shishaq " ( שׁישׁק " Šîšaq " , transliterated ) , who , according to the Books of Kings , invaded Judah in the time of king Jeroboam . The biblical record in 1 Kings 14 and 2 Chronicles 12 deal with Jerusalem ' s perspective on the attack , but the record of Sheshonk I gives greater detail of other battle grounds .
John D . Kelly ( Medal of Honor ) John D . Kelly ( July 8 , 1923 – November 23 , 1944 ) was a United States Army soldier and a recipient of the United States military ' s highest decoration — the Medal of Honor — for his actions in World War II . Biography . Kelly joined the Army from Cambridge Springs , Pennsylvania in June 1942 , and by June 25 , 1944 was serving as a Corporal in Company E , 314th Infantry Regiment , 79th Infantry Division . On that day , at Fort du Roule , Cherbourg , France , Kelly repeatedly exposed himself to hostile fire in order to destroy an enemy emplacement and capture its occupants . He was killed in action five months later , after having been promoted to technical sergeant . For his actions at Fort du Roule , he was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor on January 24 , 1945 . Kelly died November 23 , 1944 and was buried at the Epinal American Cemetery and Memorial in Épinal , France . His grave can be found in plot A , row 44 , grave 7 . Medal of Honor citation . Kelly ' s official Medal of Honor citation reads : For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty . On 25 June 1944 , in the vicinity of Fort du Roule , Cherbourg , France , when Cpl . Kelly ' s unit was pinned down by heavy enemy machinegun fire emanating from a deeply entrenched strongpoint on the slope leading up to the fort , Cpl . Kelly volunteered to attempt to neutralize the strongpoint . Arming himself with a pole charge about 10 feet long and with 15 pounds of explosive affixed , he climbed the slope under a withering blast of machinegun fire and placed the charge at the strongpoint ' s base . The subsequent blast was ineffective , and again , alone and unhesitatingly , he braved the slope to repeat the operation . This second blast blew off the ends of the enemy guns . Cpl . Kelly then climbed the slope a third time to place a pole charge at the strongpoint ' s rear entrance . When this had been blown open he hurled hand grenade s inside the position , forcing survivors of the enemy guncrews to come out and surrender . The gallantry , tenacity of purpose , and utter disregard for personal safety displayed by Cpl . Kelly were an incentive to his comrades and worthy of emulation by all .