naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Rogožarski PVT The Rogožarski PVT ( Рогожарски ПВТ in Serbian , transliterated as Rogozarski PWT in German and as Rogojarsky PVT in some older English sources ) was a single - engined , two - seat parasol winged aircraft designed as an advanced and fighter trainer in Yugoslavia before World War II . Over 60 were built , serving with the Yugoslav Royal Air Force ( YAF ) until the fall of Yugoslavia in 1941 . After that , some PVTs were used by the newly formed Croatian Air Force , sometimes as ground attack aircraft . Design and development . The " Prva Srpska Fabrika Aeroplana Živojin Rogožarski " was the first Serbian aircraft manufacturer in Yugoslavia , founded in 1924 . In about 1933 its team of Rudolf Fizir , Sima Milutinović , Kosta Sivčev and Adem Biščević designed the PVT , a training aircraft with tandem open cockpits in an oval wooden monocoque fuselage . Its wooden , canvas covered wings were swept and parasol mounted well above the fuselage with pairs of lift struts to the lower fuselage and a central inverted V cabane . They carried long narrow chord ailerons , with prominent spades well clear of the upper surfaces . The PVT was powered by a 420 hp ( 313 kW ) 7 - cylinder radial Gnome - Rhône 7K radial engine , housed with its cylinder heads exposed and driving a two - bladed propeller . The fixed , divided type undercarriage had on each side a main shock absorber leg , its upper end attached to a steel pyramid protruding from the mid - fuselage keeping the leg closer to the vertical whilst providing a wide track . Each wheel was connected to the lower fuselage with a swinging V - strut . A simple tail skid completed the undercarriage . The horizontal tail and fixed fin were both canvas covered wooden structures , though the moving surfaces , also canvas covered , had metal frames . The tailplane was strut braced to the fuselage from below and wire braced above to the fin . It carried elevators which were spade assisted like the ailerons but also horn balanced . The unbalanced rudder was broad and rounded . Operational history . The PVT prototype probably first flew in 1934 . An initial production batch of 20 aircraft was delivered to the YAF during 1936 . Another 40 were delivered during 1938 - 9 , of which the last 10 had fixed 7 . 7 mm ( 0 . 303 in ) forward firing machine guns fitted and were powered by a licence built version of the Gnôme - Rhône 7K engine , the IAM K7 . More PVTs were under construction at the time of the Italo - German invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941 . Fifteen PVTs captured by the Germans as a result were presented to the newly formed Air Force of the Independent State of Croatia . Later some of these were fitted with bomb racks and used as attack aircraft until 1945 . A few PVTs , designated PVT - H , ( the H from " hidro " ) were configured as seaplanes on standard Edo ( EDO Float Model 38 ) floats mounted on N - shaped struts . During 1938 and 1939 , four PVT - H aircraft were delivered to the Yugoslav Royal Navy .
RAF Personnel and Training Command Personnel and Training Command ( PTC ) was one of two commands of the Royal Air Force ( the other being Strike Command ) that were merged to form Air Command on 1 April 2007 . History . Formation . PTC was formed in 1994 bringing together the responsibilities of the former RAF Personnel Management Centre and the training functions of RAF Support Command . It therefore became responsible for recruiting people into the service , training all members of the RAF ( including initial flying training ) , pay and allowances , and various careers functions including terms and conditions of service , welfare , and resettlement . Principally , PTC consisted of the Personnel Management Agency and the Training Group Defence Agency ( later Training Group ) . Merge with Strike Command into RAF Air Command . PTC was headquartered at RAF Innsworth near Gloucester from its inauguration until October 2006 , when the headquarters co - located with Strike Command at RAF High Wycombe in Buckinghamshire in preparation for the merger . At the time of merger , the Command had a strength of 11 , 000 RAF personnel , 2 , 000 contractors and 4 , 000 civilians . The Air Officer Commanding - in - Chief of the Command was dual - hatted in the role of Air Member for Personnel . The Command included five Support Units of the Defence Logistics Organisation , eight RAF stations , 14 units dedicated to the Air Cadets and University Air Squadron s , three centres specialising in outdoor activities and no less than 27 Volunteer Gliding School s . Location . The Command ' s stations included Amport House , Andover , Hampshire ; RAF Brampton / Wyton / Henlow , Huntingdon , Cambridgeshire ; JSU Corsham , Wilts ; RAF Cosford , Wolverhampton ; the Royal Air Force College Cranwell , Sleaford , Lincolnshire ; RAF Digby , Lincoln ; RAF Halton , Aylesbury , Buckinghamshire ; Headley Court , Epsom , Surrey ; RAF Innsworth , Gloucester ; RAF Linton - on - Ouse , York ; RAF Scampton , Lincs ; RAF Sealand , Deeside , Flintshire ; RAF Shawbury , Shrewsbury ; RAF St Athan , Barry , South Glamorgan ; RAF Uxbridge , Middlesex ; RAF Valley , Anglesey ; and RAF Woodvale , Formby , Liverpool . Further reading .
Rauf Orbay Hüseyin Rauf Orbay ( 27 July 1881 – 16 July 1964 ) was an Ottoman naval officer and statesman , born in Constantinople . As an officer in the Ottoman Navy , he achieved fame for his actions as the captain of the cruiser " Hamidiye " during the First Balkan War . He was Chief of Naval Staff during World War I and by October 1918 was Minister of Marine and led the delegation that signed the Armistice of Mudros . Rauf Orbay also played a role in assisting Mustafa Kemal Ataturk in a near court - martial during a feud with Cemal Paşa and Ismail Enver . On October 31 , 1918 , he signed Armistice of Mudros as the Minister of Navy , which ended the Ottoman Empire ' s participation in World War I . When the Turkish War of Independence began , he resigned from his position and went to Ankara to collaborate with Kemal Atatürk . He was elected as a member of the representative committee in the Congress of Erzurum on 23 July 1919 . He joined the Congress of Sivas as a delegate for Sivas on September 4 , 1919 and was elected deputy chairman . When the War of Independence ended he became the first Prime Minister of the new Republic of Turkey on 11 August 1922 . In 1924 he was one of the founders of the " Terakkiperver Cumhuriyet Fırkasi " ( Progressive Republican Party ) , in opposition to Atatürk ' s Republican People ' s Party . When this party was closed in 1925 , he went to exile in Europe for 10 years . Later , he was cleared of all accusations and became a member of the Turkish parliament . During World War II he was the Turkish ambassador in London , helping keep Turkey out of the war . He always firmly believed in the Republic of Turkey and always stressed that Kemal Atatürk was the only person who could have organised and lead the transformation of the crumbling Ottoman Empire into modern Turkey .
HMS Rotherham ( H09 ) HMS " Rotherham " ( H09 ) was a R - class destroyer of the British Royal Navy during the Second World War , named after Captain Edward Rotheram , who commanded during at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805 . " Rotherham " was completed in 1942 and equipped as a flotilla leader , having slightly reduced armament to allow for the increased complement and working space required . Decommissioned in 1945 , the ship was sold to India in 1948 , serving as INS " Rajput " ( D141 ) until 1976 , when she was scrapped . Service history . World War II . " Rotherham " was commissioned for service , after completing her sea trials , in August 1942 . After a period of training at Scapa Flow , she was assigned to serve in the South Atlantic , operating as convoy escort between Freetown , Sierra Leone , and Cape Town and Durban , South Africa for the rest of the year . From February 1944 " Rotherham " was deployed in the Indian Ocean , and in April joined the Eastern Fleet to take part in series of offensive operations against the Japanese in Sumatra and Java , and the Indian nationalist Azad Hind in the Andaman Islands , acting as an escort to aircraft carriers and battleships . In October 1944 " Rotherham " sailed to Simon ' s Town to refit . In early 1945 " Rotherham " was deployed intercepting Japanese ships supplying stores and carrying personnel to garrisons in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands , as well as providing support for military operations in Burma . In February , along with her sister ships , , and , she carried out a bombardment of Great Coco Island , in which more than a thousand 4 . 7 inch shells were fired by the four ships . Further anti - shipping and shore bombardments followed , and in April she provided cover for Allied landings near Rangoon during " Operation Dracula " . Escort duties continued until the Japanese surrender on 15 August . Post - war operations . " Rotherham " was then deployed in " Operation Zipper " , the British reoccupation of Penang , and in early September , as part of " Operation Tiderace " , escorted a fleet led by to Singapore to take the surrender of the 77 , 000 Japanese there . " Rotherham " s commander personally accepted the surrender of 34 , 000 personnel of the Imperial Japanese Navy at the Singapore Naval Dockyard at Sembawang , and in commemoration the main entrance was renamed the " Rotherham Gate " . The ship remained at Singapore until 27 September 1945 , when she sailed to Trincomalee , leaving there on 2 October for Portsmouth , where she was decommissioned and put into the Reserve . Transfer to India . " Rotherham " was sold to India in 1948 , and formally transferred to the Indian Navy on 27 July 1949 as INS " Rajput " ( D141 ) . She saw active service during the Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 , and is claimed by Indian Navy to have sunk the Pakistan Navy submarine with depth charge s , though this is a subject of dispute . " Rajput " remained an active fleet unit until 1976 when she was placed on the Disposal List and then scrapped .
SM U - 165 SM U - 165 was one of the 329 submarine s serving in the Imperial German Navy in World War I . U - 165 was engaged in the naval warfare and took part in the First Battle of the Atlantic . Sank on his way to surrender on 18 November 1918 at position .
Battle of Komarno The Battle of Komarno took place on October 9 , 1672 , during the Polish - Ottoman War ( 1672 - 1676 ) . It was part of Jan III Sobieski ’ s autumn expedition , aimed at destruction of mounted Tatar units , which ploundered southeastern provinces of the Polish - Lithuanian Commonwealth . After the Battle of Niemirow , Crown Hetman Jan Sobieski headed towards Grodek Jagiellonski , with some 2 , 500 - 3 , 000 cavalry and dragoon s . When his unit reached the area of Jaworow , Sobieski realized that main Crimean Tatar forces advanced towards Przemysl and then southwards to Sambor . Polish hetman decided to stop their retreat , and after a skirmish at the village of Hoszany , Tatar prisoners told the Poles that a 10 , 000 strong army under Noradin - Soltan camped in a valley near the town of Komarno . The Tatars were supported by the Cossacks of Petro Doroshenko . Sobieski wanted to surprise the enemy , ordering his soldiers to march 57 kilometers in a heavy rain and along muddy roads . His plan for the battle was to carry out a mock attack in the center of the Tatar - Cossack camp , and then to use his main forces to attack the left wing , in order to keep the Tatars away from the Wereszyca river crossing . Polish forces were divided into two groups - a 1 , 000 - strong unit under Stefan Bidzinski , and a 1 , 500 - strong unit with the hussar s under Sobieski . At app . 4 p . m . the Tatars noticed the group of Bidzinski and mounted an attack , using their main forces . Soon afterwards , the hussars of Sobieski attacked their left wing , which resulted in a Tatar retreat towards the river . Those enemy soldiers who tried to cross the Wereszyca were killed , while other Tatars managed to flee towards Rudki . The slaughter of the invaders continued until nighttime , and only 1 , 500 Tatars managed to cross the Dniester , and return to their homeland . Sobieski ’ s forces also freed some 20 , 000 civilians , captured by the hordes .
John H . Callahan John H . Callahan ( January 25 , 1845 – March 13 , 1914 ) was one of two men from the 122nd Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment to receive the Medal of Honor during the American Civil War . Callahan was a private in Company B . The medal was awarded for capturing a Confederate flag during the Battle of Fort Blakely on April 9 , 1865 ; he was one of fourteen men awarded with the Medal of Honor at this battle . Callahan joined the Army in August 1862 , and was mustered out in July 1865 . He died on March 13 , 1914 in Manhattan , Kansas and is buried in Sunset Cemetery . Medal of Honor citation . Rank and organization . Private , Company B , 122nd Illinois Infantry . Place and date : At Fort Blakely , Ala . , 9 April 1865 . Entered service at : Macoupin County , Ill . . Birth : Shelby County , Ky . Date of issue : 8 June 1865 . Citation : Capture of flag .
Álvaro de Navia Osorio y Vigil , Marqués de Santa Cruz de Marcenado Don Álvaro Navia - Osorio y Vigil , third Marquess of Santa Cruz de Marcenado , born in 1684 in Santa Maria de Vega in Asturia , Spain ; killed in action near Oran in North Africa in 1732 , was a Spanish diplomat , general , and author . At the time of his death in battle fighting off an attack by Ottoman forces in 1732 he was governor of the Spanish possession of Oran in North Africa . Between 1726 and 1730 , Santa Cruz de Marcenado wrote seven volumes of " Military Reflections " , published in Turin and Paris . One volume deals specifically with the prevention of insurgencies and counter - insurgency campaigns . Santa Cruz was probably the earliest author who has given systematic attention to this subject , and there is a tragic irony in the fact that he was killed when trying to ward off a local insurgency in Spain ' s colonies in North Africa .
6th Armoured Division ( Pakistan ) The 6th Armoured Division is a Pakistan Army armoured division currently based in Gujranwala , in Punjab Province . History . Formation . The division was originally an armoured brigade known as the 100 Independent Armoured Brigade Group . In 1964 , it was decided to use the headquarters and other assets of this formation to create a new armoured division . It was still in the process of raising when the 1965 war against India broke out . 1965 War . The formation would see its first taste of action in Operation Grand Slam in Chamb sector where it was the armoured contingent . However the general weakness of Pakistan Army defence around Sialkot and the fact that war was expected to break out over the international border , meant that the division would see only a few days of fighting before it was sent to Sialkot , where it would earn its spurs at a village called Chawinda . On 8 September the Indian attack came and thus began the Battle of Chawinda . Initially the division was surprised and outflanked by the Indians as the enemy chose an unexpected axis to attack , desperate holding actions by some individual units , famously 25th Cavalry , would hault the advance outside Chawinda . A counterattack against the Indians at Phillarah would be badly mauled resulting in the loss of 22 tanks . The division then settled in defensive positions around Chawinda , and it and other divisions than withstood multiple corps sized attacks by the Indian I Corps , until the biggest on the 18th of September when the Indian 1st Armoured and 6th Mountain divisions attacked , and would be destroyed . The Indians than went on the defensive as the 6th and its sister formations steadily and remorselessly forced them back across the international border ; a task which was mostly ( though not completely ) completed by the ceasefire on 23 September . The divisions ' action at Chawinda remains its most famous action . This battle was the largest tank battle since Kursk in 1943 and has been forver associated with the 6th . Amongst the many commendations received was one by the President which read : The President of Pakistan has commanded that his personal congratulations be conveyed to All Ranks under your command for the exemplary , succeessful and courageous battle that they have fought . The President and the whole Nation are proud of these untarnishable deeds of valour . The division would lose over 200 killed and over a thousand wounded during the battle of Chawinda . Present Order of Battle . The division is at present stationed in Gujranwala and has four armoured brigades attached . One of the regiments of the division is reportedly the 29th Cavalry . In addition the following units are attached and stationed in Kharain .
Zhitomir – Berdichev Offensive The Zhitomir – Berdichev Offensive operation ( ) was a part of the strategic offensive of the Red Army in the right - bank ( western ) Ukrainian SSR . The offensive operation was conducted by the forces of the 1st Ukrainian Front commanded by General of Army Nikolai Vatutin during World War II , from 24 December through to 14 January 1944 . The task was to inflict a crushing defeat on the opposing German 4th Panzer Army of Army Group South , and to advance to the Southern Bug river while preventing new attempts by the enemy to again capture Kiev . As a result of the successful operation , the Soviet troops , after opening an attack on a 300 kilometer front , moved from 80 to 200 km , almost completely liberated the Kiev and Zhitomir regions , and also a number of regions of the Vinnytsa and Rivne Oblast s , and destroyed six enemy divisions . The 1st Ukrainian Front also occupied a new advantageous position to the north of the main concentration of forces of the Army Group South . The armies of the left wing of front deeply enveloped the enemy formations , which retained the right ( western ) shore of the Dnieper in the Kaniv region . In the final phase of the operation , from 11 January 1944 , the front ’ s forces deflected strong counter - attacks by the enemy . Besides the formations and units of the Red Army , the 1st Czechoslovak Brigade also participated in the operation . As a result of the Kiev Strategic Offensive operation late in 1943 , troops of the 1st Ukrainian Front under Vatutin took a large bridgehead on the right bank of the Dnieper in the Kiev region that “ overhung ” the enemy group of the troops in the south - western Ukraine . In an attempt to reduce the bridgehead and to retake Kiev , on 15 November German forces undertook counter - attacks in the region south of Zhytomyr , but this plan was foiled with the Kiev Strategic Defensive operation .
William Raynor William Raynor VC ( July 1795 – 13 December 1860 ) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . He is the oldest recipient of the Victoria Cross at 61 years old . Details . Raynor was about 61 years old , and a lieutenant in the Bengal Veteran Establishment , Bengal Army during the Indian Mutiny when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC . On 11 May 1857 in the Siege of Delhi , India , Lieutenant Raynor was one of nine men who defended the ammunition storehouse for more than five hours against large numbers of mutineers . When the wall was being scaled hope of outside help was gone , they blew up the ammunition , killing many of the mutineers . Of the defenders , five died in the explosion and one shortly afterwards , while Raynor , George Forrest , and John Buckley survived . His citation in the London Gazette reads : Further information . He is thought to be the oldest winner of the VC at 61 years 10 months . He later achieved the rank of captain and died in India . The medal . His Victoria Cross is displayed at the Royal Logistic Corps Museum , Camberley , Surrey .
Auchen Castle Auchen Castle not to be confused with the current Auchen Castle Hotel , is a ruined 13th Century castle situated near Moffat , Dumfries and Galloway . Dating back to 1220 , the original castle was probably built by Sir Humphrey de Kirkpatrick when he was Senestal of Annandale . The castle was in the form of a courtyard with unusual solid drum towers flanking the gate and the corner towers . Sometime in the early 1300s the towers were rebuilt as hollow turrets with internal stairs . Sir Roger de Kirkpatrick seemed to have been staunch in the English cause . It may have been his son who took part in the Comyn murder as a young man yet unknighted , though 150 years went by before any assassin was named . The castle was later held by the Douglases of Morton , before passing to the Maitlands in the 15th century . As the centuries passed , massive outer ramparts and curious underground passages and chambers were added to the castle and led to much puzzlement when discovered by historians . A wooden chalet with eight chimneys was also built and used to entertain guests after shoots . The castle now stands in ruins near the current Auchen Castle Hotel and wedding venue .
Operation Gyroscope Operation Gyroscope was a project started by the United States military after World War II that was active from 1947 to 1956 . The plan was to ship soldiers out of the U . S . state of California , instead of New York . Reasons . German reconstruction . The rebuilding process of Germany post – World War II was extreme , and much reconstruction support was needed . Because of this , the need to ship soldiers and supplies from the United States into occupied Germany was great . Troops were trained in bases in many states , even in states as far as California . After being trained , the troops were flown or sent on trains to New York . Before Gyroscope , most , if not all , troops left on ships for Germany from New York . Operation Gyroscope proved worthy as an option for shipping troops out of California and involved steering the ships out and around North America , through the Panama Canal , and then across the Atlantic Ocean . Cold War . Though the Gyroscope trip was often longer than the average trip via train or plane to New York , it proved more cost effective . Another reason for Gyroscope that was kept from the public and the soldiers , was the growing tension with the Soviet Union . Having the ability to send troops out of California would greatly benefit the United States in a time of war . Sending troops out of the previous standard , New York , proved impractical and useless in a war with Russia . California also is directly on the other side of the Pacific Ocean as China , a country that at that time had recently undergone a Communist revolution . Status . Planners of the operation envisioned improving three areas with their program . The new system was expected to raise the morale of troops and their families , increase the combat effectiveness of the army , and lower the cost of maintaining the military establishment .