naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Harold Ernest Goettler Harold Ernest Goettler ( July 21 , 1890 – October 6 , 1918 ) was a U . S . Army Air Service aviator killed in action on October 6 , 1918 while locating the Lost Battalion of the 77th Division during World War I . He died of wounds resulting from German fire from the ground during the flight . For his actions , he posthumously received the Medal of Honor . He attended the The University of Chicago , and the Harold E . Goettler Political Institutions Prize awarded to University of Chicago undergraduates is named in his honor . Medal of Honor citation . Rank and organization : First Lieutenant , pilot , U . S . Air Service , 50th Aero Squadron , Air Service . Place and date : Near Binarville , France , October 6 , 1918 . Entered service at : Chicago , Ill . Born : July 21 , 1890 , Chicago , Ill . G . O . No . : 56 , W . D . , 1922 . Citation : 1st . Lt . Goettler , with his observer , 2d Lt . Erwin R . Bleckley , 130th Field Artillery , left the airdrome late in the afternoon on their second trip to drop supplies to a battalion of the 77th Division which had been cut off by the enemy in the Argonne Forest . Having been subjected on the first trip to violent fire from the enemy , they attempted on the second trip to come still lower in order to get the packages even more precisely on the designated spot . In the course of this mission the plane was brought down by enemy rifle and machinegun fire from the ground , resulting in the instant death of 1st . Lt . Goettler . In attempting and performing this mission 1st . Lt . Goettler showed the highest possible contempt of personal danger , devotion to duty , courage and valor .
George Henry Gordon George Henry Gordon ( July 19 , 1823 – August 30 , 1886 ) was an American lawyer and a Union general in the American Civil War . Early life . Gordon was born in Charlestown , Massachusetts . He moved to Framingham , Massachusetts , at the age of five with his widowed mother . He graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1846 , 43rd in a class of 59 cadets . He served under Lt . Gen . Winfield Scott in the Mexican - American War , earning the brevet of first lieutenant for gallantry at Cerro Gordo . He resigned from the army in 1854 . After taking a course in the Harvard Law School , he practiced law in Boston . Civil War . When the Civil War erupted in 1861 , Gordon organized and became colonel of the 2nd Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry . The regiment served guarding the upper Potomac River and Frederick , Maryland , and in the spring of 1862 , Gordon served under Maj . Gen . Nathaniel P . Banks , unsuccessfully opposing Maj . Gen . Stonewall Jackson in the Shenandoah Valley . Gordon was appointed a brigadier general of volunteers on June 12 , 1862 , to rank from June 9 , 1862 . Gordon commanded a brigade in XII Corps , Army of the Potomac , at the Battle of Antietam , becoming acting division commander when Brig . Gen . Alpheus S . Williams became acting corps commander . He also took commander of 1st Division , XI Corps , following the Battle of Gettysburg and was transferred with it to the Department of the South . There he commanded troops on Folly Island , South Carolina . Starting in November 1864 , Gordon served in the Department of Virginia . He commanded the Eastern District of that department from February 1865 until he left the army . Gordon served in the army until August 24 , 1865 . On January 13 , 1866 , President Andrew Johnson nominated Gordon for the award of the honorary grade of brevet major general , United States Volunteers , to rank from April 9 , 1865 , and the U . S . Senate confirmed the award on March 12 , 1866 . Postbellum career . After the war , Gordon practiced law in Boston . He was one of the founders of the Military Historical Society of Massachusetts . He published the following books : Gordon died in Framingham , Massachusetts , and is buried in Framingham Centre .
Bellona Publishing House Bellona Publishing House ( , formerly also " Dom Wydawniczy Bellona " ) is a publishing house based in Warsaw , Poland . It specialises in books on military history . Among the authors collaborating with Bellona are professors Henryk Samsonowicz , Lech Wyszczelski and Tadeusz Panecki , but also Leszek Moczulski , Krzysztof Daukszewicz , Grzegorz Miecugow , Magdalena Kozak and other authors . Bellona issues more than 300 books yearly . It is also the publisher of " Mówią Wieki " , a monthly historical journal established in 1958 .
HMS Trafalgar ( 1841 ) HMS " Trafalgar " was a 120 - gun first rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy , launched on 21 June 1841 at Woolwich Dockyard . The " HMS Trafalgar " was the last ship to complete the successful " Caledonia " class . The ship was named by Lady Bridport , niece of Lord Nelson at the request of Queen Victoria , who with Prince Albert also attended the launch . The wine used was some kept from after returning from Trafalgar . Five hundred people were on board the ship at the time of its launch , of whom 100 had been at Trafalgar . It was estimated 500 , 000 people came to watch the event and the Thames was covered for miles with all manner of boats . The launch was the subject of the most notable work by Woolwich - based artist William Ranwell . " Trafalgar " was fitted with screw propulsion in 1859 . As training ship at Portland , she was renamed HMS " Boscawen " in 1873 , and finally sold out of the service in 1906 .
Battle of Harem The Battle of Harem was fought between the FSA and the Syrian Army , from the 17 October to the 25 December . Battle . The first time rebel forces launched a major attack against the town was on 2 September 2012 . The fighting continued the whole next day as well . On that occasion , rebels took control of six of the seven roads leading into Harem and killed a pro - government militia commander . They also burned a dozen homes of suspected militia members in the town , in retaliation for the burning of the houses in their villages . On 17 October , the rebels launched an offensive to capture the town of Harem , which dominates a strategic route to the city of Aleppo . Harem was also seen as a possible new rebel supply route from Turkey . By the end of October , 4 , 000 civilians , along with pro - government militias , had taken refuge in the old fortress and were in fear of a massacre if the opposition started to bombard the castle . Dozens of wounded Syrian soldiers died of their injuries due to the shortage of supplies , while wounded rebel fighters were transported across the border to Turkey in ambulances . Rebel units withdrew to the edges of the town , while holding on to some parts inside Harem , after an attack on the local headquarters of the political security section was repelled by security forces and Army units that were sent from Salqeen as reinforcements . Dozens of people , including civilians , were killed . During the fighting for the town , government Sukhoi - 22 jets were bombarding rebel positions , with an 80 percent hit - rate . On 2 November , a series of air - strikes on Harem reportedly left 70 people dead . At this time , a video emerged , filmed by a " Reuters " crew , of rebel fighters gunning down an unarmed man in a dusty alley . Rebels claimed he was a loyalist Army officer , but even so the killing was viewed as proof of both sides committing war crimes . The " Reuters " crew also saw the bodies of four uniformed soldiers lined up in a garden , all shot in the head . And , although dozens of prisoners were held by rebels in the town , at least one fighter described commanders ' calls for fair treatment as a smokescreen to keep the killings hidden . By 4 November , rebels were reportedly in control of the city center , while fighting was still ongoing at the citadel . On 5 November , Syrian warplanes attacked rebel positions around Harem , resulting in the deaths of 20 rebel fighters , including the brigade commander Basil Eissa . In response to the air - strike , rebels bombarded the al - Tarem neighborhood which is considered as a pro - government stronghold . Late on 24 December , rebels fully captured Harem after the 30 remaining government troops at the historic citadel surrendered . The town was subjugated to continuing air - strikes for months after the rebels captured it .
Hofuku Maru The Hofuku Maru , also known as Hohuku Maru was a Japanese cargo ship , sunk on September 21 , 1944 by American planes , while carrying 1 , 289 British and Dutch prisoners of war ( POWs ) ; 1 , 047 of them died . The " Hofuku Maru " was sailing from Singapore to Miri , Borneo as part of convoy SHIMI - 05 . The convoy consisted of 10 ships , 5 of which carried , in total , 5 , 000 POWs , all in appalling conditions . At Borneo , the " Hofuku Maru " left the convoy with engine problems , and sailed on to the Philippines , arriving on July 19 . She remained in Manila until mid - September while the engines were repaired . The POWs remained on board , suffering terribly from disease , hunger , and thirst . On September 20 , 1944 , the " Hofuku Maru " and 10 other ships formed Convoy MATA - 27 , and sailed from Manila to Japan . The following morning , the convoy was attacked 80 miles north of Corregidor by more than 100 American carrier planes . All eleven ships in the convoy were sunk . Of those on the " Hofuku Maru " , 1 , 047 of the 1 , 289 British and Dutch POWs on board died .
Alamo Scouts Training Center Training camp and headquarter s of the The U . S . Sixth Army Special Reconnaissance , known as the Alamo Scouts . They served in the Southwest Pacific Theater during World War Two . Formed as a top secret ad hoc unit by Lieutenant General Walter Krueger on 28 November 1943 to conduct raider and reconnaissance work in the Southwest Pacific , the Alamo Scouts performed 108 missions behind enemy lines without losing a single man killed or captured . Of the more than 700 candidates selected for training , only 138 were retained as Alamo Scouts and were formed into elite six - to - seven man teams . Throughout the war the Alamo Scouts conducted the doctrinal missions of Special Reconnaissance , Direct Action , Foreign Internal Defense , and Unconventional Warfare . In less than seventeen months in the field the Alamo Scouts earned 118 combat decorations and numerous other awards . The unit was unceremoniously disbanded in late November 1945 with a war record unmatched in United States military history . In 1988 the Alamo Scouts were awarded the Special Forces Tab recognizing the unit as a forerunner of the modern Special Forces . First Director of Training was Frederick W . Bradshaw , followed by Homer A . Williams , then by Gibson Niles . There were nine training classes that lasted for six weeks each . Their locations were ; two at Kalo Kalo , Fergusson Island , New Guinea . one at Mange Point , Finschafen Area , New Guinea , two at Cape Kassoe , Hollandia , Dutch New Guinea . one at the mouth of Cadacan River Abuyog , Leyte , Philippine Island and three at Mabayo ( Subic Bay ) Luzon , Philippine Island .
Roland Philipps Roland Erasmus Philipps ( 27 February 1890 - 7 July 1916 ) was a writer and a leading Scout . He was the second son of John Philipps , 1st Viscount St Davids and his wife , Leonora Gerstenberg . He was educated at Twyford School , Winchester College and New College , Oxford . In July 1912 he was appointed Assistant District Commissioner for East London . In 1913 he was appointed Commissioner for northeast London , and in November 1913 he was made responsible for all of East London . In 1916 he was awarded the Military Cross . He was killed on 7 July 1916 leading his men into action on the Western Front . Towards the end of 1912 and into 1913 he and Stanley Ince established the " Hackney Lectures on Scout Law " . Roland House , in the East End of London , which he left in his will to the Scouts of East London , was an important part of Scouting in London and more widely in Scouting in the United Kingdom . The House on the Green , as it was known , became a memorial to him . It was a home to several Scout Leader s from Groups in East London , a hostel for visitors , the headquarters of a Rover Scout Crew and a Scout Shop . A Scout Group in Mexico is named after him , and has recorded his biography in detail . Although Roland & his only sibling Colwyn ( his elder brother ) were both killed in World War I , their father ( 1st Viscount St Davids ) re - married in April 1916 to Lady Elizabeth Frances Abney - Hastings ( Source ) . They had two children , Jestyn Philipps , 2nd Viscount St Davids and Lelgarde De Clare Elizabeth Philipps ; the Viscountcy hence continued . The current Viscount is Rhodri Philipps , 4th Viscount St Davids and his younger brother ( the current heir presumptive to the title ) was named after his scouting ancestor Roland Erasmus : The Hon . Roland Augusto Jestyn Estanislao Philipps ( better known as blues musician Todd Sharpville ) .
Wilhelm Ahrens Wilhelm " Willi " Ahrens ( 1 October 1912 – 26 August 1998 ) was a highly decorated Hauptmann in the Wehrmacht during World War II and an Oberstleutnant in the Bundeswehr . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . After the war Wilhelm Ahrens joined the Bundeswehr and retired in 1970 .
Franz - Joseph Schulze Franz - Joseph Schulze ( 18 September 1918 – 31 January 2005 ) was a highly decorated Oberleutnant in the Luftwaffe during World War II . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . Franz - Joseph Schulze was captured by British forces in April 1945 and was held until October 1945 . He joined the Bundeswehr in 1956 and retired in 1979 as a General .
FH - 88 The FH - 88 or Field Howitzer 88 was the first locally - designed howitzer developed for the Singapore Army . It is a 155 mm / 39 - calibre towed howitzer gun . Development . Ordnance Development and Engineering of Singapore ( ODE , now Singapore Technologies Kinetics ) began development of the FH - 88 in 1983 with five prototypes being produced over a period of four years . These were followed by a preproduction batch of six 155 mm FH - 88 gun - howitzers that incorporated a number of improvements as a result of trials with the prototype weapons . First production FH - 88s were completed in 1987 , with the weapon becoming operational with the Singapore Army the following year replacing the Soltam M - 71 .
Overwatch In modern warfare , overwatch is the state of one small unit or military vehicle supporting another unit , while they are executing fire and movement tactics . An " overwatching " , or " supporting " unit has taken a position where it can observe the terrain ahead , especially likely enemy positions . This allows it to provide effective covering fire for advancing friendly units . The term " overwatch " originates in U . S . military doctrine . An ideal overwatch position provides cover for the unit , and unobstructed lines of fire . It may be on a height of ground or at the top of a ridge , where a vehicle may be able to adopt a hull - down position . If the overwatching unit is in a position to fire over advancing friendly units , great care must be taken not to let fire fall short . The friendly units should be within tracer burnout ( the range at which tracer rounds are visible ) . Overwatch can be performed by platoon s during company fire and movement , by individual armoured fighting vehicle s ( especially tank s ) or infantry sections , in platoon fire and movement , or even by fireteam s or individual soldiers , in the final stages of an assault . Overwatch tactics and " firing at the short halt " were especially important in armoured warfare before modern tank gun stabilizer s were developed , since moving tanks were unlikely to hit any target . Even in modern tanks , however , it is much easier to spot enemies at a halt .
Beverly National Cemetery Beverly National Cemetery is a United States National Cemetery located in the city of Beverly , in Burlington County , New Jersey , United States . It encompasses , and as of the end of 2008 , had 49 , 080 interments . History . The original cemetery was only a single acre off of Beverly ' s Monument Cemetery , purchased from a local resident in 1863 for the purpose of interring Union Army casualties who died in the Beverly United States Army hospital ( run for the duration of the Civil War ) . Additional land was acquired in 1936 , 1937 , 1948 , and 1951 . It served as a burial ground only for those veterans who died in nearby hospitals , until space in the nearby Philadelphia National Cemetery became limited , and many interments that would have been made there were made at Beverly instead . Beverly National Cemetery was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997 .
7 . 5 cm KwK 42 The 7 . 5 cm KwK 42 L / 70 ( from " 7 . 5 cm Kampfwagenkanone 42 L / 70 " ) was a 7 . 5 cm calibre German tank gun developed and built by Rheinmetall - Borsig AG in Unterlüß during the Second World War . The gun was used to equip the SdKfz . 171 Panther medium tank and the SdKfz . 162 / 1 Jagdpanzer IV / 70 ( A ) / ( V ) tank destroyer . When mounted on a tank destroyer it was designated as the 7 . 5 cm PaK 42 ( " 7 . 5 cm Panzerabwehrkanone 42 " ) . Design . The key feature of the weapon was its high muzzle velocity which enabled high accuracy and good penetration capabilities . When the 7 . 5 cm KwK 42 entered service with the Panther in 1943 it could penetrate more armor than any Soviet , American or British tank gun then in service . In this respect it was even more powerful than the Tiger ' s famous 8 . 8 cm KwK 36 L / 56 . The KwK 42 however fired a weaker HE shell . The increased muzzle velocity and operating pressure of the new gun required a new armour piercing projectile to be designed . The PzGr . 39 / 42 was the result , and apart from the addition of wider driving bands it was otherwise identical to the older 7 . 5 cm Pzgr . 39 . The wider driving bands added a little extra weight , from 6 . 8 kg for the old PzGr . 39 , to 7 . 2 kg for the new PzGr . 39 / 42 . The gun was fired electrically , the primer was initiated using an electric current rather than a firing pin . The breech operated semi - automatically so that after the gun had fired , the empty shell casing was automatically ejected , and the falling wedge type breech block remained down so that the next round could be loaded . Once the round was loaded the breech closed automatically and the weapon was ready to be fired again . Three different types of ammunition were used : APCBC - HE , APCR and HE . The ammunition was fixed . Following World War II , a modified version of the gun remained in production in France as CN - 75 - 50 , which was mounted on AMX - 13 light armored vehicle and Israeli M50 Super Sherman , a modified M4 Sherman tank with a redesigned turret to accommodate the gun .
Chief of Staff Medal of Appreciation The Chief Of Staff Medal of Appreciation ( ) is an Israeli military decoration . The medal was instituted in 1981 . It is awarded to both civilians and military personnel who contribute to the strengthening of the IDF or the security of Israel ; the medal could also be awarded to foreign civilians . The medal ' s most well - known recipient is the Israeli astronaut Ilan Ramon , who was awarded the medal posthumously after his death during a mission of the Space Shuttle Columbia . Design . The medal is round ; on the front there is a Star of David with an olive branch and a sword rest on its left ; the reverse is plain . The medal is attached to a white ribbon with two blue strips on the edges , similar to those on the Israeli flag .
Executive Order 13128 Executive Order 13128 is an United States executive order ( EO ) issued by Bill Clinton in 1999 . It authorized the Departments of State and Commerce to create regulations regarding the implementation of the Chemical Weapons Convention . Background . The United States Senate ratified U . S . participation in the Chemical Weapons Convention ( CWC ) on April 25 , 1997 . On October 25 , 1998 the U . S . Congress passed the Chemical Weapons Implementation Act of 1998 , legislation which formally implemented the treaty ' s many provisions . Among those provisions were requirements for signatories to develop new regulations to deal with the transfer of chemicals and technologies that can be used for chemical warfare purposes . Order . Executive Order 13128 was signed by then - U . S . President Bill Clinton on June 25 , 1999 . EO 13128 partially implemented the CWC , a treaty ; treaties can be and are sometimes partially implemented by executive order . In addition , with its signing the order established the U . S . Department of State as the lead national agency for coordinating the implementation of and the provisions of both the CWC and the 1998 law with the various branches and agencies of the federal government . The executive order also authorized the U . S . Department of Commerce to establish regulations , obtain and execute warrants , provide assistance to certain facilities , and carry out other functions consistent with the CWC and the 1998 act . Results . The Department of Commerce published an interim rule on December 30 , 1999 , through the Bureau of Industry and Security ( BIS ) , which established the Chemical Weapons Convention Regulations ( CWCR ) . The CWCR implemented all provisions of the CWC which affected U . S . persons and industry . The BIS rule was published after extensive comments from the U . S . Chemical Manufacturers Association and others . The U . S Department of State issued its own regulations which dealt with taking samples at chemical weapons sites as well as criminal and civil punishments for violation of the provisions of the CWC .
Falconet ( cannon ) The falconet or falcon was a light cannon developed in the late 15th century . During the Middle Ages guns were decorated with engravings of reptiles , birds or beasts depending on their size . For example , a culverin would often feature snakes , as the handles on the early cannons were often decorated to resemble serpents . The falconet fired small yet lethal shot of similar weight and size to a bird of prey , and so was decorated with a falcon . Similarly , the musket was associated with the sparrowhawk . Its barrel was approximately long , had a caliber of and weighed ~ . The falconet used of black powder to fire a round shot approximately . They could also be used to fire grapeshot . The falconet resembled an oversized matchlock musket with two wheels attached to improve mobility . In 1620s Germany a breechloading version was invented , seeing action in the Thirty Years War . Many falconets were in use during the English Civil War as they were lighter and cheaper than the culverin s , sakers and minion s . During times of unrest they were used by the nobility to defend their grand houses . Though developed for use on land , the falconet gained naval prominence during the 17th century for the defence of light vessels ; for example , on small boats for boarding manoeuvres . They were heavily used in the American Revolutionary War by both the British and the Colonists .
Battle of River Ibicuí ( 1817 ) retire merge proposal because of no support for it The Battle of River Ibicuí was a battle between the Portuguese forces under Brigadier Chagas dos Santos and the Uruguayan rebels forces under General Sotelo . The Portuguese were victories and inflicted very high casualties on the Uruguayan army .
Ōishi Sadahisa Ōishi Sadahisa ( 大石 定久 ) was a retainer of the Ogigayatsu - Uesugi branch of the Uesugi , and the builder of Takiyama Castle ( 滝山城 ) . After the Uesugi were defeated at Kawagoe in 1545 , Ōishi accepted the authority of the Hōjō . However , their leader was murdered , and was replaced by Hōjō Ujimasa ' s second son Hōjō Ujiteru . After the fall of the Hōjō , Ōishi Yoshinaka and Sadakatsu came to work for Okubo Nagayasu .