naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Transitional armour Transitional armour describes the armour used in Europe around the 14th century , as body armour moved from simple maille hauberk s to full plate . The couter was added to the hauberk to better protect the elbows , and splinted armour and the coat of plates provided increased protection for other areas . Armourers in general began experimenting with various forms of rigid defense . They worked in a variety of materials , including wrought iron , latten , leather , cloth and even bone to substitute rigid materials for maille as the knight ' s harness progressed . Toward the end of the century and into the following one , updates to armour took place at an accelerated rate . The use of multiple materials is the key stylistic element of the period . For instance , a set of transitional style arm defenses could employ steel pauldrons , leather rerebraces , steel elbow cop s and leather vambraces . These items would be strapped with leather and might have brass or bronze fittings and buckles . This use of varied materials gave the armour different coloring , textures and more elegant appearance . Swordfighting re - enactors such as the Society for Creative Anachronisms wear personalized transitional armour for safety reasons , composed of a combination of thick leather , mail and plate armour .
USS Dour ( AM - 223 ) USS " Dour " ( AM - 223 ) was an built for the United States Navy during World War II . She was awarded three battle star s for service in the Pacific during World War II . She was decommissioned in March 1947 and placed in reserve . While she remained in reserve , " Dour " was reclassified as MSF - 223 in February 1955 but never reactivated . In October 1962 , she was sold to the Mexican Navy and renamed ARM " DM - 16 " . She was stricken from Mexican Navy service in 1986 , but her ultimate fate is not reported in secondary source s . U . S . Navy career . " Dour " was launched 25 March 1944 by American Shipbuilding Co . , Lorain , Ohio ; sponsored by Mrs . W . R . Douglas ; and commissioned 4 November 1944 , Lieutenant W . V . Byrd , USNR , in command . " Dour " arrived at Boston , Massachusetts , 26 November from the Great Lakes and the St . Lawrence River . She served in the Local Defense Force , until 1 February 1945 when she got underway for Norfolk , Virginia . Dour sailed from Norfolk 9 March 1945 for the Pacific . She called at San Diego , California , Pearl Harbor , and Saipan and arrived at Okinawa 26 May escorting a convoy of landing craft . After patrolling off Okinawa and Ie Shima , on 23 July she joined in minesweeping coordinated with the U . S . 3rd Fleet strikes on Japan . Engaged in postwar sweeping operations " Dour " swept for mines in the Yellow Sea and off Jinsen , Korea . On 9 September she arrived at Sasebo , Japan , and swept Japanese waters until 28 December when she sailed for the west coast , arriving at San Pedro , California , 7 February 1946 . " Dour " received three battle stars for World War II service . On 8 April she got underway for Algiers , Louisiana , where she remained from 26 April to 2 May . She served ships in reserve at Orange , Texas , until placed out of commission in reserve there 15 March 1947 . While she remained in reserve , " Dour " was reclassified MSF - 223 on 7 February 1955 . She was struck from the Naval Register on 1 May 1962 and transferred to Mexico on 1 October 1962 . Mexican Navy career . The former " Dour " was acquired by the Mexican Navy in October 1962 and renamed ARM " DM - 16 " . She was stricken from Mexican Navy service in 1986 , but her ultimate fate is not reported in secondary source s .
USS Percival ( DD - 298 ) The first USS " Percival " ( DD - 298 ) was a " Clemson " - class destroyer in the United States Navy following World War I . She was named for John Percival . History . " Percival " was launched 5 December 1918 by the Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corporation , San Francisco , California ; sponsored by Miss Eleanor Wartsbaugh ; and commissioned 1 March 1920 , Commander Raymond A . Spruance , who was to lead the US 5th Fleet in World War II , in command . With trials off the California coast completed , " Percival " reported for duty with Squadron 4 Flotilla 5 of the Cruiser Destroyer Force Pacific based at San Diego , California . On 8 September 1923 , the ship was involved in the Honda Point Disaster , and a few days later , she became flagship of Squadron 11 and made annual deployments with the Pacific Battle Fleet in fleet problems . " Percival " was decommissioned 26 April 1930 and scrapped in 1931 . See also . See for other ships of this name .
No . 77 Squadron RAF No . 77 Squadron RAF was a squadron of the Royal Air Force which was active in various incarnations between 1916 and 1963 . History . No . 77 Squadron was formed on 1 October 1916 at Edinburgh , and was equipped with B . E . 2 and B . E . 12 aircraft . The squadron disbanded at RAF Turnhouse on June 13 , 1919 . The squadron was reformed on 14 June 1937 , at RAF Finningley from ' B ' Flight of No . 102 Squadron . It operated the Hawker Audax until November 1937 , then re - equipped with the Vickers Wellesley . In 1938 the squadron moved to RAF Driffield , to form part of No . 4 Group , and re - equipped with Armstrong Whitworth Whitley s . The squadron joined Coastal Command in May 1942 and was engaged in anti - submarine patrols , based at Chivenor . In October 1942 , the squadron converted to Halifaxes at Elvington , moving to Full Sutton in May 1944 . On 8 May 1945 the squadron joined Transport Command , and in July 1945 re - equipped with Douglas Dakota s . The squadron moved to Broadwell in August 1945 followed by a posting to India in October 1945 . The squadron was disbanded by being renumbered as No . 31 Squadron on 1 November 1946 . It was reformed at Broadwell in December 1946 when No . 271 Squadron was re - numbered . The squadron operated Dakotas during the Berlin Airlift , and then disbanded on 1 June 1949 at Waterbeach . Strategic missiles . The squadron was again reformed - as 77 ( SM ) Sqn . - on 1 September 1958 as one of 20 Strategic Missile ( SM ) squadrons associated with Project Emily . The squadron was equipped with three Thor Intermediate range ballistic missile s . and based at RAF Feltwell . In October 1962 , during the Cuban missile crisis , the squadron was kept at full readiness , with the missiles aimed at strategic targets in the USSR . The squadron was disbanded on 10 July 1963 with the termination of the Thor Program in Britain .
Junkers Ju 352 The Junkers Ju 352 " Herkules " was a German World War II transport aircraft that was developed from the Junkers Ju 252 . Design and development . During the late spring of 1942 , the Junkers - Dessau project office was instructed by the Reich Air Ministry ( RLM ) to investigate the possibility of redesigning the structure of the Junkers Ju 252 transport to make maximum use of non - strategic materials , replacing the Junkers Jumo 211 F engines of the Ju 252 with Bramo 323 R radial engines . The result followed closely the aerodynamic design of the Ju 252 but was an entirely new aircraft . The wing of the Ju 352 was similar in outline to that of the Ju 252 but , mounted further aft on the fuselage , was entirely of wooden construction . The Ju 352 also had a similar " Trapoklappe " ( rear loading ramp ) to that of the Ju 252 . The ramp allowed the loading of vehicles or freight into the cargo hold while holding the fuselage level . In general , the Ju 352 was considered a major improvement over the original Junkers Ju 52 but noticeably inferior to the Junkers Ju 252 . Deliveries of the Ju 352 had only just begun to get into their stride when , during the summer of 1944 , the worsening war situation resulted in the decision to abandon the further production of transport aircraft , and in September the last two Ju 352A ' s rolled off the assembly line , 10 pre - production Ju 352 ' s and 33 production Ju 352 ' s having been manufactured . Several developments of the basic design were proposed before production was halted , these including the Ju 352B with more powerful engines and increased defensive armament .
Treaty of Tartu ( Russian – Finnish ) The Treaty of Tartu ( , ) between Finland and Soviet Russia was signed on 14 October 1920 after negotiations that lasted for four months . The treaty confirmed the border between Finland and Soviet Russia after the Finnish civil war and Finnish volunteer expeditions in Russian East Karelia . Ratifications of the treaty were exchanged in Moscow on December 31 , 1920 . The treaty was registered in the " League of Nations Treaty Series " on March 5 , 1921 . The treaty confirmed that the Finnish - Soviet border would follow the old border between the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland and Imperial Russia . Finland additionally received Petsamo , with its ice - free harbour on the Arctic Ocean . As far back as 1864 , Tsar Alexander II had promised to join Petsamo to Finland in exchange for a piece of the Karelian Isthmus . Finland also agreed to leave the joined and then occupied areas of Repola ( joined to Finland during the Viena expedition ) and Porajärvi ( joined during the Aunus expedition ) in Russian East Karelia . The treaty also had some articles besides area and border issues , including Soviet guarantee of free navigation of merchant ships from the Finnish ports in Lake Ladoga ( Laatokka in Finnish ) to the Gulf of Finland via the River Neva . Finland guaranteed land transit from Soviet Union to Norway via the Petsamo area . Also , Finland agreed to disarm the coastal fortress in Ino , opposite the Soviet city Kronstadt located on the island of Kotlin . The Finnish outer islands in the Gulf of Finland were demilitarized . The treaty was subject to controversy first during the East Karelian Uprising 1921 – 1922 when Finnish government allowed volunteers to take part in the conflict , and finally broken by the Soviet Union in 1939 when it started the Winter War . it is related with
HMS Spirit ( P245 ) HMS " Spirit " was an S class submarine of the Royal Navy , and part of the Third Group built of that class . She was built by Cammell Laird and launched on July 20 , 1943 . So far she has been the only ship of the Royal Navy to bear the name " Spirit " . She survived the Second World War , spending most of it with the Eastern Fleet , where she sank four Siamese sailing vessels , the Japanese ship " Ryushin Maru " and the Japanese coaster " Ryuho Maru " . She also sank another unidentified enemy vessel . " Spirit " also claimed to have damaged a small Japanese oiler with gunfire to the north of Sumatra . " Spirit " was eventually paid off , arriving at Ward , of Grays on July 4 , 1950 for breaking up .
John Carr ( Indiana ) John Carr ( April 9 , 1793 – January 20 , 1845 ) was a U . S . Representative from Indiana . Biography . Carr was born in Uniontown , Indiana . He moved with his parents to Clark County , Indiana , in 1806 . There he attended the public schools . He joined William Henry Harrison ' s army during Tecumseh ' s War and fought in the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811 . He remained in the army and was appointed lieutenant in a company of United States Rangers , authorized by an act of Congress for defense of western frontiers , in the War of 1812 . He later became a Brigadier General and major general of the Indiana Militia which he served in until his death . He served as clerk of Clark County from 1824 until 1830 . He also served as a presidential elector for Andrew Jackson and John C . Calhoun in 1824 . Carr was elected as a Jacksonian to the 22nd , 23rd , and 24th Congresses serving from ( March 4 , 1831 until March 3 , 1837 ) . While in the United States House of Representatives he served as chairman of the Committee on Private Land Claims during the 24th Congress . He failed to be reelected in the 1836 election . Carr was elected as a Democrat to the 26th congress and served from March 4 , 1839 until March 3 , 1841 . he did not seek reelection . He died in Charlestown , Indiana , January 20 , 1845 . He was interred in the Old Cemetery .
USS Seagull ( AMS - 55 ) USS " Seagull " ( MCS ( O ) - 55 / AMS - 55 / YMS - 402 ) was a built for the United States Navy during World War II . History . " Seagull " was laid down as " YMS - 402 " on 24 July 1942 by Henry B . Nevins , Inc . , City Island , New York ; launched on 17 April 1943 ; and commissioned on 26 June 1943 , Lt . ( jg . ) J . W . Gaines , USNR , in command . In mid - August 1943 , " YMS - 402 " reported for duty in the Eastern Sea Frontier . For the next year , she operated out of the Naval Frontier Base , Tompkinsville , Staten Island , New York . On 28 August 1944 , she departed that base for San Diego , California , and duty in the central $ 3 . Arriving at Eniwetok , Marshall Islands , on 20 November , the motor minesweeper , as a unit of Mine Squadron 102 , remained in the Marshall - Gilberts force for the next nine months , conducting local minesweeping , escort , and patrol operations , and making an occasional escort into the Western Carolines . After the cessation of hostilities in the $ 3 , she prepared for postwar minesweeping activities ; and , at the end of August 1945 , she sailed for Okinawa and Japan . During the fall , she participated in the opening of Nagoya and Wakayama ; and , with the new year , 1946 , she headed back to the United States . After stops in the Marshalls and in the Hawaiian Islands , she arrived at San Pedro , California , in early April . She remained on the west coast into the summer ; and , at the end of June , she sailed for New York , where she was decommissioned on 1 August 1946 . Placed in service again , " YMS - 402 " departed New York on 30 October and moved north to the $ 3 , whence she proceeded to Buffalo , where she served as a naval reserve training ship until after the outbreak of war in Korea . Named USS " Seagull " and redesignated AMS - 55 on 1 September 1947 and recommissioned on 10 May 1950 , the former YMS returned to the $ 3 in September 1951 and took up training duties in the 5th Naval district . Initially based at Norfolk , Virginia , and then at the Mine Warfare School , Yorktown , Virginia . She continued to operate out of the Hampton Roads / Virginia Capes area through 1954 . Then , in 1955 , " Seagull " , redesignated " MSC ( O ) - 55 " on 7 February , was transferred to Charleston , South Carolina , whence , for the remainder of her career , she conducted operations which took her along the southeastern Atlantic seaboard , along the ‘ gulf coast , and into the Caribbean as a unit of MinRon 4 . In mid - July 1957 , the coastal minesweeper departed Charleston for Philadelphia , where she was decommissioned on 11 October and placed in reserve . Her name was struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 1 November 1959 . Awards and honors . " YMS - 402 " earned one battle star for her post - World War II minesweeping activities .
Biblis Airfield Biblis Airfield is an abandoned World War II military airfield located in Germany , approximately 5 miles northeast of Worms ( Rheinland - Pfalz ) ; approximately 300 miles southwest of Berlin . Biblis was built by the United States Army Air Forces at the site of a Wehrmacht Army Barracks ( Biblis Kaserne ) . It was also the first USAAF airfield to be built in support of Seventh Army operations east of the Rhine River after two divisions crossed the river near Worms on 26 March 1945 . It was a vital airfield used in the encirclement of the Ruhr Pocket during the Western Allied invasion of Germany , in which more than 300 , 000 German troops were taken prisoner After being closed in July 1945 , the facility was abandoned . Today it is the site of a sports complex to the south of Biblis . History . The airfield was laid out very quickly at a captured German Army Barracks ( Kaserne ) , just to the south of Biblis after the Rhine crossing . The 850th Engineer Aviation Battalion arrived at the site on 1 April 1945 and on 2 April they had laid down a square - mesh track and sod runway , using the captured army buildings as a support area . The airfield was designated as Advanced Landing Ground " Y - 78 Biblis " The Twelfth Air Force 27th Fighter Bomber Group moved in almost immediately with its A - 36 Apache ground - attack aircraft ( a version of the P - 51C Mustang optimized for ground support ) and began flying missions in the Rhur . The 27th attacked enemy troop formations , motorized vehicles , armored vehicles and bridges to keep the German forces pinned down while the United States First and Ninth Armies moved up to meet the British XXIst Army Group coming down from the north . By 4 April the encirclement was complete , and for the next two weeks the pocket was made smaller and smaller , eventually forcing the surrender of over 300 , 000 German troops and their equipment . The victory in the Rhur essentially eliminated serious opposition by the German Armed forces in Western Germany and afterward American ground forces swept east into Central Germany and Southern Germany , while British and Commonwealth forces moved into northern Germany against little organized resistance . The 27th Fighter Bomber Group continued operations from Biblis supporting American forces as they advanced though Germany until the end of combat on 7 May . The unit remained at the airfield until the end of June when it returned to the United States . The airfield was closed in July and abandoned . After the war , the area was completely reconstructed and all of the military buildings , and airfield were removed . It is now part of a sports complex and what appears to be an industrial area .
1st Indiana Volunteers The 1st Indiana Volunteers , or the 1st Infantry Regiment , Indiana Volunteers , was a regiment of soldiers primarily from southern Indiana commanded by lieutenant colonel and future Governor of Indiana and United States Senator Henry S . Lane , during the Mexican - American War . It was the first regiment to be created by the state . Its arms were purchased using a loan from the Bank of Indiana , and was dispatched to Mexico in 1844 . The regiment was primarily on patrol duty during its three - month tour , guarding supply lines and manning outposts . After returning from the war , many of the men in the unit reenlisted in the 5th Indiana Volunteers .
Draken - class submarine The Draken class ( " Dragon " ) was a submarine class built for the Swedish navy 1960 - 1962 . A total of six submarines was delivered and kept in service until the late 1980s when the more modern Näcken class submarine replaced them . Four of the boats were modernised in 1981 - 82 . The design was a modified version of the Hajen class with only one shaft with a larger 5 - bladed propeller for improved underwater performance and reduced noise . One submarine ( HMS " Nordkaparen " ) was preserved and can today been seen at the " Göteborgs Maritima Center " in Gothenburg .
Alexandria National Cemetery ( Alexandria , Louisiana ) Alexandria National Cemetery is a United States National Cemetery located in the city of Pineville , in Rapides Parish , Louisiana . It occupies approximately , and is site to 10 , 164 interments as of the end of 2005 . History . In 1867 , an plot was appropriated from local resident to establish the Alexandria National Cemetery . It was originally intended as a place to bury Union soldiers who died in the area during the Civil War , but later , remains from Mount Pleasant , Cheneyville , Yellow Bayou , and Fort Brown , Texas , were re - interred in Alexandria . Of approximately 1378 Civil War burials , 507 are known and 871 are unknown . Alexandria National Cemetery was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997 .
HMS Nonsuch ( 1741 ) HMS " Nonsuch " was a 50 - gun fourth rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy , built to the 1733 proposals of the 1719 Establishment at Rotherhithe , and launched on 29 December 1741 . " Nonsuch " served until 1766 , when she was broken up .
17th Infantry Brigade ( United Kingdom ) The 17th Infantry Brigade was a formation of the British Army which provided active service in both the First and Second World Wars . It was mainly composed of Regular Army battalions . History . The Brigade was originally part of the 6th Infantry Division during the First World War , but it was transferred to the 24th Division in October 1915 . The Brigade served with the 5th Infantry Division through most of the Second World War . On May 5 , 1942 it was part of Force 121 in the invasion of Madagascar . After this , the 17th Infantry Brigade served in the Italian Campaign . The Brigade was stationed in the Southern Brigade District in the Suez Canal Zone for a period in the late 1940s before being disbanded .
HMS Greenwich ( 1666 ) HMS " Greenwich " was a 54 - gun fourth - rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy , built by Christopher Pett at Woolwich Dockyard and launched in 1666 . " Greenwich " was rebuilt at Portsmouth Dockyard in 1699 as a fourth - rate of 46 - 54 guns . She fought at the Action of August 1702 as part of a squadron under Admiral John Benbow , but hung back from the engagement . As a result her Captain Cooper Wade was tried and convicted of cowardice and shot . On 16 April 1724 she was ordered to be taken to pieces at Chatham , and rebuilt as a 50 - gun fourth - rate to the dimensions of the 1719 Establishment , relaunching on 15 February 1730 . On 20 October 1744 , whilst preparing to come alongside the hulk , they were struck by hurricane force winds which caused severe damage to both vessels , which subsequently sank . From " Greenwich " , Captain Allen and 85 others were drowned . His Majesty ' s ships , and were also lost in this incident .
USS Chevalier ( DD - 805 ) USS " Chevalier " ( DD / DDR - 805 ) was a " Gearing " - class destroyer of the United States Navy , the second Navy ship named for Lieutenant Commander Godfrey DeC . Chevalier ( 1889 – 1922 ) , a pioneer of naval aviation . " Chevalier " was launched 29 October 1944 by Bath Iron Works , Bath , Maine ; sponsored by Mrs . G . DeC . Chevalier ; and commissioned 9 January 1945 , Commander F . Wolsieffer in command . History . " Chevalier " cleared Guantanamo Bay 18 June 1945 , and reached Pearl Harbor 9 July . On the 24th , she sailed to join in the bombardment of Wake on 1 August , arriving at Eniwetok next day . She joined Task Force 38 ( TF 38 ) off Honshū 18 August , and with her force entered Tokyo Bay 26 August . After patrol and escort assignments supporting occupation activities in the Marianas and Philippines , " Chevalier " sailed from Saipan 25 March 1946 for San Diego , arriving 11 April . Before the Korean War , " Chevalier " completed tours of duty in the western Pacific in 1946 – 7 , and 1948 – 9 , and maintained her readiness through local operations from San Diego . On 18 March 1949 , she was reclassified DDR - 805 , a radar picket destroyer , and during the summer and fall of 1949 operated in the Hawaiian Islands . During the Korean War , she served actively in the Far East between 6 July 1950 and 25 March 1951 ; 15 October 1951 and 31 May 1952 : and 2 January 1953 and 22 August 1953 . Her duty during the major portion of each tour was to join the protective screen of TF 77 , the carrier force which launched almost continuous raids on North Korea . She also sailed on protective patrol in the Taiwan Straits . " Chevalier " ' s post - war operating schedule has alternated tours of duty with the guardian 7th Fleet with necessary overhaul and training activities along the west coast . In 1954 , 1955 , 1956 – 57 , 1957 – 58 , 1958 – 59 , and 1960 , she sailed for the visits to Far Eastern and Australian ports , patrol duty in the Taiwan Straits , and exercises off Japan , Okinawa , and in the Philippines which are a part of Far Eastern deployment . " Chevaliers classification reverted to DD - 805 " ' 13 July 1962 . ROKS " Chung Buk " . " Chevalier " was transferred to South Korea on 5 July 1972 . She served in the Republic of Korea Navy as ROKS " Chung Buk " . She was sold for scrap and dismantled in December 2000 . Awards . " Chevalier " received one battle star for World War II service , and nine for Korean War service .