naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
SS - N - 22 SS - N - 22 Sunburn is the NATO reporting name for two unrelated Soviet anti - ship missile s . Although the missiles were very different , distinguishing between them is difficult because their ship - mounted launching containers were identical . Confusion was exacerbated by the Soviet practice of mixing missile types within a class of ships . It was therefore not confirmed that the " SS - N - 22 " actually referenced two different missiles until after the fall of the Soviet Union . Chelomei rocket . One of the SS - N - 22s was the P - 80 Zubr , designed by a team led by Vladimir Chelomei . The Zubr was rocket - propelled and armed with a 250 kilogram warhead . It was carried by early - model " Sovremenny " - class destroyers and " Tarantul " - class corvettes . The submarine - launched version of this missile was also designated as an SS - N - 22 Sunburn by NATO but was known to the Soviets as the P - 100 Oniks . MKB Raduga model . The other , unrelated SS - N - 22 was the Raduga P - 270 Moskit . It was ramjet - propelled ( though launched by a small solid - fuel rocket ) , and was carried by later - model Sovremenny class destroyer s , Tarantul class corvette s , and several smaller warships . This weapon has a top speed of Mach 3 . The high speed of the missile means a typical response time for the target of only 25 to 30 seconds , giving a target little time to react . Moskit can be armed with a warhead of 320 kg . Another version of this weapon is called the ASM - MMS ; it is intended to be launched by a Su - 33 . The People ' s Republic of China acquired SS - N - 22 launchers and missiles ( specifically , the for - export 3M - 80E Moskit variant ) with a 1999 – 2000 purchase of two " Sovremenny " destroyers from Russia . According to Russia , the PRC funded the development of the SS - N - 22 version for the People ' s Liberation Army Navy ( PLAN ) . It has the designation 3M - 80MBE , and this version differs from earlier versions mainly in having increased range ( now beyond 220 km ; 240 km has been quoted ) . These new missiles will be first installed on board the second pair of Sovremenny class destroyer s . A total of 500 SS - N - 22 AShM were ordered by the PRC for the four Russian - built Sovremenny class destroyer s . With the exception of the first 20 , these are the 3M - 80MBE variant . The PRC has stockpiled roughly 15 SS - N - 22 missiles per launch tube ( each destroyer having a total of 8 launchers in two quadruple configurations ) . It is speculated that the PLA intends to use the missiles against carrier battle group s deployed by the United States Navy in the event of a confrontation with the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) . Six SS - N - 22 launchers were also present on the Soviet ekranoplan " Lun " .
Battle of the Lisaine The Battle of the Lisaine , also known as the Battle of Héricourt was fought from 15 January to 17 January 1871 between Prussia n and French forces . The French were led by Charles Denis Bourbaki , and were attempting to relieve the Siege of Belfort . The Prussians prepared multiple corps , about 52000 men to halt the French advance of about 152000 men . The Prussian corps had their outer posts overran quite swiftly but the Prussians forced back the French forces . Breaking the morale of French troops and leaving them to either die or retreat . In the end their efforts failed , and they were forced to flee into Switzerland .
Christopher Bushell Lieutenant Colonel Christopher Bushell VC DSO ( 31 October 1888 – 8 August 1918 ) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . Bushell was 29 years old , and a temporary lieutenant colonel in the 7th ( S ) Battalion , The Queen ' s Royal West Surrey Regiment , British Army , Commander during the First World War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the Victoria Cross . On 23 March 1918 west of St . Quentin ' s Canal and north of Tergnier , France , Lieutenant Colonel Bushell personally led C Company of his battalion , who were cooperating with an Allied regiment in a counterattack . In the course of this attack he was severely wounded in the head , but continued to carry on , walking in front of both English and Allied troops , encouraging them and visiting every portion of the lines in the face of terrific machine - gun and rifle fire . He refused to go to the rear until he had to be removed to the dressing station in a fainting condition . He was killed in action to the south of Morlancourt , Somme , France , on 8 August 1918 . He is buried at Querrieu CWGC , Somme , France . In 1923 , the Christopher Bushell Prize of books , for Modern History undergraduates , was established at Corpus Christi College , Oxford , where Bushell read Modern History from 1906 - 9 .
Carlo Ederle Major Carlo Ederle was born in Verona , Italy in 1892 . He attended the R . Ginnasio Liceo " Scipione Maffei " and received his diploma at the age of 17 . He registered at the Engineer School at the University of Padua and was awarded the degree of Engineer " ad honorem " November 12 , 1910 . At Turin Military Academy , he graduated first of 200 artillery second lieutenants . Appointed to the rank of lieutenant in 1913 , Ederle was assigned to the 8th Field Artillery . In April 1915 , he was promoted to captain , and appointed commanding officer at the Artillery Training Center at Ciriè ( Province of Turin ) , after serving at the Cadore front . But he requested , and was granted , permission to return to the front , where he commanded a heavy field battery at the Sei Busi mountain area . In 1916 , Ederle was wounded in the shoulder but did not want to go to the hospital . While still convalescing , he returned to the front , despite military doctors ' admonitions . In May 1916 , he was wounded again . He wrote to his parents that the press reports were greatly exaggerated , and that he had not even gone to the hospital . In November of the same year , Ederle served as part of the Third Army Artillery Headquarters , which had the role of neutralizing the enemy ' s artillery efforts . In December , when Italian troops withdrew from the front to regroup and reorganize , a colonel told Ederle he was going to recommend him for promotion and reassignment away from the front because he had skirted death too often " with a smile on his face . " But , says one report , Ederle refused promotion consideration if it meant he would not remain at the front . During the afternoon of December 4 , 1917 , Ederle went to an observation point at the bend of Zenzon on the Piave River , accompanied by a lieutenant . While observing the enemy , he was shot in the head by an enemy machine gunner . At 2 : 30 p . m . , Carlo Ederle was dead at the age of 25 . Ederle was nominated for lieutenant colonel and knight of the Military Order of Savoy , and received high official praise . He was awarded three silver medals and the French War Cross with palms . He was posthumously awarded a military Gold medal by the King . Namesakes . Caserma Ederle , or the U . S . Army Garrison Vicenza , is a U . S . Army post in Vicenza , Italy , and was named after Carlo Ederle in honor of his heroism during World War I .
Château de Montcornet The Château de Montcornet is a castle in the " commune " of Montcornet in the Ardennes " département " of France . History . The castle was built between the 11th and 12th centuries by the first occupants , the Montcornet s . In the 13th and 14th centuries , the fortress passed to Miles de Noyer and then to the Mello family . In 1446 , Antoine I de Croy repurchased the castle and rebuilt it almost completely . In 1613 , Charles of Gonzaga , who was in the process of building the nearby Charleville , capital of the Principauté d ' Arches , purchases the castle . From then it passed into the hands of the Meillerais , then finally to the duke of Aiguillon , who dismantled it around 1760 . Only ruins survive today . The artefacts excavated from the castle grounds — keys , currency , pottery , bones , etc . — are on display in a room of the castle . Château de Montcornet has been listed as a " monument historique " by the French Ministry of Culture since 1926 .
Underwater bridge An underwater bridge is a military structure that was employed during World War II and the Korean War . Underwater bridges are typically constructed of logs , sand , and dirt just beneath the surface of the water in a river or similar narrow body of water . The bridge allows heavier vehicles to cross the river driving through only shallow water , and they are difficult to spot from the air and if spotted are difficult to knock out with air strikes as the water protects the bridge from blasts . The concept was used by Soviet troops during World War II . North Korean troops also used such structures during the Korean War , particularly to cross the Naktong River during the Battle of Pusan Perimeter .
HMS Aid ( 1809 ) HMS " Aid was a 10 - gun Royal Navy transport ship launched in 1809 at Kings Lynn . She was converted to a survey ship in March 1817 , and was renamed HMS " Adventure in 1821 . As HMS " Adventure " the ship was deployed for 5 years between 1826 and 1830 in a survey of Patagonia , under the command of Captain Phillip King . The ship was accompanied by HMS " Beagle " . The ship was sold in 1853 .
Johannes Rouning Johannes Rouning ( or Ronning ) was a United States Navy sailor and a recipient of the United States military ' s highest decoration , the Medal of Honor . He was likely born in Norway in May 1859 . On May 7 , 1882 , Rouning was serving as an ordinary seaman on the at Hampton Roads , Virginia . On that day , he and another sailor , Seaman Christian Osepins , jumped overboard and rescued Gunner ' s Mate James Walters from drowning . For this action , both Rouning and Osepins were awarded the Medal of Honor two and a half years later , on October 18 , 1884 . Rouning ' s official Medal of Honor citation reads : For jumping overboard from the U . S . Tug " Fortune " , 7 May 1882 , at Hampton Roads , Va . , and rescuing from drowning James Walters , gunner ' s mate .
Bait and bleed Bait and bleed is a military strategy described by international relations theorist John J . Mearsheimer in his book on offensive realism , " The Tragedy of Great Power Politics " . The aim is to induce rival states to engage in a protracted war of attrition against each other " so that they bleed each other white " , while the baiter who encouraged the conflict remains on the sidelines , maintaining its military strength . Mearsheimer cites as an example Russia ' s efforts to provoke Austria and Prussia into war with France shortly after the French Revolution , evidenced by Catherine the Great ' s statement to her secretary in 1791 , " I am racking my brains in order to push the courts of Vienna and Berlin into French affairs . . . There are reasons I cannot talk about ; I want to get them involved in that business to have my hands free . I have much unfinished business , and it ' s necessary for them to be kept busy and out of my way . " Mearsheimer describes a similar strategy which he calls " Bloodletting " which does not involve incitement or baiting by a third party . When a state ' s rivals have gone to war independently , the aim is to encourage the conflict to continue as long as possible , in order to let the rival states weaken or " bleed " each other ' s military strength , while the bloodletting party stays out of the fighting . This strategy is exemplified in then - U . S . Senator Harry Truman ' s statement in 1941 regarding the Nazi invasion of Russia , " If we see that Germany is winning we ought to help Russia , and if Russia is winning we ought to help Germany , and that way let them kill as many as possible . " Another example of this strategy was Russia ' s withdrawal from World War I while the fighting in Europe between Germany and the remaining Allies continued . In his report to the Third Congress of Soviets in 1918 , Vladimir Lenin argued that by withdrawing from the conflict " we rid ourselves . . . of both imperialistic groups fighting each other . We can take advantage of their strife . . . and use that period when our hands are free to develop and strengthen the Socialist Revolution . "
Free French Naval Air Service The Free French Naval Air Service ( Aéronavale française libre ) was the air arm of Free French Naval Forces during the Second World War . The Free French Naval Air Service supported Free French Naval and Allied forces in overseas fronts ( North Africa , Middle East , etc . ) and later supported the Free French Navy during Allied advances into French territory after the Battle of Normandy . The markings of the Free French Naval Air Service were regular French roundels overpainted with an anchor on the fuselage , and the French tricolor on the rudder . It operated all the French naval aircraft , seaplanes and flying boats , that escaped from German - occupied France after the Battle of France , together with naval aircraft from the French colonies that declared allegiance to de Gaulle ' s Free French Forces , and aircraft donated by the British and Americans . It carried out Marine patrols and operations against Axis forces in France during 1944 - 45 . It formed the basis for the postwar French Naval Air Service .
S5W reactor The S5W reactor is a nuclear reactor used by the United States Navy to provide electricity generation and propulsion on warship s . The S5W designation stands for : This pressurized water reactor ' s simplicity , overdesign , and redundancy was intended for ease of operation and tolerance of battle damage . These characteristics contributed greatly to the type ' s reliability , longevity , and excellent safety record . The S5W was the standard reactor for submarines of the United States Navy from its first use in 1959 on USS " Skipjack " ( SSN - 585 ) until the introduction of the " Los Angeles " - class submarines with S6G reactor in the mid - 1970s . One S5W plant was also used in the United Kingdom on the Royal Navy ' s first nuclear - powered submarine HMS " Dreadnought " ( S101 ) . Sometime before 1971 , the S5W vessel and core replaced the S1W reactor vessel and core at the S1W prototype facility . Even though operating an S5W reactor core , the facility continued to be called S1W . To use the additional power generated by the S5W reactor at higher power levels , steam dumps were constructed in the same S1W building but outside the original submarine style hull . , two S5W reactor plants remain in service : ex - USS " Daniel Webster " ( MTS - 626 ) and ex - USS " Sam Rayburn " ( MTS - 635 ) . These " moored training ships " are used to train U . S . naval nuclear operators at the former Naval Weapons Station Charleston . Both of these training ships are equipped with a diesel - powered Supplemental Water Injection System ( SWIS ) to provide emergency cooling water in the event of an accident . Later - model S5W reactor plants were often refueled with a S3G core - 3 , the third version of the S3G core .
109 Squadron ( Israel ) The 109 Squadron of the Israeli Air Force , also known as The Valley Squadron , began operating the De Havilland Mosquito FB Mk . VI and PR Mk XVI in July 1951 . It currently operates F - 16D fighters out of Ramat David Airbase .
USS R - 20 ( SS - 97 ) USS " R - 20 " ( SS - 97 ) was an " R " - class coastal and harbor defense submarine of the United States Navy . Her keel was laid down on 4 June 1917 by the Union Iron Works in San Francisco , California . She was launched on 21 January 1918 sponsored by Mrs . Arnold Foster , and commissioned on 26 October 1918 with Lieutenant Commander Alfred E . Montgomery in command . Service history . 1918 – 1931 . Fitted out at San Pedro , California , " R - 20 " remained off southern California operating between San Pedro and San Diego , California , until March 1919 . She then moved to San Francisco , California ; underwent overhaul , and on 17 June got underway for Hawaii . She arrived at Pearl Harbor on 25 June . Given hull classification symbol SS - 97 in July 1920 , she served with the fleet training submarine personnel and assisting in the development of submarine equipment and tactics for over a decade . On 12 December 1930 , she departed Pearl Harbor and headed for Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , and inactivation . She arrived at Philadelphia on 9 February 1931 ; decommissioned on 15 May ; and was berthed at League Island . 1941 – 1946 . " R - 20 " recommissioned on 22 January 1941 . In April she shifted to New London , Connecticut . There she trained personnel and conducted patrols until June . She then moved south to Key West , Florida , arriving on 22 June to spend the remainder of her career as a training ship . " R - 20 " decommissioned at Key West on 27 September 1945 and was struck from the Naval Vessel Register the following month . On 13 March 1946 , she was sold to Macey O . Scott of Miami , Florida .
Charles Preston Wickham Charles Preston Wickham ( September 15 , 1836 – March 18 , 1925 ) was a 19th - century congressman and judge from Norwalk , Huron County , Ohio . Wickham attended the public schools , the Norwalk Academy , and the Cincinnati Law School . He was admitted to the bar in 1858 and practiced in Norwalk , Ohio . During the American Civil War , he enlisted as a private in Company D , Fifty - fifth Regiment , Ohio Volunteers , in September 1861 and rose to the rank of lieutenant colonel by brevet . He was mustered out of the service July 11 , 1865 and resumed the practice of law in Norwalk . He served as prosecuting attorney 1866 - 1870 and was elected judge of the court of common pleas of the fourth judicial district in 1880 and 1885 . Wickham was then elected as a Republican to the Fiftieth and Fifty - first Congresses ( March 4 , 1887 – March 3 , 1891 ) and served as chairman of the Committee on Coinage , Weights , and Measures ( Fifty - first Congress ) . He died in Norwalk , Ohio on March 18 , 1925 after being struck by a car and was interred in Woodlawn Cemetery .
Einsatzkommando Finnland Einsatzkommando Finnland was a German paramilitary unit active in northern Finland and northern Norway during World War II , while Finland was fighting the Continuation War against the Soviet Union with the support of Nazi Germany . The official name of the unit was " Einsatzkommando der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD beim AOK Norwegen , Befehlsstelle Finnland " , but it was often referred to as Einsatzkommando Finnland . The existence of Einsatzkommando Finnland , until then unknown , was revealed in a 2008 doctoral dissertation by Oula Silvennoinen . The unit was subordinated to Reichssicherheitshauptamt , and Finnish security police Valpo as well as a Finnish military intelligence organization collaborated with it . Background . It has previously been revealed in several studies , including that of investigative journalist Elina Sana in her book " Luovutetut . Suomen ihmisluovutukset Gestapolle " ( " " The Extradited . Finland ' s Extraditions to the Gestapo " " ) , that during the Continuation War roughly 3 , 000 POW s and civilians were extradited to Germany in exchange for Finno - Ugric Soviet POWs held by Germany . Sana ' s book led to the ongoing research project at the Finnish National Archives . Most of those extradited joined the Russian Liberation Army or were recruited to spy behind the Soviet lines , but 520 of them were political officers in the Red Army or otherwise active communists , and although they were presumed killed in German hands , their exact fates had been unknown . Research . According to Silvennoinen ' s research , before and during the Continuation War Finland handed over about 500 POWs and refugees to Germans operating in Northern Finland and Northern Norway , who probably executed all of them . About 10 % of those handed over were Jewish , although their ethnicity seems not to have been the reason for their extradition . Extraditions began already in the summer of 1940 . Additionally , a small number of Valpo officials worked as interpreters and interrogators in German POW camps with German Einsatzkommando Finnland officials , and were complicit in the executions of an unknown number of POWs . Einsatzkommando Finnland operated in two POW camps , Stalag 322 in Elvenes , Norway and Stalag 309 in Salla , Finland ( nowadays Russia ) . As the German advance into the Soviet Union stalled , the stream of POWs into these camps trickled , and Einsatzkommando Finnland was disbanded at the end of 1942 . Silvennoinen is a researcher at the Finnish National Archives , and his dissertation forms a part of ongoing research on prisoner - of - war deaths in Finland and people handed over to Germany and the Soviet Union by Finnish authorities between 1939 and 1955 .
USS De Wert ( FFG - 45 ) USS " De Wert " ( FFG - 45 ) , an " Oliver Hazard Perry " - class frigate , is a ship of the United States Navy named for Hospitalman Richard De Wert ( 1931 – 1951 ) . De Wert was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for his heroism while serving with the 7th Marines during the Korean War . " De Wert " was laid down on June 14 , 1982 by the Bath Iron Works , in Bath , Maine ; launched on December 18 , 1982 , sponsored by Rita C . Kennedy ; and commissioned on November 19 , 1983 at Bath , Commander Douglas Armstrong in command . Comnander Destroyer Squadron Six conducted a Command Administration Inspection August 24 – 26 , 1985 . The ship got underway with the Air Det embarked August 13 through September 7 to participate in READEX 3 - 85 under Commander Carrier Group Two , along with fifteen surface ships , 2 submarines of the United States Atlantic Fleet and one unit of the Royal Netherlands Navy . On August 15 conducted a CIWS exercise and destroyed the TDU . On August 22 the ship had another successful SM - 1 firing against a target drone . The ship ' s Preparation for Overseas Movement , 7 through September 30 was interrupted by having to get underway for hurricane evasion September 24 – 27 . October 1 HSL 42 Det 4 embarked in preparation for deployment . The ship got underway on October 2 for its first major overseas deployment . On October 9 , during the transit across the Atlantic the ship scored the quickest ' Quick Draw " of the battle group . " De Wert " in - chopped to the Sixth Fleet on October 14 and participated in Operation Display Determination 85 , under the command of Commander Task Force 60 with 2 carriers , 16 warships , and 130 aircraft of the Sixth Fleet . This exercise proved to be predominately an AAW / ASW exercise . " De Wert " is captained by Commander Joseph Thomas ; she is part of Destroyer Squadron 14 , Commander , Naval Surface Forces Atlantic , and is homeported at Naval Station Mayport , Florida . On February 16 , 2007 , " De Wert " was awarded the 2006 Battle " E " award . In 2011 , De Wert earned all command excellence awards and was awarded the 2010 Battle E award . On October 11 , 2011 , it was reported that the " De Wert " , along with the British Royal Fleet Auxiliary vessel RFA " Fort Victoria " , had rescued the Italian vessel " Montecristo " after it was boarded by Somali pirates , while on joint anti - piracy operations in the Indian Ocean .