naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
James Nicholson ( naval officer ) James Nicholson ( 1737 – 2 September 1804 ) was an officer in the Continental Navy during the American Revolutionary War . The son of Joseph and Hannah Scott Nicholson , he was born in Chestertown , Maryland . James Nicholson served in the colonial Navy with the British in the assault on Havana in 1762 , and was commissioned Captain in the Continental Navy 10 October 1776 . He commanded " Defense " , " Trumbull " , and " Virginia " , and when blockaded at Baltimore , Maryland , took his men to join George Washington at the Battle of Trenton to aid in that key victory . Made the senior captain in the Continental Navy due to political influence , he nevertheless had an undistinguished career , never winning a victory or capturing a prize . He lost his first command , the frigate " Virginia " , while trying to run past the British squadron blockading the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay . He ran the ship aground and rather than fight the approaching British ships , fled to shore in a boat , leaving the " Virginia " and her crew to be captured . The next day he approached the captured ship under a flag of truce and asked for his personal effects . Nicholson styled his flight as an " escape " in his report to Congress , and with the only witnesses confined to British prisons , he was eventually given command of " Trumbull " . That command he lost to " HMS Iris " when his crew refused to fight . Nicholson had one son and five daughters , one of whom married Albert Gallatin . He died at his home in New York City . The ships named USS " Nicholson " were named for him , his younger brothers , John Nicholson and Samuel Nicholson , his nephew , William Nicholson and his grandnephew , James W . Nicholson .
Estonian Maritime Museum The Estonian Maritime Museum ( ) is located in the Fat Margaret tower in the old town of Tallinn . The museum presents history of ships and navigation in Estonia and related to Estonia . Other parts of the Maritime Museum are the mine museum and the Seaplane Harbour where museum ships are presented . Fat Margaret . Fat Margaret was built in the early 16th century ( from 1511 to 1530 ) during the reconstruction of the medieval city gate system . The etymology of the tower ' s name derives from the fact that it was the largest part of the city ' s fortifications with walls measuring 25 meters in diameter , 20 meters in height and up to 5 meters thick . Apart from being a fortification against would - be invaders to the port of the town , it was also built to impress outside visitors arriving by sea . The tower is a defensive structure at the end of " Pikk tänav " ( Pikk Street ) . Together with the " Suur Rannavärav " ( Great Coastal Gate ) , a sixteenth - century arch flanked by two towers , it served to defend the harbour of Tallinn . Later , it was used as a storehouse for gunpowder and weapons , and then transformed into a prison , and was the scene of an outbreak of violence during the 1917 Revolution , when the prison guards were murdered by a mob of workers , soldiers and sailors . The tower now serves a more peaceful function of housing the Estonian Maritime Museum which looks at the nation ' s seafaring history with a collection of nautical paraphernalia that spreads over four stories and a view of the old town and Tallinn ' s harbour and bay from its rooftop viewing platform . Exhibitions . Present exhibits include
4 . 7 inch Gun M1906 The 4 . 7in Field Gun M1906 was designed and issued by the US Army Ordnance Department in 1906 . Design . The design was orthodox for its time with a box trail and hydro spring recoil system . When the United States entered World War I 60 had been produced and issued to the army . Once the US entered WWI the US Army came under pressure to adopt French artillery systems and the 4 . 7in Field Gun was rechambered to fire French 120mm ammunition . The switch to French 120mm ammunition eased logistical problems due to the availability of French ammunition . However the decision to change ammunition upset production and only 16 new pieces were finished before the end of the war . Ammunition . Ammunition included a base - fuzed common steel shell containing of TNT , and a shrapnel shell containing 711 balls with a 31 - second combination fuze and optional tracer .
Curtiss XP - 22 Hawk The Curtiss XP - 22 Hawk was an 1930s American experimental biplane fighter built by Curtiss for evaluation by the United States Army Air Service . Design and development . In 1929 , the AAC ordered three P - 11 Hawk s for testing of the 600 hp ( 447 kW ) H - 1640 Chieftain engine . This engine proved a failure , and before completion , one of the three was converted to use a 9 - cylinder 575 hp ( 429 kW ) Cyclone , being completed as the YP - 20 . Testing with the R - 1820 was prolonged , so the Army acquired another of the three P - 11s , instead . This became the XP - 22 . A number of changes were made for installing the 700 hp ( 520 kW ) Curtiss V - 1570 Conqueror engine . The radiator was relocated , a new cowl was fitted , and the tail was given more fin and less rudder area , and featured a steerable tailwheel , rather than the original skid . For these changes , Curtiss charged only US $ 1 . During testing , the XP - 22 underwent a number of alterations and improvements , including a change from a three - strut landing gear to a single streamlined strut , later fitted with wheel pants . Fillet s were added where struts joined the wing and the tail was briefly reduced in area , to P - 6 standard . The XP - 22 was also the Army ' s first fighter capable of 200 mph ( 320 km / h ) , achieving 202 mph ( 325 km / h ) . Operational history . In June 1931 , the AAC held a competition to evaluate the P - 6 , P - 12 , YP - 20 , and XP - 22 . The XP - 22 came out the winner , earning a contract for 45 aircraft as the Y1P - 22 . Following the trials , the XP - 22 donated a nose and landing gear graft to the YP - 20 , which became the XP - 6E , and the 45 production aircraft were completed to this standard .
HMAS Glenelg ( ACPB 96 ) HMAS " Glenelg " ( ACPB 96 ) , named for the city of Glenelg , South Australia is an Australian " Armidale " class patrol boat of the Royal Australian Navy ( RAN ) . Design and construction . The " Armidale " class patrol boats are long , with a beam of , a maximum draft of , and a displacement of 270 tons . The semi - displacement vee hull is fabricated from aluminium alloy , and each vessel is built to a combination of Det Norske Veritas standards for high - speed light craft and RAN requirements . The " Armidale " s can travel at a maximum speed of , and are driven by two propeller shafts , each connected to an MTU 16V M70 diesel . The ships have a range of at , allowing them to patrol the waters around the distant territories of Australia , and are designed for standard patrols of 21 days , with a maximum endurance of 42 days . The main armament of the " Armidale " class is a Rafael Typhoon stabilised gun mount fitted with an M242 Bushmaster cannon . Two machine guns are also carried . Boarding operations are performed by two , waterjet propelled rigid - hulled inflatable boat s ( RHIBs ) . Each RHIB is stored in a dedicated cradle and davit , and is capable of operating independently from the patrol boat as it carries its own communications , navigation , and safety equipment . Each patrol boat has a standard ship ' s company of 21 personnel , with a maximum of 29 . The " Armidale " s do not have a permanently assigned ship ' s company ; instead , they are assigned to divisions at a ratio of two vessels to three companies , which rotate through the vessels and allow the " Armidale " s to spend more time at sea , without compromising sailors ' rest time or training requirements . A 20 - berth auxiliary accommodation compartment was included in the design for the transportation of soldiers , illegal fishermen , or unauthorised arrivals ; in the latter two cases , the compartment could be secured from the outside . However , a malfunction in the sewerage treatment facilities aboard in August 2006 pumped hydrogen sulfide and carbon monoxide into the compartment , non - fatally poisoning four sailors working inside , after which use of the compartment for accommodation was banned across the class . " Glenelg " was one of two patrol boats ordered in 2005 , following an 2004 federal election promise that the Coalition would provide a dedicated patrol force for the oil and gas producing facilities located off the north - west coast of Australia . " Glenelg " was constructed by Austal at their shipyard in Henderson , Western Australia . She was the last ship of the class to be commissioned , on 22 February 2008 . Operational history . She is based at HMAS " Coonawarra " , assigned to the " Aware " Division , and performs border protection duties .
Civilian Irregular Defense Group program Civilian Irregular Defense Group program ( CIDG , pronounced " sid - gee " ) was a program developed by the U . S . government in the Vietnam War to develop South Vietnamese irregular military unit s from minority populations . Purpose . The Civilian Irregular Defense Group program was formed for two reasons : History . The CIDG program was devised by the CIA in early 1961 to counter expanding Viet Cong influence in South Vietnam ' s Central Highlands . Beginning in the village of Buon Enao , small A Teams from the U . S . Army Special Forces ( Green Berets ) moved into villages and set up Area Development Centers . Focusing on local defense and civic action , the Special Forces teams did the majority of the training . Villagers were trained and armed for village defense for two weeks , while localized Strike Forces would receive better training and weapons and served as a quick reaction force to react to Viet Cong attacks . The vast majority of the CIDG camps were initially manned by inhabitants of ethnic minority regions in the country ( especially Montagnard ) , who disliked both the North and South Vietnamese and therefore quickly took to the American advisers . The program was widely successful , as once one village was pacified , it served as a training camp for other local villages . By 1963 , the military felt that the program was a great success , but also that the CIDG units and Special Forces units were not being employed properly , and ordered Operation Switchback , which transferred control of the CIDG program from the CIA over to Military Assistance Command , Vietnam . The CIDG Program was rapidly expanded , as the entire 5th Special Forces Group , U . S . Army Special Forces , moved into Vietnam , and the CIDG units stopped focusing on village defense and instead took part in more conventional operations , most notably border surveillance . Most of these were converted to Vietnam Army Ranger units in 1970 .
George Merrill ( Medal of Honor ) George Merrill ( February 11 , 1847 – August 29 , 1925 ) was a Union Army soldier during the American Civil War . He received the Medal of Honor for gallantry during the Second Battle of Fort Fisher on January 15 , 1865 . Military service . Merrill enlisted in the Army from Schenectady , New York in September 1864 . He was assigned to Company I of the 142nd New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment , mustering out with his regiment in June 1865 . On January 15 , 1865 , the North Carolina Confederate stronghold of Fort Fisher was taken by a combined Union storming party of sailors , marines , and soldiers under the command of Admiral David Dixon Porter and General Alfred Terry . Medal of Honor citation . For The President of the United States of America , in the name of Congress , takes pleasure in presenting the Medal of Honor to Private George Merrill , United States Army , for extraordinary heroism on 15 January 1865 , while serving with Company I , 142d New York Infantry , in action at Fort Fisher , North Carolina . Private Merrill voluntarily advanced with the head of the column and cut down the palisading . General Orders : Date of Issue : December 28 , 1914 Action Date : January 15 , 1865 Service : Army Rank : Private Company : Company I Division : 142nd New York Infantry
Royal Canadian Army Veterinary Corps The Royal Canadian Army Veterinary Corps ( RCAVC ) was an administrative corps of the Canadian Army . The Canadian Army Permanent Veterinary Corps was founded in 1910 . The Canadian Army Permanent Veterinary Corps was redesignated the Royal Canadian Army Veterinary Corps on 3 Nov 1919 . The Royal Canadian Army Veterinary Corps was redesignated The Royal Canadian Army Veterinary Corps on 17 Jul 1936 . The Royal Canadian Army Veterinary Corps was disbanded on 2 Nov 1940 . The cap badge of the RCAVC was similar to that of Britain ' s Royal Army Veterinary Corps , but featured a larger figure of Chiron in a wreath of maple leaves surmounted by a Tudor crown , with the letters RCAVC on the ribbon . History . Until 1910 veterinarians in the Canadian Army were part of the old regimental system . Most veterinarians held a commission in the active militia and left private practice for 10 – 15 days a year to serve with his regiment . There was only a small number of permanently employed regimental veterinary officers . In 1910 the Canadian Army Veterinary Service , under the Quartermaster - General of the Canadian Militia , came into existence and had three branches : the Canadian Permanent Army Veterinary Corps ( CPAVC ) , the Canadian Army Veterinary Corps ( CAVC ) and the Regimental Veterinary Service , which was being phased out . By the outbreak of war in 1914 , the Regimental Veterinary Service had ceased to exist , the CPAVC was still incomplete , so the majority of veterinarians and other ranks were found in the CAVC . The CAVC was organized into seven Sections , though only two , Winnipeg and Montreal , were at a state of readiness at the outbreak of war : London , Ontario ; Toronto ; Kingston , Ontario ; Quebec ; Halifax , Nova Scotia ; Winnipeg and Calgary . There was also a Senior Veterinary Officer , headquartered in Kingston . Within each Division or District , there was a Principal Veterinary Officer . Provision was also made for a Canadian Army Veterinary School . In 1919 the CPAVC was reconstituted as the Royal Canadian Army Veterinary Corps . In 1940 , the RCAVC was disbanded by the Privy Council and the recommendation of the Treasury Board , in order to save $ 10 , 334 . Prominent Members . Harry Colebourn ( April 12 , 1887 – September 24 , 1947 ) , veterinarian with the Royal Canadian Army Veterinary Corps , is best known for donating a bear cub named " Winnie " ( short for " Winnipeg " ) to the London Zoo . Related units . This unit was allied with the following :
586th Flight Test Squadron The 586th Flight Test Squadron ( 586 FLTS ) is part of the 46th Test Wing based at Holloman Air Force Base , New Mexico . Overview . The 586th Flight Test Squadron ( 586th FLTS ) plans , analyzes , coordinates and conducts flight tests of advanced weapons and avionics systems primarily on the White Sands Missile Range ( WSMR ) . It provides deployable operational support for test aircraft staging out of Holloman AFB . The squadron flight tests guidance systems , laser systems , air - to - air / air - to - ground systems , long - range and standoff weapons , live warheads , and provides target and photo / safety chase . The 586th FLTS operates three AT - 38B aircraft . These aircraft are modified for test , test support , target , and photo / safety chase . Capabilities of the squadron ' s AT - 38B ' s include : chaff , flares , Global Positioning System ( GPS ) navigation and precision data recording and telemetry , electronic counter - measures ( ECM ) , towed target , threat and cruise missile simulation , Air Combat Maneuvering Instrumentation ( ACMI ) pods , and multiple format photographic coverage ( including helmet - mounted video cameras . They are equipped with an internal Fighter Instrumentation and Navigation System ( FINS ) which relies on inertial navigation and global positioning inputs to develop a reference for time - space - position information . Each aircraft has a 200 - ft AGL capability utilizing radar altimeters and moving map displays . For specialized tests , customer provided test equipment may be rack mounted and installed in place of the rear ejection seat or externally in a pod . Externally , the aircraft has a modified centerline pylon to enable carriage of many types of test and operational stores such as the ALQ - 167 Electronic Counter Measures ( ECM ) pod , which is programmable with a wide variety of electronic jamming techniques as well as an ALE - 40 chaff and flare pod . External stores can be provided with AC and DC power . Another test capability under development is a Low Observable Instrumented Tow Target system that will support many different types of tests . Flight cleared pods are available for carriage of additional customer defined stores . History . Formed under III Bomber Command in early 1943 as a B - 26 Marauder medium bomber squadron . Trained for duty in Europe with Ninth Air Force . Engaged in combat beginning in early 1944 , attacked tactical targets in France , Low Countries and Germany supporting Allied ground forces advancing after D - Day in Northern France Campaign and the Western Allied invasion of Germany , 1945 . Received A - 26 Invader s in April 1945 , however did not use in combat . After V - E Day , demobilized personnel while being part of the Army of Occupation in Germany and inactivated in early 1946 . It provided operational and maintenance support for all Department of Defense test aircraft staging out of Holloman Air Force Base from , 1982 - 1990 . The squadron flew developmental test and evaluation missions and has supported DOD test flights on White Sands Missile Range since 1991 .
Spada da lato The spada da lato or " side - sword " is the Italian term for the type of sword popular during the late 16th century , corresponding to the Spanish espada ropera . It is a continuation of the medieval arming sword and in turn the predecessor of the rapier of the Early Modern period . Its use was taught in the Dardi school of Italian fencing , influential on 17th century rapier fencing . They were ideal for handling the mix of armored and unarmored opponents of that time . A new technique of placing one ' s finger on the ricasso to improve the grip ( a practice that would continue in the rapier ) led to the production of hilts with a guard for the finger . This sword design eventually led to the development of the civilian rapier , but it was not replaced by it , and the side - sword continued to be used during the rapier ' s lifetime . Also of note is that as rapiers became more popular , attempts were made to hybridize the blade , sacrificing the effectiveness found in each unique weapon design . These are still considered side - swords and are sometimes labeled " sword rapier " or " cutting rapier " by modern collectors .
Vladimir Kappel Vladimir Oskarovich Kappel ( , — January 26 , 1920 ) was a White Russian military leader . During the First World War he was a Chief of the 347th Infantry Regiment ' s Staff and an officer in the 1st Army ' s Staff . Following the Bolshevik Revolution , Kappel commanded the Komuch White Army group ( People Army of Komuch ) ( 1918 , June – September ) and from December 1919 the Eastern Front of Aleksandr Kolchak . Kappel was born into a Swedish - Russian family . He graduated from the Saint Petersburg Page Corps and then from the Nikolayevskoye Cavalry School and Nikolayevskaya Academy of the General Staff . Although he was a self - declared monarchist , Kappel said he would fight under any banner against Bolsheviks . Kappel ' s adherents and allies were known in Russian as " kappelevtsy " ( каппелевцы ) . After the execution of Admiral Aleksandr Kolchak in Irkutsk , the " kappelevtsy " were forced to undertake a winter march toward Chita , known as the " Great Siberian Ice march " . General Kappel died of deep frostbite . Kappel ' s tomb in Harbin was pulled down after Mao Zedong assumed power in China . On December 19 , 2006 the remains of Kappel were transported for reinterment from China to Irkutsk . On January 13 , 2007 , Vladimir Kappel ' s remains were interred at Donskoy Monastery in Moscow .
Annibale Ciarniello Annibale Ciarniello ( January 9 , 1900 , Bagnoli del Trigno , Province of Isernia – January 3 , 2007 ) was one of the last surviving veterans of the first World War at the time of his death , as well as the oldest medical doctor in Italy and one of the oldest people in the country . Annibale was in the Italian Army ' s class of 1900 , which were soldiers born in 1900 that enlisted in 1918 and were in non - combat rolls during the war in 1918 . They were scheduled to be deployed into combat for the possible spring offensive in 1919 , which never came , because the war ended when the Armistice was signed on November 11 , 1918 . In 1926 , Ciarniello graduated from medical school at the University of Naples where he studied for a degree in Medicine and Surgery . He was still a practicing doctor for his close family members until the last year of his life , because he felt such great satisfaction and pride from his work . He was married in 1939 , fathered four sons and was a practicing doctor in the small town of Sant ' Agapito until twenty years before his death , when he moved to the town of Bagnoli del Trigno , which was the same town he was born in . Ciarniello thought that eating well kept a good balance between mind and body , and that it was a requirement for a long life . He talked fondly of his memories of when he was a student in Naples as a young man , and he was proud to have seen the region of Molise and province of Isernia grow and develop over the century . He died in his home town of Bagnoli del Trigno just six days before his 107th birthday , and was remembered as a grandfather of the region of Molise and for having been of the most well known doctors in the rural province of Isernia where he lived and practiced medicine .