naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Poem code The poem code is a simple , and insecure , cryptographic method . The method works by the sender and receiver pre - arranging a poem to use . The sender chooses a set number of words at random from the poem and gives each letter in the chosen words a number . The numbers are then used as a key for some cipher to conceal the plaintext of the message . The cipher used was often double transposition . To indicate to the receiver which words had been chosen an indicator group is sent at the start of the message . The method is insecure for , if one message is broken by any means ( including threat , torture , or even cryptanalysis ) , future messages will be readable if the source poem has been identified . Since the poems used must be memorable for ease of use by an agent , there is a temptation to use well - known poems or poems from well - known poets . ( e . g . SOE agents often used verses by Shakespeare , Racine , Tennyson , Molière , Keats , etc . ) . Every poem code message commenced with an indicator - group of five letters , which showed which five words of an agent ' s poem had been used to encrypt the message . If the agent used the same poem code words to send a number of messages , these words could be discovered easily by enemy cryptographers . If the words could be identified as coming from a famous poem or quotation , then all of the future traffic submitted in that poem code could be read . When Leo Marks was appointed codes officer of the Special Operations Executive ( SOE ) in London during World War II , he very quickly recognized the weakness of the technique , and the consequent damage to agents and to their organizations on the Continent , and began to press for changes . Eventually , the SOE began using original compositions ( thus not in any published collection of poems from any poet ) to give added protection ( see " The Life That I Have " , an example ) , but also adopted other more secure methods such as Worked - out Keys ( WOKs ) and the one - time pad . A project of Marks ' , named by him " Operation Gift - Horse " , was a deception scheme aimed to disguise the more secure WOK code traffic as poem code traffic , so that German cryptographers would think " Gift - Horsed " messages were easier to break than they actually were . This was done by adding false duplicate indicator groups to WOK - keys , to give the appearance that an agent had repeated the use of certain words of their code poem . The aim of Gift Horse was to waste the enemy ' s time , and was deployed prior to D - Day , when code traffic increased dramatically .
Air - to - air rocket " For air - to - air missiles , see Air to air missile . " An air - to - air rocket or air interception rocket is an unguided projectile fired from aircraft to engage other flying targets . They were used briefly in World War I to engage enemy observation balloons and in and after World War II to engage enemy bombers . Fighters were too maneuverable to be effectively engaged with rockets . History . World War I . Rocket s were used in World War I to engage observation balloon s and airship s . Success rates were low and the rockets were dangerous to handle in the early fighters built from highly flammable materials . By the end of the war they were replaced by the incendiary Pomeroy bullet s . One of the notable rockets from World War I was the Le Prieur rocket which had a range of about , limited by inaccuracy . It was first used in the Battle of Verdun . Interwar period . The first known example of a successful attack of air - to - air rockets on another plane took place on August 20 , 1939 during the Battle of Khalkhin Gol . A group of Soviet Polikarpov I - 16 fighters under command of Captain N . Zvonaryev successfully destroyed a few Japanese warplanes by launching of RS - 82 rocket s . Soviet RS - 82 rockets were mounted on special pylons under wings of Soviet fighters . World War II . Air - to - air rockets were utilized in World War II to engage bomber s because cannon fire proved ineffective at high closing speeds . On top of that , getting in the range to fire one ' s guns also meant getting in the range of the bomber ' s tail gun . The German R4M was the first practical rocket . It was highly successful , but came too late to change the outcome of the war . After experiencing the effectiveness of the German rockets , both the Soviet Union and the United States started developing their own . The invention of effective air - to - air missile s spelled the end for their unguided counterparts in the 1950s . The capability of steering during the flight trajectory significantly increased the hit percentage over rockets . The United States built one last air - to - air rocket , the AIR - 2 Genie . It used a nuclear warhead with a blast radius of 300m to compensate for its inaccuracy . List of air - to - air rockets by country . France Germany USA USSR
Operation Peninsula Strike Operation Peninsula Strike was a series of raids conducted by American troops from 9 to 13 June 2003 as part of Operation Iraqi Freedom . It took place on a peninsula alongside the Tigris River near Balad , Iraq . Conducted by members of Task Force Ironhorse , US forces sought to eliminate Ba ' ath Party members , paramilitary , and other subversive units . Specifically , US Forces were to hit five objectives simultaneously , detain the targets and screen them for intelligence . The operation . Attacking from helicopters , small boats and in armored vehicles , American forces set up road blocks and began a large raid that included over one thousand soldiers who quickly captured 397 suspects . Among those who were targeted for capture were two persons on the ' Most Wanted List ' : Major General Abul Ali Jasmin , the former Minister of Defense , and Brigadier General Abdullah Ali Jasmin , former head of the military academy . However , none of the targets were at the objectives . Of the 397 initially detained , most were released within days of the operation . On the last day of the operation , a force of Iraqi insurgents attacked a patrol from the 4th Infantry Division , which was involved in the operation . The insurgents fired rocket - propelled grenades at the 4th Infantry Division tank patrol . The tanks returned fire , killing four attackers and forcing the others to flee . Later , backed by Apache helicopters , the U . S . forces pursued the remaining attackers , killing another 23 . Units involved . Included elements of the : See also . Operation Peninsula Strike followed Operation Planet X and preceded Operation Desert Scorpion . References . Global Security : Operation Peninsula Strike "
RFA Black Ranger ( A163 ) RFA " Black Ranger " ( A163 ) was a British diesel - powered fleet support tanker of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary , built by Harland & Wolff . It served with the Arctic Convoys , and was involved in a collision with the submarine in November 1960 . Its role was to refuel the RAF flying boats , and carried 2 , 600 tons of fuel oil , 550 tons of diesel , and 90 tons of petroleum . The Greeks purchased it and renamed it Petrola XIV in 1973 .
ORP Grom ( 1957 ) ORP " Grom " ( ) was a Project 30bis destroyer , sold to the People ' s Republic of Poland by the Soviet Union in 1957 . She was built by the Zhdanov Shipyard in Leningrad and originally served in the Soviet Baltic Fleet as the " Sposobnyy " . She served together in the Polish Navy with her sister ship until 1973 . The ship went to the scrapyard in1977 .
Henry Shutes Henry Shutes ( 1804 – September 10 , 1889 ) was a Union Navy sailor in the American Civil War and a recipient of the U . S . military ' s highest decoration , the Medal of Honor , for his actions at the Battle of Forts Jackson and St . Philip and an 1863 engagement with Fort McAllister , Georgia . Born in 1804 in Baltimore , Maryland , Shutes was still living in that city when he joined the Navy . He served during the Civil War as a gunner ' s mate on the and later as a captain of the forecastle on the . Aboard " Wissahickon " , he " performed his duties with skill and courage " at the Battle of Forts Jackson and St . Philip near New Orleans on April 24 , 1862 , and during an engagement with Fort McAllister , Georgia , on February 27 , 1863 . He helped save his ship in the Fort McAllister action when " Wissahickon ' s " gunpowder magazine was struck by shellfire . For these actions , he was awarded the Medal of Honor on January 15 , 1866 . Aged 57 or 58 when the engagements for which he was recognized began , Shutes was the oldest Medal of Honor recipient of the Civil War . Shutes ' s official Medal of Honor citation reads : Served as captain of the forecastle on board the U . S . S . " Wissahickon " during the battle of New Orleans , 24 and 25 April 1862 ; and in the engagement at Fort McAllister , 27 February 1863 . Going on board the U . S . S . " Wissahickon " from the U . S . S . " Don " where his seamanlike qualities as gunner ' s mate were outstanding , Shutes performed his duties with skill and courage . Showing a presence of mind and prompt action when a shot from Fort McAllister penetrated the " Wissahickon " below the water line and entered the powder magazine , Shutes contributed materially to the preservation of the powder and safety of the ship . Shutes died on September 10 , 1889 , at age 84 or 85 and was buried in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania .
Yeomanry Mounted Brigade The Yeomanry Mounted Brigade was a formation of the Territorial Force of the British Army , raised in January 1915 during the First World War . After service in the Gallipoli Campaign and with the Western Frontier Force in World War I , it was broken up in March 1916 . Formation history . The Yeomanry Mounted Brigade was formed in Egypt on 19 January 1915 . It commanded the Hertfordshire Yeomanry and the 2nd County of London Yeomanry which had arrived in Egypt on 25 September 1914 . Br - Gen J . D . T . Tyndale - Biscoe was appointed to command . It joined the 2nd Mounted Division on 13 August and was dismounted to take part in the Gallipoli Campaign . Each regiment left a squadron headquarters and two troop s ( about 100 officers and men ) in Egypt to look after the horses . While with the 2nd Mounted Division , the brigade was designated as 5th Mounted Brigade . Gallipoli . The brigade landed at " A " Beach , Suvla Bay on the night of 17 August and moved into reserve positions at Lala Baba on the night of 20 August . On 21 August it advanced to Chocolate Hill and was in reserve for the attacks on Scimitar Hill and Hill 112 . Due to losses during the Battle of Scimitar Hill and wastage during August 1915 , the 2nd Mounted Division had to be reorganised . On 4 September 1915 , the 1st Composite Mounted Brigade was formed from 1st ( 1st South Midland ) , 2nd ( 2nd South Midland ) and 5th ( Yeomanry ) Mounted Brigades . Each dismounted brigade formed a battalion sized unit , hence 5th Yeomanry Regiment . Egypt . 5th Yeomanry Regiment left Suvla on 31 October 1915 for Mudros . It left Mudros on 27 November , arrived Alexandria on 1 December and went to Mena Camp , Cairo . The brigade left the 2nd Mounted Division on 7 December , was reformed and remounted , and joined the Western Frontier Force . By March 1916 , the brigade had been broken up as the Hertfordshire Yeomanry was spit up as divisional cavalry and the 2nd County of London Yeomanry was attached to the 6th Mounted Brigade , still in the Western Frontier Force . Commanders . The Yeomanry Mounted Brigade / 5th Mounted Brigade had the following commanders :
Arthur Hutt Arthur Hutt VC ( 12 February 1889 – 14 April 1954 ) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . He was the first person born in Coventry to be awarded the Victoria Cross Details . He was 28 years old , and a private in the 1 / 7th Battalion of The Royal Warwickshire Regiment , British Army during the First World War when the following deed took place at the battle of Passchendaele for which he was awarded the VC . On 4 October 1917 , at Terrier Farm , south - east of Poelcapelle , during the advance on the villages of Poelcapelle and Passchendaele , Belgium , when all the officers and NCOs of No . 2 Platoon had become casualties , Private Hutt took command of and led the platoon . He was held up by a strong post but immediately ran forward alone and shot the officer and three men in the post ; between 40 and 50 others surrendered . Later , having pushed too far , he withdrew his party , covering them by sniping the enemy , and then carried back a wounded man to shelter . After he had consolidated his position , he then went out and carried in four more wounded under heavy fire . Further information . He later achieved the rank of corporal . He is commemorated with a Cornish granite memorial in War Memorial Park , Coventry .
Auburn Pridemore Auburn Lorenzo Pridemore ( June 27 , 1837 – May 17 , 1900 ) was a nineteenth - century politician and lawyer from Virginia . Born in Scott County , Virginia , Pridemore received a limited education as a child and completed preparatory studies . During the Civil War , he raised a company of volunteer infantry for the Confederate Army and served as its captain until June , 1862 when promoted to major and later lieutenant colonel Infantry and colonel of Cavalry . He commanded the 64th Virginia Cavalry until the end of the war and afterwards was elected to the Virginia House of Delegates in 1865 , but Reconstruction prevented him from taking seat . Pridemore studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1867 , commencing practice in Jonesville , Virginia . He was member of the Virginia Senate from 1871 to 1875 and was elected a Democrat to the United States House of Representatives in 1876 , serving from 1877 to 1879 . Afterwards , Pridemore continued practising law in Jonesville until his death there . He was interred in Hill Cemetery in Jonesville .
Sergeant First Class Sergeant First Class ( SFC ) is the seventh enlisted rank in the U . S . Army , above Staff Sergeant and below Master Sergeant and First Sergeant , and is the first senior non - commissioned officer rank . A Sergeant First Class is typically assigned as a Platoon Sergeant at the company level or Battalion Operations Noncommissioned Officer in Charge at the battalion level , but may also hold other positions depending on the type of unit . A Sergeant First Class ' primary responsibility is training and mentoring Lieutenants . Sergeant First Class replaced the now defunct rank of Technical Sergeant in 1948 . A Sergeant First Class is addressed as " sergeant " except in certain situations ; such as Cannon Artillery units , where a Sergeant First Class serving as Platoon Sergeant is commonly referred to as " Smoke " . They may also be culturally referred to as " platoon daddy " , though not directly or in a professional setting . If a Sergeant First Class is appointed to fill the role of First Sergeant , he or she is addressed as " First Sergeant " .
Yadollah Javadpour Major Yadollah Javadpour ( ) was a fighter pilot in the Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force , serving for the full duration of the Iran - Iraq War . His record qualifies him as an ace and one of the most successful pilots of that conflict . He began his service as an elite pilot in the IIAF , and was a member of the Iranian Air Force flying team , the Golden Crown , from 1975 to 1978 . He continued to serve with the IRIAF after the revolution , this being a time when it was dangerous for pilots to do so . Javadpour ' s fame came while flying the Northrop F - 5 . He claimed 5 air victories , which makes him an ace , but only two have been definitively confirmed by western sources . His greatest fame came on August 6 , 1983 when he claimed ( later to be reliably confirmed ) to have shot down an Iraqi MiG - 25 . This was a significant achievement for an F - 5 pilot as the MiG - 25 is a much bigger and faster aircraft with a substantial altitude advantage . His other confirmed kill was an Su - 20 on October 17 , 1980 . These results make Javadpour one of the most successful F - 5 fighter pilots ever .
Eritrea ( ship ) The Italian colonial ship Eritrea was constructed in the Castellammare Shipyards near Napoli . Construction started in 1935 and she was commissioned in 1937 . She served mainly in the Indian and western Pacific Oceans Design . The " Eritrea " ( 2 , 170 tons displacement ) was constructed for duties as a typical " colonial ship " and was sometimes referred to as a " sloop . " She had a novel diesel - electric machinery outfit designed to maximise range . She was armed with four 120 mm guns , two 40 mm guns , and two 13 . 2 mm machine guns . The ship also had an extensive engineering workshop on board and could provide repair support to Italian submarines based in East Africa . A modified sister ship to be called " Etiopia " was planned , but cancelled on the outbreak of war . Service . Following Italy ' s declaration of war on 10 June 1940 , colonial ship " Eritrea " became part of the Italian Royal Navy ( " Regia Marina " ) . " Eritrea " was part of the Italian Navy ' s Red Sea Flotilla located at the port of Massawa in Eritrea . In February 1941 , as the East African Campaign started to go badly for the Italians , Massawa , the home port for " Eritrea " became more endangered . Along with and , " Eritrea " slipped through a British blockade off Perim and sailed into the Indian Ocean on 20 February 1941 . She sailed across the Indian Ocean and ultimately reached Kobe , Japan . Upon reaching Japan , " Eritrea " was supposed to operate as a commerce raider in the Pacific Ocean . Even though allied with Italy , the authorities of then neutral Japan took a dim view of the idea of an Italian raider operating from neutral Japanese ports . The Japanese refused to comply with the Italian plans and " Eritrea " was not allowed to leave Kobe . In December 1941 , after the official declaration of war , the Japanese government allowed " Eritrea " to provide assistance to " transport submarines . " These submarines , carrying rare goods , arrived in Japanese - held Penang and Singapore from the distant bases in German - held Bordeaux . On 8 September 1943 , when Italy declared an armistice , " Eritrea " was navigating between Singapore and Sabang to give a support to the Italian oceanic cargo submarine . The submarine had just arrived from occupied France after a long and difficult voyage . As soon as the Reuters message about the surrender of Italy was picked up by the crew of " Eritrea " , the vessel changed course at once and headed at full speed to Colombo in Ceylon to surrender when it was intercepted and escorted to Colombo by units of the Ceylon Naval Volunteer Force . " Eritrea " passed by Sumatra and escaped despite the presence of the Japanese aerial and naval units . After the war , " Eritrea " was turned over to France . The French Navy used " Eritrea " in colonial service with the name " Francis Garnier " until 1965 . " Francis Garnier " was then declassed to become a target ship . She was sunk during a nuclear test in the Pacific Ocean in 1966 .
Tupolev MTB - 2 The Tupolev MTB - 2 ( — Heavy Naval Bomber ) , also known as the ANT - 44 , was a four - engine prototype flying boat designed in the Soviet Union in 1935 . Design and development . The ANT - 44 was designed as a long - range maritime reconnaissance / bomber flying boat . Construction of the first two prototype began in 1934 . The initial design employed an all - metal construction with a shoulder - mounted semi - gull wing . The ANT - 44 incorporated four 604 kW ( 810 hp ) Gnome - Rhône Mistral Major 14Kdrs M - 85 radial engines as well as under - slung stabilizing floats . After a month of factory trials , in December 1937 designers changed the Mistral Major radial engines for the higher rated and more powerful Tumansky M - 87 627 kW ( 840 hp ) engines . In 1938 , they further modified the prototype to be amphibious , and the aircraft was refitted with updated 709 kW ( 950 hp ) M - 87A engines . The second prototype , designated ANT - 44bis or ANT - 44D , was an amphibious aircraft powered by four M - 87A engines . With I . M . Sukhomlin at the controls , the aircraft set several world records in its class : Operational history . Only the two MTB - 2 prototypes were built : the Soviet Union ' s entry into World War II interrupted any further development . Both aircraft were pressed into service in the Black Sea region . The ANT - 44D piloted by I . M . Sukhomlin saw limited use in 1941 – 1943 , both as a bomber and as a transport , and other special tasks , such as emergency supply flights .
Battle of Toksun The Battle of Toksun occurred in July 1933 when Khoja Niyas Hajji , a Uighur leader , defected with his forces to Gov . Sheng Shicai . He marched across Dawan Ch ' eng and occupied Toksun , where the Chinese Muslim forces of Gen . Ma Shih - ming achieved victory over Niyas Hajji ' s forces .
37th Mountain Infantry Division Modena The 37th Mountain Infantry Division Modena was an Infantry Division of the Italian Army during World War II . The " Modena " Division took part in the Italian invasion of France and the Greco - Italian War . Mountain Divisions are not to be confused with the " Alpini " specialized mountain troops . The Mountain divisions had pack horse artillery instead of the usual towed type . It was made up entirely of men from Genoa and Liguria . Invasion of France . The Italian invasion of France in June 1940 was a small scale invasion that started near the end of the Battle of France . The goal of the Italian offensive was to take control of the Alps mountain range and the region around Nice . The offensive did not meet its planned goals , with the Italian forces making only limited headway . The " Modena " Division was stationed on the French border in July 1940 and was part of the Italian XV Corps for the invasion . Greco - Italian War . After the invasion of France the " Modena " was sent to Albania and joined the Italian XXV Corps which took part in the Greco - Italian War . After the Greek surrender it remained in Greece as an occupying force in the Athens area It served as an occupation force in the Athens region until the Italian surrender to the Allies in September 1943 . Commander . General Alessandro Gloria