naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Emerson Opdycke Samuel Emerson Opdycke ( January 7 , 1830 – April 25 , 1884 ) was a businessman and Union brigadier general during the American Civil War . Early years . Opdycke was born on a farm in Hubbard , Ohio , to a military family . His father fought in the War of 1812 and his grandfather was a captain in New Jersey militia in the American Revolution . His older brother Henry would serve in the Kansas cavalry during the Civil War . Opdycke was educated in the Hubbard schools . He engaged in various business pursuits in Ohio and California . Civil War . Opdycke enlisted immediately following the First Battle of Bull Run and was commissioned a first lieutenant in the 41st Ohio Infantry on August 26 , 1861 . As a captain , he fought in the Battle of Shiloh . He resigned in September 1862 to help recruit the 125th Ohio , in which he became the lieutenant colonel on October 1 , 1862 , and the colonel on January 14 , 1863 . His regiment earned fame in the defense of Horseshoe Ridge at the Battle of Chickamauga . In command of a demi - brigade , Opdycke ' s men were some of the first to reach the summit of Missionary Ridge during the Battles for Chattanooga . He fought throughout the Atlanta Campaign with the Army of the Cumberland and was badly wounded at the Battle of Resaca , but he recovered sufficiently to lead an assault in the Battle of Kennesaw Mountain . During the Franklin - Nashville Campaign , Opdycke distinguished himself at the Battle of Franklin . As the Confederate troops under Lt . Gen . John Bell Hood approached , his division commander , Brig . Gen . George D . Wagner , ordered Opdycke and the other two brigade commanders to take up hasty defensive positions in front of the Union fortified line . Opdycke challenged this order , argued with Wagner , and marched his men into a reserve position behind the fortifications . When the Confederate assault broke the Union line near the Columbia Pike , Opdycke quickly repositioned his men into line of battle , straddling the road , and they were confronted by masses of fleeing Union soldiers , pursued by Confederates . Opdycke ordered his brigade forward to the works . At the same time , his corps commander , Maj . Gen . David S . Stanley , arrived on the scene . He later wrote , " I saw Opdycke near the center of his line urging his men forward . I gave the Colonel no orders as I saw him engaged in doing the very thing to save us , to get possession of our line again . " The counterattack turned the tide and the Union Army achieved an important victory . Opdycke was honored for his service at Franklin with a brevet appointment to major general of volunteers . He was promoted to a full brigadier general on July 26 , 1865 . Postbellum life . Opdycke resigned from the regular army in 1866 and moved to New York City , where he engaged in the dry goods business . He wrote several articles on the war , and was active in veterans affairs . He died in New York at the age of 54 of an accidental gunshot to the abdomen , apparently while he was cleaning the weapon . He is buried in Oakwood Cemetery Warren , Ohio .
Panzerfaust 44 The Panzerfaust 44 Lanze was a disposable anti - tank rocket launcher based on the World War II era Panzefaust . Description . Panzerfaust 44 " Lanze " ( or Pzf 44 in short ) can be considered as a further evolution of the WW2 - era Panzerfaust line of antitank weapons , although in greatly improved form . Development of this weapon commenced circa 1960 , with grenade and launcher developed by German company Dynamit - Nobel AG . The Pzf 44 entered German service during mid - sixties and in several modifications served until mid - eighties , when it was replaced by more modern Panzerfaust 3 ( Pzf 3 ) weapon . Panzerfaust 44 " Lanze " ( Pzf 44 ) consists of a recoil - less launcher which fires rocket - assisted grenade with shaped - charge HEAT warhead using Davis counter - recoil principle . The launcher is reusable , and consists of a smoothbore barrel , open at both ends . At the bottom , it has a trigger unit with shoulder rest , and the front grip . trigger unit is somewhat unusual as it uses special ignition cartridges , loaded into box magazine , to ignite launching charge in the barrel through the hole in the barrel wall . The recoilless launching cartridge consist of a black powder charge and a counter - mass , made of powdered iron . Upon discharge , the iron powder is ejected through the rear end of open barrel , providing counter - mass for projectile and decreasing the backblast danger zone . The cartridge is carried and loaded separately , and projectile is attached to it only when cartridge is partially loaded into the launcher . The standard projectile is a HEAT warhead fitted with rocket booster and folding stabilization fins . Muzzle velocity of projectile is about 170 m / s , and rocket booster increases it up to about 210 m / s , resulting in maximum firing range of about 1000 m ( accurate fire against tanks is possible at ranges up to 300 – 400 meters ) . Standard sight is telescope , with three sighting marks for ranges of 200 , 400 and 1000 meters
11th Foreign Infantry Regiment The 11th Foreign Infantry Regiment ( ) was a regiment of the French Foreign Legion which served during World War II from 1939 to 1940 . History . The 11th Foreign Infantry Regiment was stationed in Lorraine , France from late 1939 to the spring of 1940 . The 11th REI defended the northern Inor Wood near Verdun from the German offensive early on in the battle until June 11 , 1940 when the regiment began a fighting retreat to the south . By June 18 , the 11th REI had lost three - fourths of its strength and the regiment withdrew to the south near Toul . The regimental flag was burned at Crezilles near Nancy to prevent it falling into German hands . Organization . The 11th Foreign Infantry Regiment was composed of 2 , 500 veterans of the Legion who had served in North Africa and 500 Legionnaire reservists . See also . 12th Foreign Infantry Regiment
George Berg George Francis Berg ( December 2 , 1868 - November 27 , 1945 ) was an American soldier serving in the United States Army during the Spanish – American War who received the Medal of Honor for bravery . Biography . Berg was born December 2 , 1868 in Mount Erie , Illinois . After entering the army , he was sent to fight with Company C , 17th U . S . Infantry in the Spanish – American War . He died November 27 , 1945 and is buried in Mount Pleasant Cemetery South Portland , Maine . Medal of Honor citation . Rank and organization : Private , Company C , 17th U . S . Infantry . Place and date : At El Caney , Cuba , 1 July 1898 . Entered service at : _ _ _ _ _ _ . Birth : Wayne County , Ill . Date of issue : Unknown . Citation : Gallantly assisted in the rescue of the wounded from in front of the lines and while under heavy fire of the enemy .
Gian Giacomo Trivulzio Gian Giacomo Trivulzio ( 1440 or 1441 – December 5 , 1518 ) was an Italian aristocrat and condottiero who held several military commands during the Italian Wars . Biography . Trivulzio was born in Milan , where he studied , among the others , with Galeazzo Maria Sforza . In 1465 he followed the latter ' s army in France to help King Louis XI . He also took part in the Milanese campaigns against Bartolomeo Colleoni and fought alongside Federico III da Montefeltro in the wars in Romagna . In 1478 he supported the Florentines against Pope Sixtus IV ' s expansionism . Two years later he acquired the castle of Mesocco . In 1483 he abandoned Ludovico Sforza and switched his allegiance to Charles VIII of France . In 1484 he defeated the Venetians army at Martinengo . In 1488 he married Beatrice d ' Avalos , after his first wife ( Margherita Colleoni ) had died . In June of the same year he moved to southern Italy , at the service of the Kingdom of Naples and its ruler Ferdinand of Aragon . As Isabella of Aragon had married the young Gian Galeazzo Visconti , heir of the family who had held Milan before the Sforzas , Ludovico asked Charles VIII of France to invade Naples . Charles swept away any resistance in Italy and soon forced the Neapolitans to sign a treaty of peace ; the latter was dealt by Trivulzio , who in the meantime had been named commander - in - chief of the Neapolitan army . Impressed by Trivulzio ' s capabilities , Charles decided to engage him , with Ferdinand ' s permission , for a wage of 10 , 000 ducats a year . Trivulzio then followed Charles ' army in its return to France , and fought in the victorious battle of Fornovo ( 1495 ) against the Italian league . On June 15 , 1495 he was appointed governor of Asti and was given noble titles and territories in France . After Charles ' death , his successor Louis XII mustered a large army under Trivulzio to conquer the Duchy of Milan . After the latter ' s defeat , Trivulzio was in fact created governor of Milan and , on September 29 , 1499 , Marshal of France . He also took part in the victorious Battle of Agnadello against the Republic of Venice , and commanded contingents of the French army at Novara and ( this time allied with the Venetians against the Swiss ) Marignano . In 1516 he successfully defended Milan from the assault of Emperor Maximilian I . However , voices about his behaviour as governor had him fall in disgrace soon afterwards . He moved to France to support his position with King Francis I of France , but in vain . He died at Arpajon ( France ) in 1518 . His nephew Teodoro Trivulzio was also a military commander under France , who was shortly governor of Milan , Genoa and Lyon . Patronage of art . Trivulzio accumulated huge amounts of money , which he used in part as a patron of arts , in particular of works by Bramantino : these include the Trivulzio Chapel in the Basilica of San Nazaro in Brolo , where he was buried , and the tapestries cycle of the Twelve Months now in the Castello Sforzesco in Milan . Leonardo da Vinci had designed a large equestrian statue of Trivulzio , which was never begun .
James M . Keck James Moulton Keck ( born September 4 , 1921 ) is a retired American Air Force lieutenant general whose last assignment was vice commander in chief , Strategic Air Command , headquartered at Offutt Air Force Base , Nebraska . He assumed this position October 1 , 1973 and served until June 30 , 1977 . He previously served as commander of 2nd Air Force , SAC ' s largest subordinate command which controls the majority of assigned B - 52 , KC - 135 , and FB - 111 aircraft , as well as a portion of the Minuteman and Titan missiles . Biography . Keck was born in Scranton , Pennsylvania , in 1921 . He attended high school in Cranston , Rhode Island , and Brown University in Providence . He entered the U . S . Military Academy at West Point , New York , in July 1940 , and received a bachelor of science degree in engineering and a commission as a second lieutenant in the Army Air Corps in 1943 . He graduated in the first class to receive pilot training at the academy . During World War II , Keck completed two combat tours of duty as a B - 24 pilot with the 8th Air Force in Europe , participating in all the campaigns of the 8th Air Force . After the war he served in many command and staff positions , including inspector general , comptroller , operations , intelligence , personnel , plans and materiel . Keck graduated from the senior course of the Naval War College in Newport , Rhode Island , in 1952 , and then was assigned on the staff of the commander in chief , Pacific . He went to Washington , D . C . , in June 1955 , where he first served on the Air Staff and then in the Office of the Secretary of Defense . He entered the National War College , Washington , D . C . , in August 1959 and graduated in June 1960 . He served from June 1960 to June 1970 with the Strategic Air Command in tactical units employing B - 47 , B - 52 , KC - 97 and KC - 135 aircraft . He was commander of Pease Air Force Base , N . H . , and the 465th Bombardment Wing at Robins Air Force Base , Ga . He served as inspector general and later as director of materiel for Headquarters 8th Air Force at Westover Air Force Base , Mass . , and then as commander of the 72d Bombardment Wing at Ramey Air Force Base , Puerto Rico . He assumed command of the 17th Strategic Aerospace Division at Whiteman Air Force Base , Mo . , in July 1967 . He was transferred to Strategic Air Command Headquarters at Offutt Air Force Base , Neb . , in February 1968 as deputy chief of staff , comptroller and later became assistant deputy chief of staff for operations . In June 1970 Keck was assigned to Headquarters U . S . Air Force as deputy director of operations and in January 1971 he became director of plans . Keck took command of 2nd Air Force on May 1 , 1972 , and assumed his present position October 1 , 1973 . His military decorations and awards include the Legion of Merit with oak leaf cluster , Distinguished Flying Cross with oak leaf cluster , and the Air Medal with three oak leaf clusters . He wears the Master Missileman Badge . Keck was promoted to the grade of lieutenant general May 16 , 1972 , with same date of rank .
411th Flight Test Squadron The 411th Flight Test Squadron ( 411 FTS ) is a United States Air Force squadron . It is assigned to the 412th Operations Group , Air Force Materiel Command , stationed at Edwards Air Force Base , California . Overview . Conducted the advanced Tactical Fighter ( ATF ) program flyoff competition between the Lockheed YF - 22 and Northrop YF - 23 prototypes . Flew the YF - 23 27 August - 18 December 1990 , and the YF - 22 29 September - 28 December 1990 , though the airplanes were assigned to the contractors rather than to USAF . The YF - 22 ( and Pratt & Whitney F119 engine ) was declared the winner of the competition on 23 April 1991 , and on 2 August 1991 both YF - 22 prototypes were formally transferred to the Air Force . Though the number 1 YF - 22 returned to the Lockheed plant to become a ground test bed for production designs , the No , 2 aircraft flew with the 411th from 30 Oct 1991 — 25 Apr 1992 , when it was extensively damaged in a landing mishap . The 411th then spent the next few years planning for the F - 22 test program , and received the first EMD F - 22A in February 1998 . Edwards flight testing was completed in December 2004 and the 27th Fighter Squadron at Langley AFB , Virginia was the squadron to transition to the Raptor , receiving the first operational aircraft 18 January 2005 from Tyndall AFB , Florida , where the 43d Fighter Squadron trained Raptor pilots . On March 25 , 2009 an F - 22 operated by a squadron pilot , David P . Cooley , crashed 35 miles northeast of Edwards Air Force Base during a training flight . The squadron successfully tested the F - 22 flying on on a 50 / 50 fuel blend of conventional petroleum - based JP - 8 and biofuel derived from Camelina , a weed - like plant not used for food in March 2011 . The overall test objective was to evaluate biofuel fuel blend suitability in the F - 22 weapon system . Testing consisted of air starts , operability , and performance at different speeds and altitude throughout the flight envelope . The F - 22 Raptor performed several maneuvers including a supercruise at 40 , 000 ft . reaching speeds of 1 . 5 Mach . Supercruise is supersonic flight without using the engine ' s afterburner . The overall flight was a success .
PTO - 4 The PTO - 4 was an Estonian - designed military training aircraft of World War II . In 1938 , the Estonian aviation engineers Voldemar Post , Rein Tooma and Otto Org , previously responsible for the PON - 1 trainer , designed and built the PTO - 4 training aircraft . It was a two - seat low - winged monoplane powered by a De Havilland Gypsy of 120 hp , with a fixed undercarriage that could be fitted with wheels or skis . The aircraft could fly at a maximum speed of 245 km per hour and had a ceiling of 5 , 000 meters . On 12 October 1938 , the PTO - 4 was taken into service of the Air Force . The Estonian Air Force received two PTO - 4s ( serial numbers " 161 " and " 162 " ) , one with an open cockpit and the other an enclosed cockpit . Six examples were in civil use , of which five were used by the " Eesti Aeroklubi " ( EAK ) , a flying club controlled by the Estonian Military . Four examples surviving from the Soviet occupation of Estonia ( 1940 – 41 ) were operated by the German Luftwaffe , being operated by a unit manned by Estonian volunteers ( initially called " Sonderstaffel Buschmann " and later 1 . / SAGr . 127 ) based at Reval - Ülemiste airfield . They were operated as training and liaison aircraft as well for coastal patrol over the shores of the Baltic .
Fallujah killings of April 2003 The Fallujah killings of April 2003 began when United States Army soldiers from the American 1st Battalion , 325th Infantry Regiment of the 82nd Airborne Division fired into a crowd of Iraqi civilians who were protesting their presence at a school within the city of Fallujah . The soldiers claimed they were receiving fire from the crowd , whereas the civilians said they were shot at first . Human Rights Watch , which inspected the place after the incident , found no physical evidence of shots fired at the building where US forces were hiding . History . On the evening of April 28 , 2003 , several hundred civilians ignored a curfew imposed on them by the U . S . military . They proceeded to march through the streets of Fallujah , past the soldiers positioned in the Ba ' ath party headquarters . They wished to protest outside a local school about the United States military presence within . A U . S . Army Psychological Operations team attempted to force the civilians to disperse with announcements , but the team failed in this attempt . According to locals , at this point the United States soldiers fired upon the unarmed crowd , killing 17 and wounding more than 70 of the protesters . The U . S . suffered no casualties from the incident . According to the soldiers on the ground , the 82nd Airborne soldiers inside the school responded to " effective fire " from inside the protesting crowd . Human Rights Watch found no evidence that the US forced had come under attack and it concluded that the US forces , far from shooting with precision , shot at Iraqis indiscriminately . Two days later , on April 30 , the 82nd Airborne was replaced in the city by 2nd Troop ( Fox ) / U . S . 3rd Armored Cavalry Regiment . The 3rd Cavalry was significantly smaller in number and chose not to occupy the same schoolhouse where the shooting had occurred two days earlier . However , on the same day three more unarmed civilians were killed by United States soldiers during a daytime protest in front of the Ba ' ath party headquarters and mayor ' s office ( which are adjacent to one another ; known collectively to U . S . forces as FOB Laurie ) . Once again , the U . S . suffered no casualties from the incident but some U . S . soldiers were hurt in a retaliatory grenade attack on the Ba ' ath headquarters later that evening . Legacy . The incident is frequently cited and compared to other similar incidents . " Foreign Policy " compared Fallujah to the 2010 Israeli Gaza flotilla raid during which Israeli naval commandos used lethal force to kill nine unarmed activists , some shot when they had their backs turned to the Israeli soldiers .
USS Congress ( 1777 ) USS " Congress " ( 1777 ) was a 28 - gun frigate of the Continental Navy that was scheduled to participate in the American Revolutionary War against the British . However , while being outfitted prior to her first sailing , the British approached and the Americans set her afire in order to prevent her capture . Ordered by Act of the Second Congress . " Congress " was a sailing frigate built by Lancaster Burling at Poughkeepsie , New York , under authority of an act of the Second Continental Congress , dated 13 December 1775 . One of the first 13 ships authorized to be built by the new government , she was placed under the command of Captain Grenell in the summer of 1776 . Burned to prevent capture . Before her outfitting was completed , the British occupied the approaches to the Hudson River and extended their control of the environs throughout 1777 . The infant Continental Navy suffered the destruction of " Congress " in October 1777 to prevent her seizure by the enemy .
Margaret H . Woodward Margaret H . Woodward ( born 1960 ) is an American military officer and a major general in the United States Air Force . As commander of the 17th Air Force and U . S . Air Forces Africa , Ramstein Air Base , Germany , she is responsible for all US air actions that involve Africa . In March 2011 , she commanded the air component of the US contribution to the no - fly zone over Libya , sanctioned by the United Nations , making her the first woman to oversee a U . S . combat air campaign . Early life and education . Woodward was born in 1960 and grew up in India and Pakistan , where her father worked for the United States Agency for International Development . She left the region when she was about ten years old . Career . In 1982 , Woodward graduated from the Arizona State University and joined the U . S . Air Force the year after . For most of her career she flew aerial refueling aircraft such as the Boeing KC - 135 Stratotanker , though she also has experience in the Boeing C - 40 Clipper , the C - 37 military version of the Gulfstream G550 , and the T - 37 and T - 38 trainers . She was involved the U . S . invasion of Panama , Operation Allied Force , Operations Northern and Southern Watch , Operation Enduring Freedom and missions during the Iraq War . In 2007 , she became commander of the 89th Airlift Wing , which includes responsibility for Air Force One , and in June 2010 became commander of the Seventeenth Air Force , the U . S . Air Force branch of the United States Africa Command . As such , she was the operational commander for the U . S . involvement in the 2011 military intervention in Libya , dubbed Operation Odyssey Dawn , before command of the whole operation was transferred to NATO . After handing over command of Seventeenth Air Force , she was posted Stateside . Her Air Force official profile lists her appointments since as : Promotions . List of promotions Woodward has received during her career :