naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Ernst Kupfer " Oberst " Dr . jur . Ernst Kupfer ( born 2 July 1907 in Coburg – killed in aircraft accident on 6 November 1943 , north of Thessaloniki in the Kerkini mountain range ) was a German World War II " Luftwaffe " " Stuka " ace . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords ( ) . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross and its higher grade Oak Leaves and Swords was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . Early life . Ernst Kupfer was born on 2 July 1907 in Coburg where he attended the " Ernestium Coburg " , a secondary school . He dropped out prior to achieving his " Abitur " ( diploma ) and completed a banking apprenticeship instead . When he became unemployed , he returned to school , completed his " Abitur " in 1925 and then studied five semesters Jurisprudence at the University of Heidelberg . Military career . On 1 October 1928 , Kupfer joined the military , serving with the Bavarian Cavalry Regiment 17 , 5th Escadron . From 1 May 1936 to 3 March 1937 , he returned to university in preparation for his " Dr . jur . " degree ( Doctor of Law ) , which he attained on 4 March 1937 . World War II . Kupfer participated in the Battle of Crete and was instrumental in the sinking of the British cruiser . While operating against Kronstadt , he scored a bomb hit on the Soviet battleship " Oktyabrskaya Revolutsiya " . Kupfer was appointed acting " Geschwaderkommodore " ( Wing Commander ) of Sturzkampfgeschwader 2 " Immelmann " ( StG 2 — 2nd Dive - Bomber Wing ) on 13 February 1943 . He led StG 2 in the battles of the Kuban bridgehead and Operation Citadel . In April and May , several other fighter and ground attack groups augmented his command . Following the failure of Operation Citadel in July 1943 , he took command of all local ground attack units , named " Gefechtsverband " " Kupfer " ( Combat Detachment " Kupfer " ) . He flew 636 combat missions and was shot down three times , all by ground fire . In September 1943 , Kupfer was appointed inspector of the attack aircraft ( " General der Schlachtflieger " ) and promoted to " Oberstleutnant " ( lieutenant colonel ) . In this role he handled the procurement of the Focke Wulf Fw - 190 , which was to replace the old obsolete Junkers Ju 87 and especially the Henschel Hs 123 . For this purpose he flew and visited a number of " Schlachtgeschwader " ( ground attack wings ) to meet with the various " Geschwaderkommodore " ( wing commanders ) . He visited " Oberstleutnant " Kurt Kuhlmey , commander of Schlachtgeschwader 3 , in early November 1943 and was killed when his Heinkel He 111 crashed returning to his base in bad weather on 6 November 1943 . His body lay undiscovered until 17 November . He received a posthumous promotion to " Oberst " ( Colonel ) and was posthumously awarded the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords .
Emile John Lussier Captain Emile John Lussier was an American flying ace during World War I . He was credited with eleven confirmed aerial victories while flying with the Royal Air Force . Early life . Emile John Lussier was the son of Joseph Emile and Louise Swalwell Lussier . The younger Lussier was born in Chicago on 10 October 1895 , and reared there until age fifteen . In 1910 , Joseph Lussier moved to Winnipeg to take up a job constructing railroad stations throughout western Canada , and his teenage son went with him and remained . Military service . When World War I began , Emile John Lussier claimed Medicine Hat as his home . He enlisted in the Royal Flying Corps in late 1917 . Once trained , he was stationed with 73 Squadron as a Sopwith Camel pilot . Lussier did not score his first wins until 25 July 1918 , when he destroyed a Fokker D . VII and drove another down out of control . Five days later , he teamed with Norman Cooper and another pilot to destroy an LVG reconnaissance plane . On 8 August , he downed another German two - seater , sharing it with Gavin L . Graham and Robert Chandler . Then , beginning with the win that made him an ace on 19 August , he ran off a string of seven triumphs over Fokker D . VII fighters that took him to 11 October 1918 . In total , he destroyed three Fokker D . VIIs and driven down six others out of control . There were also the two shared wins over reconnaissance planes . Post World War I . Lussier moved back to the United States after the war , becoming a farmer in Westminster , Maryland and raising four daughters , including Betty Ann Lussier , who became an ATA pilot and early member of the OSS . As World War II was beginning , and the U . S . was still neutral , he joined the Royal Canadian Air Force as a squadron leader involved with radio training . At war ' s end , he once again returned to his Maryland farm . He died there on 11 December 1974 . Honors and awards . Distinguished Flying Cross ( DFC ) Lt . Emile John Lussier . During recent operations this officer has driven down out of control or destroyed seven enemy machines , and , with the aid of two other pilots , has accounted for a further two . Three of these he destroyed in one day . In these combats he has proved himself an officer of very high courage , eager to attack without regard to the enemy ' s superiority in numbers .
M4 Sherman The M4 Sherman tank was a medium tank employed by the United States of America . It saw the United States , and some of its allies via the Lend Lease program , through the darkest days of World War II , and was produced in massive numbers throughout its relatively short production time . From the start of its production in 1941 until the end of its production in the late 1940s , over 50 , 000 were produced . It also served as the basis for many new vehicles such as tank destroyers , self - propelled artillery and tank recoverers . It was named the Sherman by the British in accordance with their practice of naming American made tanks being used by them after famous generals who served in the American Civil war , and was named after General William Tecumseh Sherman . Operational History . During World War II , the M4 Sherman served with the U . S . Army and U . S Marine Corps . It also sent a large number of such vehicles to allied forces United Kingdom , and Commonwealth , the Soviet Union , the Free France , the Polish Government in exile , Brazil and China . The Marine Corps used the M4A2 and M4A3 diesel fuel in the Pacific . The Chief of the Armored Force Lieutenant General Jacob Devers , Sherman ordered not to use the diesel engine outside the Zone of Interior ( ZI ) . The army used all types for training or testing , but the M4A2 and M4A4 were used primarily for export in the program Lend - Lease . The first American Sherman were engaged in combat in the M4A1 Operation Torch November 1942 , shortly after that they might be British in the M4A1 Second Battle of El Alamein October 1942 . The M4 and M4A1 replaced the M3 Lee tank battalions in the U . S . during the campaigns in North Africa . The M4 and M4A1 were major releases until late 1944 , when it began to replace the M4A3 with a more powerful engine . However , the M4 and M4A1 continued in service until the end of the war . The Firefly Shermans , carriers of the legendary 17 - pound cannon were scarce , but frightening . The power of his gun was comparable to the best German guns , but was vague with Sabot ammunition and fired , a large flash blinded the crew and gave away their position . However , the high efficiency and power from the barrel of 17 pounds was a relief to cope with enemies like the Tiger I , Which otherwise would not have been possible deal . The first Sherman with 76 mm cannon that saw combat in July 1944 was the M4A1 , M4A3 followed . After the war , half of the Sherman U . S . Army had a 76mm cannon . The Sherman remained in service during the Korean War from 1950 to 1953 , but the army was replaced during that decade by Patton tanks ( M47 and M48 . )
Engineman Engineman ( abbreviated as EN ) is a United States Navy occupational rating . Scope of Rating . Enginemen operate , service and repair internal combustion engines used to power some of the Navy ' s ships and most of the Navy ' s small craft . Most Enginemen work with diesel engines . Enginemen also operate and maintain electrohydraulic controllable pitch propeller systems and steering engines , refrigeration and air conditioning systems , air compressors , desalinization plants and small auxiliary boilers .
Consolidated PBY Catalina Given an order from U . S . Navy in 1933 , PBY Catalina was to become one of the most important seaplane of World War II , being used by the United States and its allies in missions of maritime patrol , anti - submarine and even as torpedo bomber . Although sub powered , requiring much the pilot , it was robust and reliable , having accomplished important milestones , such as the location of the Bismarck , which culminated in its sunking . Features . PBY was a versatile and great flying boat , for example , it was discovered German Battleship Bismarck , Followed it and prevented its escape , the German occupied by ports France and found Japanese aviation support ships in the Battle of Midway . Machine type was also used to Allies The German ships ' security submarines against Atlantic . This was the first trial at a later date " submarine in the fight against the black sky " Name - called " defense tactics , where possible with plenty of air gun designed to prevent the presence of submarines in the other party activities . PBY was able to fly continuously for 18 hours or additional fuel tanks up to 24 hours , so it is particularly well suited for such work . See also . Related development Comparable aircraft
German submarine U - 166 ( 1941 ) German submarine " U - 166 " was a Type IXC U - boat of the Nazi German " Kriegsmarine " during World War II . The submarine was laid down on 6 December 1940 at the Seebeckwerft ( part of Deutsche Schiff - und Maschinenbau AG , Deschimag ) at Wesermünde ( modern Bremerhaven ) as ' werk ' 705 , launched on 1 November 1941 and commissioned on 23 March 1942 under the command of " Oberleutnant zur See " Hans - Günther Kuhlmann . After training with the " 4th U - boat Flotilla " , " U - 166 " was transferred to the " 10th U - boat Flotilla " for front - line service on 1 June 1942 . The U - boat sailed on only two war patrols and sank four ships totalling . She was sunk on 30 July 1942 in Gulf of Mexico . Service history . 1st patrol . " U - 166 " first sailed from Kiel to Kristiansand , Norway , on 30 – 31 May 1942 . The U - boat sailed on her first combat patrol , from Kristiansand on 1 June 1942 , around the British Isles , and arrived at Lorient , France , ten days later on 10 June . 2nd patrol . " U - 166 " departed from Lorient on 17 June 1942 , sailed across the Atlantic and into the Gulf of Mexico and is credited with the following " kills " : Fate . " Robert E . Lee " was under escort from the United States Navy patrol craft " PC - 566 " approximately south of the Mississippi River Delta when she was torpedoed by " U - 166 " . " PC - 566 " immediately attacked the U - boat , and claimed to have sunk her with depth charge s . On 1 August 1942 , a United States Coast Guard J4F - 1 Widgeon amphibious aircraft , spotted a U - boat approximately off the coast of Houma , Louisiana . The aircraft attacked , it appeared that the U - boat was hit in the attack . " U - 166 " was reported missing in action on 30 July 1942 , which coincided with the American aircraft ' s attack on " a U - Boat " , leading to the aircraft being credited with the sinking of " U - 166 " . Both crewmen were decorated for the action . Wreckage located in 2001 . However , in 2001 , when the wreck of " Robert E . Lee " was located , in more than of water , the wreck of " U - 166 " was also located , less than two miles from where it had attacked the " Robert E . Lee " . Upon investigation , it was discovered that another U - boat , , also operating in the Gulf of Mexico , had reported coming under attack from an American aircraft on 1 August 1942 , with little damage . Therefore , the credit for the sinking of " U - 166 " should have gone to " PC - 566 " . Charles " C . J . " Christ from Houma , LA spent most of his life searching for " U - 166 " and was involved in the final identification of the U - boat . The site where " U - 166 " lies , at has now been designated a war grave due to its crew of 52 being entombed there , and is protected from any future attempts to salvage it .
USS Cheng Ho ( IX - 52 ) USS " Cheng Ho " ( IX - 52 ) ( also written Chengho ) , an unclassified miscellaneous vessel , was the only ship of the United States Navy of that name , which was given to her by her civilian owner for Zheng He , the Chinese admiral and explorer . Exploring vessel . The Chinese junk motor yacht was built at the Ah King Shipways , Hong Kong , for Mrs . Anne Archbold ( the daughter of John Dustin Archbold , co - founder of Standard Oil ) , and launched in October 1939 . She was designed and built for a plant collecting expedition to the Dutch East Indies led by botanist David Fairchild . The expedition was intended to last for two years , but after only six months the outbreak of war made further work impossible . Although shortened , the trip was productive . More than 500 different kinds of plants were collected , including more than 90 species of palms . Navy service . On 14 July 1941 the ship was bought by United States Navy from Mrs . Archbold for the nominal sum of one dollar , and placed in service on 23 July 1941 , assigned to the 14th Naval District . " Cheng Ho " was at the Section Base , Bishop ' s Point , during the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941 . Throughout World War II she served at Pearl Harbor as a picket boat and as an inshore patrol vessel . She was stricken on 25 February 1946 , and turned over to the War Shipping Administration for return to her former owner . " Cheng Ho " was last seen in 1990 , derelict and beached at Papeete , Tahiti .
Ferdinand Rudolph Hassler Ferdinand Rudolph Hassler ( October 7 , 1770 – November 20 , 1843 ) was a surveyor who worked mostly in the United States and also in Switzerland . He headed the United States Coast Survey and the Bureau of Weights and Measures . Biography . Hassler was born in Aarau , Switzerland . He was employed on the trigonometrical survey of Switzerland before he emigrated to the United States in 1805 . He was acting professor of mathematics at West Point from 1807 to 1810 . He was employed by the federal government of the United States by 1811 in an effort to begin a Coast Survey . An Act of Congress on February 10 , 1807 had appropriated $ 50 , 000 to pay for the beginning of the work . Afterward , he became the first superintendent of the United States Coast Survey in 1816 . Two years later , the United States Congress passed the control of the Coast Survey to the army , principally , where it lingered until 1832 . Hassler became the head of the Bureau of Weights and Measures in the Treasury Department where he carried out the early work of establishing the standards of weights and measures in the United States , with the involvement of fellow Swiss immigrant Albert Gallatin , who in 1827 brought from Europe a troy pound of brass which was made the standard of mass in 1828 . Besides several textbooks of science , Hassler produced a publication in 1828 titled " System of the Universe " in two volumes . Hassler undertook a complete investigation of the national standards in 1830 . Perhaps the most meaningful national standard to be adopted in 1830 was the gallon at 231 cubic inches . In the United States , however , each State retained the rights to employ its own set of standards of weights and measures . Since 1830 , a great deal of national legislation has been enacted , with much of it addressing the acceptance or the rejection of the metric system . The United States Bureau of Standards was created by an Act of Congress on March 3 , 1901 . As mentioned above , the Coast Survey languished for 14 years from 1818 to 1832 . In 1823 , 1824 , and 1825 , the Navy Department tried to establish a hydrographic office . Also , the Survey was a source of discussions in Congress , which finally passed a law on July 10 , 1832 that resulted in the removal of the Survey away from the army and the navy . Hassler was appointed the superintendent of the Survey on August 9 , 1832 , and he served in that post until November 20 , 1843 . The steamship owned by the Coast Survey was named the " Hassler " . Ferdinand Rudolph Hassler ' s granddaughter , Mary Caroline Hassler Newcomb , married the much noted astronomer and mathematician Simon Newcomb . Simon and Mary Caroline Hassler Newcomb were themselves the grandparents of the also much noted professor of mathematics , Hassler Whitney .
Itajubá Model 954 Mosquetão The Itajubá Model 954 Mosquetão ( " Mosquetão " is Portuguese for " " Big Musket " " ) is a battle rifle of Brazilian origin produced in small numbers a few years after World War II . The weapon is a derivative of the Gewehr 43 but chambered in the . 30 - 06 round . Brazilian arms manufacturer IMBEL ( Indústria de Material Bélico do Brasil ) produced approximately 300 M954 rifles . The Imbel design strengthened the G - 43 bolt carrier , improved the durability of the gas system and added a push - button gas cutoff for grenade - launching capability . A new magazine was used that was similar to the Browning Automatic Rifle magazine , but with an added front lip . Additionally , the M954 utilized the same trapdoor buttplate as the Brazilian 1954 Mauser . The M954 was submitted for testing for possible adoption as the new service rifle for Brazil , alongside the Belgian FN Model 1949 , also in . 30 - 06 caliber . However , Brazil eventually adopted the FN FAL as their standard service rifle .
Nguyen Phuoc Vinh Loc Lieutenant General Nguyễn Phước Vĩnh Lộc was an officer of the Army of the Republic of Vietnam . Vinh Loc served as the commander of II Corps , which oversaw the central highlands region , from 23 June 1965 until 28 February 1968 , replacing Major General Nguyen Huu Co . Vinh Loc was replaced by Lieutenant General Lu Mong Lan , as a result of his failure in the Tet Offensive .
St . Olav ' s Medal With Oak Branch St . Olav ' s Medal with Oak Branch is a Norwegian military award , which was instituted by King Haakon VII of Norway on 6 February 1942 . In Norway , the medal is considered as a separate award from the civilian St . Olav ' s Medal , which is awarded in recognition of " outstanding services rendered in connection with the spreading of information about Norway abroad and for strengthening the bonds between expatriate Norwegians and their home country " . Among the Norwegians war - medals the award is ranked as number two , after the War Cross but ahead of King Haakon VII ' s Freedom Cross . Of all orders and decorations in Norway , both military and civil it is ranked as number six , then after King Haakon VII ' s Cross of Liberty but at the same time before Medal for Heroic Deeds . The civilian St . Olav ' s Medal , however , is ranked as number nine . If a recipient should receive the medal twice or more , it was on 6 October 1943 decided that several branches could be added to the medal . The Medal is made of silver , the tie contains the same colours which are to be found in the Norwegian flag . The Oak Branch symbolize patriotism , bravery and strength . The Medal also bears the inscription " HAAKON VII * KING OF NORWAY * EVERYTHING FOR NORWAY " ( in Norwegian " " Haakon VII * Norges Konge * Alt for Norge " " ) . It has been awarded to 779 Norwegians , including one woman ; a few non - Norwegian citizens have also received the medal .
HMS Ulster ( R83 ) HMS " Ulster " ( R83 ) was a U - class destroyer of the British Royal Navy that saw service during World War II . She was later converted into a Type 15 fast anti - submarine frigate , with the new pennant number F83 . HMS Ulster would be the third vessel in Royal Navy history to have that name . With money ' s gathered through a Naval Savings Campaign in 1942 known as Warship Week , the ship was adopted by the civil community of Ulster ' s County Down . Second World War Service . In June 1943 construction was completed and HMS Ulster went into duty in the English Channel . By the end of the year she would be on duty in the Mediterranean and Adriatic on anti - submarine missions , receiving damages from return fire . In April 1944 she would return to home waters and towards the end of the year would see refitting and new radar and advanced warning systems . At the beginning of 1945 HMS Ulster was transferred to the British Pacific Fleet with the pendant " D " , in keeping with the American system . Pacific . HMS Ulster while serving with the British Pacific Fleet which was in all but name the fourth task group Of the US 3rd / 5th fleet better known as the US Fast Carrier Task Force was near missed by a Japanese Kamikaze and 500 lb bomb during Operation Iceberg the invasion of Okinawa had its machinery spaces blown in and had to be towed to Leyte for temporary repairs whence it sailed for Australia . Two sailors died and one was seriously injured in the attack , though luckily had not lost its armaments . Nearly six months after its attack in October 1945 HMS Ulster made it back to HM Dockyard , Chatham in England to undergo full repairs . Post WWII . After WWII HMS Ulster was mostly used as a training vessel and for reserve purposes . Between 1953 and 1955 she underwent a full conversion to a Type 15 Frigate at Chatham Dockyard . She then joined 8th Frigate Squadron soon after . Soon she was on duty in Iceland , Azores , West Indies , Caribbean , tours to America , until 1964 when again was put into reserve in Plymouth . A year later in 1965 was re - commissioned in the 2nd Frigate Squadron , but then in 1967 would be withdrawn from operational service . During the late 1960s , HMS Ulster was used by Naval Ratings from HMS Vernon for seagoing training in the SCR , ( sonar control room . ) In 1970 she was present at Portsmouth Navy Days , at the time she was the Navy ' s Navigational Training Ship . She was used as a training hulk at HMS Raleigh between 1977 and 1980 . Finally in 1980 HMS Ulster was bought by T W Ward and broken up . Specifications . HMS Ulster had a displacement of 2091tons when full and dimension of 363 ft long , 36 ft wide and a draught of 10 ft . She was powered by 2 x Admiralty 3 drum type water boilers , which gave 40 , 000 hp through twin shafts making a top speed of 37 knots . Her range was 4 , 860 nautical miles . The crew complement was 180 hands . Armaments on the original construction and fitting consisted of ; 4 4 . 7inch Mark IX guns , 2 40mm Bofors , 6 QF 20mm Oerlikons and 2 Quad 21inch Mark IX torpedo tube s . As well as radar , sonar and depth charges .
Spanish frigate Reina Sofía ( F84 ) " Reina Sofía " ( F - 84 ) is the fourth of six Spanish - built s , based on the American design , of the Spanish Navy . Laid down on 12 October 1987 , and launched on 19 July 1989 , " Reina Sofía " was commissioned in service on 30 October 1990 . She is named for Queen Sofía of Spain . All of these Spanish frigates have the length of the later " Oliver Hazard Perry " frigates , and have a wider beam than the US Navy design , and therefore able to carry more top weight . Fin stabilizers are fitted .
Battle of Izúcar The Battle of Izúcar or the Battle of Izúcar de Matamoros was a battle of the War of Mexican Independence that occurred on 23 February 1812 in the area around Izúcar de Matamoros , Puebla . The battle was fought between the royalist forces loyal to the Spanish crown and the Mexican rebels fighting for independence from the Spanish Empire . The Mexican insurgents , who were commended by General Mariano Matamoros y Guridi managed to force the Spanish loyalist forces , commanded by the Brigadier General , Ciriaco del Llano to retreat . It was during this battle that a young Vicente Ramón Guerrero Saldaña , later the president of Meixco , first distinguished himself in battle .