naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Empire Air Force Station Empire Air Force Station is a former United States Air Force Aerospace Defense Command ( ADC ) long range radar site located south - southeast of Empire , Michigan , in Empire Township . It was closed in 1978 by the Air Force , and turned over to the Federal Aviation Administration ( FAA ) . Today the site is part of the Joint Surveillance System ( JSS ) , designated by NORAD as Northeast Air Defense Sector ( NEADS ) Ground Equipment Facility . History . The radar site was operated by the 752d Aircraft Control and Warning ( AC & W ) squadron , starting in late 1950 . The unit operated and maintained an AN / CPS - 6 B radar at this site , and initially the station functioned as a Ground - Control Intercept ( GCI ) and warning station . As a GCI station , the squadron ' s role was to guide interceptor aircraft toward unidentified intruders picked up on the unit ' s radar scopes . In 1958 this radar was replaced by an AN / FPS - 6 . A second height - finder radar arrived a year later . During 1960 Empire AFS joined the Semi Automatic Ground Environment ( SAGE ) system , initially feeding data to DC - 14 at K . I . Sawyer AFB , Michigan . After joining , the squadron was re - designated as the 752d Radar Squadron ( SAGE ) on 15 July 1960 . In 1963 , Empire AFS was switched to the SAGE Data Center DC - 06 at Custer AFS , Michigan . The radar squadron provided information 24 / 7 the SAGE Direction Center where it was analyzed to determine range , direction altitude speed and whether or not aircraft were friendly or hostile . Also during 1960 Empire site began operating an AN / FPS - 7 radar , and one of the AN / FPS - 6 height - finder radars was supplanted by an AN / FPS - 26 A in 1963 . In 1964 Empire site became an ADC / FAA ( Federal Aviation Administration ) Joint Surveillance System ( JSS ) site . In addition to the main facility , Empire operated two AN / FPS - 18 Gap Filler sites : Over the years , the equipment at the station was upgraded or modified to improve the efficiency and accuracy of the information gathered by the radars . The 752d Radar Squadron ( SAGE ) was inactivated in April 1978 , and the AN / FPS - 26 A height - finder was decommissioned in this time frame . The FAA assumed control of the radar operations area except for the AN / FPS - 6 height - finder radar ( now modified to the AN / FPS - 116 variant ) . The National Park Service assumed control of the rest of the property , which is now part of Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore . Circa 1980 or 1981 , the AN / FPS - 7 search radar was replaced by an FAA model ARSR - 3 search radar . The AN / FPS - 116 height - finder radar was removed c . 1988 . The ARSR - 3 was replaced by an ARSR - 4 in the late 1990s . Many of the veterans of this site still reside in the area and in Traverse City , Michigan , approximately east of Empire . The museum in Empire has a full history of the air station , including a historical marker and the original rock marker for the Dining Hall on display . Reunions are held annually for the veterans of Empire AFS .
Campaign desk A campaign desk is an antique desk of normal size which was used by officers and their staffs in rear areas during a military campaign . The campaign desk was usually the private property of the officer , as was his uniform and other military implements . It was in general handcrafted by a master cabinet maker according to the officer ' s wishes or following traditions for such desks . The desk forms varied greatly , but nearly all had as a common trait several features which made it easy to transport them from one campaign posting to another . For instance , a campaign desk version of a traditional pedestal desk form would have strong but removable fittings making it easy to break up the desk in three pieces : two pedestals and one desktop surface . Each piece would have brass or iron handles mounted on it to facilitate handling . Campaign desk variations of the antique writing table seem to have been rather frequent . This form was usually in one piece , with strong handles and two pairs of folding legs . A smaller version of such a transportable writing table could be considered to be more a field desk than a campaign desk , since it could be moved frequently from one battlefield ' s rear area to another ' s as the war went on . Any campaign desk is in a sense also a portable desk .
Roman Czerniawski Roman Garby - Czerniawski ( 6 February 1910 – 26 April 1985 in London ) was a Polish Air Force Captain and Allied double agent during World War II , using the codename Brutus . Life . Czerniawski graduated in the late 1930s from the Wyższa Szkoła Wojenna ( WSWoj ) , a military academy at Warsaw . As a former officer of the Polish Air Force , he volunteered to create an allied espionage network in France in 1940 . He set it up with Mathilde Carré who recruited the agents ; some French declined to work for a Pole . This network was code - named " Interallie " . Czerniawski was evacuated to Britain to be examined by Polish intelligence and then meet General Sikorski where he was presented with the Virtuti Militari . He was returned to France by parachute in November 1941 . On November 17 , 1941 , the Abwehr group of Hugo Bleicher arrested Czerniawski and then Carré . The network had been uncovered of the lack of proper operational security within the organization and many other members of the Interallie were picked up after Carré agreed to cooperate with the Germans in return for her life . Czerniawski and others were imprisoned . After having been offered safety by the Germans , he was sent to England as an agent . However , he made himself known to the British authorities . He was de - briefed by the British ( MI6 ) and Polish authorities about the security lapses of his organization in France . He was then employed as a double agent by MI5 using the codename " Brutus " ( after Caesar ' s friend and assassin ) under their Double Cross System . His strong anti - Russian attitude , manifested in the denouncing of a Polish officer who attended an official reception at the Soviet Embassy through pamphleting , led to doubts about his suitability . For this act of mutiny against the Polish authorities he was arrested and imprisioned . MI5 produced a cover story that his had been detained in a sweep of " anti - Bolshevik " Poles . A Polish court martial found him guilty of gross insubordination but to keep the matter quiet sentenced him to only two months imprisionment . After his release from prison , Czerniawski was unrepentant to his handlers ; MI5 MI5 doubted his reliability thinking him fickle and liable to meddle as well as concerns the Germans would be suspicious about his arrest and swift release . He was no longer permitted to operate the radio himself and he was only used for distribution of low grade information " chicken feed " . Initial German suspicion faded and in December 1943 the British decided to use Roman for distribution of important deception information . As such he played a major part in the allied deception prior to the D - Day landings in Normandy in 1944 as one of the primary agents conducting false information as part of Fortitude South , the deception plan that the Allies would invade Europe in the Pas de Calais area across the English Channel from South - East England . After the war he stayed in the UK and wrote " The Big Network " published in 1961 .
Camp Joe Holt Camp Joe Holt was a Union base during the American Civil War in Jeffersonville , Indiana , across the Ohio River from Louisville , Kentucky on land that is now part of Clarksville , Indiana , near the Big Eddy . It was a major staging area for troops in the Western Theatre of the War , in preparation for invading the Confederate States of America . Its establishment was the first major step performed by Kentucky Unionists to keep Kentucky from seceding to the Confederacy . Blanton Duncan gave his farm for use of the establishment of Camp Joe Holt . It was named in honor of Joseph Holt , who became Buchanan ' s Secretary of War for about 60 days after John B . Floyd resigned . Holt strongly supported the Union . Colonel Lovell Rousseau opened the facility in July 1861 in order to recruit Kentuckians , mostly Louisvillians , into the Union Army . A pine board with the words Camp Joe Holt was nailed into a tree by the entrance to the camp on the second day of operations by a Captain Trainor . The Camp was built in Indiana due to fears that recruiting camps in Kentucky would encourage Kentucky to secede to the Confederacy . ( A Confederate state government would eventually form in Kentucky , but the Union state government never dissolved . ) By early September 1861 , he had recruited over 2 , 000 such individuals , which formed the Fifth Kentucky Volunteer Infantry Regiment , nicknamed the Louisville Legion . The 49th Indiana Infantry was organized at Camp Joe Holt by Colonel John W . Ray , a former city councilman of Jeffersonville . Assisting him in the endeavor was the former member of the Clark Guards , Lieutenant Colonel James Keigwin . This was the only regiment formed in Clark County , Indiana . Camp Joe Holt would serve as a hospital in 1862 until Jefferson General Hospital was opened in Port Fulton , Indiana , 1 . 5 miles upstream . The Interpretive Center for the Falls of the Ohio State Park was built where Camp Joe Holt existed .
Royal Naval War College The Royal Naval War College , Portsmouth was a training establishment for senior naval officers at Portsmouth . History . The College , which was established in 1900 and known as the War Course College until 1907 , catered for flag officer s , captain s and commander s . Its courses included training in tactical naval war games , strategic naval war games , studying and writing reports on various problems and lectures on various subjects . The college ' s functions were transferred to the Royal Naval College , Greenwich in 1914 .
Jack Thomas Counter Jack Thomas Counter VC ( 3 November 1898 – 16 September 1970 ) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . He was 19 years old , and a private in the 1st Battalion , The King ' s ( Liverpool ) Regiment , British Army during the First World War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC . On 16 April 1918 near Boisieux St . Marc , France , it was necessary for information to be obtained from the front line and the only way to get it was over ground with no cover and in full view of the enemy . A small party tried without success , followed by six men , singly , each one being killed in the attempt . Private Counter then volunteered and , going out under terrific fire , got through and returned with vital information which enabled his commanding officer to organise and launch the final successful counter - attack . Subsequently he also carried five messages across the open under heavy artillery barrage to company headquarters . Counter left the army in 1921 with the rank of corporal . His medal is on display at the Jersey Museum , Saint Helier .
Cestius Gallus Gaius Cestius Gallus ( d . 67 AD ) was the son of a consul in ancient Rome and himself a suffect consul in 42 . He was legate of Syria from 63 or 65 . He marched into Judea in 66 in an attempt to restore calm at the outset of the Great Jewish Revolt . He succeeded in conquering Beit She ' arim in the Lower Galilee , seat of the Great Sanhedrin ( Jewish supreme religious court ) in later times , but was unable to take The Temple Mount . During his withdrawal to the coast his army was ambushed near Beth Horon , and only succeeded in making good his escape to Antioch by sacrificing the greater part of his army and a large amount of war material . Soon after his return Gallus died ( before the spring of 67 ) , and was succeeded in the governorship by Licinius Mucianus . Emperor Nero appointed General Vespasian , the future Emperor , instead to crush the rebellion .
80th Infantry ( Reserve ) Division ( United Kingdom ) The 80th Infantry ( Reserve ) Division was a British Army division formed during the Second World War . It was formed from the 38th ( Welsh ) Infantry Division . For a time it was a real division , if a low status one , but in the buildup to Operation Overlord it was converted to a deception formation as part of the Operation Fortitude South deception plan . The plan called for the notional British Fourth Army to threaten an Allied invasion of the Pas de Calais , and was successful , drawing large numbers of German troops away from the D - Day invasion area .
Type 78 The Type 78 is a smoothbore recoilless gun designed to provide a rapid , direct fire support for the PLA infantry troops against targets such as light tanks , armoured vehicles , and bunkers . The Type 78 is an improved version of the Type 65 with some modifications . Type 78 has been equipped by the PLA Ground Forces in significant numbers and are still serving with some class - B units and reserve forces today . The Type 78 is being replaced by the more capable Type 98 . Design . The Type 78 consists of the barrel , optical aiming sight , tripod , and accessories . The gun can be fired either with the help of a tripod or on the gunner ’ s shoulder . There are two types of rounds available : high - explosive ( HE ) with a maximum range of 300m ( Type 65 ) or 500m ( Type 78 ) .
Tay Garnett Tay Garnett ( born William Taylor Garnett 13 June 1894 – 3 October 1977 ) was an American film director and writer . Born in Los Angeles , California , Garnett served as a naval aviator in World War I and entered films as a screenwriter in 1920 . He was a gagwriter for Mack Sennett and Hal Roach , then joined Pathé and began to direct films in 1928 . Among his films are " One Way Passage " ( 1932 ) , " China Seas " ( 1935 ) , " Eternally Yours " ( 1939 ) , " Seven Sinners " ( 1940 ) , " Cheers for Miss Bishop " ( 1941 ) , " The Cross of Lorraine " ( 1943 ) , and " Bataan " ( 1943 ) . He is best known as the director of the 1946 thriller " The Postman Always Rings Twice " with John Garfield and Lana Turner . " A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur ' s Court " ( 1949 ) with Bing Crosby and Rhonda Fleming was also well received . Garnett also worked in radio as a writer , director and narrator . He created a show titled " Three Sheets to the Wind " ( 1942 ) which starred John Wayne as Dan O ' Brien , an American private eye posing as a drunk on a luxury liner sailing from England in 1939 . After directing one of Loretta Young ' s last theatrical films " Cause for Alarm ! " ( 1951 ) , Garnett travelled to the United Kingdom in the early 1950s for a few films . Upon his return to the U . S . , he worked mainly in television in popular series such as " The Loretta Young Show " , " Wagon Train " , " Laramie " , " The Untouchables " , " Naked City " , " Rawhide " , and " Bonanza " . Garnett died from leukemia in Sawtelle , California at the age of 83 . He is survived by his only child , daughter Tiela Aldon Garnett . He has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . Garnett published a book titled " Directing : Learn from the Masters " ISBN 0 - 8108 - 3046 - 9 as well as his autobiography , titled " Light Your Torches and Pull Up Your Tights " ISBN 0 - 87000 - 204 - X http : / / www . amazon . com / dp / B00C16EZKM = = External links = =
Robert Sanders , 1st Baron Bayford Lieutenant - Colonel Robert Arthur Sanders , 1st Baron Bayford PC , JP ( 20 June 1867 – 24 February 1940 ) was an English politician . Background and education . The son of Arthur Sanders , of Fernhill , Isle of Wight , Sanders was born in Paddington , London , and educated at Harrow and Balliol College , Oxford where he graduated with 1st class honours in Law . He became a barrister at the Inner Temple in 1891 . Political career . Sanders was Conservative Member of Parliament for Bridgwater , Somerset from 1910 until 1923 . During this time he also served from 1911 to 1917 as a Lieutenant - Colonel with the Royal North Devon Yeomanry , serving at Gallipoli , and in Egypt and Palestine . He was appointed a deputy lieutenant of Somerset in 1912 . He was Treasurer of the Household ( Government Deputy Chief Whip in the House of Commons ) , 1918 – 1919 , and a junior Lord of the Treasury from 1919 until 1921 . He then held ministerial office as Under - Secretary of State for War from 1921 to 1922 and Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries from 1922 to 1924 . He was created a Baronet in the 1920 New Year Honours and appointed to the Privy Council in 1922 , entitling him to the style " The Right Honourable " . He sat for Wells from 1924 to 1929 , when he was raised to the peerage as Baron Bayford , of Stoke Trister in the County of Somerset . Personal life . Sanders married Lucy Sophia , daughter of William Halliday , in 1893 . They had one son and two daughters . As his only son committed suicide in 1920 , the title became extinct on Bayford ' s death in February 1940 , aged 72 . Lady Bayford died in September 1957 .
Battle of Fort Apache The Battle of Fort Apache was an engagement of the Apache Wars between the cavalry garrison of Fort Apache and dozens of mounted White Mountain Apache warrior s . The battle occurred in eastern Arizona Territory on September 1 , 1881 . Battle . The native attack on Fort Apache , commanded by Colonel Eugene Asa Carr , was a counter - attack in reprisal for the Battle of Cibecue Creek in which the notorious medicine man Nochaydelklinne was killed . Some Arizona historians would consider the attack on Fort Apache to be a continuation of the Cibecue Creek engagement ; however , the two battles occurred about forty miles from each other on opposite sides of the Fort Apache Reservation and occurred two days apart . The Apache army repeatedly attacked the fort from a long range with their rifles near Whiteriver , Arizona , firing volleys and scoring some hits . The U . S . cavalry and native allies fought back but the Apache remained at the end of their rifle range during the entire fight . The battle lasted until sunset after several Apache attacks had been repulsed by counter fire . Two days later , reinforcements from Fort Thomas on the San Carlos Indian Reservation arrived but by this time the Apaches had already retreated into hiding . Only three American soldiers were wounded and Apache casualties are unknown . Aftermath . As result of Nochaydelklinne ' s death and the siege of the fort , other Apache groups decided to abandon their recently established reservations and join Geronimo and other leaders for war , or to escape to northern Mexico . The two separate engagements at Cibecue Creek and Fort Apache helped ignite another Apache war in Arizona Territory which would end with the surrender of Geronimo at Skeleton Canyon five years later in 1886 . The site was listed in the 1998 World Monuments Watch by the World Monuments Fund . The Fund subsequently provided financial assistance for the development of master plan for the fort ' s historic building through financial services company American Express .
Mikhail Koltsov Mikhail Efimovich Koltsov ( ) ( , Kiev – February 2 , 1940 or June 4 , 1942 , Moscow ) , born Mikhail Efimovich Fridlyand ( Friedland ) ( Михаил Ефимович Фридлянд ) , was a Soviet journalist . Biography . Koltsov was the son of a Jewish shoemaker and the brother of Boris Efimov . Koltsov participated in the Russian Revolution of 1917 , became a member of the Bolshevik party in 1918 , and took part in the civil war . A convinced communist , he soon became a key figure of the Soviet intellectual elite and arguably the most famous journalist in the USSR , chiefly due to his well - written satirical essays and articles , where he criticised bureaucracy and other negative phenomena in the Soviet Union . Koltsov founded popular journals such as " Krokodil " , " Chudak " and " Ogonyok " and was a member of the editorial board of " Pravda " . As a " Pravda " correspondent , he travelled to Spain to cover the Spanish Civil War , while at the same time he was working for the NKVD . He also acted as military advisor to Loyalist forces on occasion . Koltsov is widely regarded as having been Joseph Stalin ' s chief reporter in the Spanish war , with speculation suggesting he had a direct line from his hotel to the Kremlin . Koltsov described his experiences in " The Spanish diary " , which was published in 1938 . In the same year , Koltsov was summoned from Spain and arrested on charges of anti - Soviet and terrorist activities as part of the Great Purge . He was sentenced to death and shot in 1940 or 1942 , according to different sources . Koltsov was rehabilitated following Stalin ' s death in 1953 .
Fritz Kosmahl Offizierstellvertreter Fritz Gustav August Kosmahl ( 1892 – 1917 ) was one of the first flying ace s of Germany ' s " Luftstreitkräfte " during World War I . He was one of the few German two - seater aces of the war , being officially credited with nine aerial victories . He was also one of the first ten German aviators to earn the Royal House Order of Hohenzollern . Kosmahl started pilot ' s training very early in World War I , on 12 August 1914 , at FEA 2 . On 11 January 1915 , he joined FFA 22 in France . During 1916 , he scored three aerial victories while operating a two - seater reconnaissance plane ; details of his first two wins is lost to history , but his third win came on 10 October 1916 . As a result , on 9 January 1917 , Kosmahl was awarded the Member ' s Cross with Swords of the House Order of Hohenzollern ; he was one of the first ten German fliers to receive this prestigious award , second only to the famed Blue Max . He was also awarded the Saxe - Meiningen Medal for Merit in War while with FFA 22 . He also won both classes of the Iron Cross . FFA 22 morphed into FFA 261 in December 1916 . On 2 February 1917 , Kosmahl shot down a Sopwith Pup piloted by acting Flight Lieutenant W . E . Traynor of 8 squadron RNAS over Hermies . On 11 March , he downed a Royal Aircraft Factory FE . 2 b south of Beugny and became an ace . He then departed for advanced training , to become a fighter pilot . In late July 1917 , he was assigned to Jasta 26 . On 17 August , he scored his first win as a fighter pilot , downing an RAF FE . 2d at Zonnebeke . On 9 September , Kosmahl downed a Sopwith Camel fighter plane . On both 19 and 20 September , he shot down Sopwith Triplane fighters at Passchendaele . Two days later , on 22 September 1917 , Fritz Kosmahl suffered a stomach wound in combat , but managed to return to base despite his injury . He lingered four days after landing , succumbing at 0230 hours on 26 September 1917 .