naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
French ironclad Gloire The French ironclad " La Gloire " ( " Glory " ) was the first ocean - going ironclad in history . She was developed following the Crimean War , in response to new developments in naval gun technology , especially the Paixhans gun s and rifled guns , which used explosive shells with increased destructive power against wooden ships , and followed the development of the ironclad floating batteries built by the British and French for the bombardment of Russian forts during the Crimean War . She was designed by the French naval architect Dupuy de Lôme , and was launched at the arsenal of Mourillon , Toulon , on 24 November 1859 . A 5 , 630 - ton broadside ironclad , she had a wooden hull . Her 12 cm - thick ( 4 . 7 in ) armour plates , backed with 43 cm ( 17 in ) of timber , resisted the experimental firing of the strongest guns of the time ( the French 50 - pounder and the British 68 - pounder ) at full charge , at a distance of 20 metres ( 65 ft ) . Her official top speed was 13 . 1 knots but other reports suggested no more than 11 . 75 knots had been reached and that 11 knots was the practical maximum . As was common for the era , " La Gloire " was constructed with sails as well as a steam - powered screw . The original rigging was a light barquentine rig providing 1 , 096 sq . m ( 11 , 800 sq . ft ) of surface area . This was later increased to a full rig providing 2 , 508 sq . m ( 27 , 000 sq . ft ) of surface . " La Gloire " rendered obsolete traditional unarmoured wooden ships - of - the - line , and all major navies had no choice but to build ironclads of their own . However " La Gloire " was soon herself rendered obsolete by the launching in 1860 of the British , the world ' s first iron - hulled warship . In 1879 , " La Gloire " was struck from the French fleet registry and scrapped in 1883 .
GAZ - 69 GAZ - 69 is a four wheel drive light truck , produced by GAZ ( ГАЗ , or " Gorkovsky Avtomobilnyi Zavod " ) between 1953 and 1955 . From 1954 until 1972 it was produced by UAZ , as UAZ - 69 , though they were commonly known as GAZ - 69s as well . It was also produced under licence by ARO in Romania , first as IMS - 57 , then as Muscel M59 , later modernized as the Muscel M461 . Many GAZ - 69 trucks were used in Poland during the Cold War . The basic variant GAZ - 69 has a pair of doors only and most often appears with standard canvas top and upper sides . Further variant GAZ - 69A ( UAZ - 69A ) has two pair of doors . From the UAZ - 69 there were developed off - road van and light truck UAZ - 450 and newer jeep UAZ - 469 . Military use . The GAZ - 69 was the basic light off - road vehicle of the Soviet Army , replacing GAZ - 67 s and Willys Jeep s . The GAZ - 69 was itself replaced with the UAZ - 469 . It was also used as the basis for the 2P26 tank destroyer - see AT - 1 Snapper - as well as for the GAZ 46 MAV , a light 4x4 amphibious vehicle , whose design was largely copied from the World War II Ford GPA ' Seep ' . In the Cinema . In the film " Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull " , one of the many vehicles Dr . Spalko drives is a GAZ 69 M . In the jungle chase scene , this vehicle crashes over the GAZ 46 MAV when it crashes into the fire ant ' s hill .
Creeping attack ( naval tactic ) The creeping attack was developed during the Battle of the Atlantic in World War II as an anti submarine measure . It was first used by 36 Escort Group of the Royal Navy after being developed by the Group ' s commanding officer , Captain " Johnnie " Walker . The problem addressed by Walker in the tactics then in use was that ASDIC , the means to search for and find a submerged submarine , searched forward , while the main weapon to attack it , the depth charge , was released or projected from the stern . This led to a loss of contact in final run up to target , giving the U - boat a chance to move at the last minute and evade damage . The more skilled or experienced U - boat commanders became adept at predicting the points at which the escort speeded up to attack , and when they lost ASDIC contact , and were able to move aside while the charges sank to their depth . The creeping attack used two ships ; one to remain stationary and keep in contact , and guide a second ship onto the target . The second approached slowly , in order not to warn the U - boat of its approach , and released its depth charges on a signal from the first . The method required practice to get right , and was expensive of time and resources , but was devastatingly effective . 36 EG , and Walker ' s next group , 2nd Support Group , were the most successful U - boat killers of the war . The advent of more sophisticated ASDIC systems , that held contact close in , and forward - throwing weapons , such as Hedgehog and Squid , also overcame the problems that made the creeping attack necessary , but it remained in use throughout the campaign .
17 cm mittlerer Minenwerfer The 17 cm mittlerer " Minenwerfer " ( 17 cm mMW ) was a mortar used by Germany in World War I . Development and Use . The weapon was developed for use by engineer troops after the Siege of Port Arthur during the Russo - Japanese War of 1905 . It illustrated the usefulness of this type of weapon in destroying bunkers and field fortifications otherwise immune to normal artillery . It was a muzzle - loading , rifled mortar that had a standard hydro - spring recoil system . It fired 50 kilogram ( 110 lb ) HE shells , which contained far more explosive filler than ordinary artillery shells of the same caliber . The low muzzle velocity allowed for thinner shell walls , hence more space for filler . Furthermore , the low velocity allowed for the use of explosives like Ammonium Nitrate - Carbon that were less shock - resistant than TNT , which was in short supply . This caused a large number of premature detonations that made crewing the " minenwerfer " riskier than normal artillery pieces . A new version of the weapon , with a longer barrel , was put into production at some point during the war . It was called the 17 cm mMW n / A ( " neuer Art " ) or new pattern , while the older model was termed the a / A ( " alter Art " ) or old pattern . In action the mMW was emplaced in a pit , after its wheels were removed , not less than 1 . 5 meters deep to protect it and its crew . It could be towed short distances by four men or carried by 17 . Despite its extremely short range , the mMW proved to be very effective at destroying bunkers and other field fortifications . Consequently , its numbers went from 116 in service when the war broke out to some 2 , 361 in 1918 .
COW 37 mm gun The COW 37 mm gun was a British automatic cannon that was developed as a heavy - calibre aircraft weapon . It was trialled in several installations and specified for the Westland C . O . W . Gun Fighter . However they did not yield results and the weapon did not enter general service . Design and development . Coventry Ordnance Works had been set up in 1905 by a consortium of British shipbuilding firms ( John Brown , Cammell Laird and Fairfield ) in order to compete with the duopoly of Vickers and Armstrong - Whitworth in producing naval guns . Besides the larger naval gun , COW worked at the smaller end on anti - aircraft guns . There was a demand for a gun that could be mounted on an aircraft . Their first attempt at an automatic gun was a " 1 - pounder " ( the nominal weight of the shell ) from a rimless 37x94 cartridge . This developed into a 1½ - pounder using a longer 37x190 cartridge in a five - round clip . The gun was ready to produce only as the First World War came to an end and was only in service briefly fitted to a pair of Airco DH4 s . Post war it was tried in a number of different aircraft , mostly flying boats such as the Blackburn Perth , where it was seen as being effective against small vessels but also in fighters . The Air Ministry specifically requested designs that could use the weapon , such as the Westland C . O . W . Gun Fighter and the Vickers Type 161 . After Vickers acquired the Coventry Ordnance Works , the COW 37 mm was used as for the development of the 40 mm Vickers S gun which was used by Hawker Hurricane s as an anti - tank weapon . In the Second World War , COW guns were used as the armament for the Mk III version of the Armadillo armoured fighting vehicle ; the COW gun with its shield on the rear part of the flatbed . The vehicle was used by the RAF for airfield defence and later the Home Guard .
David Wallis Reeves David Wallis Reeves ( February 14 , 1838 – March 8 , 1900 ) , also known as D . W . Reeves or Wally Reeves , was an American composer , cornetist , and bandleader . He developed the American march style , later made famous by the likes of John Philip Sousa , and his innovations include adding a countermelody to the American march form in 1876 . Sousa called Reeves " The Father of Band Music in America " , and stated he wished he himself had written Reeves ' " Second Regiment Connecticut National Guard March " . Charles Ives also borrowed from the " Second Connecticut " on four occasions . Reeves was born on February 14 , 1838 in Oswego , New York . In the early 1850s , he joined the Oswego band as an alto horn player , but soon moved to cornet , the instrument he would become famous for . He occasionally performed with Jules Levy , another famous cornetist of the period . In 1871 , he married Sarah Blanding . Blanding had a daughter from a previous marriage , and they were later to have a son they named David W . Reeves , Jr . Reeves was a cornet ist with the Dodworth Band of New York before being recruited by the American Brass Band of Providence , Rhode Island in 1866 . He joined the ensemble on February 17 , and was elected its leader on April 9 . His initial compensation was $ 600 per year , plus the proceeds of one concert , in return for which he agreed to conduct the band on all occasions . He eventually added woodwinds to the formerly all - brass band , which became known as Reeves ' American Band . It was known as one of the best marching bands in the country during his tenure . In 1892 , he accepted the directorship of Patrick Gilmore ' s Twenty - Second New York Regiment band after Gilmore ' s death , but returned to the American Band after a year . Later in the 1890s , he served as a judge for the New York Volunteer Firemen ' s Association ' s band competitions . In 1878 , Reeves led a performance of " H . M . S . Pinafore " , using a boat for the stage , which Arthur Sullivan took note of . Early in 1900 , he contracted Bright ' s disease . He died on March 8 , 1900 . His funeral service took place at the First Baptist Church in America , where he had frequently led the American Band as part of Brown University ' s Commencement ceremonies , and included a performance of his " Immortalis " by the American Band . Sousa sent 200 roses in his memory . He was buried at Swan Point Cemetery with Masonic honors . By the time of his death in 1900 , he had composed over 100 works . In 1926 , a marble fountain was built as a memorial to Reeves in Roger Williams Park in Providence .
USS Ellington ( SP - 776 ) USS " Ellington " ( SP - 776 ) was a United States Navy patrol vessel in commission from 1917 to 1919 . " Ellington " was built as a civilian motor launch of the same name in 1915 for the Bureau of Immigration . In 1917 , she was transferred to the U . S . Navy for use as a section patrol boat during World War I . She was commissioned on 22 May 1917 as USS " Ellington " ( SP - 776 ) with Boatswain ' s Mate E . Bellsinger , USNRF , in command . Assigned to the 12th Naval District , " Ellington " performed harbor patrol and guard ship duty in the San Pedro , California , area for the rest of World War I . " Ellington " was transferred back to the Bureau of Immigration on 26 February 1919 .
Herbert Gilles Watson Captain Herbert Gilles Watson was a World War I flying ace credited with 14 aerial victories . He was the highest scoring New Zealand born ace in the Australian Flying Corps , and the fourth highest scorer in his squadron . Although born in New Zealand , Watson was a clerk working in Sydney , Australia at the outbreak of war . He enlisted in No . 2 Troop of the Australian Army Signal Corps on 28 October 1914 . He left Australia in December 1914 , sailing for the Middle East ; he trained in Egypt . He served at Gallipolli in 1915 , and was medically evacuated with wounds , to England . Watson transferred to the Royal Flying Corps in 1917 , and was trained in England . On 5 February 1918 , he was assigned to 4 Squadron AFC as a Sopwith Camel pilot . He drove an Albatros D . V down out of control for his first victory , on 19 April 1918 . He steadily accumulated triumphs , shooting down eight aircraft by the end of June . Watson was subsequently awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross ( DFC ) in mid - July . His final tally was three enemy observation balloons destroyed , including one set afire ; four enemy fighters destroyed ; an enemy observation plane destroyed in conjunction with Lieutenant Elwyn King ; four enemy fighters and an observation plane driven down out of control . As he completed his string of wins , he was appointed a Flight Commander with the rank of Captain . Postwar , Watson became a horse breeder in Victoria . He returned to service in the Royal Australian Air Force during early World War II . He died on 29 March 1942 in Victoria , Australia ; his will named his widow , Rosalie Grace Watson , as executor of his estate . Honors and awards . Text of citation for Distinguished Flying Cross ( DFC )
Operation J V Operation J V was a British Commando raid over the night of 11 / 12 April 1942 , during the Second World War . It was carried out by two men Captain Gerald Montanaro , accompanied by Trooper Preece of 101 ( Folbot ) Troop , No . 6 Commando . The two men paddled a two man canoe into Boulogne harbour , planted a limpet mine on a German tanker and withdrew unseen .
Belleisle - class ironclad The two ships of the " Belleisle " class , and , originally built in Britain for the Turkish Navy , were taken over by the Royal Navy in 1878 . In 1878 Russia and Turkey were at war , and it was perceived by the British Government that Britain might be drawn into the conflict . This perception has become known to posterity as " the Russian war scare of 1878 " . In order to enhance the forces available to the Royal Navy , four ships were quickly purchased for a total cost of £2 million ; " Belleisle " , " Orion " and from Turkey and from Brazil . It would have been necessary in any case to detain the Turkish ships in British ports for the duration of hostilities to observe neutrality agreements , and in this situation compensation by purchase was essentially obligatory . The ships were designed by a Turkish naval architect , Ahmed Pasha , as small ironclad rams of limited size and endurance for use in the eastern Mediterranean . They required considerable dockyard work after purchase to bring them up to anything near British standards in armament and equipment , but were never comparable in military value to other contemporary Royal Naval battleships . They were poorly armed and of low speed , and their meagre coal supply prevented their being used on blockade work or at any distance from a home port . They were , however , of shallow draught , allowing them to work close inshore , and after being labelled as " armoured rams " and " second - class battleships " they ultimately received their correct appellation as " coast - defence ships " .
EUFOR Althea European Union Force Althea is a military deployment in Bosnia and Herzegovina to oversee the military implementation of the Dayton Agreement . It is the successor to NATO ' s SFOR and IFOR . The transition from SFOR to EUFOR was largely a change of name and commanders : 80 % of the troops remained in place . It replaced the NATO - led SFOR on 2 December 2004 . General Aspects . Civilian implementation of the Dayton Agreement is enforced by the Office of High Representative . EUFOR has 2 , 503 troops from 27 countries , mostly from the countries of the European Union . There are however , additional troops from other countries such as Chile and Turkey . EUFOR ' s commander is currently Major General Dieter Heidecker ( Austria ) , since December 2012 . For this mission , the European Union Military Staff is using NATO ' s Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe ( SHAPE ) as the EU ' s Operational Headquarters ( OHQ ) and is working through the Deputy to the Supreme Allied Commander Europe , a European officer . The EUFOR assumed all the missions of the SFOR , except for the hunt for individuals indicted by the war criminals tribunal , notably Radovan Karadžić , former leader of Republika Srpska , and Ratko Mladić , their former military leader , which remained a mission for NATO through NATO Headquarters Sarajevo . The EUFOR does have police duties against organised crime , which is believed to be linked to suspected war criminals . It works with the European Union Police Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina ( EUPM ) and with the Bosnian Police . , the total force of EUFOR are at 900 troops from 26 nations . The Troop - Contributing Nations ( TCNS ) are as follows : from the EU : Austria , Belgium , Bulgaria , Czech Republic , Finland , France , Germany , Greece , Hungary , Ireland , Italy , Luxembourg , The Netherlands , Poland , Portugal , Romania , Slovakia , Slovenia , Spain , Sweden , and the UK ; and from outside the EU : Albania , Chile , Macedonia , Switzerland , and Turkey .
169th Field Artillery Battalion ( United States ) The 169th Field Artillery Battalion ( Colorado ) was a field artillery battalion of the Army National Guard . History . There were two units issued this number ; this is the Colorado unit . The Rhode Island unit predates the Colorado unit . Lineage . Constituted 1 September 1940 in the National Guard as the 193rd Tank Battalion and partially organized by redesignation of organizations from various states as follows ; Organization completed and inducted into Federal service 20 January 1941 at Fort Benning , Georgia ( Headquarters Company organized at Fort Benning from personnel of Companies which had been inducted 8 January 1941 at home stations Allotted , less lettered companies to the Colorado National Guard 10 May 1946 ; concurrently 983rd Field Artillery Battalion consolidated with 193rd Tank Battalion , Reorganized and redesignated 1 November 1949 as the 193rd Heavy Tank Battalion . Ordered into active federal service at Colorado Springs 3 September 1950 . Redesignated 1 December 1952 as the 193rd Tank Battalion . Battalion broken up 1 February 1959 and elements converted , redesignated or consolidated as follows ; Campaign streamers . World War I Streamer without inscription World War II Decorations . Philippine Presidential Unit Citation , streamer embroidered 17 OCTOBER 1944 TO 4 July 1945 Current units . unit broken up Per fess indented azure and or , in chief a fleur - de - lis argent , in base a sheathed Roman sword , point to base and a snake coiled to strike vert The crest is that of the Colorado Army National Guard The shield is blue and yellow in reference to early service of the 983rd Field Artillery Battalion as infantry and Cavalry . The fleur - de - lis indicates service in France during World War I while the Roman sword and snake refer to service during the war with Spain , and on the Mexican border respectively . The yellow base of the shield is representative of the plains of eastern Colorado and the indented division of the shield the mountainous portion of the state against the skyline .
USS Alameda ( ID - 1432 ) " Note : This ship should not be confused with the motorboat " Alameda " , considered for World War I service as USS " Alameda " ( SP - 1040 ) , but also never acquired or commissioned . " USS " Alameda " ( ID - 1432 ) was the proposed designation for an steamer that never actually served in the United States Navy . SS " Alameda " was built as a commercial steamer in 1883 by the William Cramp and Sons at Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . During the participation of the United States in World War I , the U . S . Navys 13th Naval District inspected her for possible World War I service , and she was registered accordingly with the Naval Registry Identification Number ( ID . No . ) 1432 . However , the Navy appears never to have acquired or commissioned her . " Alameda " remained in commercial use until she burned at a pier in Seattle , Washington , on 28 November 1931 .
VS - 931 VS - 931 Antisubmarine Squadron was activated at Willow Grove Naval Air Station in Pennsylvania on March 1 , 1951 during the Korean War and was transferred to Los Alamitos Naval Air Station in California . The squadron was sent abroad on the USS " Sicily " and operated near Japan and Okinawa . Upon transferring to the USS " Badoeng Strait " , the Squadron went to Korea on two different occasions to protect the US Naval fleet from enemy submarines . There were several transfers back and forth between the two ships and in addition the squadron was stationed on land bases at Atsugi and Itami for brief periods . The squadron returned to the States aboard the USS Sicily . Upon returning to Los Alamitos the squadron ' s designation was changed from VS - 931 to VS - 20 .
Horatio Collins King Horatio Collins King ( December 22 , 1837 – November 15 , 1918 ) was a Union Army soldier who received the Medal of Honor for his actions during the American Civil War . He also served as a U . S . lawyer , politician and author . Biography . Born in Portland , Maine , he graduated at Dickinson College in 1858 , studied law , and was admitted to the bar in New York City in 1861 . He served in the armies of the Potomac and Shenandoah during the Civil War from August 1862 until October 1865 , when he resigned with the rank of brevet colonel . He earned the Medal of Honor for service near Dinwiddie Courthouse , Virginia , on March 31 , 1865 . He then practiced law until 1870 , when he became connected with the press . In 1883 , he was appointed judge - advocate - general of New York . He was the author of " The Plymouth Silver Wedding " ( New York , 1873 ) ; " The Brooklyn Congregational Council " ( 1876 ) ; " King ' s Guide to Regimental Courts - Martial " ( 1882 ) ; and edited " Proceedings of the Army of the Potomac " ( 1879 – ' 87 ) . In 1895 , he ran on the Democratic ticket for Secretary of State of New York , but was defeated by Republican John Palmer . In 1912 , he ran on the Progressive ticket for New York State Comptroller , but was defeated by Democrat William Sohmer . His father , Horatio King , was Postmaster General of the United States . Medal of Honor citation . Rank and organization : Major and Quartermaster , U . S . Volunteers . Place and date : Near Dinwiddie Courthouse , Va . , March 31 , 1865 . Entered service at : Brooklyn , N . Y . Born : December 22 , 1837 , Portland , Maine . Date of issue : September 23 , 1897 . Citation : While serving as a volunteer aide , carried orders to the reserve brigade and participated with it in the charge which repulsed the enemy .
Alhard Freiherr von der Borch Alhard Freiherr von der Borch ( 10 February 1916 – 2 November 1975 ) was a highly decorated Oberstleutnant in the Wehrmacht during World War II and a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership .