naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Culverin A culverin was a relatively simple ancestor of the musket , and later a medieval cannon , adapted for use by the French in the 15th century , and later adapted for naval use by the English in the late 16th century . The culverin was used to bombard targets from a distance . The weapon had a relatively long barrel and a light construction . The culverin fired solid round shot projectiles with a high muzzle velocity , producing a relatively long range and flat trajectory . Round shot refers to the classic solid spherical cannonball . Hand culverins . The term " culverin " is derived from the Latin , " colubrinus " , or " of the nature of a snake " . It was originally the name of a medieval ancestor of the musket , used in the 15th and 16th centuries . The hand culverin consisted in a simple smoothbore tube , closed at one end except for a small hole designed to allow ignition of the gunpowder . The tube was held in place by a wooden piece which could be held under the arm . The tube was loaded with gunpowder and lead bullets . The culverin was fired by inserting a burning slow match into the hole . These hand culverins soon evolved into heavier portable culverins , around in weight , which required a swivel for support and aiming . Such culverins were further equipped with back - loading sabots to facilitate reloading , and were often used on ships . Many were immobile due to the heavy weight . Field culverins . There were three types of culverin in use , distinguished by their size : the " culverin extraordinary " , the " ordinary " , and the " least - sized " . There were also smaller versions , including the " bastard culverin " ( ) , shot and the " demi - culverin " or " culverin - moyen " ( ) , shot . Overall , the culverin was a significant advance over the ballista , which was the " light artillery " unit of the previous eras . Since it fired a ball of iron and relied on gunpowder for propulsion , the heavier ball meant a more stable flight and the gunpowder propulsion meant a faster and farther - ranged weapon . A replica " culverin extraordinary " has achieved a muzzle velocity of 408 m / s , and a range over 450 m using only minimal elevation . This velocity and mass imply that the cannonball had a kinetic energy of roughly when leaving the muzzle . The culverin was later replaced by the field gun once technology had advanced to the point where cannonballs had become explosive .
Polish Rifle Squads The Polish Rifle Squads ( Polskie Drużyny Strzeleckie , PDS ) was a Polish pro - independence paramilitary organization , founded in 1911 by the Youth Independence Organization " Zarzewie " in the Austro - Hungarian sector of partitioned Poland . Among its founders were Norwid Neugebauer , Marian Januszajtis - Żegota , Henryk Bagiński and Eugeniusz Homer . The organization was similar in spirit to , and closely cooperated with , the Riflemen ' s Association . It too was supported by the Austro - Hungarian government , which wanted to raise a Polish army for use in World War I . By 1914 the organization numbered 6 , 000 members . Most of them joined Józef Piłsudski ' s Polish Legions in World War I . Before its legalization , the PDS operated as an underground organization called Polish Military Alliance ( Polski Zwiazek Wojskowy , PZW ) . It objective was to prepare the Polish nation for fight for independence , with emphasis on training of officer corps of the future army . In October 1910 , the PZW took the name Armia Polska ( Polish Army ) , organizing paramilitary courses in Austrian Galicia , as well as in Congress Poland and Vienna . In 1911 - 1912 , after legalization and changing name to Polish Rifle Squads , the organization had 650 members . By the outbreak of the First World War , its membership grew rapidly , to over 6 , 000 members , divided into 127 so - called rifle teams . The PDS closely cooperated with the Union of Active Struggle , and as a result , both organizations coordinated their activities , introducing same kind of uniforms . Members of the PDS used several kinds of weapons during military training courses . Most popular were Mannlicher - Schonauer and obsolete M1867 Werndl - Holub rifles .
Hans - Jürgen Hellriegel Hans - Jürgen Hellriegel ( 16 June 1917 – 2 July 1944 ) was a " Kapitänleutnant " with the Kriegsmarine during World War II . He sailed with , and , sinking three ships on seven patrols , for a total of 10 . 969 tons of Allied shipping . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross ( ) . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . Hellriegel and the entire crew of " U - 543 " were killed by depth charge s and a homing torpedo from TBF Avenger aircraft ( VC - 58 ) of the US escort carrier on 2 July 1944 . Summary of career . Ships attacked . As a U - boat commander of , and Hans - Jürgen Hellriegel is credited with the sinking of 3 merchant ships for a total of , a warship of and damaging two ships of .
Fürth Airfield Fürth Airfield is a former military airfield located in Germany about 2 miles north - northeast of Fürth ( Bavaria ) ; approximately 200 miles south - southwest of Berlin . The airffield was used during World War II by the German Luftwaffe as a combat airfield . It was seized in early April 1945 by the United States Army and used as a Ninth Air Force combat airfield until the end of the war in Europe . After the war " Army Airfield Station Fürth " was established at the airfield , being closed in June 1947 . Today , the airfield is abandoned and parts of the facility remains undeveloped as a relic .
Battle of Wenden ( 1601 ) The Battle of Wenden ( also known as Battle of Kieś ) took place on January 7 , 1601 , during the Polish – Swedish War ( 1600 – 1611 ) . Polish - Lithuanian forces were led by Jürgen von Farensbach ( " Jerzy Farensbach " ) and Maciej Dębiński . The Swedes were under Hans Bengtsson . The battle is significant as the first encounter between Swedish reiter s and Polish hussars . Prelude . Military campaign began in late 1599 . Swedish forces captured Narva , Estonia , then after reaching a 10 - thousandths of troops under the command of Charles IX Parnu , Fellin , and 6 Jan 1601 , Dorpat . The day after the capture of Dorpat Swedish ( 3 , 000 soldiers ) suddenly attacked the Poles and Lithuanians camped under Wenden . Battle . Led by Colonel Maciej Dembiński , Polish - Lithuanian army despite the surprise , immediately prepared for battle and the same went for the attack . In the meantime , came up with reinforcements Jürgen von Farensbach , increasing the Polish - Lithuanian force to 700 soldiers . Trying to use the Swedish riders Caracole first encountered the hussars charge , they were ordinary use the army of the Polish - Lithuanian . The fight did not last long and the Swedish cavalry rushed to run away . When the Swedish cavalry entered the frozen river Gauja ice broke under the pressure of horses caused a further losses of Swedes . the Swedish infantry did not want to give up , was then destroyed and that was the main cause huge losses in this battle of Swedes - 300 to 1 , 900 had either been killed or wounded and about 100 captured , and all the guns . Poles and Lithuanians have lost only 10 killed and 60 wounded . Aftermath . The battle was won by the Poles , who , however , were not able to take advantage of their victory as their troops , having not been paid in a long time , commenced with looting of the local countryside . Winter of 1601 years the army of Charles IX captured Valmiera reaching the line of the Daugava River . The next stage of the war was the siege and Battle of Kokenhausen under the city walls .
Winchcombe Castle Winchcome Castle was a castle in the town of Winchcombe in Gloucestershire , England . The motte and bailey castle was built during the chaos of the Anarchy in the 12th century . The castle was built either in 1140 or 1144 in the north - east of Winchcombe , then a key region of the conflict , and rested on a high motte , or mound . The castle was built by Roger , Earl of Hereford , a supporter of the Empress Matilda , but was attacked in late 1144 by forces loyal to King Stephen in a direct assault . The castle was destroyed after the attack and was not rebuilt .
Military decorations of the Cold War Between 1947 and 1991 , during the years of the Cold War , a large number of military awards and decorations were created by various nations to recognize the undeclared hostilities of the era . Military medals of the Vietnam War and the Korean War are the best known due to the extreme level of the conflicts . The following is a list of military decorations of the Cold War based on the various time periods and specific nations involved . Europe . East Germany . Orders , decorations , and medals of East Germany West Germany . The President of the Federal Republic holds the " Sonderstufe des Großkreuzes " ex officio . It is awarded to him in a ceremony by the President of the " Bundestag " attended by the Chancellor , the President of the " Bundesrat " and the Supreme Court President . Other than the President of the Federal Republic , only a foreign head of state can be awarded with the highest class . There is also the provision of awarding the " Großkreuz " in a special rare design , in which the central medallion with the black eagle is surrounded by a stylized laurel wreath in relief . which has so far only been used twice : for Konrad Adenauer and for Helmut Kohl .
John C . Bates John Coalter Bates ( August 26 , 1842 – February 4 , 1919 ) was Chief of Staff of the United States Army from January to April 1906 . Along with Arthur MacArthur , Jr . , Bates was one of the last American Civil War veterans still on active duty in the United States military at the time of his retirement . Bates was born in St . Charles County , Missouri to congressman and future Attorney General Edward Bates and Julia Davenport Coalter . He was educated at Washington University in St . Louis . He was commissioned a first lieutenant with the 11th Infantry Regiment and later became an aide to General George G . Meade , reaching the brevet rank of lieutenant colonel for gallant and meritorious service in operations resulting in the fall of Richmond and surrender of Lee ' s Army in April 1865 . He later served on the Indian Frontier for many years ( being promoted to major in 1882 and to lieutenant colonel in 1886 ) , was made a colonel of the 2nd Infantry Regiment in 1892 , and in May 1898 was promoted to Brigadier general of an Independent Brigade consisting of the 3rd Infantry Regiment and 20th Infantry Regiment in the Spanish - American War and commanded a division of volunteers in the Philippines in the early stages of the Philippine - American War . He was military governor of Cienfuegos in 1899 , went that year to the Philippines , where he conducted the negotiations with the Sultan of Sulu . From 1900 - 1901 , he commanded the 1st Division , VIII Corps , conducted operations against insurgent s in southern Luzon , and then commanded that department . He commanded a provisional division in maneuvers at Fort Riley and commanded the Departments of the Missouri and the Lakes from 1901 – 1904 and later the Northern Division for a year before serving as the chief of staff of the United States Army from 15 January to 13 April 1906 . During this time , he was promoted to Lieutenant general and later retired from active service in April 1906 . General Bates died in San Diego , California on 4 February 1919 .
Battle of Jeddah ( 1813 ) The Battle of Jeddah or Cidde was fought in 1813 at the west Arabian port of Jeddah ( at the time , ) as part of the Ottoman – Saudi War . The Ottoman army of Tusun Pasha arrived from Medina , and a new army led by his father Mohammed Ali Pasha arrived from Egypt . The Egyptian forces recaptured the city immediately , and the Ottoman - appointed Sharif was sent to Istanbul as a prisoner . A few days later , these forces captured Mecca itself , and Sultan Mahmud II restored Ghalib Efendi as the Sharif of Hejaz .
Ahmed Ould Bouceif Lt . Col . Ahmed Ould Bouceif ( 1934 – 27 May 1979 ) was a Mauritanian military and political leader . In April 1979 , he seized power in a coup d ' état together with Col . Mohamed Khouna Ould Haidallah and other officers , ousting Col . Mustafa Ould Salek from power . He became prime minister in the new government . He was killed the following month in an airplane crash off the coast of Dakar , Senegal , at which point Haidallah emerged as the regime ' s main strongman .
USNS Leroy Grumman ( T - AO - 195 ) USNS " Leroy Grumman " ( T - AO - 195 ) is a of the United States Navy . Construction and delivery . " Leroy Grumman " , the ninth ship of the " Henry J . Kaiser " class and first U . S . Navy ship to bear the name , was laid down at Avondale Shipyard , Inc . , at New Orleans , Louisiana , on 6 July 1987 and launched on 3 December 1988 . She entered non - commissioned U . S . Navy service under the control of the Military Sealift Command with a primarily civilian crew on 3 August 1989 . Service history . " Leroy Grumman " serves in the United States Atlantic Fleet . In early 2012 , she joined several British warships from the Royal Navy including the aircraft carrier HMS " Illustrious " and fleet flagship HMS " Bulwark " to partake in Exercise ‘ Joint Warrior ’ and other training missions with warships from the United Kingdom , Norway and the Netherlands .
Delayed Entry Program The Delayed Entry Program , also called the Delayed Enlistment Program or — in the Army — the Future Soldiers Program , is a program whereby individuals going into active duty in the United States Armed Forces enlist first in the DEP before they ship out to Basic Training , or " boot camp . " While those who join the DEP have signed an enlistment agreement to report on a certain date for training , they are not yet in the Army ( or Air Force , Navy , Marines , or Coast Guard ) until they enlist in the regular component of their branch on their ship date . DEP members who change their mind and decide not to enter the military before they begin active duty will be separated with no adverse consequences . The Army DEP regulation , as an example , states that " under no circumstances will any member of [ the recruiting force ] threaten , coerce , manipulate , or intimidate FSs [ future soldiers ] , nor may they obstruct separation requests " ( USAREC Reg . 601 - 56 , 3 - 1c ) . While the DEP enlistment agreement states that the military can technically order any DEP recruit to active duty in the event that they do not fulfill their commitment by reporting to training on their specified date , no recruit has been involuntarily ordered to active duty in decades . While Army , Marine Corps , Navy , and Air Force recruits are in the DEP , they will be encouraged to spend a significant amount of time at their local recruiting offices with their recruiter who will begin to train them in military fundamentals such as drill and ceremony , first aid , chain of command , and rank structure prior to leaving for recruit training and active duty service . References . ( From Paragraph 3 - 1c of USAREC Reg . 601 - 56 ) : " Members of the recruiting force must respond positively to any inquiry from FSs concerning separations from the FSP . Under no circumstances will any member of this command threaten , coerce , manipulate , or intimidate FSs , nor may they obstruct separation requests . When such an inquiry is received , local recruiting personnel will attempt to resell the FS on an Army enlistment . When an attempt is not successful ( not later than 14 days from the original request ) , advise the FS of the provisions governing separation from the FSP and tell them a written request for separation may be forwarded to the Rctg Bn commander . Emphasize that the FS may submit a request for separation even though his or her reason for it does not fall within an expressed category , such as hardship , dependency , apathy , and / or personal reasons . A request for separation must be personally signed by the FS who initiates it . His or her request should include complete justification for separation and the documents required by AR 135 - 178 , AR 601 - 210 , and as outlined in appendix D of this regulation . If the FS cannot be resold , his or her Recruit Quota System ( REQUEST ) reservation will be canceled . "
Band Sergeant Major Band Sergeant Major ( BSM ) is the appointment held by the senior playing musician in a British Army band , who holds the rank of Warrant Officer Class 2 . The BSM also functions as the band ' s second senior non - commissioned officer ( NCO ) and has various administrative duties . ( The most senior NCO is Bandmaster , Warrant Officer Class 1 and is trained in conducting and personnel development . ) Prospective BSMs attend a special three - week course at the Royal Military School of Music , one of which is run every year . The equivalent appointment in the Household Cavalry is Band Corporal Major ( BCM ) . The equivalent appointment in the Royal Marines is WO2 ( BSM ) .
Commendation for Distinguished Service The Commendation for Distinguished Service is a military decoration awarded to personnel of the Australian Defence Force , it is awarded for the distinguished performance of duties in warlike operations . The Commendation for Distinguished Service was introduced in 1991 and replaced its Imperial equivalent , Mention in Despatches . It is the third level of distinguished service decoration in the Australian Honours System . Since its inception 323 have been awarded , with the most recent being announced in the 2012 Queen ' s Birthday Honours List .
Dimitrov Battalion The Dimitrov Battalion was part of the International Brigades during the Spanish Civil War . It was the 18th battalion formed , and was named after Georgi Dimitrov , a Bulgarian communist and General Secretary of the Comintern in that period . It was founded in December 1936 , composed largely of Balkan exiles . It soon had 800 volunteers , including about 400 Bulgarians , 160 Greeks and 25 Yugoslavs . It became part of the XV International Brigade on January 31 , 1937 . There it joined two battalions that were to become famous : the British Battalion and the Lincoln Battalion . They fought together for the first time at the Battle of Jarama in February 1937 , with the Dimitrovs holding the right . The brigade suffered extremely heavy casualties . On September 20 , 1937 , the Dimitrovs were moved to 45th International Division Reserve , where the battalion was rebuilt . On February 13 , 1938 , it became part of the newly formed 129th International Brigade , which was formed from central European battalions . It remained with the 129th Brigade until it was demobilised on October 5 , 1938 . Its last commander , Josef Pavel , became a cabinet minister during Alexander Dubček ' s Prague Spring in 1968 .
HMAS Matafele HMAS " Matafele " was a small cargo and passenger vessel which was operated by Burns Philp from 1938 to 1942 and the Royal Australian Navy ( RAN ) from 1943 until she was lost with all of her crew as a result of an accident in June 1944 . Career . " Matafele " was built by Hong Kong and Whompoa Dock Company , Hong Kong in 1938 for the fleet of Burns Philp ( South Seas ) Ltd . From 1938 to 1942 she operated was used in the south and central Pacific as a cargo and passenger vessel . During this period she commanded by white officers and had a crew of Pacific Islanders . Following the outbreak of war in the Pacific " Matafele " escaped from Rabaul in January 1942 as the Japanese landed near the town . " Matafele " arrived in Australia in March 1942 and was placed under the control of the Australian Commonwealth Shipping Board . She was initially used to transport supplies between Cairns , Queensland and Darwin , Northern Territory . Later in 1942 she was sent to Port Moresby where she was used to transport stores along the Papuan coast and became the first Allied vessel to land supplies at Milne Bay following the Japanese landing there . The ship was commissioned into the RAN as HMAS " Matafele " on 1 January 1943 and her Pacific Islander crew volunteered to remain with the ship along with RAN officers and ratings drawn from HMAS " Basilisk " . In RAN service she continued to mainly operate as a stores ship , though for a brief period she was used to buoy channels and erect navigation markers as part of a navigation group . After a refit in Sydney in February 1944 , HMAS " Matafele " was used to transport supplies between north Queensland and Milne Bay . She disappeared on a routine voyage between Townsville , Queensland and Milne Bay sometime after 18 June 1944 . When she failed to arrive by 26 June , a large - scale search was conducted , which did not find the ship or any survivors . While it was believed that she had been attacked by a Japanese submarine , a post - war inquiry determined that no Japanese submarines were in the area at the time . As a result , the inquiry concluded that HMAS " Matafele " had probably foundered sometime on 20 June 1944 with the loss her entire crew of 4 officers , 20 ratings and 13 Pacific Island seamen . References .
Alfred Stowell Jones Lieutenant Colonel Alfred Stowell Jones VC ( 24 January 1832 – 29 May 1920 ) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . Jones was the son of the late Archdeacon Jones . He was educated at Liverpool College and Sandhurst and entered the 9th Lancers in 1852 . Details . Jones was 25 years old , and a lieutenant in the 9th Lancers , British Army during the Indian Mutiny when the following deed on 8 June 1857 at Delhi , India took place for which he was awarded the VC : Further information . Throughout the siege of Delhi he served as DAQMG to the cavalry and was mentioned in despatches three times and promoted Captain and Brevet - Major . After graduating from Staff College in 1861 he served on the Staff at the Cape 1861 - 7 . He retired in 1872 with the rank of lieutenant colonel . After retiring from the military Jones became an environmental engineer and won a prize from the Royal Agricultural Society for best managed sewage farm .