Manchukuo Manchukuo ( ) was a puppet state in northeast China and Inner Mongolia , which was governed under a form of constitutional monarchy . The area , collectively known as Manchuria , was designated by China ' s erstwhile Qing Dynasty as the " homeland " of the ruling family ' s ethnic group , the Manchus . In 1931 , Japan seized the region following the Mukden Incident and installed a pro - Japanese government one year later with Puyi , the last Qing emperor , as the nominal regent and emperor . Manchukuo ' s government was abolished in 1945 after the defeat of Imperial Japan at the end of World War II . The territories formally claimed by the puppet state were first seized in the Soviet invasion of Manchuria in August 1945 , and then formally transferred to Chinese administration in the following year . Manchus formed a minority in Manchukuo , whose largest ethnic group were Han Chinese . The population of Koreans increased during the Manchukuo period , and there were also Japanese , Mongols , White Russians and other minorities . The Mongol regions of western Manchukuo were ruled under a slightly different system in acknowledgement of the Mongolian traditions there . The southern part of the Liaodong Peninsula was ruled by Japan as the Kwantung Leased Territory . History . Background . The Qing Dynasty , which replaced the Shun and Ming dynasties in China , was founded by Manchus from Manchuria ( modern Northeastern China ) . However , the Manchu emperors did not fully integrate their homeland into China . This legal and , to a degree , ethnic division continued until the Qing dynasty began to fall apart in the 19th century . During its reign the Qing Dynasty became highly integrated with Chinese culture . The dynasty reached its height in the 18th century , during which both territory and population were increased . However , its military power weakened thereafter and , faced with massive rebellions and defeat in wars , the Qing Dynasty declined after the mid - 19th century . As the power of the court in Beijing weakened , many outlying areas either broke free ( like Kashgar ) or fell under the control of Imperialist powers . In the 19th century , Imperial Russia was most interested in the northern lands of the Qing Empire . In 1858 , Russia gained control over a huge tract of land called Outer Manchuria thanks to the Supplementary Treaty of Beijing that ended the Second Opium War . But Russia was not satisfied and , as the Qing Dynasty continued to weaken , they made further efforts to take control of the rest of Manchuria . Inner Manchuria came under strong Russian influence in the 1890s with the building of the Chinese Eastern Railway through Harbin to Vladivostok . Origins . As a direct result of the Russo - Japanese War ( 1904 / 05 ) Japanese influence replaced Russia ' s in Inner Manchuria . In 1906 , Japan laid the South Manchurian Railway to Port Arthur ( Japanese : Ryojun ) . Between World War I and World War II Manchuria became a political and military battleground between Russia , Japan , and China . Japan moved into Outer Manchuria as a result of the chaos following the Russian Revolution of 1917 . A combination of Soviet military successes and American economic pressure forced the Japanese to withdraw from the area , however , and Outer Manchuria returned to Soviet control by 1925 . During the warlord period in China , the warlord Zhang Zuolin established himself in Inner Manchuria with Japanese backing . Later , the Japanese Kwantung Army found him too independent , so he was assassinated in 1928 . After the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931 , Japanese militarists moved forward to separate the region from Chinese control and to create a Japanese - aligned puppet state . To create an air of legitimacy , the last Emperor of China , Puyi , was invited to come with his followers and act as the head of state for Manchuria . One of his faithful companions was Zheng Xiaoxu , a Qing reformist and loyalist . On 18 February 1932 the " Manchu State " ( Manchukuo , Pinyin : " Mǎnzhōuguó " ) was proclaimed and recognized by Japan on 15 September 1932 through the Japan - Manchukuo Protocol . The city of Changchun , renamed Hsinking ( Pinyin : Xinjing ) ( 新京 , literally " New Capital " ) , became the [ [ Capital capital of the new entity . Chinese in Manchuria organized [ [ Anti - Japanese Volunteer Armies | volunteer armies ] ] to oppose the Japanese and the new state required a [ [ Pacification of Manchukuo | war ] ] lasting several years to appease the country . The Japanese initially installed Puyi as Head of State in 1932 , and two years later he was declared Emperor of Manchukuo with the [ [ Chinese era name | era name ] ] of " Kangde " ( " Tranquility and Virtue " ; Wade - Giles : " Kangte " ) . Manchukuo thus became the Great Manchurian Empire , sometimes termed Manchutikuo ( Pinyin : " Mǎnzhōu Dìguó " ) . [ [ Zheng Xiaoxu ] ] served as Manchukuo ' s first prime minister until 1935 , when [ [ Zhang Jinghui ] ] succeeded him . Puyi was nothing more than a figurehead and real authority rested in the hands of the Japanese military officials . An [ [ Wei Huang Gong | imperial palace ] ] was particularly built for the emperor . All of the Manchu ministers served as front - men for their Japanese vice - ministers , who made all decisions . In this manner , Japan formally detached Manchukuo from China in the course of the 1930s . With Japanese investment and rich natural resources , the area became an industrial powerhouse . In 1935 , Manchukuo bought the Chinese Eastern Railway from the Soviet Union . Diplomatic recognition . [ [ File : Manchukuo ' s foreign recognition . png | thumb | left | Foreign recognition of Manchukuo ] ] China did not recognize Manchukuo but the two countries established official ties for trade , communications and transportation . In 1933 , the League of Nations adopted the [ [ Lytton Report ] ] , declaring that Manchuria remained rightfully part of China , leading Japan to resign its membership . The Manchukuo case persuaded the United States to articulate the so - called [ [ Stimson Doctrine ] ] , under which international recognition was withheld from changes in the international system created by force of arms . In spite of the League of Nations ' approach , the new state was diplomatically recognised by El Salvador ( 3 March 1934 ) and the Dominican Republic ( 1934 ) , the [ [ Soviet Union ] ] ( de facto 23 March 1935 ; de jure 13 April 1941 ) , Italy ( 29 November 1937 ) , [ [ Spain under Franco | Spain ] ] ( 2 December 1937 ) , [ [ Nazi Germany | Germany ] ] ( 12 May 1938 ) and Hungary ( 9 January 1939 ) . It is commonly believed that the Holy See established diplomatic relations with Manchukuo in 1934 . In fact , the Holy See never did so . This is partly due to the erroneous reference in [ [ Bernardo Bertolucci ] ] ' s 1987 film " [ [ The Last Emperor ] ] " , that the Holy See diplomatically recognised Manchukuo . Bishop Auguste Ernest Pierre Gaspais was appointed as " representative " ad tempus " of the Holy See and of the Catholic missions of Manchukuo to the government of Manchukuo " by the Congregation [ [ De Propaganda Fide ] ] [ a purely religious body responsible for missions ] and not by the Secretariat of State responsible for diplomatic relations with states . After the outbreak of World War II , the state was recognised by [ [ Slovak Republic ( 1939 - 1945 ) | Slovakia ] ] ( 1 June 1940 ) , Vichy France ( 12 July 1940 ) , Romania ( 1 December 1940 ) , [ [ Kingdom of Bulgaria | Bulgaria ] ] ( 10 May 1941 ) , Finland ( 18 July 1941 ) , Denmark ( August 1941 ) , [ [ Independent State of Croatia | Croatia ] ] ( 2 August 1941 ) — all controlled or influenced by Japan ' s ally Germany — as well as by the [ [ Wang Jingwei Government | China ' s Wang Jingwei government ] ] ( 30 November 1940 ) , Thailand ( 5 August 1941 ) and the [ [ Second Philippine Republic | Philippines ] ] ( 1943 ) — all under Japanese control . [ [ File : Kangde Emperor of Manchukuo . JPG | thumb | 200px | left | [ [ Puyi ] ] as Emperor Kangde of Manchukuo ] ] World War II and aftermath . Before World War II , the Japanese colonized Manchukuo and used it as a base from which to invade China . In the summer of 1939 a border dispute between Manchukuo and the Mongolian People ' s Republic resulted in the [ [ Battle of Khalkhin Gol ] ] . During this battle , a combined [ [ Soviet Army | Soviet ] ] - Mongolian force defeated the Japanese [ [ Kwantung Army ] ] ( " [ [ Kantōgun ] ] " ) supported by limited Manchukuoan forces . On 8 August 1945 , the [ [ Soviet Union ] ] declared war on Japan , in accordance with the agreement at the [ [ Yalta Conference ] ] , and invaded Manchukuo from outer Manchuria and Outer Mongolia . This was called [ [ Manchurian Strategic Offensive Operation ] ] . During the Soviet offensive the Army of Manchukuo , on paper a 200 , 000 - man force , performed poorly and whole units surrendered to the Soviets without firing a single shot ; there were even cases of armed riots and mutinies against the Japanese forces . Emperor Kangde ( known by reign title Xuantong during the Qing Dynasty ; his childhood name was Puyi ) had hoped to escape to Japan to surrender to the Americans , but the Soviets captured him and eventually extradited him to the communist government in China , where the authorities had him imprisoned as a [ [ war criminal ] ] along with all other captured Manchukuo officials . From 1945 to 1948 , Manchuria ( Inner Manchuria ) served as a base area for the [ [ People ' s Liberation Army ] ] in the [ [ Chinese Civil War ] ] against the [ [ Kuomintang ] ] ( KMT ) . The Chinese Communists used Manchuria as a staging ground until the final Nationalist retreat to Taiwan in 1949 . Many Manchukuo army and Japanese Kantogun personnel served with the communist troops during the Chinese Civil War against the Nationalist forces . Most of the 1 . 5 million Japanese who had been left in Manchukuo at the end of World War II were sent back to their homeland in 1946 - 1948 by U . S . Navy ships in the operation now known as the [ [ Japanese repatriation from Huludao ] ] . Politics . [ [ File : Manchuguo Poster . harmony of J , C and Mpeople . jpg | thumb | 150px | Propaganda poster promoting harmony between Japanese , Chinese , and [ [ Manchu people | Manchu ] ] . The caption says ( Right to left ) : " With the cooperation of Japan , China , and Manchukuo , the world can be in peace . " ] ] Historians generally consider Manchukuo a [ [ puppet state ] ] of [ [ Imperial Japan ] ] because of the Japanese military ' s strong presence and strict control of the government administration . Chinese historians generally refer to the state as ' Wei Manzhouguo ' ( ' false state of Manchuria ' ) . Some historians see Manchukuo as an effort at building a glorified Japanese state in mainland Asia that deteriorated due to the pressures of war . The independence of Manchuria was proclaimed on 18 February 1932 , and renamed to Manchukuo . The [ [ Japanese military ] ] commander appointed [ [ Puyi ] ] as regent ( [ [ reign name ] ] Datong ) for the time being , stating that he would become Emperor of Manchukuo but could not reign using the title of [ [ Emperor of the Great Qing Empire ] ] as he once held . Manchukuo was proclaimed a monarchy on 1 March 1934 , with Puyi assuming the throne under the reign name of Emperor Kang - de . Puyi was assisted in his executive duties by a Privy Council ( ) , and a [ [ General Affairs State Council ] ] ( ) . This State Council was the center of political power , and consisted of several cabinet ministers , each assisted by a Japanese vice - minister . The [ [ commanding officer ] ] of the [ [ Kwantung Army ] ] in Manchukuo was additionally the Japanese ambassador to Manchukuo . He functioned in a manner similar to that of a British resident officer in British overseas [ [ protectorates ] ] , with the power to veto decisions by the emperor . The [ [ Kwangtung Army ] ] leadership placed Japanese vice ministers in his cabinet , while all Chinese advisors gradually resigned or were dismissed . The Legislative Council ( ) was largely a ceremonial body , existing to rubber - stamp decisions issued by the State Council . The only authorized political party was the government - sponsored [ [ Concordia Association ] ] , although various émigré groups were permitted their own political associations . When the [ [ Surrender of Japan | Japanese surrender ] ] was announced on 15 August 1945 , Puyi was " asked " to [ [ abdicate ] ] , which he did . Administrative division of Manchukuo . During its short - lived existence , Manchukuo was divided into between five ( in 1932 ) and 19 ( in 1941 ) [ [ Province ( China ) | provinces ] ] , one special ward of Peiman ( ) and two [ [ Direct - controlled municipality | Special cities ] ] which were [ [ Hsinking ] ] ( ) and Harbin ( ) . Each province was divided into between four ( Hsingan - tung ) and 24 ( Fengtien ) [ [ Prefecture ( China ) | prefectures ] ] . Peiman lasted less than 3 years ( 1 July 1933 – 1 January 1936 ) and Harbin was later incorporated into [ [ Binkiang ] ] province . Lungkiang also existed as a province in the 1932 before being divided into [ [ Heiho ] ] , [ [ Lungkiang ] ] and [ [ Sankiang ] ] in 1934 . Antung and Chinchow provinces separated themselves from Fengtien while Binkiang and Chientao from Kirin separated themselves in the same year . Demographics . [ [ File : Manchukuo map . png | right | thumb | 250px | Map of Manchukuo ] ] In 1908 , the number of residents was 15 , 834 , 000 , which rose to 30 , 000 , 000 in 1931 and 43 , 000 , 000 for the Manchukuo state . The population balance remained 123 men to 100 women and the total number in 1941 was 50 , 000 , 000 . Other statistics indicate that in Manchukuo the population rose by 18 , 000 , 000 . In early 1934 , the total population of Manchukuo was estimated as 30 , 880 , 000 , with 6 . 1 persons the average family , and 122 men for each 100 women . These numbers included 29 , 510 , 000 Chinese ( 96 % , which should have included Manchurian population ) , 590 , 760 Japanese ( 2 % ) , 680 , 000 Koreans ( 2 % ) , and 98 , 431 ( < 1 % ) of other nationality : [ [ White Emigre | White Russians ] ] , Mongols , etc . Around 80 % of the population was rural . During the existence of Manchukuo , the ethnic balance did not change significantly , except that Japan increased the [ [ Koreans in China | Korean population in China ] ] . The majority of Han Chinese in Manchukuo believed that Manchuria was rightfully part of China , who both passively and violently resisted Japan ' s propaganda that Manchukuo was a " multinational state " . From Japanese sources come these numbers : in 1940 the total population in Manchukuo of Lungkiang , [ [ Jehol Province | Jehol ] ] , Kirin , Liaoning ( Fengtien ) and [ [ Hsingan ] ] provinces at 43 , 233 , 954 ; or an Interior Ministry figure of 31 , 008 , 600 . Another figure of the period estimated the total population as 36 , 933 , 000 residents . Around the same time the Soviet Union was advocating the Siberian [ [ Jewish Autonomous Oblast ] ] across the Manchukuo - Soviet border , some Japanese officials investigated a plan ( known as the [ [ Jewish settlement in Imperial Japan | Fugu Plan ] ] ) to attract Jewish refugees to Manchukuo as part of their colonisation efforts which was never adopted as official policy . Japanese population . In 1931 – 2 , there were 100 , 000 Japanese farmers ; other sources mention 590 , 760 Japanese inhabitants . Other figures for Manchukuo speak of a Japanese population 240 , 000 strong , later growing to 837 , 000 . In Hsinking , they made up 25 % of the population . The Japanese government had official plans projecting the emigration of 5 million Japanese to Manchukuo between 1936 and 1956 . Between 1938 and 1942 a batch of young farmers of 200 , 000 arrived in Manchukuo ; joining this group after 1936 were 20 , 000 complete families . When Japan lost sea and air control of the Yellow Sea , this migration stopped . When the [ [ Red Army ] ] [ [ Soviet invasion of Manchuria | invaded ] ] Manchukuo , they captured 850 , 000 Japanese settlers . With the exception of some civil servants and soldiers , these were repatriated to Japan in 1946 – 7 . Many [ [ Japanese orphans in China ] ] were left behind in the confusion by then Japanese government and were adopted by Chinese families . Many , however , integrated well into Chinese society . In the 1980s Japan began to organise a repatriation programme for them but not all chose to go back to Japan . Economy . [ [ File : Showa Steel Works . JPG | thumb | Shōwa Steel Works in early 1940s ] ] Manchukuo experienced rapid economic growth and progress in its social systems . Its industrial system was among the most advanced making it one of the industrial powerhouses in the region . Manchukuo ' s steel production exceeded Japan ' s in the late 1930s . Many Manchurian cities were modernised during Manchukuo era . However , much of the country ' s economy was often subordinated to Japanese interests and , during the war , raw material flowed into Japan to support the war effort . Traditional lands were taken and redistributed to Japanese farmers with local farmers relocated and forced into [ [ collective farming ] ] units over smaller areas of land . See also : [ [ File : Manchukuo Hsinking station . jpg | thumb | 200px | Hsinking Railway Station ] ] Transport . The Japanese built an efficient and impressive railway system that still functions well today . Known as the South Manchuria Railway Company or " Mantetsu " , this large corporation came to own large stakes in many industrial projects throughout the region . " Mantetsu " personnel were active in the pacification of occupied China during World War II . Military . Manchukuo Imperial Army . The Manchukuo Imperial Army was the armed force of Manchukuo . [ [ File : Manchukuo Imperial Army . JPG | thumb | 250px | Cavalry of the Manchukuo Imperial Army . ] ] Manchukuo Imperial Guards . The Manchukuo Imperial Guards was the elite unit of the Manchukuo armed forces created in 1933 . It was charged with the protection of the Kangde Emperor Puyi , and senior members of the Manchukuo civil government . Its headquarters was in the capital of Hsinking , near the Imperial Palace in the centre of the city . Manchukuo Imperial Navy . The Manchukuo Imperial Navy ( " Manshu Teikoku Kaigun " ) was the navy of Manchukuo . As Manchukuo was a largely land - locked state , the leadership of the Japanese Kwantung Army regarded the development of a navy to have a very low military priority , although it was politically desirable to create at least a nominal force as a symbol of the legitimacy of the new regime . Manchukuo Imperial Air Force . The Manchukuo Imperial Air Force ( " Dai Manshū Teikoku Kūgun " ) was established in February 1937 , initially with 30 men selected from the Manchukuo Imperial Army and trained at the Japanese Kwantung Army aircraft arsenal in Harbin . The official air force ' s predecessor was the Manchukuo Air Transport Company ( later renamed the Manchukuo National Airways ) a paramilitary airline formed in 1931 , which undertook transport and reconnaissance missions for the Japanese military . War crimes in Manchukuo . According to a joint study of historians Zhifen Ju , Mitsuyochi Himeta , Toru Kubo and Mark Peattie , more than 10 million Chinese civilians were mobilized by the [ [ Kwangtung Army ] ] for slave work in Manchukuo under the supervision of the [ [ East Asia Development Board | Kōa - in ] ] . The Chinese slave laborers often suffered illness due to high - intensity manual labor . Some badly ill workers were directly pushed into mass graves in order to avoid the medical expenditure and the world ' s most serious [ [ mine disaster ] ] , at [ [ Benxihu Colliery ] ] , happened in Manchukuo . [ [ Biological warfare | Bacteriological weapons ] ] were experimented on humans by the infamous [ [ unit 731 ] ] located near Harbin in Beinyinhe from 1932 to 1936 and to Pingfan until 1945 . Victims , mostly Chinese , Russians and Koreans , were subjected to [ [ vivisection ] ] , sometimes without anesthesia . Drug trafficking . [ [ File : Manchukuo - poppy harvest . jpg | thumb | 250px | | Poppy harvest in Manchukuo ] ] In 2007 , an article by Reiji Yoshida in the " Japan Times " argued that the Japanese investments were partly financed by selling drugs . According to the article , a document found by Yoshida shows that the [ [ East Asia Development Board | Kōa - in ] ] was directly implicated in providing funds to drug dealers in China for the benefit of the puppet governments of Manchukuo , [ [ Reorganized National Government of China | Nanjing ] ] and [ [ Mengjiang | Mongolia ] ] . This document corroborates evidence analyzed earlier by the [ [ Tokyo tribunal ] ] which stated that Education . Manchukuo developed an efficient public education system . The government established many schools and technical colleges , 12 , 000 primary schools in Manchukuo , 200 middle schools , 140 normal schools ( for preparing teachers ) , and 50 technical and professional schools . In total the system had 600 , 000 children and young pupils and 25 , 000 teachers . Local Chinese children and Japanese children usually attended different schools , and the ones who did attend the same school were segregated by ethnicity , with the Japanese students assigned to better - equipped classes . Confucius ' s teachings also played an important role in Manchukuo ' s public school education . In rural areas , students were trained to practice modern agricultural techniques to improve production . Education focused on practical work training for boys and domestic work for girls , all based on obedience to the " Kingly Way " and stressing loyalty to the Emperor . The regime used numerous festivals , sport events , and ceremonies to foster loyalty of citizens . Eventually , Japanese became the official language in addition to the Chinese language taught in Manchukuo schools . Culture . Film . The Photograpic Division , part of the public relations section of the South Manchurian Railway was created in 1928 to produce short documentary films about Manchuria to Japanese audiences . In 1937 , the [ [ Manchukuo Film Association ] ] was established by the government and the South Manchurian Railway in a studio in Jilin province . It was founded by [ [ Masahiko Amakasu ] ] , who also helped the career of [ [ Yoshiko Otaka ] ] , also known as Ri Koran . He also tried to ensure that Manchukuo would have its own industry and would be catering mainly to Manchurian audiences . The films for the most part usually promote pro - Manchukuo and pro - Japanese views . After [ [ World War II ] ] , the archives and the equipment of the association were used by the Changchun Film Studio of the People ' s Republic of China . Dress . The [ [ Changshan ] ] and the [ [ Qipao ] ] , both derived from traditional Manchu dress , were considered national dresses in Manchukuo . In a meeting with the [ [ Concordia Association ] ] , the organizers devised what was termed Concordia Costume , or the kyowafuku , in 1936 . Even Japanese like Masahiko Amakasu and Kanji Ishiwara adopted it . It was gray and a civilianized version of Imperial Japanese Army uniform . It was similar to the National Clothes " ( kokumin - fuku ) " wore by Japanese civilians in World War II as well as the [ [ Zhongshan suit ] ] . A pin of either a Manchukuo flag or a five - pointed , five colored star with the Manchukuo national colors were worn on the collars . Court dress resembled those of Meiji - era Japan at that time . Sport . The Manchukuo National Physical Education Association was established in 1932 to promote sport . Manchukuo also had a [ [ Manchuria national football team | national football team ] ] , and football was considered the country ' s de - facto national sport , and the Football Association of Manchukuo was formed around it . Manchukuo hosted and participated in baseball matches with Japanese teams . Some of the games of the [ [ Intercity Baseball Tournament ] ] were held in the country , and played with local teams . Manchukuo originally was to join the [ [ 1932 Summer Olympic Games ] ] , but one of the athletes who were intended to represent Manchukuo , [ [ Liu Changchun ] ] , refused to join the team and instead joined as the first Chinese representative in the Olympics . There were attempts by Japanese authorities to let Manchukuo join the 1936 games , but the Olympic Committee persisted in the policy of not allowing an unrecognized state to join the Olympics . Manchukuo had a chance to participate in the planned 1940 Tokyo Olympics , but the outset of [ [ World War II ] ] killed the idea permanently . National symbols . Aside from the national flag , the orchid , reportedly Puyi ' s favorite flower , became the royal flower of the country , similar to the chrysanthemum in Japan . The [ [ Sorghum bicolor | sorghum ] ] flower also became a national flower by decree in April 1933 . " [ [ Five Races Under One Union ( Manchukuo ) ] ] " was used as a national motto . Stamps and postal history . Manchukuo issued postage stamps from 28 July 1932 until its dissolution following the final defeat of the Japanese Empire in August 1945 . The last issue of Manchukuo was on 2 May 1945 . In popular culture . In Masaki Kobayashi ' s " [ [ The Human Condition ( film series ) ] ] " ( 1959 ) Kaji , the main protagonist , is a labor supervisor assigned to a workforce of Chinese prisoners in a large mining operation in Japanese - colonized Manchuria . [ [ Bernardo Bertolucci ] ] ' s 1987 film , " [ [ The Last Emperor ] ] " , presented a controversial portrait of Manchukuo through the memories of Emperor [ [ Puyi ] ] , during his days as political prisoner in the People ' s Republic of China . [ [ Haruki Murakami ] ] ' s 1995 novel " [ [ The Wind - Up Bird Chronicle ] ] " deals greatly with Manchukuo through the character of Lieutenant Mamiya . Mamiya recalls , in person and in correspondence , his time as an officer in the [ [ Kwangtung Army ] ] in Manchukuo . While the period covered in these recollections extends for many years , the focus is on the final year of the war and the [ [ Soviet invasion of Manchuria ] ] . The 2008 South Korean western " [ [ The Good , the Bad , the Weird ] ] " is set in the desert wilderness of 1930s Manchuria . External links . [ [ Category : 1945 disestablishments ] ] [ [ Category : Manchukuo | * ] ] [ [ Category : Military history of China during World War II ] ] [ [ Category : Client states of the Empire of Japan ] ] [ [ Category : Second Sino - Japanese War ] ] [ [ Category : Former countries in East Asia ] ] [ [ Category : States and territories established in 1932 ] ] [ [ Category : Single - party states ] ]