naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
19th Army ( Wehrmacht ) The 19th Army ( German : " 19 . Armee " ) was a World War II field army of the German Army . History . Formed in August 1943 in occupied southern France from " Armeegruppe Felber " ( the " LXXXIII . Armeekorps " ) , the 19th Army defended southern France , the Vosges Mountains , Alsace , Baden and southern Württemberg during the Allied invasion of southern France and other large Allied military operations that had as their goal the liberation of southern France and the invasion of southern Germany . During Operation Dragoon , the 19th Army was trapped in an enormous encirclement , suffering 7 , 000 killed or missing , 20 , 000 wounded , 130 , 000 - 140 , 000 captured and was largely destroyed as a fighting force . However , its headquarters survived intact , retreated northwards and participated in the defense of the Rhine River . After the debacle in Southern France , the 19th Army was recreated with poorly trained conscripts and tasked with defending the west bank of the Rhine , and the city of Strasbourg . The 19th Army again encircled and largely destroyed during the battle for the Colmar Pocket in January and February 1945 . Once again its headquarters survived capture and was rebuilt largely from Volkssturm and hastily trained replacement troops in early 1945 . With many of its best men and junior leaders dead or captured , the 19th Army ' s effectiveness was seriously impaired and it proved unable to parry the thrusts of its constant foe , the French First Army . Split by deep French armored thrusts into Baden , the Black Forest , and Württemberg , the 19th Army was destroyed in the area of Stuttgart and Münsingen in late April 1945 , with remnants of the army surrendering as late as 8 May 1945 . Formal surrender was accepted by Maj . General Edward H . Brooks , Commander of the U . S . Army ' s VI Corps .
Austrian Peace Service The Austrian Peace Service is the smallest of the three sectors of the Austrian Service Abroad . The Austrian Peace Service is one of the three sections of the Non - Profit - Organisation Austrian Service Abroad and offers a twelve - month long alternative to the nine - month long orderly civilian service . General . The service can be provided in five accepted partner organizations , which are in China , Israel , Japan or the Netherlands ( stand 2010 ) . Goal is to spend a year in those countries and understand the enormous complexity of the conflicts and to make a little contribution to the lasting assurance of peace Partner organizations . The partner organizations are in former places of war crime and armed conflicts , which are in contrast to the Holocaust Memorial Service which are directly linked to the Holocaust . In the bracket is the year of recognition of the Federal Ministry of Interior and the Federal Ministry for European and International Affairs . Israel Japan Netherlands Main Focus Asia . In 2006 the first Austrian peace servant had his activities in Hiroshima . In Nanjing in China the Peace Service partner organization exists since 2008 , it is in the John - Rabe - house , which refurbishes the Massacre of Nanjing 1937 . This swamped out event still puts a strain on the Sino - Japanese relations and in 2005 it was a crucial factor for wide protests in Peking and other cities . The Japanese history textbook controversies led to movements in China against Japanese history falsification in schoolbooks . For this reason , the John Rabe Communication Centre built by Thomas Rabe and the Austrian Peace Service founded the John Rabe Award in 2009 .
Beretta BM - 59 The Beretta BM59 is an Italian - made assault rifle based on the M1 Garand rifle with the main addition of having a detachable magazine . In 1990 the Italian Army replaced the BM - 59 for the Beretta AR70 Description . Since the end of the World War II , Italy adopted the US - designed M1 Garand rifle in . 30 - 06 ( 7 . 62x63mm ) and manufactured it under licence . This semi - automatic rifle proved itself wery well during WW2 but in the late 1950s it was seriously outdated and obsolete , so Italian military wanted a new rifle , chambered for the NATO - standard cartridge , 7 . 62x51mm . The most cost - efficient way to build a new rifle was to redesign the old good M1 , and this was done by Pietro Beretta SPa . New gun , designated as Beretta BM59 , was adopted in 1959 and served with Italian , Indonesian and Marocco armies . It should be noted that earliest BM59s were manufactured from available M1 parts , including rechambered barrels . In the late 1980s BM59 was rEplaced in Italian service with Beretta AR70 / 90 assault rifles . Basically , the BM59 can be described as re - chambered M1 Garand , with addition of the removable 20 rounds magazine and select fire trigger . Another addition was a flash - hider of NATO - standard diameter , which also served as a rifle grenade launcher . To launch grenades , one must turn on gas cut - off valve by raising grenade front sight , mounted on the gas block . If it will not be done , the excessive gas pressure will damage the rifle . BM59 is a gas operated rifle , with gas chamber and gas piston located under the barrel . Chamber locks by the rotating bolt with two massive lugs . Fire mode selector / safety switch is located at the front of the triggerguard , charging handle is attached to the gas rod and reciprocates during the fire cycyle . Variants . BM59 was available in 4 modification :
William Henry Hall Captain William Henry Hall ( 20 April 1842 – 10 March 1895 ) was the first Director of Naval Intelligence of the Royal Navy . Hall was thought of highly by John A . Fisher , who had requested him to act as Commander in HMS " Inflexible " , which Fisher was to captain and which was under construction at the time . Hall had to decline the offer for private reasons . He was appointed to the Foreign Intelligence Committee in 1882 , and became Director of Naval Intelligence in 1887 when the Naval Intelligence Department was formed . His son , William Reginald Hall , also became Director of Naval intelligence in 1914 .
44th Indiana Infantry Regiment The 44th Indiana Infantry , an American Civil War regiment , was organized at Fort Wayne , Indiana , on October 24 , 1861 , with Hugh B . Reed , a Fort Wayne druggist , as colonel , and officially mustered in on November 22 , 1861 . It was composed mostly of volunteers from what was then Indiana ' s Tenth Congressional District in the northeastern part of the state . In December , the regiment left for Henderson , Kentucky . It camped at Calhoun , Kentucky , until February 1862 , when it moved to Fort Henry , Tennessee , then to Fort Donelson , Tennessee , where it participated in the siege of the fort , taking heavy casualties there . The regiment was engaged both days , April 6 – 7 , 1862 , at the Battle of Shiloh , where it suffered 33 killed and 177 wounded . It participated in the Siege of Corinth , Mississippi , and fought at Stones River , Chickamauga and Missionary Ridge . It was assigned provost ( police ) duty at Chattanooga , Tennessee , before being mustered out on September 14 , 1865 . Frederick Dyer ( " see references " ) reports that the regiment ' s total combat fatalities were four officers and 76 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded , and nine officers and 220 enlisted men who died of disease . The Indiana Chickamauga Commission ( " see references " ) , however , reports the 44th ' s casualties as 350 killed and wounded in combat , and another 58 dead from disease . One of the regiment ' s early casualties was William H . Cuppy , captain of Company E , paternal uncle of humorist Will Cuppy . Severely wounded at Fort Donelson , he was sent home to South Whitley , Indiana , where he was cared for by his mother and sister until he died of his injuries in July 1862 at age 26 .
Joseph Childs Major Joseph Childs ( 1787 – 1870 ) was a British Royal Marines officer and penal administrator ; he was commandant of the second convict settlement at Norfolk Island , from 7 February 1844 to August 1846 . Biography . He was commissioned in the Plymouth Division of the Royal Marines on 21 April 1809 and served in the Napoleonic Wars and the War of 1812 . During this latter conflict , he served with the 1st Battalion , Royal Marines commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Richard Williams . He also served in Syria in 1840 . He was reputed to be a strict disciplinarian , and in 1844 arrived as commandant of Norfolk Island to replace Alexander Maconochie whose progressive views on penal administration were thought to be unsuitable for this establishment . However , Childs proved to be no match for the convict ' old hands ' . His ' strict discipline ' may have worked on the thoroughly disciplined men of the Royal Marines , but he had no experience of life in a penal settlement . General discipline was poor , and left to subordinate guards and overseers who had little control over the prison which was ruled by the ' Ring ' of hardened convicts . A visiting magistrate reported that while Childs was " a most amiable benevolent gentleman and honorable officer " what was needed to avoid anarchy and insubordination was " an officer of experience in , or capacity for , government , judgement , energy , decision and firmness " . Childs was recalled but , before he left , a group of convicts revolted in July 1846 , murdering four officials . Thirteen convicts were convicted of murder and hanged by Childs ' successor , John Price , who considered Childs responsible for the state of affairs that led to the revolt . A newspaper report at the time blamed the situation on Childs ' " utter imbecility " . Childs returned to England and continued to serve in the Royal Marines . He retired in 1857 and died in Cornwall on 2 January 1870 .
James Cavanagh ( soldier ) James Cavanagh ( 1831 – 7 January 1901 ) was an Irish - American soldier . He was the first general officer in the New York Guard . Biography . Cavanagh was born in County Tipperary , Ireland and emigrated to New York when he was sixteen years old and went to work as a carpenter . In 1852 he enlisted as a private in the Sixty - Ninth Regiment of the Militia , and was captain of Company C of the state command when it went to take part in the American Civil War , April 23 , 1861 . When the regiment returned after the First Battle of Bull Run and was reorganized as the Sixty - Ninth New York Volunteers of the Irish Brigade , he again went to the front as its major . In this rank he served during the campaigns of the Army of the Potomac , until the battle of Fredericksburg , 13 December 1862 , when he was shot in the hip while leading the regiment in one of the charges up Marye ' s Heights . He was then discharged from the army because of the disabilities from his wound . When the State Militia was reorganized as the National Guard , he rejoined the regiment and was made its lieutenant - colonel . In 1867 he was elected colonel , which command he held for more than twenty years . He received the brevet of brigadier - general , 10 January 1893 , the first time that rank was conferred on an officer of the New York State Militia , and in 1894 he retired , after a service of forty - two years . For a number of years before his death he was attached to the New York Custom House as a special customs inspector .
Yeşilova incident The Yeşilova incident refers to an armed stand off that took place in April 1991 between British Royal Marines and the Turkish Armed Forces at a refugee camp in Yeşilova ( also seen spelled Yasilova ) , a small town in Turkey near the borders of Iraq and Iran . Background . In March 1991 , with the end of hostilities between Coalition forces and the Iraqi military , Iraqi President Saddam Hussein sought to quash the rising Shiite and Kurdish insurgents who were rebelling against his regime . Saddam managed to put down the rebellions with little effort but continued to persecute the Kurds in northern Iraq . Thousands of Kurdish and Assyrians civilians were displaced , most of them finding shelter in refugee camps in Turkey . Though coalition forces ultimately chose not intervene against the crackdown , they did launch a massive humanitarian relief effort to at least help alleviate the plight of the refugees . The incident . In April 1991 , a British Marines unit consisting of about thirty men was tasked with distributing relief supplies to 3 , 000 Kurds and Assyrians in Yeşilova under the watch of the Turkish military , but they found themselves in direct confrontation with the Turks . The Turkish soldiers , instead of cooperating with the British Marines in relief distribution , were charged with stealing blankets , bed linen , flour and food , including sixty boxes of water , intended for the refugees , forcing the Marines to intervene . The British Marines asked to transport the refugees out of the country , a request that was denied by the local Turkish commander . The Marines were thus forced to pile the supplies back into their helicopters to prevent further pillaging but also faced a possible firefight against the Turkish forces . On April 29 , a detachment of diplomatic officials and CIA agents attached to the United States Embassy in Ankara arrived in Yeşilova to help defuse the situation . They found that various diseases , including cases of acute diarrhea and cholera , had broken out among the civilians in the camp and that the refugees had been deprived of medical services by the Turkish military . British journalist Robert Fisk , the only reporter present in Yeşilova during the event , filed an article for the newspaper " The Independent " on April 30 from Diyarbakır , describing the confrontation between the Royal Marines and the Turkish soldiers . Fisk ' s report incensed Turkish authorities , who detained him in Diyarbakır . Turkey ' s Foreign Ministry and the army ' s Chief of Staff , General Doğan Güreş , denounced Fisk ' s article , claiming it was " planned , programmed propaganda . " He was interrogated but eventually released and expelled from Turkey . Fisk speculated that charges were being prepared by the governor of Diyarbakır for " defaming " the Turkish military and later described the interrogation session as " pathetic and frightening . " Reactions . The European Commission and numerous journalists protested and demanded an explanation from the Turkish government .
First Battle of Donaldsonville The First Battle of Donaldsonville took place on August 9 , 1862 , in Ascension Parish , Louisiana , as part of the Operations against Baton Rouge in the American Civil War . A number of incidents of artillery firing on Union steamers passing up and down the Mississippi River at Donaldsonville , Louisiana , influenced the U . S . Navy to undertake a retaliatory attack . Rear Adm . David G . Farragut sent the town notice of his intentions and suggested that the citizens send the women and children away . He then anchored in front of the town and fired upon it with guns and mortars . Farragut also sent a detachment ashore that set fire to the hotels , wharf buildings , and the dwelling houses and other buildings of Capt . Phillippe Landry . Landry , thought to be the captain of the partisan unit , purportedly fired on the landing party during the raid . Some citizens protested the raid , but , generally , firing on Union ships ceased thereafter .
Project 664 - class torpedo boat The Project 664 ( NATO reporting name " Wisla " ) class were Polish torpedo boats , designed in Poland in the 1970s . They were one of the few vessels of this size , powered by a gas turbine , and could achieve a great speed . Development . In the late 1950s the Polish Navy decided to develop fast torpedo boats of own design , to supplement Soviet - origin project 183 ( P - 6 ) class torpedo boats . It was decided to use a gas turbine for propulsion and arm them with four torpedo tubes . Due to lack of previous experience in designing such craft , development was very long . In order to test the technology , a single experimental project 663D torpedo boat was built , ORP " Błyskawiczny " . Her building started in 1961 and she entered service in 1965 . Trials revealed some faults , and further development work was carried out . The result were the boats of the final project 664 . They shared a similar silhouette , hull shape and a propulsion fit of 4 diesel and a TM - 1 gas turbine engine in a CODAG arrangement . The gas turbine itself was an adaptation of a licence - built Klimov VK - 1 aircraft jet engine . The gas turbine being used at speeds above 12 knots . From 1968 , eight boats were built in Stocznia Północna ( Northern Shipyard ) in Gdańsk . They were given numbers from KTD - 452 to KTD - 459 ( an abbreviation of " kuter torpedowy duży " - " torpedo boat , large " ) and names . Service . The boats entered service in the Polish Navy in 1971 - 1972 , and were assigned to the 3rd Navy Flotilla ( along with ORP " Błyskawiczny " ) . The design was overall not successful . First of all , the hulls , made of hydronalium ( aluminium alloy ) , had limited durability , especially when sailing at high speed on a rough sea , resulting in cracks . Propulsion was also not optimal , the gas turbine was not fuel efficient limiting range , and there were problems with the gearing of paired engines . The boats were very compact , and were not comfortable for the crews , being cramped , noisy and prone to vibration . Their advantage of very high top speed , was however limited by sea conditions . Due to service problems and wear , project 664 class boats were relatively quickly phased out in the 1980s , after only 9 to 14 years of service . The only one preserved was ORP " Odważny " - in 1990 it was given to the White Eagle Museum in Skarżysko - Kamienna . Its original twin 30 mm AK - 230 gun is however replaced with twin 25 mm 2M - 3M gun .
Iver C . Olsen Iver C . Olsen ( 1904 – November 5 , 1960 ) was an accountant for the Office of Strategic Services and the War Refugee Board in Stockholm during World War II . In that latter capacity he provided WRB funds to Raoul Wallenberg in his efforts to rescue the Hungarian Jews . Biography . He was born in 1904 and worked for the US Department of Commerce in the 1930s and for the Treasury Department in World War II . Assigned to work in Sweden , he handled Special Fund accounting for the Office of Strategic Services and handled funds from the War Refugee Board for the rescue of refugees . Following the end of the war he acted as a representative for the International Cooperation Administration . In 1954 he was the Washington , DC representative of Tripp and Co . He died on November 5 , 1960 .
Simon Brailsford Squadron Leader Simon Brailsford was Equerry to Her Majesty The Queen 1998 - 2001 . He was a career Royal Air Force officer , specialising as a navigator . He was promoted to Squadron Leader 1 January 1997 , and was later promoted to Wing Commander and Group Captain .
Beach Comber Beach Comber , ( designated as " Pigeon – NPS . 41 . NS . 4230 " ) , was a Canadian war pigeon who received the Dickin Medal for bravery in service during the Second World War . On 19 August 1942 , Beach Comber arrived in Britain , despite hazardous conditions , from Dieppe , France carrying a message from the Canadian Army alerting commanders of their landing there , marking the start of the Dieppe raid . As a result , on 6 March 1944 , the People ' s Dispensary for Sick Animals awarded Beach Comber the Dickin Medal . Beach Comber remains the only Canadian war pigeon ever to be awarded a Dickin Medal , and one of only three Canadian animals ever to be so honoured .
Builder ( United States Navy ) Builder ( abbreviated as BU ) is a United States Navy occupational rating . A builder is responsible for the construction and repair of wood , concrete , and masonry structures . Their work can involve sheet rock , ceramic tile , or painting , while senior personnel deal with material estimates and labor projections . Builders also conduct the Navy ' s combat and disaster preparedness operations . The builder ' s rating badge shows two traditional tools for construction - the carpenter ' s square and the plumb - bob . At the master chief petty officer level , builder merges with the engineering aide and steelworker ratings . At this level , they are referred to as a master chief constructionman .
Chief of Army ( Australia ) The Chief of Army is the most senior appointment in the Australian Army , responsible to both the Chief of the Defence Force ( CDF ) and the Secretary , Department of Defence ( SECDEF ) . The rank associated with the position is Lieutenant General ( 3 - star ) . History . The first Commander of the Australian Army was titled General Officer Commanding , Australian Military Forces , in line with the usual British practice of the time . Experience soon showed that the position concentrated more power than the Ministers for Defence — of whom there were twelve in as many years in 1901 – 1913 — liked . Moreover , the British Army had encountered administrative problems in the Second Boer War which led to the abolition of the position of Commander - in - Chief of the Forces there in 1904 , and its replacement by an Army Board . In 1904 , Minister for Defence Anderson Dawson commissioned a report which recommended a similar system for Australia , with a Military Board consisting of four military members , the minister , and a finance member . This was implemented by his successor , James Whiteside McCay . However instead of creating a Chief of the General Staff as per the report , McCay ' s Military Board consisted of only three military members , the Deputy Adjutant General , the Chief of Ordnance , and the Chief of Intelligence . The post of Chief of the General Staff was finally created by the new Minister of Defence , George Pearce , in 1909 , with Colonel William Bridges becoming the first Chief of the General Staff . The military members of the Military Board then became the Chief of the General Staff , Adjutant General , Chief of Ordnance , and Quartermaster General . During the Second World War , the threat of invasion led to a reversion to the old system . A Commander in Chief , General Sir Thomas Blamey , was appointed , and the Military Board was suspended , with its powers being transferred to the Commander in Chief . The post of Chief of the General Staff remained , but was now subordinate to the Commander in Chief . This was successful from a military point of view but the problem of a concentration of power recurred and , after the war ended , the government decided to re - form the Military Board . Blamey was replaced by Lieutenant General Vernon Sturdee in 1945 and the next year the post of Commander in Chief was again abolished , with Sturdee becoming Chief of the General Staff . The system continued until the reforms of Arthur Tange in 1973 . The three services were unified under the Department of Defence . The Military Board was abolished and the Chief of the General Staff became subordinate to the Chief of the Defence Force Staff and the Secretary of Defence . Reflecting this change from a staff to a command role , the post was renamed Chief of Army in 1997 . Appointees . The following table lists all those who have held the post of Chief of Army or its preceding positions . Ranks and honours are as at the completion of their tenure .
Edward Chester Plow Edward Chester Plow , ( September 28 , 1904 – April 25 , 1988 ) was a Canadian soldier and the 22nd Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia . Education . Born in St . Albans , Vermont , he was educated at Lower Canada College and then entered the Royal Military College of Canada in 1921 , student # 1649 . Career . He was commissioned in the Royal Canadian Horse Artillery in 1925 . He served in Canada and England before World War II began . During World War II , he commanded the artillery of the 1st Canadian Corps . In 1944 , he was promoted to Brigadier , Royal Artillery . After the war , he was promoted to Major - General and became the commander of the Eastern Command in Halifax , Nova Scotia . In 1958 , he was appointed Lieutenant - Governor of Nova Scotia by Prime Minister John Diefenbaker and served until 1963 . He died of lung cancer in a Brockville , Ontario in 1988 .