naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Rheinfels Castle Rheinfels Castle ( ) is a castle ruin located above the left ( West ) bank of the Rhein in Sankt Goar , Germany . It was started in 1245 by Count Diether V of Katzenelnbogen . After expansions , it was the largest fortress in the Middle Rhein Valley between Koblenz and Mainz . It was slighted by French Revolutionary Army troops in 1797 . It is the largest castle overlooking the Rhine , and historically covered five times its current area . While much of the castle is a ruin , some of the outer buildings are now a luxury hotel , " wellness " centre and restaurant . There is also a museum within some of the better preserved structures . The Current Castle ( Ruin ) Complex . The main entrance to the castle complex is a tall square clock or gate tower ( ~ 1300 AD ) opposite the hotel . A connecting path joins the clock tower to the remains of the living quarters of the Earls of Hessen - Darmstadt ( the so - called Darmstadt Building ) . The Darmstadt building was designed in Tudor style with pointed gables . The connecting path was the site of the former moat of the main castle buildings ; part of which is now the large cellar or basement . This large cellar was arched over in 1587 - 89 in two visible phases . It is the largest self - supporting vaulted cellar in Europe and has a length of , a width and height of approximately and can accommodate up to 400 people . The walls are up to thick . Previously a wine barrel was constructed for storage . The cellar was renovated in 1997 and restored to its original condition and now serves as a meeting place for concerts , theater performances , and other shows . Next to the Darmstadt building once stood a tall tower . It had a diameter of with wall thick at the bottom . In the 14th Century , a narrow round tower was added to the top . The castle museum is located in the former castle chapel which is the only finished room of the original castle . It is accessed through an internal gate and up the path . The museum contains a model reconstruction of the castle before its destruction giving one a sense of how big the castle used to be . The medieval castle courtyard is found beyond the castle museum building ( slightly uphill ) . This was the center of the medieval castle which contained a bakery , pharmacy , garden , brewery , well , and livestock — which would allowed it to withstand an extended siege . During peacetime , 300 - 600 people lived in the castle complex . During a siege , that number could swell to 4500 . Remnants of the original 13th - century plaster which was painted white can still be found on some walls .
USS Scania ( AKA - 40 ) USS " Scania " ( AKA - 40 ) was an named after the minor planet " 460 Scania " , which in turn was named for the southernmost historical province of Sweden . She served as a commissioned ship for 2 years and 4 months . " Scania " ( AKA - 40 ) was laid down on 6 January 1945 under Maritime Commission contract ( MC hull 1901 ) by Walsh - Kaiser Co . , Inc . , Providence , R . I . ; launched on 17 March 1945 ; sponsored by Mrs . Thomas Maguire ; and commissioned on 16 April 1945 , Lt . Comdr . Ben C . Gerwick , Jr . , in command . Service history . After shakedown , " Scania " departed Norfolk on 31 May 1945 with cargo and passengers for Pearl Harbor , but a turbine casualty required repairs at San Francisco from 16 June to 1 July and delayed her arrival at Pearl until 9 July . On 15 July , she departed Pearl carrying cargo for Tarawa , Majuro , and Kwajalein . After her return to Pearl Harbor on 8 August , she made local cargo voyages in the Hawaiian Islands until sailing on 7 September for Canton Island , Espiritu Santo , Eniwetok , and Wake Island . On arrival at Wake on 11 October , she reported for " Magic Carpet " duties . The ship made two voyages carrying troops home , one from Eniwetok and one from Tacloban , P . I . , before being released from " Magic Carpet " duty at Los Angeles at the end of December . On 17 January 1946 , " Scania " sailed from San Pedro , California , and began a year of duty carrying cargo in the western Pacific . She made four voyages from Guam during this period , calling at Manus , the Philippines , Okinawa , Japan , and China . The ship returned to Seattle on 12 December but soon departed on 21 January 1947 to provide local cargo service in the Aleutians . She returned to Seattle on 2 June and arrived at San Francisco on 14 June for inactivation . " Scania " was decommissioned on 2 September 1947 and simultaneously delivered to the Maritime Commission Reserve Fleet at Suisun Bay , California . She was struck from the Navy list on 16 September 1947 . The ship was sold by the Maritime Commission on 13 July 1965 to Zidell Explorations , Inc . , Portland , Oregon , for scrapping .
Hitlerjunge HitlerJunge , translated as “ Hitler Youth ” , was a collective term used in the 1920s and 1930s to describe any member of the Hitler Youth . The term only applied to juvenile Hitler Youth members , whereas adult members were referred to as " Hitlerjugendführer " . After 1933 , the term " HitlerJunge " applied to the first of many Hitler Youth paramilitary ranks . The insignia was denoted by a bare shoulder strap with a Hitler Youth unit number . The use of the term " HitlerJunge " continued , however , as a generic term for any member of the organization . The paramilitary rank of " HitlerJunge " was the most commonly held in the Hitler Youth , in particular after the Hitler Youth was made a mandatory organization for all young men between 14 and 18 years of age . The rank was typically held by either the very junior members of the organizations or by the older members who did not aspire for leadership positions but were rather “ serving their time ” as required by the law of Nazi Germany .
Supermarine Southampton The Supermarine Southampton was a 1920s British flying boat , one of the most successful flying boat s of the between - war period . It was a development of the Supermarine Swan , which was used for a 10 passenger service between England and France . Design and development . The Southampton was designed by the team of R . J . Mitchell , better known as the designer of the later Spitfire . Due to the success of the Swan , the Air Ministry ordered six Southamptons direct from the drawing board , which was very unusual . As the Swan had acted in effect as a prototype , development time was short . The Southampton was a two - engine biplane flying boat , with the tractor engines mounted between the wings . The Southampton Mk I had both its hull and its wings manufactured from wood . The Southampton Mk II had a hull with a single thickness of metal ( duralumin ) ( the Mk I had a double wooden bottom ) . This change gave a weight saving of 900 lb ( 409 kg ) allowing for an increase of range of approximately . In 1929 , 24 of the Mk I were converted by having newly built metal hulls replacing the wooden ones . Some of the later aircraft were built with metal wings and were probably designated as Southampton Mk III . There were three positions for machine gun s , one in the nose and two staggered in the rear fuselage . The first flight of a production aircraft was made on 10 March 1925 , and delivery to the RAF started in the middle of 1925 . Operational history . Southamptons first entered RAF service in August 1925 with No . 480 ( Coastal Reconnaissance ) Flight at RAF Calshot . In a series of " showing the flag " flights , the type quickly became famous for long - distance formation flights ; the most notable was a expedition in 1927 and 1928 . It was carried out by four Southamptons of the Far East Flight , setting out from Felixstowe via the Mediterranean and India to Singapore . Further Southamptons were sold to a number of other countries . Eight new aircraft were sold to Argentina , with Turkey purchasing six aircraft and Australia buying two ex - RAF Mk 1 aircraft . Japan also purchased a single aircraft which was later converted into an 18 passenger cabin airliner . One RAF aircraft was loaned to Imperial Airways , with British Civil Registration " G - AASH " , for three - months from December 1929 to replace a crashed Short Calcutta on the airmail run between Genoa and Alexandria . In all , 83 Southamptons were constructed , excluding the three - engined Southampton MK X which was a single prototype . Variants . Different powerplant s were fitted in variants :
INS Betwa ( F39 ) INS " Betwa " ( F39 ) is a " Brahmaputra " class guided missile frigate currently in service with the Indian Navy . It is named for the Betwa River . Operations . Operation Cactus . During Operation Cactus , the Indian Navy was called in to rescue the Maldivian hostages taken by Sri Lankan mercenaries off the coast of Sri Lanka . INS Godavari ( F20 ) and INS Betwa captured the freighter , rescued the hostages and arrested the mercenaries near the Sri Lankan coast . Operation Sukoon . INS Betwa was a part of Task Force 54 , returning from the Mediterranean , when the 2006 Israel - Lebanon Conflict broke out . As a part of Operation Sukoon , INS Betwa participated in the evacuation of Indian citizens from Lebanon to Cyprus .
United States Senate Committee on Veterans ' Affairs The United States Senate Committee on Veterans ' Affairs deals with oversight of United States veterans issues . Members , 113th Congress . Source : to 297 2007 Walter Reed Hospital oversight issue . This senate committee came under scrutiny when its oversight role over Walter Reed Army Hospital was questioned following discoveries of negligent maintenance of certain facilities . The scrutiny escalated as individual members have been questioned on their individual negligence in overseeing this veterans ' hospital .
3rd Missouri Regiment of Colored Infantry The Third Missouri Regiment of Colored Infantry was African - American infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War . Redesignated as the 67th Regiment of U . S . Colored Troops on March 11 , 1864 . Service . The Regiment was organized at Benton Barracks , in St . Louis , Missouri , in the winter of 1863 - 1864 . Designation changed to 67th Regiment United States Colored Troops March 11 , 1864 . Attached to Dept . of Missouri to March 1864 . District of Port Hudson , Louisiana , Dept . of the Gulf , to June 1864 . Provisional Brigade , District of Morganza , Dept . of the Gulf , to September 1864 . 2nd Brigade , 1st Division , United States Colored Troops , District of Morganza , Dept . of the Gulf , to February 1865 . 1st Brigade , 1st Division , United States Colored Troops , District of Morganza , Dept . of the Gulf , to May 1865 . Northern District of Louisiana , Dept . of the Gulf , to July 1865 . Detailed Service . Moved from Benton Barracks , Missouri , to Port Hudson , Louisiana , arriving March 19 , 1864 , and duty there till June . Moved to Morganza , Louisiana , and duty there till June 1865 . Action at Mt . Pleasant Landing , Louisiana , May 15 , 1864 ( Detachment ) . Expedition from Morganza to Bayou Sara September 6 – 7 , 1864 . Moved to Port Hudson June 1 , 1865 . Consolidated with 65th Regiment , United States Colored Troops , July 12 , 1865 .
Druzhina Druzhina , Drużyna or Družyna ( ; , " Druzhýna " literally a " fellowship " ) in the medieval history of Slavic Europe was a retinue in service of a chieftain , also called " knyaz . " The name is derived from the Slavic word " drug " ( друг ) with the meaning of " companion , friend " . Compare it to druhti of old Germanic cultures . Early Rus . In early Rus a druzhina helped the prince administer his principality and constituted the area ’ s military force . The first members of a druzhina in Rus Khaganate were the Varangians , whose princes established control there in the 9th century . Soon members of the local Slavic aristocracy as well as adventurers of a variety of other nationalities became druzhinniki . The druzhina organization varied with time and survived in one form or another until the 16th century . The druzhina was composed of two groups : the senior members , later known as boyars , and the junior members . The boyars were the prince ’ s closest advisers who also performed higher state functions . The junior members constituted the prince ’ s personal bodyguard and were common soldiers . Members were dependent upon their prince for financial support , but they served the prince freely and had the right to leave him and join the druzhina of another prince . As a result , a prince was inclined to seek the goodwill of his druzhina by paying the druzhinniki wages , shared his war booty and taxes with them , and eventually rewarded the boyars with landed estates , complete with rights to tax and administer justice to the local population . At the Battle of Lake Peipus the army of the Novgorod Republic had about 5000 men in all , and around 3000 men in both the cavalry and infantry were part of Alexander Nevsky ' s druzhina . Poland . Abraham ben Jacob , who traveled in 961 – 62 in Central Europe , mentions that the drużyna of Polish Mieszko I had 3000 men , paid by the duke . Archeological findings at cemeteries in the vicinity of the castle of Ostrów Lednicki , near Poznan , has proven the presence of Norsemen in the area around 10th century , suggesting that they played an important part the druzhina of Mieszko I , the de facto founder of the Polish state . Mieszko would later marry his daughter Świętosława ( Sigrid ) to the Danish king Sweyn Forkbeard . Mieszko ' s daughter would later give birth to Cnut the Great , king of Denmark , Sweden , Norway and conqueror of England . It is likely that the Polish - Norse relationship was a result of earlier trade and cooperation . Unlike his predecessors , Casimir I the Restorer promoted landed gentry over the druzhina as his base of power .
Simon ' s Sircus History . Simon ’ s Sircus was formed in April 1968 by Lt Cdr Idiens following 892 Squadron ’ s disembarkation from the aircraft carrier HMS " Hermes " . They were based at RNAS Yeovilton and displayed at numerous RAF Airshows and Royal Navy Air Station Air Days during the 1968 season culminating in the SBAC Farnborough Airshow on 20 , 21 and 22 September . The main element of the team ’ s display began with a steep turn and then a loop in ‘ broad arrow ’ formation , changing to ‘ box six ’ during the second manoeuvre . This was followed by a barrel roll in ‘ long arrow ’ formation , a loop in ‘ spearhead ’ formation and lastly a ‘ bomb burst ’ and finale . The team were highly acclaimed by many who saw them display , due in no small part to the fact that the Sea Vixens used were over five times heavier than the Folland Gnat s used by the well known Red Arrows aerobatic team of the RAF . Following the conclusion of the Farnborough displays Simon ’ s Sircus and 892 Squadron were officially disbanded .
Harold Sandford Mugford Harold Sandford Mugford VC ( 31 August 1894 – 16 June 1958 ) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . He was 22 years old , and a Lance - Corporal in 8 Squadron , Machine Gun Corps , British Army during the First World War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC . On 11 April 1917 at Monchy - le - Preux , France , under intense fire , Lance - Corporal Mugford got his machine - gun into a forward , very exposed position from which he dealt very effectively with the enemy . Almost immediately his No . 2 was killed and he was severely wounded . He was ordered to go to a new position and then have his wounds dressed but this he refused to do , staying to inflict severe damage on the enemy with his gun . Soon afterwards a shell broke both his legs , but he still remained with his gun and when he was at last removed to the dressing station he was again wounded . His Victoria Cross is displayed at the Imperial War Museum " ( London , England ) " .
2 / 1st Pioneer Battalion ( Australia ) The 2 / 1st Pioneer Battalion was a pioneer battalion of the Australian Army during World War II . Formed in May 1940 , the battalion served in North Africa , Australia , New Guinea and Borneo . The battalion was disbanded on 18 February 1946 .
Andrew Summers Rowan Andrew Summers Rowan ( 23 April 1857 , Gap Mills – 10 January 1943 ) was an American Army officer who served as the liaison between the United States and Cuban rebels led by General Calixto García during the Spanish American War . Rowan was born in Gap Mills , Virginia ( now West Virginia ) in 1857 . He was the son of John M . Rowan and Virginia Summers . He enrolled at West Point at the age of twenty and was commissioned a second lieutenant in 1881 . In the years before the Spanish American War , Rowan served several frontier posts and with military intelligence in Latin America . He was interested in Cuba in particular and co - wrote a book about the island ( see writings listed below ) . With tensions between the United States and the Spanish ( who then ruled Cuba ) growing , President William McKinley saw value in establishing contact with the Cuban rebels who could prove a valuable ally in case of war with Spain . McKinley asked Colonel Arthur L . Wagner to suggest an officer to make contact with Garcia ' s rebels . Wagner suggested Rowan , by now Captain , who then traveled to Cuba via Jamaica . Rowan met Garcia in the Oriente Mountains and established a rapport . Rowan garnered information from Garcia who was eager to cooperate with Americans in fighting the Spanish . Rowan returned to the US and was given command of a force of " Immunes " , African - American troops assumed to be immune to tropical diseases found in Cuba . He received the Distinguished Service Cross . In 1899 artist and publisher Elbert Hubbard wrote a passage entitled " A Message to Garcia " extolling the virtues of Rowan , lauding his reliability and competence . Finding appeal in this message , industrial and military leaders ordered millions of copies of the text to distribute to their workers and soldiers making it a best - seller . It was translated into several languages and sold internationally . In 1908 , while Rowan was at Fort Douglas , Utah , his wife , Josephine , established a reading room for the blind at the Salt Lake City Public Library . This may be the longest , uninterrupted , service project in the city ' s history . Rowan retired after thirty years of service , in 1909 , and died in the Presidio of San Francisco in 1943 . He is buried at Arlington National Cemetery . Portrayals in film . Rowan ' s Cuban mission was portrayed twice in films . A 1916 silent film " A Message to Garcia " where Rowan was played by Robert Conness and a 1936 film " A Message to Garcia " in which he was played by John Boles . Both films significantly romanticized the events of his mission .
3rd CCNN Division " Penne Nere " 3rd CCNN Division " Penne Nere " , ( " Black Feathers " ) , was one of the three Blackshirts Divisions ( Camicie Nere , or CCNN ) sent to Spain during the Spanish Civil War to make up the " Corpo Truppe Volontarie " ( Corps of Volunteer Troops ) , or CTV . 3rd CCNN Division " Penne Nere " - Bgd . Gen . Luigi Nuvoloni The CCNN Divisions contained regular soldiers and volunteer militia from the Fascist Party . The CCNN divisions were semi - motorised .
John Ready Major General The Honourable John Ready ( " c . " 1777 – 10 July 1845 ) was a British army officer , who served as Lieutenant Governor of Prince Edward Island from 1824 to 1831 and also as Lieutenant Governor of the Isle of Man from 1832 to 1845 . Career . Ready joined the British Army as an ensign in 1796 . He was appointed Secretary to the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland in 1815 and military secretary and then civil secretary to the Governor General of British North America in 1818 . In 1824 he was appointed lieutenant governor of Prince Edward Island : there he imported livestock at his own expense , promoted the building of roads and ensured there was a school in every town . He became Lieutenant Governor of the Isle of Man in 1832 but died in office at Castletown on the Isle of Man in 1845 and was buried on the island with full military honours . Family . In 1804 he married Susanna Bromley ; they had two sons and two daughters ; following the death of his first wife he married Sarah Tobin in 1836 .
Ivan Sytov Ivan Nikitovich Sytov ( ) ( 13 June 1916 - 13 October 1943 ) was a Soviet fighter pilot and flying ace , credited with 26 kills and four shared victories . Initially serving with Stalingrad ’ s fighter school , Sytov then posted to 788 IAP , where he claimed at least one Bf - 109 in September 1942 . Lieutenant Ivan Sytov then joined 5th GIAP in December 1942 . Sytov fought during the Battle of Stalingrad and Battle of Kursk , scoring the majority of his kills during this period . After intensive operations on the Kalinin Front , the unit withdrew to equip with the new Lavochkin La - 5 . On 13 October 1943 Sytov was shot down and killed by JG 52 s " Oberfeldwebel " Walter Jahnke . Some Soviet sources claim he rammed a Bf 109 , but according to German records no such incident occurred .
Newgate Newgate was one of the historic seven gates of the London Wall around the City of London and one of the six which date back to Roman times . From it , a Roman road led west to Silchester , Hampshire . Excavations in 1875 , 1903 and 1909 revealed the Roman structure and showed that it consisted of a double roadway between two square flanking guardroom towers . From the 12th century , at least , the gate was used as a prison for debtors and felons . This , the notorious Newgate Prison , was later extended to the south on the site of the modern Central Criminal Court on Old Bailey . The gate was demolished in 1767 . Newgate Street , today part of the A40 London to Fishguard route , is mostly located within the city wall , leading west from Cheapside to the site of the old gate , and then continuing onto Holborn Viaduct at the point where the Old Bailey thoroughfare joins to the south and Giltspur Street to the north . A notable discovery here was a Roman tile inscribed with a disgruntled comment that " Austalis has been going off on his own for 13 days " . To the north of the street are the ruins of Christ Church Greyfriars on the site of a medieval Franciscan monastery . To the south is Paternoster Square leading towards St Paul ' s Cathedral .
Treaty of Fontainebleau ( 1679 ) The Treaty of Fontainebleau , signed on 23 August ( O . S . ) / 2 September 1679 , ended hostilities between Denmark - Norway and the Swedish Empire in the Scanian War . Denmark , pressured by France , restored all conquests made during the war to Sweden in turn for a " paltry indemnity " . The treaty was confirmed , detailed and amended in the subsequent Peace of Lund .
Burley Castle Burley Castle , more commonly called Alstoe , was to the north of the village of Burley , two miles north - east of Oakham in the county of Rutland , . Alstoe was the name of a hundred . There is doubtful evidence of a small motte and bailey castle of the late 11th or early 12th century . Only earthworks remain .