naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Battlefield Cross The Fallen Soldier Battle Cross , Battlefield Cross or Battle Cross is a symbolic replacement of a cross on the battlefield or at the base camp for a soldier who has been killed . Made up of the soldier ' s rifle with bayonet attached stuck into the ground , helmet on top , dog tag s sometimes hanging from the rifle and the boots of the fallen soldier next to it . Its purpose is to show honor and respect for the fallen at the battle site . The practice started during the American Civil War or maybe earlier as a means of identifying the bodies on the battleground before they were removed . Today , it is an immediate means of showing respect for the fallen among the still living members of the troop . It might be seen in the field or base camp after the battle in Afghanistan or Iraq . Used less today as a means to identify the fallen but more as a private ceremony among those still living as a means to mourn , as attending the funeral is not always possible for soldiers still in the fight . United States Army . This ceremony is described in US Army Field Manual ( FM ) No . 7 - 21 . 13 , entitled " The Soldiers Guide " , Appendix C " Ceremonies " , Section III " Memorial Ceremony " , excerpted as follows : SECTION III - MEMORIAL CEREMONY C - 4 . Memorial ceremonies are patriotic tributes to deceased soldiers . These ceremonies are command - oriented so attendance is often mandatory . The ceremony is a military function that is not normally conducted in a chapel . The content of the ceremony may vary depending on the desires of the commander . C - 5 . In most cases , the unit prepares a program that may include a biographical summary of the deceased soldier with mention of awards and decorations . The following elements are commonly part of a memorial ceremony : C - 6 . Most units prepare a visible reminder of the deceased soldier similar to that depicted in Figure C - 1 . The helmet and identification tags signify the fallen soldier . The inverted rifle with bayonet signals a time for prayer , a break in the action to pay tribute to our comrade . The combat boots represent the final march of the last battle . The beret ( in the case of soldiers from airborne units ) reminds us that the soldier has taken part in his final jump .
HMS Amphion ( P439 ) HMS " Amphion " ( P439 ) , was an " Amphion " - class submarine of the Royal Navy , built by Vickers Armstrong and launched 31 August 1944 . HMS " Amphion " , later S - 43 , was the first of the class to be launched in August 1944 . She was originally to be named as HMS " Anchorite " but their names were exchanged before launch . Of the class , only " Amphion " and HMS " Astute " were completed before the end of the war , and neither were involved in hostilities . In 1953 she took part in the Fleet Review to celebrate the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II .
3d Space Wing The 3d Space Wing was a wing of the United States Air Force active from 1986 to 1992 at Peterson Air Force Base , Colorado as part of Air Force Space Command . History . The wing was constituted as the 3d Space Support Wing on 8 Oct 1986 and activated on 15 Oct 1986 . It was inactivated on 15 May 1992 along with the 1st Space Wing . The 21st Space Wing , a unit with a more historic lineage , took their place . Emblem . Blazon . Azure , resting on a pillar issuing from base or , detailed argent , a globe celeste ( blue turquoise ) grid - lined of the second and outlined of the third within two orbital ring s saltirewise of the like each charged in chief with a polestar gold ; all between three mullets and a plate argent , the plate in dexter chief ; all within a diminished bordure or . Symbolism . Blue and yellow are the Air Force colors . Blue alludes to the sky , the primary theater of Air Force operations . Yellow refers to the sun and the excellence required of Air Force personnel . The globe represents the earth as viewed from space . The latitude and longitude lines emphasize the global nature of Air Force space operations . The ellipses and stars represent the orbital paths traced by satellites . The pillar represents the support mission of the wing .
VMFT - 401 Marine Fighter Training Squadron 401 ( VMFT - 401 ) is a United States Marine Corps Reserve fighter squadron flying the F - 5N Tiger II . Known as the " Snipers " , the squadron is the only adversary squadron in the Marine Corps . They are based at Marine Corps Air Station Yuma and fall under the command of the 4th Marine Aircraft Wing and Marine Aircraft Group 41 . VMFT - 401 is a non - deployable unit . Mission . Provide instruction to active and reserve Fleet Marine Force s and Fleet squadrons through dissimilar air combat training ( DACT ) . The majority of VMFT - 401 ' s annual workload is their work - up and participation in the semiannual Weapons and Tactics Instructor ( WTI ) course conducted by Marine Aviation Weapons and Tactics Squadron One ( MAWTS - 1 ) at MCAS Yuma , Arizona . They provide adversary work in Offensive Anti - Air Warfare and Anti Air Warfare exercises during this training evolution . They also help train new Marine F / A - 18 Hornet pilots that are assigned to VMFAT - 101 at Marine Corps Air Station Miramar . History . Marine Fighter Training Squadron 401 ( VMFT - 401 ) was activated on March 18 , 1986 at Marine Corps Air Station Yuma , Arizona . In June 1987 the squadron received a number of Israeli F - 21A Kfirs and during that year logged more than 4 , 000 hours of flight time during 16 major exercises . In 1989 , they transitioned to the F - 5E Tiger II which they still currently use today . Following the inactivation of Marine Aircraft Group 46 in June 2009 , VMFT - 401 transitioned under Marine Aircraft Group 41 . The squadron was recognized by the Commandant of the Marine Corps for flying more than 50 , 000 mishap - free flight hours . They broke the 50 , 000 hour mark in early July 2010 having not had a mishap since October 1995 . At an average of 45 minutes per flight , 50 , 000 hours equates to nearly 70 , 000 mishap free sorties .
Stephen Vladislav I of Serbia Stefan Vladislav ( ; died after 1264 ) was the King of Serbia from 1233 / 4 to 1243 . He was a member of the Nemanjić dynasty , the son of Stefan the First - Crowned . Vladislav was the younger son of King Stefan the First - Crowned and Queen Eudokia and a grandson of Grand Prince Stefan Nemanja and Anna . His older brother was Radoslav , king 1228 to 1233 . After Bulgarian Emperor Ivan Asen II defeated Theodore Komnenos Doukas of Epirus in Klokotnitsa in 1230 , Stefan Radoslav lost the support of the Serbian nobility . In 1234 , King Radoslav was deposed in favor of Vladislav . King Vladislav married Beloslava , a daughter of Emperor Ivan Asen II . Earlier Epirote influence in Serbia was then replaced with Bulgarian . Archbishop Sava was not happy with the quarrels and decided to go on a pilgrimage to the Holy Land . He died on hiw way home at Tărnovo . Vladislav went to his father - in - law , Ivan Asen II , to ask for his uncle ' s body . After negotiations the body was returned to Serbia , and Vladislav buried it in Mileševa , a monastery he had founded . During the reign of Vladislav , there was a great Mongol invasion . Mongols conquered Bulgaria and Serbia briefly in 1242 , after the death of Emperor Ivan Asen II on June 1241 . When Bulgaria became a Mongol vassal , the reputation of Vladislav decreased , and the Serbian nobles once again began to protest . King Vladislav was removed from the throne on 1243 with the support of the nobility , which was inherited by his half brother Uroš I . The new king may have allowed Vladislav to rule Zeta as governor , but in any case did not remove him from an active role in government . Vladislav died in 1269 and was buried in Mileševa . Family . By his marriage with Beloslava , daughter of Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria , Stefan Vladislav had the following children : Flag of Serbia . The oldest known description of a flag of Serbia is from the 1281 description of a flag in the treasury of King Stefan Vladislav ( 1233 – 1243 ) , which was kept in the Dubrovnik Republic . The description lists " " vexillum unum de zendato rubeo et blavo " " - a flag of fabric red and blue ( " zendato " - " čenda " a type of light , silky fabric ) . We however don ' t know how were the colours patterned ; horizontal diband shown to the left is sometimes used in commemorations of medieval events in Serbia . As Vladislav ruled from 1233 to 1243 and died after 1264 , the flag predates the time of the description , hence making it likely to have been used around the middle 13th century .
Torre del Oro The Torre del Oro ( English : " Gold Tower " ) is a dodecagonal military watchtower in Seville , southern Spain , built by the Almohad dynasty in order to control access to Seville via the Guadalquivir river . Constructed in the first third of the 13th century , the tower served as a prison during the Middle Ages . Its name comes from the golden shine it projected on the river , due to its building materials ( a mixture of mortar , lime and pressed hay ) . The tower is divided into three levels , with the third and uppermost being circular in shape and added in 1769 . The Torre de la Plata , an octagonal tower , is nearby and is believed to be built in the same era . Military function . It is one of two anchor points for a large chain that would have been able to block the river . The other anchor - point has since been demolished or disappeared , possibly from collapsing during the 1755 Lisbon Earthquake . The chain was used in the city ' s defense against the Castilian fleet under Ramón de Bonifaz in 1248 Reconquista . Bonifaz broke the river defenses and isolated Seville from Triana . The besieged Muslim city soon surrendered to the Christian forces . Historical role . At one point in the last two centuries the tower came under threat when the adjacent road needed widening but faced by strong opposition from the locals the demolition idea was dropped . In 1868 it was put up for sale as scrap but this too was vehemently rejected by the city ' s inhabitants . Today the tower , having been restored , is a naval museum containing engravings , letters , models , instruments and historic documents . The museum outlines the naval history of Seville and the importance of its river .
Rodolfo Herrero Rodolfo Herrero was a Mexican military officer , noteworthy for his participation in the Mexican Revolution of 1910 to 1920 . He is generally believed to be the officer responsible for the death of President Venustiano Carranza . In early 1920 , Herrero was a rebel commander subordinate to General Manuel Pelaez . However , in March 1920 , he surrendered to Carranza ’ s forces under the promise of amnesty and he was allowed to keep his rank of General . In May 1920 , Carranza ’ s government collapsed under pressure from forces supporting Álvaro Obregón . Carranza and his supporters attempted to flee Mexico City to Veracruz . At the Aljibes rail station , they were informed that the rail line had been severed and that Veracruz had fallen . So Carranza proposed to travel on foot north to San Luis Potosí . It was near the rural village of La Union that Carranza ’ s small party was joined by the forces of Rodolfo Herrero . Herrero offered to guide and escort Carranza ’ s party through the rugged rural area of northern Puebla . He escorted the party to the small settlement of Tlaxcalantongo . Herrero then excused himself by saying he had to attend to a wounded brother , but promised to return . In the early morning of May 21 , 1920 , Carranza ’ s party was attacked by soldiers believed to be under the command of Herrero . When the dawn came , Carranza was discovered dead from several bullet wounds . Herrero was ordered to Mexico City for questioning . Obregón denounced him for murder and treason . In the Capital , Herrero was questioned at length but not held . Seven months later , he was confined for a week in the military prison of Santiago Tlaltelolco . He was stripped of his military rank and cashiered out of the army , but otherwise allowed to go free . Herrero was subsequently reinstated as a general during the presidency of Obregón , only to be dismissed again during the presidency of Lázaro Cárdenas .
Commando Parachute Group The Commando Parachute Group ( ) is a special forces unit in the 11th Parachute Brigade of the French Army that is within the second " circle " of authority of the Commandement des Opérations Spéciales . Each regiment within the 11th Parachute Brigade ( 11 Brigade Parachutiste ) trains one or two GCP teams from their own ranks , which then can act as recon , pathfinding or harassment forces for their home regiment , coordinating with the other GCP teams within the brigade or working independently behind enemy lines . More rarely the GCP is requisitioned by the French intelligence service ( DGSE ) to carry out sensitive or " black ops " missions . GCP teams are also trained to conduct hostage rescue missions in extreme cases . There are nineteen teams with about a dozen members each in the GCP , which is structured as follows : The GCP was founded in 1965 as " Équipes de Saut Ouverture à Grande Hauteur " ( SOGH , " High Altitude Jump Teams " or " HAHO Teams " ) . In 1982 , the unit was renamed " Commandos de Recherche et d ' Action en Profondeur " ( CRAP , " Deep Action and Recon Commando " ) before being renamed again as " Groupement des Commandos Parachutiste " ( GCP ) in 1999 . Apparently , the unit was renamed as GCP after a discussion between the commander of CRAP at the time , Lieutenant Colonel Pascal Chapoulaud , and a US Army officer whilst on operations . The US Army officer had asked the commander of CRAP if he knew the meaning of the word ' crap ' in English . Lieutenant Colonel Chapoulaud replied that he did not know , and asked a translator what the word meant . The translator informed the lieutenant colonel that the word ' crap ' meant the equivalent of ' shit ' in the French language . The unit ' s name of ' CRAP ' thus changed to ' GCP ' after this event . The GCP had its first operational deployment in 1969 when the SOGH of 2e REP went to Chad . Ever since , the GCP has participated in many of France ' s military commitments , most noticeably in the War in Afghanistan ( 2001 – present ) . Selection . In order to serve in the GCP the candidate must meet the following requirements - S I G Y C O P ( Troupes Aéroportées ) 2 1 2 3 3 2 1 S I G Y C O P ( Chuteurs Opérationnels ) 2 1 2 3 2 2 1 When the candidate has passed all of these tests he is now able to serve within one of the teams of the GCP .
Esmail ( Afghan leader ) Guantanamo detainee Anwar Khan identified an individual named Esmail as an anti - Taliban militia leader , prior to the ouster of the Taliban . According to Khan he and Esmail served under the command of Hazrat Ali , one of the militia commanders who nominated Hamid Karzai for the presidency of the interim Afghan administration .
Heriot Heriot , from Old English " heregeat " ( " war - gear " ) , was originally a death - duty in late Anglo - Saxon England , which required that at death , a nobleman provided to his king a given set of military equipment , often including horses , swords , shields , spears and helmets . It later developed into a kind of tenurial feudal relief due from villeins . The equivalent term in French was " le droit du meilleur catel " . History . Heriot was the right of a lord in feudal Europe to seize a serf ' s best horse and or clothing upon his death . It arose from the tradition of the lord loaning a serf a horse or armour or weapons to fight so that when the serf died the lord would rightfully reclaim his property . Payments of heriot are sometimes mentioned in the wills of West - Saxon nobles since the mid - tenth century , such as Æthelmær . The regulation of levels of heriot is the subject of a clause in Cnut ' s secular law - code ( II Cnut § 71 ) , drawn up between 1020 and 1023 . The form of this duty depended on the rank of the nobleman ( earl , king ' s thegn , median thegn ) and on his region ( Danelaw , Wessex ) . When knight s as a class emerged and were later able to acquire their own fighting instruments , the lord continued to claim rights to property upon death , extending sometimes to everyone not just the fighting knights . Serfs could make provisions for heriot in their wills , but death in battle often meant no heriot was required , because the winner of a fight would often take horse and armour anyway as was often the custom . By the 13th century the payment was made either in money or in kind by handing over the best beast or chattel of the tenant . The enlightened cleric Jacques de Vitry called lords who imposed heriots " vultures that prey upon death . . . worms feeding upon the corpse . " Heriot came in many varieties . G . G . Coulton reports a curious case of heriot in modern times : Heriot is one of the many curious laws from feudal times that started because of a logical need between two parties , but because of the custom of noble rights , where whatever rights a lord had before continue on by way of custom , even if the original reason for it no longer existed . This law and many others , such as the noble right not to pay taxes , have a long contentious history in Europe . It was legally abolished in Britain in 1922 . For the manorial law relating to heriots , see copyhold . Word origin : Old English . Heriot , by derivation the arms and equipment ( " geatwa " ) of a soldier or army ( " here " ) ; the Old English word is thus " here - geatwa " .
Battle of Central Henan The Battle of Central Henan , was the first offensive in the Japanese Operation Ichi - Go during the Second Sino - Japanese War . In the Battle of Central Henan , 390 , 000 Chinese soldiers , led by General Tang Enbo ( 汤恩伯 ) , were deployed to defend the strategic position of Luoyang . The 12th Army spearheaded by the 3rd Tank Division of the IJA crossed the Yellow River around Zhengzhou in late April and defeated Chinese forces near Xuchang , then swung around clockwise and besieged Luoyang . Luoyang was defended by three Chinese divisions . The 3rd Tank Division began to attack Luoyang on May 13 and took it on May 25 .
Farkhor Air Base Farkhor Air Base is a military air base located near the town of Farkhor in Tajikistan , south east of the capital Dushanbe . It is operated by the Indian Air Force in collaboration with the Tajikistan Air Force . Farkhor is India ' s first and only military base outside its territory . History . In 1996 - 97 , the Research and Analysis Wing ( RAW ) started negotiations with Tajikistan to use the Farkhor Airbase to transport high - altitude military supplies to the Afghan Northern Alliance , service their helicopters and gather intelligence . At that time , India operated a small military hospital in the Farkhor region . The hospital at Farkhor was used to treat Afghan Northern Alliance members injured in fighting with the Taliban , including military leader Ahmed Shah Massoud , who was rushed there after the suicide attack against him . In 2002 , India acknowledged that it was setting up an airbase in Farkhor . It was secured with assistance from Russia . The airbase was in a dilapidated condition and was not used since the 1980s . The Indian Government awarded a $ 10 million tender to a private builder in 2003 to restore the airbase by 2005 . After the builder defaulted , the Border Roads Organisation stepped in to complete the work . India has since stationed a squadron of MiG 29 aircraft at the base . Strategic location and geopolitical implications . The Farkhor Air Base would give the Indian military the required depth and range in seeking a larger role in the Indian Subcontinent and is a tangible manifestation of India ’ s move to project its power in Central Asia , a policy goal formally enunciated in 2003 – 2004 . The potential implications of this base go far beyond the Indo - Pakistani rivalry on the subcontinent . Pakistan fears being encircled by India with the base in Farkhor operational . Former Pakistan President Pervez Musharraf raised concerns to the Tajik government of the fact that Indian planes would be able reach Pakistan within minutes using the air base .
Ivan Vasilyev Ivan Vasilyev was a Russia n explorer and navigator of the Imperial Russian Navy . He accompanied Leonty Andrianovich Gagemeister on ship " Neva " to explore the coasts of Alaska and the North Pacific in 1806 . Vasilyev explored the Alexander Archipelago and the many coastal Islands in the area . In 1809 he surveyed the western shore of Baranof Island and at an unknown date " died in the service . " Navigator Ivan Vasilyev should not be confused with explorer Mikhail Vasilyev , or with another Captain Vasiliev about whom Krusenstern says : " It is much to be regretted that the hydrographic works of a naval officer , Vasilief , who was in the employment of the American Company , were lost . . . Provided with a sextant and chronometer and with much zeal and attachment for his profession , he had during his sojourn in our American colonies made a complete survey of all of the Aleutian Islands without having had specific instructions to do so . Unfortunately he was drowned in Okhotsk harbor on his return from America to Russia , and what became of his precious papers and drawings is unknown . . . " Ivan Vasilyev ' s name is spelt as " Vasilief " in the United States , where he is also known as " Ivan Vasiliev the first " , in order to differentiate him from other Russian mariners and early explorers of Alaska also named " Vasilyev " . Vasilief Bank close to Sitka and Vasilief Rock in Kodiak Island were named after him . There are other geographic features in the coast of Alaska and the Aleutians bearing the name " Vasilief " , but it is not clear after which Vasilyev they were named .
Wolfsburg Castle , Neustadt The ruins of the Wolfsburg by the western approach to Neustadt an der Weinstraße in the German state of Rhineland - Palatinate , lie on a rocky crag on the Wolfsberg hill about 130 metres over the left ( northern ) bank of the Speyerbach at a height of 270 metres above sea level ( NN ) . From here the original thalweg may still be made out in the direction of Lambrecht , along which traces of Roman settlements were uncovered .
464th Bombardment Squadron The 464th Bombardment Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit . Its last assignment was with 382d Bombardment Group stationed at Camp Anza , California . It was inactivated on 4 January 1946 . History . Activated in mid 1942 as heavy bomber Operational Training Unit ( OTU ) , later becoming a Replacement Training Unit ( RTU ) for deployed combat units , assigned to II Bomber Command . Inactivated in April 1944 when heavy bomber training ended . Redgesignated as a B - 29 Superfortress very heavy bombardment Squadron in August 1944 ; trained under Second Air Force . Training considerably delayed due to equipment shortages , received B - 29 aircraft in Salina , Kansas in late spring 1945 . Ground echelon deployed to Northern Mariana Islands by ship in early August 1945 ; air echelon remained at last training base in Kansas after Japanese Capitulation . Ground echelon remained in Marianas supporting other units aircraft and demobilization ; air echelon demobilized with new B - 29 aircraft remaining in Kansas , eventually being assigned to postwar units . Entire unit inactivated by December 1945 .
M74 Tank Recovery Vehicle The M74 tank recovery vehicle ( T - 74 ) was an engineer vehicle used by the U . S . Army in the 1950s . History . Based on the M4A3 medium tank , it was developed to cope with the heavier M26 Pershing and M47 Patton which were entering service , which the M32 was unable to retrieve . Using the standard Ford GAA and wide tracks , the chassis would be rebuilt . It was fitted with a hydraulic winch as well as a lighter - duty general purpose one , a hydraulic A - frame , and hydraulic front - mounted spade , which was suitable for light dozing , as well as serving as an anchor for heavy winching operations .