naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Goryōkaku History . " Goryōkaku " was designed in 1855 by Takeda Hisaburō . His plan was based on the work of the French architect Vauban . It is shaped like a five - pointed star . This allowed for greater numbers of gun emplacements on its walls than a traditional Japanese fortress , and reduced the number of blind spots where a cannon could not fire . The fort was built by the Tokugawa shogunate to protect the Tsugaru Strait against a possible invasion by the Russian fleet . Goryōkaku is famous as the site of the last battle of the Boshin War ( " Goryōkaku no Tatakai " ) . The fighting lasted for a week ( June 20 – 27 , 1869 ) . Park . Today , Goryōkaku is a park . It has been declared a Special Historical Site and is home to the Hakodate city museum . The grounds are a favorite spot for cherry - blossom viewing in spring .
48th Virginia Infantry The 48th Virginia Volunteer Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment raised in Virginia for service in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War . It fought mostly with the Army of Northern Virginia . The 48th Virginia , organized at Big Spring , near Abingdon , Virginia , in September 1861 , contained men from Scott , Washington , Smyth , Lee , and Russell counties . It fought in Jackson ' s Valley Campaign and later was assigned to General J . R . Jones ' and William Terry ' s Brigade , Army of Northern Virginia . The 48th participated in many conflicts from the Seven Days ' Battles to Cold Harbor , then was involved in Early ' s Shenandoah Valley operations and the Appomattox Campaign . It was organized with 912 officers and men and had a force of 800 in May , 1862 . The unit reported 17 casualties at Cross Keys and Port Republic , 62 at Cedar Mountain , 24 at Second Manassas , 7 at Fredericksburg , and 103 at Chancellorsville . Of the 265 engaged at Gettysburg more than twenty - five percent were disabled . Only 4 officers and 38 men surrendered . The field officers were Colonels John A . Campbell , Robert H . Dungan , and Thomas S . Garnett ; Lieutenant Colonel Oscar White ; and Majors James C . Campbell , Wilson Faris , and D . Boston Stewart .
Thomas Otterbein Thomas G . Otterbein is a retired captain of the United States Navy . A naval aviator , he held important aviation - related commands both at sea and on shore , including a stint as Executive Officer and acting Commanding Officer of the Navy Fighter Weapons School ( Top Gun ) . Early life and career . Otterbein was born in Bad Axe , Michigan . He entered the U . S . Naval Academy and graduated in 1970 . After receiving his commission , he completed flight training and was designated a Naval Aviator in 1973 . His first operational tour was with Fighter Squadron 111 flying the F - 4 Phantom II , where he made deployments to the Mediterranean Sea and western Pacific Ocean aboard USS " Franklin D . Roosevelt " and USS " Kitty Hawk " respectively . Upon completion of F - 14 Tomcat training , his next sea tour was with Fighter Squadron 51 , where he made an around the world cruise aboard USS " Carl Vinson " . In recognition of his superior aeronautical skills and leadership abilities , Captain Otterbein was selected for F / A - 18 Hornet training and subsequently became the Executive Officer of Fighter Squadron 161 aboard USS " Midway " . Following that tour , he was the Executive Officer of Fighter Squadron 195 and had command of that squadron for eighteen months . Captain Otterbein successfully completed Nuclear Power Training and was soon back in the fleet , serving as Executive Officer of USS " Theodore Roosevelt " . He subsequently assumed command of USS " Nashville " and led the ship through Operations Support / Uphold Democracy in Haiti , earning the Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal and Battle " E " award . The crowning achievement of his career came when he reported as Commanding Officer , USS " Harry S . Truman " .
Combined Cipher Machine The Combined Cipher Machine ( CCM ) ( or Combined Cypher Machine ) was a common cipher machine system for securing Allied communications during World War II and for a few years after amongst NATO . The British Typex machine and the US ECM Mark II were both modified so that they were interoperable . History . The British had shown their main cipher machine — Typex — to the US on their entry into the war , but the Americans were reluctant to share their machine , the ECM Mark II . There was a need for secure inter - Allied communications , and so a joint cipher machine adapted from both countries ' systems was developed by the US Navy . Use . The " Combined Cipher Machine " was approved in October 1942 , and production began two months later . The requisite adapters , designed by Don Seiler , were all manufactured in the US , as Britain did not have sufficient manufacturing resources at the time . The CCM was initially used on a small scale for naval use from 1 November 1943 , becoming operational on all US and UK armed services in April 1944 . The adapter to convert the ECM into the CCM was denoted the ASAM 5 by the US Army ( in 1949 ) and CSP 1600 by the US Navy ( the Navy referred to the entire ECM machine with CCM adapter as the CSP 1700 ) . The adapter was a replacement rotor basket , so the ECM could be easily converted for CCM use in the field . A specially converted ECM , termed the CCM Mark II , was also made available to Britain and Canada . The CCM programme cost US $ 6 million . SIGROD was an implementation of the CCM which , at one point , was proposed as a replacement for the ECM Mark II ( Savard and Pekelney , 1999 ) . TypeX 23 was a later model of the TypeX cipher machine family that was adapted for use with the Combined Cipher Machine . Security . While Allied codebreakers had much success reading the equivalent German machine , the Enigma , their German counterparts , although performing some initial analysis , had no success with the CCM . However , there were security problems with the CCM . In one case , it was discovered that certain rotor combinations produced a dangerously short period of 338 , and that the rotor wiring could have been recovered from an actual 1 , 000 - group message that had been sent using the machine . In 1952 , a later version of CCM , " Ajax " , was also found to have security problems .
Battle of Ecbatana The Battle of Ecbatana was fought in 129 BC between the Seleucids led by Antiochus VII Sidetes and the Parthians led by Phraates II . Phraates II ( ca . 139 / 138 BC - ca . 128 BC ) faced the final attempt on the part of the Seleucids to regain their power in the east . The Seleucids suffered a crushing defeat at the Battle of Ecbatana and Antiochus VII himself perished . This battle marked the decisive and final defeat for the Seleucid kingdom by the Parthians .
17th Parachute Engineer Regiment The 17th Parachute Engineer Regiment ( ) is the only airborne engineer unit of the French Army . It forms the engineering component of the 11th Parachute Brigade . Organization . The Regiment consists of 7 companies : - Croix de Guerre 1939 - 1945 with a star of vermeil ( to quote the order by the Army OG 1148 of September 15 , 1945 ) , Honours . Decorations . - Croix and Fourragère de la Valeur militaire with three palms , - Croix de Guerre des Théâtres d ' opérations extérieures with one palm and two stars of vermeil ( Company 2 , 1 and 3 ) , - Médaille de bronze des actes de courage et de dévouement .
USS Mero ( SS - 378 ) USS " Mero " ( SS - 378 ) , a " Balao " - class submarine , was a ship of the United States Navy named for the mero , any of several large groupers found in warm ocean waters . " Mero " was laid down by Manitowoc Shipbuilding Co . , Manitowoc , Wisc . , 22 July 1944 ; launched 17 January 1945 ; sponsored by Mrs . Henry G . Taylor ; and commissioned at Manitowoc 17 August 1945 , Commander John H . Turner in command . The last submarine built at Manitowoc , " Mero " got underway for shakedown in Lake Michigan 25 August ; thence , between 6 September and 17 November she cruised the Great Lakes and visited several ports including Detroit , Cleveland , and Chicago . The Mero tied up at The Michigan Avenue bridge in Chicago and was open to visitors who were allowed aboard for a tour of the boat . Placed in floating drydock 9 November – 2 November , she reached New Orleans via the Mississippi River 29 November , on 6 December sailed for the Canal Zone , trained there a month , then sailed for Pearl Harbor 19 January 1946 . " Mero " reached Pearl 5 February and operated out of there until sailing for the west coast 22 February . Arriving San Francisco Bay 1 March , after preinactivation overhaul , she steamed to Mare Island 14 March to join the 19th Fleet , and decommissioned there 15 June 1946 . Assigned to the Pacific Reserve Fleet , she remained berthed at Mare Island until loaned to Turkey 20 April 1960 . TCG " Hızırreis " ( S 344 ) . " Mero " was converted to a Fleet Snorkel submarine in 1960 . On 20 April 1960 she was transferred , as a loan , to Turkey under the Military Assistance Program . The Turkish Navy renamed her TCG " Hızırreis " ( S 344 ) . After her voyage from San Francisco , " Hızırreis " was commissioned into Turkish Navy on 23 August 1960 . On 1 August 1973 ex - " Mero " was formally sold to Turkey and struck from the US Naval Vessel Register . She was discarded by the Turkish Navy in 1977 and used for spare parts .
Georg Schlenker Leutnant Georg Schlenker was a World War I flying ace credited with 14 aerial victories . Schlenker had enlisted in the German army before World War I started . He was promoted to Vizewachmeister on 3 August 1914 . After transfer to aviation , he was posted to FEA 7 on 8 July 1915 . He was then assigned to Kagohl 4 on 28 December 1915 . He was commissioned an officer , and assigned to Royal Prussian Jagdstaffel 3 on 1 September 1916 . Beginning 7 January 1918 , and running three months to 8 April 1917 , Schlenker scored seven victories . On 6 September 1917 , he was transferred to command Royal Prussian Jagdstaffel 41 . Between 16 October 1917 and 18 April 1918 , he scored seven more times . He then had a drought of wins . On 30 September 1918 , he was wounded so severely he did not return to duty before war ' s end . References . " Above the Lines : The Aces and Fighter Units of the German Air Service , Naval Air Service and Flanders Marine Corps 1914 - 1918 " Norman L . R . Franks , et al . Grub Street , 1993 . ISBN 0 - 948817 - 73 - 9 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 948817 - 73 - 1 .
Armoured Corps Training Centre The Armoured Corps Training Centre ( ) in Munster is one of the German Army ' s training centres ( " Zentren des Heeres " ) with particular responsibility for the basic and continuation training of armoured troops , including the armoured and the mechanized infantry corps of the German Army . By tradition , the centre is nicknamed the Armoured Corps School ( " Panzertruppenschule " ) whose tasks it partly subsumed on 1 October 2007 .
38th Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry The 38th Massachusetts was formed in 1862 from volunteers primarily from Cambridge and from Abington . The regiment participated as part of the XIX Corps in many campaigns , including primarily the grueling months - long siege of Port Hudson , Louisiana , after which it served under General Sheridan in action in the Shenandoah . The regiment was armed with Enfield muskets .
HMS Orwell ( 1901 ) HMS " Orwell " was a B - class torpedo boat destroyer of the British Royal Navy . She was built speculatively by Laird , Son & Company , Birkenhead , pre - empting further orders for vessels of this type , and was bought by the navy in 1901 . She served with the Mediterranean Squadron .
Praed Point Battery Praed Point Battery was a coastal defence battery at Praed Point , East New Britain , Papua New Guinea during World War II . It was built in 1941 , by Royal Australian Engineers of Lark Force , together with ' L ' Coastal Defence Battery of the Royal Australian Artillery . The battery covered St . George ' s Channel and the approaches to Blanche Bay . Due to the topopgraphy of Praed Point , the guns were located at different levels . The battery was commanded led by Major James Rowland Purcell Clark , equipped with two 6 inch Mk . VII naval guns , formerly from Wallace Battery , and two H . C . D . 90 cm Mk VI searchlights . The battery was destroyed on 22 January 1942 during an air raid , with the upper gun being blown off its mount and sliding down the slope knocking out the lower gun emplacement . Eleven men were killed in the attack .
Närke - Värmlands regemente Närke - Värmlands regemente ( Närke - Värmland Regiment ) was a Swedish Army infantry regiment that traced its origins back to the 16th century . It was split into two new regiments in 1812 . The regiment ' s soldiers were recruited from the provinces of Närke and Värmland . History . The regiment has its origins in fänikor ( companies ) raised in Närke and Värmland in the 16th century . In 1614 , these units — along with fänikor from the nearby province of Södermanland — were organised by Gustav II Adolf into Södermanlands storregemente , of which eleven of the total 24 companies were recruited in Värmland and five in Närke . Södermanlands storregemente consisted of three field regiments , of which Närkes regemente and Värmlands regemente were two . Sometime around 1624 , the grand regiment was permanently split into three smaller regiments , of which Närkes regemente and Värmlands regemente were two . In 1629 , these two regiments were merged to form Närke - Värmlands regemente . Närke - Värmlands regemente was one of the original 20 Swedish infantry regiments mentioned in the Swedish constitution of 1634 . The regiment ' s first commander was the Scot Alexander Leslie . It was allotted in 1686 ( Närke ) and 1688 ( Värmland ) . The regiment was split in 1812 into the two original regiments , Närkes regemente and Värmlands regemente .
Charles Alexander Anderson Lieutenant General Sir Charles Alexander Anderson , KCB , KCIE , AM ( 10 February 1857 – 20 February 1940 ) was Commander of British Troops in South China . Military career . Anderson was commissioned into the Royal Horse Artillery in 1876 . He took part in the Jowaki - Afridi expedition 1877 , the Second Anglo - Afghan War in 1878 and the Burma expedition in 1885 . He went to the North West Frontier in India in 1897 . He was awarded the Albert Medal for an event at Ferozepore on 30 August 1906 when a fire broke out in one of the Magazines of the Ferozepore Arsenal . The citation says He was appointed Commander of 1st Brigade for the Bazaar Valley expedition in 1908 and went on to be Commander of the Mohmand Field Force later that year . He was appointed Commander of British Troops in South China in 1910 . He served in World War I as General Officer Commanding the Southern Army in India from 1917 . He retired in 1920 . Family . In 1893 he married Ellen Katherine Russell : they went on to have two sons .
Gnaeus Papirius Carbo Gnaeus Papirius Carbo ( c . 130s BC – 82 BC ) was a three - time consul of ancient Rome . A member of the Carbo nes of the plebeian gens Papiria , and nephew of Gaius Papirius Carbo ( consul of 120 ) , he was a strong supporter of the Marian party , and took part in the blockade of Rome ( 87 BC ) . In 85 BC he was chosen by Lucius Cornelius Cinna as his colleague in the consulship , and extensive preparations were made for carrying out war in Greece against Lucius Cornelius Sulla , who had announced his intention of returning to Italy . Cinna and Carbo declared themselves consuls for the following year , and large bodies of troops were transported across the Adriatic Sea ; but when Cinna was murdered by his own soldiers , who refused to engage in civil war , Carbo was obliged to bring them back . In 82 BC Carbo , then consul for the third time with Gaius Marius the Younger , fought an indecisive engagement with Sulla near Clusium , but was defeated with great loss in an attack on the camp of Sulla ' s general , Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius near Faventia . Although he still had a large army and the Samnites remained faithful to him , Carbo was so disheartened by his failure to relieve Praeneste , where Marius the Younger had taken refuge , that he decided to leave Italy . He first fled to Africa , thence to the island of Cossyra ( Pantelleria ) , where he was arrested , taken in chains before Gnaeus Pompey Magnus at Lilybaeum and put to death .
Régiment de la Chaudière The Régiment de la Chaudière is a Primary Reserve infantry regiment of the Canadian Forces . Insignia . The regimental insignia consists of two crossed Vickers machine guns , surmounted by a beaver supporting a fleur - de - lys . Under this is a scroll inscribed with the device " Aere perennius " meaning ' Stronger than bronze ' , with a small maple leaf on each end . History . Le Régiment de la Chaudière was formed following the amalgamation of the regiments of " Dorchester et Beauce " and the " Megantic Machine Guns " on 15 December 1936 . The regiment mobilized a battalion for the Canadian Active Service Force in 1939 . Initially organized as a machine gun battalion , the battalion was sent to England in August 1941 . The unit was assigned to the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division as a standard rifle battalion and was designated as a reserve battalion during the D - Day landings in June 1944 . Le Régiment de la Chaudière came ashore at Bernières - sur - Mer along with The Queen ' s Own Rifles of Canada , surprising the locals who hadn ' t expected to find francophone troops in the liberating forces . It was the only French - Canadian regiment to participate in Operation Overlord , and the only French speaking unit that day along with the Free - French Commando Kieffer . The regiment participated in the Battle for Caen , suffering several casualties in the fight at Carpiquet airfield on 4 July 1944 . With the rest of the division , the regiment fought in the Battle of the Scheldt , notably in actions in the Breskens Pocket between 6 October and 3 November 1944 . The unit wintered in the Nijmegen Salient and was again active in the Rhineland fighting in February 1945 , and finished the war on German soil in May . A 2nd Battalion served in the Reserve Army . A 3rd Battalion was raised for the Canadian Army Occupation Force . Name . Citizens in Normandy were surprised to find that soldiers of the Chaudière spoke a type of French very close to that spoken in Normandy , but were puzzled by the regiment ' s name . In French , " chaudière " is the word for a water heater or boiler . The regiment was named for the Chaudière River , itself named for the " boiling " of a waterfall on the river . Régiment de la Chaudière museum . The museum researches , collects , preserves and interprets as many artifacts as possible which illustrate the military life , particularly during the war in Europe , 1944 - 1945 . The museum displays and describes arms , uniforms , equipment and customs of Le Régiment de la Chaudière from its founding and that of its antecedents .
Dragon ' s teeth ( fortification ) Dragon ' s teeth ( , literally " dragon teeth " ) are square - pyramid al fortification s of reinforced concrete first used during the Second World War to impede the movement of tank s and mechanised infantry . The idea was to slow down and channel tanks into killing zone s where they could easily be disposed of by anti - tank weapons . They were employed extensively , particularly on the Siegfried Line . In practice , the use of combat engineer s and specialist clearance vehicles enabled them to be disposed of relatively quickly , and they proved far less of an obstacle than many had expected . World War II . Dragon ' s teeth were used by all sides in the European Theatre . The Germans made extensive use of them in the Siegfried Line and the Atlantic Wall . Typically , each " tooth " was tall depending on the precise model . Land mine s were often laid between the individual " teeth " , and further obstacles constructed along the lines of " teeth " ( such as barbed wire to impede infantry , or diagonally - placed steel beams to further hinder tanks ) . The French army employed them in the Maginot Line , while many were laid in the United Kingdom in 1940 – 1941 as part of the effort to strengthen the country ' s defences against a possible German invasion . Due to the huge numbers laid and their durable construction , many thousands of dragon ' s teeth can still be seen today , especially in the remains of the Siegfried and Maginot Line s . Post World War II . Switzerland continues to maintain lines of dragon ' s teeth in certain strategic areas . In the military jargon these constructions are often referred to as ' Toblerone line s ' , after the chocolate bar . Dragon ' s teeth are also present in some areas along the Korean DMZ borderline and were also used on the Eastern Side of the Berlin Wall . The term has survived into the present day and now also can be used to describe any line of posts or pegs set into the ground to deter vehicle access , for example in rural car parking areas , or alongside roads . Bollard is another term for such a post . Some countries , such as those made after the breakup of Yugoslavia , have movable teeth , positioned at roadsides at strategic locations , which are to be lifted and placed on the roads . References . Notes
USS Roque ( AG - 137 ) USS " Roque " ( AG - 137 / AKL - 8 ) was a " Camano " - class cargo ship constructed for the U . S . Army as USA " FS - 347 " shortly before the end of World War II and later acquired by the U . S . Navy in 1947 . She was configured as a transport and cargo ship and was assigned to serve the World War II Trust Territories in the Pacific Ocean . Constructed at Kewanee , Wisconsin . " Roque " , built in 1944 by the Kewaunee Ship Building Co . , Kewaunee , Wisconsin , for the U . S . Army as freight supply ship " FS - 347 " , was acquired by the Navy at Subic Bay , Philippine Islands , 21 February 1947 ; renamed and reclassified " Roque " ( AG - 137 ) on 3 April 1947 ; and commissioned at Guam , 2 May 1947 . Pacific Trust Territory services . On 11 June she relieved " LSM - 437 " at Guam . She subsequently steamed on Pacific Ocean logistic and surveillance runs visiting various ports in the Mariana Islands , the Marshall Islands , the Caroline Islands , the Philippines , the Bonin Islands , the Admiralty Islands , and the Hawaiian Islands . Roque was reclassified AKL - 8 on 31 March 1949 . Transfer to the Interior Department . Completing her 4 - year naval career , she was decommissioned at Guam 23 July 1951 and loaned to the U . S . Department of the Interior , then struck from the Navy List 29 January 1952 and transferred to the U . S . Department of the Interior for service in the Pacific Trust Territories . Her subsequent fate is not known .
Marcel LeHardy Marcel LeHardy was born February 18 , 1905 in Savannah , Georgia , and was commissioned ensign3 June 1926 . A lieutenant commander from April 1 , 1943 , he was killed in enemy action while serving as communications officer in USS San Francisco ( CA - 38 ) during the Solomon Islands campaign . Battle of Guadalcanal . He received the Navy Cross for his valor in the Battle of Guadalcanal . The citation reads : “ For extraordinary heroism in the line of his profession during action with enemy forces on the night of 12 - November 13 , 1942 on which occasion the force to which he was attached engaged at close quarters and defeated a superior enemy force . His daring and determination contributed materially to the victory which prevented the enemy from accomplishing their purpose . ”