Bletchley Park Bletchley Park is an estate located in the town of Bletchley , in Milton Keynes , Buckinghamshire , England , and is run by the Bletchley Park Trust as a heritage attraction . New attractions are becoming available regularly . Up to date details can be found on the Bletchley Park website . Now underway is an £8m , Heritage Lottery Funded restoration programme , which will come to fruition in time for the 70th anniversary of D - Day . During the Second World War , Bletchley Park was the site of the United Kingdom ' s main decryption establishment , the Government Code and Cypher School ( GC & CS ) , where ciphers and codes of several Axis countries were decrypted , most importantly the ciphers generated by the German Enigma and Lorenz machines . The place was known as " B . P . " to the people who worked there . For the many members of the Women ' s Royal Naval Service ( Wrens ) who worked at Bletchley Park , their posting was to HMS Pembroke V . Bletchley Park also housed a secret radio intercept station , and also a message sending station , although interception was soon moved to a location with better reception , and most of the " Bombes " were relocated elsewhere . " Station X " , " London Signals Intelligence Centre " , and " Government Communications Headquarters " were all cover names that were used during the war , and the latter ( GCHQ ) was adopted for the successor peacetime organisation that still bears this name . The high - level intelligence produced at Bletchley Park , codenamed Ultra , provided crucial assistance to the Allied war effort . Sir Harry Hinsley , a Bletchley veteran and the official historian of British Intelligence during the Second World War , said that Ultra shortened the war by two to four years and that the outcome of the war would have been uncertain without it . The site is now controlled by the Bletchley Park Trust . One of its tenants is a company called the Bletchley Park Science and Innovation Centre ( BPSIC ) , which provides rental income for the Trust by providing office space and services to innovative , early stage companies . The BPSIC refurbished some of the historic structures and occupies part of the former code - breaker buildings . The National Museum of Computing , an independent voluntary organisation , rents space from the Trust to house its collection of historic computers . The museum is run by the Codes and Ciphers Heritage Trust ( an independent registered charity ) and is open to the public . It receives no Government or regional funding . Since 1967 , Bletchley has been part of the town , and subsequently borough , of Milton Keynes . Early history . The lands of the Bletchley Park estate were formerly part of the Manor of Eaton , included in the Domesday Book in 1086 . Browne Willis built a mansion in 1711 , but this was pulled down by Thomas Harrison , who had acquired the property in 1793 . It was first known as Bletchley Park during the ownership of Samuel Lipscomb Seckham , who purchased it in 1877 . The estate was sold on 4 June 1883 to Sir Herbert Samuel Leon ( 1850 – 1926 ) , a financier and Liberal MP . Leon expanded the existing farmhouse into the present mansion . The architectural style is a mixture of Victorian Gothic , Tudor , and Dutch Baroque , and was the subject of much bemused comment from those who worked there , or visited , during World War II . Leon ' s estate covered , of which Bletchley Park occupied about . Leon ' s wife , Fanny , died in 1937 . In 1938 the site was sold to a builder , who planned to demolish the mansion and build a housing estate . Before the demolition could take place , Admiral Sir Hugh Sinclair ( Director of Naval Intelligence and head of MI6 ) bought the site . To cover their real purpose , the first government visitors to Bletchley Park described themselves as " Captain Ridley ' s shooting party " . The estate was conveniently located within easy walking distance of Bletchley railway station , where the " Varsity Line " between the cities of Oxford and Cambridge – whose universities supplied many of the code - breakers – met the ( then - LMS ) main West Coast railway line between London , Birmingham , Manchester , and Glasgow . Starting in 1938 , Post Office Telephones laid dedicated cables , for numerous telephone and telegraph circuits , from the nearby repeater station at Fenny Stratford ( on Watling Street , the main road linking London to the north - west , later to be designated the A5 ) . Second World War . The early work carried out was conducted in Number 3 Cottage . There is NO room at the top of the tower as this was in Number 2 Cottage and the stairs leading from the ground floor to a landing and then to the bedrooms upstairs . Number 2 Cottage was occupied by the Budd family from 1940 through until 1949 as Mr Budd was the Quartermaster at the Park and the family , Robert George Budd , Emma Budd , Robert Edwin Budd , Jean Budd , Faye Budd and Neville Budd lived in Number 2 Cottage during WWII when the work by Alan Turing , Dilly Knox and J . Jeffreys was being carried out in Number 3 . The first wave of the Government Code and Cypher School ( GC & CS ) moved to Bletchley Park on 15 August 1939 . The main body of GC & CS , including its Naval , Military , and Air Sections , was on the ground floor of the mansion , together with a telephone exchange , a teleprinter room , a kitchen , and a dining room . The top floor was allocated to MI6 . The prefabricated wooden huts were still being erected , and initially the entire " shooting party " was crowded into the mansion , its stables , and cottages . These were too small , so Elmers School , a neighbouring boys ' boarding school , was acquired for the Commercial and Diplomatic Sections . Both of the two German electro - mechanical rotor machine s whose signals were decrypted at Bletchley Park , Enigma and the Lorenz Cipher , were virtually unbreakable if properly used . It was poor operational procedures and sloppy operator behaviour that allowed the GC & CS cryptanalysts to find ways to read them . The intelligence produced from decrypts at Bletchley was code - named " Ultra " . It contributed greatly to Allied success in defeating the U - boat s in the Battle of the Atlantic , and to the British naval victories in the Battle of Cape Matapan and the Battle of North Cape . In 1941 , Ultra exerted a powerful effect on the North African desert campaign , against the German army , under General Erwin Rommel . General Sir Claude Auchinleck stated that , but for Ultra – " Rommel would have certainly got through to Cairo " . While not changing the events , " Ultra " decrypts featured prominently in the story of Operation SALAM , László Almásy ' s daring mission accross the Libyan Desert behind enemy lines in 1942 . Prior to the Normandy landings on D - Day in June 1944 , the Allies knew the locations of all but two of the 58 German divisions on the Western front . Churchill referred to the Bletchley staff as " The geese that laid the golden eggs and never cackled " . When the United States joined the war , Churchill and Roosevelt agreed to pool resources . A number of American cryptographers were posted to Bletchley Park and were inducted and then integrated into the Ultra structure , being stationed in Hut 3 . From May 1943 onwards there was very close co - operation between the British and American military intelligence organisations . Conversely , the existence of Bletchley Park , and of the decrypting achievements there , was never officially shared with the Soviet Union , whose war effort would have greatly benefited from regular decrypting of German messages relating to the Eastern Front . This reflected Churchill ' s concern with security , and his distrust of and hostility to communism , even during the alliance imposed on him by the Nazi threat . The only direct enemy action that the site experienced was when three bombs , thought to have been intended for Bletchley railway station , were dropped on 20 – 21 November 1940 . One exploded next to the dispatch riders ' entrance , shifting the rear end of Hut 4 ( the Naval Intelligence hut ) two feet on its base . As the huts stood on brick pillars , workmen just winched it back into position while work continued inside . Recruitment and operation . Commander Alastair Denniston was operational head of GC & CS from its formation from the Admiralty ' s Room 40 ( NID25 ) and the War Office ' s MI1 b in 1919 , until 1942 . On the day that Britain declared war on Germany , he wrote to the Foreign Office about recruiting " men of the professor type " . Personal networking was used for the initial recruitment particularly from the universities of Cambridge , Oxford , and Aberdeen . Reliable and trustworthy women to perform administrative and clerical tasks were similarly recruited by personal contacts . This has been characterised as recruiting " Boffin s and Debs " . or " Dilly ' s Fillies " ( for Dilly Knox ) , and the indexing section where many of the women worked was called " The Deb ' s Delight " . Churchill is supposed to have said to Denniston after a visit : " About that recruitment – I know I told you not to leave a stone unturned , but I did not mean you to take me seriously . " Cryptanalysts were selected for various intellectual achievements , whether they were linguists , chess champions , crossword experts , polyglots or great mathematicians . GC & CS was ironically referred to as " the Golf , Cheese and Chess Society " . In one instance , the ability to solve a " Daily Telegraph " crossword in under 12 minutes was used as a test . The newspaper was asked to organise a competition , after which each of the successful participants was contacted and asked whether they would be prepared to undertake " a particular type of work as a contribution to the war effort " . The competition itself was won by F H W Hawes of Dagenham in Essex who finished in less than eight minutes . New entrants were given a basic grounding in codebreaking at the " Inter - Service Special Intelligence School " set up by John Tiltman . Initially at a RAF depot in Buckingham , it moved to an ex - Gas Company showroom in Ardour House , 1 Albany Road , Bedford , which was known locally as " the Spy School " . Working in three shifts or " watches " over 24 hours was inaugurated by the Air Section in Hut 10 under Josh Cooper , and soon became universal . The shifts were 4 p . m . to midnight , midnight to 8 a . m . ( the most disliked shift ) , and 8 a . m . to 4 p . m . Staff had a six - day week , and rotated through the three shifts . Thirty minutes was allowed for the meal in the middle of the shift . After three weeks they went off at 8 a . m . and came back at 4 p . m . so did sixteen hours on the last day . The irregular working hours affected worker ' s health and social life , and the private homes nearby where most staff were billeted . The work was tedious and required concentration , so some " girls " collapsed and required extended rest ; staff got one week leave four times a year . Some 9 , 000 people from the armed services and civilians were working at Bletchley Park at the height of the codebreaking efforts in January 1945 , and over 12 , 000 ( of whom more than 80 % were women ) worked there at some point during the war . A relatively small number of men were also employed on a part - time basis , typically for one shift each week ( e . g . Post Office employees who were experts in Morse code or the German language ) . Among the famous mathematicians and cryptanalysts working there , the most influential and the best - known in later years was Alan Turing who is widely credited with being " The Father of Computer Science " . Security . Sustained breaking of an enemy ' s ciphers can be a very fragile business . The Germans progressively increased the security of Enigma networks , which required additional cryptographic developments by GC & CS . A major setback was caused by the German Navy introducing the four - rotor Enigma used for communicating with U - boat s . This change temporarily stopped the ability to read this network from February to December 1942 . Even a small improvement in operating policies or procedures could have set back the deciphering process by months , or even permanently . Knowing that the slightest suspicion by the Axis powers that their ciphers were being broken could lead to such a change , the authorities at Bletchley Park were extremely concerned about security . All staff had to sign the Official Secrets Act ( 1939 ) , and were instructed that they should never discuss their work outside their immediate section . A May 1942 personal security form stated : The strict adherence to these constraints , and to the requirement never to ask about anyone else ' s work , was well accepted in a country where there were many wartime posters stating " Careless Talk Costs Lives " . Not until F . W . Winterbotham ' s book " The Ultra Secret " was published in 1974 did ex - Bletchley Park staff feel free to reveal something of their wartime work . Deaths before that time meant that many parents , spouses , and children were never told more than that it was secret work for the Foreign Office or one of the armed services . Even 70 years later , some people still regard themselves bound to remain silent . Intelligence reporting . There was an ever - present danger that some ill - considered military or other action by the Allies might alert the enemy to the possibility that their codes were being broken . Had this happened , they would undoubtedly have introduced changes in policies and procedures , and even equipment . Such changes could have rendered previous methods of codebreaking insufficient , with serious implications for the conduct of the war . There was a separation between deciphering the messages , and sending out intelligence derived from them . In the case of non - naval Enigma , deciphering was performed in Hut 6 , and translation indexing and cross - referencing with existing information , in Hut 3 . Only then was it sent out to the Secret Intelligence Service ( MI6 ) , the intelligence chiefs in the relevant ministries , and later on to high - level commanders in the field . A similar situation existed for naval Enigma messages . Deciphering was in Hut 8 and translation in Hut 4 . Verbatim translations were sent solely to the Naval Intelligence Division ( NID ) of the Admiralty ' s Operational Intelligence Centre ( OIC ) supplemented by information from indexes as to the meaning of technical terms and abbreviations , and cross - referenced information from a store of knowledge of German naval technology . Hut 4 also decoded a manual system known as the dockyard cipher . This sometimes carried messages that were also sent on an Enigma network . Feeding these back to Hut 8 provided excellent " cribs " for breaking the current naval Enigma key . Listening stations . Initially , a wireless room was established at Bletchley Park . It was set up in the mansion ' s water tower and given the code name " Station X " , a term now sometimes applied to the codebreaking efforts at Bletchley as a whole . The " X " denotes the Roman numeral " ten " , as this was the tenth such station to be opened by the Secret Intelligence Service . Due to the long radio aerials stretching from the wireless room , the radio station was moved from Bletchley Park to nearby Whaddon Hall to avoid drawing attention to the site . Subsequently , other listening stations – the Y - stations , ( such as the ones at Chicksands in Bedfordshire , Beaumanor Hall , Leicestershire ( where the headquarters of the War Office " Y " Group was located ) and Beeston Hill Y Station in Norfolk – gathered raw signals for processing at Bletchley . Coded messages were taken down by hand and sent to Bletchley on paper by motorcycle couriers or , later , by teleprinter . Bletchley Park is mainly remembered for breaking messages enciphered on the German Enigma cypher machine , but its greatest cryptographic achievement may have been the breaking of the German on - line teleprinter Lorenz cipher ( known at GC & CS as " Tunny " ) . German signals . The majority of the mechanically enciphered messages subjected to cryptanalysis at Bletchley Park were the product of some variation of the Enigma cipher machine . Five weeks before the outbreak of World War II , in Warsaw , Poland ' s " Biuro Szyfrów " ( Cipher Bureau ) revealed its achievements in decrypting German Enigma ciphers to astonished French and British intelligence . The British used the Poles ' information and techniques , and the Enigma clone sent in August 1939 , to greatly increase their , previously very limited , success in decrypting Enigma . The bombe was an electromechanical device whose function was to discover some of the daily settings of the Enigma machines on the various German military networks . The functional design was produced by Alan Turing with an important contribution from Gordon Welchman , and the engineering was by Harold ' Doc ' Keen of the British Tabulating Machine Company at Letchworth . Each machine was about wide , tall , deep and weighed about a ton . At its peak , GC & CS were reading approximately 4 , 000 messages per day . Because of the danger of bombes at Bletchley Park being lost if there were to be an aerial bombing raid , dispersed bombe outstations were established at Adstock , Gayhurst , and Wavendon . Later the Wavendon and Adstock bombes were moved to Stanmore and Eastcote , though the Gayhurst site was retained . The few bombes left at B . P . were used for demonstration and training purposes only . Luftwaffe messages were the first to be read in quantity . The German navy had much tighter procedures , and the capture of code books was needed before they could be broken . When , in February 1942 , the German navy introduced a version of Enigma with a fourth rotor for messages to and from Atlantic U - boats , these became unreadable for a period of ten months . Britain produced modified bombes , but it was the success of the US Navy bombe that was the main source of reading messages from this version of Enigma for the rest of the war . Messages were sent to and fro across the Atlantic by enciphered teleprinter links . The Lorenz on - line teleprinter cipher ( SZ40 / 42 ) codenamed " Tunny " at Bletchley Park , was even more complicated than Enigma . It was introduced in mid - 1942 for messages between German High Command and field commanders . With the help of German operator errors , the cryptanalysts in the Testery ( named after Ralph Tester , its head ) worked out the logical structure of the machine despite not knowing its physical form . They devised automatic machinery to help with this , which culminated in Colossus , the world ' s first programmable digital electronic computer . This was designed and built by Tommy Flowers and his team at the Post Office Research Station at Dollis Hill . The first was delivered to Bletchley Park in December 1943 and commissioned the following February . Enhancements were developed for the Mark 2 Colossus , the first of which was working at Bletchley Park on the morning of D - day in June . Flowers then produced one Colossus a month for the rest of the war , making a total of ten with an eleventh part - built . The machines were operated mainly by Wrens in a section named the Newmanry after its head Max Newman . Italian signals . Italian signals had been of interest since Italy ' s attack on Abyssinia in 1935 . During the Spanish Civil War the Italian Navy used the K model of the commercial Enigma without a plugboard ; this was solved by Dilly Knox in 1937 . When Italy entered the war in 1940 an improved version of the machine was used , though little traffic was sent by it and there were " wholesale changes " in Italian codes and cyphers . Knox was given a new section to work on Enigma variations , which he staffed with women , ' Dilly ' s girls ' ; including Mavis Lever who made the first break into the Italian naval traffic . She solved the signals revealing the Italian Navy ' s operational plans before the Battle of Cape Matapan in 1941 , leading to a British victory . Although most BP staff did not know the results of their work , Admiral Cunningham visited BP in person a few weeks later to congratulate them . On entering World War II in June 1940 , the Italians were using book codes for most of their military messages . The exception was the Italian Navy , which after the Battle of Cape Matapan started using the C - 38 version of the Hagelin rotor - based cipher machine , particularly to route their navy and merchant marine convoys to the conflict in North Africa . As a consequence , JRM Butler recruited his former student Bernard Willson to join a team with two others in Hut 4 . In June 1941 , Willson became the first of the team to decode the Hagelin system , thus enabling military commanders to direct the Royal Navy and Royal Air Force to sink enemy ships carrying supplies from Europe to Rommel ' s Afrika Korps . This led to increased shipping losses and , from reading the intercepted traffic , the team learnt that between May and September 1941 the stock of fuel for the Luftwaffe in North Africa reduced by 90 % . After an intensive language course , in March 1944 Willson switched to Japanese language - based codes . A " Middle East Intelligence Centre " ( MEIC ) was set up in Cairo in 1939 . When Italy entered the war in June 1940 , delays in transferring intercepts to BP via congested radio links resulted in cryptanalysts being sent to Cairo in July and August . A " Combined Bureau Middle East " ( CBME ) was set up in November , though the Middle East authorities made " increasingly bitter complaints " that GC & CS was giving too little priority to work on Italian cyphers . However the principle of concentrating high - grade cryptanalysis at BP was maintained . John Chadwick started cryptanalysis work in 1942 on Italian signals at the naval base ' HMS Nile ' in Alexandria . Later he was with GC & CS ; in the Heliopolis Museum , Cairo and then in the Villa Laurens , Alexandria . Russian signals . Russian ( Soviet ) signals had been studied since the 1920s . In 1939 – 40 John Tiltman ( who had worked on Russian Army traffic from 1930 ) set up two Russian sections at " Wavendon " ( a country house near BP ) and at Sarafand in Palestine . Two Russian high - grade army and navy systems were broken . Tiltman spent two weeks in Finland , and got Russian traffic from Finland and Estonia in exchange for radio equipment . In June 1941 when the Soviet Union became an ally , Churchill ordered a halt to intelligence operations against her . In December 1941 the Russian section was closed down , but in late summer 1943 or late 1944 a small GC & CS Russian cypher section was set up in London overlooking Park Lane then in Sloane Square . Japanese signals . An outpost of the Government Code and Cypher School had been set up in Hong Kong in 1935 , the Far East Combined Bureau ( FECB ) . The FECB naval staff moved in 1940 to Singapore , then Colombo , Ceylon , then Kilindini , Mombasa , Kenya . They succeeded in deciphering Japanese codes with a mixture of skill and good fortune . The Army and Air Force staff went from Singapore to the Wireless Experimental Centre at Delhi , India . In early 1942 , a six - month crash course in Japanese , for 20 undergraduates from Oxford and Cambridge , was started by the Inter - Services Special Intelligence School in Bedford , in a building across from the main Post Office . This course was repeated every six months until war ' s end . Most of those completing these courses worked on decoding Japanese naval messages in Hut 7 , under Col . J . Tiltman . By mid - 1945 well over 100 personnel were involved with this operation , which co - operated closely with the FECB and the US Signal intelligence Service at Arlington Hall , Virginia . Because of these joint efforts , by August 1945 the Japanese merchant navy was suffering 90 % losses at sea . In 1999 , Michael Smith wrote that : " Only now are the British codebreakers ( like John Tiltman , Hugh Foss , and Eric Nave ) beginning to receive the recognition they deserve for breaking Japanese codes and cyphers " . Additional buildings . The huts were designated by numbers ; in some cases , the hut numbers became associated as much with the work which went on inside the buildings as with the buildings themselves . Because of this , when a section moved from a hut into a larger building , they were still referred to by their " Hut " code name . Some of the hut numbers , and the associated work , are : In addition to the wooden huts there were a number of brick - built blocks . After the war . At the end of the war , much of the equipment used and its blueprint s were destroyed . Although thousands of people were involved in the deciphering efforts , the participants remained silent for decades about what they had done during the war , and it was only in the 1970s that the work at Bletchley Park was revealed to the general public . After the war , the site belonged to several owners , including British Telecom , the Civil Aviation Authority and PACE ( Property Advisors to the Civil Estate ) . GCHQ ( Government Communications Headquarters ) , the post - war successor organisation to GC & CS , ended training courses at Bletchley Park in 1987 . The local headquarters for the GPO was based here and housed all the engineers for the local area together with all the support they needed . The Eastern Region training school was also based in the park and later part of the national BT management college which was relocated here from Horwood House . There was also a teacher - training college . By 1991 , the site was nearly empty and the buildings were at risk of demolition for redevelopment . Bletchley Park Trust . On 10 February 1992 , Milton Keynes Borough Council declared most of the Park a conservation area . Three days later , on 13 February 1992 , the Bletchley Park Trust was formed to maintain the site as a museum devoted to the code - breakers . The Trust is volunteer - based and relies on public support to continue its efforts . The site opened to visitors in 1993 , with the museum officially inaugurated by HRH the Duke of Kent , as Chief Patron , in July 1994 . Christine Large was appointed Director of the Trust in March 1998 . On 10 June 1999 the Trust concluded an agreement with the landowner , giving control over much of the site to the Trust . In October 2005 , American billionaire Sidney Frank donated £500 , 000 to Bletchley Park Trust to fund a new Science Centre dedicated to Alan Turing . On 1 March 2006 , the Park Trust announced that Simon Greenish had been appointed Director Designate , and would work alongside Large in 2006 , taking over on 1 May 2006 . In May 2008 it was announced that the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation had turned down a request for funds because the foundation only funds Internet - based technology projects . Since Bletchley Park receives no external funding , it is in dire need of financial support . Simon Greenish , the Bletchley Park Trust ' s director said : We are just about surviving . Money – or lack of it – is our big problem here . I think we have two to three more years of survival , but we need this time to find a solution to this . On 24 July 2008 more than a hundred academics signed a letter to The Times condemning the neglect being suffered by the site . In September 2008 , PGP , IBM , and other technology firms announced a fund - raising campaign to repair the facility . On 6 November 2008 it was announced that English Heritage would donate £300 , 000 to help maintain the buildings at Bletchley Park , and that they were in discussions regarding the donation of a further £600 , 000 . Early in 2009 , Milton Keynes Council went to a public vote as to whether they should provide funding and responding residents voted overwhelmingly in favour . In July 2009 , the British government announced that personnel who had worked at the park during the war would be recognised with a commemorative badge . In October 2009 the Heritage Lottery Fund announced a first round pass for the Bletchley Park Trust application for museum development funding and awarded £460 , 000 to work up detailed plans . These will be submitted early to mid - 2011 in a bid to secure the £4 . 1 million needed to realise the plans and subject to the Trust raising the £1 million needed for match - funding the bid . Sue Black and others have used Twitter and other social media to raise the profile and funding for Bletchley Park . In October 2011 , Bletchley Park was awarded a £4 . 6m Heritage Lottery Fund grant which will be used " to complete the restoration of the site , and to tell its story to the highest modern standards . " , on the condition that £1 . 7m of ' match funding ' is raised by the Bletchley Park Trust . By June 2012 it had successfully raised £2 . 4m to unlock the grants to restore Huts 3 and 6 , as well as develop its exhibition centre in Block C . At the end of January 2012 Iain Standen , recently retired as a colonel in the Royal Corps of Signals , took over as chief executive . Museum attractions . The main collection of objects relating to the wartime codebreaking effort are in the Block - B Exhibition Centre . These include the rebuilt bombe , and the Enigma collection . It also contains Stephen Kettle ' s 1 . 5 - ton , life - size statue of Alan Turing , which was unveiled at Bletchley Park in 2007 . It was made from approximately half a million pieces of Welsh slate , having been commissioned by American billionaire Sidney Frank . The park is also home to a number of other exhibits . National Museum of Computing . In 2008 the museum signed a 25 - year lease for the park ' s Block H to establish this national museum on the history of computing . The two trusts are separate legal entities . The museum includes a working reconstruction of a Colossus computer by a team headed by Tony Sale , along with many important examples of British computing machinery . RSGB National Radio Centre . In April 2008 the General Manager of the Radio Society of Great Britain ( RSGB ) announced that the society was moving its " public headquarters " , including its library , radio station , museum and bookshop , to Bletchley Park . Although the RSGB intended to open the " RSGB Pavilion " at the Park in late summer to early autumn 2008 , the building allocated to them was beyond economical repair and they decided to construct a new building at a different location in April 2010 . The National Radio Centre was officially opened on 11 July 2012 by Ed Vaizey , Minister for Culture , Communication , and Creative Industries . < div class = " references - small " > < / div class >