naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Lorica squamata The Lorica squamata is a type of scale armour used by the ancient Roman military during the Roman Republic and at later periods . It was made from small metal scales sewn to a fabric backing . It is typically seen on depictions of standard bearers , musicians , centurion s , cavalry troops , and even auxiliary infantry , as well as regular legionaries . The historically accurate Roman victory triumph depicting Trajan ' s victory over the Dacians , the Tropaeum Traiani , shows the majority of legionnaires wearing lorica squamata . A shirt of scale armour was shaped in the same way as a mail lorica hamata , mid - thigh length with the shoulder doublings or cape . The individual scales ( " squamae " ) were either iron or bronze , or even alternating metals on the same shirt . They could be tinned as well , one surviving fragment showing bronze scales that were alternately tinned and plain . The metal was generally not very thick , 0 . 50 mm to 0 . 80 mm ( . 020 " to . 032 " ) perhaps being a common range . Since the scales overlapped in every direction , however , the multiple layers gave good protection . The size ranged from as small as 6 . 3 mm wide by 9 . 5 mm tall ( 1 / 4 " × 3 / 8 " ) up to about 5 cm wide by 8 cm tall ( 2 " × 3 " ) , with the most common sizes being roughly 1 . 3 cm by 2 . 5 cm ( 1 / 2 " × 1 " ) . Many have rounded bottoms , while others are pointed or have flat bottoms with the corners clipped off at an angle . The scales could be flat , or slightly domed , or have a raised midrib or edge . All the scales in a shirt would generally be of the same size ; however , scales from different shirts may vary significantly . The scales were wired or laced together in horizontal rows that were then laced or sewn to the backing . Therefore , each scale had from four to 12 holes : two or more at each side for wiring to the next in the row , one or two at the top for fastening to the backing , and sometimes one or two at the bottom to secure the scales to the backing or to each other . It is possible that the shirt could be opened either at the back or down one side so that it was easier to put on , the opening being closed by ties . Much has been written about scale armour ’ s supposed vulnerability to an upward thrust , but this may be exaggerated . No examples of an entire lorica squamata have been found , but there have been several archaeological finds of fragments of such shirts and individual scales are quite common finds - even in non - military contexts . The type of armour in which the scales are laced to each other and need no backing at all is known as lamellar armour , while to confuse the matter there is also locking scale in which the scales are wired together without a backing . It can be difficult to tell which type of armour a single scale might have come from , as the Romans did not necessarily have different terms for each type . The typical scale had a vertical pair of holes at each side near the top , plus one or two holes at the top .
John Irving ( sailor ) John Irving ( born 1839 , date of death unknown ) was a Union Navy sailor in the American Civil War and a recipient of the U . S . military ' s highest decoration , the Medal of Honor , for his actions at the Battle of Mobile Bay . Born in 1839 in east Brooklyn , New York , Irving was still living in that state when he joined the Navy . He served during the Civil War as a coxswain on the . At the Battle of Mobile Bay on August 5 , 1864 , he " fought his gun with skill and courage " despite heavy fire . For this action , he was awarded the Medal of Honor four months later , on December 31 , 1864 . Irving ' s official Medal of Honor citation reads : On board the U . S . S . " Brooklyn " during action against rebel forts and gunboats and with the ram " Tennessee " , in Mobile Bay , 5 August 1864 . Despite severe damage to his ship and the loss of several men on board as enemy fire raked her decks from stem to stern , Irving fought his gun with skill and courage throughout the furious battle which resulted in the surrender of the prize rebel ram " Tennessee " and in the damaging and destruction of batteries at Fort Morgan .
George H . Nee George Henry Nee ( 1876 - March 4 , 1952 ) was a private serving in the United States Army during the Spanish – American War who received the Medal of Honor for bravery . Biography . Nee was born March 12 , 1876 in Boston , Massachusetts and entered the army from same location . He was sent to the Spanish – American War with Company H , 21st U . S . Infantry as a private where he received the Medal of Honor for assisting in the rescue of wounded while under heavy enemy fire . He died March 4 , 1952 and is buried in Forest Hills Cemetery and Crematory Jamaica Plain , Massachusetts . His grave can be found on the Poinsettia Path . Medal of Honor citation . Rank and organization : Private , Company H , 21st U . S . Infantry . Place and date : At Santiago , Cuba , 1 July 1898 . Entered service at : Boston , Mass . Birth : Boston , Mass . Date of issue : 22 June 1899 . Citation : Gallantly assisted in the rescue of the wounded from in front of the lines and under heavy fire from the enemy .
Hillsborough District militia The Hillsborough District militia was an administrative division of the North Carolina militia during the American Revolutionary War ( 1776 – 1783 ) . At the outbreak of the Revolutionary War , the newly formed North Carolina government divided the state into six military districts . These districts each comprised a number of counties surrounding a significant town . The six districts , which corresponded with old judicial organizations , were : Edenton , New Bern , Wilmington , Halifax , Salisbury , and Hillsborough . Later , two additional districts were added , further dividing the mountainous western part of the state . Within the Hillsborough District were the counties of Caswell , Chatham , Granville , Orange , Randolph , and Wake . Each district was to supply a brigade of militia regiments under the command of a brigadier general . Thomas Person was appointed the first commander of the Hillsborough District Brigade in 1776 . During the 1781 Battle of Guilford Court House , the Hillsborough District was commanded by John Butler . Each county supplied a regiment ( Orange County supplied two regiments ) , which in turn was composed of various companies . Each company consisted of no less than 50 men and was further divided into five " divisions . " One of the five divisions was reserved for " the more aged and infirm men . " The other four divisions , of each company , drew lots to determine the rotation they would follow for their tour of service , which usually lasted for three months . Eventually the " fifth division " of " aged and infirm men " was dropped , as was the maximum age limit from 60 to 50 . In order to provide a greater pool of available manpower , the old colonial militia exemption list was revised . As the militia had a poor reputation for turning out , bounties to induce volunteerism were common during the war . For men who chose not to serve when drafted , there were two options : pay a substitute or pay a fine . These options , with some modifications , remained throughout the war . Militia from the Hillsborough District participated in nearly all of the important Southern campaigns and engagements . Orange County militia were particularly involved in many engagements including Stono Creek , Charleston , Camden , Cowpens , Cowan ' s Ford , Clapp ' s Mill , Guilford Court House , and Lindley ' s Mill .
West Suffolk Militia The West Suffolk Militia was a militia regiment in the United Kingdom from 1759 to 1881 , when it was amalgamated into The Suffolk Regiment . The regiment was organised at Bury St . Edmunds in 1759 . It was embodied in 1778 , at which time it was ranked the 39th regiment of militia , and remained active for five years . It was regularly re - ranked through its embodiment , becoming the 36th in 1779 , 42nd in 1780 , 31st in 1781 , and 26th in 1782 . It was embodied again in 1793 for the French Revolutionary Wars , ranked as the 19th . With the resumption of hostilities in 1803 , it was embodied as the 59th , and disembodied with the peace in 1814 . In 1833 , it was ranked as the 10th . It was embodied during the Crimean War , from December 1854 to June 1856 . In 1881 , under the Childers Reforms , the regiment was transferred into The Suffolk Regiment as the 3rd Battalion . This was embodied for the South African War in December 1899 , and disembodied in mid - 1901 , with a second spell of service in 1902 . During the Haldane Reforms in 1908 the battalion was transferred to the Special Reserve , and was embodied on mobilisation in 1914 for the First World War . As with all Special Reserve battalions , it served as a regimental depot , and was disembodied following the end of hostilities in 1919 , with personnel transferred to the 2nd Battalion . The battalion nominally remained in existence throughout the Second World War , but was never activated , and was finally disbanded in 1953 .
Ozark Medieval Fortress Ozark Medieval Fortress is a project designed to construct an accurate replica of a 13th - century French castle in Lead Hill , Arkansas . Construction is carried out on the site by only using materials and techniques appropriate to the 13th century . The ground was broken in 2009 , with the expectation that completion will take about 20 years . The project was inspired by Guédelon Castle in France , which is the first attempt to build a medieval castle using accurate construction methods , started by Michel Guyot . Two French citizens living in Arkansas offered to sell Guyot part of their land for the building of a similar fortification . Guyot accepted , and construction began in June 2009 . In May 2010 , Ozark Medieval Fortress opened to the public . Visitors have the opportunity to observe the ongoing construction and talk to the costumed workers . Additionally , starting in 2011 a collection of medieval siege weapons will be on display . The site is open every day from 10AM to 6PM . In January 2012 , the project has been closed indefinitely , looking for a buyer or an investor . See also . Guédelon Castle - the original project to build a medieval French castle
Tex O ' Reilly Edward Sinnott " Tex " O ' Reilly ( 15 August 1880 – 9 December 1946 ) was an American soldier of fortune who is said to have fought in ten wars under many flags . Initially serving in the U . S . Army in the Spanish - American War and Philippine – American War , as well as the Boxer Rebellion , he would claim to fight in Venezuela , Honduras and Nicaragua . He fought with Pancho Villa in Mexico and claimed to have fought in the Rif War with the Spanish Foreign Legion in North Africa , as well as serving as an international policeman in Shanghai . He became a writer , including as a reporter for the Associated Press . He wrote an autobiography - " Roving and Fighting " , and Lowell Thomas wrote " Born to Raise Hell " about him . The latter book has been reprinted and is distributed by The Long Riders ' Guild Press . Bibliography . O ’ Reilly , Edward S . ; " Roving and Fighting : Adventures Under Four Flags " ; The Century Co . , New York ( 1918 ) - republished Kessinger Publishing ( 2012 ) O ’ Reilly , Edward S . and Thomas , Lowell ; " Born to Raise Hell ; The Unbelievable but True Life Story of an Infamous Soldier of Fortune " ; The Long Riders ’ Guild Press ( 2001 )
79th Airmobile Brigade ( Ukraine ) The 79th Airmobile Brigade ( ) is a formation of the Ukrainian Airmobile Forces . Brigade is located in Mykolaiv . For their transport the Brigade uses UAZ fitted with DShK anti - aircraft machine gun , 2B14 Podnos 82mm mortar , SPG - 9D , AGS - 17 automatic grenade launcher . Until summer of 2007 the Brigade was a Regiment . In 2008 the Brigade is being manned by contract soldiers . Soldiers from the Brigade have served as peacekeepers in Yugoslavia , Iraq , Kosovo , Sierra Leone . History . The Brigades history began as 40th Air Assault Brigade in the late 1979 . Later it was reorganized into the 40th Airborne Brigade in the later years of the 1980s ( 1 . 6 1990 according to Holm ) . That redesignation marked the transfer of the brigade from the Odessa Military District to the Soviet Airborne Troops . In September 1993 the Brigade was renamed 40th Separate Airmobile Brigade . The 40th Brigade was reorganized and reduced into the 79th Airmobile Regiment . On July 1 , 2007 the Brigade was formed by combining the 79th Airmobile Regiment with 11th Army Aviation Regiment .
Battle of the Caecus River The Battle of the Caecus River was a battle that occurred in 241 BC between the armies of the Kingdom of Pergamon , commanded by Attalus I and the Galatian tribes who resided in Anatolia . The battle took place near the river source of the Caecus River and resulted in a victory for the Kingdom of Pergamon . Context . During the 3rd century BC , there was a large migration of Gauls towards the Orient . After passing through Greece , they arrived at Asia Minor where they survived by raiding the towns along the Mediterranean coast . Many of these towns fell under the protection or direct control of the Kingdom of Pergamon , whose king , Eumenes I agreed to pay the Gauls tribute in return for their protection against the barbarians . This situation changed with the ascendancy of Attalus I ( believed to be the second cousin or the grandnephew of Eumenes I ) in the year 241 BC . Attalus I decided against continuing the payment of tribute to the Gauls . Attalus I was the first Pergamonese ruler who dared to go against this precedent . The stoppage of payment led to a military mobilization by both the Pergamonese and the Galatians , eventually leading to war between the two parties . The Battle . There are few surviving references that detail the course of this battle . What is known for certain is that the outcome resulted in a decisive victory for Attalus I and the Kingdom of Pergamon . Consequences . After the victory at the Caecus River , Attalus I adopted the surname " Sóter " ( Greek : " Savior " ) and officially received the title of King of Pergamon . The victory brought Attalus I a status of legendary fame . One historical account salvaged by Pausanias which apparently predated and predicted the battle states the following : According to this same author , the " son of the bull " , the " one with bull horns " is a reference to Attalus I as the king had a bullish complexion according to him . In recognition of this victory , a monument was erected at the acropolis of Pergamon that included the famous sculptures the Dying Gaul and the Ludovisi Gaul . After the defeat , the Galatians continued to be a serious threat to the states of Asia Minor . In fact , they continued to be a threat even after their defeat by Gnaeus Manlius Vulso in the Galatian War . From this point until the region ' s annexation by the Roman Republic , they were virtually ignored as they did not possess access to the sea .
Jan Rompsczi Jan Rompski ( Kashubian language : Jón Rómpsczi ) ( 8 December 1913 – 30 December 1969 ) was a Kashubian activist , poet , writer , journalist and ethnographer . He was one of the most important people in the organization " Zrzeszyńce " . During World War II he belonged to the secret anti - Nazi organization Pomeranian Griffin ( " Krëjamnô Wòjskòwô Òrganizacëjô " Pòmòrsczi Grif " " ) . He was imprisoned in a concentration camp Stutthof . After the war he finished his studies ( Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń ) and was strongly involved in Kashubian movement .
SMS Blücher ( 1877 ) SMS " Blücher " was a built for the German Imperial Navy ( " Kaiserliche Marine " ) in the late 1870s . Career . " Blücher " was commanded by Alfred von Tirpitz from August 1880 to 1884 while he was assigned to the Torpedo School at Kiel .
Friedrich - Georg Eberhardt Friedrich - Georg Eberhardt ( 15 January 1892 – 9 September 1964 ) was a Generalleutnant in the Wehrmacht during World War II . He was a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross . Friedrich - Georg Eberhardt was taken prisoner in May 1945 and was released in 1947 .
Operation Provide Promise Operation Provide Promise was a humanitarian relief operation in Bosnia and Herzegovina during the Yugoslav Wars , from 2 July 1992 , to 9 January 1996 , which made it the longest running humanitarian airlift in history . By the end of the operation , aircraft from 21 countries had flown 12 , 886 sorties into Sarajevo , delivering 159 , 622 tons of food , medicine , and supplies and evacuating over 1 , 300 wounded people . The US flew 3 , 951 C - 130 , 236 C - 141 , and 10 C - 17 airland sorties ( delivering 62 , 801 . 5 tons ) , as well as 2 , 222 C - 130 air - drop sorties . Notes . Operation : Provide Promise was not a humanitarian relief effort until at a much later time when hostility in the nearby regions diminished . The Operation became a Task - Force to support . For the Air Force , humanitarian drops were dispatched , but for the army , security and medical units were in support of UN troops deployed in the region .
Denel Land Systems Denel Land Systems is a division of the Denel group . It was formerly Lyttleton Engineering Works ( LIW - from Afrikaans : Lyttleton Ingenieurswerke ) . It then became the " Systems " division of the " Land Systems Group " of Denel . They are responsible for the design and manufacture of systems ranging from artillery ( such as G5 howitzer and G6 howitzer ) to small arms such as the R4 assault rifle .
Gertrude Hiscox Gertrude Blount Hiscox ( 1910 Hendon , Middlesex - 1966 Ipswich ) was a British collaborator with Nazi Germany in World War II . In 1941 , she was convicted of an offence under the Defence Regulations and sentenced to 5 years ' penal servitude . Biography . Hiscox was heavily involved in the inter - war politics of the British far Right . She joined the British Union of Fascists in 1934 and was the Organizer of the 8th London Area BUF . She was the girlfriend of the notorious BUF member , Richard A . V . " Jock " Houston , a prominent street activist and anti - Semitic agitator . Hiscox was employed as a travel agent specialising in German holidays and visited Germany regularly from 1935 . In July 1937 , she was a founding member of the Link , an organisation to promote Anglo - German friendship . She was also a member of the Right Club , a pro - German society founded by the right - wing extremist , Captain Archibald Maule Ramsay , the MP for Peebles and Southern Midlothian . She wrote a letter to Hitler on 31 August 1939 pledging her support to Germany in the event of conflict . Great Britain declared war on 3 September 1939 and the letter was intercepted by the wartime censor and returned to Hiscox . Wartime activity . Hiscox was detained under Defence Regulation 18B in 1940 but by early 1941 she had been released and lived in Chiswick , London , with her lodger , Norah Briscoe , a temporary shorthand typist at the Ministry of Supply . The Ministry of Supply was an important wartime department set up in 1939 to co - ordinate the supply of equipment to the British armed forces and Briscoe was both a former member of the BUF and an active pro - German sympathiser . In March 1941 , Hiscox invited a fellow - member of the Right Club to tea at her home , but unknown to her he was an MI5 agent monitoring the activities of its membership . In conversation , Briscoe disclosed to the agent that she was working in a sensitive area of the Ministry , that she was keeping carbon copies of documents she thought would be useful to Germany and that she wanted to pass them on . These documents related to the sites of war factories , shortages of strategic materials and the establishment of submarine bases in Northern Ireland . Arrest . A meeting was set up by the agent and when the classified documents were handed over at the flat of a supposed German agent , ' Harald Kurtz ' , Hiscox and Briscoe were arrested . They subsequently appeared at Bow Street magistrate ' s court on 17 March 1941 and were remanded to Holloway Prison . Trial . On 16 June 1941 , Hiscox and Briscoe were tried " in camera " at the Old Bailey where they both pleaded guilty to a charge under Defence Regulation 2A of intentionally communicating information which was likely to assist the enemy . The trial lasted less than an hour . Hiscox was sentenced to 5 years ' penal servitude , as was Briscoe . Subsequent life . On her release , Hiscox resumed her life with Jock Houston . She took his surname in November 1944 and confirmed the change by deed poll in May 1946 . Gertrude Houston died in 1966 .
Robert Cassels General Sir Robert Archibald Cassels , GCB , GCSI , DSO ( 1876 – 1959 ) was an Indian Army officer . He was the father of Field Marshal James Cassels . Military career . Cassels was commissioned into the Indian Staff Corps as a second lieutenant on 22 January 1896 . He received promotion to lieutenant on 22 April 1898 , to captain on 22 January 1905 and to major on 22 January 1914 . He went on to serve in World War I , receiving rapid and successive promotion to temporary lieutenant - colonel on 19 January 1916 , brevet lieutenant - colonel on 3 June 1916 , brevet colonel in June 1917 and to temporary brigadier - general on 6 August 1917 . In November 1917 he was appointed Commander of 11th Cavalry Brigade and took his brigade on a great turning movement up the left bank of the River Tigris , outflanking the Turks and helping to bring the Mesopotamian Campaign to an end . Following the war , he briefly commanded the 18th Indian Division while it was stationed in the Middle East . Cassels was promoted to major - general on 1 January 1919 in the Cavalry in India when he was appointed Commander of Peshawar District . He became Adjutant - General , India in 1928 , and was promoted to lieutenant - general on 14 April ( back - dated to 1 May 1927 ) . He was promoted to general on 15 October 1929 and appointed General Officer Commanding - in - Chief of Northern Command , India in 1930 . He was next made Commander - in - Chief , India and a Member of the Executive Council of the Governor - General of India in 1935 . He continued in that post into World War II and retired in 1941 . References .