naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Type 4 Ka - Tsu The was a Japan ese amphibious landing craft of World War II . History . Japan ' s combat experience in the Solomon Islands in 1942 which revealed the difficulty of resupplying Japanese forces in such situations prompted the IJN to commence an amphibious tractor program in 1943 , as the Ka - Tsu , which was designed by Commander Hori Motoyoshi of the Kure Naval Yard . The Ka - Tsu ' s primary purpose was to transport cargo ashore and it was unarmored apart from some light shielding for the crew . Its engine compartment and electric final drives were hermetically sealed , as it was intended to be launched from a submarine . The first prototype was completed in late 1943 and trials were conducted off Kure in March 1944 . By the time that development had been completed , it was proposed that the Ka - Tsu be used to attack US battleships anchored in atolls ( such as Ulithi ) which could not readily be attacked using conventional means . It was proposed that a Ka - Tsu armed with a pair of torpedoes be dropped off by submarine away from the atoll , propel itself to the outer reef using its tracks , and then enter the lagoon on the inside of the reef . Tests were successfully carried out on a modified Ka - Tsu but the war ended before any such mission could be mounted . Operation Yu - Go . As part of the proposed Operation Yu - Go , a Pearl Harbour – style surprise attack raid on American shipping at Majuro atoll , five IJN submarines - " I - 36 " , " I - 38 " , " I - 41 " , " I - 44 " , and " I - 53 " - were to be modified to allow each to carry four torpedo - armed Ka - Tsu vehicles . Initial landing trials , however , revealed many deficiencies of the Ka - Tsu , most of which were caused by its severely underpowered engine . In addition , after the carrying submarine surfaced , it was found that at least 20 minutes were necessary to remove the Ka - Tsu ' s watertight engine covers and launch the tank . Full - scale landing trials were carried out with a submarine carrying two Ka - Tsus . These tests revealed that the Ka - Tsus were noisy , very slow in the water , and their tracks tended to slip if they encountered even the slightest obstacles . In addition , it was also discovered that their engine compartments were not completely watertight ; the covers tended to leak underwater , eventually leading to the vehicle ' s entire engine section becoming flooded . In response to these criticisms , the Ka - Tsu ' s designer pointed out he had been asked to design a " pure ” amphibian which was suited to neither underwater transport nor carrying a pair of full size torpedoes ( each of which weighed one ton ) .
Ludwig Gaim " Standartenführer " Ludwig Gaim ( born 1 April 1892 , date of death unknown ) was a World War I flying ace credited with five aerial victories . He ended the war as a " Vizefeldwebel " . Gaim would return to his nation ' s service in World War II after joining the Nazi Party . He rose to a colonelcy in the " Schutzstaffel " . Early life and service . Ludwig Gaim was born in Deggendorf , the Kingdom of Bavaria , on 1 April 1892 . He joined an artillery unit in the Imperial German Army during August 1914 . He served on the Verdun Front and was awarded the Iron Cross Second Class on 21 October 1914 . He continued artillery duty until July 1916 . He then transferred to the " Luftstreitkräfte " for aviation duty with " Flieger - Abteilung " ( " Artillerie " ) 293 ( Flier Detachment ( Artillery ) 293 ) . He flew artillery direction missions and other reconnaissance with this unit until wounded on 6 January 1917 . He was promoted to " Vizefeldwebel " on 25 May 1917 . After recovery from his wound , he trained as a single - seater fighter pilot . Upon graduation , he was shipped to Italy to join " Jagdstaffel 39 " ( Fighter Squadron 39 ) on 27 June 1917 . Between 25 October and 30 December 1917 , he shot down five Italian aircraft . He was again wounded in action , while scoring his fifth victory . Gaim accompanied " Jasta 39 " upon its return to service on the Reims sector of the Western Front in March 1918 . He would not score again before he left the squadron on 4 April 1918 . World War II service . Gaim also fought in World War II as a soldier in the " Schutzstaffel " . He joined the Nazi Party as member number 763 , 780 and the Schutzstaffel as member number 279 , 441 . He ultimately achieved the rank of " SS - Standartenführer " ( Colonel ) , on November 9 , 1943 , and " Oberleutnant der Reserve " .
Gordon ( slave ) Gordon was a slave on a Mississippi plantation who made his escape from bondage in March , 1863 . In order to foil the scent of the blood - hounds who were chasing him he took onions from his plantation , which he carried in his pockets . After crossing each creek or swamp he rubbed his body freely with these onions in order to throw the dogs off his scent . He fled over over the course of ten days before reaching Union soldiers who were stationed in Baton Rouge . Upon arrival at the Union camp , Gordon underwent a medical examination which revealed severe keloid scars from several whippings . During the examination , Gordon is quoted as saying " Overseer Artayou Carrier whipped me . I was two months in bed sore from the whipping . My master come after I was whipped ; he discharged the overseer . " The carte de visite images showing Gordon ' s scars were frequently used by abolitionists , giving Northerners visual evidence of the brutality of slavery . Gordon served the Union troops as a guide , and on one expedition was taken prisoner by the rebels , who , infuriated beyond measure , tied him up and beat him , leaving him for dead . He survived , however , and once more made his escape to Union lines . Gordon soon afterwards enlisted in a Colored Troops Civil War unit , and was said to have fought bravely in the Union assault on Port Hudson in May 1863 , the first time that African - American soldiers played a leading role in an assault . " The Atlantic " ' s editor - in - chief James Bennet noted " Part of the incredible power of this image I think is the dignity of that man . He ' s posing . His expression is almost indifferent . I just find that remarkable . He ' s basically saying , ' This is a fact . ' "
Wilhelm Kohler Wilhelm Kohler ( 26 January 1917 – 30 September 2002 ) was a highly decorated Major i . G . in the Wehrmacht during World War II , and one of only 882 recipients of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross and its higher grade Oak Leaves was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . Wilhelm Kohler was captured by French troops in April 1945 , and was released in July . He later joined the Bundeswehr in 1956 and served til retirement in 1975 .
Seventh Regiment Armory The Seventh Regiment Armory , located at 643 Park Avenue also known as Park Avenue Armory in New York , New York , United States , is a historic brick building that fills an entire city block on New York ' s Upper East Side . History . The building was designed by architect Charles Clinton in the Gothic Revival style and dedicated in 1880 . It is the only armory in the United States to be built and furnished with private funds . It originally served as the headquarters and administrative building for the 7th New York Militia Regiment , known as the " Silk Stocking Regiment " due to the disproportionate number of its members who were part of the city ' s social elite . The building is known for detailed interior rooms that are furnished with ornamental woodwork , marble and stained glass depictions of moderately disapproved behavior . The main facade of the administration building faces Park Avenue between 66th & 67th Streets , with the large vaulted space for the drill hall in the center of the block . The administration building has provisions for a reception room , a library , veterans room and staff offices for ten regimental companies . Noted architects and interior designers of the American Aesthetic Movement were commissioned to furnish the rooms and company quarters . The library is known as the Silver Room or " Trophy Room " and was designed by Louis Comfort Tiffany who worked with architect Stanford White as a consultant on the project . The masterpiece of the armory building is the Veterans Room , also known as the Tiffany Room , with hand carved wood panelling and coffer ed ceiling in the Viking Revival style . Other significant craftsmen with work in the building include Kimbel and Cabus , Alexander Roux , Francis Davis Millet , and the Herter Brothers . The building was used for the historic live broadcast of the radio play The Fall of the City by Archibald MacLeish in 1937 , because of its acoustic properties . The building was made a National Historic Landmark in 1986 . Current Use . The Armory is currently leased by and home to Park Avenue Armory a not - for - profit arts organization whose mission is to revitalize this important landmark as a unique alternative arts space . Other organizations using the space include : Education . Park Avenue Armory enjoys a rich partnership with Williamsburg High School for Architecture and Design ( WHSAD ) in Williamsburg , Brooklyn . WHSAD is a 9 - 12 college preparatory school whose mission is to provide its students with a quality education that is geared toward future training in the preservation trades and related professions such as architecture , conservation , engineering , and city planning . WHSAD is the only school in the country with a Historic Preservation program .
Vasily Zavoyko Vasily Stepanovich Zavoyko ( ; 1809 - 1898 ) was an admiral in the Russia n navy . Born to a noble Ukrainian family of Poltava Governorate , in 1827 he took part in the Battle of Navarino , and in 1835 - 1838 he twice circumnavigated the Earth . In 1840 he became an employee of the Russian - American Company and soon became the manager of the Okhotsk port . He deduced that the port was inconvenient for trade , as it was too far from the Lena River basin and advocated transfer of the Company port to Ayan . During his exploration Zavoyko discovered the estuary of the Amur River ( the exploration was later continued by Gennady Nevelskoy , who proved that the Strait of Tartary was not a gulf , but indeed a strait , connected to Amur ' s estuary by Nevelskoy Strait ) . Zavoyko ' s reports about the potential importance of the river led to the 1846 expedition to study Amur and ultimately to the incorporation of the modern Primorsky Krai to Russia ( see Amur Annexation ) . In 1850 , he was appointed governor of Kamchatka and the commander of the port of Petropavlovsk . Under Zavoyko ' s governorship , Kamchatka expanded to include a wharf , foundry , and a new army barracks . Zavoyko also encouraged agricultural expansion , urging each household to sustain itself with potato farming . These efforts , however , did little to improve the region ' s low economic and cultural standards . In 1854 , during the Crimean War , Zavoyko led the successful defence against the Siege of Petropavlovsk by the allied British - French troops commanded by Rear Admirals David Price and Auguste Febvrier Despointes . Zavoyko managed to repel the superior allied forces and even captured the British banner . In the winter of 1855 , Zavoyko was in charge of the transfer the main Russian Pacific naval base from Petropavlovsk to the Amur estuary . The fleet managed to make its way through despite the frozen seas and the superior enemy fleet awaiting them near the Amur inflow . In two months sailors built the Nikolayevsk - on - Amur city that served as the base for the fleet . In 1856 , Zavoyko returned to Saint Petersburg , where he served as the Naval " General - Auditor " . He was married to Juliana Wrangell and had 11 children : five sons and six daughters .
Phillip Bradley Phillip Bradley ( born 18 May 1955 ) is an Australian military historian who has written two books as well as numerous articles for " Wartime " and " After the Battle " magazine . He has been described as " One of the finest chroniclers of the Australian Army ' s role in the New Guinea campaign " . Bradley has travelled many Australian battlefields , including sites in Papua New Guinea , Turkey and France . Grants . Bradley has received a number of grants from the Australian Army History Unit , these include :
Otto Hofmann Otto Hofmann ( March 16 , 1896 – December 31 , 1982 ) was an Austrian SS - " Gruppenführer " , an official of Nazi Germany ' s " Race and Settlement Main Office " . Although Hofmann was sentenced to 25 years in prison for war crimes in 1948 , he was pardoned on 7 April 1954 . Thereafter , he worked as a clerk until his death in 1982 . Life . Hofmann was born in Innsbruck , Tyrol . Hofmann , the son of a merchant , in August 1914 volunteered for service in the First World War . In March 1917 , he was promoted to lieutenant . In June 1917 , he was taken prisoner by the Russians . However , Hofmann escaped from captivity and returned to Germany . Hofmann completed his pilot training before he was released in 1919 to civilian life . After short - term operation in a " Freikorps " , he trained as a wine salesman and was active from 1920 to 1925 in wine wholesale . He then started his own business as a wine representative . In April 1923 , Hofmann joined the NSDAP ( member : 145 , 729 ) and in April 1931 he joined the SS ( member : 7 , 646 ) . From 1933 forward , he worked full time as an SS officer . On 29 March 1933 , he ran unsuccessfully in the general election . In 1931 , the SS Race and Settlement Main Office ( " SS - Rasse - und Siedlungshauptamt " ) or ( RuSHA ) , was created by " Reichsführer - SS " Heinrich Himmler and SS - " Obergruppenführer " Richard Walther Darré . In 1939 , Hofmann was co - editor of the journal " Biologist " . From July 1940 to April 1943 , he was chief of the RuSHA . In this capacity , he participated in the " germanization " of the captured territory of Poland and in the Soviet Union . This involved the resetting of Germans in the Nazi occupied Eastern territories and ejecting the native families from those lands . He was responsible for conducting the official Race test on the population e the occupied territories for racial selection . The office was also responsible for the abduction of Polish children to Germany and for the SS - kin care . He was present at the Wannsee Conference on 20 January 1942 , for the so - called , " Final Solution of the Jewish Question " . In April 1943 , Hofmann was transferred to Stuttgart as SS and Police Leader for South - Western Germany ( Württemberg , Baden and Alsace ) . He was the commander of the prisoners in the local Military District V . Role in the Holocaust . From 1940 - 43 Hofmann was chief of the RuSHA within the SS . In this capacity he took part in the Wannsee Conference headed by Reinhard Heydrich . There members of the Nazi hierarchy discussed policies which were later enacted and led , in part , to The Holocaust . Post war . After the war in March 1948 , Hofmann was put on trial for his actions as chief of the Race and Settlement Main Office . He was charged with Crimes against Humanity and War Crimes . Although in 1948 Hofmann was sentenced to 25 years in prison for war crimes , on 7 April 1954 he was pardoned and released from Landsberg Prison . Thereafter , he was a clerk in Württemberg until he died in Bad Mergentheim on 31 December 1982 . Fictional portrayals . In the 2001 HBO film " Conspiracy " , he was played by Nicholas Woodeson .
Promachos In ancient Greece and during the Byzantine era , the Promachoi ( singular : Promachos ; Greek : πρόμαχος ) were the men fighting in the first rank of the phalanx . The word can also be used as an adjective as in " promachos line " , the first line of battle or " Athena Promachos " , the famous bronze statue made by Pheidias . The first use of the word is recorded in Homer ' s " Iliad " and since then it has been used all through antiquity , the Byzantine years up to the modern times .
Raid on Choiseul The Raid on Choiseul was a small unit engagement that occurred from October 28 to November 3 , 1943 , during the Solomon Islands campaign . United States Marines from the 2nd Parachute Battalion , led by Lt Col . Victor " Brute " Krulak , landed on Japan ese occupied Choiseul in the northern Solomon Islands and carried out raids on Japanese army and navy forces over a 40 kilometer ( 25 mi ) area over the course of seven days . The raid was meant to divert Japanese attention from the planned Allied landings on the west coast of Bougainville at Empress Augusta Bay . Instead , the Allies hoped that the raid would cause the Japanese to believe the landings would be on the east side of Bougainville . During the course of the operation , Krulak ' s 650 men battalion , assisted by an Australian coastwatcher and native Choiseul islanders , killed 143 Japanese troops , losing 14 Marines ( 12 killed in action , two missing ) , in actions later described by Major General Roy Geiger as , " a series of short right jabs designed to throw the enemy off balance and conceal the real power of the left hook to his midriff at Empress Augusta Bay . " On November 2 , the raid was momentarily stalled when a Japanese ambush trapped between 40 and 50 marines . Three marines were severely wounded , one of them fatally so . The marines were rescued by " PT - 59 " , under the command of Lieutenant John F . Kennedy . The ultimate impact of the raid on the Japanese response to the Allied Bougainville landings is unclear . Some historians assert that the raid was successful at diverting Japanese attention while other historians take a contrary position .
Hatakeyama clan The was a Japanese samurai clan . Originally a branch of the Taira clan and descended from Taira no Takamochi , they fell victim of political intrigue in 1205 , when Hatakeyama Shigeyasu , first , and his father Shigetada later were killed in battle by Hōjō forces in Kamakura . After 1205 the Hatakeyama came to be descendants of the Ashikaga clan , who were in turn descended from Emperor Seiwa ( 850 – 880 ) and the Seiwa Genji branch of the Minamoto clan . History . The first family being extinct in 1205 , Ashikaga Yoshizumi , son of Ashikaga Yoshizane , was chosen by Hōjō Tokimasa to revive the name of Hatakeyama . He married Tokimasa ' s daughter , the widow of Hatakeyama Shigeyasu ( the last Hatakeyama of the first branch ) , and inherited the domains of the Hatakeyama ( 1205 ) . Thus the new family descended from the Minamoto ( Seiwa Genji ) . The clan was an ally of the Ashikaga shogunate against the ( Imperial ) Southern Court during the wars of the Nanboku - chō period , and was rewarded by the shogunate with the hereditary position of " shugo " ( Governor ) of the provinces of Yamashiro , Kii , Kawachi , Etchū , and Noto , at the end of the 14th century . During the 15th century , the members of the Hatakeyama clan held , although not exclusively , the title of " kanrei " ( Shogun ' s Deputy ) , holding great influence over the Imperial Court at Kyoto . Around 1450 , there was a split in the clan , and the internal conflict weakened the clan as a whole , causing it to lose the position of " kanrei " to the Hosokawa clan . This split began with a feud between Hatakeyama Masanaga and Hatakeyama Yoshinari over succession to the position ; it quickly grew , as each side gained allies , and was one of the sparks that ignited the Ōnin War . Nevertheless , the Hatakeyama maintained enough strength and unity to become some of Oda Nobunaga ' s chief adversaries in Kyoto , a hundred years later .
1 Combat Engineer Regiment 1 Combat Engineer Regiment ( 1 CER ) is a regular force regiment of the Canadian Military Engineers commanded by a lieutenant - colonel . It is currently located in the Patton Building at CFB Edmonton ( Steele Barracks ) , Alberta , and is assigned to 1 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group . Armoured engineers . 1 CER is different from other CME units as it holds an armoured engineer capability in its Badger Armoured Engineer Vehicle ( AEV ) and Beaver Armoured Vehicle Launched Bridge ( AVLB ) . Afghanistan . 1 CER has been continually involved with rotations to Afghanistan as part of the ongoing War on Terror . Due to the regiment ' s special armoured engineer capability , every Canadian rotation since 2006 has had a minimum of an armoured troop from 1 CER attached . As of the start of 2011 , 1 CER had six soldiers killed in Afghanistan . A note on the name . Like most Canadian Forces units , the designation the regiment is only known as " 1 Combat Engineer Regiment " and not " 1st Combat Engineer Regiment " .
Herbert Borchardt Herbert Borchardt ( 11 February 1914 – 6 August 1944 ) was a highly decorated Leutnant der Reserves in the Wehrmacht during World War II . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . Herbert Borchardt died on 6 August 1944 near Tryszki , Lithuania .
Edward Haight ( aviator ) Colonel Edward Meeker Haight was a flying ace when he served as a lieutenant in World War I . He was credited with five aerial victories , all against German fighter planes . Haight scored his victories in just over a month , from 28 September through 30 October 1918 , while flying a Spad . Postwar , Haight pursued a career in the U . S . flying service , although he interrupted his service time at some point for approximately six years . He flew as an airline pilot in Central America , and maintained his reserve commission . He was recalled to active duty for World War II . During World War II , he rose to the rank of colonel and briefly commanded Randolph AFB in 1942 . In 1950 , he was culled from the officer ' s ranks and chose to enlist as a noncommissioned officer rather than leave the military ; this allowed him to complete his 30 years for retirement . He retired on 3 May 1954 at Randolph AFB , after serving four years as a master sergeant in the School of Aviation Medicine . References . " SPAD XII / XIII Aces of World War I . " Jon Guttman . Osprey Publishing , 2002 . ISBN 1 - 84176 - 316 - 0 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84176 - 316 - 3 .
Mascara Airfield Mascara Airfield is an abandoned military airfield and later civilian airport in Algeria , located in the southwestern suburbs of Mascara . During World War II it was used by the United States Army Air Force Twelfth Air Force during the North African Campaign against the German Afrika Korps .
William Philo Clark William Philo Clark ( 1845 - 1884 ) was a U . S . Army officer during the Plains Indian Wars . Clark was appointed to the US Military Academy and graduated with the class of 1868 . He was assigned as a 2d Lieutenant with the 2d Cavalry , to which he belonged for the remainder of his short career . He joined the staff of General George Crook at the end of August , 1876 , when Crook rejoined the columns of General Alfred Terry and Colonel John Gibbon after the Battles of the Rosebud and the Little Bighorn during the Great Sioux War of 1876 . Clark was thus present for Crook ' s pursuit of the Lakota during the late summer and fall of 1876 , including the so - called " Starvation March " and the Battle of Slim Buttes . He served in a number of staff assignments for General Philip Sheridan and died suddenly at the age of 39 , in Washington , DC in 1884 while on special duty with Sheridan . Clark was the author of " The Indian Sign Language " , 1885 ( published posthumously ) , to this day the definitive and comprehensive primary source on the rich sign language of The Great Plains tribes . ISBN 0803263090 | ISBN 978 - 0803263093 . He died young , not fulfilling what was generally agreed to be his extraordinary potential as an enlightened army officer , as conceived at the time . For further reading :