naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Battle of Yibneh In the Battle of Yibneh ( Yibna ) in 1123 , a Crusader force led by Eustace Grenier crushed a Fatimid army from Egypt sent by Vizier Al - Ma ' mum between Ascalon and Jaffa . Background . After the First Crusade captured Jerusalem from the Fatimids , the capable vizier al - Afdal Shahanshah mounted a series of invasions " almost annually " from 1099 to 1107 against the newly established Kingdom of Jerusalem . Egyptian armies fought three major battles at Ramla in 1101 , 1102 and 1105 , but they were ultimately unsuccessful . After this , the vizier contented himself to launching frequent raids on Frankish territory from his coastal fortress of Ascalon . In 1121 , al - Afdal was assassinated . Meanwhile , Jerusalem was weakened by the capture of King Baldwin II by the Artuqid s in northern Syria ; the kingdom was at this time governed by the regent Eustace Grenier . Battle . In 1123 , the new vizier organized a major invasion of Crusader lands . The Fatimids planned to capture the coastal city of Jaffa . In this era , the Egyptian armies usually deployed with Sudanese archers on foot , supported by dense formations of Arab and Berber light cavalry . Unfortunately for the Fatimids , this relatively immobile array provided the Frankish heavy cavalry with an ideal target . At Yibna , near the later site of the castle of Ibelin ( built 1141 ) , the Fatimid invasion force encountered the crusader army of knights and men - at - arms on horseback and spearmen and bowmen on foot . The fighting lasted only a short time as the Egyptian host was unable to withstand the shock of the Crusader cavalry charges . As Fulcher of Chartres says , " this battle did not last long because when our foes saw our armed men advance in excellent order against them their horsemen immediately took flight as if completely bewitched , going into a panic instead of using good sense . Their foot - soldiers were massacred . " The defeat was decisive . Except for continued raids from Ascalon until the Siege of Ascalon in 1153 , the Fatimids ceased to be a threat to the Crusader states until the rise of Saladin in 1169 . The next major action in the Crusader states would be the Battle of Azaz in 1125 .
Dull Knife Battlefield The Dull Knife Battlefield is located on the eastern slope of the Bighorn Mountains in Johnson County , Wyoming near Kaycee , Wyoming . It was the scene of the Dull Knife Fight on November 25 , 1876 , in which the Fourth Cavalry under General Ranald S . Mackenzie raided a Cheyenne winter encampment , forcing the Cheyenne to surrender at agencies in the area in order to survive the winter . 500 ponies where captured and about 173 lodges and all the Indians where completely destroyed . The Dull Knife battlefield is on private land and is available to visit only by special arrangement . The fight took place on November 25 , 1876 . The battlefield site was considered by the Cheyenne to be sufficiently remote to be safe as winter quarters . The location is presently the site of a ranch . The site was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 .
Johannes Fink Johannes Fink ( 28 March 1895 – 1 June 1981 ) was a highly decorated General der Flieger in the Luftwaffe during World War II . He had an educational degree as an Dipl . - Ing . engineer . He became a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . Johannes Fink was captured by British troops in April 1945 and was released in 1948 . < div class = " references - small " > < / div class = " references - small " >
Operation Mazurka Operation Mazurka is the Australian Defence Force ' s ( ADF ) contribution to the Multinational Force and Observers ( MFO ) , an international peacekeeping force , based in the Sinai Peninsula , overseeing the terms of the Israel - Egypt Peace Treaty . The MFO operates from two secure bases : The Australian personnel operate predominately in North Camp . Australia was an original contributor to the MFO with a joint rotary wing squadron deployed in 1981 . In 1993 , Australia returned to the MFO with an ADF contingent of 25 personnel . Since that time approximately 1 , 200 personnel have deployed on Operation Mazurka . The ADF contingent operates on a 6 monthly posting cycle , with a part of the contingent rotating every 3 months . Role . The mission of the MFO is : " . . . to supervise the implementation of the security provisions of the Israel - Egypt Peace Treaty and employ best efforts to prevent any violation of its terms . " The ADF contingent performs various staff functions in the MFO Headquarters , as well as providing the Force Regimental Signals Officer , Security Sergeants to work with the Colombian Infantry Battalion for the base security at North Camp and Operational and Training staff to the MFO .
Grizzly I cruiser The Grizzly I was a Canadian built M4A1 Sherman tank with some modifications , it had thicker , more sloping armour , had a longer range , and , most notably was fitted with Canadian Dry Pin tracks ( CDP ) tracks , which did not require rubber , a scarce wartime material . History . After the fall of France , it was decided the nascent Canadian armoured divisions would be equipped by tanks produced in Canada . The result was the Ram cruiser tank , based on the chassis and running gear of the US M3 Lee ; Rams were produced by the Montreal Locomotive Works ( MLW ) from 1941 to 1943 . The M3 was succeeded by the superior M4 Sherman . The Allies agreed to standardize on the M4 , and MLW began producing the Grizzly in August 1943 . Grizzly production halted when it became apparent US production would be sufficient . Instead , MLW produced the Sexton self - propelled gun Mk II . The Sexton Mk II used the Grizzly chassis , with the upper hull modified to carry the Commonwealth standard QF 25 pounder gun . The Sexton was the Commonwealth counterpart to the US M7 Priest . A small batch of Grizzly medium tank was fitted with an Ordnance QF 17 - pounder for training but none saw action . After the war , a number of Grizzly tanks , and Sexton self - propelled guns were sold to Portugal as part of the NATO military assistance program . They were retired in the 1980s . Design . The Grizzly ' s suspension used 17 tooth drive sprockets and CDP tracks . In comparison , the M4 used 14 tooth drive sprockets . The CDP track was lighter and simpler than the standard US tracks and did not require rubber , which was scarce since the Japanese advance into Southeast Asia . Some were planned to be converted into the Skink anti - aircraft tank with a turret mounting four 20 mm Polsten cannon .
Battle of Bereza Kartuska ( 1919 ) Battle of Bereza Kartuska was one of the first clashes between the organised forces of the Second Polish Republic and Soviet Russia and considered by some historians the first battle of the Polish - Soviet War . On February 14 or February 16 , 1919 , 57 Polish soldiers and 5 officers attacked Soviet forces in the town of Biaroza ( ) , a small city to the east of Brzesc capturing 80 soldiers of the Red Army .
IPhrothiya yeBhronzi iPhrothiya yeBhronzi ( Bronze Protea ) is a South African military decoration . It was instituted with effect from 27 April 2003 , and may be awarded to members of the South African National Defence Force ( or any other armed forces serving with the SANDF ) for leadership , or meritorious service and devotion to duty . A bar may be awarded to a recipient who earns the decoration again . A recipient is entitled to use the post - nominal letters PB . The PB forms part of a trio of military decorations for meritorious service , the others being iPhrothiya yeGolide ( Golden Protea ) and iPhrothiya yeSiliva ( Silver Protea ) . Language of origin : ISINDEBELE . Wear . The award of the decoration for service in active military operations shall be indicated by distinguishing insignia according to the Service in which the recipient was serving , i . e . The decoration is a 6 - pointed bronze star , displaying a stylised protea flower on a blue hexagon . The reverse depicts the South African coat of arms . The protea , which is South Africa ' s national flower , has been used on military merit awards since World War II . The ribbon is blue with a centre panel of white - black - white - black - white - black - white stripes . If the decoration is earned during a military operation , an arm - of - service emblem will be worn on the ribbon to indicate whether the recipient was serving in the army , Air force , Navy , or Military Health Service at the time of earning the award .
Jean - François Jacqueminot Jean François Jacqueminot , viscount of Ham ( 23 May 1787 – 3 March 1865 ) was a French general . He was born at Nancy , studied at the École Militaire , entered the army in 1803 , and distinguished himself at the battles of Austerlitz , Essling , Wagram , and the Beresina . In 1814 he was promoted colonel . When Napoleon returned from Elba , Jacqueminot was made commander of lancers . He made a brilliant charge at Quatre Bras and after Waterloo refused transfer to the service of the Bourbons , was imprisoned for a month . After his release , Jacqueminot established at Bar - le - Duc a great silk factory , which gave employment to many of the veterans of the French Imperial Army . Elected to the House of Deputies in 1827 , he joined in the protest of the Two Hundred and Twenty - one against Polignac , and with Pajol directed the Rambouillet expedition which led Charles X to leave France . In 1842 he succeeded Chaud as commander of the National Guards of the Seine . Louis Philippe made him Viscount in 1846 . His indecision at the head of the Guards made possible the revolution of 1848 , and he was retired in that year . He died 78 , years old , in 1865 .
HMS Invincible ( 1747 ) The Invincible was a 74 - gun French ship of the line , later a third - rate of the Royal Navy . During the early part of the 18th century British ship designers had made few significant advances in design , whereas French shipbuilding benefited from a remarkably creative period . At the time of the capture of " Invincible " , there was not one 74 - gun ship in the Royal Navy . By 1805 at the battle of Trafalgar , three quarters of British ships of the line were of this singular design and the 74 - gun ship had become the backbone of all major navies of the world . " Invincible " was one of the first trio of a new and longer type of 74 - gun ships . Until 1738 , French 74s had been little more than 154 ( French ) feet in gundeck length , carrying just thirteen pairs of 36 - pdr guns on the lower deck , fourteen pairs of 18 - pdr guns on the upper deck and eight pairs of 8 - pdr guns on the quarterdeck and forecastle , with the balance of the 74 guns made up of four small 4 - pdr guns on the poop . This was changed by François Coulomb ' s design for the " Terrible " , launched in 1739 at Toulon . The gundeck length was stretched to 164 ( French ) feet , and the four small guns on the poop were eliminated , replaced by new gunports for an additional pair of 36 - pdr guns on the lower deck and an extra pair of 18 - pdr guns on the upper deck . This new gun establishment became the standard for all subsequent French 74s . The next two ships , " Invincible " designed by Pierre Morineau and " Le Magnanime " designed by Blaise Geslain , were begun in early 1741 at Toulon and were each even longer than " Le Terrible " . At the First Battle of Cape Finisterre ( 14 May 1747 ) during the War of the Austrian Succession , " Invincible " was escorting a convoy of merchant ships when she was sighted by the British channel fleet of 16 ships of the line , which gave chase . " Invincible " attacked the British ships to give the convoy a chance to escape , and alone engaged six British warships . In the end with most of her crew dead or wounded she struck her colours . Gracious in defeat , the French Commander , Saint - Georges , handed his sword to Admiral George Anson . HMS " Invincible " sank in February 1758 when she hit a sandbank in the East Solent . The ship remained upright for 3 days after its grounding allowing the crew to safely escape . The wreck site was designated under the Protection of Wrecks Act on 30 September 1980 . In 1996 " Amer Ved " grounded at the wrecksite , although it is not clear whether or not this resulted in damage to the remains . In 2013 the wreck was placed on English Heritage ' s list of ten most at risk heritage sites due to parts of the ship being exposed by changing seabed levels .
HMS E50 HMS " E50 " was a British E class submarine built by John Brown , Clydebank . She was laid down on 14 November 1916 and was commissioned on 23 January 1917 . HMS " E50 " was damaged in a collision while submerged on 19 March 1917 off the North Hinder Light Vessel with U - Boat " UC - 62 " . HMS " E50 " was finally mined off the South Dogger Light Vessel on 31 January 1918 .
Yusuf Meherally Yusuf Meherally ( September 23 , 1903 – July 2 , 1950 ) was an Indian freedom fighter and socialist leader . He was elected Mayor of Bombay in 1942 while he was imprisoned in Yerawada Central Prison . He was the founder of the National Militia , Bombay Youth League and the Congress Socialist Party and played a role in several peasant and trade union movements . He coined the term ' Simon Go Back ' He coined the term " quit India " and was part of the Quit India Movement along with Mahatma Gandhi for India ' s last nationwide campaign for independence from the British Empire .
Battle of Gerontas The Battle of Gerontas ( ) was a naval battle fought close to the island of Leros in the southeast Aegean Sea . On August 29 ( julian calendar ) , 1824 , a Greek fleet of 75 ships defeated an Ottoman armada of 100 ships contributed to by Egypt , Tunisia and Algeria . The Battle of Gerontas was one of the most decisive naval engagements of the Greek War of Independence and secured the island of Samos under Greek control .
Miklós Steinmetz Miklós Steinmetz ( 1913 — 1944 ) was a Hungarian - born Soviet Red Army captain . His parents were communists , and , after the fall of the Hungarian Soviet Republic in 1919 , the family fled to South America before immigrating to the Soviet Union . Steinmetz became a member of the Komsomol – the Soviet Communist Youth Organization , and then fought on the Republican side in the Spanish Civil War , becoming a captain in the Red Army during World War II . In the winter of 1944 ( during the Battle of Budapest ) , when Soviet forces had encircled the Nazi German - controlled Hungarian capital , he delivered the ultimatum demanding the Germans and Hungarians to surrender . He was killed soon after the Soviet takeover of the city , when his car ran over a mine in the outskirts .
Black Brotherhood The Black Brotherhood was an urban society ( or militia ) established in Toulouse in 1211 in response to the White Brotherhood led by the bishop Folquet de Marselha . The Blacks opposed the Albigensian Crusade and supported the Count of Toulouse , Raymond VII . Unlike the Whites , who were predominantly from the city proper , many of the Blacks came from the suburbs . They were moderate in their political outlook and some may have been Cathars , the very heretics the Whites were set up to destroy . They defended Cathar and Jewish homes and shops from the violence of the Whites and , according to William of Puylaurens , " daily the two parties would clash , banners flying , bristling with weapons , even with cavalry in evidence . "
Charles Veale Charles Veale or Veal was a Union Army soldier during the American Civil War and a recipient of America ' s highest military decoration — the Medal of Honor — for his actions at the Battle of Chaffin ' s Farm . Biography . Veale joined the Army in Portsmouth , Virginia , and by September 29 , 1864 , he was serving as a private in Company D of the 4th Regiment United States Colored Infantry . On that day , his unit participated in a charge during the Battle of Chaffin ' s Farm on the outskirts of the Confederate capital of Richmond , Virginia . Among the charging soldiers was Sergeant Alfred B . Hilton , the bearer of two flags , one of which had been seized from a wounded sergeant . When Hilton himself was wounded , Veale and another soldier , Sergeant Major Christian Fleetwood , each grabbed a flag from him before the colors could touch the ground . Now carrying the blue regimental flag , Veale continued in the fight through heavy enemy fire . For their actions during the battle , Fleetwood , Hilton , and Veale were each issued the Medal of Honor just over six months later , on April 6 , 1865 . Charles Veale was buried in Hampton National Cemetery , Hampton , Virginia . Medal of Honor citation . Although his name is spelled Veale his name was spelled " Charles Veal " on the citation . Rank and organization : Private , Company D , 4th U . S . Colored Troops . Place and date : At Chapins Farm , Va . , September 29 , 1864 . Entered service at : Portsmouth , Va . Birth : Portsmouth Va . Date of issue : April 6 , 1865 . Citation : Seized the national colors after 2 color bearers had been shot down close to the enemy ' s works , and bore them through the remainder of the battle .
Arab Bureau The Arab Bureau was a section of the Cairo Intelligence Department during the First World War . According to a Committee of Imperial Defence paper from January 7 , 1916 the Arab Bureau was established to " harmonise British political activity in the Near East . . . [ and ] keep the Foreign Office , the India Office , the Committee of Defence , the War Office , the Admiralty , and Government of India simultaneously informed of the general tendency of Germano - Turkish Policy . " History . Beginnings . It was constituted on the initiative of Mark Sykes who , in December 1915 , reported to London that , in a recent tour of the Middle East from Egypt to India , he had discovered that the German and Turkish governments were widely distributing anti - British wartime propaganda . Sykes was concerned because British command posts in the Middle East were generally unco - operative and thus far unable to successfully produce counter - propaganda . Sykes proposed the creation of a London office under his auspices to gather , filter , and distribute intelligence on the German and Turkish Middle East policy and " co - ordinate propaganda in favour of Great Britain among non - Indian Moslems . " Support . Sykes ' proposal was welcomed by Gilbert Clayton , the director of civilian and military intelligence in Egypt and Sudan Agent . Clayton believed that such an office might not only discover and counter enemy propaganda but be capable of overseeing a wider collection of political and military information regarding the Middle East and in turn produce easily understood reports to inform policy - making in Cairo and London towards the Ottoman Arab territories . Opposition . Clayton ' s preference for locating the Arab Bureau in Cairo met with resistance from the Government of India ( Charles Hardinge ) and the India Office ( Austen Chamberlain ) who did not want interference in their control of territories around the Persian Gulf and particularly the Iraq provinces which they planned to occupy and cultivate for grain production for India . Newly discovered oil deposits located around the North Gulf brought further attention to the region . But the Director of Naval Intelligence in Britain , Captain Reginald ' Blinker ' Hall , supported Clayton ' s concept and urged government approval . Establishment . The result was a compromise and in January 1916 the Arab Bureau was established as a section of Sudan Intelligence in Cairo , under the authority of the High Commissioner of Egypt ( Henry McMahon ) and the Foreign Office , and staffed by Middle East experts from Military Intelligence , Egyptforce who shared Clayton ' s outlook . Staff . Gilbert Clayton was named head or " Chief " of the Arab Bureau . David Hogarth , a Naval Intelligence officer , was Acting Director of the Arab Bureau and Kinahan Cornwallis his deputy . George Ambrose Lloyd , George Stewart Symes , Philip Graves , Gertrude Bell , Aubrey Herbert and Thomas Edward Lawrence were also part of the Arab Bureau .
Bamboo torture Bamboo torture supposedly is a form of torture where a bamboo shoot is grown through the body of a victim . Bamboo torture was allegedly used in East and South Asia . Accounts accuse Japanese soldiers of practicing the torture technique during World War II . The MythBusters investigated bamboo torture in a 2008 episode . They found that a bamboo shoot can penetrate through several inches of ballistic gelatin in three days . Ballistics gelatin being consistent with that of human flesh offered proof that this form of torture is viable .
New Hampshire Regiment the New Hampshire Regiment was formed when the 1st New Hampshire Regiment was redesignated on 1 March 1783 of nine companies of volunteers . The regiment was consolidated with the New Hampshire Battalion ( 2nd New Hampshire Regiment ) on 22 June 1783 as five companies and re - designated as the New Hampshire Battalion .
Shelter - half In UK and Australia , a shelter - half , American English " dog - tent " or " pup - tent " , is a simple kind of tent designed to provide temporary shelter and / or concealment . Two sheets of canvas or a similar material ( the halves ) are fastened together with snaps , straps or buttons to form a larger surface . The shelter - half is then erected using poles , ropes , pegs , and whatever tools are on hand , forming an inverted V structure . Shelter halves are a mainstay of most armies , and are known from the mid 19th century . Often , each soldier carries one shelter - half and half the poles , etc . , and they pair off to erect a two - man tent . The size and shape of each half shelter piece may vary from army to army , but are typically rectangular , triangular or lozenge shaped . When time and space allow , some forms of half - shelters can be combined into a larger , more complex tent . Shelter - halfs are usually designed to serve double duty as ponchos against the rain , or for the concealment of snipers . While the fabric is often simple olive drab , several nations use camouflaged fabric . Indeed , the first printed camouflage for soldiers were the Italian " Telo mimetico " introduced in 1929 for their half - shelters . The first camouflage uniforms were the Second World War German paratrooper smock , based on their M1931 Splittermuster shelter - halves .