naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Linkage ( policy ) Linkage was a policy pursued by the United States of America , championed by Richard Nixon and Henry Kissinger , during the 1970s period of Cold War Détente which aimed to persuade the Soviet Union and Communist China to co - operate in restraining revolutions in the Third World in return for concessions in nuclear and economic fields . However , despite this lack of Soviet intervention , a large number of revolutions still occurred in these third world countries , thereby undermining this policy . The premise behind linkage , as a policy , was to connect political and military issues , thereby establishing a relationship making progress in area " A " dependent on progress in area " B . " An important aspect of this policy was that deviations from respecting the rights and interests would go punished . The intent of such action is to bring home to the offending state the limitations of acceptable international behavior and demonstrate that attempts at expansion ( and upsetting international stability ) would go punished . In this way , conflict itself would contribute to stabilizing the international order . The Nixon - Kissinger approach did not link foreign and domestic arenas . Selective relaxation of tensions is an opposing policy to linkage . Then , an issue of arms control could be addressed and tension diminished while maintaining the status quo in other strategic areas .
The Queen ' s Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada Museum The Queens Own Cameron Highlanders Museum is a military museum in Winnipeg , Manitoba . The museum located at the Minto Armoury is dedicated to Manitoba ' s famous Scottish regiment , The Queen ' s Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada , which was first raised in 1910 . History . The Queen ' s Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada served with distinction in World War I , providing 5 battalions in the Canadian Expeditionary Force ( the 16th , 27th , 43rd , 174th and 179th ) . The Regiment also participated in the 1942 Dieppe Raid and throughout northwest Europe in World War II . Collections . The museum displays artifacts and photographs of The Queen ' s Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada Regiment . Affiliations . The Museum is affiliated with the CMA , CHIN , OMMC , and Virtual Museum of Canada .
Fort Griswold Fort Griswold is a former American military base in Groton , Connecticut . Named after then Deputy Governor Matthew Griswold , the fort played a key role in the early stages of the American Revolutionary War . In tandem with Fort Trumbull on the opposite side of the harbor , Griswold served to defend the port of New London , a supply center for the new Continental Army and a friendly port for Connecticut - sanctioned privateer s who preyed on British ships . History . In September 1781 , British troops under Benedict Arnold raided and burned New London in the Battle of Groton Heights with the objective of ending the harassment at sea . Fort Griswold had a key strategic position above the Thames River , but the British knew the fort ' s inner workings thanks to the turncoat ( Arnold ) who gave numerous secrets of American defenses to the British forces he commanded . Arnold , knowing Griswold ' s layout and precise position , approached the harbor from such an angle that Griswold ' s gun positions could never draw an effective shot on the British fleet . Arnold ' s troops eventually made landfall , and the fort ' s garrison fought back . Artillery barrages and musket fire brought ( relatively ) heavy casualties to each side , the fighting continuing even past commands to stop . The British eventually captured the fort and tried to destroy it , though the plan was foiled as a patriot put out the British fire before it could reach Griswold ' s gunpowder stores . When the British finally made it in , Colonel William Ledyard surrendered , gave the commanding officer his sword , and was killed with his own sword . Arnold only commanded a raiding party , not a conquering force , so the fort was abandoned as Arnold left New London in flames . The base would be rebuilt and manned in several other conflicts , but the Battle of Groton Heights was its most prominent use . Fort Griswold Battlefield State Park . The State of Connecticut now owns and operates the site as Fort Griswold Battlefield State Park . The site includes the restored earthwork battery , cannons , and a later period shot furnace and powder magazine . The grounds include several monuments and memorials to state residents who fought in different wars :
Gaius Norbanus Flaccus Gaius Norbanus Flaccus was a Roman politician and general during the 1st century BC . Of Etruscan descent , Flaccus was the grandson of Gaius Norbanus . His family had suffered under the proscription s of Lucius Cornelius Sulla , but had found favour under the regime of Julius Caesar . With Caesar ' s death , his allegiance passed to Octavianus , Caesar ' s adopted son . Norbanus was first elected as praetor in 43 BC . With the establishment of the Second Triumvirate and the launching of the civil war against the Liberatores , in 42 BC Norbanus and another general , Decidius Saxa , were sent by Marcus Antonius and Octavianus with eight legions into Macedonia against the assassins of Julius Caesar . Ordered to march quickly to Thrace and hold the mountain passes , thus cutting off the Via Egnatia , Norbanus and Saxa met the combined advancing troops of Gaius Cassius Longinus and Marcus Junius Brutus in the neighborhood of Philippi . As they were outnumbered , Norbanus and Saxa occupied a position near Philippi which prevented the republicans advancing any further . Determined to find a way through , Brutus and Cassius managed to make Norbanus to leave this position , but Norbanus discovered the trap in time to recover the dominating position . When Brutus and Cassius managed to outflank them , Norbanus and Saxa retreated towards Amphipolis . When Marcus Antonius and the bulk of the triumvirs troops arrived , they found Amphipolis well guarded and Norbanus was left in command of the town . After the Battle of Philippi , Octavianus placed Norbanus in charge of his camp . With the victory at Philippi , Norbanus enjoyed the prestige that came with being part of the successful campaign . In reward for his service , in 38 BC Octavianus nominated Norbanus as consul with Appius Claudius Pulcher . They were the first consuls to have two Quaestors each . He then held the post of proconsul in Spain from 36 - 34 BC , for which he celebrated a triumph on October 12 , 34 BC . This was then followed by an appointment as proconsul of Asia shortly after the Battle of Actium in 31 BC . Norbanus was married to a daughter of Lucius Cornelius Balbus the Younger and had at least one son , also named Gaius Norbanus Flaccus .
Joseph Petrus Hendrik Crowe Lieutenant Colonel Joseph Petrus Hendrik Crowe VC ( 12 January 1826 – 12 April 1876 ) was the second South African - born recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . He was however the second South African recipient of the Victoria Cross , the first recipient was born abroad , arriving in South Africa as a young child . Details . He was 31 years old , and a lieutenant in the 78th Regiment of Foot , British Army during the Indian Mutiny when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC . On 12 August 1857 at Boursekee Chowkee , the entrenched village in front of Busherutgunge , India , the redoubt was occupied by the enemy who were causing heavy casualties among the 18th Regiment . It was decided to take the place by storm , and the Highlanders dashed forward , Lieutenant Crowe being the first in , followed by his men . In less than a minute the redoubt was captured . His death . On 23 October 1875 he was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant Colonel commanding the 1st Battalion of Foot . He was due to return home to South Africa in 1876 and contracted a chill while snipe shooting in the Irish bogs . He died on 12 April 1876 in Penge , Surrey and was interred in the West Norwood Cemetery in a non - descript grave . In 1957 his overgrown grave was found and in August 1976 his remains were exhumed . A grand return was planned and on 5 Feb 1977 , following a quasi - military ceremony in St Katherine ' s Anglican Church , his casket was carried on a gun carriage , followed by descendants of his sisters , to the MOTH Garden of Remembrance , Uitenhage , where his remains were reinterred . The medal . At his death his eldest sister Maria Margaret Lister inherited his medals and another sister , Dorothya Susanna Lovemore inherited his sword . Margaret stored his medals in a wall cupboard in her home , " Firlands " , Rondebosch , but unfortunately they were forever lost when the home was destroyed by fire . The medals were unable to be recovered , but fortunately the sword has remained in the Lovemore family .
Spanish Alarm The Spanish Alarm was a period from 1739 - 1748 in which the Spanish Government sanctioned forces to raid and pillage English port towns along the Province of North Carolina , South Carolina and Georgia . The Kingdom of Great Britain without an adequate military presence in these provinces facilitated the provinces to devise local militias to combat the Spanish attacks . At the outbreak of the War of the Spanish Succession the Province of North Carolina raised four companies of one hundred men each to join other colonial troops in the siege of Cartagena . In addition to the four hundred men raised for the Cartagena expedition , it was necessary for the colonies to raise forces for the defense of their coastal towns and ports . Spanish attacks the eastern seaboard were meant to disrupt shipping and raid port towns . These raids were continuous from 1741 to 1748 . The raids in the Province of North Carolina were made on the towns of Beaufort and Brunswick Town . The Treaty of Aix - la - Chapelle in 1748 effectively halted the Spanish excursions into the English Americas .
French submarine Redoutable ( S611 ) The " Redoutable " ( S 611 ) was the lead ship of her class of ballistic missile submarine in the French " Marine Nationale " . Commissioned on 1 December 1971 , she was the first French SNLE ( " Sous - marin Nucléaire Lanceur d ' Engins " , " Device - Launching Nuclear Submarine " ) . She was fitted with 16 M1 ballistic missiles , delivering 450 kt at 2000 kilometres . In 1974 , she was refitted with the M2 missile , and later with the M20 , each delivering a one - megatonne warhead at a range over 3000 kilometres . The " Redoutable " ( " formidable " or " fearsome " in French language ) was the only ship of her class not to be refitted with the M4 missile . The " Redoutable " had a 20 - year duty history , with 51 patrols of 70 days each , totalling an estimated 90 , 000 hours of diving and 1 . 27 million kilometers of distance , the equivalent of travelling 32 times around the Earth . She was decommissioned in 1991 . In 2000 , she was removed from the water and placed in a purpose - built 136 meter dry dock , and over two years was made into an exhibition . This was a monumental task , the biggest portion of which was removing the Nuclear Reactor and replacing the midsection with an empty steel tube . In 2002 , she opened as a museum ship at the Cité de la Mer naval museum in Cherbourg , France , being now the largest submarine open to the public and the only complete ballistic missile submarine hull open to the public ( although several museums display small portions such as sails and / or parts of rudders from such submarines ) . Dinner special events for organizations abroad this ship ' s interior spaces are offered by Cité de la Mer
Bolivarian Forces of Liberation The Bolivarian Forces of Liberation - Liberator Army ( , FBL - EL ) is a guerrilla organization operating in Venezuela . The group claims to fight for Bolivarianism , a left - wing , South American ideology . The organization , formed in 1992 as a left - wing nationalist militia to defend against potential entry of Colombian paramilitants and " invasion by imperialist forces " , was cited by El Universal to have some 4 , 000 members in Alto Apure , Apure . The group was accused by a priest in Guasdualito of having recruited young people to become child soldier s , an accusation which was rejected by FBL spokespeople .
French frigate Vendémiaire ( F734 ) The Vendémiaire is a light monitoring frigate ( " " frégate de surveillance " " ) of the French " Marine Nationale " . She is the fifth ship of the , and is named after Vendémiaire , the first month of the Republican Calendar . Operational history . " Vendémiaire " was deployed to East Timor as part of the Australian - led INTERFET peacekeeping taskforce from 20 September to 17 November 1999 . " Vendémiaire " and her sister ship " Nivose " are reasonably frequent visitors to Wellington . The ship went on a tour of Chinese ports in 2011 , stopping at Canton , Chiang Tao , Hong Kong and Shanghai . It was opened to the public 17 - 4 - 11 in Hong Kong . In October 2013 participated in the International Fleet Review 2013 in Sydney , Australia .
Ravenscraig Castle , Aberdeenshire Ravenscraig Castle , also known as the Craig of Inverugie , is a grade B listed ruined 15th - century L - shaped tower - house north - west of Peterhead , Aberdeenshire , Scotland . The castle was the seat of the barony of Torthorston , held by the Cheynes family , and passed to the Keiths in the mid - 14th century . A licence was granted to build a new castle in May 1491 , with the castle built on the banks of the Ugie and defended by a moat . King James VI of Scotland visited the castle in 1589 .
7th Field Regiment , Royal Australian Artillery The 7th Field Regiment , Royal Australian Artillery was an Australian Army Reserve artillery unit with its headquarters based at Pymble , New South Wales , and was part of 8th Brigade . The regiment had two gun batteries which were equipped with the L119 Hamel Gun . Following changes brought about by Plan BEERSHEEBA , the regiment was disbanded on 1 January 2013 and replaced by a battery sized establishment known as 7th Light Battery . They are equipped with 81mm mortars . The former gun batteries were reduced to Troop size and remain at the same depots .
Defence Science Organisation Defence Science Organisation ( DSO ) is the defence research agency of Singapor e . It was set up in 1972 by the late Dr Goh Keng Swee to conduct research on future warfare . Three engineers were handpicked by Dr Goh to form the Electronics Test Centre ( ETC ) . With the progressive expansion of its R & D scope , the ETC was renamed the Defence Science Organisation in 1977 . In 1997 , the Defence Science Organisation was incorporated as a not - for - profit company limited by guarantee and became known as DSO National Laboratories .
Vitry - Brienne Air Base Vitry - Brienne Air Base is an abandoned military airfield in France , located approximately 17 miles northwest of Bar - sur - Aube ( Departement de l ' Aube , Champagne - Ardenne ) ; 85 miles east - southeast of Paris . History . Vitry - Brienne Air Base ' s origins begin in 1950 when , with the Cold War , NATO intended the base to be a main United States Air Force operating base for USAFE and construction began in 1953 . However , because the USAF could not decide what type of wing should be assigned there , by 1956 it was decided to use the base as a NATO Dispersed Operating Base , to be used in the event of an emergency . No flying unit was ever permanently assigned to Brienne and it was used for dispersal training only . However , it did require the same level of equipment as a standard air base . NATO security personnel were required to control base access , guard equipment , munitions and supplies stored on the facility , as well as prevent vandalism . Construction began in 1953 , and Brienne Air Base was designed for 50 fighters with three large hangars constructed . By 1956 it was decided not to deploy another wing to France and utilize the nearly completed facility as a DOB for the 48th Fighter - Bomber Wing at Chaumont - Semoutiers Air Base . Det # 1 , 48th Air Base Group from Chaumont AB was designated as the host unit on 1 May 1958 and the facility was used by 48th FBW aircraft starting in September . The base was deactivated on 25 October 1959 and the facility was maintained by 7544th Support Group from Chaumont AB until September 1961 to the United States Army where it became an aircraft depot for light fixed wing aircraft and helicopters . The Army turned over the base to French control on 24 June 1965 and in 1970 it was purchased by the Brienne Chamber of Commerce and later sold to private developers . It has been used by various groups for sport aviation , sky diving and soaring . In addition , an aviation museum has been established in the old USAF hangars .
MW08 Thales Naval Nederland ( formerly Signaal ) MW08 is a G - band 3D target indication radar , part of the 3D multibeam ' SMART ' ( Signal Multibeam Acquisition Radar for Tracking ) family which includes E / F band ( former S band ) SMART - S / SMART - S Mk2 and D band ( former L - band ) SMART - L . MW08 transmits six 2 by 12 degree stacked beams up to 70 degrees for height finding and is capable of fully automatic detection and tracking ( ADT ) . The radar also directs gunfire against surface targets by 3 Track - While - Scan surface windows with splash plotting capability , but does not provide up - link commands to surface - to - air missiles in flight . In February 1996 Jane ' s International Defence Review reported that the radar was no longer offered to new customers due to Thales Group ' s product rationalization policy favoring MRR 3D radar developed by Thales France , formerly Thomson - CSF . However the policy has been quietly reversed . MW08 is installed on the following ship classes .
Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal The Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal was established in 1946 by the government of Chiang Kai - Shek to judge four Japanese Imperial Army officers accused of crimes committed during the Second Sino - Japanese War . It was one of thirteen tribunals established by the Nationalist government . The accused were Lieutenant General Hisao Tani , company commander Captain Gunkichi Tanaka and Second Lieutenants Toshiaki Mukai and Tsuyoshi Noda , made famous by the contest to kill 100 people using a sword . General Yasuji Okamura was convicted of war crimes in July 1948 by the Tribunal , but was immediately protected by the personal order of Nationalist leader Chiang Kai - shek , who retained him as a military adviser for the Kuomintang ( KMT ) . While he was questioned by the investigators , he however testified about the Nanking massacre : As Iwane Matsui had been judged by the Tokyo tribunal ; Prince Kotohito Kan ' in , Kesago Nakajima and Heisuke Yanagawa had been dead since 1945 ; Isamu Cho had committed suicide and Prince Asaka had been granted immunity by General Douglas MacArthur as member of the imperial family , Hisao Tani was the only officer prosecuted for the Nanking massacre . He was found guilty on 6 February 1947 and executed by a firing squad on 26 April . All the accused were sentenced to death in 1947 . According to the verdict of the Tribunal for Tani , on 10 March 1947 , there were " more than 190 , 000 civilians and Chinese soldiers killed by machine gun whose corpses were burned to destroy proof . Besides , we count more than 150 , 000 victims of barbarous acts buried by the charity organizations . We thus have a total of more than 300 , 000 victims . " This estimate was made from burial records and eyewitness accounts . The death toll of 300 , 000 is the official estimate engraved on the stone wall at the entrance of the Memorial Hall for Compatriot Victims of the Japanese Military ' s Nanjing Massacre in Nanjing . References . Philip R . Piccigallo , " The Japanese on Trial : Allied War Crimes Operations in the East " , 1945 – 1951 , University of Texas press , 33 , 73
HMS Holland 2 HMS " Holland 2 " was the second Royal Navy submarine to be built , and the first to be given a non - secret launch , in February 1902 . She was the second of the " Holland " - class submarine s . " Holland No . 2 " was laid down on 4 February 1901 and commissioned on 1 August 1902 . She set the depth record for the British " Holland " - class , accidentally diving to 78 feet . In December 1902 she sustained some minor damage after a current took her off course and she accidentally surfaced directly underneath a brigantine . She was sold on 7 October 1913 .
1st Proving Ground Group The 1st Proving Ground Group is a disbanded United States Army Air Forces unit . It was last active with the Army Air Forces Proving Ground Command , based at Eglin Field , Florida . It was disbanded on 1 April 1944 . The unit ' s personnel / equipment / mission was taken over by the 610th Army Air Forces Base Unit ( AAF Base Unit ) and 611th AAF Base Unit . History . The group was established at Orlando Army Air Base , Florida in August 1939 . It was assigned the 1st Pursuit Squadron , 24th Bombardment Squadron ( Light ) ( not manned until 1940 ) and 54th Bombardment Squadron ( Medium ) . It transferred from Orlando for permanent assignment to Eglin Field to conduct flight testing activities in June 1941 . In 1944 , the group conducted " Operation Crossbow " program to determine the best method of attacking German V - 1 “ buzz bomb ” sites along the French and Dutch coasts , February 1944 . Began testing the Republic - Ford JB - 2 Loon , an American version of the German V - 1 , which became the foundation of the Air Force guided missile program , October 1944 . The AAF found standard military units , based on relatively inflexible tables of organization were proving less well adapted to the support mission . Accordingly , a more functional system was adopted in which each base was organized into a separate numbered unit . Accordingly , the group was disbanded and the testing mission and associated personnel of the group were assumed by the 611th AAF Base Unit ( Flight Test ) ( later 611th AF Base Unit ( Proof Test Group ) ) . At the same time the 610th Army Air Forces Base Unit ( Proving Ground Complement ) assumed the equipment , and personnel of the group associated with base support as well as those of the 118th WAC Post Headquarters Company , 2051st Ordnance Company , Aviation ( Service ) , 869th Signal Service Company ( Aviation ) , 24th Aviation Squadron , 4th AAF Emergency Rescue Boat Squadron , and 1453d Quartermaster Service Company ( Aviation ) . Later in 1944 , the 610th assumed the electronics and flight test activities of the 611th and became the 610th AAF Base Unit ( Flight Test ) . The 610th transferred its base support activities to the 609th AAF Base Unit ( Airdrome Group ) in January 1947 and was discontinued on 1 August 1947 with its mission assumed by Army Air Forces Proving Ground ( Provisional ) . The 611th AAF Base Unit was discontinued on 9 July 1948 , when the Air Proving Ground Command reorganized according to the Wing / Base ( Hobson Plan ) model .