naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Merchant Marine Vietnam Service Medal The Merchant Marine Vietnam Service Medal ( Ribbon ) is a decoration of the United States Merchant Marine authorized on May 20 , 1968 . Conditions . The decoration is awarded to officers and men for service aboard merchant vessels flying the American flag in Vietnam waters between July 4 , 1965 and August 15 , 1973 . Design . Prior to 1992 , the Merchant Marine Vietnam Service Medal was a ribbon - only decoration . Afterwards , a medal was affixed to the ribbon . As follows is a design note : " the dragon is traditionally associated with Vietnam , the shoreline denotes service in the coastal waters adjacent to Vietnam , and the anchor symbolizes maritime service . "
James C . Owens , Jr . James C . Owens , Jr . ( 5 December 1910 – 4 June 1942 ) born in Batavia , New York , he was a naval aviator . He was appointed Naval Aviation Cadet , USNR , 3 September 1935 . Following flight training at Pensacola , Florida , he served on board " Lexington " ( CV - 2 ) ; and on 1 September 1941 , he joined Torpedo Squadron 8 on board " Hornet " ( CV - 8 ) . Appointed Lieutenant 6 January 1942 , Owens was with this squadron when it pressed home a courageous and determined attack against Japanese carriers 4 June during the Battle of Midway . Without the protection of fighters or accompanying dive bombers , the pilots exposed themselves to overwhelming firepower ; and every plane of the squadron was shot down . By forcing the enemy ships to maneuver radically and eliminating Japanese air cover , the " stark courage and relentless drive " of the torpedo pilots , such as Lieutenant Owens , made possible the American victory that followed . For extraordinary heroism in the face of overwhelming danger , Lt . Owens received the Navy Cross and the Presidential Unit Citation ( US ) posthumously . Namesake . The USS " James C . Owens " ( DD - 776 ) was named in his honor .
Nuremberg Diary Nuremberg Diary ( ISBN 0 - 306 - 80661 - 4 ) is Gustave Gilbert ' s account of and interviews he conducted during the Nuremberg Trial s of Nazi leaders , including Hermann Göring , involved in World War II and the Holocaust . Gilbert served as a prison psychologist in Nuremberg , where he had close contact with those on trial . The text is the verbatim notes Gilbert took immediately after having conversations with the prisoners , information backed up by essays he asked them to write about themselves . Parts of the diary were published in 1947 , and the whole thing was published in 1961 , just before the trial of Adolf Eichmann in Jerusalem .
1934 Khamba Rebellion The 1934 Khamba Rebellion was a rebellion in the western regions of Kham in Xikang against the Tibetan Government . It consisted of Khamba tribesmen led by the Pandatsang family ; two brothers of the family , Pandatsang Togbye and Pandatsang Rapga , led the revolt . Revolt . The Pandatsang were an extremely rich Khampa trading family with enormous influence in Kham . The family leader was Nyigyal . The family ' s servants often said " Sa spang mda ' gnam spang mda ' . " " The earth is Pangda ' s , the sky is Pangda ' s . " and " I am connected to Pangda , what are you going to do to me ? " . They were behind the rebellion against Lhasa in 1934 and the Tibet Improvement Party . The mastermind of the rebellion was Pandastang Togbye of the rich and powerful Kham Pandatsang family . Pandatsang Rapga was the brother of Pandastang Togbye ( also spelled Topgyay ) , who was a great friend of Thubten Kunphela who also came from Kham . Partly out of anger over Kunphela ' s fall from power after the death of the 13th Dalai Lama , Thubten Gyatso , in 1934 Togbye organized a revolt against the Tibetan government in areas the areas they controlled in the western part of Kham . ( that was about one third of the whole Kham region ) . His brother had military control while Rapga was more of a " scholar " . They aimed to ultimately attack Lhasa , and had to take Chamdo first . He did so in the belief that many monks from Kham originating in the large monasteries near Lhasa would support him in this . The Tibetan government knew that the rebellion originated from within Kham . The residence of his family in Lhasa was confiscated , but ultimately negotiations ensued . The reason was that the family was the main exporter of Tibetan wool abroad , and any further incident could affect government funds . As a result of the outcome of the negotiations , the members of the family did not persecute the rebellion further . Grey Tuttle , an Assistant Professor of Modern Tibetan studies , believes that it was possible that Rapga " was a devout believer in the political ideology of Sun Yat - sen and had translated some of Sun ' s more important writings into Tibetan " during this rebellion .
Type 38 15 cm howitzer The was a 1905 German design that was purchased by the Empire of Japan as the standard heavy howitzer of the Imperial Japanese Army at the end of the Russo - Japanese War . The Type 38 designation was given to this gun as it was accepted in the 38th year of Emperor Meiji ' s reign ( 1905 ) . History and development . As Japan ' s priority lay in her navy , the Imperial Army was given a back seat to new land warfare designs , as well as the raw material ( steel ) needed to build them . Thus , like the US who purchased French Renault tanks ( Model 1917s ) for its first tank units , the planners at the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff found it necessary to purchase artillery , and turned to Krupp in Germany . Initial units were imported , and then further production was made under license by the Army ’ s Osaka Arsenal starting in 1911 . After World War I , these weapons were considered largely obsolete and efforts were made to replace it with the Type 4 15 cm howitzer . However , it was still found in front line heavy artillery regiments . Design . The Type 38 150mm Howitzer was a conventional design for its day , complete with crew seats on the gun shield and a solid box trail . It had a hydrospring recoil system , interrupted screw type breechblock , and 1 / 16 - inch gun shield . It was designed to be moved by a team of eight horses , but in practice , its heavy weight was a problem . The Type 38 150mm Field Gun ( improved ) was capable of firing High - explosive , shrapnel , incendiary , smoke and illumination and gas shells . Surplus weapons were also mounted on the chassis of the Type 97 Chi - Ha medium tank as the Type 4 Ho - Ro self - propelled gun . Combat record . Although obsolete , the Type 38 150mm Field Gun was found in theatres of operation in the Second Sino - Japanese War , Soviet - Japanese Border Wars and in the early Pacific War . Against the Chinese , the Type 38 was used with some success due to the fact the Chinese were desperately lacking in heavy artillery in the early part of the war . However , whenever the Japanese did face Chinese heavy artillery typically armed with German 15 cm sFH 18 heavy artillery guns , e . g . in the Battles of Wuhan and Changsha , Japanese gun crews found themselves badly outranged and hopelessly outgunned and the Type 38 was withdrawn from front - line service in 1942 . However , as the Type 4 Ho - Ro self - propelled gun , units were deployed on Luzon and other islands in the Philippines , and were used in combat against American forces at the Battle of the Philippines in 1944 . Other units were retained on the Japanese home islands in anticipation of the projected Allied invasion .
SM UC - 99 SM " UC - 99 was a German Type UC III minelaying submarine or U - boat in the German Imperial Navy ( ) during World War I . The U - boat was ordered on 12 January 1916 and was launched on 17 March 1918 . She was commissioned into the German Imperial Navy on 20 September 1918 as SM " UC - 99 " . As with the rest of the completed UC III boats , " UC - 99 " conducted no war patrols and sank no ships . She was surrendered to Japan on 22 November 1918 . The U - boat was renamed O - 5 " for Japanese service from 1920 to 1921 . " O - 5 " was dismantled at the Yokosuka Navy Yard between March and June 1921 . The hulk of " O - 5 " was disoposed of as a gunnery and torpedo target in October that same year .
Caradog ap Gruffydd Caradog ap Gruffydd ( died 1081 ) was a Prince of Gwent in south - east Wales who made repeated attempts to gain power over all of southern Wales by seizing the Kingdom of Deheubarth . Lineage . Caradog was the grandson of Rhydderch ab Iestyn who had seized the throne of Deheubarth before his death in 1033 . Caradog ' s father , Gruffydd ap Rhydderch also held sway in Deheubarth for a while before being eventually driven out and killed by Gruffydd ap Llywelyn who eventually ruled most of Wales . Early career . The family ' s stronghold was the Kingdom of Gwent , and Caradog appears to have been able to add Morgannwg during his early career . He first appears in the historical record in 1065 . Harold Godwinson , after defeating Gruffydd ap Llywelyn in 1063 had begun to build a hunting lodge in Portskewet . Caradog attacked and destroyed it , going on to ravage the district with his forces . Ambition & Aggression . Caradog now set out to emulate his father and grandfather by adding Deheubarth to his realm . In 1072 he defeated and killed the ruler of Deheubarth , Maredudd ab Owain , in a battle by the Rhymney River . In 1078 he won another victory over Rhys ab Owain who had succeeded Maredudd as prince of Deheubarth , killing him too . By 1081 he had forced the new prince of Deheubarth , Rhys ap Tewdwr to flee to the St David ' s Cathedral . Welsh Alliance Against Him . However the situation was changed by the arrival from Ireland of Gruffydd ap Cynan , who was aiming to seize the throne of Gwynedd from Trahaearn ap Caradog . Rhys ap Tewdwr and Gruffydd ap Cynan met at St David ' s Cathedral and made an alliance with the blessing of the Bishop of St Davids . Killed at the Battle of Mynydd Carn . Caradog countered this by himself making an alliance with the King of Gwynedd , Trahaearn ap Caradog . The two factions met in battle at Mynydd Carn , about a day ' s march north of St David ' s . Caradog and his ally Trahaearn were both killed . Succession . Caradog left a son , Owain ap Caradog , who contented himself with the rule of Gwynllwg and was the founder of the line of the Lords of Caerleon in south east Wales .
David L . McDonald David Lamar McDonald ( September 12 , 1906 – December 16 , 1997 ) was an Admiral of the United States Navy , who served as the 17th Chief of Naval Operations ( CNO ) , 1 August 1963 – 1 August 1967 , during the Vietnam War era . Military career . A native of Maysville , Georgia , McDonald originally sought to go to the United States Military Academy , receiving a nomination from Representative Thomas Montgomery Bell of the 9th Congressional District . After learning he was 2 months and 12 days too young , he opted to attend Riverside Military Academy first , then entered the United States Naval Academy , graduating in 1928 . Before becoming a naval aviator , McDonald was assigned to the battleship USS " Mississippi " ( BB - 41 ) and the battleship USS " Colorado " ( BB - 45 ) . The future admiral spent three years , from 1935 to 1938 , as a flight instructor at Naval Air Station Pensacola in Pensacola , Florida . Between 1938 and 1955 , he served as flag secretary of the aircraft command of the United States Atlantic Fleet , commander of the Naval Operational Training Command , executive officer of the aircraft carrier USS " Essex " ( CV - 9 ) in the Pacific and assistant chief of staff for operations of the United States Pacific Fleet . During the mid - 1950s , McDonald commanded the aircraft carrier " USS Coral Sea " ( CV - 43 ) . In the early 1960s , before becoming Chief of Naval Operations , he served as Commander , Sixth Fleet . At the time of his selection as Chief of Naval Operations , he was the youngest full admiral in the navy , and had only received his fourth star a month prior . In 1976 , nearly a decade after he retired , McDonald wrote in his autobiography of his participation in the escalation of the Vietnam War : Maybe we military men were all weak . Maybe we should have stood up and pounded the table . . . I was part of it and I ' m sort of ashamed of myself too . At times I wonder , " why did I go along with this stuff ? " The airfield at Naval Station Mayport , Florida , is named after McDonald .
Emerson C . Itschner Emerson Charles Itschner ( July 1 , 1903 in Chicago , Illinois , United States – March 15 , 1995 ) graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1924 and was commissioned in the Corps of Engineers . He obtained a degree in civil engineering from Cornell University in 1926 . Itschner served with the Alaska Road Commission in 1927 – 1929 . He taught at the Missouri School of Mines and served as assistant to the Upper Mississippi Valley Division Engineer and the St . Louis District Engineer . He commanded a topographic survey company in 1940 – 1941 . In 1942 – 1943 Itschner headed the office in Corps headquarters that supervised Army airfield construction in the 48 states . In 1944 – 1945 he oversaw the reconstruction of ports and the development of supply routes to U . S . forces in Europe as Engineer , ADSEC ( Advance Section , Communications Zone ) . Itschner headed the division in Corps headquarters responsible for military construction operations from 1946 to 1949 . After a year as Seattle District Engineer , he went to Korea as Engineer of I Corps and oversaw engineer troop operations in western Korea . He was North Pacific Division Engineer in 1952 – 1953 . From 1953 until being appointed Chief of Engineers , he served as Assistant Chief of Engineers for Civil Works . General Itschner retired in 1961 . The Itschner Award is given each year by the Society of American Military Engineers in his honor . He was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal , Legion of Merit with two Oak Leaf Clusters , Bronze Star , and the Purple Heart .
1st Mechanised Division ( Poland ) The 1st " Warsaw " Mechanised Division ( ) was a mechanized infantry formation of the Polish Land Forces that existed from 1955 until September 1 , 2011 . During this entire period , the division was headquartered in Legionowo . The unit stood down in 2011 as a result of reorganizations in the Polish Army . The division was formed in 1955 on the basis of the 1st Infantry Division of the Polish People ' s Army . This precursor division had existed since 1943 and saw service on the Eastern Front of the Second World War as a Soviet - controlled allied formation , part of the Polish Armed Forces in the East . Structure . The 1955 reorganization equipped the division with armored personnel carriers and medium tanks . The division was initially structured and quartered as : After the fall of communism in Poland , the units of the army were organized to reflect NATO practice . Thus , by 2009 , the division was structured and quartered as : The division provided cadres for rotations V and IX for the Polish component of Multi - National Division Central South . Notably , under the 2009 organization , the units of the division were geographically much farther from one another than the original deployments of 1955 . For most of this period , the division was subordinated to the Warsaw Military District . As part of ongoing reorganization of the Polish Army , the 1st Mechanised Division stood down on September 1 , 2011 . < br > Sources . " This article is based on the Polish Wikipedia article of the same name as it existed on October 30 , 2011 . "
USS Damon M . Cummings ( DE - 643 ) USS " Damon M . Cummings " ( DE - 643 ) was a " Buckley " - class destroyer escort of the United States Navy , named in honor of Lieutenant Commander Damon M . Cummings ( 1910 – 42 ) , who was posthumously awarded the Navy Cross for his heroism on board during the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal . " Damon M . Cummings " was launched on 18 April 1944 by Bethlehem Steel Co . , San Francisco , California ; sponsored by Mrs . D . M . Cummings ; and commissioned on 29 June 1944 , Lt . Cmdr . C . R . Millett , USNR , in command . Clearing San Francisco on 8 September 1944 " Damon M . Cummings " escorted a convoy to Eniwetok and then sailed on to Port Purvis , Florida Island , arriving on 15 October . She served in the Solomons until 6 November , and on 19 November she arrived at Funafuti , Ellice Islands , from which she patrolled shipping lanes until 2 January 1945 . Returning to Port Purvis on 18 January 1945 , " Damon M . Cummings " continued escort and patrol duty in the Solomons until 9 March . After repairs to her sound gear at Manus Island , she arrived at Leyte on 19 March to rendezvous with an LST group which she screened to the invasion of Okinawa on 1 April . She remained on patrol off Okinawa until 1 May , then escorted convoys from Ulithi , Saipan , and San Pedro Bay . Leyte , to Okinawa until the end of the war . " Damon M . Cummings " remained in the Far East after the war , serving on air - sea rescue stations in the Marianas and visiting Tokyo from 3 to 12 October . On 1 November she cleared Saipan for an overhaul at Bremerton , Washington . She returned to the Western Pacific to provide services to the fleet at Tsingtao and Shanghai , China , and off Haiphong and Saigon , Indo - China , between 15 February and 16 September 1946 . She was placed out of commission in reserve at Long Beach , Calif . on 3 February 1947 . " Damon M . Cummings " received one battle star for World War II service .
Fire in the hole " Fire in the hole " is a warning that an explosive detonation in a confined space is imminent . It originated with miners , who needed to warn their fellows that a charge had been set . The first cannon s developed were discharged , shot or exploded by placing a flaming torch to a small hole packed with gunpowder and leading to the main powder charge . This caused the main charge to explode , propelling the cannon ball to the enemy , or sometimes , blowing up the cannon and all standing nearby . Hence , " fire in the hole " was both a command to the torch man , and a warning to all around . Over time cannons improved ; they became safer , with no hole or fire needed . The command was reduced to " fire " , while the full phrase " fire in the hole " became a general warning for the use of explosive weapons . It was subsequently adopted by the United States Army and Marines to give notice that a grenade or satchel charge was being tossed into a bunker , spider hole , or other enclosure . The term " frag out " is also commonly used . It is not used for all explosions – throwing a grenade in the open is not announced , for example – only those surprisingly close . It is also commonly used by bomb disposal personnel in both civilian law enforcement and the military to alert nearby persons that a controlled detonation of a suspected bomb or unexploded ordnance is about to take place . Use in media . In film and television . This phrase is used extensively on film and TV sets by the special effects department whenever setting off effects charges of any nature ( from weapons that fire blanks to a blood squib to huge fireballs ) . It serves as a warning to the crew that a loud sound is imminent and as a final warning to stop the shot if there are any problems in any department . As an observable example , the phrase is frequently used in " MythBusters " prior to explosives tests ; the explosives technician or another cast / crew member will yell the phrase three times , in three different directions , just before setting off the bomb . The phrase is also found in many movies . For example : In literature . " Fire in the Hole " is the title of an Elmore Leonard short story , upon which the American FX Channel 2010 television series " Justified " is partly based . In video games . This phrase can often be heard in combat - related video games , such as " America ' s Army " , " Half - Life " , " Counter - Strike " , " Far Cry " , " Battlefield 2 " , " Battlefield 3 " , " Call of Duty " , " CrossFire " , " Point Blank " , " " , " Left 4 Dead " , " Left 4 Dead 2 " , " Mass Effect 2 " , " Postal 2 " , " Brothers In Arms " , and others . In OTC products . " Fire in the Hole " is the name of an anti - itch product developed for the US Military and found in drug and grocery stores .
1st Mountain Infantry Division Superga 1st Mountain Infantry Division Superga was an infantry division of the Italian Army during World War II . It was formed in 1940 , and was part of the Italian I Corps during the Italian invasion of France . Mountain Divisions are not to be confused with the " Alpini " specialized mountain troops . The Mountain divisions had pack horse artillery instead of the usual towed type . Action . On 24 June 1940 the Division attacked the Ouvrage Pas du Roc in the Alpine Line . Supported by its neighbor , Ouvrage Arrondaz and others , the fort repelled the attack . The Division was reorganized for the planned invasion of Malta but was instead sent to Tunisia in November 1942 . It was destroyed in May 1943 fighting against the British forces in the Tunisia Campaign . Organization . Commander . General Curio Barbasetti di Prun The force designated ' 50 Special Brigade ' consisted of 6th Infantry Battalion ( Regiment ? ) , 557th ( 7th ) Semovente Group , ( 75 / 18 Assault Guns ) , and the 15th Armoured Battalion from the Centauro Armoured Division plus 3 Artillery battalions - or 3d Artillery Group .