naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Fiat M14 / 41 The Fiat M14 / 41 was a four person Italian tank that served from 1941 in the Italian Army . According to the Italian designation system at the time it was a medium tank , however the M14 / 41 is more comparable in weight to the light tanks of other nations . The official Italian designation was Carro Armato M 14 / 41 . This designation includes the designation ( " armored tank " ) , the tank classification ( " M " for medium tank ) , the weight in tonnes ( 14 ) , and the year of adoption ( 1941 ) . Development . The M14 / 41 was a slightly improved version of the earlier Fiat M13 / 40 with a more powerful diesel engine . It was produced in limited numbers as it was considered already obsolete by the time of its introduction . The M14 / 41 used the same chassis as the M13 / 40 but with a redesigned hull with better armor . The M14 / 41 was manufactured in 1941 and 1942 . Nearly 800 were produced by the time production ended . In combat . The tank was first employed in the North African Campaign where its shortcomings became quickly apparent . The vehicle was unreliable , cramped , and caught fire easily when hit . Following the withdrawal of Italian forces from North Africa the M14 / 41 was rarely encountered , though many captured vehicles were pressed into service by British and Australian forces to fill the serious shortage of allied tanks in 1941 . These vehicles did not remain in Allied service for long . Variants . The M14 / 41 served as the chassis for the far more successful Semovente 90 / 53 heavy tank destroyer .
Breguet 410 The Breguet 410 was a French bomber of the early 1930s . Not many of these twin - engined sesquiwing biplanes were built . At least one Breguet 413 , one of its variants , was sold to the Spanish Republican Air Force during the Spanish Civil War . Development and design . The Breguet 410 was a sesquiplane prototype designed by Breguet Aviation in order to meet the requirements of the Technical Aeronautic Service ( " Service Technique de L ' Aéronautique " ) of the French government towards the end of the 1920s for a bomber and reconnaissance plane type designated as " Multiplace de Combat " . It had a steel frame covered with duralumin ; its armament was two front and two rear 7 . 7 mm Lewis machine gun s and it could carry a bomb load up to 1300 kg . Only one unit of the first variant , the Breguet 410 , was built which was ignored in favor of the competing Amiot 143 despite its combat qualities . Other plane prototypes built by other companies such as the Blériot 137 and the SPCA 30 underwent a similar fate as the Breguet 410 . Most its later developments or variants never went past the prototype stage . Operational history . The only Breguet 410 unit flew in 1931 and was fitted with two Hispano - Suiza 12Nb motors . Developments followed though , with an upgraded and slightly modified version , the Breguet 411 , which flew in 1932 . Like its predecessor this Breguet aircraft was again rejected by the French government . The Breguet 413 was an improved version , fitted with more powerful Hispano - Suiza 12Ybrs engines . Four units were constructed for the " Armée de l ' Air " , the first one of which flew in February 1933 . At least one of these became part of the " Escadrille Internationale " and was sent to the Spanish Republican Air Force at the beginning of the Civil War in that country , but its fate is unknown . A further development followed , the Breguet 414 . It was fitted with Gnome - Rhône 14Kdrs engines and its first test flight was in November 1933 . Only one prototype was built which crashed in France in 1940 . There is not sufficient information regarding the Breguet 420 project . Thus the fact whether the Breguet 414 was the same unit that was upgraded becoming the Breguet 420 prototype remains doubtful .
William Carr ( admiral ) Surgeon Rear - Admiral William James Carr , CBE , ( 30 January 1883 - 16 May 1966 ) , Australian naval officer , was the Royal Australian Navy ' s Director of Naval Medical Services from 1932 to 1946 . Carr was born in Thornton in Craven , a village in the West Riding of Yorkshire , England , where his father James was a solicitor . He was educated at Marlborough College in Wiltshire and at Trinity College , Cambridge , where he gained an arts degree in 1904 , specialising in classics : he read both Latin and Greek . He then studied medicine at the Royal London Hospital , becoming an LRCP and MRCS in 1908 . He remained at London Hospital as a resident medical officer until 1910 , and then worked as a ship ' s doctor on a merchant vessel . In 1911 the newly formed Royal Australian Navy ( RAN ) advertised in Britain for professional men to join the service , and Carr enlisted on 9 December . He was posted to the new Australian light cruiser HMAS " Melbourne " with the rank of surgeon - lieutenant , where he served until 1917 . During World War I he saw service in New Guinea ( where he was present at the German surrender of Rabaul ) , the Pacific , North Atlantic and West Indies . In October 1917 he transferred to the battlecruiser HMAS " Australia " , and in March 1918 to the cruiser HMAS " Sydney " , where he served until 1920 . In August 1919 he married Leonora Eddington , to whom he had been engaged since 1914 . They had a son and two daughters . In 1920 Carr was posted to the RAN College at Jervis Bay , south of Sydney , and was promoted to surgeon - commander . In 1925 he went on an exchange posting to the Royal Naval Hospital near Portsmouth , England , and on his return to Australia in 1927 he was posted to HMAS " Cerberus " , the RAN naval base at Flinders , south of Melbourne . He bought a home at Frankston , half - way between Melbourne and Flinders , where he lived for the rest of his life . In 1932 Carr was appointed Director of Naval Medical Services ( DNMS ) with the rank of surgeon - captain . The RAN at this time had been drastically cut back following the London Naval Treaty and the spending cuts during the Great Depression . Nevertheless Carr was able to build up a system of naval medical training and facilities that proved to be effective when the RAN began to expand again in the late 1930s . During World War II Carr oversaw an extensive network of RAN medical facilities across the South - West Pacific theatre , and from 1943 was also in charge of the Royal Navy ' s medical services in the Pacific . His status was recognised by his appointment as an honorary aide de camp to the Governor of Victoria , and as an honorary surgeon to King George VI in 1944 . Carr retired in March 1946 with a Commander of the Order of the British Empire and the rank of surgeon rear - admiral , the first Australian naval surgeon to attain flag rank . In retirement he was active in local affairs and was a delegate to Victorian state conferences of the Liberal Party . He died at Frankson in May 1966 .
SS Flynderborg ( 1930 ) The SS " Flynderborg " was a Danish steam merchant ship . She was taken over after the fall of Denmark during the Second World War , and sailed under the British flag . She sailed in a number of convoys before being sunk whilst carrying supplies to the UK in 1941 . Early career . " Flynderborg " was built by W . Gray & Co Ltd , of West Hartlepool in 1930 for the Danish firm C . K . Hansen , of Copenhagen . After the German invasion of Denmark in 1940 she was seized by the British on 22 August and transferred to the Ministry of War Transport . She retained her original name but was operated for the Ministry by Hall Brothers , of Newcastle upon Tyne . She served in a number of convoys , initially between UK ports , but then moved to transatlantic crossings . She was part of the ill - fated convoy SC - 7 , but was one of the few merchants to safely reach port in the UK . Sinking . She continued to take part in the convoys . Her last one was with convoy SC - 52 under the command of her master P . Petersen . She arrived at the assembly point at Sydney , Nova Scotia from Parrsboro , Nova Scotia , sailing from Sydney on 29 October 1941 bound for London with a cargo of 2 , 125 tons of lumber . During the crossing the convoy was sighted northeast of Notre Dame Bay , Newfoundland by " U - 202 " on 3 November . She launched a number of torpedo es at 04 . 54 , 04 . 58 and 05 . 05 hours , and observed hits on two ships and heard a third strike a target . The " Flynderborg " and the " Gretavale " had been hit and sunk . " U - 202 " went on to sink a capsized wreck with a coup de grâce at 08 . 44 hours , which may have been either the " Flynderborg " or the " Gretavale " . Three crew members were lost with the " Flynderborg " whilst the master , 18 crew members and two gunners were picked up by the Flower class corvette HMCS " Windflower " and were landed at St . John ' s .
205th ( 2nd Welsh Border ) Brigade The 205th ( 2nd Welsh Border ) Brigade was a formation of the British Army during the First World War . It was raised as a second line brigade , part of the 68th ( 2nd Welsh ) Division , from those men in the Territorial Force who had not agreed to serve overseas . The second line infantry battalions had a minimum strength of 600 men .
Max Wandrey Max Wandrey ( 8 April 1910 – 21 February 1945 ) was a highly decorated Major der Reserve of the Brandenburgers in the Wehrmacht during World War II , and one of only 882 recipients of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross and its higher grade Oak Leaves was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . Max Wandrey was wounded on 20 February 1945 after hitting a landmine . He died on 21 February 1945 and was posthumously awarded the Oak Leaves to his Knight ' s Cross on 16 March 1945 .
Pointblank directive The Pointblank directive authorised the initiation of Operation Pointblank the code name for the primary portion of the Allied Combined Bomber Offensive intended to cripple or destroy the German aircraft fighter strength , thus drawing it away from frontline operations and ensuring it would not be an obstacle to the invasion of Northwest Europe . The Pointblank directive of 14 June 1943 ordered RAF Bomber Command and the U . S . Eighth Air Force to bomb specific targets such as aircraft factories , and the order was confirmed when the Allies met at the Quebec Conference , 1943 . Up to that point the RAF and USAAF had mostly been attacking German industry in their own way - the British by broad night attacks on industrial areas and the US in " precision attacks " by day on specific targets . The operational execution of the Directive was left to the commanders of the forces and as such even after the directive the British continued in night attacks and the majority of the attacks on German fighter production and combat with the fighters was down to the USAAF . In practice the USAAF bombers made large scale daylight attacks on factories involved in the production of fighter aircraft . The Luftwaffe was forced into defending against these raids , and its fighters were drawn into battle with the bombers and their escorts . It was these battles of attrition that reduced the Luftwaffe strength despite increases in German aircraft production . Casablanca directive . At the January 1943 Casablanca Conference , the Combined Chiefs of Staff agreed to conduct the Combined Bomber Offensive ( CBO ) , and the British Air Ministry issued the Casablanca directive on 4 February with the object of : On 14 June 1943 , the Combined Chiefs of Staff issued the Pointblank directive which modified the February 1943 Casablanca directive . Along with the single - engine fighters of the CBO plan , the highest priority Pointblank targets were the fighter aircraft factories since the Western Allied invasion of France could not take place without fighter superiority . In August 1943 , the Quebec Conference upheld this change of priorities . Among the factories listed were the Regensburg Messerschmitt factory ( which would be attacked at high cost in August ) , the " Schweinfurter Kugellagerwerke " ball - bearing factory ( attacked in October and also causing heavy USAAF losses ) and the Wiener Neustädter " " Flugzeugwerke " ( WNF ) which produced Bf 109 fighters .
Ferdinand Neuling Ferdinand Neuling ( August 22 , 1885 - February 2 , 1960 ) was a general of the Heer during World War II . In September 1939 , German troops under his command occupied the Polish part of Upper Silesia and cities of Katowice , Mikołów Chorzów , committing numerous war crimes on Polish civilians and resistance fighters . Biography . In 1905 he joined the Kaiser ' s army as ensign in 139th Infantry Regiment . A year later he was promoted to lieutenant . He served in World War I and received the Iron Cross 1st and 2nd Class . After 1918 , he continued service in the Reichswehr . In 1929 , he was promoted to major , in 1933 to colonel . In the same year , he took command of 23rd Infantry Regiment . On 1 January 1939 he became General Major and three months later took command of Landwehr in Oppeln . On the eve of World War II he was ordered to create the 239 Infantry Division , basing on Landwehr soldiers . The Division ' s battle value was considered very low and the unit was scheduled to be used as reserve . On 2 September 1939 , his division crossed German - Polish border in Gierałtowice . The troops marched towards Ornontowice , then Mikołów . Neuling had to struggle with Polish civilians who desperately tried to defend their homeland against Nazi aggressors . On 3 September , following the retreat of Polish Army from Upper Silesia , Neuling entered Mikołów . A day later , he seized Katowice , where was warmly greeted by German citizens and fiercely attacked by Poles . Three days later , his soldiers burned down the synagoge in Katowice . After capturing Upper Silesia Neuling ' s division headed east . In October 1939 they guarded the German - Soviet border on Bug River , which was created after the fall of Poland . In 1940 Neuling ' s men took part in the offensive against France , stormed the Maginot Line , and captured Colmar and Strasbourg . After that , he was put into army ' s reserve . Since 1942 he commanded LXII ArmeeKorps in France . On 18 August 1944 , his corps was crushed by advancing units of the US Army . Neuling was taken prisoner and transferred to the POW camp in Clinton , Mississippi . He returned to Germany in 1947 and died in Hildesheim in 1960 . He never faced any charges concerning crimes committed during the war .
Captain ( British Army and Royal Marines ) Captain ( Capt ) is a junior officer rank of the British Army and Royal Marines . It ranks above Lieutenant and below Major and has a NATO ranking code of OF - 2 . The rank is equivalent to a Lieutenant in the Royal Navy and to a Flight Lieutenant in the Royal Air Force . The rank of Captain in the Royal Navy is considerably more senior ( equivalent to the Army / RM rank of Colonel ) and the two ranks should not be confused . A rank of 2nd Captain existed in the Ordnance at the time of the Battle of Waterloo . From 1 April 1918 to 31 July 1919 , the Royal Air Force maintained the junior officer rank of captain . It was superseded by the rank of flight lieutenant on the following day . Rank insignia . Badges of rank for captains were introduced in 30 January 1855 and were worn on shoulder epaulets . After the Crimean War a new rank system was introduced which contained the first complete rank insignia in British Army history . A captain ' s rank insignia was worn on the collar and displayed a crown and a pip ( which is now the rank insignia for a lieutenant - colonel ) . The rank insignia were returned to the shoulder boards in 1880 for all officers in full dress , when the system of crowns and stars was reorganised . From this time , until 1902 , a captain had just two stars . The 1902 change gave captains three stars , which continues to be used . In addition to the shoulder badges , officers ' ranks were also reflected in the amount and pattern of gold lace worn on the cuffs of the full - dress tunic . From 1902 , a complex system of markings with bars and loops in thin drab braid above the cuff ( known irreverently as the asparagus bed ) was used at first but this was replaced in the same year by a combination of narrow rings of worsted braid around the cuff , with the full - dress style shoulder badges on a three - pointed cuff flap . Based on equivalent naval ranks , captains had two rings of braid . In the case of Scottish regiments , the rings were around the top of the gauntlet - style cuff and the badges on the cuff itself . During World War I , some officers took to wearing similar jackets to the men , with the rank badges on the shoulder , as the cuff badges made them conspicuous to snipers . This practice was frowned on outside the trenches but was given official sanction in 1917 as an alternative , being made permanent in 1920 when the cuff badges were abolished .
British military narrow gauge railways These are narrow gauge railways at military establishments and former UK Government - owned explosives sites . These locations were often subject to the Official Secrets Act and other government restrictions , so many of them are less well documented . The industrial use of narrow - gauge railways was quite extensive amongst the various military and civilian explosive factories , for example ICI Nobel ' s works at Ardeer and the Agency Explosive Factories run by ICI Nobel in the Second World War . To give an example , the Ministry of Supply ( MOS ) Factory Dalbeattie used gauge with a variety of bogie trucks mostly pushed by teams of three to six women . Stores , explosives , chemicals , rubbish and sewage , were all transported on this narrow - gauge system , which used at least of track .
Siege of Masulipatam The Siege of Masulipatam was a British siege of the French - held town of Masulipatam in India during the Seven Years War . The siege commenced on 6 March 1759 and lasted until the storming of the town by the British on the 7 April . The British were commanded by Colonel Francis Forde while the French defenders were under the command of Conflans . The British taking of the town helped relieve the Siege of Madras .
Siege of Hull ( 1642 ) The Siege of Hull in 1642 was the first major action of the English Civil War . As both sides moved towards war , Parliament had access to more military materiel , due to its possession of all major cities including the large arsenal in London . In Kingston upon Hull , where the majority of the inhabitants were royalists , there was a large arsenal which had been established for the Second Bishops ' War in 1638 . To deny the Royalists access to this , in January 1642 Sir John Hotham was ordered by Parliament to seize Hull . This was at once carried out by his son John , who became the Military Governor of Hull . Charles I hoped that quick victories would negate Parliament ' s advantage in materiel and as the armouries in London were beyond his reach he hoped to take the large arsenal at Hull to supplement the armouries he did have access to , such as those of the Derbyshire and Staffordshire trained bands . In April 1642 Hotham refused to admit Charles I to Hull . Later he promised his prisoner , Lord Digby , that he would surrender the city to the king , but when Charles appeared again , after travelling to Beverley ( a walled medieval town some 8 – 10 miles away which was an armoury ) to collect more soldiers , Hotham refused a second time and drove away the besiegers . Charles took great personal affront to these actions , and declared Hotham a traitor . The Royalists ' unsuccessful siege of the city was a major step on the road to full scale war which would start at in earnest with the pitched battle of Edgehill on 23 October 1642 .
Charles Henry Poor Rear Admiral Charles Henry Poor ( June 11 , 1808 - December 5 , 1882 ) was a U . S . Navy officer of the mid - 19th century . Born in Cambridge , Massachusetts , in 1808 , Poor entered the Navy in 1825 and served nearly 30 years at sea . During the Civil War , he commanded the , , , and . He was promoted to rear admiral in 1868 and commanded the North Atlantic Squadron . Poor retired in 1870 from that post . His daughter Elizabeth Lindsey Poor married rear admiral Theodore Frelinghuysen Jewell on June 15 , 1871 . Poor died in Washington , D . C . , in 1882 .
James R . Garrison James R . Garrison ( June 22 , 1838 – April 19 , 1908 ) was a Union Navy sailor in the American Civil War and a recipient of the U . S . military ' s highest decoration , the Medal of Honor , for his actions at the Battle of Mobile Bay . Born on June 22 , 1838 , in Poughkeepsie , New York , Garrison was still living in that state when he joined the Navy . He served during the Civil War as a coal heaver on Admiral David Farragut ' s flagship , the . At the Battle of Mobile Bay on August 5 , 1864 , he lost a toe to Confederate fire but continued his duties at the shell whip ( a device used to lift ammunition up to the gun deck ) until receiving a second , severe , wound . For this action , he was awarded the Medal of Honor four months later , on December 31 , 1864 . Garrison ' s official Medal of Honor citation reads : On board the flagship , U . S . S . " Hartford " , during successful engagements against Fort Morgan , rebel gunboats and the ram " Tennessee " in Mobile Bay , on 5 August 1864 . When a shell struck his foot and severed one of his toes , Garrison remained at his station at the shell whip and , after crudely bandaging the wound , continued to perform his duties until severely wounded by another shellburst . Garrison died on April 19 , 1908 , at age 69 and was buried at Hampton National Cemetery in Hampton , Virginia .
French ship Invincible ( 1780 ) Invincible was a first - rate ship of the line of the French Royal Navy . Built on plans by Deslauriers , she served during the American War of Independence in Lamotte - Picquet ' s squadron . She took part in the Battle of Cape Spartel , where she attacked the rear of the British squadron . She was eventually struck in January 1808 .
Clément - Bayard No . 2 The Clément - Bayard No . 2 was a French military airship of 1910 , developed by automobile manufacturer Clément - Bayard . Unlike their previous design , this aircraft was designed and built entirely by the firm itself . On 7 September 1910 , the airship was used to make the first aerial wireless communications , sending and receiving messages to the Eiffel Tower with a 65 kg ( 143 lb ) transmitter carried aboard . The No . 2 was offered for sale to the French Army , at FF 200 , 000 ( less than half the price of No . 1 ) , but was again rejected as too expensive . It was next offered to sale to the UK , and on 16 October Maurice Clément himself piloted it across the English Channel , completing the flight between Breuil and Wormwood Scrubs in a little under 6 hours , and carrying 6 passengers . After arrival , it was purchased by " The Daily Mail " newspaper in England for ₤GBP 16 , 000 ( around FF 150 , 000 ) in order to present to the British government . However , after deflation to transport to another airship base , it was damaged during ground transit so extensively that it was judged beyond repair and never flew again .