naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
First White House of the Confederacy The First White House of the Confederacy was the executive residence of President Jefferson Davis and family while the capital of the Confederate States of America was in Montgomery , Alabama . Completely furnished with original period pieces from the 1850s and 1860s , the 1835 Italianate - style house is open to the public . It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1974 . In February 1861 , shortly after selecting Davis as president , the Provisional Confederate Congress , meeting in Montgomery , authorized the leasing of an executive mansion . An offer came from Colonel Edmund S . Harrison of nearby Prattville , Alabama , who had recently purchased a newly renovated house in Montgomery that had previously been owned by a series of prominent citizens of the city . He offered to rent the house fully furnished and staffed for $ 5 , 000 per year . The house served as the first White House of the Confederacy from February 1861 until late May 1861 , when the Confederate capital moved to Richmond , Virginia . During that time , the White House was the setting for many lavish parties and receptions hosted by Mrs . Davis .
Kraków Fortress Kraków fortress ( " Festung Krakau " ) refers in the narrow sense to the 19th century Austro - Hungarian fortifications , and in the larger sense - to the interconnected fortifications in Kraków , Poland , including 18th century Kościuszko Insurrection forftifications , and the medieval Wawel castle and city walls .
Black Legion ( Ustaše militia ) The Black Legion ( " Crna Legija " ) was an Ustaše militia infantry unit active during World War II in Independent State of Croatia and later incorporated into the 5th division of the Croatian Armed Forces in December 1944 . The legion was formed in September 1941 as the 1st Ustaša Regiment . It consisted largely of Muslim and Croatian refugees from eastern Bosnia , where large massacres were carried out by Chetniks and to a small degree by the Yugoslav Partisans . It became known for its fierce fighting against the Chetniks and the Partisans and massacres against Serb civilians . The legion ' s commanders were Colonel Jure Francetić and Major Rafael Boban and it consisted of between 1 , 000 and 1 , 500 men . History . The Black Legion was formed in Sarajevo in April 1941 with 12 founding members of which 11 were Croat and one was Muslim . The force grew to be predominantly Muslim in response to the atrocities carried out against Muslims . Its first official name was Sarajevo Ustaše Camp . The unit was formed by pre - war " Ustaše " members , Jozo Zubić , Drago Jilek and Bećir Lokmić . Thi unit commander was Lokmić , an " Ustaše " member stationed in Sarajevo before the war . The unit ' s first task was guarding of state buildings in Sarajevo . Its first armed conflict occurred on the railway in Pale , Sarajevo , against Chetniks who wanted to take over the water supply . Soon , they entered conflict with Chetniks on the wider area of Sarajevo , under mountains Igman , Trebević and Romanija . in April 1941 . While Boban remained in command of the unit to the very end of the war , Francetić was killed in action in 1942 and was succeeded by Colonel Ivo Stipković and then Major Franjo Sudar . With the loss of its commander , the Legion was broken up . The main body became the I Pokretni Ustaški sdrug ( I Mobile Ustaša Brigade ) , while the Boban Battalion was used to form the cadre for the newly formed V Ustaša Brigade in Podravina . Former members of the Black Legion continued to wear the black uniform right up to the end of the war , probably as a sort of honorary mark of distinction . Lastly , at least 120 former Black Legion men were executed by the Partisans at Sisak in May 1945 .
Battle of Toulon ( 1707 ) The Battle of Toulon was fought from 29 July to 21 August 1707 at Toulon , France during the War of the Spanish Succession . During the battle , a French and Spanish force defeated one from Austria , the Dutch Republic , Savoy and Great Britain . In July 1707 Prince Eugene tried to take the French naval port of Toulon . Eugene had crossed the Var on the 11th , and – although hampered by the negligence and inefficiency of Victor Amadeus II of Savoy – had reached Frejus . He was in touch with the British fleet under admiral Shovell by the 16th . But Victor Amadeus ' procrastination caused further delays , and gave time for the troops which the Duke of Berwick was sending home from Spain to reinforce Marshal René de Froulay de Tessé at Toulon before the arrival of the Allies ( 26 July ) . On 14 August , Tessé retook the crucial heights of Santa Catarina , which the Allies had stormed a week earlier ; and Eugene , finding his retreat menaced and little chance of taking Toulon , had to abandon his attempt ( 22 August ) , and fall back across the Var , having lost 10 , 000 men in this ill - fated enterprise . Shovell before he evacuated bombarded the French harbour and was able to sink two French ships of the line and damage severely two others . The campaign ' s only fruit was that , in order to prevent their ships falling into the enemy ' s hands , the French had sunk their whole squadron of more than forty six ships of between fifty and 110 guns in the harbour . King Louis XIV gave orders that they be sunk and later be refloated . He was concerned that the Royal Navy would burn the ships ; the three deckers would lie with only their upper decks showing above the water . Much of the damage sustained , however , proved irreparable ; it is estimated that the French Navy lost 15 ships of the line in this operation , thereby putting it quite out of its power to contest the English control of the Mediterranean . Bibliography . Holmes , Richard . " Marlborough : Britain ' s Greatest General : England ' s Fragile Genius " , Harper Perennial , 2009 ISBN 0 - 00 - 722572 - 5
Robert Buffum Private Robert Buffum ( 1828 to July 20 , 1871 ) was an American soldier who fought in the American Civil War . Buffum was the third person to receive the country ' s highest award for bravery during combat , the Medal of Honor , for his action during the Great Locomotive Chase in Georgia ( U . S . state ) in April 1862 . He was honored with the award on 25 March 1863 . Biography . Buffum was born in 1828 in Salem , Massachusetts and enlisted into the 21st Ohio Infantry at Gilead , Ohio on September 2 , 1861 . He was among a group of Ohio men ( 19 soldiers and 2 civilians ) who volunteered to participate in a secret mission to disrupt Confederate communication . In April the group , led by James J . Andrews , which later came to be called " Andrews ' Raiders " , boarded a train in Georgia . On April 12 , after the train had stopped in Big Shanty , they commandeered the train ' s engine and three boxcars and headed towards Chattanooga , Tennessee . Under pursuit from the Confederates , they destroyed track and telegraph lines along the way . They never made it to Chattanooga but abandoned the engine . They were all captured within a week . Some of the men were hanged . Buffum was taken as a prisoner of war , but was eventually exchanged on 17 March 1863 . Buffum died on July 20 , 1871 . His remains are interred in Auburn , New York .
USS Cozy ( SP - 556 ) USS " Cozy " ( SP - 556 ) was a United States Navy patrol vessel in commission from 1917 to 1918 . " Cozy " was built as a wooden - hulled civilian working motorboat of the same name by L . P . Trader . On 15 November 1917 , the U . S . Navy chartered her from her owner , Harry N . Collins of Franklin City , Virginia , for use as a section patrol vessel during World War I . She was commissioned as USS " Cozy " ( SP - 556 ) on 30 November 1917 . Assigned to the 5th Naval District , " Cozy " served on patrol duties for the rest of World War I . " Cozy " was decommissioned in December 1918 and returned to Collins on 20 December 1918 .
USS Harjurand ( ARS - 31 ) USS Harjurand ( ARS - 31 ) was a rescue and salvage ship acquired by the U . S . Navy during World War II . Her task was to come to the aid of stricken vessels . Service career . " Harjurand " was built as " SS Olesa " in 1919 by Astilleros Cardona , S . A . , Barcelona , Spain . She had a long and varied merchant career , serving in the 1920s as " SS Per Skogland " under Estonian registry , 1931 - 32 as " SS Camberway " for the British Sunderland Steam Shipping Co . , in 1933 as " SS Tento " , in 1934 as " SS Marpot " , and finally under Estonian ownership again as " SS Harjurand " in 1937 . Requisitioned by the War Shipping Administration , she was turned over to the Navy 1 June 1942 . Although Navy owned , she was operated under contract by Merritt Chapman , and Scott , under the supervision of the Bureau of Ships . " Harjurand " was one of the pioneer vessels in the Navy ' s very successful World War II Salvage Service . One of her first major operations was the salvage of cargo from " SS Edward Luckenbach " torpedo ed off Florida 1 July 1942 . " Harjurand " and other salvage ships worked from 28 March to 8 December 1943 at the difficult job of bringing up her valuable cargo of metal ores , and " Harjurand " succeeded in carrying some 4 , 500 tons of the recovered ore to Tampa , Florida , to be utilized in the war effort . For most of the next 18 months , " Harjurand " was engaged mainly in removing protruding parts of sunken hulks which threatened navigation off the East Coast of the United States . She worked on " SS Gulfamerica " off Jacksonville , Florida , April 1944 , " SS Ashkabad " at sea east of Georgia in June , " SS Maurice Tracy " off South Carolina in August , and destroyer ( DD - 240 ) off the Florida Keys during April 1945 . At the close of the war , to which the old coal - burning " Harjurand " had contributed much , the contract with Merritt Chapman , and Scott was terminated and the ship was returned to the War Shipping Administration 22 May 1946 . She was stricken from the Navy List 19 June 1946 . Subsequently , " Harjurand " was sold to Miraflores , S . A . , of Panama , and resumed merchant service until about 1955 as " SS Dodecanese " .
Niddry Castle Niddry Castle is a fourteenth - century tower house near Winchburgh , West Lothian , Scotland . It is situated near the Union Canal , and is adjacent to a large oil shale " bing " , or waste heap . The tower was built around 1500 by Lord Seton . Mary , Queen of Scots , stayed here 2 May 1568 , after her escape from captivity in Loch Leven Castle . George Seton , 7th Lord Seton garrisoned the castle in support of Queen Mary in 1572 during the civil war in Scotland . According to the chronicle , the " Historie of James the Sext " , it was twice attacked , in April and June . In April , the Captain with forewarning repelled a night attack . He suspended heavy timber beams around the tower and released them on a party climbing scaling ladders . The garrison of Edinburgh Castle supported Niddry by attacking Merchiston Castle , which was held for James VI of Scotland , as a diversion . In around 1680 , the castle passed to the Hope family and became part of the Hopetoun estate . The Hope family , now Marquesses of Linlithgow , hold the subsidiary title Baron Niddry . In the 1990s , Niddry Castle was restored by Peter Wright as a private residence . An extensive archaeological excavation of the castle and its surrounding barmkin area was also initiated by the proprietor . Formerly a Scheduled Monument , the tower was de - scheduled in 1996 to allow restoration , at which point it was upgraded to an ` A ` Listing . The four - storey L - plan tower has a corbel led parapet , and a turret in the angle of the " L " , which was added in the 17th century . The basement is vaulted , and the hall was above , on the first floor . The Castle features briefly in the closing pages of Sir Walter Scott ' s novel The Abbot which deals with the flight of Mary Queen of Scots to England .
Burst mode ( weapon ) In automatic firearm s , burst mode or burst fire is a firing mode enabling the shooter to fire a predetermined number of rounds , usually 2 or 3 rounds on hand held weapons and 100 + on anti - aircraft weapons , with a single pull of the trigger . This firing mode is commonly used in submachine gun s , assault rifle s and carbine s . Other types of firearms , such as machine pistol s ( e . g . , the Beretta 93R ) may also have a burst mode . The burst mode is normally employed as an intermediate fire mode between semi - automatic and fully automatic , although some firearms lack a " full auto " capability and use a burst mode instead . For instance , the M16A2 ( the standard - issue service rifle of the U . S . military ) has , in addition to the semi - automatic mode , a 3 - round burst mode , which replaced the fully automatic mode of the previous M16A1 . The reason for this replacement was the massive waste of ammunition and very poor performance of soldiers who fired their rifles in fully automatic mode during the Vietnam War . The number of rounds fired in a burst is almost universally determined by a cam mechanism that trips the trigger mechanism for each shot in the burst . Some designs , as employed on the M16A2 , will terminate the burst if the trigger is released before the burst is complete , while others will reset the cam position , so the next burst will fire a full number of rounds .
HMS Ambuscade ( 1913 ) HMS " Ambuscade " was an " Acasta " - class destroyer of the Royal Navy , launched in 1913 and sold for breaking in 1921 . Construction . She was laid down under the 1911 – 1912 construction programme by John Brown & Company ( originally as " Keith " ) , and launched on 25 January 1913 . Service in the First World War . Like her sister ships , she served with the 4th Flotilla of the Grand Fleet during the First World War . Disposal . She was sold for scrap to Petersen & Albeck on 6 September 1921 . References and notes . < br >
336th Bombardment Squadron The 336th Bombardment Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit . It was last assigned to the 4138th Strategic Wing . It was inactivated at Turner Air Force Base , Georgia on 1 Feb 1963 . History . Established as a B - 17 Flying Fortress heavy bomb group in early 1942 . Trained under Second Air Force before becoming an Operational Training Unit ( OTU ) . Readied for combat operations in early and deployed to European Theater of Operations ( ETO ) , being assigned to VIII Bomber Command in England in May 1943 . Engaged in strategic bombardment operations over Occupied Europe and Nazi Germany , becoming one of the most highly decorated squadron of the Air Offensive . Engaged in strategic bombardment operations until the German Capitulation in May 1945 . Personnel and equipment returned to the United States in June 1945 . Most personnel demobilized and squadron assigned to Second Air Force for training as a B - 29 Superfortress very heavy bomb squadron . Japanese Capitulation in August 1945 led to squadron being inactivated in August 1945 as an administrative unit . Activated in the reserves in 1947 , however unit never equipped or manned . Inactivated in 1949 due to budget restraints . Reactivated in 1952 as a Strategic Air Command B - 36 Peacemaker intercontinental strategic bombardment squadron . Trained with obsolete B - 29s until equipped with B - 36s in November 1952 . Engaged in worldwide strategic bombardment training and stood nuclear alert until 1959 when the B - 36 was retired . In 1959 was reassigned to SAC provisional 4138th Strategic Wing , being re - equipped with B - 52D Stratofortress intercontinental heavy bombers . Was reassigned to Turner AFB , Georgia by SAC to disperse its heavy bomber force . Conducted worldwide strategic bombardment training missions and providing nuclear deterrent . Was inactivated in 1963 when SAC inactivated its provisional Strategic Wings , redesignating them permanent Air Force Wings . Squadron was inactivated with aircraft / personnel / equipment being redesignated 824th Bombardment Squadron in an in - place , name - only transfer .
TR - 3 Black Manta The TR - 3A Black Manta is reputedly a United States Air Force spyplane . It is allegedly a black program , and its existence is officially denied . The TR - 3A is claimed to be a subsonic stealth spyplane with a flying wing design . It was alleged to have been used in the Gulf War to provide laser designation for F - 117A Nighthawk bombers , for targeting to use with laser - guided bomb s ( smart bombs ) . The TR - 3A is supposedly manufactured by Northrop Grumman . Because there is no hard evidence of the involvement of any other stealth aircraft in the Gulf War , another hypothesis has arisen . This holds that whatever vehicle has been identified as the " TR - 3 " is nothing more than a prototype for the B - 2 Spirit stealth bomber . Earlier theories that the TR - 3 was related to the Tier III program do not correspond with the time of appearance of the latter . This relation was suggested by the coincidental phonetical correspondence . Tier III resulted in 1990s in the RQ - 3 DarkStar , an aircraft with a totally different design . That the TR - 3 code is a continuation of the TR - 1 / ER - 2 series is also not proven , since all TR - 1s and U - 2s were renamed U - 2R in 1992 . Another candidate for the alleged spyplane is a design from Teledyne Ryan , patented in the United States on April 26 , 1977 , under number 4 , 019 , 699 . This aircraft of low observability as it is called , was invented by Robert W . Wintersdorff and George R . Cota , employees at Teledyne Ryan , a firm specialized in building unmanned reconnaissance aircraft . On May 10 , 1977 , a design of an aircraft was patented by Teledyne Ryan under number Des . 244 , 265 , and closely resembles the earlier mentioned example . This design was made by Waldo Virgil Opfer . The first design is unmanned , the second one manned . Whether one of these designs is related to the above mentioned TR - 3A is not positively identified , but it is a coincidence that TR also stands for Teledyne Ryan . Teledyne Ryan was procured by Northrop Grumman in 1999 . The Teledyne Ryan designs also strongly resemble the unidentified flying objects photographed in Belgium in 1989 / 1990 , which were chased by the Belgian Air Force and seen by hundreds of people .
354th Fighter Squadron The 354th Fighter Squadron ( 354 FS ) is part of the 355th Fighter Wing at Davis - Monthan Air Force Base , Arizona . It operates A - 10 Thunderbolt II aircraft conducting close air support missions . Mission . Conduct Close Air Support , Air Interdiction , Forward Air Control – Airborne , and Combat Search and Rescue for theater commanders worldwide . History . The 354th flew combat missions in the European Theater of Operations from , 14 September 1943 – 25 April 1945and in Southeast Asia from , 13 March – 12 June 1965 , 28 November 1965 – 7 October 1970 , and c . 14 January – 3 July 1973 . It conducted combat crew training from , 1971 – 1982 and forward air control training since 1991 .
SLNS Sayura SLNS " Sayura " ( " Sayura " , in Sinhalese : Sea ) is the flag ship and an offshore patrol vessel ( OPV ) of the Sri Lanka Navy . She was formerly , , a of the Indian Navy sold to Sri Lanka in 2000 . She was upgraded with new armament in India before being delivered to the Sri Lanka Navy . India also committed to providing maintenance and refit of the ship . Operations . " Sayura " is tasked with deep sea patrolling both within the Sri Lankan territorial waters and in international waters to curb ongoing arms smuggling by the LTTE . In recent months after undergoing a major refit in India , " Sayura " , along with other OPVs of the Sri Lankan Navy , has successfully intercepted several ships smuggling arms for the LTTE . In all these cases the ships were sunk when the LTTE Sea Tigers attacked the naval vessels with mortar s . " Sayura " also participated in the Cadex 2009 military training exercises with the Indian Navy after the war . INS " Sarayu " . Commissioned 10 April 1991 , INS " Sarayu " ( P54 ) served with the Indian Navy until she was sold to Sri Lanka on 1 November 2000 .
New Fourth Army The New Fourth Army ( ) was a unit of the National Revolutionary Army of the Republic of China established in 1937 . In contrast to most of the National Revolutionary Army , it was controlled by the Communist Party of China and not by the ruling Kuomintang . The New Fourth Army and the Eighth Route Army were the two main communist forces from 1938 . The New Fourth Army was active south of the Yangtze River ( Chang Jiang ) , while the Eighth Route Army was based in Yan ' an in the northwest . Members of the New Fourth Army wore their badge s on the left arm , with " " N4A " " and the soldier ' s unit and name listed on the badge . After the Xi ' an Incident , the Kuomintang led by Chiang Kai - shek and the Communist Party of China led by Mao Zedong formed a United Front against Japan , which was already in control of Manchuria and pushing into North China . The Marco Polo Bridge Incident in July 1937 marked the beginning of the Sino - Japanese War ( 1937 - 1945 ) . In October , 1937 , an announcement was made that Red Army soldiers active in the eight provinces in southern China — those who did not embark on the Long March would be part of the New Fourth Army . The New Fourth Army was established on December 25 , 1937 in Hankou , moving to Nanchang on January 6 , 1938 , when the detachments began marching to the battlefront . At the beginning , the New Fourth Army had four detachments and one task force battalion and numbered roughly ten thousand . Later the army moved to Anhui province . Ye Ting was the army commander , Xiang Ying the deputy army commander . It was in theory a united front against Japan but in practice there was friction between Nationalist and Communist Forces , which intensified in the fall of 1940 , culminating in the New Fourth Army Incident with a full fledged battle between the New Fourth Army and KMT National Revolutionary Army forces . Up until that point , most of the battles had been skirmish es . The army was fully reorganised after the incident and remained in active combat until the end of the war . Sources . Smedley , Agnes , " Battle Hymn of China " , Alfred A . Knopf 1943
USS Haste ( PG - 92 ) USS " Haste " ( PG - 92 ) , was one of a group of Canadian corvettes turned over to the United States Navy and manned by the Coast Guard . She was laid down as CN - 310 by Morton Engineering & Dry Dock Co . , Quebec , Canada , and launched on 22 August 1942 as HMS " Mandrake " . She was taken over by the US Navy , renamed " Haste " and commissioned on 6 April 1943 , Lieutenant W . A . Dobbs , USCG commanding . " Haste " took up regular escort duties following shakedown , making ten voyages to Newfoundland or the Caribbean before November 1944 . Small patrol ships such as " Haste " did much to lessen the effect of U - boat patrols on allied commerce during this critical period of the war . During the period November 1944 — May 1945 the corvette served on patrol duty for 10 - day periods out of New York . After making two more escort voyages to Newfoundland and return , the ship departed New York 2 July for Charleston , South Carolina , where she arrived 3 days later . Haste decommissioned 3 October 1945 and was returned to the Maritime Commission .
No . 6 Squadron ( Finland ) No . 6 Squadron ( or " LLv . 6 " , from 3 May 1942 " Le . Lv . 6 " ) , renamed No . 6 Bomber Squadron ( Finnish : " Pommituslentolaivue 6 " or " PLe . Lv . 6 " on 14 February 1944 ) was a maritime bomber squadron of the Finnish Air Force during World War II . The squadron was part of Flying Regiment 5 . Organization . Continuation War . The equipment consisted of 5 Polikarpov I - 153 s , 2 Koolhoven F . K . 52 s , 14 Tupolev SB s , 3 Dornier Do 22 KIs , 2 Marinens Flyvebaatfabrikk M . F . 11 s , 6 Blackburn Ripon IIFs , 3 Beriev MBR - 2 s and 1 Heinkel He 59 B - 2 .