naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Dawid Moryc Apfelbaum Dawid Moryc Apfelbaum ( some sources give Mieczysław or Mordechaj as his second name , and Appelbaum as his surname ) , " nom de guerre " " Kowal " ( " Blacksmith " ) ( ? - 4 / 28 / 1943 ) was allegedly an officer in the Polish Army and a commander of the Jewish Military Union ( " Żydowski Związek Wojskowy " , ŻZW ) , during the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising ( See Dawid Wdowiński . ) In 1939 Apfelbaum was a Lieutenant in the Polish Army . During the German invasion of Poland he fought in the defence of the Polish capital Warsaw . Moshe Arens , the author of numerous works on the Revisionist underground in the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising maintains that the " ZZW was led by Pawel Frenkel , a member of the Revisionist Youth Movement , Betar ; Leon Rodal , a member of the Revisionist movement , and David Apfelbaum , a former officer in the Polish Army who was an adherent of Zeev Jabotinsky . " After Poland ' s defeat together with many other Jews in Polish Army as well as Polish - Jewish political leaders he founded the ŻZW . In structures of the organization , Apfelbaum purportedly was the chief of the department of communication with Korpus Bezpieczeństwa and Armia Krajowa on " Aryan " site of Warsaw . Together with Paweł Frenkiel he was also said to be a leader of the war department in ŻZW . In the meantime , Armia Krajowa secured his promotion to Captain from the Polish government in exile . It is stated in many secondary accounts that during the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising Captain Apfelbaum was commander of a squad who took part in the heavy fighting in defense of the Muranowski Square . He was supposedly killed in the first days of uprising . After his death command of AK promoted him to the rank of Major in the Polish Army . In 2004 , the mayor of Warsaw Lech Kaczyński had a square named for Apfelbaum in the city ' s Wola district . Doubts about the existence of Apfelbaum . According to the historians Dariusz Libionka and Laurence Weinbaum , authors of an extensive study of the ŻZW , Apfelbaum was in all likelihood an entirely mythical figure . In an article published in 2007 in the Israeli newspaper Haaretz , and the Polish journal Więz they maintain that there is no credible evidence to suggest that there was a person by that name involved in the ZZW in any capacity . They reject the writings of Arens and others ( including most notably Paris author Marian Apfelbaum ) who ascribe to Apfelbaum a leadership role in the ŻZW . Libionka and Weinbaum demonstrate that Apfelbaum ' s name does not appear in any reliable eyewitness testimony and that contrary to claims to the contrary , Dawid Wdowinski did not refer to him in his memoirs . Libionka and Weinbaum examine the provenance of the Apfelbaum story and trace it to the accounts of Henryk Iwanski and his cohorts . In their book , published in 2011 , that testimony is deconstructed and relegated to the category of " apocrypha . "
Robert George Scott Lieutenant Colonel Robert George Scott VC DSO ( 22 April 1857 – 3 October 1918 ) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . Details . Scott was 21 years old , and a sergeant in the Cape Mounted Riflemen , Cape Colonial Forces during the Basuto Gun War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC . On 8 April 1879 during an attack on Morosi ' s Mountain , South Africa , Sergeant Scott volunteered to throw time - fuse shells as hand grenades over a wall of stone barricades from behind which the enemy were bringing heavy fire to bear on the Colonial troops . Sergeant Scott made his men take cover in case the shells burst prematurely before making two attempts to throw shells over it . At the second attempt the shell exploded almost in his hands blowing his right hand to pieces and wounding him severely in the leg . Further information . Educated at Epsom College Scott later served in the Second Boer War with the Kimberley Light Horse and in the First World War . He later achieved the rank of lieutenant colonel .
John Smith ( Medal of Honor , b . 1826 ) John Smith ( born 1826 , date of death unknown ) was a Union Navy sailor in the American Civil War and a recipient of the U . S . military ' s highest decoration , the Medal of Honor , for his actions at the Battle of Mobile Bay . Born in 1826 in Albany , New York , Smith joined the Navy from that state . By August 5 , 1864 , he was serving as a second captain of the top and gun captain on the . On that day , during the Battle of Mobile Bay , Alabama , he continued to man his gun despite heavy fire . For this action , he was awarded the Medal of Honor four months later , on December 31 , 1864 . Smith ' s official Medal of Honor citation reads : As captain of a gun on board the U . S . S . " Richmond " during action against rebel forts and gunboats and with the ram " Tennessee " in Mobile Bay , 5 August 1864 . Despite damage to his ship and the loss of several men on board as enemy fire raked her decks , Smith fought his gun with skill and courage throughout a furious 2 - hour battle which resulted in the surrender of the rebel ram " Tennessee " and in the damaging and destruction of batteries at Fort Morgan .
John Overall ( architect ) Sir John Wallace Overall CBE , MC & Bar ( 15 July 1913 – 2001 ) was an Australian World War II veteran and architect . He had humble beginnings and grew up with his sisters in a Masonic home . Overall served as an officer in the Australian Imperial Force during the Second World War , where he was awarded the Military Cross for " great courage , devotion and initiative " in 1941 for his service during the early Western Desert Campaign in North Africa . Overall was consequently awarded a Bar to the decoration for his " outstanding leadership and disregard for danger " on 1 September 1942 during the First Battle of El Alamein . After serving with the 9th Divisional Engineers , in September 1943 he took over command of Australia ' s first parachute infantry battalion , the 1st Parachute Battalion and was in command of that unit when they deployed to Singapore at the end of the war . When he returned to Australia following the war , he worked as an architect and in 1952 was made the Chief Government Architect in the Commonwealth Department of Works . In 1957 he was appointed Commissioner of the newly established National Capital Development Commission ( NCDC ) . In this role Overall made a significant contribution to the development of Canberra up until 1972 and in this regard is known as the " father of Canberra " for implementing Walter Burley Griffin ' s vision for the city as the founding Commissioner of the NCDC a position he held for 25 years . Sir John was also an advisor to various State Governments and fought vigorously for the protection of the Rocks area in Sydney which was marked for redevelopment . He returned to private practice in 1972 , where he served on the boards of Lend Lease and CSR Limited . Overall lobbied successive governments for the building of a new parliament house , and in 1977 was asked by Malcolm Fraser , Prime Minister of Australia to be Chairman of the selection committee that chose the winning design for the new building . Sir John also became a member of the Construction Committee of the New Parliament House and he fought vigorously for the integrity of the original design to be maintained when synthetic grass was suggested as a cost cutting measure by the government of the day for the roof of the New Parliament House . Today the New Parliament House has a grass lawn roof as a result of Sir John ' s passion for the integrity of the design to be implemented . He threatened to resign over the issue and lobbied Paul Keating , then Federal Treasurer to approve the additional funds to complete the building . He was awarded the Royal Australian Institute of Architects Gold Medal in 1982 , and John Overall Offices , the head office of the ACT Planning and Land Management and Overall Avenue in the Canberra suburb of Casey were named in his honour . Sir John also Overall is now highly regarded as the " father " of Canberra for implementing the Walter Burley Griffin " vision " and transforming Canberra from the " Bush Capital " as it was described as from the 1920s to the 1950s as well as selecting the design for the New Parliament House .
Entente frugale Entente frugale is a term for cooperation between the British and French governments , particularly in military procurement , which is driven by cost constraints , which was announced in November 2010 . The name is a wry reference to the entente cordiale . Together , France and the UK account for half of all military spending in the EU , and two thirds of R & D .
144th Division ( Imperial Japanese Army ) The was one of eighteen Coastal Defense Divisions raised by the Japan ese to defend the coast of their homeland from an anticipated Allied invasion , on the 28th of February 1945 . Each Division of the series between 140 and 160 had four infantry regiments . The 144th Division had the 413th , 414th , 415th and 416th Infantry Regiments , with other artillery , engineer , antitank , rocket artillery , and other divisional units . Allentown , PA : 1981
East Fuji Maneuver Area History . The area around the base of Mount Fuji has been associated with the military since medieval times . The samurai of the Kamakura Shogunate conducted military training in this area in the 13th century . In the modern era , the Imperial Japanese Army began using the sparsely populated area as a training ground since 1898 . The " Fuji - Susono Maneuver Area " was formally established in 1912 . To support training activities , a number of military base s were established in the vicinity , including Camp Takigahara ( 1908 ) , Camp Itazuma ( 1909 ) , and Camp Komakado ( 1936 ) . After the surrender of Japan at the end of World War II , these bases were occupied by the United States Army , and continued to be used for training . In 1951 , the area was formally returned to the control of the Japanese government , but continued to be used exclusively by the American military under the status of forces agreement . The post - war Japanese Ground Japan Self - Defense Force , lacked suitable training facilities , but was only granted access to the East Fuji Maneuver Area in 1959 after four years of legal action over the opposition of local landholders and reluctance by the American military . On July 31 , 1966 , the East Fuji Maneuver Area and its surrounding bases ( with the exception of Camp Fuji of the United States Marine Corps , whom share the training area ) were formally returned to the control of the Japanese government and the Japan Ground Self - Defense Force . Annual event . The East Fuji Maneuver Grounds is the location for the annual , which occurs throughout the month of August . On public days , the event is attended by the Minister of Defense and military attaché s from various foreign nations .
Sebastianus ( magister militum ) Sebastianus ( died before 445 or in 450 ) was a general of the Western Roman Empire , son - in - law of Bonifacius . A good soldier and advisor , and an orthodox Catholic , Sebastianus was son - in - law of the powerful Bonifacius , " comes Africae " in 420s , nominated " magister militum praesentalis " and patrician by the Empress Galla Placidia in 432 . The elevation of Bonifacius disturbed another influential general of the empire , the " magister militum praesentalis " Flavius Aetius , who had fought and won several campaigns in Gaul ; fearing that the promotion of Bonifacius to such an elevated rank ( Aetius was not a patrician ) would have brought his own dismissal , Aetius took the initiative and attacked Bonifacius , who won the Battle of Ravenna ( 432 ) but died for the wounds received . Sebastianus took the office previously kept by his father - in - law . In the meantime , Aetius fled first to his country estates , then to Rome and , through Dalmatia and Pannonia , reached the Huns , who were his friends ( Aetius had spent some years , as a boy , at the Hunnic court as a hostage ) . When , in 433 , Aetius entered Italy with a large Hunnic army , it was clear who was to win the encounter : Sebastianus was deposed and fled to Constantinople , seeking refuge at the Eastern court . Here he obtained the support of influential members of the court ; he allowed his supporters to start remunerative pirate activities in Hellespont and Propontis . In 444 , as result of some plots , he was obliged to flee the Eastern court ; he reached the Visigothic court of Theodoric I and , from there , he went to Barcelona . Being declared a public enemy by the Romans , he decided to pass from Spain to Africa , where he was welcomed by the Vandal king Geiseric , who , at the beginning , kept Sebastianus as advisor , but later put him to death ( 450 ) . A different timeline of the events puts his departure from Constantinople in 435 , his arrival in Africa in 440 and his death before 445 .
Modified Hotchkiss machine gun The Modified Hotchkiss machine gun was a Greek improvement of the French " Hotchkiss M1926 " , in turn an evolution of the Hotchkiss M1914 machine gun . Existing stock of French - built weapons was modernized before World War II in the Greek State Military Material Facility ( EYP ) of Athens . The main improvement involved the gun ' s weakest spot , its firing rate which in practice was only 220 rounds / min , about half that of contemporary machine guns . Apart from accomplishing increase to 420 rounds / min and improved stability , the same facilities undertook the production of a large number of auxiliary parts , with minor improvements . The gun was extensively used by the Greek Army during World War II . References . Christos Sazanidis , " Arms of the Greeks " , Maiandros , Thessaloniki ( 1995 )
François Joseph Westermann François Joseph Westermann ( 5 September 1751 – 5 April 1794 ) was a French general of the Revolutionary Wars and political figure of the French Revolution . Biography . Career . Born in Molsheim ( Bas - Rhin ) , François Joseph Westermann entered a cavalry regiment at an early age but soon left the service and went to Paris . He was an enthusiastic supporter of the Revolution , and in 1790 became " greffier " of the municipality of Haguenau . After a short imprisonment on a charge of inciting riots in Haguenau , he returned to Paris , where he joined Georges Danton and played an important part in the attack on the Tuileries on 10 August 1792 . He accompanied Charles François Dumouriez on his campaigns with the Army of the North , and assisted him in his negotiations with the Habsburgs , being arrested as an accomplice after the general ' s defection . Denounced by Jean - Paul Marat to the National Convention , Westermann succeeded in proving his innocence , and was sent with the rank of Brigadier General to quell the Revolt in the Vendée . Vendée and downfall . Westermann distinguished himself by his extraordinary courage , daring maneuvers , and severe treatment of the insurgents . After suffering a defeat at Châtillon , he defeated the Vendéens at Beaupréau , Laval , Granville , and Baugé , and in December 1793 annihilated their army at Le Mans and Savenay . In a controversial document , the authenticity of which is disputed , Westermann supposedly wrote to the Committee of Public Safety : Some historians believe this letter never existed . The rebellion was still going on , and there were several thousand living Vendéan prisoners being held by Westerman ' s forces when the letter was supposedly written . The killing of civilians would also have been an explicit violation of the Convention ' s orders to Westermann . After his victory he was summoned to Paris , where , as a friend and partisan of Georges Danton , he was proscribed with the Dantonist party and guillotined . He is depicted by Jacques Villeret in the 1983 film " Danton " .
Stalag XIII - D Stalag XIII - D Nürnberg Langwasser was a German Army World War II prisoner - of - war camp built on what had been the Nazi party rally grounds in Nuremberg , northern Bavaria . Camp history . In September 1939 an Internment Camp for enemy civilians was created within the buildings of the Sturmabteilung camp at the rally grounds . Within a couple of months , the civilians were moved out and prisoners from the invasion of Poland arrived . From May 1940 , after the invasion of Norway and the Battle of France , prisoners arrived in large numbers , until they totalled 150 , 000 from all occupied countries , except Britain . British prisoners were held in separate camps all over Germany . Part of the facilities were used as Oflag XIII - A for officers . In August 1940 most enlisted men were shipped to other camps ; Stalag XIII - A , Stalag XIII - B and Stalag XIII - C . Only those remained who were already employed in local industry and were housed in individual Arbeitskommando s . In June 1941 the massive influx of Soviet prisoners from Operation Barbarossa began . In August 1943 the camp was severely damaged during an Allied air - raid . 23 wooden huts were burnt down . Miraculously only two Soviet prisoners were killed in the camp . However , in this and subsequent bombing attacks , many prisoners were killed in individual Arbeitskommandos . In late 1944 / early 1945 the camp population grew enormously with the arrival of prisoners evacuated from camps in the east in front of the advance of the Red Army . These included many Americans and British airmen from Stalag Luft III . On 12 April 1945 large numbers were marched to Stalag VII - A , and on 16 April the camp was liberated by advance elements of the United States Army .
Spangenhelm The Spangenhelm was a popular medieval European combat helmet design of the Early Middle Ages . The name is of German origin . " Spangen " refers to the metal strips that form the framework for the helmet and could be translated as " braces " , and " - helm " simply means helmet . The strips connect three to six steel or bronze plates . The frame takes a conical design that curves with the shape of the head and culminates in a point . The front of the helmet may include a nose protector ( a nasal ) . Older spangenhelms often include cheek flaps made from metal or leather . Spangenhelms may incorporate mail as neck protection , thus forming a partial aventail . Some spangenhelms include eye protection in a shape that resembles modern eyeglass frames . Other spangenhelms include a full face mask . The spangenhelm arrived in Western Europe by way of what is now southern Russia and Ukraine , spread by nomadic Iranian tribes such as the Scythians and Sarmatians who lived among the Eurasian steppes . By the 6th century it was the most common helmet design in Europe and in popular use throughout the Middle East . It remained in use at least as late as the 9th century . The spangenhelm was an effective protection that was relatively easy to produce . Weakness of the design were its partial head protection and its jointed construction . It was replaced by similarly shaped helmets made with one - piece skulls ( nasal helm s ) , kettle hat s and eventually the Great helm or casque . Notes . " Portions of this article were translated from the German Wikipedia . "
Alexander von Hartmann Alexander von Hartmann ( 11 December 1890 – 26 January 1943 ) was a highly decorated General der Infanterie in the Wehrmacht during World War II who commanded the 71 . Infanterie - Division . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . Alexander von Hartmann was killed on 26 January 1943 at Stalingrad and was posthumously promoted to General der Infanterie .
USS Volunteer ( SP - 207 ) USS " Volunteer " ( SP - 207 ) was the proposed name and designation of a civilian motorboat considered for United States Navy service as a patrol vessel in World War I but never acquired by the Navy . " Volunteer " was a wooden - hulled motorboat built in 1906 at East Boothbay , Maine . The U . S . Navy inspected her during the summer of 1918 for possible World War I duty as a patrol vessel with the section patrol , and she was assigned the section patrol boat number SP - 207 . However , the Navy apparently never acquired her . The 1918 Naval Vessel Register listed " Volunteer " as a " water boat " and indicated that she was commissioned in the Navy on 23 August 1918 . However , that information is probably erroneous for two reasons . First , the 1919 edition of the Naval Vessel Register indicated that she was " not taken over , " and she is not listed in the lists of vessels assigned to naval district s found in the 1918 and 1919 issues of the Navy Directory . Second , there was another USS " Volunteer " ( ID - 3242 ) during World War I , a collier which served in the Naval Overseas Transportation Service in 1918 and 1919 and was commissioned on 23 August 1918 . It seems likely that the compilers of the 1918 Naval Vessel Register confused the two ships and that " Volunteer " ( SP - 207 ) never saw service with the Navy .
WIST - 94 The WIST - 94 is a semi - automatic pistol produced in Poland . Development . WIST - 94 was designed at Military Institute of Armament Technology ( WITU ) under the code name Piryt . Two prototypes were made in 1992 , which differ in the barrel locking system : Model A01 used a rotary - locking system and Model B01 using conventional , Browning type tilting barrel locking . B01 was the only one to complete testing but the development was temporarily halted due to the military cutting off funding . Financed by WITU and Prexer company , the project continued and in 1994 a new prototype was developed . Called WIST - 94 it is based on the B01 prototype . The new pistol was chosen by the Polish military as its new standard sidearm . Design details . The WIST - 94 is a semi - automatic pistol chambered for 9mm Parabellum round . It uses the Browning cam - lug system of operation . The polygonal - rifled barrel is locked to the slide by three locking lugs machined into the upper part of the barrel . The frame is made from polymer plastic while the slide is constructed from steel . The trigger mechanism is similar to the one used in Glock pistol s : striker - fired double - action - only ( DAO ) . After racking the slide back and after each shot fired the striker is held semi - cocked allowing for lighter trigger pull than conventional double - action . The only safety used is an internal automatic firing pin safety that unlocks the firing pin only in the final stages of the trigger pull . The WIST - 94 is fed by a 16 round magazine . The magazine release catch is reversible for use by left - handed shooter . The slide release lever is located at the left side of the gun . The sights are fixed and are have self - luminous tritium inserts for low - light situations . The WIST - 94L is also equipped with a laser sight mounted in the upper part of trigger guard . The name of the hand gun sounds , in Polish , very similar to Vis . Users . WIST - 94 pistol has started entering service with the Polish army in 1997 . The number of pistols ordered and the unit cost are currently classified .
Wilmington Union order of battle The following Union Army units and commanders fought in the Battle of Wilmington ( February 11 – 22 , 1865 ) of the American Civil War . The Confederate order of battle is listed separately . Department of North Carolina / Wilmington Expeditionary Force . MG John M . Schofield XXIII Corps . MG John M . Schofield Terry ' s Provisional Corps . MG Alfred H . Terry North Atlantic Blockading Squadron . Rear Admiral David D . Porter