naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
United States Department of the Air Force The Department of the Air Force ( DAF ) is one of the three Military Departments within the Department of Defense of the United States of America . The Department of the Air Force was formed on September 18 , 1947 , per the National Security Act of 1947 and it includes all elements and units of the United States Air Force ( USAF ) . The Department of the Air Force is headed by the Secretary of the Air Force ( SAF / OS ) , a civilian , who has the authority to conduct all of its affairs , subject to the authority , direction and control of the Secretary of Defense . The Secretary of the Air Force ' s principal deputy is the Under Secretary of the Air Force ( SAF / US ) . Their senior staff assistants in the Office of the Secretary of the Air Force are four Assistant Secretaries for Acquisition , Financial Management & Comptroller , Installations , Environment & Logistics , Manpower & Reserve Affairs and a General Counsel . The highest - ranking military officer in the department is the Chief of Staff of the Air Force who is the senior uniformed adviser to the Secretary , represents the Air Force on the Joint Chiefs of Staff , heads the Air Staff and is assisted in the latter capacity by the Vice Chief of Staff of the Air Force . By direction of the Secretary of Defense , the Secretary of the Air Force assigns Air Force units - apart from those units performing duties enumerated in unless otherwise directed - to the Commanders of the Combatant Commands . Only the Secretary of Defense ( and the President ) has the authority to approve transfer of forces between Combatant Commands . Organizational structure . See " Structure of the United States armed forces " Direct Reporting Units . The Air Force has a very limited number of Direct Reporting Units : Field Operating Agencies . Field Operating Agencies ( FOA ) perform field activities beyond the scope of any of the Major Commands . Their activities are specialized or associated with an Air Force wide mission , and their heads report directly to a functional manager in either the Office of the Secretary of the Air Force or the Air Staff . History . The department has suffered many problems in aircraft acquisition over the years .
Thermal sleeve A thermal sleeve is a device around the length of a gun barrel of a large caliber gun , typically found on modern tank s . Its primary purpose is to prevent the gun barrel from being thermally distorted due to environmental conditions , especially when the barrel is already hot due to frequent firing . Thermal sleeves were originally simply insulators . They would prevent ambient conditions such as bright sunlight or winds from heating or cooling one side of a barrel more than the other which would cause a thermal distortion ( bending or drooping ) , reducing accuracy . More modern variants contain concentric inner and outer insulating sleeves with a gap in between . Versions have been created which are detachable from a given barrel so that they can be re - used with a replacement barrel . Proposals exist for types that have advanced external thermal and radar profiles , reducing their thermal and radar signatures making the barrel and thereby the tank harder to detect . One of the earliest guns to use a thermal sleeve was the Royal Ordnance L11 used on the Chieftain tank .
Battle of Wadi Haramia The Battle of Wadi Haramia was the first Hand to hand combat battle fought between the Maccabees and the Seleucid Empire in 167 BC . The Jewish forces were led by Judas Maccabaeus and the Seleucid army force was under the command of Apollonius . After the Maccabean revolt started , Judas relocated his guerrilla combat units at the northern part of the Shomron . Apollonius , governor of Samaria , was sent with the local Samarian armies to link up with Seleucid forces from Jerusalem . Maccabaeus gained the element of surprise by ambushing the enemy army at Wadi Haramia and successfully destroyed the much larger Syrian Greek army and killing its commander . Another force was soon sent against Maccabaeus , which led to the Battle of Beth Horon .
Siege of Dapur The Siege of Dapur occurred as part of Ramesses II ' s campaign to suppress Galilee and conquer Syria in 1269 BC . He inscribed his campaign on the wall of his mortuary temple , the Ramesseum in Thebes . The inscriptions say that Dapur was " in the land of Hatti " . Although Dapur has often been identified with Tabor in Canaan , Kenneth Kitchen argues that this identification is incorrect and that the Dapur in question is in Syria , to the north of Kadesh . From Egyptian reliefs we can see that Dapur was a city , heavily fortified with both inner and outer walls , and situated on a rocky hill which was usual for Syrian cities and many other cities in the Bronze Age . Contemporary illustrations of the siege show the use of ladders and chariots with soldiers climbing scale ladders supported by archers . Six of the sons of Ramesses , still wearing their side locks , also appear on those depictions of the siege . Those include :
Sun Chuanfang Sun Chuanfang ( ) ( 1885 – November 13 , 1935 ) aka the " Nanking Warlord " or leader of the " League of Five Provinces " was a Zhili clique warlord and protégé of the " Jade Marshal " Wu Peifu ( 1874 – 1939 ) . Biography . Sun Chuanfang was born in Lichen , Shandong . Educated in Beiyang military school in 1904 and sent to Japan for more education , upon his return he joined the Beiyang Army and later joined the Zhili clique , rising quickly through the ranks . Sun became the military governor of Fujian on 20 March 1923 . In 1924 , at the beginning of the First Jiangsu - Zhejiang War , Sun commanded the 4th Army in Fujian . One of his first acts was to support his ally Qi Xieyuan , moving up from the south in a move that was responsible for the defeat of rival warlord Lu Yongxiang and the capture of Shanghai . He was subsequently rewarded with the military governorship of Zhejiang ( 20 September 1924 - 19 December 1926 ) . However his Zhili allies in the north were defeated during the Second Zhili – Fengtian War , ending with the Zhili clique losing all of its northern provinces to Zhang Zuolin and Feng Yuxiang ' s Guominjun . In 1925 the Guominjun launched a joint Anhui - Fengtian expedition under Zhang Zongchang which briefly retook Jiangsu and Shanghai in January . Lacking support from Sun Chuanfang , Qi Xieyuan was forced to resign and fled to Japan , but not before transferring what remained of his demoralised and heavily diminished army to Sun Chuanfang ' s command . Zhang Zongchang and Sun Chuanfang were now staring at each other over a battle - line delineated only by Shanghai proper . For the remainder of the year the two opposing generals bided their time . Then , in the fall of 1925 , the chance came : Sun launched a counterattack that drove Zhang Zongchang and his forces out of the Chinese districts of Shanghai . For the next two years Sun expanded his rule to include all of Jiangsu , Fujian , Anhui , and Jiangxi . He established his headquarters in Nanjing as military governor of Jiangsu on 25 November 1925 . The Northern Expedition ended his rule . Shanghai was captured in March 1927 and he fled to Japanese - held Dalian . On 13 November 1935 Sun was assassinated in Tianjin by Shi Jianqiao , the daughter the officer Shi Congbin , who ten years earlier had been commanding units in Shandong . In October 1925 , during the second war between the Zhili and Fengtian cliques , Shi Congbin had been captured by Sun Chuanfang , who had had him summarily decapitated and his head mounted on a pike . She received sympathy from the Chinese people and was pardoned by the Kuomintang Government .
Samuel Rush Meyrick Sir Samuel Rush Meyrick ( 16 August 1783 – 1848 ) was an English collector . He lived at Goodrich Court , Goodrich , Herefordshire , England , and introduced the systematic study of arms and armour . Life . He was born in 1783 to John and Hannah Meyrick . His father had been an officer in the Honourable Artillery Company and a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries . He was educated at Queens College , Oxford , graduating with a BA in 1804 , with a MA / Bachelor of Civil Law ( BCL ) in 1810 and finally with a Doctor in Civil Law ( DCL ) in 1811 . He practiced as an advocate in ecclesiastical and admiralty courts . In 1803 Samuel eloped to Wales with Mary Parry against the wishes of his parents and was cut out of his father ’ s will and forced to live on a small allowance . When his father died in 1805 he left his estate to Samuel ’ s son Llewellyn . Samuel did inherit from his father his passion for collecting antiquities including arms and armour and was elected a Fellow of the Society of Antiquities in 1810 . During this same year he published " History and Antiquities of the County of Cardigan " . After the death of his wife in 1818 he concentrated on building the Meyrick collection by a series of acquisitions of other collections . In 1824 he published his great work , the 3 volume " A critical enquiry into antient armour as it existed in Europe , but particularly in England , from the Norman conquest to the reign of King Charles II , with a glossary of military terms of the middle ages " . The book was illustrated in colour with Samuel ’ s paintings , was beautifully gilded , and solidified his reputation as an authority in the study of arms and armour . With the publication of this book Samuel hoped to rectify some historical inaccuracies that found their way to the displays of armour in the Tower of London and other collections . In 1828 he built Goodrich Court , having failed to acquire nearby Goodrich Castle . There the Meyrick collection was housed in a huge armoury . After helping to reorganise the collections at the Tower of London and Windsor Castle he was knighted in 1832 . In 1834 he was appointed High Sheriff of Herefordshire . In 1837 Llewellyn died and Samuel inherited his estate , providing the funds for yet more collection building . Legacy . After Meyrick ' s death in 1848 , Goodrich Court and the Meyrick collection passed to his cousin Augustus Meyrick , who exhibited the collection in 1869 at what is now the Victoria and Albert museum . He disposed of the collection to a number of private purchasers after first offering it to the British Government , as well as donating some objects to the British Museum . Many of the important items in Meyrick ' s collection were purchased by the antiquarian , Augustus Wollaston Franks , who later also donated them to the British Museum . Some of the best pieces of his collection can also be found in the Wallace Collection in London . Collection . Meyrick ' s collection of arms and armour included the following pieces :
Gertrude Kahn Gertrude Kahn , also known as Mrs . Ray Kahn , was an American who allegedly had a covert relationship with Soviet intelligence during World War II . In a Venona transcript from Moscow , the Moscow Center suggested Mrs . Kahn be used for foreign intelligence work . The New York " Rezidentura " responded that it may not be wise , and that she was best suited for a " passive " role . Kahn ' s code name in Soviet intelligence and in the Venona decrypts is " Dinah . " Venona . Mrs . Ray ( Gertrude ) Kahn is referenced in the following Venona project decryptions :
Assistant Secretary of the Army ( Manpower and Reserve Affairs ) The Assistant Secretary of the Army ( Manpower and Reserve Affairs ) — abbreviated ASA ( M & RA ) — is a civilian official in the United States Department of the Army . U . S . law provides that there shall be five Assistant Secretaries of the Army " appointed from civilian life by the President , by and with the advice and consent of the Senate . " " One of the Assistant Secretaries shall be the Assistant Secretary of the Army for Manpower and Reserve Affairs . He shall have as his principal duty the overall supervision of manpower and reserve component affairs of the Department of the Army . Pursuant to United States Army General Order No . 3 , the Assistant Secretary of the Army ( Manpower and Reserve Affairs ) supervises Army strategy , policy , programs , and compliance related to functions such as recruiting , readiness and mobilization , civilian and military manpower , medical and health affairs , family and Morale , Welfare and Recreation , the review of soldier records , force structure policy , manpower analysis , the Army - wide Equal Employment Opportunity Program and critical matters pertaining to Reserve Affairs . The office can be traced to 1950 , when United States Secretary of the Army Gordon Gray decided to centralize manpower issues for civil , military , and reserve personnel under one individual , with the position being elevated to Assistant Secretary when manpower issues proved to be a problem during the course of the Korean War . The office was then abolished in 1961 , with its duties transferred to the Office of the Under Secretary of the Army , but then re - established - this time by statute - in 1968 .
SS Clan Fraser ( 1938 ) The SS " Clan Fraser " was a British cargo steamship . She was bombed and sunk in the Second World War while supporting allied operations in the Mediterranean . History . " Clan Fraser " was built by Greenock Dockyard Company , Greenock and launched on 20 December 1938 . She was completed in 1939 and entered service with Clan Line Steamers Ltd , of London , who registered her in Glasgow . She was a member of the . With the outbreak of the Second World War , she was used to support allied operations in the Mediterranean , and was one of the three merchant ships used in Operation Collar , a convoy to supply Malta and Alexandria . An attempt by Italian forces to intercept the ships led to the Battle of Cape Spartivento , after which " Clan Fraser " , and her sister continued on to Malta . " Clan Fraser " continued to operate in the Mediterranean . On 6 April German forces invaded Greece and " Luftwaffe " bombers led by Hans - Joachim ' Hajo ' Herrmann attacked shipping in the Port of Piraeus . " Clan Fraser " was in port unloading arms and 250 tons of TNT explosives . She was hit and destroyed when her TNT exploded at 0315 hrs . She sank in the harbour , with six killed and nine wounded . Her Master , J . H . Giles was one of the survivors . The shock of the blast was felt away in Athens , where doors were blown in ; and in Psihiko , where windows were shattered . White hot debris detonated ΤΝΤ in other nearby ships , setting them and buildings ashore on fire . By morning the port had been severely damaged .
Battle of Barbourville The Battle of Barbourville was one of the early engagements of the American Civil War . It took place on September 19 , 1861 , in Knox County , Kentucky during the campaign known as the Kentucky Confederate Offensive . The battle is considered the first Confederate victory in the commonwealth , and threw a scare into Federal commanders , who rushed troops to central Kentucky to try to repel the invasion , which was finally stopped at the Battle of Camp Wildcat in October . Background . Brig . Gen . Felix Zollicoffer ' s Confederates had moved from Tennessee to push from the Cumberland Gap into central Kentucky and gain control of the important border state . Ten days after his 5 , 400 - man force left their base , Zollicoffer occupied the Cumberland Gap and took position at the Cumberland Ford ( near present day Pineville ) to counter Unionist activity in the area . For much of the summer , Federal sympathizers had been organizing and training recruits at Camp Andrew Johnson near Barbourville . Zollicoffer was determined to seize this camp and eliminate the threat . He also wanted to relieve pressure on the army of Albert S . Johnston and divert troops away from Johnston ' s command . Battle . In a heavy morning fog , Zollicoffer sent forward about 800 men under Col . Joel A . Battle . Camp Johnson had largely been vacated , with the recruits moved to nearby Camp Dick Robinson , where several thousand Federal troops were gathered . As Battle ' s men approached the camp , they encountered a force of 300 pro - Union Home Guards under Capt . Isaac J . Black , who hastily removed the planking from the bridge to prevent the Confederates from crossing it . Sharp skirmishing broke out , but Battle ' s superior numbers prevailed and Zollicoffer won a victory . His men seized the camp , destroyed the buildings , and captured the arms and equipment left behind by the retreating recruits . Aftermath . Black reported his casualties as 1 man killed , 1 wounded , and 13 captured . Fighting in the open , the attacking Confederates lost 7 men killed in the encounter .
Wolfgang Fürstner Wolfgang Fürstner ( 4 April 1896 – 19 August 1936 ) was a German Wehrmacht captain first appointed commander , then vice - commander , of Berlin ' s Olympic village during the 1936 Summer Olympics . Family . Wolfgang Fürstner was married to Leonie von Schlick , daughter of Marie Gräfin von Reventlow and Albert Heinrich Hans Karl von Schlick ( 1874 – 1957 ) , last commander of the World War I battleship SMS Derfflinger . Career and replacement . After being tasked with building and organising the Olympic village , Fürstner was replaced by Lieutenant Colonel Werner Freiherr von und zu Gilsa in June 1936 . Fürstner was demoted to local vice - commander . Officially Fürstner ’ s demotion was due to the fact that " Fürstner did not act with the necessary energy , " because 370 , 000 visitors had poured through from the opening on the first of May to the 15th of June and caused damage . This explanation was a pretext to disparage Fürstner due to his background ; Fürstner , along with fencer Helene Mayer and hockey star Rudi Ball , was one of the few people with Jewish ancestry connected with the 1936 Olympics . The non - Jewish Werner von Gilsa was given Fürstner ' s position and promoted to " General der Infanterie " . Gilsa became the last Wehrmacht commandant of Dresden and committed suicide on 8 May 1945 . Death and cover - up . Fürstner committed suicide with a pistol shot on 19 August 1936 , three days after the end of the Games ; he had been awarded the Olympic Medal First Class and had attended a banquet for his successor Gilsa . But Fürstner , a career officer , had learned that according to the Nuremberg Laws he was classified as a Jew and was to be dismissed from the Wehrmacht . In order to cover up Fürstner ’ s suicide and protect the international reputation of Germany , the Nazis said Fürstner ’ s death was the result of a car accident , and Fürstner was buried in the Invalidenfriedhof , section F , alongside the honored dead of Germany ’ s wars . There is evidence however that this instantly was unsuccessful . In Australia , reports emerged stating that he had been found dead with a revolver by his side . The grave was listed in the Official Berlin Invalidenfriedhof Guidebook ( " Der Invalidenfriedhof in Berlin – Ein Ehrenhain preußisch - deutscher Geschichte " ) , which appeared between 1936 and 1940 in several editions . Restoration of grave . A new stone marker for Fürstner ' s grave was donated by the German Olympic Committee and dedicated in June 2002 by the Committee President , Walther Tröger . The stone lists Fürstner as " Deputy Commandant of the Olympic Village 1936 " ( " stellvertretender Kommandant des Olympischen Dorfes 1936 " ) .
Joe E . Kernan Joseph Eugene " Joe " Kernan ( born April 8 , 1946 ) is an American politician who became the 48th Governor of Indiana on September 13 , 2003 upon the death of Frank O ' Bannon . He was born in Chicago , Illinois in 1946 . Kernan is a member of the Democratic Party . Prior to becoming the governor , he served as the mayor of South Bend , Indiana , and then as the 47th Lieutenant Governor of Indiana . He lost an election to serve a full term as governor of Indiana to former George W . Bush Office of Management and Budget director Mitch Daniels on November 2 , 2004 . Kernan returned to South Bend and retired from politics . Early life and education . Joe Kernan graduated from St . Joseph ' s High School in South Bend , Indiana . He graduated in 1968 with a degree in Government from the University of Notre Dame , where he was a resident of Stanford Hall . Kernan played baseball at Notre Dame in 1967 and 1968 . Military . Kernan entered the United States Navy in 1969 and served as a Naval Flight Officer aboard the carrier USS " Kitty Hawk " . In May 1972 , Kernan was shot down by the enemy while on a reconnaissance mission over North Vietnam . He was held as a prisoner of war for 11 months . Kernan was repatriated in 1973 and continued on active duty with the Navy until December 1974 . Kernan received the Navy Commendation Medal , two Purple Heart s and the Distinguished Flying Cross . Political career . Kernan was elected mayor of South Bend in 1987 , 1991 , and 1995 . In 1996 , Kernan was elected as Indiana ' s Lieutenant Governor , and then re - elected in 2000 . As lieutenant governor of Indiana , Kernan served as the president of the Indiana Senate , the director of the Indiana Department of Commerce , and as the commissioner of Agriculture . Originally , Kernan declined to seek the governorship during the 2004 election , but decided to do so upon assuming the governorship after the death of Frank O ' Bannon . He was defeated by Mitch Daniels for a full four - year term in 2004 . Post - political career . After losing the election to Daniels , Kernan returned to private life and became president of the South Bend Silver Hawks baseball club . In July 2007 , Kernan and Indiana Chief Justice Randall Shepard were appointed by Daniels to co - chair the Indiana Commission on Local Government Reform . Personal . In 1974 he married his wife , Maggie .
Louis d ' Armagnac , Duke of Nemours Louis d ' Armagnac , Duke of Nemours ( 1472 , Normandy ; April 28 , 1503 , Cerignola , Italy ) , known for most of his life as the Count of Guise , was the third son of Jacques d ' Armagnac , Duke of Nemours and Louise of Anjou . In 1491 , he was made Count of Guise , a title last held by his uncle Charles IV , Duke of Anjou . Upon the death of his elder brother Jean in 1500 , he became Duke of Nemours . He fought in the Italian Wars and was made viceroy of Naples in 1501 . He was defeated and killed at the battle of Cerignola , April 28 , 1503 .