naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Richard Ratsimandrava Colonel Richard Ratsimandrava ( March 21 , 1931 Antananarivo – February 11 , 1975 Antananarivo ) was President of Madagascar for six days in February 1975 . His assassination in 1975 led to a civil war . Biography . Military career . He was born in 1931 and was a Merina with a less " aristocratic " background thus was more palatable to population . A graduate of the French Saint Cyr military college , Ratsimandrava served throughout French Africa before returning to Madagascar when that country gained independence in 1960 . He joined the army , attaining the rank of lieutenant - colonel by 1968 . In 1972 President Gabriel Ramanantsoa established a military government to replace the independence government of Philibert Tsiranana , and Ratsimandrava was appointed Minister of the Interior . In this position , he was able to manipulate the army , which led to the ousting of Ramanantsoa on February 5 , 1975 . Death . Six days following his taking office , Ratsimandrava was assassinated at 8 p . m . while driving from the presidential palace to his home . His death was announced by the new ruling military committee . It claimed that the President had been killed by members of the Republican Security Forces ( Groupe Mobile de Police - GMP ) , a counterinsurgency outfit dissolved by his predecessor . The event nearly plunged the country into civil war between supporters of the military government and former President Tsiranana . In 2006 , on the 31st anniversary of colonel ' s murder , a conference was held in Madagascar . Further reading . " L ' assassinat du prιsident Ratsimandrava " , Le Journal La Croix ( 1975 ) . preview of newspaper article on assassination of Ratsimandrava
Close - in weapon system A close - in weapon system ( CIWS ) , often pronounced " sea - whiz " , is point - defense weapon for detecting and destroying short - range incoming missile s and enemy aircraft which have penetrated the outer defenses , typically mounted shipboard in a naval capacity . Nearly all classes of modern warship are equipped with some kind of CIWS device . Gun systems . A gun - based CIWS usually consists of a combination of radars , computers , and multiple - barrel rapid - fire medium - calibre guns placed on a rotating gun mount . Examples of gun - based CIWS products in operation are : Missile systems . Missile systems do not have the same limitations as gun systems . Because of their greater range , a missile - CIWS can also be dual - used as a short - ranged area - defense anti - air weapon , eliminating the need for a second mount for this role . After an inertial guidance phase , a CIWS missile relies on infra - red , passive radar / ESM or semi - active radar terminal guidance , or a combination of these . The ESM - mode is particularly useful since most long - range anti - ship missiles use radar to home in on their targets . Some systems allow the launch platform to send course - correction commands to the missile in the inertial guidance phase . Examples include : Land - based CIWS . CIWS are also used in a land - based anti - mortar and missile defense role to protect fixed and temporary bases and other facilities . On a smaller scale , " active protection system s " are used in some tank s , and several are in development . The Drozd system was deployed on Soviet Naval Infantry tanks in the early 1980s , but later replaced by explosive reactive armour . Other systems that are available or under development are the Russia n ( Arena ) , Israeli ( Trophy ) , American ( Quick Kill ) and the South African - Swedish ( LEDS - 150 ) .
British Landing British Landing is a place within Mackinac Island , Michigan and is located on the shore of Mackinac Island , two miles ( 3 km ) northwest of the island ' s downtown and harbor . British Landing is the site of a War of 1812 amphibious operation on July 16 – 17 , 1812 , by a joint force of the British Army and their allies among the Native Americans and indigenous people of Canada . The operation led directly to the surrender of Fort Mackinac by the U . S . Army . History . As the war began , Fort Mackinac , located at the northwestern end of Lake Huron , was a strategic strongpoint that dominated the Upper Great Lakes . Adjacent to the fort , a trading post for fur s was a key supply point for Euro - American - Native American commerce and exchange . While poor American military intelligence failed to communicate to Fort Mackinac the news that war had broken out , the British military command in Upper Canada was not idle . They promptly notified the commander of Fort St . Joseph , a British strongpoint located approximately 40 miles ( 65 km ) northeast by canoe . Ft . St . Joseph ' s British commander , Charles Roberts , determined to recruit Native allies and assault Mackinac Island . With a single sailing vessel and a flotilla of war canoes , the expeditionary force arrived on the north shore of Mackinac Island on the night of July 16 – 17 , 1812 . Full secrecy was maintained and the warriors landed without detection by the American army . The sailing vessel had brought one or more light cannon , which were wrestled ashore at British Landing and hauled up through the interior of the Island to a location above Fort Mackinac . On the morning of July 17 , the British and Natives displayed their troops and cannon surrounding the fort , and demanded its surrender . The operation was completely successful . Fort Mackinac fell to the British without a single casualty . Two years later , on August 4 , 1814 , as the War of 1812 moved towards its conclusion , an American expeditionary force landed here at British Landing in an attempt to recapture Fort Mackinac from the British . Unlike the British landing of 1812 , the American landing of 1814 was not a surprise and was not successful . The 1814 amphibious operation was a failure and the American detachment was forced to re - embark on the same day . Recent years . British Landing is now a key intersection on M - 185 ( Lake Shore Road ) , the state highway that serves as a non - motorized road and bicycle pathway around the shore of Mackinac Island . Like the rest of Mackinac Island , M - 185 is not open to motor vehicles . During the summer months , British Landing is frequented by visitors who have arrived by bicycle or horse - drawn carriage . British Landing was for many years the home of noted Shakespearean and drama scholar John McCabe . Much of the land in the British Landing area is located in Mackinac Island State Park . Registered historic site . In 1958 , British Landing was added to the list of registered Michigan historic sites as Registered Site SO187 . A historic marker was erected .
Battle of Britton ' s Lane The Battle of Britton ' s Lane occurred September 1 , 1862 , near the village of Denmark in rural Madison County , Tennessee , during the American Civil War . Ordered to raid north from Mississippi by Maj . Gen . Sterling Price , commanding the Army of the West , thus to prevent Ulysses S . Grant ' s reinforcing Maj . Gen . Don Carlos Buell in Tennessee , Brig . Gen . Frank C . Armstrong ' s cavalry brigade struck Col . Elias S . Dennis ' s Federal force of two cavalry troops , a battery and two infantry regiments . After four hours , in which they suffered heavy losses while taking 213 prisoners , and two field pieces , the raiders withdrew , their mission accomplished .
USS Baltimore ( 1777 ) The first Baltimore in naval service in the United States was a 12 - gun brigantine that served in the Continental Navy from 1777 to 1780 . " Baltimore " was built in Baltimore , Maryland in 1777 . She was fitted out by the orders of the Marine Committee of the Continental Congress as a packet or despatch vessel and commissioned in the Continental Navy under the command of Captain Thomas Read . Few details of " Baltimore " s service are available . In addition to performing despatch service , she is said to have participated in the defense of the Chesapeake Bay and Delaware Bay in 1778 and 1779 . " Baltimore " was reported lost off Cape Henry , Virginia , on 29 January 1780 .
252d Combat Communications Group The 252d Combat Communications Group ( 252 CCG ) is a unit of the Washington Air National Guard at Camp Murray , Tacoma , Washington . It is assigned to the 194th Regional Support Wing . The 252d has squadrons at Camp Murray , and two geographically separated units at Fairchild Air Force Base . Mission . The 252d Combat Communications Group provides mobile communication capabilities at home during state emergencies and while deployed around the world . History . The 252nd Communications Group was activated at Geiger Field in Spokane , Washington , on 1 April 1953 . It was redesignated as the 252d Communications Group ( Mobile ) in October 1960 . In March 1962 , the 252d relocated from Geiger Field to the Four Lakes Communications Station , a former Nike missile site near Cheney , Washington . In June 1971 , the 252d closed operations at Four Lakes and moved to Paine Air National Guard Base in Everett , Washington .
HMCS Cayuga ( R04 ) HMCS " Cayuga " R04 / 218 was a destroyer built in the Halifax Shipyards , Halifax , Nova Scotia and served in the Royal Canadian Navy . History . Wearing pennant R04 , then 218 , " Cayuga " served a total of three tours of Korea , the last in 1954 after the conflict had ended . Cayuga was part of this initial first dispatch of three ships by Canada to Korea . She was paid off in February 1964 . It was on this vessel that Ferdinand Demara , " the great impostor " , served while impersonating a Canadian medical officer .
Gojoseon – Han War The Gojoseon – Han War was a campaign launched by the Han empire against Wiman Joseon of the Gojoseon kingdom between 109 and 108 BC . It resulted in the fall of Gojoseon . Background . Since the time that Wiman took the Gojoseon throne , relations between Han and Gojoseon had been deteriorating . King Ugeo of Gojoseon interrupted direct contact with envoys sent by chiefs of various tribes on the Korean Peninsula to the Han empire , thus Emperor Wu of Han dispatched the emissary She He ( 涉何 ) to Gojoseon . After an audience with the king , She He failed in securing the safe passage of the envoys . While returning to his nation , She He killed Jang ( 長 ) , an assistant of the Gojoseon king . Due to this action , the king sent out troops to kill She He . The direct pretext for war thus came when King Ugeo had the Han envoy executed , which had angered Emperor Wu considerably . However , it is thought by modern historians that the initiation of war was also brought by the desire to remove the possibility that Gojoseon would ally with the Xiongnu against the Han or by the deteriorating relations between Han and Gojoseon when Wiman Joseon prevented trade between Chinbon and Han . Course of the war . In 109 BC , Emperor Wu launched a Han military campaign into Gojoseon . Two forces — totaling about 50 , 000 troops led by Yang Fu ( 楊僕 ) and Xun Zhi ( 荀彘 ) respectively — set out from the Han empire to invade the kingdom . A navy sailed from Qi ( present - day Shandong Province ) across the Bohai Sea towards Gojoseon , while an army marched through Liaodong and headed towards Wanggeom , the capital of Gojoseon . In a series of unsuccessful attempts by the Han forces to take the city in the first year of the war , King Ugeo kept Wanggeom from the Han forces . Xun Zhi , having overall command by the Emperor Wu , imprisoned Yang Fu and unified the whole Han forces and the attacks became stronger . Wiman Joseon officials such as No In ( 朝鮮相 路人 ) , Han Eum ( 相 韓陰 ) , Sam ( 尼谿相 參 ) , Wang Gyeop ( 王唊 ) insisted to surrender to Han . But King Ugeo disagreed . Eventually , in April of 108 BC , three of the ministers surrendered to Han and Sam later let King Ugeo be assassinated . Under the leadership of Minister Seong Gi ( 成己 ) , Gojoseon people still struggled against Han . But , Seong Gi was also assassinated and the city finally fell to Han . Aftermath . After the war , four Han commanderies were founded to administer the former Gojoseon territories , namely Lelang , Xuantu , Zhenfan , and Lintun . The most significant commandery was located in Lelang ( near present - day Pyongyang ) , which controlled the region until 313 AD . The conquest of Gojoseon in 108 BC by Han , ultimately led to the Proto - Three Kingdoms period of Korea .
Friedrich Rumpelhardt Friedrich " Fritz " Rumpelhardt ( 19 June 1920 – 20 January 2011 ) was a highly decorated Leutnant in the Luftwaffe during World War II . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross ( ) . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . During his career he participated in 130 missions as a " Bordfunker " ( radio / radar operator ) with Nachtjagdgeschwader 1 and Nachtjagdgeschwader 4 , and participated in 100 aerial victories as a crewman with Major Heinz - Wolfgang Schnaufer from October 1942 ( as a " Unteroffizier " ) until the end of the war . He was the most successful radar operator — in terms of aerial victories claimed — in the Luftwaffe night fighter force . Career . Rumpelhardt was born 19 June 1920 in Nordhalden near Konstanz , at the time in the Republic of Baden of the German Reich during the Weimar Republic . He was one of three sons of the teacher Emil Rumpelhardt and his wife Rosa . Both his twin brothers were killed in action as Luftwaffe pilots during the war . As a " Leutnant " he was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross in July 1944 and was nominated for the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves on 8 March 1945 . In the late nineties Rumpelhardt self - published an 119 page account of his wartime experiences , " Meine Geschichte und die meiner Familie : Die Zeit des Kriegsdienstes " .
Wilhelm Stör Vizefeldwebel Wilhelm " Willi " Stör ( 5 October 1893 - 12 December 1977 ) was a World War I flying ace credited with five aerial victories . After serving in a Hussar Regiment of the Imperial German Army in World War I he transferred to the Luftstreitkrafte ( Imperial German Flying Corps ) , he then became a fighter pilot with Jasta 68 and was credited with shooting down three aircraft and two balloons . He was awarded the Iron Cross for his actions . In the interwar period he became a stunt pilot and aerobatic instructor . He was then a pilot at the Deutsche Verkehrsfliegerschule and won the German master aerobatic contest in 1935 and 1936 flying a BFW M . 35 monoplane ( serial D - EQAN ) with a distinctive ' sun - burst ' livery which he also demonstrated in other countries . He was then appointed the chief test pilot for Messerschmitt at their factory in Augsburg and was notable for tutoring Rudolf Hess to fly Messerschmitt aircraft including the Bf 108 and the Bf 110 ( radio code VJ + OQ ) that he flew to Scotland in 1941 . Stör was directed to deliver two Bf 109 fighters to Kawasaki , Japan in May 1941 and his colleague Helmut Kaden then took over as the flying instructor to Hess .
USS Cecil ( APA - 96 ) USS " Cecil " ( APA - 96 ) was a " Bayfield " class attack transport that served with the US Navy during World War II . Launched as " Sea Angler " by Western Pipe & Steel , San Francisco , California , under a Maritime Commission contract , the vessel was acquired by the Navy 26 February 1944 and renamed " Cecil " after a county in Maryland . She was placed in reduced commission 27 February , converted at Commercial Iron Works , Portland , Oregon , and placed in full commission 15 September 1944 , Captain P . G . Hale in command . Operational history . Iwo Jima . " Cecil " cleared San Francisco 26 November 1944 for amphibious training in the Hawaiian Islands , and preparations for the invasion of Iwo Jima at Eniwetok and Saipan . She cleared Saipan with her task group 16 February , and 3 days later , took position off Iwo Jima for the initial assault . As naval and air bombardment pounded the island , her men skillfully played their part . Remaining off the hard - fought beaches , " Cecil " completed unloading troops , cargo , and vehicles , and embarked casualties , with whom she sailed 28 February to Saipan . Okinawa . " Cecil " continued on to Tulagi and Espiritu Santo , where she loaded men and cargo of the 27th Infantry Division . On 9 April 1945 , she landed these reinforcements through high surf on Okinawa . She remained for a week continuing her unloading under enemy air attacks , aiding in fighting them off as she loaded and landed her boats . On 16 April she got underway for Saipan and Ulithi , where she received minor repairs and replenished . After hostilities . On 21 May , " Cecil " arrived in Subic Bay , P . I . , for transport and training duty until 27 August , when she departed Luzon with troops and cargo of the 1st Cavalry Division , bound for occupation duty in Japan . " Cecil " called at Yokohama from 2 to 4 September 1945 , then returned to the Philippines to load more occupation troops . On the return passage to Japan , she was ordered into Okinawa from 25 September to 3 October to avoid a threatening typhoon , then proceeded on to disembark her troops at Aki Nada . Operation Magic Carpet . She sailed to San Pedro , California , for a minor overhaul in November , then made another voyage to the Philippines as part of Operation Magic Carpet , to return men and equipment to San Pedro , where she arrived on 22 January 1946 . In March , she sailed to Norfolk , Virginia , where she was decommissioned on 24 May 1946 , and returned to the Maritime Commission the next day . Cecil received two battle star s for World War II service . Commercial service . In 1948 , " Cecil " was purchased by the Isthmian Steamship Company which registered her in New York as " Steel Admiral " . " Steel Admiral " remained in service with Isthmian Steamship until 1973 , when she was taken to Kaohsiung , Taiwan and scrapped in October of the same year .
Bermuda Sea Cadet Corps The Bermuda Sea Cadet Corps was created as a registered charity under the " Bermuda Sea Cadet Association Act , 1968 " . The first unit had actually been created two years earlier . Despite Bermuda ' s historical maritime economy , and its long period as a naval base and dockyard , there were no Sea Cadet units on the island before that date . This was even though Army Cadets had been established in the 19th Century , and the Air Training Corps had been established locally during the Second World War . A number of former members of the Royal Navy , Royal Naval Reserve , and Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve in Bermuda decided to rectify the omission , and the Corps , effectively a branch of the UK Sea Cadet Corps , but administered separately by a local " Executive Council " , soon comprised three shore units , known as " Training Ships " . These are all located on former naval properties . " TS Bermuda " is located on the grounds of the former " Admiralty House " , in Spanish Point , Pembroke ( near the capital of Bermuda , the City of Hamilton ) . " TS Admiral Somers " is named for the founder of Bermuda , and Admiral of the Virginia Company , Sir George Somers . It is located at Convict Bay , St . George ' s , which takes its name from the prison hulks the Admiralty moored there at the turn of the 18th / 19th Centuries , when the area was used as a naval base before the re - location to the West End . The area was also used by the Royal Canadian Navy during the Second World War , commissioned as HMCS Somers Isles The last unit , " TS Venture " , is located on Ireland Island , the core of the Royal Navy lands in Bermuda , and the location of the Royal Naval Dockyard . TS Bermuda , the first unit opened , is nominally the Headquarters unit . Each unit has its own Management Committee , responsible for raising funds for the unit ' s expenses . All officers in the Bermuda Sea Cadet Corps are members of the Royal Naval Reserve , and their names are followed by " RNR ( SCC ) " . The rank bars worn on the cuffs of their jackets , and on epaulettes of shirts and pullovers follow the pattern of the old Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve , being ' wavey ' , instead of straight . Each unit is under the command of a Commander , or a Lieutenant - Commander , RNR ( SCC ) , with junior officers , Warrant Officer s , and Cadet Instructor s , " Cadet Petty Officers " , and cadet " ratings " making - up the rest of the command structure . Before the Royal Naval Base on Ireland Island , HMS " Malabar " , closed in 1995 , the Corps maintained a close relationship with it , with the commanding officer of the base having inspected the units annually . Cadets often were attached to Royal Navy vessels for sea experience , and also train on the UK Sea Cadet Corps tall ship , TS Royalist . The Corps has also taken a leading interest in the building of Bermuda ' s own tall ship for youth training , the Spirit of Bermuda . Commander Anthony Lightbourne , RNR ( SCC ) is a Director of the Bermuda Sloop Foundation , which built and operates the traditionally designed vessel .
HMS Himalaya ( 1854 ) HMS " Himalaya was ordered by the Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company as SS " Himalaya . She was purchased by the Royal Navy in 1854 and served with them until 1920 . She was sunk in 1940 . The SS " Himalaya " was a 3 , 438 gross register ton iron steam screw passenger ship . When launched she was the largest ship in the P & O fleet and was not exceeded in size until the SS " Australia " of 1870 . Design and construction . " Himalaya " had been planned as a paddle steamer but that design was becoming outdated and she was altered to screw propulsion while she was still on the stocks , and she was fitted instead with a single two - bladed propeller of 18 feet diameter . She was also fitted with sails on three masts for use when the wind was favourable . She was laid down at the yards of C . J . Mare & Co . , Leamouth , London in 1852 and launched on 24 May 1853 . She could carry 200 first class passengers and required a crew of 213 . Sale and commissioning . She proved to be a larger vessel than the passenger traffic demanded and coal was becoming more expensive with the advent of war in the Crimea in 1854 , so P & O were happy to sell her to the British Government at her cost price of £130 , 000 in July 1854 for use as a troopship . The Royal Navy had built smaller vessels , so called frigates , during the 1840s , such as HMS " Simoom " , which had served as troopship s when the idea of iron warships was discredited by live - firing trials . " Himalaya " was purchased during the Crimean War when there was a pressing need for troopships . The purchase was viewed with suspicion by naval experts . General Howard Douglas is reported to have predicted that she would have a short career . Career and sinking . She served as a troopship for almost four decades , supporting operations during the Second Opium War , and carrying troops to India , South Africa , the Gold Coast , and North America . She was retired from trooping service in 1894 and became a coal hulk at Portland Harbour with the new name " C60 " in December 1895 . She was sold out of the navy on 28 September 1920 to a private owner , E . W . Payne , and continued to be based in Portland Harbour , probably still as a coal hulk . She continued in this role until the Second World War . She was sunk by air attack , by Junkers 87 dive bombers of the German Luftwaffe , on 12 June 1940 .