naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Alexei Polivanov Alexei Andreyevich Polivanov ( ) ( March 16 , 1855 – September 25 , 1920 ) was a Russia n military figure , infantry general ( 1915 ) . He served as Russia ' s Minister of War from June 1915 until his Tsarina Alexandra forced his removal from office in March 1916 . Polivanov was born to an aristocratic family . He graduated from the Nikolaevsky Military Engineering Academy in Petersburg , present - day Saint Petersburg Military Engineering - Technical University ( Nikolaevsky ) , from which he graduated in 1880 . He served in the 1877 – 78 Russo - Turkish War . He later became a member of the Russian General Staff ( 1899 – 1904 ) , rising in 1905 to become its chief the following year . Following the disastrous defeat in the 1904 – 1905 Russo - Japanese War , he was appointed assistant Minister of War and quickly recommended extensive political and military reforms . However , he was dismissed in 1912 because of his cooperation with liberal factions within the Duma . Polivanov was appointed to the State Council in 1912 and served until June 1915 when he replaced Vladimir Sukhomlinov as Minister of War ; and at once started transforming the Russian army ' s training system and tried with limited success to improve its supply and communications systems . However in September 1915 he became aware of Tsar Nicholas II ' s plan to replace Grand Duke Nikolai as commander - in - chief of the army and personally lead the Russian armies at the front , and made strenuous efforts to persuade him not to . This helped alienate Polivanov from the Tsarina , who then conspired to have him sacked , and achieved this when Tsar Nicholas dismissed him March 1916 . Following the Russian Revolution , Polivanov joined the Red Army in February 1920 , participating in the Soviet - Polish peace talks in Riga later that year but died during the talks of typhus .
Chen Yucheng Chen Yucheng ( c . 1834May 1862 ) ( ) former name was Chen Picheng ( ) , born in Guangxi , was a Chinese general during the Taiping Rebellion and later served as the Heroic ( Ying ) Prince of the Taiping monarchy in the later stages of the rebellion , his famous nickname was " The Four Eyes Dog " because of his two prominent moles below his eyes . His two moles resembled eyes from afar , and it spooked some Qing soldiers . Born to a peasant family around 1836 , Chen Yucheng joined Taiping rebel forces during the March to the Yangtze in 1851 . Although only 15 at the time of his enlistment , Chen would quickly rise through the ranks because of his bravery and demonstrated tactical skills . By 1856 , in the aftermath of an internal power struggle within the Taiping leadership , Chen was promoted to a general . After commanding a series of successful military operations west of Nanking ( Nanjing ) between 1856 and 1858 , Chen was given the title of Prince Ying by the Taiping Kings in the following year . Together with fellow Taiping General Li Xiucheng , Chen organized a second siege of Nanking in 1860 . He later advanced northwest , leading one half of a pincer movement in an offensive against Imperial forces in 1861 . However , due to the poor coordination among the Taiping forces , Chen was forced to be on the defensive and eventually forced to withdraw . Following this defeat , Chen was later betrayed and executed by Imperial Qing forces in May 1862 . Chen ' s considerable military and tactical abilities prompted the Qing authorities to offer him a post . However Chen declined the offer ． Before he was executed , he reportedly sighed with emotion saying , " I worried that the Taiping will lose whole areas of northern Yangtze River after I die ! " . Unluckily for the Taiping rebels , his last words came true . Wuhan : Strategic mistake . In February 1861 , Chen Yucheng led 100 , 000 troops in a preparation to attack Wuhan , but Harry Smith Parkes , who was in Wuhan , put up a strong , robust defense . The Taiping troops eventually gave up the attack . The resulting retreat was a grave strategic mistake , because the Xiang Army was able to subsequently concentrate all their forces to attack Anqing . If Chen ' s Taiping troops would have captured Wuhan , that would have effectively cut off the Xiang Army ' s rear .
Battle of Jankau The Battle of Jankau , one of the bloodiest of the Thirty Years ' War , was fought on 5 March 1645 in southern Bohemia , some south - east of Prague , between the army of Sweden and that of the Holy Roman Empire . Prelude . The army of Matthias Gallas was returning from a defeat in Holstein with General Lennart Torstenson and the Swedish army in pursuit . In order to protect the rich Bohemian lands from a Swedish invasion the emperor sent a large portion of his Hungarian force to reinforce the defense of Bohemia . General Hatzfeld was given the command of the retreating army and reinforced it by adding new enlistments . General Gotz arrived with his army and the Bavarians sent General Werth and colonel Spork to further reinforce the army , giving it a total strength of 16 , 000 . Battle . Both sides had around 16 , 000 men . No quarter was given to either side , which would result in a complete victory for the Swedes . The Swedes had superior and more mobile artillery , thus giving them the ability to react quickly to changes on the battlefield . Only 7 , 000 of the combined Austrian Bavarian imperial army escaped the slaughter . The majority of the army was either killed or captured when the Imperial center was surrounded , including the Imperial armies commander - in - chief Hatzfeld . Between 4 , 000 and 5 , 000 prisoners were taken . Aftermath . Upon hearing about the defeat at Jankau the emperor Ferdinand III retreated further towards the Upper Palatinate near Regensburg . He sent out calls to all of his estates of his dominions for fresh troops . The Emperor even offered Maximilian of Bavaria parts of Silesia and Bohemia as collateral in case conceding was the only option . Bavaria ’ s continuation of hostilities with France meant that Emperor Ferdinand III could no longer count on Bavarian troops . The emperor had sent a request to the papacy for a subsidy to raise more troops . The papal throne changed hands and Pope Innocent the X took over . He was unfriendly towards the Habsburgs ; the pope gave no aid to the emperor . The emperor was forced to rely upon his own resources . The victory at Jankau opened up the way to Prague and Vienna . By April Torstensson was within thirty miles of Vienna , laying siege to the city of Brunn . Torstensson and his army did not make it to either Prague or Vienna in 1645 . By late December the Swedish army had been worn out by the constant fighting .
Gate tower A gate tower ( ) is a tower built over or next to a major gate way . Usually it is part of a medieval fortification . This may be a town or city wall , a fortress or a castle . The gate tower may be built as a twin tower on either side of an entranceway . Even in the design of modern building complexes , gate towers may be built symbolically as a main entrance .
SM UC - 112 SM " UC - 112 " was a German Type UC III minelaying submarine or U - boat built for the German Imperial Navy ( ) during World War I . The U - boat was launched on 6 July 1918 and completed on 28 December 1918 . Because " UC - 112 " was finished after the end of fighting , she was never commissioned into the German Imperial Navy ; had she been so commissioned , she would have been named SM " UC - 112 " . " UC - 112 " was awarded to the United Kingdom as a war reparation and broken up in 1921 .
Fairey Seal The Fairey Seal was a British carrier - borne spotter - reconnaissance aircraft , operated in the 1930s . The Seal was derived - like the Gordon - from the IIIF . To enable the Fairey Seal to be launched by catapult from warship s , it was able to be equipped with floats . Service life and operations . The Seal was designed and built by Fairey Aviation . It first flew in 1930 and entered squadron service with the Fleet Air Arm ( FAA ) in 1933 . Ninety - one aircraft were produced . The FAA started to replace it with the Swordfish Mk1 from 1936 . By 1938 all FAA torpedo squadrons had entirely re - equipped with the Swordfish . It was removed from front - line service by 1938 , but remained in secondary and support roles . By the outbreak of the Second World War , only four remained in service . The type was retired fully by 1943 . The type was last used in India as an instructional airframe from the Royal Navy Photographic Unit . The RAF also operated the Seal as a target tug . 12 aircraft were part of the RAF ' s No 10 Bombing and Gunnery School until 1940 . A further four aircraft were used by 273 Squadron in Ceylon . These aircraft were used on coastal patrols , some as floatplane s . By May 1942 , the type had been retired from RAF service . In 1934 Latvia ordered four Seal floatplanes for its naval aviation ( factory numbers F . 2112 - 2115 , tactical numbers 26 - 29 , later 98 - 101 ) . Between 22 June and 5 July 1936 three floatplanes under Colonel Janis Indans undertook a 6000 km long journey from Liepāja through Baltic and North European countries to England and back . In autumn 1940 , after Latvia ' s annexation , the aircraft were taken by the Soviets , but they were not used by them afterwards , and remained stored on Kisezers lake . On 28 June 1941 they were destroyed there by the German planes . Survivors . There are no known survivors of this type in existence .
USS PC - 542 USS " PC - 542 was a built for the United States Navy during World War II . She was transferred to the French Navy under Lend - Lease in September 1944 and renamed Tirailleur " . Career . " PC - 542 " was laid down at the Defoe Shipbuilding Company in Bay City , Michigan , on 26 February 1942 ; launched on 4 April 1942 ; and commissioned on 25 May 1942 . After commissioning , " PC - 542 " ran convoys to Guantanamo Bay , Cuba , before sailing for the Mediterranean , arriving in Arzew , Algeria . She participated in the invasions of Scoglitti , Brolo , Salerno , and Anzio in Italy ; and in Operation Dragoon — the invasion of Southern France . On 30 September 1944 , " PC - 542 " was transferred to France under Lend - Lease , where she served as " Tirailleur " and was credited with shooting down 2 German plane s in the Mediterranean . She was condemned by the French Navy in 1957 .
Quintus Titurius Sabinus Quintus Titurius Sabinus was one of Caesar ' s legate s during the Gallic Wars . He is first mentioned in Caesar ' s campaign against the Remi , in 57 BC . In 56 BC , he was sent by Caesar with three legions against the Venelli , Curiosolitae , and Lexovii ( in Normandy ) , who were led by Viridovix . He gained a great victory over Viridovix ' s forces , and all the insurgent states submitted to his authority . In 54 BC he and Lucius Aurunculeius Cotta were stationed for the winter in the territory of the Eburones with a legion and five cohorts . They had not been more than fifteen days in the country before they were attacked by Ambiorix and Cativolcus . Sabinus , showing less resolve than Cotta and trusting himself under Ambiorix ' s guise of truce and safe passage , evacuated the camp under threat of German attack . As a result , he was massacred along with Cotta and all their troops .
Tracking ship Missile Range Instrumentation Ships , Range Ships , or Tracking Ships , are ships equipped with antennas and electronics to support the launching and tracking of missile s and rocket s . Since many missile ranges launch over ocean areas for safety reasons , the Range Ships extend the range of shore based tracking facilities . In the United States the initial Tracking Ships were constructed by the US Army and then US Air Force to support their Missile Programs . They were generally built on a surplus Liberty ship or Victory ship hull . By 1964 the US Navy took over all the Range Ships and introduced more . Missile range instrumentation ships . Chinese Navy . The Chinese ships were purpose built vessels for their role in the navy and the space program . French Navy . The Poincaré was a converted tanker , but the Monge was a purpose built ship . Inactive Active Russian Navy / Soviet Navy . The Soviet and later Russian ships were purpose built vessels for their role . United States Navy / United States Air Force . There are currently only two active Instrumentation Ships in the US Navy inventory : and . was delivered in January 2012 and is slated to replace USNS " Observation Island " . Most of the USN and USAF tracking ships were converted into their role . Some ships were in service with NASA .
Skeleton tank The Skeleton Tank was an experimental prototype tank built in 1918 by the Pioneer Tractor Company , Winona , Minnesota . Designed with several innovative features , some of which were controversial at the time , the Skeleton Tank project did not proceed beyond the single prototype tank . Design . The objective of this prototype was to develop a lightweight vehicle capable of crossing wide trenches in a manner similar to the then - conventional heavy British tanks . Unlike the British tanks with their fully enclosed chassis , the Skeleton Tank achieved the requisite lozenge shape by supporting its tracks with a skeleton - like framework formed from ordinary iron pipes joined by standard plumbing connections . Suspended between these track frames was an armored fighting compartment carrying a machine gun turret . The engines were also housed in this armor - protected box . This arrangement dramatically reduced the weight of the vehicle as compared to the larger British and French tanks while preserving the trench - crossing capabilities of those machines , and there was a belief that most enemy bullets and cannon rounds would pass harmlessly through the structure . However , it eliminated the possibility of mounting weapons in sponsons as in the British tanks and thus limited the armament that could be carried . Motive power consisted of two Beaver 50 hp four - cylinder engines with a final drive joining to a gearbox suspended between the rear horns of the tracks . This allowed a maximum speed of 5 mph . Specifications . The Skeleton Tank weighed 9 tons and carried a boxy fighting compartment protected by a half inch of armor , which was in line with the armor thicknesses on other Allied tanks . The crew of two consisted of the driver and the commander / gunner who manned the . 30 caliber machine gun in the turret . It was 25 feet long , which compared favorably in trench - crossing potential to the then - standard heavy British Mk IV and Mk V tanks with lengths of 26 ’ 5 ” but weights of 28 to 29 tons , and the French Schneider CA1 and Char d ' Assault St . Chamond with lengths of 19 ' 9 " and 28 ' 11 " and weights of 13 . 5 and 23 tons respectively . It was 8 ’ 5 ” wide , narrower than the 10 ’ to 12 ’ 5 ” of the British tanks , and slightly higher at 9 ’ 6 ” vice 8 ’ 8 ” for the Mk IV / V due to its turret . It was never ordered into production . Survivor . The cosmetically restored Skeleton Tank is preserved under a canopy at the United States Army Ordnance Museum at Aberdeen Proving Ground , Maryland .
Ward Boston Ward Boston , Jr . ( born 21 June 1923 , d . 12 June 2008 at 84 in Coronado , California ) was an attorney and a retired United States Navy Captain . He served in World War II as a Navy fighter pilot and worked as a special agent for the FBI . He gained notoriety due to his service in the Navy as a Legal Specialist , where , as chief counsel to the Naval Board of Inquiry investigating the 1967 Israeli attack on the USS Liberty that killed 34 crewmen and injured 172 , he personally concluded that the attack was most likely deliberate . He stated the court was ordered by superiors to ascribe the attack to an accident , rather than to deliberate hostility . In 2002 Boston told the " Navy Times " that the naval court was a politicized sham with conclusions preordained to exonerate Israel . In a signed affidavit he stated that U . S . President Lyndon Johnson and U . S . Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara had ordered the President of the Court , Admiral Isaac C . Kidd , Jr . , that the assault be ruled an accident , and to reach the conclusion " that the attack was a case of ' mistaken identity ' " despite " overwhelming evidence to the contrary . " He said he felt compelled to make this information public following the publication of the book " The Liberty Incident " by bankruptcy judge A . Jay Cristol , which concluded the attack was unintentional , while Boston found that the attack was most likely deliberate . In 2007 , Cristol suggested that another individual helped Boston with his initial affidavit and declaration , and very likely wrote or assisted in the preparation of a June 8 , 2007 article ; he claimed this was part of a much broader propaganda effort emanating from " a small but well - funded and very vocal group of people and organizations principally supported by Saudi Arabian money " . Death . Boston , a Coronado , California resident , died June 12 , 2008 of complications from pneumonia at a San Diego hospital . He was 84 .
18 " Mark 30 torpedo The Mark 30 torpedo was a British 18 - inch air dropped anti - submarine passive acoustic homing torpedo . The torpedo was air dropped from the Hawker - Siddeley Nimrod and Avro Shackleton aircraft . The Mark 30 , also referred to by its project name as Dealer B , was an eight - fin passive homing torpedo using conventional propellers . Issued in June 1954 , Mark 30 production saw approximately 1 , 200 being built . It served in both the Royal Navy and Royal Air Force until 1970 . Development on a variant , the Mark 30 Mod 1 , was cancelled in 1955 after the Royal Navy decided to purchase the American Mark 43 torpedo as a replacement .
Operation Chariot ( 1958 ) Project Chariot was a 1958 US Atomic Energy Commission proposal to construct an artificial harbor at Cape Thompson on the North Slope of the U . S . state of Alaska by burying and detonating a string of nuclear devices . History . The project originated as part of Operation Plowshare , a research project to find peaceful uses for nuclear explosives . The plan was championed by Edward Teller , who traveled throughout the state touting the harbor as an important economic development for America ' s newest state . Alaskan political leaders , newspaper editors , the state university ' s president , even church groups all rallied in support of the massive detonation . After a customer for the harbor project could not be discovered , the researchers decided to turn the project into a study on the economic impacts of nuclear fallout on the indigenous communities of Point Hope , Noatak , and Kivalina , in particular " to measure the size of bomb necessary to render a population dependent " after local food sources have become too dangerous to eat due to extreme levels of radiation . The history of Project Chariot is recounted in the book " The Firecracker Boys " by Dan O ' Neill ( originally published in 1994 and revised and reissued in 2007 as " The Firecracker Boys : H - Bombs , Inupiat Eskimo s , and the Roots of the Environmental Movement " ) .
10th U - boat Flotilla The 10th U - boat Flotilla ( German " 10 . Unterseebootsflottille " ) was a German U - boat flotilla used for front - line combat purposes during World War II . Founded on 15 January 1942 at Lorient under the command of " Korvettenkapitän " Günther Kuhnke , eighty U - boats operated with this flotilla before it was dissolved on 21 August 1944 , and the remaining U - boats were moved to bases in Norway and Germany . Kuhnke himself took command of , the last U - boat to leave , on 27 August 1944 to sail to Flensburg where he assumed command of 33rd U - boat Flotilla . U - boats assigned . and and , two captured Dutch submarines that were operated by the Germans during the time .
Reuben F . Maury Reuben F . Maury ( 1824 – 1906 ) was a colonel of the 1st Oregon Cavalry during the American Civil War , and the last commander of the District of Oregon in 1865 . Maury was a graduate of the United States Military Academy at West Point , where he and George E . Pickett were classmates . He was a veteran of the Mexican War , and became an Oregon pioneer in 1852 . He was a major of the 1st Oregon Cavalry , eventually reaching the rank of colonel . He conducted operations in Oregon and the Idaho Territory and fought in the first part of the Snake War . He was commander of the District of Oregon from March 23 , 1865 to June 27 , 1865 . He was a resident of Jackson County , Oregon , for many years , and died near Jacksonville , Oregon on February 20 , 1906 . The Maury Mountains , in Crook County , Oregon , are named for him .
Ethel Gee Ethel Elizabeth Gee ( 1914 – 1984 ) , nicknamed " Bunty " , was an Englishwoman who helped her lover spy on their country for the Soviet Union . She was a minor member of the Portland Spy Ring . Early life . The daughter of a blacksmith , Ethel Gee lived in Portland , England . She left school at 15 to go to work . In October 1950 she became a filing clerk at the Admiralty Underwater Weapons Establishment at Portland . She thus handled top secret documents on Britain ' s underwater warfare work and " HMS Dreadnought " , the Royal Navy ' s first nuclear submarine . A spinster , Gee had little social life , since her spare time was spent looking after aging relatives , including her mother , aunt and uncle . Life as a spy . In 1958 , Gee met Harry Houghton , a former sailor who had become a civil service clerk . Houghton was an alcoholic and his marriage was about to collapse . She began an affair with Houghton , and would pose as his wife when they booked into hotels . Houghton had been supplying military secrets to spies from Poland and the USSR for some time . Through Gee , he gained access to more classified material . In July 1960 , Houghton introduced Gee to a man whom she claimed she only knew as " Alex Johnson " , allegedly a commander in the United States Navy . " Johnson " wanted to know how the British handled confidential information provided them by the Americans . Houghton and Gee were already under surveillance by the British Security Service MI5 . A Soviet mole had warned Western intelligence that information was being leaked from Portland . Houghton ' s extravagance , which went far beyond his salary , made him an obvious suspect . MI5 identified " Johnson " as Gordon Lonsdale , a Canadian businessman . ( It would only be much later , upon his return to Russia , that he would be named as Konon Trofimovich Molody , a Soviet KGB agent . ) Gee provided classified material to Houghton , who would photograph it and pass it to Lonsdale in London . On 6 January 1961 , Gee left the naval base with pamphlets that contained details of an ASDIC ( sonar ) device used to detect submarines . The following day Houghton and Gee were arrested in London by Special Branch detectives . Also arrested were Lonsdale and Peter and Helen Kroger ( alias Morris and Lona Cohen ) — all professional spies working for the Soviets . They were the core members of the Portland Spy Ring . Trial . Gee at first protested her innocence , maintaining her claim that she believed that Lonsdale was an American . In the course of the trial , however , she finally admitted : " In the light of what transpires now , I have done something terribly wrong , but at that time I did not think I had done anything criminal . " Houghton and Gee were both sentenced to 15 years in prison on 22 March 1961 . The professional spies were given longer sentences but were exchanged early on for captured British agents and citizens . Gee and Houghton served nine years and were released on 12 May 1970 . They married in 1971 . Ethel Houghton died in obscurity at Poole , Dorset in 1984 .