naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Endemic warfare Endemic warfare is the state of continual , low - threshold warfare in a tribal warrior society . Warfare is known to several tribal societies , but some societies develop a particular emphasis of warrior culture ( such as the Nuer of Sudan , the Māori of New Zealand , the Dugum Dani of New Guinea , the Yanomamö ( dubbed " the Fierce People " ) of the Amazon , or the Germanic tribes of Iron Age Europe ) . Endemic warfare is not equivalent to " primitive warfare " in general , but is reserved for perpetual low - threshold conflicts . Communal societies are well capable of escalation to all - out wars of annihilation between tribes . Thus , in Amazonas , there was perpetual animosity between the neighboring tribes of the Jivaro . A fundamental difference between wars enacted within the same tribe and against neighboring tribes is such that " wars between different tribes are in principle wars of extermination " . The Yanomamö of Amazonas traditionally practiced a system of escalation of violence in several discrete stages . The chest - pounding duel , the side - slapping duel , the club fight , and the spear - throwing fight . Further escalation results in raiding parties with the purpose of killing at least one member of the hostile faction . Finally , the highest stage of escalation is " Nomohoni " or all - out massacres brought about by treachery . Similar customs were known to the Dugum Dani and the Chimbu of New Guinea , the Nuer of Sudan and the North American Plains Indians . Among the Chimbu and the Dugum Dani , pig theft was the most common cause of conflict , even more frequent than abduction of women , while among the Yanomamö , the most frequent initial cause of warfare was accusations of sorcery . Warfare serves the function of easing intra - group tensions and has aspects of a game , or " overenthusiastic football " . Especially Dugum Dani " battles " have a conspicuous element of play , with one documented instance of a battle interrupted when both sides were distracted by throwing stones at a passing cuckoo dove .
Paul T . Carroll Paul " Pete " Thomas Carroll ( April 6 , 1910 – 1954 ) was a United States Army brigadier general who served in combat during World War II , receiving the Silver Star for valor in combat . He served for 21 years , until he died while on duty in 1954 . Biography . Paul Thomas Carroll was born on April 6 , 1910 in Woonsocket , Rhode Island . He graduated from the United States Military Academy ( West Point ) in 1933 . As an infantry officer he served in the 16th , 35th , and 10th Infantry Regiments . With the latter he went to Iceland soon after the U . S . entered World War II . Before D - Day in Normandy , he became Executive Officer in the 2nd Infantry Regiment . In three subsequent military campaigns , he was awarded the Silver Star with Oak Leaf Cluster . At the end of the war , he became Chief of the Correspondence Section in the Office of Chief of Staff for the Army for General Dwight D . Eisenhower . Three years later , he attended the Armed Forces Staff College and went on to teach at the Command and General Staff College and the Army War College . During the Korean War , he was military assistant to General Eisenhower , SHAPE ( Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe ) Commander in Paris . On January 21 , 1953 , he became Staff Secretary and Defense Liaison Officer in the White House . Carroll died on duty of a heart attack in Washington on September 17 , 1954 at age 44 . He is buried in Arlington National Cemetery .
Texas State Guard Meritorious Service Ribbon The Texas State Guard Meritorious Service Ribbon is an award within the Texas Military Forces , within the United States Armed Forces . Eligibility . The Texas State Guard Meritorious Service Ribbon may be awarded to members of the Texas State Guard . Use . The Texas State Guard Meritorious Service Ribbon is awarded to any member of the Texas State Guard , who while serving in any capacity shall distinguish themselves by meritorious service or achievement but of a lesser degree than that required for the Adjutant General ' s Individual Award . However , the service or achievement shall be such that it clearly sets them above their peers and above what is to be normally expected . Successive awards are identified by an oak - leaf cluster device .
Thompson ' s Island , Pennsylvania Thompson ' s Island is a alluvial island in the upper Allegheny River . It is located in Pleasant Township , Warren County , Pennsylvania , and is part of the Allegheny Islands Wilderness in Allegheny National Forest . The island ' s forests contain old growth Silver Maple , Sugar Maple , American Sycamore , and Slippery Elm . Thompson ' s Island is the site of the only American Revolutionary War battle in Northwest Pennsylvania . Colonel Daniel Brodhead defeated the Senecas in 1779 .
Western Liang The Western Liang ( ; 400 - 421 ) was a state of the Sixteen Kingdoms in China , one of the " Five Liang " ( " Wu Liang " ) of this era . West Liang was founded by the Li family of the Han Chinese . The founder of the Tang Dynasty , Li Yuan ( Emperor Gaozu ) , traced his ancestry to the Western Liang rulers . All rulers of the Western Liang proclaimed themselves " wang " .
USS Potomac ( AT - 50 ) USS " Potomac " ( AT - 50 ) , a tug built in 1897 as " Wilmot " by the F . W . Wheeler Company , West Bay City , Michigan , was purchased by the United States Navy from the Ocean Towing and Wrecking Company on 14 April 1898 for service in the Spanish - American War , commanded by Lieutenant G . P . Blow . Atlantic Ocean operations . During the war , she served in the West Indies , and was retained by the U . S . Navy after peace was restored . In the ensuing years , " Potomac " operated out of U . S . East Coast ports . She left Newport , Rhode Island on 28 January 1914 to rescue vessels icebound off Newfoundland . " Potomac " was herself iced - in and abandoned on 14 February , but salvaged in the late spring , arriving New York Navy Yard on 9 June . After overhaul and repair , she became a tender in the Atlantic Fleet during 1915 , and tender to the Panama Canal Zone submarine squadron in 1916 . Late in 1916 , she was transferred to the West Indies , and while based at Santo Domingo , served as a transport and tug . After training exercises with the Atlantic Fleet off the Virginia Capes and a brief overhaul , " Potomac " returned to the Caribbean . Based in Haiti , she served as a transport for Marines , as well as carrying mail and stores . The tug was again home - ported at Santo Domingo in early 1920 , and in July of that year was designated AT - 50 . Decommissioning . She remained in service in the Caribbean until May 1922 , when she returned to Norfolk , Virginia . Decommissioned on 26 June , she was struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 31 July and sold to New Orleans & Bisso Towboat Company on 1 December .
USS Wahaka ( YTM - 526 ) USS " Wahaka " ( YTB - 526 ) , later YTM - 526 , was a yard tug placed in commission in 1947 . " Wahaka " was laid down on 2 June 1945 at Jacksonville , Florida , by the Gibbs Gas Engine Company , Inc . and launched on 9 September 1945 , sponsored by Mrs . Charles Strohmeyer , wife of Lieutenant Charles Strohmeyer , an officer who was attached to the Industrial Manager ' s Office , Jacksonville , Florida . She was completed on 3 December 1945 . Allocated to the 11th Naval District at San Diego , California , upon completion , " Wahaka " was briefly placed in reserve before being activated once more in December 1947 for service in the 6th Naval District . She operated out of Charleston , South Carolina , through the 1950s , providing tug and tow service as well as pilot assistance . From 1961 to 1963 , " Wahaka " was assigned to Naval Station Rota at Rota , Spain . In 1962 , " Wahaka " was reclassified as a medium harbor tug and redesignated YTM - 526 . She was then assigned to Advanced Bases , Atlantic Area . She remained active in that assignment into 1979 . " Wahaka " was stricken from the Naval Vessel Register on 30 September 1985 and was later sold .
Hugh Cairns ( VC ) Hugh Cairns , ( 4 December 1896 – 2 November 1918 ) was a Canadian recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . Background . He was born in Ashington , Northumberland , England . He was a keen footballer , playing for the Christ Church Intermediate Boys Football club , reaching the championship of the Sunday School League . He also played for the St . Thomas Church team when they won the Saskatoon League Championship in 1915 . Hugh and his older brother Albert enlisted in the army in August 1915 . Cairns was awarded the Distinguished Conduct Medal ( DCM ) for his actions at the Battle of Vimy Ridge in April 1917 . At the time DCM was the second highest award for gallantry in the British Honours system . VC details . He was 21 years old , and a sergeant in the 46th ( South Saskatchewan ) Battalion , Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC . With the German surrender and armistice on the 11th of November , ten days later , Sergeant Cairns would prove to be the last of seventy - one Canadians to earn the Victoria Cross for his actions in the Great War . Cairns was also awarded the Légion d ' honneur by the Government of France . Cairns is buried in the Auberchicourt British Cemetery , seven kilometers east of Douai , France , roughly sixteen kilometers north of Cambrai , ( Plot I , Row A , Grave 8 ) . Legacy . His Victoria Cross is displayed at the Canadian War Museum in Ottawa , Canada . In March 1936 , the town of Valenciennes renamed one of its principal streets " Avenue du Sergent Cairns " . Cairns has several buildings and locations named after him in his hometown of Saskatoon , Saskatchewan including Hugh Cairns V . C . School ( an elementary school that opened in 1960 ) , and the Hugh Cairns V . C . Armoury . The school is located on Cairns Avenue , however the street was not named for Hugh Cairns , but rather for Saskatoon pioneer John Cairns . In addition , a statue of Cairns , known as the Footballer ' s Memorial , is in the city ' s Kinsmen Park .
Clift Andrus Clift Andrus ( October 12 , 1890 – September 29 , 1968 ) was a highly decorated American United States Army general with the rank of Major General . He is most noted for his service as a Commander of 1st Infantry Division at the end of World War II . Early years . Clift Andrus was born on October 12 , 1890 at Fort Leavenworth , Kansas as a son of army colonel , Edwin Proctor Andrus and his wife Marie Josephine ( néé Birdwell ) . After attending a Shattuck - Saint Mary ' s in Faribault , Minnesota , Andrus began to study a Civil Engineering at Cornell University . Entered the Army in spring of the year 1912 , Andrus was commissioned a Second Lieutenant on 24 April 1912 in 4th Field Artillery Regiment . Then he served as a battery officer in his new regiment at Fort Leavenworth , Kansas and after three months was transferred to Fort Russell in Wyoming . In 1915 , Andrus was assigned to the Army Field Artillery School at Fort Sill for additional training . Second World War . At the beginning of the World War II , Colonel Andrus served as an Executive officer at Schofield Barracks , Hawaii . Andrus stayed in this capacity until May of next year , when he was promoted on May 22 to the rank of Brigadier General . Subsequently he was transferred to the 1st Infantry Division under command of major general Terry de la Mesa Allen , Sr . , where he was appointed an Division Artillery Officer . Andrus participated with the 1st Infantry Division in the several battles of the North African Campaign and was subsequently awarded with the Distinguished Service Cross , Silver Star and other awards . Life after War . In June 1946 , Andrus was transferred to the Fort Sill , Oklahoma , where he was appointed the Commander of local Artillery School . Andrus served in this capacity until April 1949 , when he was transferred to the General Staff in Washington , D . C . , where he became a Director of Organization & Training Division . His last assignment was at Fort Meade , Maryland , where he was appointed a Deputy Commander of the Second United States Army under command of Lieutenant general Edward H . Brooks . Major general Andrus finally retired from the Army on October 31 , 1952 . Major general Clift Andrus died on September 29 , 1958 at the age of 77 years in Washington , D . C . and he is buried at Arlington National Cemetery together with his wife Marion Eleanor Lightfoot Andrus ( 1899 - 1979 ) . Summary of Military Career . Decorations . Major general Clift Andrus received a lot of military decorations for bravery or distinguished service . Here is his ribbon bar :
12th Army ( People ' s Republic of China ) The 12th Army , also called the 12th Group Army , is one of three Group Armies assigned to the Nanjing Military Region , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China . Origin . The origin of the 12th Army lies in the surrender of the 74th Division of the Chinese Nationalist National Revolutionary Army , as well as with the sixth column of the Second Field Army . Civil War . During the Chinese Civil War ( a war between the communist " Red " army and the Chinese national army ) , the 12th Army was involved in a number of pivotal events in the Shanxi - Hebei - Shandong - Henan border region . On 8 December 1948 , the 12th Army , 110 , 000 men strong , which had been surrounded by communist forces near Pengpu , on the Hwai river line , fell back into strong defensive positions , was aided by air drops , defied the communist commander ' s orders to surrender and managed to break free . On 9 February 1949 , the 34th , 35th and the 36th Division s were incorporated into the Twelfth Army . On 29 November 1949 , Chongqing was captured and later the Battle of Chengdu was fought . Korean War . In December 1950 , the 12th Army entered the Korean War . The People ' s Republic of China ' s ( PRC ) 31st Division of the 11th Army was incorporated into the 12th Army . The 11th Army returned to China in 1954 . Late - 20th century . In 1985 , the 12th Army was re - formed as a Group Army ( field battalion ) . It was incorporated into the " 60 June 179 " division . The re - organization also involved the 2nd tank division and an artillery brigade . In May 1989 , the 12th Army ’ s 34th , 36th and 110th Divisions , Artillery Brigade , and Anti - Aircraft Battalion were deployed to Beijing to enforce martial law and suppress the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 . In 1998 , the first 34th division of the 12th Army was re - deployed as a motorised infantry brigade ( divorced from the 2nd tank division ) . The 35th division was moved to the Jiangsu military region . At a later stage , the 36th and the 179th divisions were motorised .
Operation Nimbus Moon Operation Nimbus Moon was the 1974 clearance of naval mine s and unexploded ordnance from portions of the Suez Canal . It was conducted by the United States Army , Egyptian Army , and United States Navy following the Yom Kippur War between Egypt and Israel in 1973 . ( Bryson , Tars , Turks , and Tankers , 1980 , 186 ) The work was completed on 20 December 1974 .
George Heyliger George Heyliger was born 8 May 1919 in Boston , Massachusetts . He was the son of George Heyliger , Sr . and Augusta Weissent . Marine Corps career . Heyliger enlisted in the United States Marine Corps there 3 February 1942 . Private First Class Heyliger was serving with the 1st Marine Division at Guadalcanal . Awarded the Navy Cross . On 9 October 1942 , when his platoon ' s position was attacked by approximately 150 Japanese . The fighting swiftly changed from automatic weapons to bayonet s and then hand - to - hand combat . " Heyliger " refused to be dislodged from his position by the enemy and , after exacting a tremendous toll on them , heroically died at his post . For his extraordinary heroism and gallantry , " PFC Heyliger " was posthumously awarded the Navy Cross . Namesake . " Heyliger " ( DE - 510 ) was launched 6 August 1944 by the Federal Shipbuilding & Drydock Co . , Kearny , New Jersey ; sponsored by Mrs . Augusta Foss , mother of " Private First Class Heyliger " ; and commissioned at New York 24 March 1945 , Lt . Cmdr . Arthur F . Chase , USNR , in command .
Battle of Alcolea ( 1868 ) The Battle of Alcolea occurred on 27 September 1868 . Description . General Francisco Serrano y Domínguez ' s revolutionary army decisively defeated a loyalist force under Manuel Pavía , Marquis de Novaliches at the bridge of Alcolea in Andalusia . The badly wound ed and permanently disfigured Novaliches retreated and Francisco Serrano y Domínguez marched on Madrid . The revolutionaries ' success at this battle forced Queen Isabella II into exile in France and allowed Serrano to enter the [ [ Capital capital , form a [ [ Provisional Government ] ] , convoke the Cortes Constituyentes in February 1869 , and be appointed successively president of the executive and regent . [ [ Category : Battles involving Spain | Alcolea ] ]
Peruvian ironclad Independencia Independencia was an broadside ironclad built in England for the Peruvian Navy during the mid - 1860s . " Independencia " and Huáscar where the two main ships of the Peruvian Navy at the start of the War of the Pacific with Chile . " Independencia " ran aground while pursuing " Covadonga " during the naval battle of Punta Gruesa on 21 May 1879 . When the Chileans in " Covadonga " realized that " Independencia " had run aground they returned to bombard it causing many deaths . When " Huáscar " appeared " Covadonga " fled . The Peruvian survivors were rescued by " Huáscar " and the remains of the ship set afire to prevent its capture .
PAF Base Shahbaz PAF Base Shahbaz is located at Jacobabad , in the Sindh province of Pakistan . It is a military base operated by the Pakistan Air Force as well as a civilian airport . Used as a base for drones operated by the United States during the War in Afghanistan beginning in 2001 , PAF ' s AVM Arshad Quddus states that Shahbaz Air Force Base is now under the PAF control : " The Shahbaz Airbase is under complete operational control of the PAF . If you see any American let me know . . . Seeing is believing . . . there are no drones and no Americans . " Nevertheless armed CIA drones still have permission to operate from here and American military or Lockheed - Martin contract personnel are present as the PAF takes ownership of 18 new F - 16 ' s and works to bring these aircraft up to operational capability .
Francisco Javier Cornejo Don Francisco Javier Cornejo López ( March 4 , 1669 , Ruesga , Cantabria - March 27 , 1750 , Madrid ) , also known as Don Francisco Javier Cornejo Vallejo , was a Spanish military commander of the Spanish navy . He participated in the successful Spanish expedition to Oran ( 1732 ) .
Herman Pfisterer Herman Pfisterer ( April 1 , 1866 – August 6 , 1905 ) was a musician serving in the United States Army during the Spanish – American War who received the Medal of Honor for bravery . Biography . Pfisterer was born April 1 , 1866 in Brooklyn , New York and entered the army from New York City , New York . He was sent to the Spanish – American War with Company H , 21st U . S . Infantry as a musician where he received the Medal of Honor for assisting in the rescue of wounded while under heavy enemy fire . He died August 6 , 1905 and is buried in Fort Vancouver Military Cemetery Vancouver , Washington . In 1991 the Congressional Medal of Honor Society erected a monument in Washington State and presented it to the city of Vancouver , Washington that includes Herman Pfisterer ’ s name as well as three other Medal of Honor recipients buried there . Medal of Honor citation . Rank and organization : Musician , Company H , 21st U . S . Infantry . Place and date : At Santiago , Cuba , 1 July 1898 . Entered service at New York , N . Y . Birth : Brooklyn , N . Y . Date of issue : 22 June 1899 Citation : Gallantly assisted in the rescue of the wounded from in front of the lines and under heavy fire from the enemy .
Nikonov AO - 222 The Nikonov AO - 222 is an assault rifle of Russian origin designed by Gennadiy Nikonov . It is chambered in the 5 . 45x39mm calibre and fed from AK - 74 - compatible magazines loaded on the right hand side in an attempt to make the magazine release easier . Overview . The AO - 222 is a 5 . 45x39mm caliber assault rifle . It is basically no more than a AK - 74 or an AN - 94 which it led to with the only difference being a right - hand - side - fed weapon .
HMS Colchester ( 1694 ) HMS " Colchester " was a 50 - gun fourth rate ship of the line of the English Royal Navy , launched at Blackwall Yard in 1694 . She foundered at Whitesand Bay , Sennen Cove on 16 January 1704 with the loss of approximately one hundred lives .
Action of 2 May 1707 The Action of 2 May 1707 , also known as Beachy Head , was a naval battle of the War of the Spanish Succession in which a French squadron under Claude de Forbin , intercepted a large British convoy escorted by three ships of the line , under Commodore Baron Wylde . The Action began when 3 French ships , the " Grifon " , " Blackoal " and " Dauphine " , grappled the " HMS Hampton Court " , killing her captain , George Clements , and taking her . Claude Forbin ' s 60 - gun " Mars " next attacked the " HMS Grafton " and , when joined by the French ships " Blackoal " and " Fidèle " , killed his Captain Edward Acton , and took her too . The convoy was scattered and the last British escort , the " HMS Royal Oak " , badly hit and with 12 feet of water in her wells , managed to escape by running ashore near Dungeness , from where she was carried the next day into the Downs . The French took 21 sail of merchant ships , besides the two 70 - gun Ships of the line , and carried them all into Dunkirk . Action . On 1 May a large outward - bound convoy for the West Indies , under the protection of three ships of the line , sailed from the Downs and being six leagues to the westward of Beachy , they fell in with the French squadron from Dunkirk , commanded by Claude de Forbin . This squadron consisted of 7 sail of the line and 6 privateers . The Action began when 3 French ships , the " Griffon " , " Blackoal " and " La Dauphine " , grappled the " HMS Hampton Court " and killed Captain Clements . Commodore Wyld took five of his largest merchant ships into his line and boldly met the attack of the French ships . For two and a half hours a heavy fire was kept up on both sides ; The " Hampton Court " fought desperately and was obliged to surrender . La Dauphine next vigorously attacked the " HMS Grafton " and when joined by the French ships Blackoal and Fidele , captured her after a warm dispute of half an hour . Claude Forbin ' s 60 - gun " Mars " attacked Commodore Wyld ' s " HMS Royal Oak " . The ship having eleven feet water in her hold , managed to escape with great loss by running ashore , from where she was carried into the Downs . Order of battle . France . 6 Privateers . Britain . 55 Merchant ships .
Hans Degen Hans Degen ( 18 February 1899 – 8 November 1971 ) was a highly decorated Generalleutnant in the Wehrmacht during World War II . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . Hans Degen was captured by American troops in May 1945 and was held until 1947 .