naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
8th Michigan Volunteer Cavalry Regiment The 8th Regiment Michigan Volunteer Cavalry was an cavalry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War . Service . The 8th Michigan Cavalry was organized at Mt . Clemens , Michigan between December 30 , 1862 and May 2 , 1863 . The regiment was mustered out of service on September 22 , 1865 . Total strength and casualties . The regiment suffered 1 officer and 41 enlisted men killed in action or mortally wounded and 2 officers and 290 enlisted men who died of disease , for a total of 334 fatalities .
French ship République française ( 1802 ) The République française was a first - rate 118 - gun ship of the line of the French Navy , of the " Océan " type , designed by Jacques - Noël Sané and built by Pierre Rolland . She was begun at Rochefort in 1794 as the " Majesteux " , but was given the name " République française " later that same year . She resumed the name " Majestueux " in February 1803 , prior to being completed in August 1803 . She took part in Allemand ' s expedition of 1805 . Scrapped in 1839 .
Lord George Beauclerk Lieutenant - General Lord George Beauclerk ( 26 December 1704 – 11 May 1768 ) was a British Army officer , the sixth son of Charles Beauclerk , 1st Duke of St Albans by his wife Diana , daughter of Aubrey de Vere , 20th Earl of Oxford . Beauclerk served in the 1st Regiment of Foot Guards , and was promoted to captain and lieutenant - colonel in September 1736 . In 1745 he was nominated aide - de - camp to King George II with the rank of colonel , and in 1747 he obtained the colonelcy of the 8th Regiment of Marines ( afterwards disbanded ) , from which he was removed on 15 March 1748 to the 19th Regiment of Foot . In 1753 he was appointed Governor of Landguard Fort , holding the post until his death . He was promoted to the rank of major - general in 1755 and to that of lieutenant - general in 1758 . He performed the duties of Commander - in - Chief in Scotland from 1756 to 1767 , and was Member of Parliament for New Windsor from 1744 to 1754 . He was elected again for New Windsor in the 1768 election but died the day after Parliament met . This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Richard Cannon , " Historical Record of the Nineteenth , or First Yorkshire North Riding Regiment of Foot " ( London , 1848 ) pages 36 – 37 .
Muselmann Muselmann ( pl . Muselmänner , from the German , meaning Muslim ; in Polish Muzułman ) was a derogatory term used among captives of World War II Nazi concentration camp s to refer to those suffering from a combination of starvation ( known also as " hunger disease " ) and exhaustion and who were resigned to their impending death . The Muselmann prisoners exhibited severe emaciation and physical weakness , an apathetic listlessness regarding their own fate , and unresponsiveness to their surroundings . The following quotation appears as a footnote in " If This Is a Man " , Primo Levi ' s autobiographical account of his time in Auschwitz , and it serves as the introduction to the word in that book . " Selection " , in the context of the quotation , means selection for the gas chambers , i . e . , death . In " If This Is a Man " Levi uses two variations of the spelling ; " Muselmann " and " Musselman " , as well as the plural , " Muselmänner " . Some scholars argue that the term possibly comes from the Muselmann ' s inability to stand for any time due to the loss of leg muscle , thus spending much of the time in a prone position , recalling the position of the Mussulman ( Muslim ) during prayers . The term spread from Auschwitz - Birkenau to other concentration camps . Its equivalent in the Majdanek concentration camp was " Gamel " ( derived from German " gammeln " - colloquial for " rotting " ) and in the Stutthof concentration camp , " Krypel " ( derived from German " Krüppel " , " cripple " ) . The psychologist and Auschwitz survivor Viktor Frankl , in his book " Man ' s Search for Meaning " , provides the example of a prisoner who decides to use up his last cigarettes ( used as currency in the concentration camps ) in the evening because he is convinced he won ' t survive the " Appell " ( roll call assembly ) the next morning ; his fellow captives derided him as a " Muselmann " . Frankl compares this to the dehumanized behavior and attitudes of the kapos . The testimonial of the Polish witness , Adolf Gawalewicz , " Refleksje z poczekalni do gazu : ze wspomnień muzułmana " ( " Reflections in the Gas Chamber ' s Waiting Room : From the Memoirs of a Muselmann " ) , published in 1968 , incorporates the term in the title of the work .
United States L - class submarine The United States L class submarine was the United States Navy ' s first attempt at designing and building ocean - going submarines , which at the time was a yawning gap in capability compared with other major navies . The first hulls were laid down in 1914 , six months before the European hostilities , but they were not commissioned until two years later because of long fitting - out periods . The " Group 2 " L - boats designed by Lake Torpedo Boat ( " L - 5 " through " L - 8 " ) were built to slightly different specifications from the other " Group 1 " L - boats , which were designed by Electric Boat , and are sometimes considered a separate L - 5 class . After service in the Atlantic Flotilla by the " Group 1 " boats , most required extensive refits at Philadelphia after the USA ' s entry into the First World War which reflected the US Navy ' s then limited experience in ocean operations . In November 1917 , the class was sent to the Bantry Bay and the Azores for anti - U - boat patrols . The class did not sink any U - boats . The class was generally under - powered , but they enjoyed good endurance for patrols in the North Atlantic and in British waters . After the war , the L class were involved in trials of new torpedoes and hydrophone equipment on both the east and west coasts before decommissioning in 1922 and 1923 and were used in the US scrapping quota in 1933 under the London Naval Treaty limiting naval armament . Ships . Group 1 Group 2 References . Hutchinson , Robert , " Submarines , War Beneath The Waves , From 1776 To The Present Day "
Praporshchik Praporshchik ( , ) is a former rank in the Russian military , though it may still be used in other uniformed services of the Russian government such as the Police . It was a junior officer rank in Imperial Russia and was restored in the 1970s as a warrant officer rank . Imperial Russia . " Praporshchik " was originally a name of a junior commissioned officer rank in the military of the Russian Empire equivalent to ensign . The rank was abolished 1917 by the Bolsheviks ( but still existed in 1917 — 1921 in the White Army ) and restored in 1970s in the former USSR for non - commissioned officers and was equivalent to warrant officer rank . It was first introduced in Streltsy New Regiments . The name originates from Slavonic " prapor " ( прапор ) , meaning flag ; the " praporshchik " was a flag - bearer in Kievan Rus troops . In the New Regiments of the Streltsy and the " new army " of Peter the Great , " praporshchik " was ranked as a commissioned officer of the lowest grade ; this was legalised by the Table of Ranks of 1722 . By the 19th century , the rank was given to senior non - commissioned officers of the Russian army upon their retirement and also reserve or volunteer officers with no previous service ( from then on commissioned officers started service as " podporuchik " ( " sub - lieutenants " ) . In spite of this , " podpraporshchik " ( " sub - ensign " ) was one of the NCO grades , originally below sergeant and " feldwebel " . From 1826 to 1884 it became the highest non - commissioned rank of the infantry , cavalry and the Leib Guard . From 1884 " podpraporshchik " ranked below the newly introduced NCO grade " zauryad praporshchik " ( " deputy ensign " ) . Soviet Army and Militia . In the Soviet Army , the reintroduction of the " praporshchik " rank in 1972 , along with the " michman " ( ми́чман ; " midshipman " ) rank in the Soviet Navy , marked the attempt to recreate a corps of contract non - commissioned officers similar to master sergeant s and chief petty officer s , the role that was previously reserved for senior drafted personnel . Contrary to Western practice of assigning the senior sergeant ranks to veteran soldiers , the Soviet ranks of " starshina " and sergeant were routinely assigned to 20 year old soldiers at the end of their 2 - year draft . The " praporshchik " s were aged volunteers and were expected to have more authority over draftsmen than similarly aged sergeants ; they are placed in a separate category of " master non - commissioned officers " ( " praporshchik " and " michman " ) . Carey Schofield ' s " Inside the Soviet Army " c . 1990 provides a good description of the place of the " praporshchik " within the Soviet military system . " Praporshchik " rank of the Russian Federation . The " praporshchik " rank continues to be used in the armies of ex - Soviet states .
HMS Eden ( 1903 ) HMS " Eden " was a Hawthorn Leslie type River Class Destroyer ordered by the Royal Navy under the 1901 – 1902 Naval Estimates . Named after the River Eden in the northern England , she was the second ship to carry this name since it was introduced in 1814 for a 26 - gun 6th Rate ship sold in 1833 . Construction . She was laid down on 12 June 1902 at the Hawthorn Leslie shipyard at Hebburn - on - Tyne and launched on 13 March 1903 . She was completed in June 1904 . Her original armament was to be the same as the Turleback torpedo boat destroyers that preceded her . In 1906 the Admiralty decided to upgrade the armament by landing the five 6 - pounder naval guns and shipping three 12 - pounder 8 hundredweight ( cwt ) guns . Two would be mounted abeam at the foc ' x ' le break and the third gun would be mounted on the quarterdeck . Pre War . After commissioning she was assigned to the East Coast Destroyer Flotilla of the 1st Fleet and based at Harwich . In April 1909 she was assigned to the 3rd Destroyer Flotilla on its formation at Harwich . She remained until displaced by a Basilisk Class destroyer by May 1912 . She was assigned to the 5th Destroyer Flotilla of the 2nd Fleet with a nucleus crew . In the early morning of 28 January 1910 while under the command of Lieutenant Oliver M . F . Stokes , RN , she broke loose from her moorings in bad weather and sank at the Harbour Jetty under the East Cliff at Dover . She was refloated on the 30th of January and repaired . On 30 August 1912 the Admiralty directed all destroyer classes were to be designated by alpha characters starting with the letter ' A ' . The ships of the River Class were assigned to the E Class . After 30 September 1913 , she was known as an E Class destroyer and had the letter ‘ E ’ painted on the hull below the bridge area and on either the fore or aft funnel . World War I . In early 1914 when displaced by G Class destroyers she joined the 9th Destroyer Flotilla based at Chatham tendered to HMS " St George " . The 9th Flotilla was a Patrol Flotilla tasked with anti - submarine and counter mining patrols in the Firth of Forth area . By September 1914 , she was deployed to the Dover Patrol based at Portsmouth . Here she provided anti - submarine , counter mining patrols and defended the Dover Barrage . Loss . On the night of 18 June 1916 HMS " Eden collided with the transport SS " France in the English Channel . She sank with the loss of her commander , Lieutenant A . C . N . Farquhar and 42 officers and men . 33 officers and men were rescued by the transport . Today , her wreck lies in in the waters near Fécamp .
HMAS Una HMAS " Una " was a Royal Australian Navy sloop that began its life as the German motor launch " Komet " . The ship and her 57 crew was captured by an infantry detachment of the Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force led by John Paton on 9 October 1914 , with no loss of life . " Komet " was then sailed to Sydney as a prize . In December 1918 , " Una " was sent to Darwin to protect Administrator John Gilruth , following the Darwin Rebellion . She arrived on Christmas Eve anchoring beneath the Government House cliffs until arrived in early 1919 . After World War I , " Una " was decommissioned and taken to Port Phillip Bay , renamed " Akuna " and used as a pilot vessel . She was finally broken up in Melbourne in 1955 .
Lemuel Todd Lemuel Todd ( July 29 , 1817 – May 12 , 1891 ) was a Republican member of the U . S . House of Representatives from Pennsylvania . Biography . Lemuel Todd was born in Carlisle , Pennsylvania . He graduated from Dickinson College in Carlisle in 1839 . He studied law , was admitted to the bar in 1841 and commenced practice in Carlisle . Todd was elected as a Republican to the Thirty - fourth Congress . He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1856 . During the American Civil War , Todd served in the Union Army as the major of the First Regiment , Pennsylvania Volunteer Reserves . He was inspector general of Pennsylvania on the governor ’ s staff . Todd was again elected as a Republican to the Forty - third Congress . He was not a candidate for renomination in 1874 . He resumed the practice of law , and died in Carlisle in 1891 . Interment was in Ashland Cemetery .
17th Infantry Regiment ( United States ) The 17th Infantry Regiment is a United States Army infantry regiment . An earlier regiment designated the 17th Infantry Regiment was organized on January 11 , 1812 , but was consolidated with four other regiments as the 3rd Infantry in the post - war reorganization of the army following the War of 1812 , due to the shattering losses it sustained at the River Raisin . The current 17th Infantry was constituted as the 17th Regiment of Infantry on May 3 , 1861 . Civil War . The 17th Infantry Regiment was in the Army of the Potomac during the American Civil War in Sykes ' Division of the 5th Army Corps , the badge of which was a white cross patee , which is embodied in the coat of arms and shown on the blue field above and to the left of the stone wall . At Fredericksburg . the 17th suffered heavy losses in the assault on the famous stone wall , " For one entire day , ( December 14 ) the men of the 17th lay flat on their faces eighty yards in front of the famous stone wall , behind which the enemy was posted in large numbers and any movement on their part was sure to draw the fire of rebel sharpshooter s . The five - bastioned fort , shown on the blue shield above and to the right of the stone wall , was the badge of the 5th Army Corps in Cuba in 1898 . Coat of arms . The buffalo , shown on the blue shield bellow the stone wall represents the regiment ' s history in the Korean war . The " Buffalo " nickname was adopted after one of the regiment ' s commanding officers in the Korean war , Col . William W . " Buffalo Bill " Quinn . The shield is blue , being the color representing the infantry . The Crest is a sea lion taken from the Spanish Arms of Manila for the fighting around that city in 1899 . The two arrow s represent the Indian campaigns in which the 17th Regiment participated .
Myles William Patrick O ' Reilly Myles William Patrick O ' Reilly was a Catholic soldier and publicist . Born in Balbriggan , Ireland in 1825 ; died in Dublin , Ireland in 1880 . Career . He was commissioned a captain in the Louth Rifles in 1854 , and when the Roman crisis arose he offered his services to Pope Pius IX against Giuseppe Garibaldi . Raising an Irish brigade of 900 men , he fought in every battle until the surrender of Spoleto in September 1860 . Subsequently he was elected a member of Parliament for Longford from 1862 to 1876 , and was one of the founders of the Home Rule movement . In addition to his historical " Sufferings for the Faith in Ireland " ( 1868 ) , his pen was ever active in defence of the Holy See and Catholic interests . See also . Second Italian War of Independence
Vozrozhdeniya island Vozrozhdeniya Island ( ) , also known as Rebirth Island , was an island in the Aral Sea . Geography . Vozrozhdeniya was once a small island ; however , the island began to grow in size in the 1960s as the Aral Sea dried up due to its feeder rivers being dammed by the Soviet Union for agricultural projects . The shrinkage of the Aral continued and accelerated , and Vozrozhdeniya became a peninsula in mid - 2001 when the channel to its south dried up completely and became a land bridge . Upon the disappearance of the Southeast Aral Sea in 2008 , Vozrozhdeniya effectively ceased to exist as a distinct geographical feature . It briefly reemerged as a peninsula in 2010 when the eastern basin was flooded by heavy snow melt . History . Located in the central Aral Sea , Vozrozhdeniya Island was one of the main laboratories and testing sites for the Soviet Union ' s Microbiological Warfare Group . In 1948 , a top - secret Soviet bioweapon s laboratory was established here , which tested a variety of agents , including anthrax , smallpox , plague , brucellosis , and tularemia . In 1971 , a release of weaponized smallpox from the island sickened ten people , of whom 3 died . In the 1990s , word of the island ' s danger was spread by Soviet defectors , including Ken Alibek , the former head of the Soviet Union ' s bioweapons program . It was here , according to recently released documents , that anthrax spore s and bubonic plague bacilli were made into weapons and stored . The main town on the island was Kantubek , which lies in ruins today , but once had approximately 1 , 500 inhabitants . The laboratory staff members abandoned the small island in 1992 . Many of the containers holding the spores were not properly stored or destroyed , and over the last decade many of these containers have developed leaks . In 2002 , through a project organized and funded by the United States with Uzbekistan assistance , 10 anthrax burial sites were decontaminated .
SM U - 56 SM U - 56 was one of the 329 submarine s serving in the Imperial German Navy in World War I . U - 56 was engaged in the naval warfare and took part in the First Battle of the Atlantic . On November 2 , 1916 , U - 56 was attacked by gunfire from the Russian destroyer Grozovoi off Khorne Island , Norway ( near Vardö ) . U 56 was survived this attack . U - 56 put the crew of the Norwegian merchant ship Ivanhoe ashore at 07 : 45 on November 3 at Lodsvik . The Norwegian sailors were abroad during the action the previous day and their description matches the Russian account .
Tom Nevers Naval Facility Tom Nevers Naval Facility was a U . S . Navy submarine listening post active from 1955 to 1976 . It later became home to the Nantucket Hunting Association . History . Tom Nevers Naval Facility was founded in 1955 as a submarine listening base . It was built on land that the Navy had used as a bombing range during World War II . The facility also held a bomb shelter for President John F . Kennedy , to be used in the event of a nuclear attack , if President Kennedy was in Hyannisport . The facility was abandoned in 1976 and later became home to the Nantucket Hunting Association . The shelter still has electricity and can still be used .
Bill Genaust William Homer " Bill " Genaust ( 1907 – March 4 , 1945 ) was a Sergeant in the United States Marine Corps , a war photographer who was wounded in the Battle of Saipan and killed in action in the Battle of Iwo Jima during World War II . He is most known for capturing the Flag Raising on Iwo Jima on color motion picture film with his 16 millimeter camera . February 23 , 1945 : Sgt . Genaust and Pfc . Bob Campbell , a Marine still photographer , both assigned to E Company , 2nd Battalion , 28th Marine Regiment , 5th Marine Division , and Associated photographer Joe Rosenthal , were on the top of Mount Suribachi after a small American flag and flagstaff was raised and planted securely on the mountaintop about 10 : 30 a . m . by a Lieutenant with a group of Marines and a navy corpsman from E Company , 3rd platoon . Around noon , the smaller American flag and flagstaff was replaced by a larger American flag on a heavier and longer flagstaff that was visible from any point on the island . Genaust with a motion picture camera stood near Rosenthal as the larger flag and flagstaff was hoisted by five Marines from E Company , 2nd platoon and the same corpsman from 3rd platoon , simultaneous with the lowering of the smaller flag and flagstaff . World War II . Genaust ' s film briefly captures the servicemen getting in place to raise the larger flag , the raising and securing of the larger flag , and a group shot of members of the 2nd and 3rd platoons of E Company posing under the larger flag . Similar still photographs were taken by Rosenthal and Pfc . Campbell during this action . Genaust ' s film also captures other Marines , one of whom gazes up at the larger flag . These Marines are not visible in Rosenthal ' s famous photograph . March 4 , 1945 : Sgt . Genaust was killed by enemy small arms fire after he entered a darkened cave on Hill 362A located on the northwest corner of Iwo Jima . He had volunteered to use his flashlight or camera light in the cave and was killed supposedly with another unknown Marine . The cave mouth was covered over by bulldozing equipment , and despite renewed search efforts in 2007 , his body has never been recovered . Sergeant Genaust Award . The Sergeant William Genaust Award is presented each year by the Marine Corps Heritage Foundation , one of a series of awards to both Marines and civilian community members recognizing their work in advancing and preserving Marine Corps history . It is given for a documentary and short subject ( 15 minutes or less ) dealing creatively with U . S . Marine Corps heritage or Marine Corps life .
Clipeus In the military of classical antiquity , a clipeus ( Ancient Greek : ἀσπίς ) was a large shield worn by the Greeks and Romans as a piece of defensive armor , which they carried upon the arm , to secure them from the blows of their enemies . It was round in shape and in the middle was a bolt of iron , or of some other metal , with a sharp point . Decorative Use . Pliny the Elder also describes the custom of having a bust - portrait of an ancestor painted on a clipeus , and having it hung in a temple or other public place . From this round bas - relief s in a medallion on sarcophagi and in other forms are known as clipeus portraits . Roman Use . The legionary " scutum " , a convex rectangular shield disappeared during the 3rd century . All troops adopted the auxiliary oval ( or sometimes round ) shield ( " clipeus " ) . Shields , from examples found at Dura and Nydam , were of vertical plank construction , the planks glued , and faced inside and out with painted leather . The edges of the shield were bound with stitched rawhide , which shrank as it dried improving structural cohesion . It was also lighter than the edging of copper alloy used in earlier Roman shields . " Clipeus virtutis " , Latin for ' shield of bravery ' was an ancient Roman award for a soldier who had saved the life of a comrade in battle .