naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Battle of Crug Mawr The Battle of Crug Mawr took place in September or October 1136 , as part of a struggle for control of Ceredigion which had been captured by the Normans . A Welsh revolt against Norman rule had begun in south Wales , where on 1 January 1136 the Welsh won a victory over the local Norman forces at the Battle of Llwchwr between Loughor and Swansea , killing about 500 of their opponents . Richard Fitz Gilbert de Clare , the Norman lord of Ceredigion , had been away from his lordship in the early part of the year . Returning to the borders of Wales in April , he ignored warnings of the danger and pressed on towards Ceredigion with a small force . He had not gone far when he was ambushed and killed by the men of Iorwerth ab Owain , grandson of Caradog ap Gruffydd ( the penultimate prince of Gwent ) . The news of Richard ' s death led to an invasion by the forces of Gwynedd , led by Owain Gwynedd and Cadwaladr ap Gruffydd , sons of the king of Gwynedd , Gruffydd ap Cynan . They captured a number of castles in northern Ceredigion before returning home to dispose of the plunder . Around Michaelmas they again invaded Ceredigion and made an alliance with Gruffydd ap Rhys of Deheubarth . The combined forces headed for Cardigan . These troops were said to include hundreds of armoured horsemen , a style of warfare which the Welsh had learnt from the Normans . The battle . After some hard fighting , the Norman forces were put to flight and pursued as far as the River Teifi . Many of the fugitives tried to cross the bridge , which broke under the weight , with hundreds said to have drowned , clogging the river with the bodies of men and horses . Others fled to the town of Cardigan , which however was taken and burned by the Welsh though Robert fitz Martin successfully managed to defend and hold the castle ; it was the only one to remain in Norman hands at the end of the rebellion . Aftermath . Ceredigion , which had been part of Deheubarth before the Normans had conquered it , was now annexed by Gwynedd as the more powerful member of the coalition . Years later , Rhys ap Gruffydd of Deheubarth was able to win it back . The battle was a significant setback to Norman expansion in Wales . Owain Gwynedd became king of Gwynedd on the death of his father the following year , and further expanded the borders of the kingdom . In Deheubarth , Rhys ap Gruffydd References . John Edward Lloyd ( 1911 ) " A history of Wales from the earliest times to the Edwardian conquest " ( Longmans , Green & Co . )
Battle of Kalimanci The Battle of Kalimanci ( , ) was a battle fought between the Kingdom of Serbia and the Kingdom of Bulgaria during the Second Balkan War . The battle started on the 18th and ended on the 19th of July 1913 . The Bulgarian Army halted the Serbian Army from pushing them out of Macedonia and joining up with the Greek Army at the downstreams of the river Struma . The battle ended in an important Bulgarian defensive victory . Background . At the Battle of Bregalnica , fought June 30 – July 8 , 1913 , the Bulgarian army was decisively defeated by the Serbian Army . Battle . On July 13 , 1913 , General Mihail Savov assumed control of the 4th and 5th Bulgarian armies . The Bulgarians then entrenched themselves into strong defensive - positions around the village of Kalimanci , near the Bregalnica river in the northeastern part of Macedonia . On July 18 , the Serbian 3rd army attacked , closing in on the Bulgarian positions . The Serbs threw hand grenades at their enemies in an attempt to dislodge the Bulgarians , who were sheltered 40 feet away . The Bulgarians held firm , and on several occasions they allowed the Serbs to advance , and when they were within 200 yards from their trenches , they charged with fixed bayonets and threw them back . The Bulgarian artillery was also very successful in breaking up the Serb attacks . The Bulgarian lines held , as an invasion against their homeland was repelled , their morale grew considerably . If the Serbs had broken through the Bulgarian defences , they might have doomed the 2nd Bulgarian Army and driven out the Bulgarians entirely out of Macedonia . The defensive victory , along with the successes to the north of the 1st and 3rd armies , protected western Bulgaria from a Serbian invasion . Although this boosted the Bulgarians , the situation was critical in the south , with the Greek Army defeating the Bulgarians in numerous skirmishes .
USS Glover ( FF - 1098 ) USS " Glover " ( FF - 1098 ) was a originally modified for research use and commissioned as ( AGDE - 1 ) on 3 November 1965 , with Commander William W . Wilson in command . " Glover " was laid down 29 July 1963 by the Bath Iron Works , in Bath , Maine and launched on 17 April 1965 with sponsors Mrs . William S . Pederson , Sr . , and Mrs . Claude V . Signer , great - great - great - granddaughters of General John Glover . Fitted out with advanced sonar and antisubmarine weapons , " Glover " was designed to serve as an experimental research escort for developing and testing the latest antisubmarine weapons systems . As a research ship , she tested equipment designed to more readily detect and track enemy submarines , and evaluated tactics and procedures which were used on future classes of escorts . Capable of participating in offensive operations against submarines , she provided support for hunter killer groups , amphibious forces , and ocean convoys . " Glover " joined the US Atlantic Fleet in 1966 as a unit of Cruiser - Destroyer Forces and operated along the Atlantic Coast and in the Caribbean . In September 1974 she entered Boston Naval Shipyard for modifications . " Glover " was redesignated ( AGFF - 1 ) in 1975 , and redesignated ( FF - 1098 ) in 1979 . Glover went through a major overhaul at South Boston Shipyard in 1988 , getting a boiler refit and new sonar overhaul . She was transferred to MSC as a research vessel for EDO Corp and NUSC in 1990 and reclassified as T - AGFF 1 . She was scrapped in 1994 .
Jacques de Vitry Jacques de Vitry , C . R . S . A . , ( c . 1160 / 70 – 1 May 1240 ) was a French canon regular who was a noted theologian and chronicler of his era . He was elected bishop in 1214 and made cardinal in 1229 . Jacques was born in central France ( perhaps Rheims ) and studied at the University of Paris , becoming a canon regular in 1210 at the Priory of Saint - Nicolas d ' Oignies in the Diocese of Liège , a post he maintained until his consecration as bishop in 1216 . From 1211 to 1213 he preached the Albigensian Crusade , touring France and Germany with William , the archdeacon of Paris , and recruiting many Crusaders . In 1214 Jacques was elected Bishop of Acre . He received episcopal consecration and arrived at his see in 1216 . He was subsequently heavily involved in the Fifth Crusade , participating in the siege of Damietta from 1218 to 1220 . In 1219 he began to write the " Historia Hierosolymitana " , a history of the Holy Land from the advent of Islam until the crusade s of his own day , but only two parts were completed . He returned to Europe in 1225 . Between 16 April and 29 July 1229 , Pope Gregory IX elevated Jacques to the College of Cardinals and transferred him to the suburbicarian see of Frascati . With the exception of a short legation to Emperor Frederick II in 1232 , he spent his last years working in the papal court . He subscribed the papal bulls between 29 July 1229 and 23 June 1239 . He died at Rome as Dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals . His remains were transferred to Oignies and buried there in 1241 . From a document issued by Pope Gregory on 14 May 1240 it appears that de Vitry , shortly before his death , had been elected as the Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem , but this election was either not ratified by the Pope or he rejected it himself . Aside from the " Historia " , his works include hundreds of sermon s , and letters to Pope Honorius III . He also wrote about the immoral life of the students at the University of Paris and the holy life of the Beguines of Liege , in particular , the " Life of Marie d ' Oignies " , whose advice had inspired him into becoming a canon regular .
Duke of Cumberland ' s Regiment of Light Dragoons The Duke of Cumberland ' s Regiment of Light Dragoons was a cavalry regiment of the British Army raised in 1746 and disbanded in 1749 . It was raised by the Duke of Cumberland in 1746 , drawing most of its men from the recently disbanded Duke of Kingston ' s Regiment of Light Horse , and was ranked as the 15th Light Dragoons - the first regiment of the British Army to be classed as light dragoons . It served in the Netherlands during the War of the Austrian Succession , and distinguished itself at the Battle of Lauffeld . Following the Treaty of Aix - la - Chapelle the regiment was withdrawn to the United Kingdom ; in September 1748 Lord Robert Manners succeeded the Duke as colonel , and the regiment was disbanded in 1749 .
USS Dolphin ( SP - 318 ) USS " Dolphin " ( SP - 262 ) was the proposed name and designation for a United States Navy patrol vessel that the Navy never actually acquired . " Dolphin " was built as the commercial steam fishing vessel " Virginia " at Pocomoke City , Maryland . She was of the " menhaden fisherman " design . She was rebuilt in 1911 , and at some point between 1908 and 1917 was renamed " Dolphin " . The U . S . Navy considered acquiring " Dolphin " in 1917 for World War I service as a patrol vessel and assigned her the section patrol number SP - 318 . Although reported by some contemporary sources as having been placed in commission in February 1919 as USS " Dolphin " ( SP - 318 ) , she in fact appears never to have been acquired by the Navy and to have remained in civilian hands . " Dolphin " should not be confused with USS " Dolphin " ( Gunboat No . 24 ) , a gunboat and dispatch vessel in commission at the time , or with , a patrol vessel in commission during 1918 .
USS Mariner ( 1906 ) USS " Mariner " ( 1906 ) was a commercial tugboat operating in the Panama Canal area . When World War I broke out , she was commissioned and armed by the United States Navy , and spent the rest of the war protecting vessels in the vicinity of the canal from German submarines . A tug built in Camden , New Jersey . The second ship to be so named by the U . S . Navy , " Mariner " , a steam tug , was built at Camden , New Jersey , in 1906 . Following America ’ s entry into World War I , she was taken over by the Navy and commissioned 1 February 1918 , Lt . ( jg . ) W . C . Coalfleet , USNRF , in command . She was employed by the Panama Canal Commission during the construction of the Panama Canal and after its completion . Assigned to the Panama Canal Zone , World War I service . Taken over by the U . S . Navy in early 1918 , she was commissioned as USS " Mariner " ( with no identification number ) in February to serve in the Panama Canal Zone area on patrol and tug duties . " Mariner " patrolled the approaches to the canal and provided tug and towing services during the remainder of World War I . Post - war decommissioning . She was returned to her owner 13 January 1919 and resumed her civilian work . Her name was struck from the Navy list .
540th Combat Crew Training Wing The 540th Combat Crew Replacement Wing is an inactive United States Air Force unit . It was last active in 1946 at Colorado Springs , assigned to Continental Air Forces . History . Prewar . The 16th Bombardment Wing was first activated at Langley Field , Virginia in 1940 as part of the expansion of the Air Corps expansion in response to the war in Europe ( Woodring Plan ) . It moved to Bowman Field , Kentucky in the spring of 1941 . However , it apparently it did not have sufficient personnel for effective training and operations . It was inactivated in September 1941 and its personnel and equipment and mission transferred to the 5th Air Support Command . Phase Training Unit . The wing was again activated on 23 June 1942 at Wendover Field , Utah replacing the inactivating 102nd Bombardment Wing ( Provisional ) . The 16th Wing was responsible for the supervision and control of the operational training of heavy bombardment groups ( Boeing B - 17 Flying Fortress and Consolidated B - 24 Liberator ) during the second phase of their operational training . The 16th Wing inherited control from the 102nd Wing of Walla Walla Army Air Field , Ephrata Army Air Field and Geiger Field in Washington ; Muroc Army Air Field in California as well as Wendover . The 16th Wing controlled the training of the following units , which on completion moved to the 17th Bombardment Wing for third phase training . Two groups , the 330th Bombardment Group at Alamogordo Army Air Field , New Mexico and the 331st Bombardment Group at Casper Army Air Field , Wyoming provided second phase training to Replacement Combat Crews . Operational Training Unit . On 2 November 1942 , the Second Air Force reorganized its bombardment training . From that date each Bombardment Wing controlled a bombardment group from its organization until completion of training . The wing also assumed responsibility for training replacement combat crews . With this reorganization the 16th Wing now controlled Operational Training Units ( OTUs ) at Clovis Army Air Field , New Mexico , Davis - Monthan Field , Arizona ; Kearney Army Air Field , Nebraska and Alamogordo Army Air Field , New Mexico It also was assigned Replacement Control Centers ( RCCs ) at Pueblo Army Air Field , Colorado and Biggs Field , Texas . It was assigned the following groups to provide training : In May 1945 the wing mission changed to very heavy bombardment group training ( Boeing B - 29 Superfortress ) , which lasted until operations ceased in late 1945 . It moved to Colorado Springs , Colorado , where it was a paper unit until inactivating in 1946 .
HMS L20 HMS " L20 " was a British L class submarine built by Vickers , Barrow - in - Furness . She was laid down on 26 July 1917 and was commissioned on 28 January 1919 . " L20 " was sent to Hong Kong in 1919 . She was placed in the reserve flotilla in 1923 in Hong Kong . She was sold for break up on 7 January 1935 in Newport . Her bell is in the Royal Navy Submarine Museum .
Blohm & Voss BV 143 The Blohm & Voss BV 143 was an early prototype rocket - assisted glide bomb developed by the German Luftwaffe during World War II . Design . By 1941 , Allied merchant ships were slow and easy targets for German coastal bombers , but were proving increasingly well - equipped with anti - aircraft artillery , making short - range attacks prohibitively costly . Interest was raised in the development of a stand off weapon to engage unarmored merchant ships from beyond the range of the Bofors 40 mm gun . The BV 143 was one of several stand off bomb and missile designs researched by the Blohm & Voss Naval Engineering Works for this anti - shipping role . The Bv 143 was designed to be air - dropped from beyond the range of AAA , glide towards the target , engage its solid rocket motor below the line of fire of AAA guns , and commence a short ( 30 sec . max ) high speed dash to the target , striking above the waterline . The first design featured a 2 meter instrumented " feeler probe " suspended from the body that was designed to start the rocket on contacting the sea surface . A pitch - only autopilot then maintained the bomb at the 2 m probe length until striking the target . The first working prototypes of this design were completed in February 1941 . Tests showed the probe - based design to be unworkable and after additional design time it was replaced with a radio altimeter , which although being less fragile also ultimately proved unsatisfactory . The bomb proved consistently unable to reliably maintain altitude stability with either design , with rocket misfires and failures also proving troublesome . The project was eventually abandoned in favor of the Henschel Hs 293 rocket - assisted glide bomb , which omitted the primitive altitude detection methods in favor of a state - of - the - art MCLOS guidance system . The Hs 293 went on to be used to good effect against surface shipping in the Mediterranean in 1943 . Ship - to - ship variant . BV 143 B ( " Schiff - Schiff - Lenkflugkörper " ) was a late ship - to - ship variant of the BV 143 package . It was designed to launch the missile with an aircraft catapult . Only one test was ever conducted before the program was abandoned .
Siege of Fort Massachusetts The Siege of Fort Massachusetts ( August 19 – 20 , 1746 ) was a successful siege of Fort Massachusetts ( in present - day North Adams , Massachusetts ) by a mixed force of more than 1 , 000 French and Indians from New France . The fort , garrisoned by a disease - weakened militia force from the Province of Massachusetts Bay , surrendered after its supplies of ammunition and gunpowder were depleted . Thirty prisoners were taken and transported back to Quebec , where about half of them died in captivity .
5th Independent Battery Wisconsin Light Artillery The 5th Independent Battery Wisconsin Light Artillery was an artillery battery that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War . Service . The 5th Independent Battery was mustered into service at Racine , Wisconsin on October 10 , 1861 . The battery was mustered out on June 6 , 1865 . Total strength and casualties . The 5th Independent Battery initially recruited 155 officers and men . An additional 70 men were recruited as replacements , for a total of 225 men . The battery suffered 1 officer and 5 enlisted men killed in action or died of wounds and 1 officer and 18 enlisted men who died of disease , for a total of 25 fatalities .
Guy Crofton , 7th Baron Crofton Lieutenant - Colonel Guy Patrick Gilbert Crofton , 7th Baron Crofton ( 17 June 1951 – 25 November 2007 ) was an Irish Peer and British Army officer . He was commissioned into the 9th / 12th Royal Lancers and served as a Lieutenant - Colonel and Defence Attaché to the British Embassy in Angola .
91st Fighter - Bomber Squadron The 91st Fighter - Bomber Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit . Its last assignment was with the 439th Fighter - Bomber Group , based at Selfridge Air Force Base , Michigan . It was inactivated on 1 Apr 1954 . History . Activated in June 1943 under I Troop Carrier Command and equipped with C - 47 Skytrain s . Trained in various parts of the eastern United States until the end of 1943 . Deployed to England and assigned to IX Troop Carrier Command , Ninth Air Force . Prepared for the invasion of Nazi - occupied Europe . Began operations by dropping paratroop s of the 101st Airborne Division in Normandy on D - Day ( 6 June 1944 ) and releasing gliders with reinforcements on the following day . The unit received a Distinguished Unit Citation and a French citation for these missions . After the Normandy invasion the squadron ferried supplies in the United Kingdom . After moving to France in September , the unit dropped paratroops of the 82nd Airborne Division near Nijmegen and towed gliders carrying reinforcements during the airborne attack on Holland . In December , it participated in the Battle of the Bulge by releasing gliders with supplies for the 101st Airborne Division near Bastogne . When the Allies made the air assault across the Rhine River in March 1945 , each aircraft towed two gliders with troops of the 17th Airborne Division and released them near Wesel . The squadron also hauled food , clothing , medicine , gasoline , ordnance equipment , and other supplies to the front lines and evacuated patients to rear zone hospitals . It converted from C - 47s to C - 46s and used the new aircraft to transport displaced persons from Germany to France and Belgium after V - E Day . Postwar the squadron was activated in the air force reserve in 1940 at Selfridge AFB , Michigan , operating C - 46 Commandos for Tactical Air Command Eighteenth Air Force . Inactivated durin the Korean War in 1951 , its aircraft and personnel being used as fillers for active duty units , then inactivated . Reactivated again in the reserve in 1952 as a Tactical Air Command fighter - bomber squadron . Inactivated in April 1954 due to personnel and budget issues .
Champion Hill Union order of battle The following Union Army units and commanders fought in the Battle of Champion Hill of the American Civil War . The Confederate order of battle is listed separately . Order of battle compiled from the army organization , returns of casualties and reports . Army of the Tennessee . MG Ulysses S . Grant XIII Corps . MG John A . McClernand < br > Escort : XV Corps . MG William T . Sherman XVII Corps . MG James B . McPherson Provisional Cavalry Battalion : Cpt John S . Foster
Battle of Oshikibata The was a preliminary round of the battle of Miyajima which was to follow . Mōri Motonari sought to avenge Sue Harukata ' s coup against their lord , Ōuchi Yoshitaka , and succeeded . Following the battle of Miyajima , the Mōri clan gained all the Ōuchi lands , and replaced them as one of the most powerful families in the country .
Panzerkampfwagen IV Produced throughout the war , was the backbone of the German armored divisions , with about 8 , 000 built between all the versions by the end of the war , as Germany was unable to build a successor in sufficient quantity to replace it . Description . Although it was the heaviest battle tank German until 1941 , the series ' Ausf . D ' of the Panzer IV , which represents the various initial series armed with short 75mm gun , had no role to fight against other enemy tanks , but the support function . It ' s a common mistake when making comparisons in the initial phase of the war and comparing this armored vehicle , with armored vehicles from other countries belingerantes because the Panzer IV series A - D series had as its main task the attack against other armored formations . As proof of this , is the organization of German armored units , who possessed only one company equipped with this tank in each battalion Panzer , while they had two or three companies equipped with the Panzer III , this one devoted to function and anti - tank designed to attack armored enemies . Only 35 units of Panzer IV model A ( 18 tonnes ) were produced by Krupp , who won the tender for the provision of car combat . New versions followed with innovations and upgrades primarily related to increased screening , since the vehicle was not changed in essence . The " Panzer IV " or Armoured IV , as the Germans called it was being changed , even before the war , emerging versions B , C , which were development releases . Versions D , E and F were produced in larger . The initial series of the Panzer IV with short cannon , were produced in the following numbers : Note that the F version 2 is already a version of transition , although it retains the characteristics of other vehicles , is the first car to receive the new long 75mm cannon Total initial versions : 1287 vehicles Though not a car designed to confront armored , when Germany invaded the USSR on June 22 , 1941 , the Panzer IV with his short - barreled cannon , the car continued to be heavier than the Germans were on the ground . The Germans soon noticed that the Panzer III , which had been modernized , receiving new 50mm cannon while top models armed with 37mm cannon , were still of little use against the Soviet tanks T - 34 and KV - 1 especially . This evidence implies that emergency solutions are adopted , and even with its short 75mm gun , the Panzer IV D could be used as main tank . The emergency solution was to distribute a new ammunition that could be used in short - barrel gun , with some effectiveness against tanks . The solution was expensive , but it was the first phase of the war the only viable solution , since only the later versions with the Panzer IV actually receive weapons suitable for fighting against other tanks ( F2 is the first Panzer IV to receive a cannon suited for combat against armored vehicles ) and only begin to be delivered to Panzer units from March 1942 , nine months after the start of the invasion of the Soviet Union .