naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Swedish Military Intelligence and Security Service Military Intelligence and Security Service ( ) , MUST , is a division of the Swedish Armed Forces Central Command . It is the main foreign intelligence agency in Sweden and as such is responsible for providing intelligence to both the Government of Sweden and the Supreme Commander of the Swedish Armed Forces . It is also the Military Security Service which means that it is managing the security for vital divisions and agencies of the Swedish Armed Forces . MUST consists of three departments , Underrättelsekontoret " UNDK ( Intelligence Office ) , Säkerhetskontoret " SÄKK ( Security Office ) and Kontoret för Särskild Inhämtning " KSI " ( Office for Special Collection ) . MUST also co - operates with other defence intelligence agencies , such as the Swedish National Defence Radio Establishment ( FRA ) , the Swedish Defence Research Agency ( FOI ) and the Swedish Defence Materiel Administration ( FMV ) . In contrast to common belief FRA , the Swedish National Defence Radio Establishment , is not a part of MUST but a civil agency . Current Director of MUST is Major General Gunnar Karlson . Even though MUST is technically a part of the military , a majority of the staff is civilian .
Robert Hall ( aviator ) Captain Robert Norwood Hall was a World War I flying ace credited with five aerial victories . Hall tallied his first win on 24 April 1917 , when he drove an enemy two - seater down out of control . On 7 May , he became a balloon buster by destroying three observation balloons on the same mission ; Lieutenant Charles Cudemore shared credit on two of these . On 15 August , he destroyed an Albatros D . V for his last triumph . Upon return to Home Establishment , he served with No . 44 Squadron until at least May 1918 .
Fifth Army ( Japan ) The was an army of the Imperial Japanese Army based in Manchukuo as a garrison force during World War II under the overall command of the Kwantung Army . History . The Japanese 5th Army was initially raised on December 7 , 1937 in Manchukuo as a garrison force to guard the eastern borders against possible incursions by the Soviet Red Army . As it was based on the eastern frontier , it was not a participant in the Nomonhan Incident , but was temporarily disbanded on February 26 , 1938 . It was re - established on May 19 , 1939 under the direct control of the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff . It afterwards came under the command of the Japanese First Area Army , under the overall command of the Kwantung Army , and was used primarily as a training and garrison force . Its equipment and experienced troops were siphoned off to other commands in the southeast Asia theatre of operations as the war situation gradually deteriorated for Japan . By the time of the Soviet invasion of Manchuria , its poorly equipped and poorly trained forces were no longer a match for the experienced battle - hardened Soviet armored division s , and it was driven back into defensive positions in Andong Province along the Korean border by the time of the surrender of Japan . It was formally disbanded at Jixi .
Battle of the Guadalquivir ( 206 BC ) The Battle of the Guadalquivir was a battle of the Second Punic War that took place in 206 BC between the forces of Carthage and the Roman Republic . The Carthaginian forces were commanded by and the Romans by . The battle resulted in a Roman victory . Context . After the Carthaginian defeat at the Battle of Ilipa , the Turdetani flocked en masse to the Roman banner . Hasdrubal Gisco and Mago Barca were thereafter confined with their troops to Gadir where they were protected from a Roman assault . After the Revolt of Sucro and the Revolt of Indíbil and Mandonio , Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus sent with a small force uninhibited by baggage so as to augment their speed down the Guadalquivir River to the river mouth . There , the Romans encountered the Carthaginian general who was attempting to recruit a force of mercenaries for Mago Barca . The Battle . had at his command 700 cavalry and 6 , 000 infantrymen , of whom 4 , 000 were Celtiberian warriors and the rest Africans . attacked the Carthaginian force and surrounded them on a hill . The mercenaries quickly reached an agreement with the Romans . Marcius further asked Hannón to hand over any prisoners that he had in his care . He further asked them for payment in order for them to be allowed to surrender the hill , whereafter they could reach an agreement . Once the mercenaries had come down from the hill , Marcius gave his final demand for the mercenary forces to surrender their arms and return to their respective cities . Before long , indignation took hold in the Celtiberian ranks and they refused to surrender their arms . A second round of battle followed after this indignation . After brave resistance from the Carthaginian forces , over half their number were slaughtered , but a good deal were able to make an escape . Consequences . The Carthaginian mercenaries that were able to escape , fled towards the army of Mago Barca who had arrived on the coast at the head of a fleet of 60 ships to pick up the surviving mercenaries . Carthaginian territory in the region was reduced to the city of Gadir after the fight . Mago Barca embarked the remainder of his army on boats in an attempt to take back Cartago Nova . Upon reaching the city , the Carthaginian army , which numbered only a few thousands , Barca ' s army anchored and disembarked . They laid siege to the city but were repulsed by Roman forces at the Battle of Cartagena . Mago Barca returned defeated to Gadir where he found that the local population had shut their gates to his army as they had begun negotiations with the Romans . Shortly thereafter , Mago abandoned the city and sailed to the Balearic Islands , spending the winter at Port Mahon . The following year , he sailed north to Italy where he hoped to instigate revolt amongst the Ligures people .
7th Battalion ( 1st British Columbia ) , CEF The 7th Battalion ( 1st British Columbia ) , CEF was a battalion of the Canadian Expeditionary Force that saw service in the First World War . It was created on 2 September 1914 with recruits from British Columbia . The battalion set off for England on board the " Virginian " berthed in Quebec . They arrived in England on 14 October 1914 with a strength of 49 officers and 1083 men . The Battalion became part of the 1st Canadian Division , 2nd Canadian Infantry Brigade where it saw action at along the Western Front . The battalion returned to Canada on 18 April 1919 , was demobilized on 25 April 1919 , and disbanded soon after . The 7th Battalion ( 1st British Columbia ) , CEF is perpetuated by The British Columbia Regiment ( Duke of Connaught ' s Own ) .
Struvenburg The Struvenburg was a medieval castle immediately east of Benzingerode , a village in the borough of Wernigerode in the district of Harz in the German state of Saxony - Anhalt . Today only a few earthworks remain . Very little is known about this castle . The name may be derived from the adjective " struf " = scrubby or rough . Location . The site of the castle is on an isolated east - west limestone ridge , the Struvenberg , that descends towards the west into the basin where the village is situated , and is continued eastwards by the Ziegenberg . The castle is best reached from the western ( village ) side . Layout . Whilst the steep 60° slope on the southern side of the ridge facing the Harz Mountains provided a good natural defence , the other sides were protected by straight ramparts with ditches in front of them . The ramparts , which are still recognisable today , clearly show the two adjacent rectangular wards of the castle . The eastern ward , with its deeper ditch to the west and its higher earthworks , is presumably the main , or upper , ward . The upper ward measures 70 × 100 metres , the lower ward 50 to 70 × 135 metres . Another outwork with a length of about 70 metres lies on the extreme western slope of the ridge . The Struvenburg was a hillfort typical of the Harz . Today there is a checkpoint ( No . 83 ) on the Harzer Wandernadel hiking network located between the Struvenberg and Ziegenberg . History . The castle may date to the Carolingian era , because its archaeological finds date to the 9th century . Because other finds are clearly of Saxon origin , it is possible that the 9th - century castle was built on the site of an even older hillfort . Little is known of the significance of the castle . From its strategic location – the castle lay close to an important crossroads – it may have had a military purpose in connexion with the overthrow of the local Saxon population by the Franks .
Type 38 10 cm Cannon The was a field gun used by the Imperial Japanese Army during World War I , the Second Sino - Japanese War and World War II . It was a licensed copy of a 1905 Krupp design . The Type 38 designation was given to this gun as it was accepted in the 38th year of Emperor Meiji ' s reign ( 1905 ) . By 1941 it was thoroughly obsolete and relegated to second - line service . History and development . Interest in the Krupp 105mm field gun was expressed by the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff in November 1904 , during the height of the Russo - Japanese War . As warship production in Japan had priority during the 1890s , the technology and industrial infrastructure to construct medium or large caliber weapons was reserved for the Imperial Navy , as a consequence , the first twenty units were imported from Germany in 1905 . Further units were produced under license in Japan by the Army ' s Osaka Arsenal under the direction of arms designer General Arisaka Nariakira from 1907 , and began appearing in front line combat units from 1911 . After experience in the First World War , the Type 38 was upgraded to the " C " version , with a lengthened bore and modified carriage to permit a higher angle of fire . This modified version was already obsolete by the start of the Second Sino - Japanese War , but continued to be used by reserve and second - line forces through the end of World War II . Design . The Type 38 105mm Field Gun was a conventional design , with crew seats on the gun shield and a solid box trail . It had a hydrospring recoil system , interrupted screw type breechblock , and 1 / 16 - inch gun shield . It was designed to be towed by a team of eight horses , or by an arms tractor . The Type 38 105 mm Field Gun was capable of firing High - explosive , armor - piercing warhead , shrapnel , incendiary , smoke and illumination and gas shells . Combat record . Type 38 10 cm field gun was initially at the Battle of Tsingtao in China during World War I . It was later used in rear echelon formations in the puppet state of Manchukuo and in various campaigns in mainland China during the Second Sino - Japanese War in the 1930s . Due to its obsolescence , it was not encountered by Allied forces in the Pacific . Some units were also used for shore defense in coastal artillery batteries in the Boso Peninsula , and Tokyo Bay in the Japanese home islands In 1914 , 120 guns were ordered by Russian Empire , converted to use 4 . 2 - inch ( 107mm ) Russian munition for 107 mm gun M1910 . They received designation " 42 - line quick - firing gun Model 1905 " . These guns continued service in the Soviet Red Army until World War II ( there were still 88 such guns in 1936 ) . Weapons captured by the Chinese remained in use in China by both the National Revolutionary Army of the Kuomintang government and Chinese Red Army of the Chinese Communist Party government at least through the Chinese Civil War .
Abdallah ibn Mu ' awiya Abdallah ibn Mu ' awiya ( ; ) was an Alid leader who led a rebellion against the Umayyad Caliphate at Kufa and later Persia . Descent and rise to the imamate . Abdallah ibn Mu ' awiya was a great - grandson of Ali ' s brother , Ja ' far ibn Abi Talib . Following the death of Ali ' s grandson Abu Hashim in 703 , the leadership of the Alid cause was vacant , and several candidates vied for it : one party claimed that Abu Hashim had transferred his rights to the Abbasid Muhammad ibn Ali , while another faction wanted to proclaim Abdallah ibn Amr al - Kindi as the next imam . The latter , however , proved unsatisfactory , and Abdallah ibn Mu ' awiya was chosen instead . Abdallah claimed not only the imamate , but maintained that , according to K . V . Zetterstéen , " both the godhead and the prophetic office were united in him , because the spirit of God had been transferred from the one Imam to the other and had finally come to him " . Consequently , his followers embraced the concept of reincarnation and rejected the resurrection of the dead . Rebellion and death . In October 744 , Abdallah and his followers rebelled in Kufa , and joined by other Alid sympathizers ( especially Zaydi s ) , took control of the city and expelled its governor . The reaction of the governor of Iraq , Abdallah ibn ' Umar ibn Abd al - Aziz , however , was swift , and he marched on Kufa . Most of the citizens deserted the Alid cause , but the Zaydi contingent fought with enough determination to allow Abdallah to withdraw from Kufa , first to al - Mada ' in and thence to Jibal . Despite his defeat at Kufa , volunteers opposed to the Umayayd regime continued to flock to his banner , including remnants of the Kharijites defeated by Marwan II and some Abbasid followers . Taking advantage of the turmoils of the Third Fitna and the burgeoning Abbasid Revolution in Khurasan , which debilitated the UMayyad government , he managed to extend his control over large parts of Persia , including most of Jibal , Ahwaz , Fars and Kerman . He established his residence first at Isfahan and then at Istakhr . Finally , Marwan II dispatched an army under Amir ibn Dubara against Abdallah . The Alid ' s forces were utterly defeated at Marw al - Shadhan in 746 / 7 , and his rule over Persia collapsed . Abdallah himself managed to flee to Khurasan , where the Abbasid leader Abu Muslim executed him . Some of his followers refused to believe his death , and believed that he would return as the " mahdi " , forming the sect known as the " " Janahiyya " " . Others , the so - called " Harithites " , believed that he was reincarnated in the person of Ishaq ibn Zayd ibn al - Harith al - Ansari .
Ludwig Luer " Leutnant " Ludwig Luer was a German World War I flying ace credited with six aerial victories . World War I service . Luer was forwarded from " Armee - Flug - Park " 4 ( Army Flight Park 4 ) to " Jagdstaffel 27 " , a fighter squadron , on 7 March 1917 . At that time , he was ranked as a " Offizierstellvertreter " ( Deputy Officer ) . By August 1917 , he had been commissioned as a " Leutnant " . On 14 August , he shot down an observation balloon west of Ypres at 1637 hours ; that same day , he received the Iron Cross First Class . On 9 September 1917 , Luer shot down 70 Squadron Sopwith Camel serial number B3916 over Frezenberg . At 1010 hours on 24 October , he downed a SPAD from Naval Ten northeast of Zonnebeke . His fourth victory came on 5 November 1917 , when he destroyed another Sopwith Camel . On 5 January 1918 , Luer left " Jasta 27 " to become the first " Staffelführer " ( Commanding Officer ) of " Jagdstaffel 62 " . He would score his fifth victory with them on the evening of 22 April , when he scored another SPAD over Mezieres . He would tally one more victory on 16 May 1918 , over a SPAD over Montdidier . On 22 May , he went to hospital until 1 July . On 8 July 1918 , Ludwig Luer was relieved from combat duty .
Synchronised Armed Forces Europe Synchronised Armed Forces Europe ( SAFE ) is a concept for an ever closer synchronisation of the European forces under the Common Security and Defence Policy . The concept was adopted on 10 November 2008 by Hans - Gert Pöttering , President of the European Parliament during the 7th Berlin security conference . On 21 January 2009 agreed Committee on Foreign Affair of the European Parliament voted with a large majority for the concept and added it in the annual report of the European Parliament on Common Security and Defence Policy . Council of the European Union are currently discussing the implementation of the concept . Contents of the concept . SAFE is based on a voluntary participation ( opt - in model ) and should lead to the synchronisation of the European forces leadership . The opt - in model is the concept that is also applied to the Euro or Schengen Area . It offers sufficient leeway for the neutrality of some members and the military alliances of others . SAFE encourages the dynamic development of cooperation and improves the ability of individual national armed forces to move toward closer synchronisation . SAFE approves the principle of a Europe - wide division of labour in military capabilities . In addition , SAFE is open to military careers in the national armed forces for all Europeans , from the member countries that participate . This is already realised in the Belgian and Irish armed forces , and , in rudimentary form , among German - Dutch reservists . As part of SAFE , a European statute concerning the regulation of training standards of soldiers will be developed . Furthermore , among the standards to be developed there will be an operational doctrine and a unification of rules and regulations concerning : Objectives of the concept . SAFE aims to develop integrated European security structures . These will include civil and military capabilities . Recent developments . On 20 Feb 2009 the European Parliament voted yes to create " SAFE " ( Synchronised Armed Forces Europe ) as a first step towards a true European military force . SAFE will be directed by an EU directorate , with its own training standards and operational doctrine . There are also plans to create an EU " Council of Defence Ministers " and " a European statute for soldiers within the framework of Safe governing training standards , operational doctrine and freedom of operational action " .
Interdynamic MP - 9 The Interdynamic MP - 9 is a blowback - operated , fully automatic 9 mm caliber firearm , classified by BATF as a submachine gun . It is made of inexpensive molded polymer and stamped steel parts . 10 , 20 , 32 , 36 and 50 round magazines are available . The MP - 9 came from a design that a Swedish company Interdynamic AB of Stockholm had for a cheap submachine gun for military applications . Interdynamic was unable to drum up any interest among governments , and the subgun never entered production in Sweden . Unwilling to give up on the design , Interdynamic set up a U . S . subsidiary intended principally to market a semiautomatic version , named the KG - 9 after the two principal partners Kelgren & Garcia , to civilians . More about Kelgren and Garcia can be found under Intratec TEC - DC9 . Interdynamic U . S . A . was forced by the BATF to redesign the KG - 9 due to its ease of being converted to full auto . At the same time as a closed bolt being designed , per the BATF , the lower plastic receiver had to be retooled to place a metal serial number tag in the side as opposed to just stamping the serial number in the plastic magwell . This version was named the KG - 99 and it is this gun that was offered in an open bolt submachine gun configuration designated the MP - 9 . Placed side by side , the KG - 99 and MP - 9 upper and lower receivers are identical with the exception that the MP - 9 has a bolt hold open slot milled in the upper and the tip of the muzzle has a compensation slot cut into it . Interdynamic produced a very small quantity of registered MP - 9 submachine guns due to lack of demand by the general public . The MP - 9 was made in two configurations , one with select fire capability and a collapsible stock , and one that is fully automatic only with no stock . Production numbers are believed to be less than 50 total , perhaps as few as 24 in select - fire with the collapsible stock . More information on this type of gun can be found here under Intratec TEC - DC9 .
John Aidan Liddell John Aidan Liddell VC , MC ( 3 August 1888 – 31 August 1915 ) was an English pilot and recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . Details . Liddell was educated at Stonyhurst College , Lancashire and Balliol College , Oxford , where he took the Honours Course in Zoology . He was 26 years old , and a captain in the 3rd Battalion , The Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders ( Princess Louise ' s ) , British Army , and No . 7 Squadron , Royal Flying Corps during the First World War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC . On 31 July 1915 , while flying reconnaissance over Ostend - Bruges - Ghent , Belgium , Liddell was severely wounded in his right thigh . This caused momentary unconsciousness , but by great effort he recovered partial control of his machine when it had dropped nearly 3 , 000 feet and succeeded , although fired on , in completing the course and brought the plane back into the Allied lines . The control wheel and throttle control were smashed as was part of the undercarriage and cockpit , but the machine and life of the observer were saved . Liddell died of his wounds a month later at De Panne , Flanders , Belgium , on 31 August 1915 , aged 27 . A brass In Memoriam tablet was erected to Aidan Liddell in the Scottish Naval and Military Residence , Edinburgh . The inscription on the brass tablet runs as follows : IN MEMORY OF < BR > CAPTAIN J . AIDAN LIDDELL , V . C . , M . C . < BR > 3rd ( RESERVE ) BATTALION < BR > ARGYLL AND SUTHERLAND HIGHLANDERS < BR > MORTALLY WOUNDED WHEN SERVING WITH < BR > THE ROYAL FLYING CORPS < BR > NEAR OSTEND , BELGIUM < BR > AUGUST 1915 PRESENTED BY HIS BROTHER OFFICERS OF THE < BR > 3rd ( RESERVE ) BATTALION . A memorial to him was also erected at Balliol College , on the west wall of the Chapel passage . His VC is on display in the Lord Ashcroft Gallery at the Imperial War Museum , London .
Seleucus ( Roman usurper ) Seleucus ( " c . " 221 ) was a Roman usurper . Seleucus was , according to 5th - century historian Polemius Silvius , a usurper against Emperor Elagabalus . His identity is not known : he could be Julius Antonius Seleucus , governor in Moesia , or Marcus Flavius Vitellius Seleucus , consul for 221 .
Battle of Bubaigawara The was part of the decisive Kōzuke - Musashi Campaign during the Genkō War in Japan that ultimately ended the Kamakura Shogunate . Fought in present day Fuchū on May 15 and 16 , 1333 , it pitted the anti - shogunate imperial forces led by Nitta Yoshisada against the forces of the Hōjō . It was the final major battle in Kōzuke - Musashi Campaign and was preceded by the Battle of Kumegawa . The battle . After his victory three days earlier at the Battle of Kumegawa , Nitta Yoshisada took time to rest his horses and men . Meanwhile , the forces loyal to the Shogun retreated to Bubaigawara to regroup . Unbeknownst to Nitta , the Shogun ' s forces had received reinforcements on the 14th greatly restoring strength and morale . As the Imperial forces advanced on Bubaigawara on the 15th , the Shogun ' s forces attacked with a great archery barrage and thus halted the Imperial attack . The main body of the Shogun ' s army then engaged the Nitta ' s army , and despite aggressive counterattacks by Nitta , heavy losses forced Nitta to retreat . Had the Shogunate forces immediately pressed their advantage of the first day , it was likely their victory would have been complete . However , during the night of the 15th , Nitta received critical reinforcements led by Miura Yoshikatsu . And at dawn on the 16th , Miura led his fresh troops and attacked an unsuspecting enemy . Nitta Yoshisada and his brother Nitta Yoshisuke advanced to the front while Miura harassed the enemy from the rear . The Result . The battle resulted in a rout in favor of the Nitta brothers and Miura . Although the Shogunate forces held the initial advantage , their failure to exploit it led to defeat . Aftermath . The remnants of the Hōjō forces retreated in disarray to Kamakura where they regrouped . The forces led by Nitta pursued and were victorious during the Siege of Kamakura .