naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Jesse Whitfield Covington Jesse Whitfield Covington ( September 16 , 1889 – November 21 , 1966 ) was an American sailor serving in the United States Navy during World War I who received the Medal of Honor for bravery . Biography . Covington was born September 16 , 1889 in Egypt , Tennessee and after enlisting in the United States Navy was sent to France to fight in World War I . He died November 21 , 1966 and is buried in Oak Grove Cemetery , Portsmouth , Virginia . Medal of Honor citation . Rank and organization : Ship ' s Cook Third Class , U . S . Navy . Place and date : At sea aboard the , 17 April 1918 . Entered service at : California . Born : 16 September 1889 , Haywood , Tenn . G . O . No . : 403 , 1918 . Citation : For extraordinary heroism following internal explosion of the Florence H . The sea in the vicinity of wreckage was covered by a mass of boxes of smokeless powder , which were repeatedly exploding . Jesse W . Covington , of the U . S . S . Stewart , plunged overboard to rescue a survivor who was surrounded by powder boxes and too exhausted to help himself , fully realizing that similar powder boxes in the vicinity were continually exploding and that he was thereby risking his life in saving the life of this man .
Annelise Annelise is a German language and Danish first name . The traditional German spelling is Anneliese . Use as a nickname in World War II . In World War II , German vehicle crews used to give nicknames to their self - propelled artillery , airplanes , tanks and tank destroyers . Annelise was a very common name for an ssIG 33 II ( a self - propelled artillery gun , only 40 were produced ) . This was also the proper name of Anne Frank .
James L . Pugh James Lawrence Pugh ( December 12 , 1820March 9 , 1907 ) was a U . S . senator from Alabama , as well as a member of the Confederate Congress during the American Civil War . Biography . Pugh was born in Burke County , Georgia , and moved to Alabama in 1824 . He received a collegiate education , studied law , and was admitted to the bar in 1841 . He began to practise in Eufaula , Alabama . He was a presidential elector in 1848 and 1856 . He represented Alabama ' s second district as a Democrat in the United State House of Representatives from 5 December 1859 until 21 January 1861 , when he retired upon the secession of his state . He then served as an officer in the Confederate States Army . He was subsequently elected as a representative to both the First Confederate Congress and the Second Confederate Congress , serving from 22 February 1862 until the surrender in 1865 . Following the war , he returned to his law practise . Upon the restoration of his citizenship , Pugh was president of the Democratic state convention of 1874 , a delegate to the 1875 state constitutional convention , and a presidential elector again in 1876 . He was elected to fill the term left by the death of George S . Houston , and was reelected twice , serving in the Senate from November 24 , 1880 to March 4 , 1897 . He did not run for a fourth term .
USS PC - 558 USS " PC - 558 " was a built for the United States Navy during World War II . She was sunk by on 9 May 1944 with the loss of about half of her complement ; there were 30 survivors . Career . " PC - 558 " was laid down on 31 October 1941 by the Luders Marine Construction Co . in Stamford , Connecticut and launched on 13 September 1942 . She was commissioned on 19 November 1942 and assigned to the Atlantic and Mediterranean theater of operations . On 9 May 1944 , " PC - 558 " was patrolling the region north of Palermo , Sicily . Her lookout spotted the Plexiglas dome and tail of a German one - man submarine — a Neger — away from the ship . After firing on the Neger with 20 mm and 40 mm cannon fire and dropping two depth charge s , " PC - 558 " successfully destroyed the vessel and captured the sole occupant , " Oberfähnrich " Walter Schulz . " PC - 558 " was later joined by " PC - 626 " and spotted another Neger . After another cannon and depth charge attack , the Neger was destroyed and the occupant was captured alive . " PC - 558 " was later destroyed after being struck by a single torpedo fired by a German U - boat , . A nearby ship — " PC - 1235 " — was fired at three times by the U - boat and all three torpedoes missed their target . " PC - 1235 " drove off " U - 230 " and returned to rescue the thirty surviving crewmembers of " PC - 558 " .
Unguided bomb An unguided bomb , also known as a free - fall bomb , gravity bomb , dumb bomb , or iron bomb , is a conventional aircraft - delivered bomb that does not contain a guidance system and hence , simply follows a ballistic trajectory . This described all aircraft bombs in general service until the latter half of World War II , and the vast majority until the late 1980s . Then , with the dramatically increased use of precision - guided munition s , a retronym was needed to separate ' smart bombs ' from free - fall bombs . ' Dumb bomb ' was used for a time , but many military circles felt it sounded too trite , and eventually ' gravity bomb ' gained currency . Previously , they were also referred to as ' iron bombs ' . Unguided bombs typically use a contact fuse for detonation upon impact , or some milliseconds after if a penetration effect is required . One alternative is a fuse with an altimeter , to cause an air burst at the desired altitude . Retarded bomb . A special type of gravity bomb is the retarded bomb , which uses a mechanical method of creating increased drag , such as a parachute , ballute , or drag - inducing petals . These deploy after the ordnance is released , slowing its fall and abbreviating its forward trajectory , giving the aircraft time to get clear of the blast zone when bombing from low altitudes or with nuclear ordnance . However , these bombs are less accurate than conventional free - fall bombs . Generally the high - drag tail replaces the low - drag so that the same bomb can be configured for either mode of attack during weapons preparation . High - drag bombs can also be dropped in low - drag mode if the pilot selects this option in the aircraft ' s weapon system , and will function exactly like a low - drag weapon .
Chilean frigate Almirante Lynch ( PFG - 07 ) Chilean frigate " Almirante Lynch " ( PFG - 07 ) is a , the third ship of the Chilean Navy to bear the name . Her keel was laid down in December 1971 , and she was launched on 6 December 1972 , completed and delivered to the Chilean Navy on 25 May 1974 . She set sail for Chile after completing a period of training with the Royal Navy , arriving in Valparaíso on 14 February 1975 . In active reserve from 14 December 2006 , she was decommissioned 4 July 2007 . In March 2008 , the " Almirante Lynch " and sister ship were sold to Ecuador . The former " Almirante Lynch " is in active service under the name " ' BAE " Morán Valverde " .
5th Guards Infantry Brigade The 5th Guards Infantry Brigade ( German : 5 . Garde - Infanterie - Brigade ) was a unit in the Imperial German Army prior to and during the First World War . At the outbreak of war , it was part of the 3rd Guards Infantry Division of the Guards Reserve Corps and consisted of the 5th Foot Guards and 5th Guards Grenadiers . In May 1915 , the brigade was transferred to the newly created 4th Guards Infantry Division ; at about the same time , in accordance with the regulated increase in brigade size from two to three regiments , the 93rd Reserve Infantry Regiment was assigned to the unit .
Flitwick Castle Flitwick Castle was an 11th - century castle located in the town of Flitwick , in the county of Bedfordshire , England . It was a small , timber Motte - and - bailey castle , surrounded by a moat . The castle was mentioned in the Domesday Book , in 1086 , as being under the ownership of William Lovet , a Norman . Lovet had displaced Alwin , who had been the Saxon owner of Flitwick prior to the Norman Invasion . The earthwork remains of the castle are on what is now a public green space known as Temple Field or Mount Hill . The ditches have been filled in and the mound is now about 7 metres high . The name Temple Field takes its name from the nearby church . The site is a Scheduled Monument .
Thirty - Fifth Army ( Japan ) The was an army of the Imperial Japanese Army during the final days of World War II . History . The Japanese 35th Army was raised on July 26 , 1944 in the Japanese - occupied Philippines in anticipation of Allied attempts to invade and retake Mindanao and the Visayan islands in central and southern Philippines . It was under the overall command of the Japanese Fourteenth Area Army . Initially intended as a garrison force intended to withstand a long - term war of attrition , as the war situation on the Pacific front grew increasingly desperate for Japan , the Imperial General Headquarters ordered the bulk of the IJA 35th Army to Leyte as reinforcement to Japanese forces in the Battle of Leyte to fought against the combined American and Philippine Commonwealth troops . As the battle was lost , surviving units were given independent command authority , and were ordered to go to ground and wage a guerilla campaign on their respective islands for as long as possible . The IJA 35th Army was officially disbanded on April 19 , 1945 . Some individual Japanese stragglers did not give up until the 1970s .
Geoffrey Hilton Bowman Group Captain Geoffrey Hilton " Beery " Bowman DSO , MC and Bar , DFC ( 2 May 1891 – 25 March 1970 ) was a World War I fighter ace credited with 32 victories . After attaining the rank of major in the Royal Flying Corps , he later became a group captain in the Royal Air Force . Involvement in World War I . Born in Manchester , England , Bowman was commissioned as a lieutenant in the Royal Warwickshire Regiment early in the war and was transferred to the Royal Flying Corps on 20 March 1916 . After pilot training , he joined No . 29 Squadron on 7 July 1916 , flying Airco DH . 2 aircraft . His first claim was over a Roland C . II two seater with which he unintentionally collided on 3 September 1916 ; he turned into its attack , firing away , and the German plane tore away his aileron kingpost . Bowman " babied " his crippled craft home despite its lack of lateral control . His second win , on 27 September 1916 , was a run - away German observation balloon he downed after finding it drifting over the lines ; however he crashed while trying to land alongside the balloon wreckage on Mount Kemmel . In May 1917 he was posted to No 56 squadron as a flight commander , flying Royal Aircraft Factory S . E . 5 aircraft . By July he had claimed another five victories . He was awarded the Military Cross in September 1917 and the bar in October . In February 1918 he was posted to command No . 41 Squadron . His final score was one aircraft shared captured , one balloon destroyed , 15 aircraft destroyed and 15 ' out of control ' . After the war in 1919 he served in Russia , and joined HQ , 23 Group in 1934 , retiring the same year and joining the Royal Aircraft Establishment . He died in March 1970 .
Korpsführer Korpsführer was a Nazi Party paramilitary rank that was the highest rank used by the National Socialist Motor Corps and the National Socialist Flyers Corps . Translated as " Corps Leader " , the rank of Korpsführer was held by the single officer in command of the entire organization . The rank was the equivalent of the " Sturmabteilung " title of " Stabschef " and the rank of " Reichsführer - SS " .
Shoot - and - scoot Shoot and scoot is an artillery tactic of firing at a target and then immediately moving away from the location from where the shots were fired to avoid counter - battery fire ( e . g . from enemy artillery ) . The need for such tactics in World War II became obvious from the noticeable smoke signature produced by the use of anti - tank infantry weapons such as the M1 bazooka , Panzerfaust and Panzerschreck , and also by the various models of Nebelwerfer and Wurfrahmen 40 German barrage rocket systems . Shoot and scoot was originally made possible and used by Soviet Katyusha rocket artillery , whose rudimentary construction of rails on a truck chassis made it comparatively light and mobile , while its quick 7 - 10 second full salvo , slow reload , and complete lack of protection made switching positions its main tactic and best defense . Shoot and scoot tactics were first adopted by NATO in the early 1960s by its nuclear artillery units using towed 8 - inch Howitzers and truck - mounted MGR - 1 Honest John rockets . These operated as single guns or launchers , typically deployed to a hide , came into action when given a nuclear fire mission , fired and immediately came out of action and moved to another hide adjacent to another firing position . These tactics became normal for missile units and were successfully used by Iraqi missile units in the 1991 Gulf War . Similar tactics were adopted by M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System ( MLRS ) platoons when it entered service , although in this case the launchers usually went first to a reload site after firing . It may be used by Indian Pinaka MBRL or Russia n Grad , Uragan and Smerch , although originally systems like Grad used more traditional tactics . The tactic has also been adapted and adopted for more general use with self - propelled gun batteries ( such as the US M109 Paladin or German PzH2000 ) . A refined version are gun manoeuvre areas developed by UK for use by AS90 batteries when the counter - battery threat is high . These areas cover several square kilometres and the guns move around in them in pairs . The difficult decision is deciding how long guns can remain in one place before moving . This requires judgement about the enemy ' s counter - battery responsiveness . In these areas , the battery ' s command elements remain in one place and there are various options for replenishing the guns ' on - board ammunition . The tactic is affected by the rate of fire of the manoeuvring guns and the time it takes them to come out of action . However , it is also very wearing on the gun crews and for sustained use relief crews are essential . South African Defence Force G6 Howitzer s used the technique very effectively in Angola against Cuban forces in the Battle of Cuito Cuanavale .
USS Augusta ( 1799 ) USS " Augusta " was a brig purchased by the US Navy on 30 June 1799 at Norfolk , Virginia and fitted out at Marcus Hook , Pennsylvania by Naval Constructor Joshua Humphreys . She was placed in commission for service in the Quasi - War with France sometime late in 1799 with Lieutenant Archibald McElroy in command . In December , she put to sea in company with a convoy bound for the Caribbean and arrived in the West Indies by early 1800 . She began cruising in search of French vessels operating there . On 21 January 1800 , the brig and her consort , , encountered and captured the 6 - gun privateer schooner " La Mutine " off Puerto Rico . Later that spring , she cruised the coast of what is now Haiti operating against the French in conjunction with the forces under Toussaint Louverture . June 1800 was her most active month . On the 3rd , she fell in with two French schooners , " La Jeanne " and " La Victoire " , off Jacmel . She captured both vessels and sent them into port to be adjudicated by a prize court . On 24 June , while cruising in company with the frigate , " Augusta " joined her larger colleague in capturing " L ' Espoir " and sent the prize into Boston , Massachusetts for adjudication by an admiralty court . Her last captures in the undeclared war with France came on 28 July 1800 near the town of Cayes , Haiti . In cooperation with Toussaint L ' Ouverture ' s schooner " General Dessalines " , " Augusta " sent boat crews into the bay to cut out two French brigs , the names of which are unknown . The expedition succeeded , and the two brigs were sent into port . Thereafter , she continued to cruise West Indian waters in search of French vessels , but apparently made no further captures . No date is known for her return to the United States ; however , she was laid up at the Gosport Shipyard by mid - March 1801 . She was sold later that year , probably sometime between 1 April and 30 June .
Erhard Nippa Erhard Nippa ( 7 February 1922 – 27 June 2003 ) was a highly decorated Oberleutnant in the Luftwaffe during World War II and an Oberst in the Bundeswehr . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross , which was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . Erhard Nippa joined the Bundeswehr in 1956 and retired in 1981 as an Oberst .
Nicholas Irwin Nicholas Irwin ( 1833 – April 19 , 1896 ) was a Union Navy sailor in the American Civil War and a recipient of the U . S . military ' s highest decoration , the Medal of Honor , for his actions at the Battle of Mobile Bay . Born in 1833 in Denmark , Irwin immigrated to the United States and was living in New York when he joined the U . S . Navy . He served during the Civil War as a seaman on the . At the Battle of Mobile Bay on August 5 , 1864 , he " fought his gun with skill and courage " despite heavy fire . For this action , he was awarded the Medal of Honor four months later , on December 31 , 1864 . Irwin ' s official Medal of Honor citation reads : On board the U . S . S . " Brooklyn " during action against rebel forts and gunboats and with the ram " Tennessee " , in Mobile Bay , 5 August 1864 . Despite severe damage to his ship and the loss of several men on board as enemy fire raked her decks from stem to stern , Irwin fought his gun with skill and courage throughout the furious battle which resulted in the surrender of the prize rebel ram " Tennessee " and in the damaging and destruction of batteries at Fort Morgan . Irwin died on April 19 , 1896 , at age 62 or 63 and was buried at Marion National Cemetery in Marion , Indiana .
Vandenberg AFB Probe Launch Complex C Probe Launch Complex C or PLC - C at the Vandenberg Air Force Base in California , United States , is a launch complex which was used for six sounding rocket launches between 1971 and 1975 . It was originally built as Launch Complex C or LC - C at the Point Arguello Naval Air Station , however no launches were made from the site whilst it was part of Point Arguello . Following the merger of Point Arguello into Vandenberg AFB in 1964 , it was briefly designated PALC - C , and subsequently Probe Launch Complex C . Launch history . Six launches occurred from Probe Launch Complex C . The first four launches used Aerobee - 170 rockets , whilst the last two used Tomahawks . Five of the launches reached space , with the exception of the third Aerobee , which failed early in its flight . The Aerobee launches conducted tests of infrared sensors for anti - ballistic missile systems , whilst the Tomahawks were used for aeronomy research .
2nd Marine Infantry Parachute Regiment The 2nd Marine Infantry Parachute Regiment ( ) is an Airborne regiment in the French Army . It is heir to the traditions of the Free French and colonial paratroopers . As of 2008 it is stationed at Saint - Pierre , Réunion . History . Formed in England from the companies of the air , 400 men of the 2nd RCP were dropped over Brittany as part of the Normandy Landings . The unit was used as flank - guard to Patton ’ s Third army during the Battle of Normandy . In 1947 , the 2nd Colonial Commondo Parachute Battalion was posted to Indochina , where it fought until 1953 , being mentioned three times in the order of the army . In 1955 , the unit was renamed 2nd Colonial Parachute Regiment ; and then in 1958 , the 2nd Marine Infantry Parachute Regiment . It served from 1955 until 1962 in North Africa in the 10th Parachute Division . On 5 November 1956 , it jumped in the second wave of the French / British attack on the Suez Canal over Port Said and was mentioned in the order of the army . In July 1961 , the regiment jumped over Bizerte and broke the Tunisian siege of the French airport installations . It was dissolved 5 July 1962 , but recreated 1 January 1965 in Ivato , Madagascar from the 5th Marine Infantry Parachute Regiment . It was transferred to Reunion in 1973 . Since then it has participated in various operations : Djibouti ( 1993 / 1994 ) , Comoros ( 1990 ) , Rwanda ( 1994 ) and Comors ( 1995 / 1996 ) . Flag . " It is , sewn in gold letters in its folds , the following inscriptions :
Battle of Elasa The Battle of Elasa was fought between Jewish and Seleucid armies during the Maccabean Revolt against the Seleucid Empire . Background . In 160 BC , the Seleucid King Demetrius , on campaign in the east , left his general Bacchides to govern the western portion of the empire . Bacchides led an army of 20 , 000 infantry and 2 , 000 cavalry into Judea intending to reconquer this now independent kingdom . The Seleucid general Bacchides hastily marched through Judea after carrying out a massacre in the Galilee . He quickly made for Jerusalem , besieging the city and trapping Judas Maccabeus , the spiritual and military leader of Judea , inside . 1 Maccabees records that Judah ' s army consisting of 3 , 000 men were terrified of such a large force and two thirds of them deserted , leaving Judah with 800 - 1 , 000 soldiers ( 1 Maccabees , and Flavius Josephus respectively ) . Judah encouraged his remaining men and set out to meet the Seleucid army in the rough terrain surrounding Jerusalem . The battle . Being heavily outnumbered , Judah ignored the Seleucid infantry which had deployed in the slow moving and inflexible phalanx formation , instead launching an all out attack on Bacchides himself , who was part of the Seleucid cavalry squadron on the right flank of the army . They succeeded in quickly routing Bacchides ' cavalry , who fled into the steep hills that surround Jerusalem , with the Judeans in hot pursuit . Meanwhile , the left flank of Seleucid cavalry had been racing to meet up with the right flank , and in doing so surrounded and fought against the Judeans in the hills . The Seleucid infantry may or may not have caught up . If they did catch up , despite being unable to properly deploy in phalanx formation due to the terrain , and not being trained or equipped properly for individual hand to hand combat , they would still have managed to turn the battle easily with their sheer numbers . Judah was eventually killed and the remaining Judeans fled . Betzalel Bar Kochva , an Israeli historian , believes that the Judeans would have had equal numbers to the Seleucids in this battle , that Bacchides ' retreat was feigned in order to lure Judah into a vulnerable position , and that the Seleucid phalanx managed to best the Judean phalanx in a full - scale battle . It is noteworthy that he has no sources for this theory , but develops his surmise after establishing the likely organization of a Judean military . Aftermath . The Seleucids had reasserted their authority temporarily in Jerusalem , but Judah ' s brother Jonathan and after him Simon , continued to fight , meeting Bacchides again in later battles . Eventually , after several additional years of war under the leadership of Judah ' s brothers and the defeat of Bacchides several times by both Jonathan and later Simon , Seleucid control of Judea was broken . The descendants of Simon established the Hasmonean dynasty which , due largely to internal strife , would last only around 100 years .