naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Echelon formation An echelon formation is a ( usually military ) formation in which its units are arranged diagonally . Each unit is stationed behind and to the right ( a " right echelon " ) , or behind and to the left ( " left echelon " ) , of the unit ahead . The name of the formation comes from the French word échelon , meaning the rungs of ladder , which describes the shape that this formation has when viewed from above or below . Use of the formation dates back to ancient infantry and cavalry warfare when attempting to flank an enemy or to break one wing with overwhelming numbers . One of the earliest uses was at the Battle of Leuctra when the Thebans attacked the Spartan right with a column 48 men deep while their weaker center and right were refused . The echelon formation was also used by Hannibal at the Battle of Cannae , and by Frederick II of Prussia . The tactic persists up to the present day , where it is regularly employed by all branches of the modern armed forces . Tactically , echelon formations are used because of the excellent range of vision offered to each participant in the formation . In particular , it is commonly employed by armored cavalry because of the large , overlapping fields of fire that it gives to each tank in the formation , and by combat aircraft , where the close , streamlined flight formation can allow the planes to dramatically reduce fuel consumption by " surfing " the updraft created by the wingtip vortices of the aircraft ahead . " Echeloning " is the name of a tactic in use by the United Kingdom ' s Armed forces , mainly the Infantry . It consists of using a Company to attack a set of positions . Once the first platoon in the company has reached its limit of exploitation ( either ammunition has been expended , fatigue has become high , or casualties are mounting ) another platoon " echelons through " it , to continue onto the next position . The tactic is similar to leapfrogging . Echelon formations are also commonly used by civic , or riot police to move crowds either to the left or right . Derived meanings . The name has also been adopted by the birdwatching community to describe the familiar V - shaped formations of flights of geese , ducks and other migratory birds , though this more symmetric formation is more strictly defined as a V formation . In geology an echelon formation is a set of short linear features that overlap or are staggered in a line that runs obliquely to the strike of the individual features . Echelon faults and en echelon veins are examples . In mathematics , the term row echelon form refers to a kind of matrix where the non - zero elements are shaped in an echelon - like manner . In road bicycle racing , an echelon formation is a diagonal line of racers , which allows cooperative drafting . In sheet material response to shear stress it is typical for a series of echelon cracks to form . This is commonly seen in asphalt roads subject to shear stress imposed by aseismic fault creep .
Mark G . Ham Mark G . Ham ( 1820 – 1869 ) was an American sailor who received the Medal of Honor for valor in action during the American Civil War . Biography . Ham was born in Portsmouth , New Hampshire . He was a member of the crew of when she sank the commerce raider on June 19 , 1864 off Cherbourg , France . During this action , he distinguished himself under heavy fire from the enemy . Ham is buried in Harmony Grove Cemetery in Portsmouth , New Hampshire . Medal of Honor citation . Rank and Organization : Carpenter ' s Mate , U . S . Navy . Born : 1820 , Portsmouth , N . H . Accredited To : New Hampshire . G . O . No . : 45 , December 31 , 1864 . Citation : Served on board the U . S . S . Kearsarge when she destroyed the Alabama off Cherbourg , France , June 19 , 1864 . Performing his duties intelligently and faithfully , Ham distinguished himself in the face of the bitter enemy fire and was highly commended by his divisional officer .
Tactical objective A tactical objective is the immediate short term desired result of a given activity , task or mission , usually entrusted to the lower positioned management in a three - tier organisation ' s structure of field or front desk , middle and executive management . While historically the term had been applied to military operations , in the 20th century it has been increasingly applied in the fields of public safety such as policing and fire - fighting , commerce and trade planning , and political and international relations policy . A tactical objective is often an intermediate step to achieving an operational objective , and as such requires decision making and problem solving skills applied during the execution of the tactical plan as part of the operational plan . Tactical objectives in the commercial use represent performance targets established by the middle management for achieving specific organisational outcomes . For firefighters tactical objectives have historically focused on life - safety as the priority in the plan when attending structure fires .
Battle of Kutná Hora The Battle of Kutná Hora ( Kuttenberg ) , an early battle and subsequent campaign in the Hussite Wars , was fought on 21 – 2 December 1421 between German and Hungarian troops of the Holy Roman Empire and the Hussite s , an early Protestant group that was founded in what is now the Czech Republic . In 1419 , Pope Martin V declared a crusade against the Hussite s . One branch of the Hussites , known as the Taborite s , formed a religious - military community at Tábor . Under the leadership of the talented general Jan Žižka , the Taborites adopted the latest weapon ry available , including handguns , long , thin cannons , nicknamed " snakes " , and war wagons . Their adoption of the latter gave them the ability to fight a flexible and mobile style of warfare . Background . The battle . At Kutna Hora in the early winter of 1421 , the Taborites were encircled by the superior forces of the Holy Roman Empire under King Sigismund . Even though Sigismund ' s elite heavy cavalry was kept at bay by Zizka ' s artillery , the Taborites apparently faced imminent destruction . However , on 21 December , Zizka grouped his war wagons into a column and charged the enemy lines . The battle wagons advanced rapidly , with all of their guns blazing . The column smashed a hole through Sigismund ' s line , allowing the Taborites to escape the encirclement . Sigismund decided against mounting a pursuit of the Hussites , for he incorrectly believed that they had been utterly defeated . Aftermath . Zizka , throughout the rest of December , launched numerous counter - offensives and raids on the Germans ' lines . He also introduced the use of small firearms for large bodies of infantry , eventually equipping a third of his infantry . His normal tactic was to mount raids that would draw his opponent into attacking his wagon fort , then , at the right moment , sortie out of the fort with his cavalry , bowmen , and pikemen to ravage the enemy forces . His manoeuvres were quite successful , and , as a result , by the end of the month , Sigismund ' s demoralized army , constantly harried by Zizka ' s seemingly invincible soldiers , fled Bohemia .
Torpedo Service The Torpedo Service ( " Torpedodienst " ) was the branch of the Royal Netherlands Navy dealing with torpedo es and ( until 1907 , when the Mine Service split off from it ) mines . It was set up in 1870 and originally manned all the navy ' s small ships , including the submarine O 1 ( the Dutch Submarine Service arose from it ) , accounting for 1000 personnel in 1914 . This dropped to 500 after the Second World War and in 1978 , when the last mechanical torpedo ( the Mark 8 ) in use by the Dutch Navy was phased out and replaced by electric torpedoes , the Service was disestablished .
Teddy Shapou Theodore " Teddy " Roosevelt Shapou ( – ) was an American war hero of World War II . Born in Lawrence , Massachusetts in 1919 to Lebanese - American parents , he grew up in New Bern , North Carolina with his three sisters . He first attended North Carolina State University in Raleigh , North Carolina , then transferred to Georgetown College in Kentucky to be closer to his future wife . He starred in football , baseball , and studied zoology and botany before dropping out to join the Army Air Force . He was first assigned to a pursuit group in Puerto Rico before joining the 14th Air Force in China as a fighter pilot . He served with the Flying Tigers in the Burma Theater ( the 74th Fighter Squadron ) . He was awarded at the same ceremony the Silver Star , Distinguished Flying Cross , and the Air Medal " for combat flying in China . " He is said to have shot down several Zeros and assisted with downing a Mitsubishi bomber . His photograph was auctioned in New Bern , NC for war bonds for $ 8 , 500 . He reached the rank of captain . After the war he worked in the civil service at the Marine Corps Air Station at Cherry Point , Havelock , NC . He was married to Kathleen Jones in 1942 . They had two daughters , Marilyn and Janis Claire , who was named to honor General Claire Chennault . The Shapous were members of St . Paul Catholic Church . Capt . Shapou died May 17 , 1985 , in New Bern , North Carolina .
USS Lovering ( DE - 39 ) USS " Lovering " ( DE - 39 ) was an of the United States Navy during World War II . She was promptly sent off into the Pacific Ocean to protect convoys and other ships from Japanese submarines and fighter aircraft . She performed dangerous work in major battle areas and sailed home proudly with three battle stars . She was originally scheduled for transfer to Great Britain , was laid down as BDE - 39 on 7 September 1942 by Puget Sound Navy Yard , Bremerton , Washington . Ordered retained for use by the Navy , she was named on 14 June 1943 and reclassified DE - 39 on 16 June . Launched on 18 June 1943 by Miss J . Shannon , she commissioned on 11 September 1943 , Lt . Comdr . A . H . Donaldson , USNR in command . World War II Pacific Theatre operations . " Lovering " began her 25 months of naval service with a coastal shakedown cruise and an intense training period operating with carriers , destroyers , and submarines . Departing San Francisco , California , on 4 December 1943 , she arrived Pearl Harbor on 16 December . She departed four days later on an escort voyage to the Gilbert Islands . Arriving on 28 December she operated out of the Gilberts for the next six months . Sailing mainly from Tarawa , she performed numerous escort assignments to Kwajalein and Majuro in the nearby Marshall Islands after they were declared secure on 7 February 1944 . Eniwetok became a terminus after its seizure on the 22nd . Supporting the Invasion of Iwo Jima and the Ryukyus . Returning to Pearl Harbor on 27 July , " Lovering " underwent a period in drydock and then served as a target and training vessel for submarines . She continued this duty after returning to the Marshall Islands on 19 September . Late in October she commenced a series of escort missions to Saipan and Guam in the Marianas . These concluded on 10 March 1945 when , having steamed to Ulithi , she began her final assignment as a screening and escort vessel for logistic support groups of the variously designated 3rd and 5th Fleets . The Iwo Jima and Ryukyus invasion areas were her main theaters of action before departing for home on 9 July . Post - War Decommissioning . " Lovering " arrived San Pedro , California , on 28 July . Her overhaul was prematurely halted on 17 August . Towed to Terminal Island , California , on 6 September , she decommissioned on 16 October . Struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 1 November 1945 , she was sold to Hugo Neu of New York City on the last day of 1946 .
Swordfish Long Range Tracking Radar Swordfish is an Indian long - range tracking radar specifically developed to counter ballistic missile threat . It will be a part of India ' s ballistic missile program . First testing of this radar was in March 2009 . Main aim of the test was to validate the capabilities of the indigenously developed " Swordfish " Long Range Tracking Radar ( LRTR ) . " The missile to be hit will be fired from a longer distance than it was in the earlier test . DRDO tested whether the radar could track the incoming missile from that distance or not , " said a member of the project . Swordfish is an acknowledged derivative of the Israeli Green Pine long range radar , which is the critical component of that country ' s Arrow missile defence system . However , it differs from the Israeli system as it employs Indian Transmit Receive modules , signal processing , computers and power supplies . It is also more powerful than the base Green Pine system and was developed to meet India ' s specific BMD needs . Development . More tests were conducted in 2009 to enhance the capabilities of AAD endo - atmospheric missile to intercept missiles at altitudes up to 15 km . If no issues crop up , then the tentative date for deployment is 2015 . In March 2009 , India DRDO tested long - range capabilities of its indigenously developed Swordfish radar .
USS Dorado ( SS - 526 ) USS " Dorado " ( SS - 526 ) , a " Tench " - class submarine , was the second submarine of the United States Navy to be named for the dorado , the Spanish language name for the fish also known as the dolphinfish and the mahi - mahi . Her keel was laid down , but construction was canceled on 29 July 1944 .
August Ohmsen August Ohmsen ( March 15 , 1854 – February 13 , 1938 ) was a Master - at - Arms serving in the United States Navy who received the Medal of Honor for bravery . Biography . Ohmsen was born March 15 , 1854 in Germany and after immigrating to the United States entered the navy . He was stationed aboard the as a Master - at - Arms when , just before midnight August 21 , 1884 the collided with the schooner ‘ ’ James S . Lowell ’ ’ about five miles from Vineyard Haven , Rhode Island and started to sink . Ohmsen began clearing the deck and remained there until the water was waist deep , wading through it with outstretched arms waking up the men who were still asleep in their hammocks . Then , going on deck , he assisted in lowering the first cutter and then the dinghy , of which he took charge . For his actions on that night he received the Medal October 18 , 1884 . He died February 13 , 1938 and is buried in Saint Pauls Cemetery Portsmouth , Virginia . His grave can be found in section B , lot 2 . Medal of Honor citation . Rank and organization : Master - at - Arms , U . S . Navy . Born : 1853 , Germany . Accredited to : New York . G . O . No . : 326 , 18 October 1884 . Citation : On board the U . S . S . Tallapoosa at the time of the sinking of that vessel , on the night of 21 August 1884 . Clearing the berth deck , Ohmsen remained there until the water was waist deep , wading about with outstretched arms , rousing the men out of their hammocks . Then , going on deck , he assisted in lowering the first cutter and then the dinghy , of which he took charge .
Wolf Armoured Vehicle The Wolf Armoured Vehicle ( ) is an armoured transport vehicle , used mainly by the Israeli Defence Force . It was created to provide a better handling and better protected armoured vehicle than the M113 ( Bardelas ) . The Wolf is a heavily armoured crew carrier , manufactured by the Hatehof company . It combines a commercial truck ' s speed and maneuverability and APC - like armour , qualities necessary for low - intensity confrontation . The Wolf ' s chassis is based on a Ford F - 550 truck , and is equipped with a 6 - litre V8 engine . The engine is combined with a 5 - speed automatic transmission , which drives all four wheels , making this a four - by - four . Creation . Concept and purchase . The idea for the Wolf was born from the need of transporting soldiers safely during missions in an urban environment , and in peacekeeping missions . Recently the Israeli Ministry of Defense ordered 150 Wolf Armoured Vehicles from Rafael Advanced Defense Systems and an order for Hatehof , for some to be used in urban combat . This is currently in production . The vehicle ' s first reported use was by the Israel Defense Forces in Operation Bringing Home the Goods on 14 March 2006 . Build . The Wolf consists of a commercial off - the - shelf ( COTS ) Ford F - 550 chassis modified by Manning Equipment , an OEM up - fitter located in Louisville , KY so it can be easily maintained anywhere . It is equipped with a diesel , 6 litre 325 HP engine and automatic 5 speed transmission . It can weigh up to 8 tonnes . The automotive systems require no changes when the armor is applied . The armor protects crew compartment , automotive elements and wheels . The armor envelope is built independently from the chassis , so it is possible to use the same armor envelope on another chassis ( of the same model ) when the chassis goes out for service . Design . The vehicle is completely protected , including the wheels — which have run flat tires . The armour is , and is not critical to the Wolf ' s overall weight , since its maximum load is . All of the doors of the vehicle are bulletproof , including the engine and gearbox compartments . There are six doors — four on the sides and two at the rear — which enables troops to get in and out easily and quickly with all of their equipment . The vehicle interior is equipped with a double air conditioning system , seats and brackets for items that a soldier might need . Since no major changes have been done to the F - 550 chassis , except the addition of armor , the vehicle does not have any problems with engine overheating or handling . The Wolf weighs approximately , and can carry a crew of up to 12 personnel , with an additional 2 stretch beds , if necessary . The doors are designed for a quick getaway . Most of the original parts were kept , with the only notable changes being the rear axle and tires .
Friedrich - Carl Cranz Friedrich - Carl Cranz ( 14 November 1886 – 24 March 1941 ) was a highly decorated Generalleutnant in the Wehrmacht during World War II who commanded the 18 . Infanterie - Division . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . Friedrich - Carl Cranz was killed 24 March 1941 in a training accident by friendly artillery fire . He is buried in the Invalid ' s Cemetery in Berlin .
Joshua T . Owen Joshua Thomas Owen ( March 29 , 1822 – November 7 , 1887 ) was an educator , politician , and soldier from Pennsylvania who served as a Union brigadier general during the American Civil War . He commanded the famed Philadelphia Brigade for part of the war , but was relieved of duty for alleged cowardice during battle . Early life and career . Owen was born in Caermarthen , Wales . He emigrated from his home country to continental Europe in 1830 , and later moved to the United States . He was a professor at the Chestnut Hill Academy in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , and was a member of the Pennsylvania State Legislature from 1857 to 1869 . Civil War . Owen entered the Civil War as the commander of the nine - month 25th Pennsylvania Infantry . When that unit was discharged , he took command of the 69th Pennsylvania Infantry , a predominantly Irish regiment that was part of the Philadelphia Brigade . He eventually rose to the command of the Philadelphia Brigade in the II Corps , Army of the Potomac . He led the brigade at Chancellorsville , where it performed barely any service . Owen was arrested and relieved of brigade command for reasons unknown . He was then replaced by Alexander S . Webb , who led the brigade admirably at Gettysburg . Owen later returned to his brigade after Gettysburg and led it at the Wilderness , Spotsylvania , and Cold Harbor , where he failed to support another brigade in the famed assault . He was arrested by Maj . Gen . John Gibbon on the charges of cowardice and was discharged from the army . Postbellum career . After the war , Owen returned to Pennsylvania and served various jobs . He died in Philadelphia and is buried there in Laurel Hill Cemetery .
Battle of Bun Garbhain The Battle of Bun Garbhain was a Scottish clan battle fought in 1570 , in the Scottish Highlands , between the Clan Cameron and the Clan Mackintosh . Donald Dubh Cameron , XV Chief of Clan Cameron , had died , leaving an infant son , Allan , at the head of the clan . The chief of Clan MacKintosh , leading 200 men , invaded the Cameron lands near Loch Arkaig . A bloody battle ensued . Though outnumbered , the Camerons had the high ground and soon the field was littered with MacKintoshes both dead and injured . The remainder of their army was put to flight . MacKintosh led his men in retreat around the head of Loch Eil to the Ardgour shore and rallied his men . The Camerons were in swift pursuit and a second engagement took place , with similar results as the first . In the midst of this action , the chief of MacKintosh is believed to have been killed by Donald ' Taillear Dubh na Tuaighe ' Cameron , ( son of the XIV Chief of Clan Cameron ) , with a fearsome Lochaber axe . MacKintosh ' s followers took their stricken chief and fell back to Bun Garbhain ( Bun Garvan ) . Both sides met once again for an indeterminate time , before disengaging for the night . The MacKintoshes made camp in a small hollow called Cuil nan Cuileag , and thought that they were safe . However , the Camerons were not done with their mortal enemies , stormed the encampment and fell upon them . Not a single MacKintosh would leave that hollow and the Cameron victory was absolute . Interestingly , the mother of Allan Cameron , the infant chief of Clan Cameron was in fact a MacKintosh . After the battle , Taillear Dubh came to give her an account of the fighting . Enraged with the news of all the dead MacKintosh , she tried to kill her son , but Taillear Dubh intervened in time . Allan Cameron was safe , but his mother was banished from Lochaber forever .
Vladimir Metikoš Vladimir Metikoš ( July 7 , 1899 - 1945 ) was a Croatian general in the then Independent State of Croatia ( NDH ) . Metikoš was born in Banja Luka . During World War I , he was posted on the Italian front as a lieutenant of the Austro - Hungarian Army . Later he was an officer in the Royal Yugoslav Army . For the first months after the creation of NDH served as liaison officer with the German Command of Bosnian Divisional Area . Distinguished in the battles in Eastern Bosnia as the commander of 7th Jaeger Infantry regiment as of May 1942 . As of June 3 , 1944 commander of Lika Operational Area ( 4th Ustasha Active Brigade ) and as of October 1944 commander of Banja Luka Brigade . In the beginning of December 1944 appointed commander of 6th Croatian Division . In 1945 Metikoš was one of the representatives of the Croatian Armed Forces who attempted to negotiate a surrender with the British at Bleiburg . Supreme Court of Democratic Federative Yugoslavia condemned him to the death penalty on September 19 , 1945 .