naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Son of a gun Son of a gun is an exclamation or a noun in American and British English . It can be used encouragingly or to compliment , as in " You son of a gun , you did it ! " Origins . British English . It is claimed that in British naval slang this term refers to a child of questionable parentage conceived on the gun deck , hence ' son of a gun ' . The term possibly predates this claimed origin , and Snopes . com lists it as being part of the English lexicon since at least 1708 , although British warships , such as the " Mary Rose " , had carried gun decks since at least the times of Henry VIII in the 16th century . It was also necessary to record in the ship ' s papers the father of the child . As the parentage was uncertain , the senior non - commissioned officer , " The Gunner ' s Mate " , was ascribed as the parent . It is also claimed that the saying has its origin in the supposed practice of women travelling on board ship giving birth on a sectioned - off portion of the gun deck . For instance , Admiral William Henry Smyth wrote in his 1867 book , " The Sailor ' s Word - Book " : American English . Apollo 12 Astronaut Pete Conrad said , upon seeing the Surveyor 3 just prior to touching down on the Moon : " Hey , there it is ! There it is ! Son of a gun , right down the middle of the road ! " An urban legend sometimes states that a story reported in the October 7 , 1864 " The American Medical Weekly " about a woman impregnated by a bullet that went through a soldier ' s scrotum and into her abdomen was the origin of the term " son of a gun . " The story about the woman was a joke written by Dr . Legrand G . Capers ; some people who read the weekly failed to realize that the story was a joke and reported it as true . This myth was the subject of an episode of the science entertainment TV show " Mythbusters " , in which experiments showed the story implausible . Others . The " Cambridge Advanced Learner ' s Dictionary " and " Webster ' s Dictionary " both define ' son of a gun ' in American English as an euphemism for son of a bitch . Historian Brian Dowding states that the phrase ' son of a gun ' originates from feudal knights ' disdain for newly developed firearms . " Encarta Dictionary " defines the term in a different way as someone " affectionately or kindly regarded . " The term can also be used as an interjection expressing surprise , mild annoyance or disappointment .
Parokhodniy Shipyard The Parokhodniy Shipyard originated or launched 4 / 3 / 1858 as ' Parokhodnyi mekhanicheskii z - d goroda Kronshtadta ' ; shipbuilding and repairs . Became the main repair center for the Baltic Fleet around 1900 . By 1914 there were two dry docks , but no building slips . Operational 1917 - 20 ; one of three military plants in 1930s that produced munitions and torpedoes ; arms parts and munitions during wartime ; now FGUP .
Unteroffiziere ohne Portepee Unteroffiziere ohne Portepee ( literally translated as " Petty ( non - commissioned ) officers without Sword - knot " ) is the designation for German junior non - commissioned officer s ( NCOs ) in the German army . The name is derived from earlier traditions in which German senior NCOs ( " Feldwebel " ) would carry the officer ' s sidearms ( sword , sabre ) with the officer ' s swordknot ( made from silver or gold lace ) . Ranks in this category :
Battle of Fossalta The Battle of Fossalta was an episode of the War of the Guelphs and Ghibellines in northern Italy . It took place in Fossalta , a small location on the Panaro river , and is especially remembered for the capture of Enzio of Sardinia , son of Emperor Frederick II of Hohenstaufen . In the spring of 1249 , a Guelph Romagnol army of the Lombard League advanced to the Panaro . The army was composed of 3 , 000 Knights and 2 , 000 foot soldiers from the Margrave Azzo VII d ' Este and 1 , 000 Knights and 800 foot soldiers of Bolognese militias from Porta Stieri , Porta San Procolo and Porta Ravegnana . The army was led by the Brescian Filippo Ugoni , who had victoriously defended Milan while besieged by Emperor Frederick II , and accompanied by Ottaviano degli Ubaldini , the Cardinal of Bologna . The Guelph army threatened the Ghibelline city of Modena and therefore the Modenese had requested help from Enzio of Sardinia , who was then imperial vicar in northern Italy , and resided at Cremona . Enzio organised a massive army of 15 , 000 men , composed of Imperial Germans and Lombard Ghibellines from Cremona and Modena . He led the army across the Po by using his self - constructed bridge at Bugno . They arrived at the Fossalta stream , some 5 km north of Modena . Both armies faced each other for days , yet none dared to attack the other . On the 26 May 1249 , Enzio ordered his troops to assume a formation , he split his army into 3 corps and positioned them into 2 lines . Ugoni divided his forces into 4 corps on a broad line . Once , the 2 , 000 additional troops from Bologna had arrived , Ugoni charged for battle . At dawn , the Guelph army furiously attacked Enzio , after a long struggle , the Guelphs were brought to a halt . But Bolognese attacks continued all morning and all day long . The Imperial army resisted each attack , but the skirmish was fierce and bloody . By evening the Imperial line was bent and Enzio ' s horse was killed underneath him . The Bolognese advanced and the Imperial force started to flee . The fleeing Imperial force , who fought with the network of canals and streams in their back , were now an easy target for the Bolognese and many were killed or taken prisoner . Aftermath . The Bolognese had taken a lot of German and Cremonese prisoners at Fossalta ; among these was Enzio . The victorious Bolognese were greeted by a fanatical crowd , upon their return to Bologna . Enzio , in his full armour and decorated helmet , was put in golden chains and paraded around Bologna on a horse . He would spend his whole life in the Bolognese palace thenceforth named after him , the Palazzo Re Enzo . The battle had no great meaning and did not change or shape the contemporary politics or map of Italy ( unlike the Siege of Brescia or the Battle of Parma ) . But the defeat and the imprisonment of his son Enzio was a heavy blow for Emperor Frederick II . Frederick demanded the release of Enzio , but the Bolognese stood firm with their policy .
Piquissiri Maneuver The so - called Piquissiri Maneuver was a tactic used by the Brazilian marshall Luis Alves de Lima e Silva , comonly known as ' Duke of Caxias ' , during the War of the Triple Alliance . In terms of strategy , it ' s considered the most daring and creative of the entire conflict . History . After the fall of the Humaitá Fortress ( July 1868 ) , Francisco Solano Lópes centered his troops in a strong position at the stream piquissiri , that runs on the left margin of the Paraguay River . To circunvent it , Caxias determined the constrution of a road of 11 kilometers of extension on the right margin of the Paraguay River , passing through swamps of Gran Chaco , that lead to the Paraguayan rear . With the aid of the Brazilian Navy , Caxias carried 23 thousand of troops to the beginning of the road in which the troops advanced by the right margin of the river , Flanking the enemy fortified position . The Navy ships , that have already passed the passing of Angostura , avanced to the north , where they re - embarked the troops that came from the road on chaco , transporting they to the left margin , in San Antonio , at the north of the enemy position . Solano Lópes , beliving that the allied troops could not cross chaco , was surprised when the allied troops made an assault at his rear , being forced to retreat with his surviving troops . This led to the battles of Battle of Itororó , Battle of Avaí and Battle of Lomas Valentinas .
Arthur Wolcott Yates Arthur Wolcott Yates ( died 1930 ) was a Brigadier General in the United States Army . Biography . Born in Wisconsin , Yates died in San Francisco , California . He is buried at Arlington National Cemetery . Career . Yates joined the Army in 1891 and would later serve in the Spanish - American War . Following the war he was assigned to the Quartermaster Corps . During World War I , he would serve in France . Following the war he would become Chief of Transportation of the Army . In 1926 , he became Assistant to the Quartermaster General of the Army and served until his retirement in 1927 .
Logan Scott - Bowden Major General Logan Scott - Bowden CBE DSO MC and Bar is a retired British army officer . A Royal Engineers officer during World War II , he was the first commander of the Ulster Defence Regiment . Retiring as a Major General in 1974 , he served as the Colonel - Commandant of the Royal Engineers from 1975 to 1980 . Early life . Scott - Bowden was born in Whitehaven , Cumbria on 21 February 1920 , the son of Lt . Col . Jonathan Scott - Bowden , OBE , TD , and Mary Scott - Bowden ( née Logan ) . He was educated at Malvern College and the Royal Military Academy , Woolwich . He was commissioned into the Royal Engineers on 3 July 1939 . Military career . Scott - Bowden saw early service in Norway in 1940 , before joining the 53rd ( Welsh ) Infantry Division as an Adjutant in 1941 . During 1942 and 1943 he served as a on liaison duty with Canadian and American forces . In late 1943 Scott - Bowden joined the reconnaissance unit tasked with scouting the beaches for the D Day landings . At midnight 31 December 1943 , with another Royal Engineer , Sergeant Bruce Ogden - Smith , as members of the Combined Operations Pilotage Parties ( COPP ) , during Operation Bell Push Able , he landed on Gold Beach to take samples of the material from the beach . They found that the sand , in places , was thin and supported by weak peat material . They took samples back to the United Kingdom that allowed planners to cope with the weaker than expected beaches . On D Day both Sgt . Ogden - Smith and Maj . Scott - Bowden assisted in piloting the initial American landings on Omaha Beach . He then went onto command 17 Field Squadron for the remainder of the War . After World War II , he had operational service in Burma , Palestine , Korea , Aden and lastly in Northern Ireland . In Northern Ireland he was given the challenging task of forming the Ulster Defence Regiment . His final appointment in the Armed Services , on promotion to Major General , was as Head of the British Defence Liaison Staff , India . After retirement from active service Scott - Bowden served as the Colonel - Commandant of the Royal Engineers from 1975 to 1980 . Personal life . In 1950 he married Helen Jocelyn , daughter of late Major Sir Francis Caradoc Rose Price , 5th Bt , and late Marjorie Lady Price . They had three sons and three daughters . Appointments . He held a number of appointments throughout his career including :
SM UC - 66 SM " UC - 66 " was a German Type UC II minelaying submarine or U - boat in the German Imperial Navy ( ) during World War I . The U - boat was ordered on 12 January 1916 and was launched on 15 July 1916 . She was commissioned into the German Imperial Navy on 14 November 1916 as SM " UC - 66 " . In 5 patrols " UC - 66 " was credited with sinking 33 ships , either by torpedo or by mines laid . " UC - 66 " was probably sunk by depth charge s from the armed trawler " Sea King " on 12 June 1917 in the western approaches to the English Channel .
Sebhat Ephrem Sebhat Ephrem ( Tigrinya : ሰብሓት ኤፍረም ; b . 1951 , Asmara , Eritrea ) is the Minister of Defence for Eritrea , and former Eritrean People ' s Liberation Front commander during the Eritrean War of Independence . Sebhat attended high school at the Evangelical Lutheran High School in Asmara , Eritrea . Sebhat Ephrem served from June 1992 to March 1994 as the Governor of Asmara . From March 1994 to May 1995 he served as the Minister of Health . In both positions he brought structure and reorganization to these offices . After leaving the military in June 1992 , he returned to the army in May 1995 with the rank of General and was appointed and confirmed as Minister of Defense . Sebhat is a Protestant whose church is the Lutheran Church .
SS Empire Admiral SS " Empire Admiral was a 7 , 842 ton steamship which was built in 1945 for the Ministry of War Transport ( MoWT ) , she was sold in 1947 becoming Peter Dal , and sold again in 1951 and renamed Benledi . In 1953 she was sold to Bahamas and renamed Andros Tommeno , being resold later that year to Liberia . In 1966 she was resold and renamed Unique Carrier " , serving until 1969 when she was scrapped in Taiwan . History . " Empire Admiral " was built by Vickers - Armstrongs Ltd , Barrow in Furness for the Ministry of War Transport and launched on 26 March 1945 , being completed the following August . She was managed by H Hogarth & Sons initially , with management passing to A Weir & Co , London in 1946 . In 1947 , " Empire Admiral " was sold to A Weir & Co and renamed " Peter Dal " . On 21 October 1949 , an onboard explosion killed one crew member and injured two others . " Peter Dal " was only slightly damaged . In 1950 , " Peter Dal " was sold to W Thompson & Co , Edinburgh who traded as Ben Line , and was renamed " Benledi " . On 24 February 1950 , " Benledi " caught fire in the Mediterranean east of Malta . The 44 crew took to the lifeboats and were rescued by the tanker . " Benledi " was assisted into Malta with the help of , the salvage ship and the tug . In 1953 , " Benledi " was sold to E G Thomson Ltd , remaining within the Ben Line fleet . In 1963 , " Benledi " was sold to Andros Navigation Co . , Nassau , Bahamas and renamed " Andros Tommeno " , being resold later that year to Frank Shipping Co Ltd , Liberia . In 1966 , " Andros Tommeno " was sold to Unique Maritime Corporation , Liberia and renamed " Unique Carrier " , serving until 1969 when she arrived for scrapping on 27 February 1969 in Kaohsiung , Taiwan . Official number and code letters . Official Numbers were a forerunner to IMO Numbers . " Empire Admiral " had the UK Official Number 169038 and used the Code Letters GFJQ .
Naval Gold Medal The Naval Gold Medal was a medal awarded between 1793 and 1840 to senior officers of the Royal Navy in specified actions . Two different sizes were struck . 22 large - size medals were awarded to flag officers ( admirals ) , commodores and captains of the fleet . 112 smaller medals were awarded to captains . . ASele As the reference " The Naval Gold Medal " below reveals , the medals were awarded for six fleet actions ( The Glorious First of June , St . Vincent , Camperdown , The Nile , Trafalgar and Santo Domingo ) , four what might be called squadron actions , and eight single ship actions . Only selected captains received a medal for Camperdown , and only one for the capture of Banda Neira . Otherwise all captains or acting captains were recipients . Some selected awards are listed below :
Treaty of Fredrikshamn The Treaty of Fredrikshamn or the Treaty of Hamina ( , ) was a peace treaty concluded between Sweden and Imperial Russia on 17 September 1809 . The treaty concluded the Finnish War and was signed in the Finnish town of Hamina ( ) . Russia was represented by Nikolai Rumyantsev and David Alopaeus ( Russian ambassador to Stockholm ) , while Sweden by Infantry General Kurt von Stedingk ( former Swedish ambassador to Petersburg ) and Colonel Anders Skjöldebrand . According to the treaty Sweden ceded parts of the provinces Lappland and Västerbotten ( east of Tornio River and Muonio River ) , Åland , and all provinces east thereof . The ceded territories came to constitute the Grand Duchy of Finland , to which also the Russian 18th century conquests of Karelia , including small parts of Nyland and Savonia ( later to be called " Old Finland " ) , were joined in 1812 as Viborg County . Together with the Diet of Porvoo ( 1809 ) , and the Oath of the Sovereign , the Treaty of Fredrikshamn constitutes the cornerstone for the autonomous Grand Duchy , its own administration and institutions , and thereby a start of the development which would lead to the revival of Finnish culture , to equal position of the Finnish language , and ultimately in 1917 to Finland ' s independence . A reference to Emperor Alexander ' s promise to retain old laws and privileges in Finland was included , but the treaty overstepped any formal guarantees of the legal position of Finland ' s inhabitants . The Russians refused , and the Swedes were not in a position to insist . Similar clauses had been common in peace treaties , but they were also regularly circumvented . At the period of Russification of Finland , 90 years later , the Russian government argued that the treaty wasn ' t violated and hence no outside party had any right to intervene , the question being solely a matter of the emperor who had granted the original promise . During the negotiations , Swedish representatives had namely endeavoured to escape the loss of the Åland islands , " the fore - posts of Stockholm , " as Napoleon rightly described them . The Åland islands were culturally , ethnically and linguistically purely Swedish , but such facts were of no significance at that time . In the course of the 19th century it would also turn out that the Åland islands were a British interest , which after the Crimean War led to the demilitarization of the islands according to the Åland Convention included in the Treaty of Paris ( 1856 ) . During the Second War against Napoleon , Russia and Sweden concluded an alliance directed against Imperial France ( 5 April 1812 ) . They planned to effect a landing in Swedish Pomerania , which had been overrun by the French . Russia promised to press Denmark into ceding Norway to Sweden . It was understood that Great Britain would join the treaty too , but this never came to pass . Other plans failed to materialise due to Napoleon ' s invasion of Russia .
Franz Scheidies Franz Scheidies ( 22 December 1890 – 7 April 1942 ) was a German general during World War II and 2nd recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves ( ) serving in the infantry . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross and its higher grade Oak Leaves was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . Scheidis was killed by a Soviet sniper on 7 April 1942 near Gluschitza .
First Chechen War The First Chechen War , also known as the War in Chechnya , was a conflict between the Russian Federation and the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria , fought from December 1994 to August 1996 . After the initial campaign of 1994 – 1995 , culminating in the devastating Battle of Grozny , Russian federal forces attempted to seize control of the mountainous area of Chechnya but were set back by Chechen guerrilla warfare and raids on the flatlands in spite of Russia ' s overwhelming manpower , weaponry , and air support . The resulting widespread demoralization of federal forces , and the almost universal opposition of the Russian public to the conflict , led Boris Yeltsin ' s government to declare a ceasefire in 1996 and sign a peace treaty a year later . The official figure for Russian military death toll is 5 , 500 , while most estimates put the number between 3 , 500 and 7 , 500 , or even as high as 14 , 000 . Although there are no accurate figures for the number of Chechen militants killed , various estimates put the number at about 3 , 000 to over 15 , 000 deaths . Various figures estimate the number of civilian deaths at between 30 , 000 and 100 , 000 killed and possibly over 200 , 000 injured , while more than 500 , 000 people were displaced by the conflict , which left cities and villages across the republic in ruins .
John Bryson ( RAF officer ) Pilot Officer John Samuel Bryson ( 1913 ? – 1940 ) , called " Butch " , was a Canadian fighter pilot who flew with the Royal Air Force during the Battle of Britain . Bryson , the son John T . Bryson and Marion Elphinstone Bryson , was born in Westmount an enclave of Montreal , Quebec , Canada . Prior to the war he was a member of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police , but bought his way out in order to serve in defense of Britain . In January 1939 he joined the Royal Air Force on a short service commission . Upon completion of his flying training at No . 13 Flying Training school at RAF Drem , he was posted to No . 92 Squadron RAF . He joined the squadron at RAF Tangmere on 10 October 1939 . He had one ' kill ' , an He111 over Dunkirk on 2 June 1940 , and shared a kill on 24 July 1940 of a Junkers Ju88 over the Bristol Channel . Flying with the 92d out of Biggin Hill , joining two other squadrons in a Big Wing group , on 24 September 1940 , in response to a ten Ju88 medium bomber attack , defended by over one - hundred 109s , Bryson was " last seen making a solo attack on a large formation of Me109 s " . He was shot down and killed , his Spitfire , X4037 , crashing and burning out near North Weald . Butch Bryson was 27 years old . He was buried in St Andrew ' s Church , North Weald Bassett , Essex .
38 cm Siegfried K ( E ) The 38 cm Siegfried K ( E ) ( K - Kanone ( cannon ) , E - in Eisenbahnlafette ( on railroad mounting ) ) was a railway gun developed by Germany during World War II . Originally designed as the main armament of the s , some surplus guns were transferred to the Army for use on coast - defense duties . Design . The gun had no ability to traverse on its mount ; it relied entirely on moving along a curving section of track or on a Vögele turntable to aim . The turntable ( " Drehscheibe " ) consisted of a circular track with a pivot mount in the center for a platform on which the railroad gun itself was secured . A ramp was used to raise the railway gun to the level of the platform . The platform had rollers at each end which rested on the circular rail for 360° traverse . It had a capacity of , enough for most of the railroad guns in the German inventory . The gun could only be loaded at 0° elevation and so had to be re - aimed for each shot . Ammunition . It used the standard German naval system of ammunition where the base charge was held in a metallic cartridge case and supplemented by another charge in a silk bag which was rammed first . Four types of shells were used by the " 38 cm Siegfried K ( E ) " including the " Siegfried shell ( Siegfried - Granate " ) which was a special long - range shell developed by the army . It could be fired with a reduced charge at to .
Jan Scruggs Jan Scruggs is best known for being the founder of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial . Scruggs served as a corporal in the 199th Light Infantry Brigade , and upon completion of his service attended American University in Washington , D . C where he obtained a Master ' s Degree in counseling . During the course of graduate studies , Scruggs came up with the idea of a memorial to honor the American veterans of the Vietnam War , and began to raise funds after the United States Congress did not take action . The effort began with $ 2 , 800 of his own money and eventually raised over $ 8 million , coming mostly from private donations . The memorial was dedicated in November 1982 . In 1983 , Scruggs received the Samuel S . Beard Award for Greatest Public Service by an Individual 35 Years or Under , an award given out annually by Jefferson Awards . He has received many other awards . The current mission underway is the Education Center at The Wall . This facility , working in synergy with The Wall , will exemplify America ' s Legacy of Service . The Center will help welcome home veterans from Iraq and Afghanistan as it also teaches also about the Vietnam War and the values of the US Armed Forces Scruggs now manages the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund as CEO . He is also a motivational speaker and attorney . He has authored several books dealing with the Vietnam War and numerous articles for the Washington Post and other publications " To Heal a Nation " was also made into a television film , with Eric Roberts as Scruggs and Glynnis O ' Connor as Scruggs ' wife , Becky .