naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Fleet action A fleet action is a naval engagement involving combat between forces that are larger than a squadron on either of the opposing sides . Fleet action is defined by combat and not just manoeuvring of the naval forces strategically , operationally or tactically without engaging . Most famous large naval battles in history were fleet actions . A fleet action is unrelated to participation of any formation that is a named naval fleet , and usually includes only major parts of such formations . A " general fleet action " has been defined as one aimed to destroy , incapacitate or capture the enemy ' s main body and thereby accomplish the principal strategic objective of the war at sea . The Battle of Jutland , although consisting of several smaller battles and engagements , came closest to what was considered a general fleet action in the late " long " 19th century . As an example of fleet action orders , the following were issued by Admiral Spruance commanding United States Fifth Fleet at 1415 on 17 June 1944 : Our air will first knock out enemy carriers , then will attack enemy battleships and cruisers to slow or disable them . Battle line will destroy enemy fleet either by " fleet action " if the enemy elects to fight or by sinking slowed or crippled ships if enemy retreats . Action against the enemy must be pushed vigorously by all hands to ensure complete destruction of his fleet . Destroyers running short of fuel may be returned to Saipan if necessary for refuelling . In naval history a fleet action has usually been seen as not just another naval battle , but the decisive battle of a given theatre of war that brings about a drastic change in the naval balance of power . The battle of Leyte Gulf is considered the last ever surface battle fleet action in history , and one in which the Allied forces nearly destroyed the entire Japanese fleet , which lost three battleship s , all four aircraft carrier s , six cruiser s , and more than a dozen destroyer s .
Thomas Fowke Lieutenant General Thomas Fowke ( pronounced " Foke " ) ( circa 1690 – 29 March 1765 ) was a British Army officer who was appointed Governor of Gibraltar . Early years . He was the son of John Fowke , Esq . and descended from the Fowkes of Brewood and Gunston , in South Staffordshire . Career . In 1745 , he served as Brigadier - General during the Battle of Prestonpans . In 1748 , he starved on Staff in Flanders with the rank of Major - General ; his aide - de - camp was Robert Donkin . Holding the rank of Lieutenant General , he served as Governor of Gibraltar during the period of 31 May 1754 to 12 July 1756 but was suspended for not providing a regiment of marines to Adm . John Byng , who was attempting to transport troops from Gibraltar to Minorca . Fowke was ultimately dismissed from the service by King George II , but reinstated to his former rank in 1761 by George III . Personal life . His first wife was Elizabeth , daughter of Sir William Ingoldsby , Bart . His second wife was Dorothea , daughter of Edward Randall , of Salisbury , Wiltshire . They had one son , Sir Thomas Fowke , Groom of the Bedchamber to Prince Henry , Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn . His grandson was Sir Frederick Gustavus Fowke , 1st Baronet ( 1782 – 1856 ) of the Fowke baronets . He died in Bath , England in 1765 , having been an officer for more than sixty years .
USS Muskeget ( AG - 48 ) USS " Muskeget " ( AG - 48 / YAG - 9 ) – later known as USCGC " Muskeget " ( WAG - 48 ) – was a commercial cargo ship acquired by the U . S . Navy during World War II . She was outfitted with a variety of guns and depth charge devices and sent on weather patrol in the North Atlantic Ocean . She disappeared with loss of all crew members ; it was later determined she had been sunk by a German submarine . Constructed in Maryland . " Muskeget " ( YAG 9 ) was built as " Cornish " in 1923 by Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corporation , Sparrows Point , Maryland ; acquired by the Navy 29 December 1941 from Eastern Shipbuilding Lines , Inc . , Boston , Massachusetts ; converted from a freighter by Sullivan Drydock & Repair Co . , New York ; and commissioned as " YAG - 9 " on 3 January 1942 . World War II service . U . S . Navy service . Assigned to the 3d Naval District , " YAG - 9 " performed patrol duty off New York until reclassified " AG - 48 " and named " Muskeget " on 30 May . Transferred to the Coast Guard . One month later , 30 June , the miscellaneous auxiliary was transferred to the U . S . Coast Guard and served with the North Atlantic Weather Patrol into the fall of 1942 . She was last reported on station 11 September . Presumed lost at sea . When " Muskeget " was overdue in reaching home port later in September , " Muskeget " was presumed lost with its complement of : Dispositioning . On 26 October 1943 . " Muskeget " was struck from the Navy List . Subsequent determination . It was subsequently determined that " Muskeget " was sunk by torpedo by German submarine " U - 755 " on 9 September 1942 .
Bulu prison massacre The Bulu prison massacre was an incident occurring late in World War II in which over one hundred Japanese POW s were killed by Indonesia n forces . Background . In 1945 , even before they surrendered to the Allied Powers , Japan had begun to lose its grip on Indonesia and Indonesian nationalists began to seriously consider its independence . The Allies knew this , and because there were still at least 70 , 000 Allied prisoners of war in Indonesia , RAPWI ( Recovery of Allied Prisoner of War and Internee ) was sent on a mission by the Allies to " try to contact the responsible Japanese authorities , alleviate conditions in the prison camps and arrange the evacuation of the prisoners and internees . " Two days after the Japanese surrender , Sukarno , an Indonesian Nationalist , declared Indonesia independent . As for the Japanese still stationed in Indonesia , the nationalists , called " pemuda " , demanded the Japanese hand over all arms and ammunition . RAPWI " strongly objected to such actions and demanded that the Japanese continue to protect the [ Allied POW ] camps " . However , many officers , including Major General Nakamura Junji , ignored RAPWI ' s request and turned over their weapons . However , not all Japanese officers , such as Major Kido Shinishiro , agreed to surrender their weapons . Although originally thought to be a sign of " military honor and obligation toward the prisoners and internees menaced by the Indonesians , " Kido later admitted that he refused to surrender his rifles because they " bore the imperial chrysanthemum emblem , indicating that they were in fact the property of the emperor . " This refusal to surrender the weapons infuriated the Indonesian nationalists . Massacre . In response to Kido ' s decision not to return the weapons , Indonesian nationalists in Semarang killed one hundred and thirty Japanese prisoners located at Bulu prison : " Some corpses were hanging from the roof and from the windows , others had been pierced through and through with bamboo spears . . . Some had tried to write last messages in blood on the walls . " When the Japanese came upon the prison , they were infuriated and " As the Japanese soldiers captured more weapons from the Japanese nationalists they armed Japanese civilians , who joined in the killing . " All together , the Japanese killed over two thousand Indonesians as revenge for the Bulu Prison Massacre
Harald von Hirschfeld Harald von Hirschfeld ( 10 July 1912 – 18 January 1945 ) was a German general who commanded the 78 . Volksgrenadier - Division during World War II . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross and its higher grade Oak Leaves was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . In September 1943 , as a Colonel in the 1st Mountain Division , he played a major role in the defeat and subsequent massacre of the Italian " Acqui " Division in Cephallonia .
William Currey William Matthew Currey VC ( born Wallsend , New South Wales 19 September 1895 – died Bexley , New South Wales 30 April 1948 ) was an Australian politician in the Parliament of NSW , a labourer and railway worker , a citizen soldier and , whilst a member of the First AIF , an Australian recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . Details . He was 22 years old , and a private in the 53rd Bn ( N . S . W . ) , Australian Imperial Force during the First World War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC . On 1 September 1918 in the attack on Péronne , France , Private Currey rushed forward under heavy machine - gun fire and captured single - handed a 77mm field gun which had been holding up the advance , killing all the crew . Later , when the advance was checked by an enemy strong - point he crept round the flank and engaged the post with a Lewis gun , then rushed it , causing many casualties . Subsequently he volunteered to carry orders for withdrawal to an isolated company , doing so under heavy fire and bringing back valuable information . The citation published in the " London Gazette " of 14 December 1918 concluded that his behaviour was a " striking example of coolness , determination and utter disregard of danger . . . and his gallant work contributed largely to the success of the operation . " Australian war historian C . E . W . Bean described the final act of Currey ' s heroism thus : " At 3 am when efforts to reach ( a Lt Waite in an advanced position ) having failed Private Currey volunteered to make his third attempt and going out far into the disputed front he stood up and called with all his lung power . " Waitsy ! Get in . " The Germans turned on him every weapon they had ; he was gassed and his respirator was shot through . But Waite had heard him and returned . " Remembrances . Currey ' s Victoria Cross is displayed at the Australian War Memorial in Canberra , Australia Following a public appeal in 1956 a plaque was erected in memory of Currey in the Speakers Square within the NSW Parliament complex . During renovations in the 1970s the plaque was put into storage for safekeeping and was only rediscovered and restored to its place in 2008 . In 1976 , the " Jeffries and Currey Memorial Library " was opened by the Governor of New South Wales , Sir Roden Cutler , at Dudley Public School to honour two of the school ' s pupils who were decorated with the Victoria Cross during the First World War : Clarence Jeffries and William Currey . The pair are also commemorated by the " Capt . Clarence Smith Jeffries ( V . C . ) and Pte . William Matthew Currey ( V . C . ) Memorial Wall " located in the grounds of Sandgate General Cemetery , Newcastle , which was unveiled in an official ceremony on 16 April 2000 . Later life . He was the member for Kogarah in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly from 1941 till his death . He represented the Australian Labor Party .
Hans Christoph Friedrich Graf von Hacke Hans Christoph Friedrich Graf von Hacke ( October 21 , 1699 in Staßfurt - August 17 , 1754 in Berlin ) was a Prussian General and Commandant of Berlin . The Hackescher Markt in Berlin is named after him . Early life . In 1715 , at the age of sixteen , Hacke went to join the army of the " Soldier King " , Frederick William I of Prussia , and at 6 ' 3 " tall was assigned the 6th Royal Regiment , the " Potsdam Giants " . He attracted attention through his particular attentiveness and adherence to orders , which would earn him a great career . At eighteen , he was an ensign , at twenty a lieutenant , twenty - six a first lieutenant , twenty - nine a staff captain , and thirty - two a Hofjägermeister . Career . His services were greatly appreciated by the King , who permitted him in 1722 to have an oil portrait painted with his hand on his sword . In 1740 , he was appointed Royal Adjutant General , making him one of the most significant figures in the King ' s circle and one of the most influential officers . The royal courts of Berlin , Potsdam and Wusterhausen were under his control , and he also had wide - ranging control in personnel decisions . On 28 July 1740 , he was raised to the hereditary title of Graf ( equivalent to a continental count or British earl ) . After the King ' s death , Hacke was commander of the military police who protected the new King , Frederick II . He was also present in both Silesian Wars , the capture of Prague and the King ' s campaigns in Saxony and Bohemia . In 1745 , he was responsible for the defence of Berlin against the threat of siege by Austrian and Saxon forces . In 1747 , Hacke was promoted to the rank of lieutenant general and given oversight of the royal buildings of Berlin . On 10 November 1749 , Frederick II named Hacke the Stadtkommandant of Berlin , giving him the added responsibilities of personnel decisions , public policy , the timber trade and press censorship . Hackescher Markt . In 1750 , to facilitate expansion of Berlin , the King ordered the city ' s fortifications and the Spandau Gate to be torn down . Under Hacke ' s leadership , new houses and streets were built on what had previously been swamp land , and a spacious square was set out here . As a sign of his absolute satisfaction with the work , and in recognition of Hacke ' s services , the King commanded the square to be named the " Hackescher Markt " . Personal life . His marriage to Sophia Albertine von Creutz , daughter and heiress of Privy Councillor Ehrenreich Bogislaus von Creutz ( 1670 – 1733 ) , produced one son , Prussian Major Friedrich Wilhelm von Hacke ( died 1789 ) . Hans Christoph Friedrich Graf von Hacke died on 17 August 1754 in Berlin .
Naval Base Coronado Naval Base Coronado ( NBC ) is a consolidated Navy installation encompassing eight military facilities stretching from San Clemente Island , located seventy miles west of San Diego , California , to the La Posta Mountain Warfare Training Facility and Camp Morena , located sixty miles east of San Diego . Organization . In 1997 , Naval Base Coronado was created , incorporating seven separate Naval installations under one Commanding Officer . Those facilities include : Naval Air Station North Island ( NASNI ) ; Naval Amphibious Base Coronado ( NAB ) ; Outlying Field Imperial Beach ( OLIB ) ; Naval Auxiliary Landing Field San Clemente Island ( SCI ) ; Silver Strand Training Complex ( SSTC ) , formerly known as the Naval Radio Receiving Facility ; Camp Michael Monsoor ( CMM ) ; and the Remote Training Site , Warner Springs ( SERE ) . These seven facilities encompass more than 57 , 000 acres ( 230 km² ) and make NBC the largest command in the southwest region of the U . S . Employing over 36 , 000 military and civilian personnel , NBC accounts for over 30 % of the Region ' s total workforce , and has the largest workforce in San Diego County . Controversy . " The Navy plans to spend $ 600 , 000 for “ camouflage ” landscaping and rooftop adjustments so that 1960s - era barracks , at the Naval Base Coronado near San Diego will no longer look like a Nazi Swastika ( 卐 ) from the air . The resemblance went unnoticed by the public for decades until it was spotted in aerial views on Google Earth . " ( exact co - ordinates )
Friedrich Karl Florian Friedrich Karl Florian ( 4 February 1894 in Essen – 24 October 1975 in Mettmann ) was the Gauleiter of Düsseldorf in Nazi Germany . Entered military service in August , 1914 as a Kriegsfreiwilliger and assigned to Grenadier - Regiment 1 ( Garrison : Königsberg ) . Served in the unit until 1916 , when he volunteered for the Fliegertruppe and assigned after training to Jagdstaffel ( Jasta ) 51 in Jagdgeschwader Richthofen . Shot down and captured by British troops in May , 1918 . Released from captivity in November , 1919 . He worked as Gauleiter of the Düsseldorf Gau from 1 January 1930 to 8 May 1945 – seven days after Adolf Hitler ' s death . During this time , he was also a member of the Reichstag . On 1 May 1936 , he was appointed to the Reich leadership . On 25 September 1933 he became an SA Gruppenführer , and on 30 January 1937 an SA Obergruppenführer . During his stay in Düsseldorf , journalist Lothrop Stoddard described Florian as " " an impressive - looking type : bearing a candid expression , with a kind eye and a still kinder mouth . A gentleman , if ever I saw one . I can imagine how popular he must be among the good - natured , kindly Duesseldorfers . " "
Bliss - Leavitt Mark 8 torpedo The Bliss - Leavitt Mark 8 torpedo was the United States Navy ' s first 21 - inch by 21 - foot torpedo and was widely used in its torpedo boat force at the beginning of World War II . The torpedo was originally designed in 1911 by Frank McDowell Leavitt of the E . W . Bliss Company and entered full mass production in 1913 at the Naval Torpedo Station in Newport , Rhode Island . Under the Lend - Lease Act , about 600 Mark 8 torpedoes were issued to the United Kingdom for use with 50 destroyers it received under the same program . Design . The design was originally intended to be used on destroyer s in an anti - surface ship role . When it was first released , it was a highly advanced torpedo , but when it was actually deployed into service during World War II it was showing its age and unable to compete with the modern torpedo technology . The low speed of the torpedo was one of the complaints ; its Japanese counterpart , the Type 93 torpedo , was significantly faster and more difficult to spot in the water . Deployment difficulties . The Mark 8 had many technical difficulties with its design that would be a bane to the torpedo men who would use them . The first issue came with the process of simply launching the torpedo , which was fraught with its own set of difficulties . The gyro in the torpedo was sensitive when it was first launched and it would need to be launched from an even keel , otherwise the torpedo would lose stability when it hit the water . The other issue concerned the launching mechanism . The initial system was set with a black powder charge to push the torpedo out of the tube . The problem with this in the humid climate of the South Pacific would cause these charges to misfire , sometimes not putting enough force behind the torpedo to fully eject it from the tube . One other risk of these misfires was what is called " hot running " , where the torpedo would run in its tube . Though the warhead could not detonate , the motor would overheat and explode without water to cool it , sending shrapnel across the deck . Another issue was that the tubes were heavily lubricated with oil and grease to insure that the torpedo was launched from the tube correctly . The problem became that sometimes during the launching , the charge would ignite the grease and oil in the tube causing a fire that would emit a dark black smoke that would immediately give up the location of the torpedo boat , reveal the point where the torpedo was coming from and allow the enemy to take action to avoid it . The torpedo also lacked the explosive power of newer models . It carried less than 500 pounds of TNT - based explosive which was far from a guaranteed ship kill on strike . This would frustrate many captains who , when lucky enough to hit an enemy dead on , would have the warhead go off but not do enough damage to sink the target , and allowed many of them to limp back home .
158th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps 158th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps ( South Wales Borderers ) ( 158 RAC ) was a short - lived armoured regiment of the British Army ' s Royal Armoured Corps serving in India during World War II . Origin . 158 RAC was formed on 15 July 1942 by the conversion to the armoured role of 6th Battalion South Wales Borderers . In common with other infantry battalions transferred to the Royal Armoured Corps , the personnel of 158 RAC would have continued to wear their South Wales Borderers cap badge on the black beret of the RAC . Personnel unsuited to fighting i tanks were weeded out by psychiatrists . Service . 158 RAC embarked for passage from the United Kingdom to India on 26 October 1942 , arriving on 20 December and moving to Poona . There it came under command of 255 Indian Armoured Brigade . However , there was a change of policy , and on 1 April 1943 the regiment was re - converted to infantry , reverting to its previous title of 6SWB and coming under command of 72 Indian Infantry Brigade .
British Military Garrison Brunei The British Military Garrison Brunei ( BGB ) is the name given to the British armed forces presence in Brunei . Since the handover ceremony of Hong Kong in 1997 , the garrison in Brunei is the only remaining British military base in the Far East , and along with Diego Garcia one of only two East of Suez . The garrison has been in existence since 1959 , when British troops were moved there from Singapore to quell a revolt against the Sultan . From there , British forces have been involved in several conflicts , including helping to quell the Brunei Revolt of 1962 and the Indonesia - Malaysia confrontation . Since Brunei ' s independence in 1984 , forces have been stationed there at the request of the current Sultan , in a renewable agreement lasting five years at a time . The forces stationed in Brunei are available to assist the Sultan as and when required , but are also available for deployment overseas with other elements of the British armed forces if needed . As recompense , the Sultan pays up to £40 million per year to help support the British presence . Structure . BGB is located at Seria and is centred around a light infantry battalion , which will be one of the two battalions of the Royal Gurkha Rifles . The battalion stationed in Brunei operates as the British Army ' s acclimatised Far East reserve , and is available for overseas deployment in the Far East region and beyond - the Brunei based battalion has been deployed to Afghanistan as part of Operation Herrick on several occasions , and has also been deployed to East Timor and Sierra Leone . The infantry battalion is supported by a small number of garrison troops that are permanently stationed in Brunei . In addition , Brunei serves as one of the British Army ' s major training areas , specialising in jungle warfare , with the Jungle Warfare Training School ( also known as Training Team Brunei ) running the Jungle Warfare Advisor ' s Course and the Military Tracking Instructors Course in conjunction with the infantry battalion . The garrison totals approximately 900 personnel . The British Forces Broadcasting Service broadcasts to the garrison , carrying programmes from both BFBS Radio 1 and BFBS Radio Gurkha
F 5 Ljungbyhed F 5 Ljungbyhed , Kungliga Krigsflygskolan , " Royal Air Force Flight Academy " , or simply " F 5 " , is a former Swedish Air Force training wing with the main base located in Ljungbyhed in southern Sweden . History of the airbase . The moor at Ljungby was adopted for military use in 1658 by the Scanian Hussar Regiment as a training ground . In 1910 , the first flights were commenced from the grounds . Enoch Thulin set up a public flying school on June 16 , 1915 . In 1926 , the newly formed Swedish Air Force set up their flying school at Ljungbyhed . Between 1983 and 1996 the Air Force school of meteorology was also located at Ljungbyhed . In 1996 , F 5 Ljungbyhed was decommissioned and the pilot training was taken over by F 10 Ängelholm Currently , Lund University School of Aviation has commercial flying training at Ljungbyhed Airport ( ICAO : ESTL ) .