naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Subhas Brigade The Subhas Brigade , or the 1st Guerrilla Regiment was a unit of the Indian National Army ( INA ) . The unit was formed in 1943 and unofficially referred to as Subhas Brigade after the Indian independence leader Subhas Chandra Bose , who at the time was also the supreme commander of the army . The unit was the first and major commitment of the second INA in the Imphal Offensive , and along with Azad , Gandhi and Nehru Brigade , the Army ' s contribution to the Imperial Japanese Army ' s U - go offensive . The Brigade was divided into three battalion s under the command of Shah Nawaz Khan . By the beginning of January 1944 , it had reached Rangoon in Burma , where two battalions remained to guard the border between Burma and India near Haka while the third advanced into India across the Kaladan River . Elements of the Brigade subsequently took part in the Battles of Imphal and Kohima , where they were forced to withdraw alongside the Japanese forces they supported . These battles marked the turning point in the Burma Campaign . Bose himself did not wish to have the Brigade named for him , but the name was kept .
Everard des Barres Everard des Barres ( also Eberhard von Barres or Eberhard De Bären ) ( died 1174 ) was the third Grand Master of the Knights Templar from 1147 to 1151 . As Preceptor of the Templars in France from 1143 , he was one of the highest dignitaries of the Order when Robert de Craon died in 1147 . He was chosen to succeed Robert , and as soon as he was elected , he accompanied Louis VII of France on the Second Crusade , and was among those sent ahead to Constantinople before Louis ' arrival there . He later saved Louis during a battle with the Seljuk Turks in Pisidia . According to the chronicler Odo of Deuil , Everard was extremely pious and valiant . He seems to have had a strong influence on Louis . After the failure of the crusade at the Siege of Damascus in 1148 , Louis returned to France , followed by Everard , who was in charge of the king ' s treasury . Everard ' s Templars stayed behind and helped defend Jerusalem against a Turkish raid in 1149 . Back in France , Everard abdicated officially in 1151 and became a monk at Clairvaux , despite the protests of the Templars . He was succeeded by Bernard de Tremelay ( who actually led the Order since Everard ' s departure in 1149 ) and died in 1174 .
Kurt Herzog Kurt Herzog ( 27 March 1889 , Quedlinburg – 8 May 1948 ) was a German general who commanded the 291 . Infanterie Division during World War II . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross and its higher grade Oak Leaves was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . Kurt Herzog was captured by Soviet troops in May 1945 and died in captivity on 8 May 1948 .
Union of the Committees of Soldiers ' Mothers of Russia The Union of the Committees of Soldiers ' Mothers of Russia ( ) works to expose human rights violations within the Russian military . The organization was founded in 1989 . Before 1998 , it was known as the Committee of Soldiers ' Mothers of Russia . The organization is often labeled as a human rights or peace organization . Among the activities the organization is involved in is educating Russian civil society on the rule of law in relation to service in the military , as well as informing society about what the armed forces should look like in a democratic society . The organization also provides free legal advice to soldiers and their families about their rights and conscription laws , as well as intervening on behalf of soldiers who are facing abuse and hazing from their superiors and other more senior soldiers ( " dedovshchina " ) . The Committee was awarded the Rafto Prize in 1995 and the Right Livelihood Award in 1996 .
Weapons Storage and Security System Weapons Storage and Security System ( WS3 ) is a system including electronic controls and vaults built into the floors of Protective Aircraft Shelter s ( PAS ) on several United States and NATO military airfield s all over the world . These vaults are used for safe special weapons storage , typically of tactical B61 nuclear bomb s . This system was in NATO not officially a . k . a . Weapon Security and Survivability System ( WS3 ) or Weapons Survivability and Security System . History . During the Cold War era on the US and NATO bases used by the Quick Reaction Alert readiness forces numbers of bombs were stored in a heavily secured Weapon storage area located on or in the vicinity of the base . The ‘ specials ’ were located in nuclear weapon ( igloo ) bunkers . Transporting them to and from the Quick Reaction Alert area ( a few heavily guarded aircraft shelters near the main runway ) during exercises and for logistic reasons always required a convoy with a large number ( appx 50 armed military ) of security forces which included a Sabotage Alert Team , Backup Alert and Reserve Force team . The WS3 system consists of a Weapons Storage Vault ( WSV ) and electronic monitoring and control systems . One vault can hold up to four nuclear weapon s and in the lowered position provides ballistic protection through its hardened lid and reinforced sidewalls . The WS3 system allowed storage directly underneath the aircraft intended to carry the bombs . The location inside the aircraft shelter increased the weapon survivability in case of any kind of attack and prevent monitoring of preparations to use the weapons . The electronic systems include various classified sensors , electronic data - transmission and security equipment such as video , motion detectors , closed circuit TV coupled with thermal imaging devices . These facilities enabled remote controlled weapon safety and made the large security forces obsolete . Deployment of the WS3 system was authorized in 1988 , and they were in widespread use by 1995 . 215 WS3 vaults were built for the United States Air Forces in Europe at 13 sites in seven countries . Additionally 34 WS3 vaults were built for the Royal Air Force to store the WE . 177 nuclear bomb ; 10 at RAF Brüggen in Germany and 24 at RAF Marham in Britain .
Mauser MG 213 The Mauser MG 213 was a 20 mm aircraft - mounted revolver cannon developed for the " Luftwaffe " during World War II . It was never put into service , but the principles formed the basis for several post - war developments by the Allies . A 30 mm version was developed as the MG 213C or MK 213 and it was this that led to the British ADEN , French DEFA and American M39 cannon .
Volunteer Reserve Decoration The Volunteer Reserve Decoration ( VD until 1947 , then VRD ) was awarded to commissioned officer s in the United Kingdom ' s Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve ( RNVR ) for long service and good conduct . The VRD was established in 1908 . The medal has an oval medallion , consisting of the cypher of the reigning monarch in silver gilt surrounded by a silver rope tied with a reef knot at the base and surmounted by a gilt crown which acts as the ribbon suspension , hung from a ribbon which was dark green until 1919 and navy blue with a narrow central bands red - green - red thereafter . Originally , 20 years service was required , with wartime service counting double , and service in the ranks counting half . The VRD and the separate Volunteer Reserve Long Service and Good Conduct Medal for RNVR ratings were discontinued in 1966 , when RNVR merged with the Royal Naval Reserve . In New Zealand a version of the award is still issued known as the Royal New Zealand Naval Volunteer Reserve Decoration and includes the post - nominal letters of VRD .
British standard ordnance weights and measurements The British standard ordnance weights and measurements for the artillery were established by the Master General of Ordnance in 1764 , and these were not altered until 1919 when the metric system was additionally introduced . This system has largely been replaced by a calibre system , which is the standard today for most weapon systems in use by the world ' s armed forces . The 18th century standards were based on projectile weight , and dated back to use of muzzle loaded cannons which fired solid cannonballs . The designations bore only an approximate relationship to the actual weight of the projectile when it was applied to modern artillery . The table below lists the metric and Imperial calibres of various British weapons , which utilised the standard after 1919 :
Legio XVI Gallica Legio sexta decima " Gallica " ( Sixteenth " Gallic " Legion ) was a Roman legion . The legion was recruited by Octavian in 41 / 40 BC , and was disbanded after surrendering during the Batavian rebellion ( 70 ) ; Emperor Vespasian created a new legion , the XVI " Flavia Firma " . The emblem of the legion was probably a lion .
Matthew Whitworth - Aylmer , 5th Baron Aylmer Matthew Whitworth - Aylmer , 5th Baron Aylmer ( 24 May 1775 – 23 February 1850 ) was a British military officer and colonial administrator . Napoleonic Wars . He was gazetted ensign in 1787 , lieutenant in 1791 and major in 1800 , after being held in a French prison for six months in 1798 . His career continued as colonel in 1810 , being aide - de - camp to the King between 1810 and 1812 and then major - general in 1813 . He was present at most of the battles in the Peninsular War . In 1814 , following service in the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars , he was appointed adjutant general of British forces in Ireland , where he remained until 1823 . North American administration . After reaching the position of lieutenant - general in 1825 , he was , in 1830 , appointed commander of British military forces in North America as well as Governor General of British North America and Lieutenant Governor of Lower Canada . Lord Aylmer had no previous experience as a civil administrator and no political experience and was unable to pacify the growing demands in Lower Canada for responsible government and , in 1834 , the radical Assembly of Lower Canada passed 92 " resolutions of grievance " including a demand that Aylmer be recalled . Lord Aylmer exacerbated ethnic tensions in Lower Canada by favouring the English over the French . The deterioration of the situation led to his recall in 1835 . His administration may have been a contributing factor to the Lower Canada Rebellion of 1837 . Return to England . Returning to England , Aylmer was promoted to the rank of general in 1845 but he never obtained a British peerage ( his dignity was in the Irish peerage ) , or another administrative post . He died at 15 Eaton Square , Belgravia on 23 February 1850 , and was buried at West Norwood Cemetery . Aylmer ' s sister Rose Aylmer was the inspiration behind the poem of that name by Walter Savage Landor . Family . General the Right Honourable Matthew Whitworth , 5th Lord Aylmer , G . C . B . , married Louisa Anne Call , daughter of Sir John Call , Bart . on 4 August 1801 . When her husband was appointed in 1830 to administer the government of Canada , as Governor - General , from February 1831 to August 1835 , the couple entertained at the Castle of St . Louis , Quebec . During the cholera epidemic of 1831 - 32 , she was interested in the relief of the sufferers . Since she was interested in education , she regularly visited and bestowed prizes in the schools . She served as the patroness of the Societe d ' Education sous la direction des dames lie Quebec . She died on 13 August 1862 . References . Obituary , The Times , 26 February 1850
Yoshio Tachibana Biography . Tachibana was a native of Ehime prefecture . He graduated from the Imperial Japanese Army Academy in 1913 , and had a relatively undistinguished early career . From 1924 - 1925 he was assigned to the Manchukuo Imperial Army as a liaison officer . In 1942 , he was assigned to the staff of the Hiroshima regional defense command , and promoted to major general in March 1943 . In May 1944 , he became commander of the IJA 1st Independent Combined Brigade . He was further promoted to lieutenant general on March 23 , 1945 , and given command of the IJA 109th Division , which was tasked with the defense of the Bonin Islands against invasion by American forces in the preliminary preparations to Operation Downfall . By mid - 1945 , due to the Allied naval blockade , Japanese troops on Chichijima had run low on supplies and were starving , so Tachibana ' s senior staff turned to cannibalism . In August 1944 and February / March 1945 in what came to be known later as the “ Ogasawara Incident ” , Tachibana , known to his staff as a sadistic , alcoholic commander , issued an order that all American prisoners of war ( downed aviators ) be killed . Two prisoners were beheaded in a public ceremony and per an account in " Time Magazine " , their livers were immediately cut from their bodies and served as " sukiyaki " . It was not disputed that eight prisoners of war were executed , and some of the bodies were butchered by the division ’ s medical orderlies and portions were eaten by the senior staff of the Japanese garrison . At the end of the war , Tachibana and his staff were arrested by the American occupation authorities and were deported to Guam , where they stood trial for war crimes in connection with the Ogasawara Incident in August 1946 . However , as cannibalism was not covered under international law at the time , Tachibana was charged with " prevention of honorable burial " in addition to his execution of prisoners , and along with four other defendants , was sentenced to death by hanging .
Führungsakademie der Bundeswehr The Führungsakademie der Bundeswehr ( FüAkBw ) is the General Staff College ( also " Senior Military Academe " ) of the German armed forces , the Bundeswehr . Established in 1957 , and since 1958 located in Hamburg , it is the successor of the Prussian Military Academy that was established in 1810 . Its Motto is " Mens agitat molem " , " Mind moves Matter " . The academy offer two main courses : The " Lehrgang Generalstabs - Admiralstabsdienst National " ( LGAN ) , a 2 - year course for staff officers from Germany and other NATO or EU countries , and the " Lehrgang Generalstabs - / Admiralstabsdienst mit internationaler Beteiligung " ( LGAI ) , a 10 - month course , established in 1962 , for staff officers from non - NATO / non - EU countries . Between 1962 and 1997 , ca . 800 officers from more than 80 nations were educated at the academy . Many former students have been appointed to high military positions in their respective countries after their studies .
Albert Marsh ( Medal of Honor ) Albert Marsh was a Sergeant in the United States Army and a Medal of Honor recipient for his role in the American Civil War . Marsh joined the Army from Randolph , New York in August 1861 . He fought in the Battles of Fair Oaks , Gettysburg , and Spotsylvania , and was wounded each time . He was mustered out in September 1864 . He died February 17 , 1895 and is buried in Randolph Cemetery Randolph , New York . His grave can be found in section C . Medal of Honor citation . Rank and organization : Sergeant , Company B , 64th New York Infantry . Place and date : At Spotsylvania , Va . , May 12 , 1864 . Entered service at : Randolph , N . Y . Birth : Cattaraugus County , N . Y . Date of issue : December 1 , 1864 . Citation : Capture of flag .
Superintendent of the United States Military Academy The commanding officer of the United States Military Academy is its Superintendent . This position is roughly equivalent to the chancellor or president of an American civilian university . The officer appointed is by tradition a graduate of the United States Military Academy , commonly known as " West Point " . The Superintendency has often been often a stepping stone to higher prominence in the Army . Three Superintendents became Chief of Staff of the Army : Douglas MacArthur , Maxwell Davenport Taylor , and William Westmoreland . The list of Superintendents includes five Medal of Honor recipients : Oliver Otis Howard , Douglas MacArthur , Albert Leopold Mills , John McAllister Schofield , John Moulder Wilson . Many Superintendents later became Commanding Generals , such as Joseph Gardner Swift and Hugh L . Scott . The post is now a terminal assignment in the Army ; as a condition for detail to the position , officers are required by law to acknowledge that they will retire at the end of their appointment . This formulation was meant to secure the independence of Superintendents from undue command influence ; however , in practice the resulting " lame duck " status restricts their power and influence in the Army . There has been discussion about reverting to the previous system or recalling a retired officer to fill the post . The billet carries the rank of lieutenant general , and is not counted against the Army ' s statutory limit on the number of active - duty officers above the rank of major general . For example , General Andrew Goodpaster originally retired from active duty as a full general , was recalled to assume the superintendency as a lieutenant general , and reverted to his four - star rank upon his second retirement .
Ostmärkische Sturmscharen Ostmärkische Sturmscharen was a political paramilitary force founded on December 7 , 1930 in Innsbruck , Austria , recruited from the Katholische Jugend ( Catholic Youth ) , later from journeymen and teacher organisations , forming an opposition to the Heimwehr . Kurt Schuschnigg was its " Reichsführer " . The Ostmärkische Sturmscharen spread over the entire Austrian territory in 1933 , comprising 15 , 000 members according to their own figures , but never became very popular . In Lower Austria they incorporated the " Lower Austrian Heimwehr " and were supported by the Bauernbund ( Austrian Farmers ' Federation ) . The chairman of the Bauernbund Leopold Figl was their " Landesführer " . The Ostmärkische Sturmscharen declared themselves a cultural organisation on April 11 , 1936 , hence the dissolution of all defence forces in October 1936 was for them merely a formality .
Battle of Yunnan - Burma Road Battle of Yunnan - Burma Road ( Mid March – Early June 1942 ) was the name of the Chinese intervention to aid their British allies in the 1942 Burma Campaign . Its forces were composed of the Fifth , Sixth and Sixty - sixth Army under the command of the Chinese Expeditionary Force in Burma , commanded by Lt . General Joseph Stilwell , Lt . General Luo Zhuoying was his Executive Officer . In February 1942 , General Lo Cho - ying directed 5th Army to move from western Yunnan to the vicinity of Toungoo and further south in Burma . Advanced elements of the 200th Division of 5th Army arrived at Toungoo on March 8 , 1942 and took over defensive positions from the British forces . The 6th Army was directed to move from Kunming to the Burma – Thai border . Its leading elements reached Mawchi , Mongpang and Mongtong in mid March . The 66th Army later arrived in Lashio and Mandalay as a reserve and to assist the British forces in their operations . Battles of Yunnan - Burma Road Campaign :
Battle of Arras ( 1654 ) The Battle of Arras , fought on August 25 , 1654 , was a victory of a French army under Turenne against a Spanish army commanded by Don Ferdinand de Salis and Condé . Cyrano de Bergerac , who is the subject of the classic French play " Cyrano de Bergerac " by Edmond Rostand , participated in a siege of Arras in 1640 , and not the battle of 1654 .
Fortress North America Fortress North America is a term used both during the Second World War and more often in the Cold War to refer to the option of defending Canada and the United States against their enemies if the rest of the world were lost to them . It was viewed only as a last - ditch option in case Europe , Asia and Africa were overrun by the fascists or Communists . At the outset of the Cold War there were some , especially in the United States , who supported the isolationist idea of fortifying North America and abandoning international involvements . This option was rejected with the formation of NATO and the decision to permanently station troops in Europe . During the Cold War significant planning and effort went into developing continental defense systems just in case . Most notable were the formation of NORAD and the setting up of radar lines in the Canadian Arctic . Canadians were long concerned that the adoption of a Fortress North America strategy involving close intergovernmental links and the loss of outside links would inevitably result in the nation ' s absorption by the United States . In the aftermath of the September 11th attacks the idea of Fortress North America has been revived as a strategy of keeping both nations safe from terrorism while keeping the Canadian / U . S . border undefended and open to trade .
Multicar Multicar is a small , specialized multifunctional equipment transporter manufactured at the Hako - Werke GmbH Multicar factory Waltershausen , Germany . Multicar is the only brand that has survived from the East German vehicle industry . History . In 1920 the present company was founded as the ADE works ( named after Arthur Ade ) . It produced agricultural equipment , trailers and clutches . After the Second World War , production was resumed in 1946 under the name " Gerätebau Waltershausen " . In 1948 the company was renamed VEB Fahrzeugwerk Waltershausen , a name it retained until its privatization in 1991 . In 1956 production began on the DK 3 diesel cart ( also known as the Diesel Ant , ants being hard - working ) . This had been developed in the Ludwigsfelde works and was actually an Electrocar with a diesel engine . Two years later , the first Multicar , the M 21 , was produced . By 1964 , 14 , 000 units had left the factory in Waltershausen . For the following ten years the M22 left the production line , with 42 , 500 vehicles built . Until 1978 , its successor , the M24 , was produced with 25 , 600 vehicles leaving the factory , 48 % of which were exported . The M25 was a major export ; 70 % went to the Comecon states and the West . Its production was continued in 1991 with the " Modell 91 " , which had a VW engine . Approximately 100 , 000 units were produced . In 1991 , the state - owned factory was privatized , becoming Hako - Werke GmbH ( Hako Works , Hako being short for Hans Koch & Son ) . The crucial driving force behind the turnaround - and after reunification - was the former director of materials management at Multicar , Manfred Windus , who was honored in 1993 as manager of the year . From 1993 to 2009 , the M26 was produced . In 1998 Hako - Werke bought the shares held by Deutsche Beteiligungsgesellschaft ( an equity fund ) and thus became the majority shareholder . The products TREMO and UX100 were moved to Waltershausen . In 2001 production began on a new series , FUMO ( short for FUnction and MObility ) . Since 2004 , in cooperation with Krauss - Maffei Wegmann , the Specialty Vehicle Mungo has been produced for use in the Bundeswehr . The manager Walter Botschatzki was awarded the Order of Merit First Class in 2005 by the German Federal President Horst Köhler . The current products M27 , FUMO and the particularly narrow TREMO Carrier are equipped with engines that meet all of the Euro - 5 emission standards . Currently , seven vehicles are produced a day .