naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Naval history Naval history is the area of military history concerning war at sea and the subject is also a sub - discipline of the broad field of maritime history . Traditionally , the focus has been on direct combat between ships at sea , rather than the use of ships to transport armies or military supplies , although frequently naval strategy hinges on the need to protect transport shipping . Recent writing in naval history has expanded the scope of the subject to include the full range of issues associated with navies , including matters of technology , finance , bureaucracy , social history , shipbuilding , supply , and logistics .
Roger Handasyd General Roger Handasyd ( c . 1684 – 4 January 1763 ) was a British Army officer . He obtained a commission in a regiment of foot in 1694 , and served two campaigns under King William III . He also served with reputation in the wars of Queen Anne . After many years ' service in the 22nd Regiment of Foot , Handasyd was promoted to the lieutenant - colonelcy of that corps , which he commanded some time at the island of Jamaica . He succeeded his father in the colonelcy of the regiment on 3 April 1712 , and was removed to the 16th Regiment of Foot on 9 July 1730 . He was promoted to the rank of brigadier - general in 1735 , to that of major - general in 1739 , and to lieutenant - general in 1743 .
John L . Barkley John Lewis Barkley ( August 28 , 1895 - April 14 , 1966 ) was a United States Army Medal of Honor recipient of World War I . Born and raised in Kansas City , Missouri , Barkley served as a Private First Class in Company K , 4th Infantry Regiment , 3rd Division . He earned the medal while fighting near Cunel , France , on October 7 , 1918 . He died in 1966 , and is buried in Forest Hill Cemetery , Kansas City , Missouri . Citation :
9th Virginia Regiment The 9th Virginia Regiment was authorized in the Virginia State Troops on January 11 , 1776 . It was subsequently organized between February 5 and March 16 , 1776 and comprised seven companies of troops from easternmost Virginia . The unit was adopted into the Continental Army on May 31 , 1776 . The regiment participated in the Battle of Brandywine and the Battle of Germantown . At Germantown , under the command of Colonel George Mathews , the unit became separated from the remainder of General Nathanael Greene ' s division and over 400 men were taken prisoner by the British . The regiment penetrated so deeply into the British lines that it was isolated . Four retreating companies of the 1st British Light Infantry Battalion found themselves in the rear of the Virginians and attacked . Surprised , the 9th was driven farther into the British camp where it was beset by the brigade of Charles Grey , 1st Earl Grey and the 2nd British Light Infantry Battalion . After being attacked on all sides and Mathews wounded , the regiment surrendered near Kelly ' s Hill together with part of the 6th Virginia Regiment . The unit was consolidated with the 1st Virginia Regiment on May 12 , 1779 , and the consolidated unit was designated as the 1st Virginia Regiment . The unit was captured on May 12 , 1780 by the British Army at the Siege of Charleston and was disbanded on November 15 , 1783 .
Massacre of Vassy The Massacre of Vassy , also known as the Massacre of Wassy , is the name given to the murder of Huguenot worshipers and citizens in an armed action by troops of Francis , Duke of Guise , in Wassy , France on 1 March 1562 . The tragedy is identified as the first major event in the French Wars of Religion . The series of battles that followed concluded in the signing of the Edict of Amboise the next year , on 19 March 1563 . The events surrounding the Massacre of Wassy became widely known by a series of forty engraving s published in Geneva seven years later . History . After the ascent of Henry II to the French throne , followers of the religious teachings of John Calvin , known as Huguenots , were persecuted in France . Catherine de ' Medici , regent of Charles IX , proposed the Edict of January ( or Edict of Saint - Germain ) with the hopes that Calvinism and Catholicism could co - exist in France and that fighting would cease . Massacre . On 1 March 1562 , Francis ( François ) , the second Duke of Guise , travelling to his estates , stopped in Wassy ( Vassy ) and decided to attend Mass . He found a large congregation of Huguenots holding religious ceremonies in a barn that was their church . Some of the duke ' s party attempted to push their way inside and were repulsed . Events escalated , stones began to fly , and the Duke was struck . Outraged , he ordered his men to fortify the town and set fire to the church , killing 63 unarmed Huguenots and wounding over a hundred . Aftermath . The massacre provoked open hostilities between some followers of each religion , sparking the first war of a long series of French Wars of Religion , which continued largely uninterrupted for more than a century . The Bourbons , led by the Prince of Condé , and proclaiming that they were liberating the king and regent from " evil " councillors , organised a kind of protectorate over the Protestant churches and began to seize and garrison strategic towns along the Loire . Although the Huguenots had begun to mobilise for war before Vassy , Condé used the massacre as evidence that the Edict had been broken , lending further weight to his campaign , and as hostilities broke out , the Edict was in fact revoked under pressure from the Guise faction . The major engagements of the war occurred at Rouen , Dreux and Orléans . At the Siege of Rouen ( May – October 1562 ) , the crown regained the city at the cost of Antoine de Navarre , who died of his wounds . The Battle of Dreux ( December 1562 ) , saw the capture of Condé by the Guises and Montmorency , the governor general , by the Bourbons . In February 1563 , at the Siege of Orléans , Francis , Duke of Guise was shot and killed by the Huguenot Poltrot de Méré ; the Guise considered this an assassination on the orders of the duke ’ s enemy , Admiral Coligny , as it was outside of direct combat . The popular unrest caused by the ' assassination ' , coupled with the fact that Orléans was holding out in the siege , led Catherine to mediate a truce and the Edict of Amboise ( 1563 ) .
20 cm leichter Ladungswerfer The 20 cm leichter Ladungswerfer ( 20 cm leLdgW ) was a spigot mortar used by Germany during World War II . It was used by engineers to demolish obstacles and strongpoints . It was gradually withdrawn from front - line service from 1942 . Propellant was placed at the top of the spigot and ignited when the projectile slid far enough down the spigot to complete the circuit . It fired HE ( high explosive ) and smoke rounds in addition to a special " Harpunengeschosse " ( harpoon bomb ) that carried a rope with hooks to clear mines or wire obstacles .
Lordscairnie Castle Lordscairnie Castle is a ruin situated near Moonzie , north - east of Cupar , Fife , Scotland . The castle was constructed in around 1495 by Alexander Lindsay , 7th Earl of Crawford ( d . 1517 ) . It was originally an L - plan tower house with five storeys . It is owned by the Blackburn family who also own Fernie Castle in Fife . According to John Knox , James V of Scotland visited the castle just before his death in 1542 .
Hans - Joachim Jabs Hans - Joachim Jabs ( 14 November 1917 – 26 October 2003 ) was both a day and night fighter ace in the German Luftwaffe during World War II . 50 victories were scored . Jabs flew variants of the Messerschmitt Bf 110 Zerstörer heavy day fighter and night fighter . Biography . Born in Lübeck in 1917 , Jabs joined the Luftwaffe in 1937 . Originally trained as a Messerschmitt Bf 109 pilot , Jabs was posted to " Zerstörergeschwader 76 " ( ZG 76 ) , flying the Messerschmitt Bf 110 , in March 1940 . A member of II . / ZG 76 , Jabs operated over France in mid 1940 , claiming four French aircraft and RAF fighters . He then flew over the British Isles during the Battle of Britain . Despite the vulnerability of the Bf 110 against the more nimble Royal Air Force ( RAF ) aircraft , and the heavy losses incurred , Jabs claimed eight Spitfire s and four Hurricanes destroyed . By the end of the year Jabs was one of the top scoring " Zestörer " ( destroyer ) pilots , with 16 victories . In 1941 the majority of the Bf 110 units were withdrawn from daylight fighting , and Jabs was transferred to night fighting and Defense of the Reich . Retrained by October 1941 , Jabs joined " Nachtjagdgeschwader 3 " stationed near Hamburg , protecting the port and Kriegsmarine installations . Opportunities for scoring remained elusive however , with just one more kill by June 1942 . In November 1942 he transferred to IV . / NJG 1 . By January 1944 he had 45 kills to his credit , and in March 1944 became NJG 1 " Geschwaderkommodore " . On 29 April 1944 his Bf 110 - G night fighter was caught on a daylight air test by a flight of six Spitfires from No . 132 Squadron RAF , led by Squadron Leader Geoffrey Page ( an ace with 15 kills ) . The Spitfires came in at too high a speed and Jabs shot down one Spitfire , flown by P / O R . B . Pullin , which went down in flames , killing the pilot . Another Spitfire flown by F / O J . J . Caulton then attacked Jabs head on , though the heavy forward armament of the 110 took effect and the stricken Spitfire glided around and belly - landed onto Deelen Air Base . Jabs then conducted a surprise forced landing , quickly scrambling for cover before his aircraft was destroyed by strafing . Hans - Joachim Jabs was awarded the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves ( " Eichenlaub zum Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes " ) on 24 March 1944 . He remained " Kommodore " of " Nachjagdgeschwader 1 " until the end of the war . He ended his career as an " Oberstleutnant " with 50 kills to his credit , 22 of these being day victories against Allied fighters technically far superior to his Bf 110 . Jabs flew a total of 710 missions . Jabs became a businessman in Westphalia after the war . He was a vice - president of the " Gemeinschaft der Jagdflieger " .
Polish 46th Observation Escadrille The 46th Observation Escadrille was a unit of the Polish Air Force at the beginning of the second world war . The unit was attached to the Pomorze Army . Air crew . Commanding officer : kpt . pil . Roman Rypson . Equipment . 7 Lublin R - XIIID and Lublin R - XIIIC airplanes and 2 RWD - 8 .
Battle of Parker ' s Cross Roads The Battle of Parker ' s Cross Roads was fought on December 31 , 1862 , in Henderson County , Tennessee , during the American Civil War . Background . As Confederate Brig . Gen . Nathan Bedford Forrest ' s expedition into West Tennessee neared its conclusion , Union Brig . Gen . Jeremiah C . Sullivan , with the brigades of Cols . Cyrus L . Dunham and John W . Fuller , attempted to cut Forrest off from withdrawing across the Tennessee River . Battle . Dunham ' s and Forrest ' s march routes brought them into contact at Parker ' s Crossroads on December 31 , 1862 . Skirmishing began about 9 : 00 a . m . , with Forrest taking an initial position along a wooded ridge northwest of Dunham at the intersection . Confederate artillery gained an early advantage . Dunham pulled his brigade back a half mile and redeployed , facing north . His Federals repelled frontal feints until attacked on both flanks and rear by Forrest ' s mounted and dismounted troops . During a lull , Forrest sent Dunham a demand for an unconditional surrender . Dunham refused and was preparing for Forrest ' s next attack when Fuller ' s Union brigade arrived from the north and surprised the Confederates with an attack on their rear ; Confederate security detachments had failed to warn of Fuller ' s approach . " Charge ' em both ways , " ordered Forrest . The Confederates briefly reversed front , repelled Fuller , then rushed past Dunham ' s demoralized force and withdrew south to Lexington , Tennessee . Aftermath . After the fight , Forrest was able to cross the Tennessee River . Both sides claimed this battle as a victory , but the Confederate claims appear to have more credence . Battlefield preservation . The land upon which the Battle of Parker ’ s Crossroads took place is now traversed east and west by Interstate 40 and north and south by Tennessee State Route 22 , located midway between Memphis and Nashville . The nearby town has grown considerably since the interstate highway opened in the late 1960s . Developers and investors are constantly looking at the battlefield area for business development , making preservation efforts particularly urgent . 350 acres of the battlefield have been saved thus far , all by the Civil War Trust in consort with a local group , The Parker ' s Crossroads Battlefield Association . In 2011 , the Trust inaugurated a campaign to preserve what is called the “ keystone tract , ” the final unpreserved piece of land from the old battlefield . It was on this 52 - acre parcel where most of the Confederate artillery was located . Many preservationists believe that if this land falls into the hands of commercial developers , the ability to interpret the battlefield in a meaningful way will be lost . To date the keystone tract remains undeveloped but also vulnerable to the forces of modernity .
Fourth Allied Tactical Air Force Fourth Allied Tactical Air Force ( 4 ATAF ) was a NATO military formation under Allied Air Forces Central Europe tasked with providing air support to NATO ' s Central Army Group ( CENTAG ) . 4 ATAF commanded all flying units based within its sector and all reinforcements flying into its sector , as well as ground based radar systems and stations , air defense units and the airfields in its sector . History . Fourth Allied Tactical Air Force was formed in 1951 with its area of responsibility covering the Germany south of the city of Kassel . Commander of Fourth Allied Tactical Air Force was the commanding Major General of the American Seventeenth Air Force based in the southwest of Germany . The main establishment of 4 ATAF was a headquarters which had several locations over more than forty years . Established about 1951 at Trier Air Base , the unit was moved to Ramstein Air Base in November 1957 where it remained until December 1980 when it was moved to Heidelberg where it was colocated with Headquarters Central Army Group . An operational Air Defence Operations Centre was operated at Ouvrage Molvange from 1961 until 1967 when it was moved to a USAF site in Kindsbach just south of Ramstein Air Base . The HQ also operated a number of communications sites which were concerned with secure communications for the release of tactical nuclear weapons through the NATO Quick Reaction Alert Force . In 1985 NATO began with the construction of a new Static War Headquarters bunker in Ruppertsweiler , Germany . Fourth Allied Tactical Air Force commanded besides Seventeenth Air Force , the US Army ' s 32nd Air Defense Command , 1 Canadian Air Group and two German Air Force ( " Luftwaffe " ) divisions , as well as extensive secure communications , air defense and radar installations manned by Germany and the US Air Force . If needed , 4 ATAF would have been reinforced with units from the US Third ( UK based ) , Eighth ( reconnaissance and bombing ) , Ninth ( immediate reinforcements ) and Twelfth Air Force ( follow on reinforcements ) , and with Royal Canadian Air Force and French Air Force units . At the start of hostilities 4 ATAF would have had immediately around 600 combat planes at its disposal . The following units would have come under 4 ATAF in wartime : 4 ATAF was disbanded on 30 June 1993 , its duties were taken over by Allied Air Forces Central Europe . War Time Structure c . 1989 . note 1 : Nuclear sharing unit capable of delivering tactical nuclear weapon s . note 2 : The Canadian Forces reinforcement units were from CFB Cold Lake 416 Tactical Fighter Squadron and 441 Tactical Fighter Squadron , and from CFB Bagotville 425 Tactical Fighter Squadron and 433 Tactical Fighter Squadron each with 18x CF - 18 . These forces represented the complete combat - capable assets of Canadian Forces Air Command . The units marked as reinforcements were nominally assigned to the NORAD Canada East and Canada West regions .
Bodeo Model 1889 The Bodeo Model 1889 revolver ( ) was named after the head Italian firearm commission Carlo Bodeo . It was produced by a wide variety of manufacturers between 1889 and 1931 in both Spain and Italy . It was employed by the Royal Italian Army in World War I , the Interwar Italian colonial wars , and World War II . The Bodeo comes in two distinct varieties with only superficial weapons differences . History . Made by a large variety of Italian gunmakers , the Bodeo became the service revolver of the Italian Army in 1891 . The revolver was named after the head of the Italian commission that recommended its adoption Carl Bodeo . It remained the principle handgun of the Italian Army until it was increasingly supplanted by the Glisenti Model 1910 . The revolver was never declared obsolete and remained as a reserve weapon until the end of World War II . Among the Italian manufacturers identified with the production of the Bodeo include , Societa Siderurgica Glisenti , Castelli of Brescia , Metallurgica Bresciana , and Vincenzo Bernardelli of Gardone Val Trompia . During World War I , Spanish manufacturers , Errasti and Arrostegui of Eibar produced the Bodeo for the Italian government . The Italians nicknamed this revolver " coscia d ’ agnello " ( " leg of lamb " ) . During World War II the Wehrmacht designated the Bodeo " Revolver 680 ( i ) " when utilized as an alternative firearm . Design Details . Alternates . The Bodeo Model 1889 is a solid framed , six shot shot revolver . The revolver was designed in two distinct versions . A round - barreled version designed with a trigger guard and octagonal - barreled version with a folding trigger . The octagonal - barreled revolver was produced for rank and file Italian soldiers while the round - barreled was produced for non - commissioned officers and field officers . The folding trigger version was produced in greater number . Mechanics . The Bodeo was considered simple and robust . Because the revolver was made by a wide variety of manufacturers , the quality of the weapon varied greatly with frames being made from a wide variety of materials ranging from brass to brazed copper plates . The gate was connected to the hammer and the barrel was screwed into the frame . Ejection was achieved by the rod normally housed in the hollow axis pin . The hammer block was designed to prevent firing unless the trigger was pulled fully back .
USS Fortify ( AM - 446 ) USS " Fortify " ( AM - 446 / MSO - 446 ) was an " Aggressive " - class minesweeper acquired by the U . S . Navy for the task of removing mines that had been placed in the water to prevent the safe passage of ships . " Fortify " was launched 14 February 1953 by Seattle Shipbuilding and Drydocking Co . , Seattle , Washington ; sponsored by Mrs . Donald Scobie ; and commissioned 16 July 1954 , Lieutenant R . Juarez in command . West Coast operations . " Fortify " first arrived at Long Beach , California , her home port , 3 August 1954 , and in December became flagship of Mine Division 92 . " Fortify " was reclassified " MSO - 446 " on 7 February 1955 . During her first tour of duty in the Far East , from 1 July 1955 to 17 February 1956 , Fortify took part in exercises with Japan ese , Korean , and Chinese minesweepers , as well as fleet operations in Japanese waters . Her training activities and participation in exercises along the west coast prepared her for additional tours of duty in the Far East where she participated in Exercise " Bulwark " in the Philippines on March 1958 and Thailand in 1960 . The USS Fortify was deployed off the coast of South Vietnam in 1962 - 1963 in the Tonkin Gulf . It ' s minesweeping gear was removed and an electronic countermeasures " box " was installed on the fantail . The ship was involved in monitoring and intercepting Viet Cong radio transmissions and it vectored South Vietnamese gunboats to interdict large junks coming down the coast from the North that were suspected of furnishing arms and ammunition to cadres of Viet Cong in the south . During its monitoring activities , the ship was frequently the subject of sorties by North Vietnamese torpedo boats who would bear down on the ship in the late night - early morning hours . However , the torpedo boats never actually attacked but veered away after the ship went to general quarters . These are the same torpedo boats that purportedly " attacked " the USS Maddox in the first Tonkin Gulf Incident . Participated in Operation Market Time Patrol ( coastal surveillance force ) in 1968 and Operation Endsweep ( removing mines laid by United States in Hai Phong Harbor , among others ) . Endsweep was one of the final military operations to end the war in Viet Nam . The USS Fortify MSO 446 crew earned the Meritorious Unit Commendation for their service . Final status . " Fortify " was decommissioned on 31 August 1992 and struck from the Navy list on 9 March 1994 . She was sold for scrapping in 2000 .
Inflexible - class ship of the line The " Inflexible " - class ships of the line were a class of four 64 - gun third rate s , designed for the Royal Navy by Sir Thomas Slade . The lines of this class were based heavily on Slade ' s earlier 74 - gun .
Emmanouil Argyropoulos Emmanouil Argyropoulos ( , 1889 – 1913 ) was a Greek pioneer aviator of the early 20th century . Apart from being the first Greek aviator who performed a flight over his homeland , he also became the first casualty of Greek military aviation . First flight in Greece . Argyropoulos , originally a civil engineer , abandoned his profession and went to Paris in order to study aeronautics . At the end of January 1912 , he acquired his pilot license and returned to Greece together with a privately owned Nieuport IV . G 50 - hp aircraft . On February 8 , 1912 , Argyropoulos became the first Greek aviator to perform a flight in Greece , an event that was widely commented upon in the local press . After taking off from the Rouf district of Athens , he performed a 16 - minute long flight around the city , including an overflight of the Acropolis . An hour later he carried out a second flight , this time with Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos as his passenger . Venizelos , was enthusiastic about the concept of aerial warfare , and stated that Greece should immediately take advantage of this newly invented weapon . Balkan Wars and death . When the Balkan Wars broke out in October 1912 , he joined the military aviation with the rank of Lieutenant . On 4 April 1913 , during a reconnaissance mission , his aircraft , a captured Ottoman Blériot XI , fell from a height of 600 m . while flying over the Langadas region near Thessaloniki . Both Argyropoulos and his passenger , the athlete and poet Konstantinos Manos , were killed . Argyropoulos thus became the first loss of Greek military aviation , and marked the end of air activities in the Balkan Wars .