naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
BL 6 - inch Gun Mk XIX The BL 6 inch Gun Mk XIX was introduced in 1916 as a lighter and longer - range field gun replacement for the obsolescent BL 6 inch Gun Mk VII . History , description . The gun was designed and built by Vickers specifically as a field gun , unlike its predecessors which originated as naval guns . Its length was reduced from the 45 calibres of its naval gun predecessors , to 35 calibres , to reduce weight and improve mobility . It utilized the modern carriage and recoil mechanism of the BL 8 inch Howitzer Mk 6 . The gun barrel was of wire - wound construction : " The gun body is of steel and consists of tubes , a series of layers of steel wire , jacket , breech bush and breech ring " . " The breech mechanism is operated by means of a lever on the right side of the breech . On pulling the lever to the rear the breech screw is automatically unlocked and swung into the loading position . After loading , one thrust of the lever inserts the breech screw and turns it into the locked position . The breech mechanism is similar to that used on the 8 inch howitzers both in design and operation " . Operational history . British service . 310 were built during World War I and the gun served in all theatres , with 108 being in service on the Western front at the end of World War I , but it did not completely replace the Mk VII gun until the end of the war . 3 batteries served with the BEF in France early in World War II , and others were deployed in the home defence of Britain . The gun was superseded by the 155 - mm Gun M1 , and the carriages used for howitzers . US Service . " Handbook of artillery " of May 1920 stated that : " The original British ammunition so closely resembled the American that it was decided to use the [ US ] regular Mark II high - explosive shell . . . the propellant charge will consist of a base section and increment section having a total weight of approximately 25 pounds " . Brazil service . Brazil purchased these guns from USA in 1940 for coastal defense . South African service . Prior to the outbreak of World War II there were plans to use these guns in the fortification of Durban , Cape Town and Saldanha Bay . For a short period , two guns were deployed for the protection of Port Elizabeth harbour at the outbreak of World War II .
Jadwiga Falkowska Jadwiga Falkowska codename : Jaga , Zdzisława , Ludwika , Zaleska ( November 13 , 1889 in Tver , Russia - August 7 , 1944 in Warsaw , Poland ) was a Polish teacher , social activist , Scoutmaster ( harcmistrzyni ) and one of the founders of Girl Scouting in Poland . During the Second World War she was in the resistance . Jadwiga was murdered by RONA units during the Warsaw Uprising .
Mechanized Infantry Regiment The Mechanized Infantry Regiment ( MIR ) is the newest regiment in the Sri Lanka Army . It is made up of three regular battalions . Establish in 2007 its battalions equipped with Type 63 and WZ551 armoured personnel carrier s make up the Mechanized Infantry Brigade . History . The Mechanized Infantry Regiment was raised on the battlefield on 14 February at the divisional headquarters of the 53 Division SLA at Kodikamam , Jaffna in order for the army to have specialized mechanized infantry units to deploy in battle , instead of using regular infantry along with armoured personnel carrier s as it had done before . Three battalions where formed with officers and men from 3rd Light Infantry Battalion , 10th Sri Lanka Sinha Regiment , the 4th Gajaba Battalion and 5th & 6th Reconnaissance Regiments of the Sri Lanka Armoured Corps . The 53 - 4 brigade which is made up of the newly formed battalions has since been designated as the Mechanized Infantry Brigade .
USS David W . Taylor ( DD - 551 ) USS " David W . Taylor " ( DD - 551 ) , a " Fletcher " - class destroyer , was a ship of the United States Navy named for Rear Admiral David W . Taylor ( 1864 – 1940 ) . " David W . Taylor " was launched 4 July 1942 by Gulf Shipbuilding Corporation , Chickasaw , Ala . , sponsored by Mrs . Imogene Taylor Powell , daughter of RAdm Taylor ; and commissioned 18 September 1943 , Lieutenant Commander W . H . Johnsen in command . History . " David W . Taylor " escorted a convoy of merchantmen from Charleston , S . C . to Pearl Harbor arriving on 20 January 1944 . Three days later she got underway to screen a support convoy to the Gilbert and Marshall Islands , returning to Pearl Harbor on 29 February . After escorting " Intrepid " ( CV - 11 ) to San Francisco , she sailed from Pearl Harbor 1 April to patrol in the Marshall Islands until 12 May . Returning to Pearl Harbor 18 May , she had training duties there until 7 June . From 15 June to 4 August 1944 " David W . Taylor " sailed in the screen of escort carrier s and fleet oiler s supporting the Marianas operation . On 4 July she and " Riddle " ( DE - 185 ) attacked and sank the Japanese submarine " I - 10 " in . She joined the 3d Fleet 19 August , and sailed out of Manus screening the logistics group supporting the fast carrier task force s in their raids preparing for and accompanying the capture and occupation of the southern Palaus . With her base of operations at Ulithi from 29 October , " David W . Taylor " continued to screen the logistics group until 22 November when she joined the carriers for air attacks on Luzon in support of the invading troops on Leyte . On 29 December 1944 she sailed from Ulithi for the air raids on the Bonins , bombarding Chichi Jima 5 January 1945 . At 07 : 45 that day an underwater explosion , probably a mine , heavily damaged the ship and killed four men , but disciplined and skillful damage control brought her safely to Saipan 7 January under her own power . She continued to Hunter ' s Point Naval Shipyard , Calif . , for an overhaul and repairs from 13 February to 7 May . Sailing from San Diego 15 May 1945 " David W . Taylor " bombarded Emidj Island on 18 June on her way to Okinawa , arriving 30 June . She operated with a task group off Okinawa . After Japan surrendered , she arrived at Takasu , Kyūshū , 4 September , as escort for a convoy carrying occupation troops . She covered the landings at Wakanoura Wan and Nagoya until sailing 31 October for San Diego , arriving 17 November . " David W . Taylor " was placed out of commission in reserve there 17 August 1946 . SPS " Almirante Ferrandíz " ( D22 ) . On 15 May 1951 , the destroyer was leased to Spain where she served in the Armada Española as SPS " Almirante Ferrandíz " ( D22 ) . Spain purchased the destroyer on 1 October 1972 . The ship remained in service until 17 November 1987 , when she was stricken and scrapped . Honors . " David W . Taylor " received eight battle star s for World War II service .
Ovation The ovation ( ) was a form of the Roman triumph . Ovations were granted , when war was not declared between enemies on the level of nations or states ; when an enemy was considered basely inferior ( slave s ; pirates ) ; or , when the general conflict was resolved with little to no danger to the army itself . The general celebrating the ovation did not enter the city on a " biga " , a chariot pulled by two white horse s , as generals celebrating triumphs did , but instead walked in the toga praetexta of a magistrate . The honoured general also wore a wreath of myrtle ( sacred to Venus ) upon his brow , rather than the triumphal wreath of laurel . The Roman Senate did not precede the general , nor did soldiers usually participate in the procession . Perhaps the most famous ovation in history is that which Marcus Licinius Crassus celebrated after his victory of the Third Servile War . Ovation holders . Republic There were 23 known ovations during the Republic . Principate
Dogface ( military ) Dogface refers to a U . S . Army foot soldier serving in the infantry , especially in World War II . History and usage . The origin of the term is difficult to ascertain . According to the recollections of veteran Phillip Leveque : Perhaps I should explain the derivation of the term " dogface " . He lived in " pup tents " and foxholes . We were treated like dogs in training . We had dog tag s for identification . The basic story is that wounded soldiers in the Civil War had tags tied to them with string indicating the nature of their wounds . The tags were like those put on a pet dog or horse , but I can ' t imagine anybody living in a horse tent or being called a horseface . Correctly speaking , only Infantrymen are called dogfaces . Much of the time we were filthy , cold and wet as a duck - hunting dog and we were ordered around sternly and loudly like a half - trained dog . The term was used in media such as " Up Front " by combat cartoonist Bill Mauldin , who may have heard the term while serving with the 45th Infantry Division in Italy . The term gained a high profile in the USA when it was used in the 1955 Hollywood film " To Hell and Back " , based on the best - selling autobiography of Audie Murphy , the most decorated U . S . soldier of World War II , and starring Murphy in the lead role . The film included a song , " The Dogface Soldier " , originally written in 1942 by two U . S . Army infantry soldiers ; it was adopted as the song of the 3rd Infantry Division , and was widely played and sung during the war . The song eventually sold 300 , 000 copies . The song is still sung every morning after reveille by the soldiers of the 3rd Infantry Division while in garrison at Ft . Stewart , Ga . ( Division Headquarters ) , Ft . Benning , Ga . ( 3rd Brigade of the 3ID ) , and Hunter Army Airfield , Ga . ( Supporting 3ID Units ) .
Harold Robert Aaron Harold Robert Aaron ( June 21 , 1921 – April 30 , 1980 ) was a general in the U . S . Army . Biography . Originally from Indiana , Aaron graduated from United States Military Academy at West Point in 1943 and served in Europe during World War II . As a colonel , Aaron served as Commander , 5th Special Forces Group ( Airborne ) in Vietnam from 1967 to 1969 . From November 5 , 1973 to August 28 , 1977 , he served as the Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence , Headquarters , Department of the Army as a Major General . He later was promoted to Lieutenant General . Honors and awards . General Aaron is a member of the Military Intelligence Hall of Fame .
Colonel John Reading Col . John Reading was the first white landowner in Hunterdon County , New Jersey . His son , Governor John Reading was the first native - born Governor of New Jersey , serving in 1747 , and again in from September 1757 to June 1758 . Born in England , Colonel Reading emigrated to Gloucester , in what was then the Province of New Jersey in approximately 1684 . He was a member of the assembly and was Clerk of Gloucester county from 1688 - 1702 . Along with two others , he was commissioned by the Provincial Council of West Jersey to purchase land from the Native Americans which encompassed between the Raritan and Delaware rivers . He served as a judge of the Supreme Court of the Province starting in 1712 . He died in Amwell Township , New Jersey in 1717 .
Standardized Tactical Entry Point The primary objective of Standardized Tactical Entry Point ( STEP ) is to extend DISN services into the tactical theater to provide initial connectivity between the deployed warfighter and sustaining base . DISN services will include Defense Switched Network , DRSN , JWICS , SIPRNET , NIPRNET and VTC . Today this connectivity is established via SHF ( X band ) DSCS satellites . Once tactical forces begin deploying tri - band satellite systems , C and K capability will be added .
Hornwork A hornwork is an element of the trace italienne system of fortification . It consists of a pair of demi - bastion s with a curtain wall connecting them and with two long sides directed upon the faces of the bastions , or ravelin s of the inner fortifications , so as to be defended by them . The hornwork was used to extend the fortified area in a particular direction to prevent the enemy occupying an area of high ground or simply strengthen the overall fortifications in the expected direction of attack . A crownwork serves a similar purpose , but unlike a hornwork , it contains full bastion .
Carl Ford Carl W . Ford Jr . ( born 1943 ) , is an American political scientist , consultant , defense administrator , and Asian specialist originally from Hot Springs , Arkansas . As Assistant Secretary of State for Intelligence and Research , he was head of the Bureau of Intelligence and Research ( INR ) in the United States State Department from 2001 until 2003 , reporting directly to the Secretary of State , Colin Powell . Biography . Ford holds a Bachelor of Arts in Asian studies and a Master of Arts in East Asian Studies from Florida State University at Tallahassee . He is a Republican . From 1965 to 1989 , Ford served two tours of duty in Vietnam , was a United States Army Military Intelligence officer , a United States Defense Intelligence Agency China Strategic Intelligence Officer , a Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) China military analyst , a professional staff member for East Asia on the Committee on Foreign Relations , and the United States National Intelligence Officer for East Asia at the CIA . Beginning in early 1989 , Carl Ford spent four years working at the Deputy Assistant Secretary and Acting Assistant Secretary levels in the United States Defense Department . In 1993 , Ford headed up Ford and Associates , his own international consulting firm in Washington , D . C . to provide strategic and tactical advice to American companies such as Lockheed Martin , Boeing , and Raytheon doing business with the militaries of Japan , South Korea , and Taiwan . Ford joined the United States Department of State , where he was United States Assistant Secretary of State for Intelligence and Research ( INR ) on the appointment of President George W . Bush in May 2001 . He was also directly involved in crafting policy related to the war on terrorism , the Iraq war and reconstruction , and issues regarding the Chinese military , nuclear proliferation , the Middle East peace process , and the North Korean military threat . Carl Ford joined Cassidy & Associates in the fall of 2003 , specializing in international policy and defense issues , with a particular focus on East Asia and the Middle East . He held the position of Executive Vice President until retiring in February 2006 . He now serves as an Adjunct Professor at Georgetown University ' s School of Foreign Service , where he leads a seminar on Executive Branch Decision - Making , and teaches a graduate course on Intelligence Theory and Practice at George Mason University in Fairfax , Virginia .
Ludwig Wolff ( general ) Ludwig Wolff ( 3 April 1893 – 9 November 1968 ) was a highly decorated General der Infanterie in the Wehrmacht during World War II who commanded the XXXIII . corps . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross and its higher grade Oak Leaves was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . Ludwig Wolff was captured by American troops in 1945 and was held until 1947 .
Hikari Kikan The Hikari Kikan was the Japanese liaison office responsible for Japanese relations with the Azad Hind Government that replaced the I Kikan . It was initially headed by Colonel Bin Yamamoto , later replaced by Major - General Saburo Isoda . It recruited Sri Lankans , Indians and other South Asians domiciled in Malaya and Singapore for spying missions against the Allies . See also . SS Ural Maru
Donato Álvarez Donato Álvarez ( 1825 – September 23 , 1913 ) was an Argentine general . He fought in the battle of Vuelta de Obligado under the command of Lucio Mansilla . He joined Justo José de Urquiza in his conflict against Juan Manuel de Rosas , and fought in the battle of Caseros . He also fought in the Paraguayan War and the Conquest of the Desert . He died in Buenos Aires in September 23 , 1913 .
Valmet L - 70 Vinka The Valmet L - 70 " Vinka " is a Finnish - designed piston - powered military basic trainer aircraft of the 1970s . A production run of 30 aircraft were built for the Finnish Air Force , in the early 1980s , and although the type was not exported , it formed the basis of the turboprop - powered Aermacchi M - 290 RediGO Development and design . The Finnish state - owned manufacturing conglomerate Valmet Oy began design work in September 1970 on a replacement for the Saab Safir s then in use with the Finnish Air Force as basic trainers . Valmet received an order from the Finnish Air Force for further development of the " LEKO - 70 " ( " Lentokone " ( Aeroplane ) 1970 ) in March 1973 . The first prototype made its maiden flight from Halli Airport for the first time on 1 July 1975 . The aircraft is a low - winged tractor monoplane of all metal construction and with a fixed nosewheel undercarriage . It is powered by a single 200 hp ( 149 kW ) Lycoming O - 360 flat - four piston engine driving a two bladed propeller . In its main training role , the pupil and instructor sit side - by - side under a large sliding canopy . An additional two seats or a stretcher and medical attendant can be carried for the liaison role , while the wings are fitted with four hardpoints for carrying of external stores . The Finnish Air Force placed an order for 30 aircraft , to be designated " Vinka " ( Blast ( of wind ) ) on 28 January 1977 , with the aircraft to be built at Valmet ' s Kuorevesi plant . Operational history . The Vinka entered service on 13 October 1980 with deliveries continuing until 1982 . Finnish Air Force pilot trainees flew about 100 hours on the Vinka at the Air Academy at Kauhava before converting to the British Aerospace Hawk jet trainer . Valmet attempted to market the type internationally under the name L - 70 Miltrainer , but no orders followed . L - 80 TP Turbo Vinha . After unsuccessfully having tried to market the L - 70 Vinka for the export market , Valmet developed a turboprop version with a new wing and a retractable undercarriage . This aircraft was given the designation L - 80 TP Turbotrainer . The prototype ( OH - VBB ) , powered by a 360 shp ( 268 kW ) Allison 250 turboprop engine , made its first flight on 12 February 1985 , piloted by Paavo Janhunen . The prototype was destroyed in an accident on 24 April that year , killing the pilot Paavo Janhunen and the flight observer . The second prototype was baptized Valmet L - 90 TP and it was used for the development of the L - 90 Redigo or RediGo ( Both spelling versions are found in the brochures from the manufacturer ) .
Hird The hird , in Norwegian history , was originally an informal retinue of personal armed companions , hirdmen or housecarl s , but came to mean not only the nucleus ( ' Guards ' ) of the royal army , but also developed into a more formal royal court household . Etymology . The term comes from Old Norse " hirð " , again from either Old English " hir ( e ) d " ' household , family , retinue , court ' or perhaps the old German cognate " heirat " ' marriage ' , both of which can mean " body of men " . History . While the term is often used in Norse sagas and law codices , it is a medieval term - the sagas were primarily written down in the 12th century using the language of their own time . There is some uncertainty as to what the term replaced , although the term " hlid " or " lið " is used in Danish sources for the warrior following of Canute the Great . By the reign of Håkon IV ( 1204 – 1263 ) the Norwegian hird was no longer exclusively focused on the military function , and had acquired several subdivisions on continental patterns , with squire s ( " kertilsveinr " , literally " candle - men " , which were ceremonially required to hold candles at hird ceremonies ) , men - at - arms ( " hirdmenn " ) and knight s ( " skutilsveinr " , literally " table - men " ) . In addition there were low - born " gestir " , who received only half pay and served as a sort of intelligence service , and were not allowed to sit at the king ' s table for supper , apart from Christmas day and Easter day , when the entire hird was assembled and sections of their law code , the " Hirdskraa " was read or recited . The upper levels of the hird were a recruitment ground for numerous royal officials , and most external officials were also incorporated into the hird . Somewhere during the reign of Magnus VI the older laws of the Hird were incorporated into the Hirdskraa law code . During the reign of Håkon V ( 1299 – 1319 ) the Norse titles were dropped entirely in favor of continental titles . Emphasis was put on the Norwegian king ' s hird as a community of equals , a chivalresque corporation of warriors in which , technically , the king was the first among equals . Hirdman . Hirdman ( plural Hirdmen ) is a word in Scandinavian languages ( notably Norwegian and Swedish ) , literally for a member of a Hird ' household , family ' . It is used as a title , originally , even in Norse mythology , for informal companions or retainers of the powerful , in the unruly old ( often still pagan ) times especially as companions in arms , later more refined like courtiers , a development not unlike that of the thegn or the Roman comes . When the Norwegian royal hird had developed into a formal court , hirdman became the title of the highest of its four ranks , those magnates who were allowed to seat in the royal council ( the closest feudal equivalent of a cabinet ) and thus had a say in governmental and other important matters . Under the rule of Nazi collaborator Vidkun Quisling , the word was again used in Norway in its original sense of ' warriors ' , as troops . See Hird ( Nazi ) .
Cornelius Rea Agnew Cornelius Rea Agnew ( August 8 , 1830 – April 18 , 1888 ) was an American physician . Agnew was born in New York City , the son of William Agnew and Elizabeth Thompson Agnew . He graduated from Columbia College in 1849 , and from the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons in 1852 . That same year , he was appointed surgeon - general of New York State . He began to practice medicine in 1854 , and served as a surgeon at the Ear and Eye Infirmary in New York City from 1855 through 1864 . In 1856 , he married Mary Nash . During the American Civil War , he was medical director of the New York Volunteer Hospital , treating wounded soldiers from the Union army . He was prominent in the United States Sanitary Commission , which administered supplies and medical assistance to the field armies . After the war , he assisted in establishing the Columbia School of Mines in 1864 . He then founded the Brooklyn Eye and Ear Hospital in 1868 and the Manhattan Eye and Ear Hospital in 1869 . He served as a professor of diseases of the eye and ear through 1888 until his death that year in New York City . His papers were donated to the National Library of Medicine in the late 1980s .
Zrin Castle Zrin Castle ( " Gradina Zrin " ) is a ruined castle located in the village of Zrin , south of the town of Sisak in central Croatia . History . The castle was first mentioned in the 13th century as a fortress ruled by the Babonić clan . Later ( 1328 - 1347 ) it was possessed by the members of Iločki family . In 1347 , the Hungarian - Croatian King Louis I the Great bestowed the fortress to the noble Šubić family who changed their family name after it , becoming Zrinski . It remained in their possession until the Ottoman onslaught in the region , and the fortress fell to them on 20 October 1577 . It wasn ' t until 1718 that the castle was retaken from the Ottomans . Today , the castle is in ruins .