naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Anarchy at Samarra The term " Anarchy at Samarra " refers to the period 861 – 870 in the history of the Abbasid Caliphate , which was marked by extreme internal instability and the violent succession of four caliphs , who became puppets in the hands of powerful rival military groups . The term derives from the then capital and seat of the caliphal court , Samarra . The " anarchy " began in 861 , with the murder of Caliph al - Mutawakkil by his Turkish guards . His successor , al - Muntasir , ruled for six months before his death , possibly poisoned by the Turkish military chiefs . He was succeeded by al - Musta ' in . Divisions within the Turkish military leadership enabled Musta ' in to flee to Baghdad in 865 with the support of some Turkish chiefs ( Bugha the Younger and Wasif ) and the Tahirids , but the rest of the Turkish army chose a new caliph in the person of al - Mu ' tazz and besieged Baghdad , forcing the city ' s capitulation in 866 . Musta ' in was exiled and executed . Mu ' tazz was able and energetic , and tried to control the military chiefs and exclude the military from civil administration . His policies were resisted , and in July 869 he too was deposed and killed . His successor , al - Muhtadi , also tried to reaffirm the Caliph ' s authority , but he too was killed in June 870 . With Muhtadi ' s death and the ascension of al - Mu ' tamid , the Turkish faction around Musa ibn Bugha , closely associated with Mu ' tamid ' s brother and regent al - Muwaffaq , became dominant in the caliphal court , ending the " anarchy " . Although the Abbasid Caliphate was able to stage a modest recovery in the following decades , the troubles of the " Anarchy at Samarra " inflicted great and lasting damage on the structures and prestige of the Abbasid central government , encouraging and facilitating secessionist and rebellious tendencies in the Caliphate ' s provinces .
Battle of Santander The Battle of Santander was fought over the summer of 1937 in the War in the North campaign in the Spanish Civil War . Santander ' s fall on August 26 assured the Nationalist conquest of the province of Santander , now Cantabria , and marked the last stand of the Republic ' s " Army of the North , " which was destroyed and captured in the fighting . Background . After the fall of Bilbao on 16 June and the end of the failed Republican offensive at Brunete on 25 July , the Nationalists decided to continue their offensive in the North and occupied the Cantabria Province . Opposing forces . The Nationalists ' Army of the North had 90 , 000 men ( of which , 25 , 000 Italian ) , led by general Davila . The Italian force , led by General Bastisco , comprised Bergonzoli ' s " Littorio " Division , Frusci ' s Black Flames Division and Francischi ' s 23 March Division . The Nationalists had also six Navarrese brigades led by Colonel Solchaga , two Castilian brigades led by General Ferrer , and one mixed Hispano - Italian division , the Black Arrows , led by Colonel Piazzioni . The Nationalists had also 220 modern aircraft on this front ( 70 of the " Condor Legion " , 80 of the " Aviazione Legionaria " and 70 Spanish ) , including many Me - 109 fighters . Opposing them , the Republicans had Prada ' s 14th Army Corps and Garcia Vaya ' s 15th Army Corps , under the command of General Gamir ; a total of about 80 , 000 men . The Republicans had also 44 aircraft ( mostly slow and old , except 18 Soviet - built fighters ) . Furthermore , the morale of the Republican trops was low and Basque soldiers thought that they might surrender to the Italians , in return for their lives . Consequences . Santander ' s fall , coupled with the capture of heavily - fortified Bilbao , tore an irreparable gap in the Republic ' s northern front . The destruction of the Army of the North marked another crippling blow to the Republic ' s sagging strength and turned the war to Franco ' s favour . Factors accounting for the Republican defeat include : The disaster proved total and the losses beyond repair . Of the twelve Basque brigade s there remained at the end only eight battered battalion s . The Republican Army of Santander of twelve brigades was reduced to six battalions . The Asturians committed 27 battalions and escaped with only fourteen . In no other theatre of the civil war did Franco ' s troops achieve results as decisive as those of the Santander campaign : sixty thousand Republican soldiers were wiped off the map , with corresponding losses in materiel . The War in the North was all but won .
INS Nistar INS " Nistar " was a submarine rescue vessel of the Indian Navy . It was bought from reserve stock of the USSR in 1969 and was commissioned by the Indian Navy in 1971 . The ship having a displacement of 800 tonnes had the capability of rescuing the crew of a disabled submarine from deep depths , using a " rescue bell " , by the dry escape method , which avoided problems associated with decompression . " Nistar " was used in December during Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 to locate Pakistan Navy submarine , which sank off the port of Vizag . " Nistar " was decommissioned on 3 November 1989 . Some of her equipment such as diving bell were later bequeathed to diving tender INS " Nireekshak " .
Dumfries Castle Dumfries Castle was a royal castle that was located in Dumfries , Scotland . It was sited on Kingsholm by the River Nith , in the area now known as Castledykes Park . Castledykes was also known as Castle - ditches . A motte and bailey castle was built in the 12th century . The town was created a royal burgh by King William the Lion in 1186 . The castle was enlarged and rebuilt in stone in 1214 . King Alexander III of Scotland visited the castle in 1264 to plan an expedition against the Isle of Man . Robert de Brus , 5th Lord of Annandale captured the castle in 1286 . The castle was occupied by the English from 1298 . King Edward I of England stayed at the castle in 1300 . Robert de Brus captured the castle briefly in 1306 from the English - appointed constable Richard Siward . King Robert I of Scotland captured the castle from the English appointed constable Dungal Macdouall in 1313 . The castle was destroyed in 1357 in order to obtain the release of King David II of Scotland .
Robert Newell Robert Newell VC ( 1835 – 11 July 1858 ) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . Private Newell was approximately 23 years old , and a private in the 9th Lancers of the British Army when the following deed on 19 March 1857 , during the Indian Mutiny at Lucknow , India led to the award of the Victoria Cross : He died four months later in India on 11 July 1858 . His VC is on display in the Lord Ashcroft Gallery at the Imperial War Museum , London .
Hugo Paul Hugo Paul ( 1 February 1913 – 12 March 1993 ) was a highly decorated Major in the Fallschirmjäger during World War II . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . < div class = " references - small " >
Fa ' side Castle Fa ' side Castle ( Faside Estate ) , sometimes known as Fawside , Falside , Ffauside , Fauxside , or Fawsyde , is a 15th - century keep located in East Lothian , approximately southwest of Tranent , and southeast of Musselburgh . The building was restored in the 1980s and is now protected as a category B listed building . History . The name dates from 1189 , when the monks of Newbattle Abbey granted land to Saer de Quincy , 1st Earl of Winchester to build the castle on the site . It was in the possession of Alan la Zouche , 1st Baron la Zouche of Ashby , the son in law of Roger de Quincy , 2nd Earl of Winchester , on behalf of his wife , when it was besieged by Sir William Douglas in 1288 . The land was lost to Robert the Bruce after the De Quincy family declared their loyalty to Edward I of England . Bruce granted the lands to the Seton family . The Fawsydes of that Ilk acquired land in the area from the Setons in 1371 . The earliest part of the present building was constructed by the Fawsydes in the 15th - century . The castle was burned by the English before the Battle of Pinkie Cleugh , which was fought nearby on 10 September 1547 , suffocating or burning all those inside . Mary , Queen of Scots left Fa ' side on the morning of 15 June 1567 for the Battle of Carberry Hill . She changed into a short skirt and left her fine clothes behind in a chest . The castle was rebuilt and extended to the south in the late 16th century . The Fawsydes sold it in 1631 to an Edinburgh burgess and merchant called Hamilton . By the 19th century it had fallen into ruin , and was close to being demolished altogether in the 1970s . However , the castle was bought and restored by Thomas Moodie Craig . Author and historian Nigel Tranter set up the Fa ' side Restoration Society in 1970 through the St . Andrews Society of East Lothian , and introduced Craig to the castle in 1975 . After investigation it was discovered that the original name of the castle was Fawside Castle and this remains its name today . The restoration work began in 1976 was completed by 1982 . The castle remains in private ownership . The Fa ' side Estate includes a stud farm and a bed & breakfast business . Description . Fa ' side is an L - plan building , being a fifteenth - century four - storey keep with a later turreted block added . There is a vaulted basement . The castle stands on a high ridge with extensive views over East Lothian and the Firth of Forth .
Commission for Science , Technology and Industry for National Defense The Commission for Science , Technology and Industry for National Defense ( COSTIND ; Chinese : 国防科学技术工业委员会 ) was a civilian ministry within the State Council of the People ' s Republic of China , responsible for setting policy for defense procurement . It was considered as the Chinese counterpart of DARPA of the USA . The ministry was formed in 1982 to centralize Chinese defense procurement and technology whose responsibility had been distributed among several agencies . In March 2008 COSTIND was merged into a new super bureaucracy called the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology ( MIIT ) and renamed as the State Administration for Science , Technology and Industry for National Defence ( SASTIND ) . Former COSTIND deputy director , Chen Qiufa , was named as the new head of SASTIND . According to the Nuclear Threat Initiative , the China Atomic Energy Authority was part of CSTIND : In the past the CAEA was controlled by the CNNC . Following the government reorganization begun in March 1998 the CAEA was placed under the control of the new COSTIND as one of its two subsidiary bureaus . This change separates the CAEA , which is a regulatory body , from the CNNC which is principally interested in promoting nuclear exports and the development of China ' s nuclear industry . History . In the late - 1990s , there was a massive reorganization of the Chinese defense industry . The main focus of this reorganization was to separate the purchasing of weaponry which became the responsibility of the General Armaments Division of the People ' s Liberation Army , the production and development of weaponry which became the responsibility of several different enterprises such as China Northern Industries and China Southern Industries which were state - owned but not under direct state management , and the development of policy for these industries which became the responsibility of COSTIND . Because of the massive change in COSTIND , many analysts referred to the new COSTIND and the old COSTIND . COSTIND played an important role in the space program of China as one of its subagencies the China National Space Administration is responsible for Chinese space policy .
Bernard H . 52 The Bernard H . 52 was a French floatplane fighter aircraft of the 1930s . It was a single engine , single - seat monoplane built in the hope of being selected by the French Navy . Two prototypes were built , but no production followed . Design and development . In late 1932 , the Société des Avions Bernard proposed to build a floatplane fighter to meet the requirements of the French Navy for a shipboard fighter suitable for operation from the catapults of its Battleships and Cruisers . The Bernard design , the H . 52 , was a mid - winged monoplane based on its Bernard 260 landplane fighter , using the same wings , rear fuselage and tail surfaces as the earlier design . It was of all - metal construction , principally duralumin , with a monocoque fuselage and stressed skin cantilever wings that were integrally constructed with the centre fuselage . Leading edge slot s and large flaps were fitted to the wing to lower its landing speed , while its undercarriage consisted of two main floats . A single supercharged Gnome - Rhône 9Kdrs radial engine powered the aircraft The first of two prototypes flew on 16 June 1933 , with the second flying in 1934 . No production followed , with Bernard choosing to develop a new fighter to meet the requirements of the French Navy , the Bernard H . 110 . This had a similar layout , with wooden wings and a more powerful engine fitted , but had no more success in attracting orders than the H . 52 , the French Navy eventually selecting the Loire 210 .
Geoff Brown ( RAAF officer ) Air Marshal Geoffrey Charles " Geoff " Brown ( b . 1 August 1958 ) is a senior officer in the Royal Australian Air Force and the current Chief of Air Force . Military career . After studying engineering , Brown joined the Royal Australian Air Force in 1980 . He became Officer Commanding No . 3 Squadron in 1997 and Officer Commanding No . 82 Wing in 2000 . He commanded air transport operations in Operation Iraqi Freedom in 2003 before becoming Officer Commanding Airborne Early Warning and Control Systems Program Office later that year . He became Commander of the Air Combat Group in 2006 , Director General Capability Planning at Air Force Headquarters in 2007 and Deputy Chief of Air Force in 2008 . Brown became Chief of Air Force in July 2011 .
Ernst Grunau Ernst Grunau ( 28 September 1919 – 8 July 1989 ) was a highly decorated " Hauptmann " in the Wehrmacht during World War II . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross and was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . He was also awarded the very rare Close Combat Clasp in Gold one of only 631 awards .
HDMS Birkholm ( A541 ) HDMS " Birkholm " ( A541 ) is the first of a total of six Mk . I standard vessels , ordered for the Royal Danish Navy . Two vessels , including HDMS " Birkholm " , will be used for surveying operations , and painted in an orange / creme painting scheme . Another two vessels will be used for training vessels for naval cadets , and painted in the normal gray scheme . The same goes for the last two vessels , which will be used as station vessels and mine - drones .
Trebizond Campaign The Trebizond Campaign , also known as the Battle of Trebizond was a series of brilliant Russian naval and land operations that resulted in the capture of Trabzon . It was the logistical step after the Erzerum Campaign . Operations began on February 5 and concluded when the Ottoman troops abandoned Trabzon on the night of April 15 , 1916 . Effect on Armenians . Prior to World War I , the vibrant Armenian community of Trabzon numbered 30 , 000 . In 1915 , during the Armenian Genocide , they were massacred and deported . After the Russian capture of Trabzon , some 500 surviving Armenians were able to return , as well as Armenian monks of the Kaymakli Monastery .
Westinghouse J30 The Westinghouse J30 , initially known as the Westinghouse 19XB , was a turbojet engine developed by Westinghouse Electric Corporation . It was the first American - designed turbojet to run , and only the second axial - flow turbojet to run outside of Germany . A simple and robust unit with six - stage compressor , annular combustor , and single - stage turbine , it initially gave 1 , 200 pounds of thrust . Its first flight was under a FG Corsair in January 1944 . It was developed into the smaller J32 , and the successful Westinghouse J34 , an enlarged version which produced 3 , 000 pounds of thrust .
OCSW The OCSW ( " Objective Crew Served Weapon " ) was a U . S . Military arms program started in the 1980s that led to a hybrid smaller prototype automatic autocannon developed by General Dynamics Armament Systems . It led to the XM312 and XM307 designs . As a part of the SAMP ( " Small Arms Master Plan " ) program , it had the same laser targeting system as the XM29 OICW , but was intended to supplement the 40 mm Mk 19 grenade launcher and the . 50 M2 Browning machine gun . It could fire armor piercing or explosive 25 mm grenades at a cyclic rate of 260 rounds per minute , and had an effective range up to 2 kilometers . It underwent combat trials before being canceled .
HMS Battleaxe ( F89 ) HMS " Battleaxe was a Type 22 frigate of the Royal Navy . She was sold to the Brazilian Navy on 30 April 1997 and renamed Rademaker " . HMS " Battleaxe " was featured in Tom Clancy ' s novel " Red Storm Rising " .
Trose Emmett Donaldson Trose Emmett Donaldson ( born June 19 , 1914 in Tacoma , Washington ) , was appointed a lieutenant ( junior grade ) in the U . S . Naval Reserve from the Merchant Marine on November 25 , 1940 . Military service . He served in the oiler and in repair ship from March 25 , 1941 . Awarded Navy Cross . Lieutenant Donaldson was awarded the Navy Cross for his heroism in December 1941 at Cavite , Philippine Islands , when he worked tirelessly to evacuate ships and wounded and to fight fires during Japanese air raids . He was killed in action while commanding a U . S . Army tug on April 9 , 1942 and was posthumously awarded the Distinguished Service Cross by the War Department .
USS Custer ( APA - 40 ) USS " Custer " ( AP - 85 / APA - 40 ) was a that served with the U . S . Navy during World War II in the Pacific Ocean theatre of operations . She carried troops into invasion areas and landed them , and , for this dangerous work , she returned home for decommissioning post - war with six battle stars to her credit . Built at Pascagoula , Mississippi . " Custer " ( AP - 85 ) was launched as " Sea Eagle " 6 November 1942 by Ingalls Shipbuilding Co . , Pascagoula , Mississippi , under a U . S . Maritime Commission contract ; sponsored by Mrs . L . S . Border ; acquired by the Navy 23 January 1943 ; and commissioned in full 18 July 1943 , Captain R . E . Hansen , in command . Reclassified " APA - 40 " , 1 February 1943 . World War II operations . Departing Norfolk , Virginia , 11 December 1943 , " Custer " arrived at Pearl Harbor 10 January 1944 , carrying Seabee s . She loaded troops at Honolulu and sortied 23 January as a part of Task Force 51 for the Marshall Islands operation . Held in reserve during the invasion of Kwajalein , she landed her troops on Eniwetok on 19 February and embarked casualties , with whom she returned to Pearl Harbor 6 March . After sailing to embark men and cargo at San Francisco , California , " Custer " joined in amphibious training exercises in the Hawaiian Islands , and arrived at Kwajalein 9 June . She put to sea 2 days later for the assaults on Saipan and later on Guam , transporting troops and evacuating casualties to Eniwetok until her return to Pearl Harbor 7 August . " Custer " sailed from Pearl Harbor 15 September 1944 by way of Eniwetok and Manus for the invasion landings on Leyte of 20 and 21 October . Safely out of Leyte Gulf before the great battle for its possession , she loaded reinforcements at $ 3 , New Guinea , from 26 October to 14 November , then landed them on Leyte 18 November . After replenishing at Manus and training at Huon Gulf , New Guinea . , " Custer " sailed on 31 December for the invasion landings at Lingayen Gulf of 9 to 12 January 1945 . She operated in the Philippine Islands , participating in the unopposed landings at La Paz , Zambales , on 29 January and acting as mother ship for landing craft and coordinating cargo activities at Tarraguna , from 13 to 20 February . " Custer " sailed from Leyte Gulf 27 March 1945 for the invasion of Okinawa . From 1 to 6 April she landed troops and cargo and fought off air attacks during the initial landings , then sailed for a stateside overhaul . Departing San Diego , California , 5 August , she embarked troops at Pearl Harbor for the occupation of Japan , landing them at Sasebo , Japan . She sailed to transport troops from Manila to Sasebo , Japan , then embarked homeward bound servicemen for San Pedro , California , arriving 21 November . Post - war decommissioning . " Custer " was decommissioned 24 May 1946 and transferred to the U . S . Maritime Commission for disposal 11 September 1946 . Honors and awards . " Custer " received six battle stars for World War II service . Qualified " Custer " personnel were eligible for the following :
Château de Boulogne - sur - Mer The Château de Boulogne - sur - Mer is a castle in the French seaport of Boulogne - sur - Mer , in the Pas - de - Calais " département " . It houses the Boulogne museum . The castle was built in the 13th century by Philippe Hurepel ( 1180 - 1234 ) , count of Boulogne and son of Philip II of France . Following the death of his half - brother , king Louis VIII after a short three - year reign , Hurepel was one of the leaders of a rebellion against the regent , Blanche de Castille , mother of the minor Louis IX . He constructed castles at Calais and Hardelot and refortified Boulogne . The castle is built in the eastern corner of the medieval walls surrounding the " Haute Ville " ( literally , " high town " - the part of Bologne on the hill ) . The walls themselves were reconstructed by Hurepel . The eastern part of the castle was built over a corner of the Roman wall , parts of which are still visible in the basement . Housing together the political , legal and economic powers of the time , it was also a residential and defensive site . Various modifications have taken place . Major alterations were carried out by the duc de Berry between 1394 et 1416 . The horse shoe shape ( barracks , arsenal ) was completed around 1567 . After being adapted because of developments in artillery during the 16th century , it lost some of its medieval character . In 1767 , it became a barracks and , after World War II , it also housed a prison . In 1974 , the town council took over ownership of the castle and decided to install its museum collections . Unlike many other contemporary castles of the early 13th century , the plan of the castle does not include a keep . The remains of Château de Hardelot in nearby Condette show that Hurepel used this design for at least one other castle . A similar castle was built around the same time at Fère - en - Tardenois by the Counts of Dreux . The Château de Boulogne is listed by the French Ministry of Culture as a " monument historique " .
Ouvrage Col de Restefond Ouvrage Col de Restefond is a lesser work ( " petit ouvrage " ) of the Maginot Line ' s Alpine extension , the Alpine Line . The ouvrage consists of three infantry blocks . It is located directly adjacent to the Col de Restefond road at an altitude of . Construction work was completed in 1934 , but the " ouvrage " was not armed until 1938 .