naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
SS Deutschland ( 1923 ) SS " Deutschland " was a 21 , 046 gross registered ton ( GRT ) German HAPAG ocean liner which was sunk in a British air attack in 1945 , with great loss of life . One of a group of four ships that included the SS " Albert Ballin " , SS " Hamburg " , and SS " New York " , the " Deutschland " was launched on 28 April 1923 . She began her maiden voyage on 27 March 1924 , to Southampton and then on to New York City . The ship had tremendous problems with vibration , becoming known as the " Cocktail Shaker " ; she was re - engined in 1929 , with service speed reduced to 19 knots . In 1940 , she became an accommodation ship for the German navy at Gotenhafen . In 1945 , on seven Baltic voyages , she carried 70 , 000 soldiers and refugees from the German eastern territories to the west . Sinking . In April 1945 , she possibly began conversion to a hospital ship . The story goes that an attempt was made to paint the vessel white , but there was only sufficient paint available to paint her funnels white , and to paint a Red Cross on one side of one of her funnels . On 3 May 1945 , she capsized and sank in the Bay of Lübeck off Neustadt after a British air attack . The same British air attack sank SS " Cap Arcona " and " Thielbek " . In 1949 , her wreck was raised and scrapped .
Breguet 270 Series The Breguet 27 was a 1930s French biplane military reconnaissance aircraft , built for the Armée de l ' Air ( French Air Force ) and export to Venezuela and China . Design and development . The Breguet 27 was designed in response to a 1928 request for proposals by the " Armée de l ' Air " . Breguet submitted a large all - metal sesquiplane with an unusual fuselage that ended abruptly aft of the two open cockpits . The empennage was mounted on a boom behind the fuselage . Construction was largely of steel tubing with non structural aluminium alloy sheeting and fabric covering for wings and empennage . The prototype exhibited mediocre performance during flight trials . Nonetheless the military placed orders for 85 aircraft in 1930 and 45 in 1932 , this latter batch with a more powerful engine fitted . Two high - altitude reconnaissance versions were also built as the Breguet 33 , but these did not lead to further production . Operational history . Breguet 27s continued in military service through the outbreak of World War II , still equipping three " Groupes " at the time of the initial German offensive . After they began suffering combat losses , the Army withdrew all remaining examples from service . The two Breguet 33 high - altitude reconnaissance prototypes were used to make significant long - distance flights . The first aircraft was flown from Paris to Hanoi in January 1932 by Paul Codos and Henri Robida in 7 days , 9 hours and 50 minutes , and back again in just 3 days 4 hours and 17 minutes . The second aircraft ( christened " Joé III " ) was flown by Maryse Hilsz on a tour of Asia , visiting Calcutta , Saigon , Hanoi , and Tokyo before returning to Paris via Saigon , eventually covering around 35 , 000 km ( 22 , 000 mi ) . Hilsz also won the 1936 Coupe Héléne Boucher flying a Breguet 27 at an average speed of 277 km / h ( 172 mph ) . The French army ordered 85 270s in 1930 . In 1932 , 45 Breguet 271s , with a more powerful 484 kW ( 650 hp ) engine , and larger useful load were ordered . Older 270s were modified for VIP liaison duties .
A . J . Carpenter Albert John Carpenter ( June 9 , 1911 – June 21 , 1999 ) was a Rear Admiral in the United States Coast Guard . Biography . Carpenter was born on June 9 , 1911 in Ely , Nevada . He married Lucille Swenson and had a son , John Loder Carpenter . Career . Carpenter graduated from the United States Coast Guard Academy in 1933 . He would later serve as an instructor of mathematics and navigation at the Academy . During World War II , he commanded the USS Sheboygan ( PF - 57 ) . The Sheboygan ' s task was to patrol the Atlantic Ocean . Assignments following the war included commanding the USCGC Taney ( WHEC - 37 ) before taking command of the 11th and 3rd Coast Guard Districts . Carpenter retired in 1968 .
73d Space Group The 73d Space Group is an inactive United States Air Force space surveillance organization . Its last assignment was with Fourteenth Air Force , being stationed at Falcon Air Force Base , Colorado . It was inactivated on 26 April 1995 . The Group performed space surveillance . In April 1995 the 73d Space Surveillance Group merged with the 21st Space Wing . From that point the 21st became the largest wing in the United States Air Force with units deployed literally throughout the world . Emblem . Blazon . Per chevron reversed celeste and azure a plate bearting a torteau radiating seven fillets throughout argent and over - all a fillet forming an nuclear rose of the last seeded of seven electrons gules and leaved of seven flight symbols or , all within a diminished bordure of the like .
Bay - class icebreaking tug The USCG Bay - class icebreaking tug is a class of icebreaking tugs of the United States Coast Guard , with hull numbers WTGB 101 through to WTGB 109 . They can proceed through fresh water ice up to thick , and break ice up to thick , through ramming . These vessels are equipped with a system to lubricate their progress through the ice , by bubbling air through the hull .
XXI Corps ( Ottoman Empire ) The XXI Corps of the Ottoman Empire ( Turkish : " 21 nci Kolordu " or " Yirmi Birinci Kolordu " ) was one of the corps of the Ottoman Army . It was formed during World War I . World War I . Order of Battle , August 1917 , January 1918 , June 1918 . In August 1917 , January 1918 , June 1918 , the corps was structured as follows : Order of Battle , September 1918 . In September 1918 , the corps was structured as follows : After Mudros . Order of Battle , November 1918 . In November 1918 , the corps was structured as follows :
Dmitry Pavlutsky Dmitry Ivanovich Pavlutsky ( ; died 21 March 1747 ) was a Russia n polar explorer and leader of military expeditions in Chukotka , best known for his campaigns against the indigenous Chukchi people . As early as 1641 , Russian explorers came into contact with the Chukchi . The Russians showed little interest in the region until the late 17th century , when the potential wealth gained from reaching North America became known . However , expeditions to the Bering Strait were often attacked by the indigenous peoples inhabiting the region . In 1725 , Tsar Peter the Great ordered a Russian military expedition to conquer the Chukchi , but the expedition failed and its commander , Major Afanasy Shestakov ( Афанасий Шестаков ) , was killed in March 1730 near the Paren River . Another expedition was ordered in 1731 , this time led by Major Pavlutsky , who became feared by the Chukchi for his brutal punitive expeditions , using destructive tactics such wholesale slaughter , the burning of villages , driving off reindeer , and capturing women and children . The Chuvans , Koryaks , and Yukagir s eventually pledged loyalty to the Russian Empire and asked for protection against the Chukchi . On 12 March 1747 , a party of 500 Chukchi warriors raided the Russian stockade of Anadyrsk . Pavlutsky ' s regiment of 131 men , consisting of 96 Cossacks and 35 Koryak allies , set off in pursuit , catching up with the Chuchki near the settlement of Markovo . Pavlutsky ordered an attack despite lacking reinforcements , and his outnumbered regiment was defeated in a battle reminiscent of the Battle of the Little Bighorn . Pavlutsky , wearing iron chain mail armor , was able to escape the field unhurt but was surrounded on a small nearby hill ( now called Major ' s Hill ) and killed . His head was reportedly cut off and kept by the Chukchi for years afterward . Pavlutsky ' s body is buried in Yakutsk . By 1750 it had become clear the Chukchi would be difficult to conquer . Saint Petersburg changed tactics , making formal peace with them in 1778 . The Chukchi entered into peaceful trade with the Russians , and from 1788 onward there was an annual trade fair on the lower Kolyma . Although the Russian Empire declared the whole of Siberia subdued by the late 18th century , the Chukchi refused to accept Russian overlordship until after the Russian Revolution in 1917 .
USS Tornado ( PC - 14 ) USS " Tornado " ( PC - 14 ) is the fourteenth and last " Cyclone " class patrol ( coastal ) ship , notable for being the only ship in the class designed with shaping features for signature management . She was laid down by Bollinger Shipyards , Lockport , Louisiana 25 August 1998 and launched 7 June 1999 . She was commissioned by the United States Navy 24 June 2000 , decommissioned 1 October 2004 and transferred to the United States Coast Guard as USCGC " Tornado " ( WPC - 14 ) . " Tornado " was transferred back to the Navy on 30 September 2011 , and is once again designated PC - 14 .
Savin – Norov machine gun The SN ( Savin and Norov ) was an aircraft machine gun manufactured in small numbers in the Soviet Union before World War II . The gun was intended to achieve a higher rate of fire than the ShKAS , while using the same 7 . 62x54mmR cartridge . In order to achieve this goal , the primers were ignited while the barrel and bolt were moving in opposite directions . Source vary as to high a rate of fire was actually achieved . One indicates " more than 3600 RPM " while others give the 2800 - 3000 RPM range . The SN gun was designed in 1934 - 1935 by I . V . Savin ( И . В . Савин ) and A . K . Norov ( А . К . Норов ) . According to a Western source , it was offered to the VVS , which rejected it in 1936 . Soviet sources indicate that the SN machine gun was installed in the wings of three Polikarpov I - 16 aircraft in January 1939 ; these planes were given the designation I - 16 Type 19 and they took part in the Winter War . The gun was also supposed to be installed in a propeller - synchronized mounting in the I - 16 Type 20 . Although four planes were built in this configuration , they did not go into service ; the Type 20 designation was then reused for I - 16 aircraft only armed with ShKAS guns , but capable of carrying drop tanks . A further type I - 16 Type 22 was planned to be armed with four propeller - synchronized guns , two of which were supposed to be SN guns ( and the other two ShKAS ) , but this type was apparently never built and was cancelled in August 1939 . As with the UltraShKAS , the reliability of the SN machine gun was low , so it did not go into mass production . An SN exemplar could be seen ( in 1996 ) at the Central Air Force Museum .
Hans Lotter Hans Lotter ( 17 November 1917 – 21 November 2008 ) was a highly decorated Oberleutnant in the Luftwaffe during World War II , and a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership ( his crew performed more than 400 reconnaissance flights over the enemy area ) . At the end of the war ( in May 1945 ) Hans Lotter was taken prisoner by the Red Army . In February 1946 he with two other prisoners escaped POW camp near Kovel in Ukraine . They managed to reach Poland . Then about half a year later he found and joined his wife and two children , who were held in a camp for German families near Wroclaw in Poland , and returned with them to his native Nuremberg . The story of his imprisonment and escape he described in his book of memoirs " Zeig mir Vater der Weg " ( Show me the way , Father ! ) published in 1994 in Nuremberg . After the war he worked for several decades as a teacher in grade school . Beside the mentioned above book of memoirs Hans Lotter is the author of several poetry books .
9 . 45 - inch Heavy Mortar The ML 9 . 45 inch Heavy Trench Mortar , nicknamed the Flying Pig , was a large calibre mortar of World War I and the standard British heavy mortar from Autumn 1916 onwards . It was a modification of an original French design , the developed by Batignolles Company of Paris and introduced in 1915 . Britain manufactured the modified version under licence . History . The British ML mortar was a design based on the French 240 mm mortar in 1915 and introduced in 1916 . The British version differed from the French LT weapon in that the propellant charge was loaded through the muzzle whereas the French 240 mm had the charge loaded through the breech in a brass cartridge case . In June 1916 , following unsatisfactory trials with the French model , Britain replaced them with 30 of its own model , firing a 150 pound bomb , followed by 200 more in December 1916 . The Mark I with barrel was introduced from June 1916 . In 1917 , the Mark II and Mark III followed with barrel , and small numbers of Mark IV . Combat use . It was operated by crews of the Royal Garrison Artillery which was the part of the British Army that operated the heaviest artillery weapons , formed into batteries of 4 mortars attached to each division , designated " V / nn " where nn = division number . From February 1918 they were reorganised and moved from divisional to corps control . The weapon was dismantled for transport , requiring 4 carts for the barrel , base , carriage and ammunition . In action , a heavy timber platform was constructed embedded in the ground , on which the mortar base was immovably secured . The mortar carriage sat on the base and could traverse . The mortar barrel and breech were mounted on the carriage which provided elevation . They were used in the " siege warfare " on the Western Front to destroy enemy strongpoints , bunker s and similar " hard " targets which were invulnerable to lighter mortars and field gun s . The US Army handbook described it : " . . . the use for which it is primarily adapted is in the bombardment of strongly protected targets - dwelling s , covered shelter s , command post s , entrances to galleries , etc - or in the destruction of sectors of trench es , salient s and the like . " . Their effectiveness decreased late in the war as German policy changed to a lightly held front line , hence decreasing available targets , and they became redundant when the war of movement resumed late in 1918 . Both the propellant charge appropriate for the required range and the bomb were loaded via the muzzle . Usually a Lee - Enfield rifle ' s bolt action mechanism was screwed into the breech . A special blank rifle cartridge was loaded and was triggered by pulling a lanyard , and fired into an igniter at the base of the mortar chamber , igniting the propellant charge and launching the bomb .
Flirtation Walk ( West Point ) Flirtation Walk is a historic rocky foot trail at the United States Military Academy . The trail follows the shoreline of the Hudson River along the western bank . The southern trailhead starts at the edge of the Lincoln Hall parking lot and winds north along the river around Gee ' s Point and the West Point Light . The trail turns west - northwest , passing Battery Cove , where the Great Chain was anchored during the Revolutionary War . The trail ends near the helipad of West Point ' s North Dock . There also is an access trail that descends steeply to the river level from Trophy Point . The trail varies in consistency from level and even to steep and rocky . By academy tradition , only cadets and their guests may use the trail . Visitors escorted by cadets should wear sturdy shoes . The 1934 film Flirtation Walk , was named after the trail . The film was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture . Cadets refer to it as " Flirtie Walk " , or just " Flirtie " . The cadet knowledge manual , known as " Bugle Notes " , refers to Flirtation Walk as a " scenic walk where only cadets and their escorts may go . " The trail was first used during the Revolutionary War to access the Great Chain that deterred British ships navigating the turn in the river . As it originally had a military application , this path was off limits to cadets until the 1840s . After the military garrison ' s purpose at West Point became obsolete , the trail was opened and encouraged to be used by cadets . As the academy grew in size in the mid - 19th century , more visitors began to frequent the cadets . Given the limited transportation opportunities of the day and the lack of places for the young men of the academy to take their lady guests , the walk became a popular place to go . The administration of the academy allowed cadets the rare opportunity to have some privacy with their guests . This policy is still traditionally held and signs are posted to keep visitors to the academy away from the trail . The signs read " Visitors must be accompanied by a cadet " . Monuments to former cadets . Because of the sentimental place in the hearts of cadets , and perhaps because of the relative amount of space available compared to the rest of the academy ' s grounds , Flirtation walk is home to several memorials to former cadets . Most are dedicated to cadets who died during their time at the academy . The largest and most prominent monument along the trail is Sheridan Memorial near Gee ' s Point that is dedicated to Richard B . Sheridan Jr , who died on the gridiron of the Yale Bowl in Oct 1931 . Battle memorial engravings . Because the Mexican War was the first war where West Point graduates played a commanding role , several of its major battles are commemorated on Flirtie Walk . There is a large engraving that states " MEXICO 13 , 14 SEP 1847 " along Howard Road leading down to North Dock . There is also a large engraving commemorating the Battle of Saratoga on the cliffside at Kosciuszko ' s Garden about a quarter mile south of Flirtie Walk .
Village of Columbus and Camp Furlong Village of Columbus and Camp Furlong is an historic district that includes portions of what is now the town of Columbus , New Mexico , Pancho Villa State Park , and an airfield , all in Columbus , New Mexico . It was the site of a raid led by Pancho Villa in 1916 that had wide impacts . The " Village of Columbus and Camp Furlong historic district " was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1975 . Pancho Villa State Park . At Pancho Villa State Park , several buildings remain from the time of Villa ’ s 1916 raid , and are listed on the National Register of Historic Places . These include the 1902 U . S . Customs House , two adobe structures dating from the Camp Furlong - era , and the Camp Furlong Recreation Hall . The old Customs House is now the State Park visitor center , with exhibits describing the histories of Pancho Villa , the Columbus raid of 1916 , and Pershing ' s Punitive Expedition . History . On March 9 , 1916 Camp Furlong was the headquarters of the 13th U . S . Cavalry under command of Colonel H . J . Slocum . The 13th Cavalry was stretched along the border on outpost duty from Noria to Hermanas on the El Paso and Southwestern Railroad . At least three troops were present during the raid on Columbus by Pancho Villa ' s irregulars . The hero of the day was Lt . Lucas of the machine gun troop , who while barefoot , set up machine guns in the main area of the town and directed heavy fire against the raiders . His actions inflicted numerous casualties on Villa ' s Forces and caused them to retreat back into Mexico . Almost overnight the camp became a large military installation for protection from other raids and in preparation for a punitive expedition into Mexico to be led by General John J . Pershing . First on the scene were elements of the New Mexico National Guard . Various regular units then arrived to provide support to the troops in Mexico . Columbus had the distinction of having the first tactical military airfield in the United States . A squadron of JN4 Curtis Jennie biplanes provided aerial observation for the expedition , although most of the aircraft were lost to crashes in the rugged Mexican mountains . Camp Furlong also had supply facilities and repair yards for the early motor trucks used in Mexico . At its peak the camp was headquarters for more than 5 , 000 troops . Following the withdrawal of the Punitive Expedition , the 24th Infantry Regiment was headquartered at the post . They were called in the summer of 1919 to assist in chasing Pancho Villas troops out of Ciudad Juarez . With the conclusion of the Mexican Revolution , the post lost its importance and only 100 men were garrisoned there in 1921 . All troops in the area were gone by 1923 .
Commander - in - Chief , India During the period of the British Raj , the Commander - in - Chief , India ( often " Commander - in - Chief " in " or " of " India " ) was the supreme commander of the Indian Army . The Commander - in - Chief and most of his staff were based at General Headquarters , India , and liaised with the civilian Governor - General of India . Following the creation of the Republic of India in 1950 , the post was merged into the new office of President of the Republic and thus ceased to exist as a separate position . Prior to independence , the official residence was the Flagstaff House , which later became the residence of the first Prime Minister of India , and is now a museum , Teen Murti House . This is a list of people who were the military Commander - in - Chief , India until 1947 . The rank and title are the final ones for the officer ' s career and not necessarily applicable to his tenure as Commander - in - Chief , India . List of Commanders - in - Chief . Commanders - in - Chief have been :
Uniforms of the American Civil War During the years 1860 - 1865 there were three distinct types of uniform in use by the American armed forces . Styles used were traditional similar to those used in the Napoleonic wars , a regimental dress such as used during the War of Independence and a specialist dress similar to those worn by Lancers and Hussars or an ethnic dress such as Kilts With shortages in 1861 the federal government issued a regulation pattern uniform for all state regiments . Confederacy . At the onset of the war the Confederate army uniforms were highly varied as the majority were made at home . Between 1861 - 1862 the quartermaster department issued some uniforms but there were severe shortages .
Gordon Corrigan John Gordon Harvey Corrigan MBE ( born 1942 ) is a former British soldier and historical writer and broadcaster . Corrigan was educated at the Royal School , Armagh , and the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst . He served in the British Army ' s Royal Gurkha Rifles , mainly in the far east , and reached the rank of major . Between 1980 and 1987 he took a break from military service , being clerk of the course at the Happy Valley Racecourse in Hong Kong from 1980 to 1982 , and Racing Secretary at the Royal Hong Kong Jockey Club from 1982 to 1987 . Corrigan was awarded the MBE in 1995 His last appointment was commanding the Gurkha Centre in Hampshire . Following his retirement from the army in 1998 , Corrigan became a freelance writer on military history . He also presented television documentaries , made speaking appearances and conducted tours of World War I battlefields . He is an honorary research fellow of the University of Kent , and the University of Birmingham , and a teaching fellow at the Joint Services Command and Staff College . He is also a fellow of the Royal Asiatic Society , a member of the British Commission for Military History and a liveryman of the Worshipful Company of Farriers . Corrigan authored " Mud , Blood and Poppycock " , one of the more recent histories of the First World War which challenges a number of popular cultural beliefs about that conflict . Among the targets for his book are the beliefs that British generalship was incompetent , blinkered and reactionary and that the military justice system was unfair . The book received a positive review from historian Gary Sheffield Corrigan later wrote " Blood , Sweat and Arrogance : The Myths of Churchill ' s War " in which he set out to demolish the " myths of Churchill ' s War " . This book was criticised in a review by historian Piers Brendon who wrote " his tone , occasionally sneering , often patronising and always cocksure , is particularly tiresome in someone so prone to error . He makes the elementary mistake of asserting , for example , that a Russian declaration of war against Japan " never came " .