naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Modex A modex is part of the Aircraft Visual Identification System * which consists of either one or two letters used by Dept of Navy ( USN and USMC ) aircraft to identify aircraft unit assignment and side numbers . Use . The first letter of a modex indicates whether the organization ( wing , group , squadron , station ) owning the aircraft originated with Marine / Naval Air Forces Atlantic ( A through M ) , Marine / Naval Air Forces Pacific ( N through Z ) or in the case of CNATRA a single letter ( A through G ) for the Training Wing . Background : In carrier air wings the first digit of a side number indicates an individual aircraft squadron in the air wing . Side numbers beginning with 1 and 2 were assigned to fighter squadrons ( VF ) until the F - 14 Tomcat was retired , they are now assigned to strike fighter squadrons ( VFA ) flying the F / A - 18E or F / A - 18F Super Hornet . Side numbers beginning with 3 and 4 belonged to light attack aircraft squadrons ( VA ) flying the A - 7 Corsair until the retirement of those aircraft when they were replaced by Strike Fighter Squadrons ( VFA ) flying the F / A - 18C Hornet . 5XX side nmubers were reserved for heavy attack aircraft squadrons ( VA ) flying the A - 6 Intruder until the A - 6 was retired . The 5XX side numbers are now assigned to the Electronic Attack ( VAQ ) Squadron ( EA - 6B / EA - 18G ) . Side numbers with the first digit of 6 are assigned to the Airborne Early Warning ( VAW ) squadron ( 600 - 605 ) flying the E - 2C , and the Helicopter Sea Combat ( HSC ) squadron ( 610 and up ) flying the MH - 60S helicopter . 7XX modexes were assigned to the VS squadron flying the S - 3 until the dissestablishment of those squadrons . 7XX modexes are now assigned to the Helicopter Maritime Strike ( HSM ) squadron flying the MH - 60R helicopter . References . The last two digits identify an individual aircraft within a squadron with the aircraft numbered sequentially from X00 ( or 610 in the case of the HSC squadron ) up the to the number of aircraft in that squadron with the number X13 often skipped . Some squadrons may skip numbers other than X13 if past mishaps resulted in the loss of an aircraft or crew with that number . Each squadron will typically designate its lowest numbered aircraft as the CAG ' s aircraft ( called the CAG bird ) and will paint its tail with squadron colors rather than with the subdued grey tone colors of the rest of the squadron ' s aircraft . Marine aircraft typically use two - digit side nmubers that do not include squadron information . If USMC aircraft are assigned to a carrier air wing they employ the three - digit system used by the rest of the carrier airwing . Land - based naval aircraft may use three - digit side numbers , but they typically are the last three digits of the aircraft ' s bureau number ( BUNO ) and do not give any information concerning the aircraft ' s squadron . Carrier onboard delivery aircraft also used BUNO derived side numbers , but occasionally use the aircraft carrier ' s number ( for example , 68 for an aircraft assigned to USS Nimitz : CVN - 68 ) .
SM UB - 107 SM " UB - 107 " was a German Type UB III submarine or U - boat in the German Imperial Navy ( ) during World War I . She was commissioned into the German Imperial Navy on 16 February 1918 as SM " UB - 107 " . The submarine conducted 4 patrols and sank 11 ships during the war " UB - 107 " was sunk on 27 July 1918 by and at . Construction . " UB - 107 " was ordered by the GIN on 23 September 1916 . She was built by Blohm & Voss of Hamburg and following just under a year of construction , launched at Hamburg on 21 July 1917 . " UB - 107 " was commissioned early the next year . Like all Type UB III submarines , " UB - 107 " carried 10 torpedoes and was armed with a deck gun . " UB - 107 " would carry a crew of up to 3 officer and 31 men and had a cruising range of . " UB - 107 " had a displacement of while surfaced and when submerged . Her engines enabled her to travel at when surfaced and when submerged . Fate . The first recorded fate of " UB - 107 " was noted as sunk by depth charge on July 27 , 1918 by the Royal Navy trawler " Calvis " and HMY " Vanessa II " at position . It has since been argued that the " UB - 107 " was probably not present for the attack by " Calvis " and " Vanessa II " as it was the only U - boat that could have been responsible for the sinking of steamers " Chloris " and " John Rettig " two and a half hours later at position . In 1985 divers discovered the wreck of " UB - 107 " one mile north of Flamborough Head at position entangled with another wreck , the , a British steamer torpedoed and sunk on 3 August 1918 by . " UB - 107 " was identified by the markings on her propellers . It is suggested that either " UB - 107 " suffered an accident of some sort or was lost on a British mine between July 28 and August 3 , 1918 leaving all hands lost ( 38 dead ) . Television Documentary . The fate of UB - 107 was the subject of an episode of the documentary television series Deep Sea Detectives : " Mystery U - Boat of WWI " . The documentary offered various scenarios for the sinking based on historical evidence and exploratory diving at the wreck site .
Salvator - Dormus M1893 The Salvator - Dormus M1893 also known as Skoda M1893 was a heavy machine gun of Austro - Hungarian origin . It was patented by Archduke Karl Salvator of Austria and Count George von Dormus and was manufactured by Skoda Works Plzeň . The Salvator - Dormus was chambered in the 8x50mmR round fed from an overhead magazine and was water - cooled with an oil lubrication device . There was also a pendulum adjustment in the trigger mechanism that allowed the operator to select the cyclic rate of fire , anywhere from 180 to 250 rounds per minute . The M1893 was cheaper than the Maxim gun but was gradually replaced by the Schwarzlose MG M . 07 / 12 . The M1893 machine guns were mounted aboard the SMS Zenta during the successful defence of the Austro - Hungarian Embassy in Peiking . Fowler , W . , Sweeny , P . ( 2007 , 2011 ) . " The World Encyclopedia of Rifles and Machine Guns " , JG Press
SS Stanbell Stanbell was a 9 , 804 GRT tanker which was built by Sir J Laing & Sons , Sunderland in 1943 as Empire Beresford for the Ministry of War Transport . Postwar she was sold into merchant service and renamed " Stanbell " . She was converted to a bulk carrier and later sold to new owners and renamed Kelantan , serving until scrapped in 1965 . Description . " Empire Beresford " was built by Sir J Laing & Sons , Sunderland . She was yard number 753 and was launched on 15 September 1943 with completion in December . She was long , with a beam of and a depth of . Her GRT was 9 , 804 , with a NRT of 5 , 793 . Career . " Empire Beresford " was placed under the management of J A Billmeir & Co Ltd , who traded as the Stanhope Steamship Co Ltd . Her port of registry was Sunderland . " Empire Beresford " was a member of a number of convoys during the Second World War . Convoy HX 313 departed New York on 10 October 1944 and arrived at Liverpool on 24 October . " Empire Beresford " was listed as a member of this convoy but did not sail in it , she joined the following convoy , HX 314 . Convoy HX 314 departed New York on 15 October 1944 and arrived at Liverpool on 29 October . " Empire Beresford " was bound for Killingholme . In 1945 , Billmeir ' s purchased " Empire Beresford " from the MoWT and renamed her " Stanbell " . On 13 December 1953 , " Stanbell " was in collision with SS " Marine Courier " off Cape Henry , Virginia . The master of " Marine Courier " was found to have been at fault and his license was suspended for a month . In 1955 , " Stanbell " was converted to a bulk carrier . She was now 10 , 341 GRT , 5 , 623 NRT and 14 , 810 DWT . In 1960 , " Stanbell " was sold to the Malaya Shipping Co Ltd , Hong Kong and renamed " Kelantan " . She was initially placed under the management of United Shipping & Investment Co Ltd , Hong Kong but management was later transferred to Gibson Shipping Co Inc , Macao . " Kelantan " was scrapped in March 1965 at Hirao , Japan . Official Numbers and Code Letters . Official Numbers were a forerunner to IMO Numbers . " Empire Beresford " had the UK Official number 180053 and the Code Letters GFMY . Propulsion . The ship was propelled by a triple expansion steam engine which had cylinders of , and bore by stroke . It was built by North East Marine Engineering Co Ltd , Newcastle upon Tyne .
Ambrose Light ( ship ) Ambrose Light was a brigantine , operated by Colombian rebels . It was captured by the USS " Alliance " as a suspected pirate vessel in 1885 . The accusation of piracy was rejected by a court of law . Capture . On April 24 , Commander Lewis Clark , of the South Atlantic Squadron , was sailing to Cartagena , on the Caribbean coast of Colombia , when the lookouts aboard the " Alliance " sighted the one - gun " Ambrose Light " . It was flying a strange flag featuring a red cross over a white background so the Americans assumed the vessel was a pirate ship . A chase began and the Americans were preparing to fire a shot over the vessel ' s bow when a Colombian ensign was observed and the " Ambrose Light " came to a halt . Commander Clark put Lieutenant M . Fisher and a boarding party on the rebel ship and it was found to have been armed with one cannon and sixty heavily armed sailors . A large cache of ammunition was also discovered . The Colombians revealed their letter of marque from the rebel leader Pedro Lara , giving the men of " Ambrose Light " permission to blockade Cartagena . Commander Clark disregarded this and took the rebels prisoner and the brigantine as prize . The ship was put under the command of Lieutenant Fisher with ten others and sent to be condemned in New York . After arriving on June 1 , a negro stowaway was found , starving to death , hiding behind some casks in the cargo hold . The man immediately received medical attention . Legal case . Following the court proceedings , it was agreed that the USS " Alliance " had lawfully seized the rebels as pirates because Pedro Lara , or any rebel , had no right to commission warships . After a legal decision , the ship was returned to her Colombian owners , in return for costs . The court ruled that the ship could legally be used to transport troops between Colombian ports during the Colombian civil war . When fighting broke out in Cartagena , the American Secretary of State Thomas F . Bayard released the " Ambrose Light " and her crew . This incident was the basis for a decision in case law that defines who can be called a pirate in the United States .
USS Advance ( 1917 ) USS " Advance " ( 1917 ) was an Advance - class patrol boat acquired by the United States Navy for the task of patrolling American coastal waters during the First World War . The third vessel to be named " Advance " by the Navy — a motorboat constructed for the U . S . Coast Guard in 1917 at North Tonawanda , New York , by the Richardson Boat Co . She was taken over by the Navy and commissioned on 6 June 1917 . Service history . World War I . " Advance " was assigned to the 9th Naval District section patrol ; and , although few documents recording her service have survived , she probably spent the entire period of America ' s involvement in World War I cruising the Great Lakes . The Coast Guard assumed custody of Advance on 28 August 1919 ; and , presumably , she continued duty on the Great Lakes . Post - war . Coast Guard records reveal that , by 1 January 1923 , her permanent duty station and base of operations was Sault Ste . Marie , Michigan . On 6 November of that year , " Advance " was renamed " AB - 1 " . On 27 May 1924 , the motorboat suffered a gasoline explosion , burned , and sank at Sault Ste . Marie . Raised and repaired , she returned to active service by 20 August . Four days later , she departed Sault Ste . Marie and proceeded to Chicago , Illinois . " AB - 1 " spent the next 38 months based at Chicago and finally headed back to Sault Ste . Marie on 15 October 1927 . She apparently passed the remainder of her Coast Guard career there . Deactivation . Her name disappeared from the Coast Guard register in 1940 .
SX2190 The SX2190 is a 7 . 5 ton 6x6 special heavy duty truck developed and built by Shaanxi Automobile Group and used by the People ' s Liberation Army of the People ' s Republic of China . It is a copy of the Steyr - Daimler - Puch ( now part of General Dynamics European Land Combat Systems ) 91 and replacing the older JN252 , CQ261 and SX250 heavy duty trucks in the 1990s .
USS L - 1 ( SS - 40 ) USS " L - 1 " ( SS - 40 ) was an " L " - class submarine of the United States Navy . Her keel was laid down on 13 April 1914 by Fore River Shipbuilding Company in Quincy , Massachusetts . She was launched on 20 January 1915 sponsored by Mrs . Freeland A . Daubin , and commissioned on 11 April 1916 with Lieutenant ( junior grade ) Freeland A . Daubin in command . Service history . After trials and exercises in New England waters , " L - 1 " was assigned to the Atlantic Submarine Flotilla operating along the East Coast . Throughout 1916 , she ranged the Atlantic Ocean from New England to Florida developing and testing new techniques of undersea warfare . When the United States entered World War I , " L - 1 " underwent extensive overhaul at Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , to prepare her for vital tasks ahead . Departing New London , Connecticut , on 27 November 1917 , the submarine sailed for European waters to protect Allied shipping lanes from U - boat attacks . Following brief operations in the Azores , " L - 1 " sailed to the British Isles for patrol duty out of Bantry Bay , Ireland , beginning in early February 1918 . She operated in British waters throughout the war , reducing the U - boat threat . With the defeat of the Central Powers , " L - 1 " departed the Isle of Portland , England , on 3 January 1919 and arrived Philadelphia on 1 February . From 1919 to 1922 , she operated along the Atlantic coast experimenting with new torpedoes and undersea detection equipment . The technological advances through tests performed by " L - 1 " and her sister submarines during the post - World War I era added to the strength and quality of the U . S . submarines that contributed to the defeat of Japan in World War II . " L - 1 " decommissioned at Hampton Roads Submarine Base on 7 April 1922 . She was sold on 31 July 1922 to Pottstown Steel Company for scrapping .
Tango ( boat ) The Tangos , also known as Armoured Troop Carriers ( ATC ) , were LCM - 6 landing crafts modified for riverine patrol missions . They were used by the Mobile Riverine Force of the United States Army in the Vietnam War . The troops of the 9th Infantry Division used them more than other groups in the earlier parts of the war , but as they proved themselves they were deployed elsewhere . They were also used by South Vietnamese troops . Many were equipped with helicopter decks . They could be told from the LCM - 6 by their distinctive bow ramp . They also had an armoured superstructure to protect from rockets . The ATC , the most common variant , carried four M1919 Browning machine guns , two Mk 16 20 mm cannons , and one Mk 19 grenade launcher . Some carried flamethrowers . These were known as " Zippos " . The " Monitor " was another version , which was used as a floating tank . In addition to the ATC ’ s armament , it also carried an 81 mm mortar and a 105 mm howitzer . There was also a command and communications boat , known as the " Charlie " . Many tangos were also converted into refueling boats . The ATC weighed 66 tons , and 56 . 5 - foot ( 17 . 2 m ) long . They had a crew of 7 . They had a top speed of 8 . 5 knots ( 15 . 7 km / h ; 9 . 8 mph ) . The Tango saw combat with the 113th Task Force of the Mobile Riverine Force in Operation Game Warden .
Fairey P . 4 / 34 The Fairey P . 4 / 34 was a competitor for an order for a light bomber to serve with the Royal Air Force . Although not produced in that form , it formed the basis for the Fulmar long - range carrier - based fighter for the Fleet Air Arm . Development . In 1934 the Air Ministry issued Specification P . 4 / 34 which called for a light bomber that could also be deployed in a close - support role . Fairey , Gloster and Hawker all supplied proposed designs ; contracts were issued for the construction of examples of Hawker and Fairey ' s designs . The P . 4 / 34 design was a low - wing all - metal monoplane , powered by a Rolls - Royce Merlin engine , with a crew of two accommodated in tandem under a long - glazed canopy . Its layout was similar to Fairey ' s earlier Battle bomber , but the P . 4 / 34 was smaller and had a wide track , inwards - retracting undercarriage . The aircraft was stressed for dive bombing , as required by the specification , and carried its load of two 250 lb ( 110 kg ) bombs underwing ( the competing Hawker aircraft had an internal bomb bay ) . Two Fairey P . 4 / 34s were ordered , with the first ( serial " K5099 " ) flying on 13 January 1937 . The Hawker prototype followed on 10 March 1937 . The Hawker was deemed superior ; however , the demand for a light bomber had changed , and it would enter service as a target tug . The Royal Danish Navy purchased a licence to build the P . 4 / 34 and a production line set up at the Danish Naval Workshops ( " Orlogsvaerftet " ) in Copenhagen . However , none of the 12 aircraft ordered was completed by the time of the German Invasion of Denmark in 1940 . The P . 4 / 34 would serve as the basis for a two - seat , long - range , carrier - based fighter for the Fleet Air Arm to meet the requirements of Specification O . 8 / 38 . The second prototype P . 4 / 34 ( serial " K7555 " ) was therefore modified with , among other things , a reduced - span wing and lowered tailplane as an aerodynamic prototype for the Fulmar . It was later used to test retractable Fairey - Youngman flaps to be used on the Fairey Firefly fighter , while the first prototype was used for tests of the effects of flying into barrage balloon cables .
Clackmannan Tower Clackmannan Tower is a five - storey tower house , situated at the summit of King ' s Seat Hill in Clackmannan , Clackmannanshire , Scotland . It was built in the 14th century by King David II of Scotland and sold to his cousin Robert Bruce in 1359 .
Battle of the Hellespont The Battle of the Hellespont , consisting of two separate naval clashes , was fought in 324 between a Constantinian fleet , led by the eldest son of Constantine I , Crispus ; and a larger fleet under Licinius ' admiral , Abantus ( or Amandus ) . Despite being outnumbered , Crispus won a very complete victory . Background . Following his defeat at Adrianople , in Thrace , Licinius and his main army fell back to the city of Byzantium . Licinius left a strong garrison in Byzantium but ferried the greater part of his troops across the Bosphorus to the Asian shore . To maintain his force in Byzantium , and to secure his line of communication between Asia Minor and the city , retaining control of the narrow waters separating Thrace from Bithynia and Mysia now became imperative for Licinius . Constantine , if he wished to cross to Asia in order to destroy Licinius ' means of further resistance , had to gain control the sea crossings . Licinius ' main army was on the Bosphoros to cover this crossing point whilst the bulk of his navy was moved to cover the Hellespontine narrows . He also assembled a second military force , under his newly elevated co - emperor Martinian , at Lampsacus ( Lapseki ) on the Asian shore of the Hellespont . Battle . While Constantine was directing the siege of Byzantium , Crispus led a force of 80 vessels into the Hellespont . Abantus opposed him with a superior fleet of 200 ships . However , the size of the Licinian forces worked against them within the confined waters of the strait . Crispus was able to use his more compact squadrons to outmanoeuvre his opponent ' s unwieldy armada and sink many of the Licinian warships . Abantus then withdrew to the eastern end of the Hellespont to regroup his forces . Crispus augmented his fleet with reinforcements brought in from the Aegean Sea and the two fleets met again on the following day . The second clash was fought near Gallipoli ; a storm blew up which , fortuitously for Crispus , wrecked many of the Licinian vessels on the shore . Abantus ' ship was sunk and he only managed to save himself by swimming ashore . All but four of the ships of the Licinian fleet were wrecked , sunk or captured . The Constantinian fleet won an overwhelming victory . Aftermath . This naval victory allowed Constantine to move his army across to Asia Minor , using a fleet of light transports to avoid Martinian ' s forces . Once Licinius knew of the destruction of his navy he withdrew his forces from Byzantium . Constantine ' s army then defeated Licinius ' at the Battle of Chrysopolis ; this victory was the final battle in the conflict , Licinius surrendered himself following the battle . Constantine consequently became the sole master of the Roman Empire .
GAZ - 67 The GAZ - 67 and the subsequent GAZ - 67B were general purpose four wheel drive Soviet military vehicles built by GAZ starting in 1943 . By the end of the war , it was the Soviet equivalent of the Willys Jeep The GAZ - 67 was a further development of the earlier GAZ - 64 . A main improvement was a wider track of 1446 mm . It also had a strengthened chassis frame , enlarged fuel tank and other improvements . It was powered by a slightly more powerful version of GAZ M1 4 - cylinder 3280 cc gasoline motor , and had a top speed of . Production started on 23 September 1943 ( the first serial vehicle produced ) . From January 1944 it was replaced by the GAZ - 67B , which had some mechanical improvements .
RML 2 . 5 inch Mountain Gun The Ordnance RML 2 . 5 inch mountain gun was a British rifled muzzle - loading mountain gun of the late 19th century designed to be broken down into four loads for carrying by man or mule . It was primarily used by the Indian Army . History . It was intended as a more powerful successor to the RML 7 pounder Mountain Gun . Some writers incorrectly refer to the 2 . 5 inch gun as a " 7 pounder " because it also fired a shell of approximately 7 pounds , but its official nomenclature was 2 . 5 inch RML . In 1877 Colonel Frederick Le Mesurier of the Royal Artillery proposed a gun in 2 parts which would be screwed together . The Elswick Ordnance Company made 12 Mk I guns based on his design and they were trialled in Afghanistan in 1879 . Trials were successful and Mk II with some internal differences made by the Royal Gun Factory entered service . The gun was a rifled muzzle - loader . Gun and carriage were designed to be broken down into their basic parts so they could be transported by pack animals ( 4 mules ) or men . The barrel and breech were carried separately , and screwed together for action , hence the name " screw gun " . Second Boer War . The gun was used in the Second Boer War ( 1899 – 1902 ) on its standard mountain gun carriage , and also with the Natal Field Battery at Elandslaagte and Diamond Fields Artillery at Kimberley on field carriages which had larger wheels and gave greater mobility . A major defect in the war was that the gun ' s cartridges still used gunpowder as a propellant , despite the fact that smokeless cordite had been introduced in 1892 . The gunpowder generated a white cloud on firing , and as the gun could only be aimed using direct line of sight , this made the gunners easy targets for Boer marksmen as the gun lacked a shield . It proved to be ineffectual and outclassed by Boer ordnance and was replaced by the BL 10 pounder Mountain Gun from 1901 . World War I . Either 4 or 6 guns ( sources appear imprecise ) were returned to service from Southern African garrisons in 1916 and were employed by the Nyasaland - Rhodesian Field Force in the campaign in German East Africa . Writers who refer to " 7 pounders " in WWI are in fact referring to this gun . < br style = " clear : left ; " >