naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Chase gun A chase gun , usually distinguished as bow chaser and stern chaser ( or just chaser for short ) was a cannon mounted in the bow ( aiming forward ) or stern ( aiming backward ) of a sailing ship . They were used to attempt to slow down a ship either pursuing or being pursued , typically by damaging the rigging and thereby causing the target to lose performance . Bow chasers could be regular guns brought up from the gundeck and aimed through specially cut - out ports on either side of the bowsprit , or dedicated weapons made with an unusually long bore and a relatively light ball , and mounted in the bow . Stern chasers could also be improvised , or left permanently in the cabins at the stern , covered up and used as part of the furniture . In the Age of Sail , shiphandling had been brought to a high art , and chases frequently lasted for hours or sometimes days , as each crew fine - tuned their sails to take advantage of small variations in the wind . A single lucky shot could cut through a critical line , or cause a sail to split if the wind was strong , so if the ships were within range , the best gunners on each would use their chasers to make carefully aimed and timed shots at the other . During World War II , the Royal Navy fitted bow chasers , usually QF 2 - pdr pom - poms , to many s employed escorting east coast convoys , to provide a weapon capable of dealing with E - boat attacks .
Costs of warships 1900 – 18 This list reflects the results of the first organised effort to determine the costs of warships of all nations involved in World War I . Nations . Austria - Hungary . Pre - dreadnoughts Armoured Cruisers Light Cruisers France . Pre - dreadnoughts Dreadnoughts Armoured Cruisers Cruisers Light Cruisers Germany . Pre - Dreadnoughts Dreadnoughts Battlecruisers Armoured Cruisers Light Cruisers Great Britain . Pre - Dreadnoughts Dreadnoughts Battlecruisers Armoured cruisers Light Cruisers Monitors Destroyers Minesweepers Submarines Greece . Pre - Dreadnoughts Armoured Cruisers Destroyers Italy . Pre - dreadnoughts Armoured Cruisers Light cruisers Gunboats Japan . Pre - dreadnoughts Battlecruisers Coast Defence Armoured Cruisers Light cruisers Netherlands . Coast Defence Cruisers Norway . Coast Defence Portugal . Coast Defence Russia . Dreadnoughts Pre - dreadnoughts Coast Defence Cruisers Gunboats Spain . Dreadnoughts Armoured Cruisers Sweden . Armoured Cruisers Ottoman Empire . Pre - dreadnoughts
USS Fargo ( CL - 106 ) USS " Fargo " ( CL - 106 ) , named after the city of Fargo , North Dakota , was the lead ship of her class of light cruiser s of the United States Navy , most of which were canceled due to the end of World War II . The " Fargo " - class cruisers were a modified version of the previous design ; the main difference was a more compact pyramidal superstructure with a single trunked funnel , intended to improve AA gun arcs of fire . The cruiser was launched 25 February 1945 by New York Shipbuilding Corporation , Camden , New Jersey , sponsored by Mrs . F . O . Olsen , and commissioned 9 December 1945 , Captain Wyatt Craig in command . Service history . " Fargo " sailed from Philadelphia on 15 April 1946 , with Vice Admiral Bernard H . Bieri embarked for a goodwill cruise to Bermuda , Trinidad , Recife , Rio de Janeiro and Montevideo , from which she took departure on 31 May for the Mediterranean . During this tour of duty , she visited a variety of ports in Turkey , Lebanon , Greece , Italy , and France , as well as North Africa and served as American representative at Trieste , then troubled by dissension between Italy and Yugoslavia over the city ' s status . Returning to New York City on 2 March 1947 , " Fargo " sailed once more for the Mediterranean on 20 May , and during this tour of duty , served for one month as flagship for Commander , Naval Forces Mediterranean . Returning to Newport on 13 September , she prepared for extensive Atlantic Fleet exercises in October and November in the waters from Bermuda to Newfoundland , during which she carried Vice Admiral Arthur W . Radford , Commander 2nd Task Fleet . Through her remaining two years of service , " Fargo " completed two more tours of duty in the Mediterranean , and twice joined in large scale exercises in the Caribbean . She was decommissioned and placed in reserve , berthed at Bayonne , New Jersey , 14 February 1950 , stricken from the Naval Vessel Register on 1 March 1970 , and sold on 18 August 1971 to Union Minerals and Alloys Corporation , Kearney , New Jersey . A large model of the USS " Fargo " was on display at the main branch of the Fargo Public Library for many years . The model is now located at the Cass County Historical Society at Bonanzaville . See also . Hull CL - 85 was to be named " Fargo " , but was converted to the , an light aircraft carrier , during construction .
MV Royal Daffodil ( 1939 ) MV " Royal Daffodil " was built in 1939 and scrapped in 1967 . In the late 50s and early to mid 60s she was used for " no passport " trips to France , which enabled people to drink outside normal licensing hours as these did not apply at sea . History . " Royal Daffodil " was launched in 1939 , and in her inaugural season was used for continental trips from Tower Pier to Ostend , being quickly requisitioned for war service . Initially she was used for the evacuation of children from South East England to East Anglia . She was one of the ships that took part in Operation Dynamo , the Dunkirk evacuation in 1940 . She rescued 9 . 500 men in seven trips . On 2 June 1940 , a bomb passed straight through her and exploded under her . The explosion caused a hole in the starboard side , and the Master ordered everyone to port side , which raised the hole out of the water and enabled a temporary patch of mattresses and wood to be applied . " Royal Daffodil " made it safely to Ramsgate and disembarked the evacuees . Later she was sailed to Deptford under her own power and repaired . As well as the bomb , " Royal Daffodil " also survived machine gun and torpedo attacks . After the war , " Royal Daffodil " was refitted , and was used on sailings from Gravesend or Tilbury to view the French coast , also calling at Southend and Margate after a few seasons on this route . From 1954 , with passports and 1955 without passports , she was again able to land in France and later had live musical entertainment provided by top stars of the day . These included Gene Vincent in 1962 and Jerry Lee Lewis in 1963 . Unfortunately these trips proved to be unprofitable and in 1966 " Royal Daffodil " made her last crossing . She was sold for scrapping in Ghent Belgium , making her last journey to the breakers along the Terneuzen Canal under her own power to a sad demise in 1967 . This event was shown on B . B . C . TV . In the summer of 1960 the licensed grocers W . H . Cullen hired the ship to take its staff down river to Margate as a celebration of an anniversary . Official number and code letters . Official Numbers were a forerunner to IMO Numbers . " Royal Daffodil " had the UK Official Number 167210 and used the Code Letters GSGL . " Royal Daffodil " was allocated the IMO number 5530130 towards the end of her life .
Police Intelligence Operations Police Intelligence Operations ( PIO ) , is intelligence led , intelligence directed and intelligence driven policing . As one of five of the United States Army Military Police Corps primary functions , PIO encompasses the maneuver and mobility ; internment resettlement ; area security ; and law and order functions of the Military Police ( MP ) . Through an active and passive data gathering effort , information is collected pursuant to each of the MP functions mentioned . MP leaders are better able to provide commanders and decision makers at all levels with a clearer picture of the area of operations in regard to crime and its impact on current U . S . interests and military operation s . The analysis of this collected police information provides an intelligence assessment and estimate for the targeted criminal groups , criminal activities and other interests contrary to U . S . interests and military operations . Access to current criminal intelligence ( crimint ) can significantly impact the success in achieving operational objectives . The Field Manual produced by the Army which details the PIO process , concept and operations is FM 3 - 19 . 50 Police Intelligence Operations . A goal of PIO is the return or establishment of the foundations of the criminal justice system to area or locations absent such judicial influences or practices . One area that PIO seeks to leverage is in the leveraging of human intelligence . Following the strategy of Every Soldier is a Sensor ( ES2 ) PIO collects , gathers or collates raw data ( information not yet analyzed ) from the reports , actions and activities of soldiers in an area of operation . Routine operations including convoy travel , interaction with the local populace , as well as standard military operations provide a wealth of raw data which can be collated and analyzed .
Agrianes The Agrianians ( Ancient Greek : Ἀγρίανες , " Agrianes " ) were a Paeonian - Thracian tribe , who chiefly inhabited the area of Pernik Bulgaria " . . . The Agrianes once dwelled in the area of along the river Struma . . . " . In the times of Philip II , the territory of the Agrianes was administered by Pella . They were crack javelin throwers and an elite unit of Alexander the Great ' s light infantry , who fought under the command of General Attalus . They fought light ; they carried a bundle of javelins into battle and wore no armor or helmets , perhaps not even shields . Alexander made heavy use of them and every time he dispatched a flying column , the Agrianians were always included . They were expert fighters in mountainous terrain where the phalanx was impracticable and mobile enough to use when speed was essential . Being an elite unit of the light infantry , they often formed up with the hypaspists battalion and the companion cavalry on the right wing of the army . They are first mentioned regarding the Megabazos ' campaign in 511 BC . In 429 BC they were subject to the Odrysian kingdom and later , as early as 352 BC , they became allies of Philip of Macedonia . Battle History . At the Battle of Gaugamela their numerical strength was 1000 . They fought under king Langarus with the Macedonians against the Triballians in 335 BC and succeeded in protecting the lands of Alexander and were thus rewarded with the right to govern themselves , a move that led to a long - lasting and most reliable alliance . During the time of the Seleucid Empire , a crack unit of Antiochus ' Agrianes was brigaded together with Persians at Raphia . Contingents from the Agrianes and the Penestae , numbering 800 and 2 , 000 men respectively , were a part of the garrison of Cassandreia at the time of the Third Macedonian War . Origin . The ethnonym is of Indo - European origin ( from * " agro " - " field " ( cf . Lat . " ager " , Gk . ἀγρός " agros " , Eng . acre ) ) . Nowadays Agrianes are considered extinct , as the last members of the tribe were assimilated mostly by the Slavic populations which settled in the region .
Rokkaku clan The was a Japan ese samurai clan History . Founded by Sasaki Yasutsuna of Ōmi province in the 13th century , the name Rokkaku was taken from their residence within Kyoto ; however , many members of this family continued to be called Sasaki . Over the course of the Muromachi period , members of the clan held the high post of Constable ( " shugo " ) of various provinces . During the Ōnin War ( 1467 – 77 ) , which marked the beginning of the Sengoku period , the clan ' s Kannonji Castle came under assault . As a consequence of defeat in the field , the clan entered a period of decline . Like other hard - pressed daimyos , the Rokakku tried to enhance their military position by giving closer attention to improved civil administration within their domain . For instance , in 1549 , the Rokkaku eliminated a paper merchant ' s guild in Mino under penalty of confiscation . Then they declared a free market in its place . The Rokakku were defeated by Oda Nobunaga in 1568 on his march to Kyoto and in 1570 they were absolutely defeated by Shibata Katsuie . During the Edo period , Rokkaku Yoshisuke ' s descendants were considered a kōke clan . Sengoku period house codes . During the Sengoku period , Japan ' s social and legal culture evolved in ways unrelated to the well - known history of serial battles and armed skirmishes . A number of forward - looking daimyos independently promulgated codes of conduct to be applied within a specific han or domain . Few examples of these daimyo - made law codes have survived , but the legal framework contrived by the Rokkaku clan remains amongst the small number of documents which can still be studied :
Battle of the Sagra The Battle of the Sagra was fought in the 6th century BC between the Greek cities of Locri Epizefiri and Crotone . The battle took place along the Sagra River ( which cannot be precisely identified , but may be the present - day River Torbido ) and the River Allaro , in the Province of Reggio Calabria , southern Italy . Course . Historians date the battle to sometime between 560 BC and 535 BC . Crotone opened hostilities and had the superior miitary force . Their Locrian opponents thus decided not to meet the enemy in open battle , but instead to wait at the ford of the River Sagra . Rhegion allied with Locri and sent a contingent to prevent the annexation by Crotone of Locrian territory , which bordered on that of Rhegion . The Locrian colonies of Hipponion and Medma also offered aid . Locri requested help from Sparta , but the Spartans replied that they should seek help from the Dioscuri , who according to legend had once fought at the Locrians ' side and helped them defeat Croton . The ancient sources write of 10 , 000 to 15 , 000 men in total , whilst some of them even hyperbolically write of 130 , 000 Croton troops in the battle . According to legend the river ' s waters were stained red with the blood of the dead . Historically , the Locrian cavalry first blocked the Crotonese army and then routed it . Much of the data we now have on the battle is from a shield found at Delphi , inscribed by ( among others ) " the citizens of Hipponion and Medma and Locri dedicated [ this ] as booty from the Crotonese " . It is reported news of the battle reached the Peloponnese in a single day . Results . The battle resulted in a profound internal crisis in Crotone , under an austere Pythagorean regime , which turned its eyes towards neighbouring Sybaris , destroyed by Crotone ' s troops in 510 BC . For Locri it was instead the start of a more and more aggressive policy towards neighbouring cities , subsequently leading to a rupture in its alliance with Rhegion .
Battle of Debre Abbay The Battle of Debre Abbay was a conflict between Ras Marye of Yejju , Regent of the Emperor of Ethiopia , and his rival from Tigray , Dejazmach Sabagadis of Agame . Although Ras Marye lost his life in this battle , Dejazmach Sabagadis was defeated , and after surrendering was executed by Ras Marye ' s Oromo followers . Ras Marye had inherited the mantle of Regent of the Emperor of Ethiopia , and while admittedly a Christian , his Oromo ancestry caused much resentment from the other Christian aristocrats and nobles of Ethiopia . Dejazmach Sabagadis attempted to exploit this antipathy , and succeeded in forming a coalition with his fellow Christian lords of Gojjam , Lasta and Semien against Ras Marye . Forewarned of this plot , Ras Marye struck first and defeated the members of this coalition individually . After defeating Dejazmach Goshu in Gojjam , Ras Marye turned north and marched into Semien and attacked Dejazmach Wube Haile Maryam ; Sabagadis failed to come to the help of his ally , and Wube decided to submit to the Ras than face him alone . Having isolated Sebagadis , Ras Marye now crossed the Tekezé River against his rival , supported not only by Oromo contingents from Wollo , Yejju , Begemder and Amhara but also by the armies of Dejazmaches Wube and Goshu . The opposing armies met on 14 February 1831 at Mai Islami near Debre Abbay ( which is why this battle is also sometimes called the Battle of Mai Islami ) . Although Sabagadis had the superiority of a far larger number of firearms , his matchlock men were poorly employed and failed to overcome the vaunted Oromo cavalry . The battle resulted in immense casualties , one of whom was Ras Marye . Defeated , the Dejazmach sought to escape the vengeance of Ras Marye ' s kinsmen by surrendering to his former ally Wube ; Wube handed the Dejazmach over to his victorious allies , and the Oromo executed Sebagadis . The Oromo ravaged Tigray under their new chief , Ras Dori of Yejju , but withdrew to Begemder due to his increasing illness before his death . In the chaos that followed Sabagadis ' death , Wube emerged as the primary warlord of Tigray .
Wilhelm Fahlbusch ( Flak officer ) Wilhelm Fahlbusch ( 8 November 1914 – 12 June 2006 ) was a highly decorated Major im Generalstab in the Luftwaffe during World War II , and a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership .
William Otway Boger Captain William Otway Boger was a World War I flying ace credited with five victories . Boger served in Strathcona ' s Horse from August 1914 through September 1916 . After transfer to the Royal Flying Corps , he served as an observer / gunner for No . 11 Squadron RAF in FE . 2b s . He was wounded in combat two days before Christmas , 1917 . He trained as a pilot and joined No . 56 Squadron , which was equipped with Royal Aircraft Factory SE . 5a s , on 24 May 1918 . He scored his first victory on 13 June 1918 , and rounded off his string with his fifth , on 8 August 1918 . He failed to return from patrol on 10 August 1918 . German ace Josef Veltjens claimed a kill on a SE . 5a at 1245 that same day , and is usually considered the victor over Boger . Honors and awards . Distinguished Flying Cross ( DFC ) Lieut . ( T . / Capt . ) William Otway Boger ( Strathcona ' s Horse ) . This officer has taken part in twenty - eight offensive patrols and twelve combats , accounting for four enemy aeroplanes — two destroyed in flames and two driven down out of control . As a leader he shows marked coolness and bravery , notably on a recent patrol when , as he was leading his four machines , he saw nine Pfalz scouts . Unable to rise to their height he led his patrol just beneath them in order to tempt them to attack . As the enemy did not respond he repeated the manoeuvre ; the scouts then came down , and in the engagement one was shot down out of control . Reforming his patrol he met two more scouts , one of which , he destroyed in flames . Supplement to the London Gazette , 2 November 1918 ( 30989 / 12962 ) References . " Above the Trenches : a Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915 - 1920 . " Christopher F . Shores , Norman L . R . Franks , Russell Guest . Grub Street , 1990 . ISBN 0 - 948817 - 19 - 4 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 948817 - 19 - 9 .
German submarine U - 368 German submarine " U - 368 " was a Type VIIC U - boat of the Nazi German " Kriegsmarine " during World War II . She carried out no patrols . She did not sink or damage any ships . She was sunk after Germany ' s surrender as part of Operation " Deadlight " in December 1945 . Service history . The submarine was laid down on 20 August 1942 at the " Flensburger Schiffbau - Gesellschaft " yard at Flensburg as ' werk ' 491 , launched on 16 November 1943 and commissioned on 7 January 1944 under the command of " Oberleutnant " Wolfgang Schäfer . She served with the 21st U - boat Flotilla from 7 January 1944 and the 31st flotilla from 1 March 1945 . Fate . " U - 367 " surrendered at the German - occupied island of Heligoland on 5 May 1945 . She moved to Wilhelmshaven and was transferred to Loch Ryan in Scotland for Operation " Deadlight " on 23 June . She was sunk by naval gunfire on 17 December .
Norma Elaine Brown Norma Elaine Brown was a Major General in the U . S . Air Force . Her last post in the Air Force was as the Commander of the Chanute Technical Training Center in Rantoul , IL . After her retirement from the military she served on the Board of Directors of GEICO until 1994 . Prior to the Chanute Technical Training Center she served as commander of the Air Base Group . She also served as the Deputy Chief of Staff for the Air Force Logistics Command at the Wright Patterson AFB . Norma Elaine Brown is known for being the first female to command a USAF wing ( 6940th Security Wing at Goodfellow AFB , TX , 1974 ) in the history of the U . S . Air Force .
Standard E - 1 The Standard E - 1 was an early American Army fighter aircraft , tested in 1917 . It was the only pursuit aircraft manufactured by the United States during World War I . It arrived late in World War I , and as a result saw more use in the months following the Armistice than those preceding it . Design and development . Built by the Standard Aircraft Corporation , the E - 1 was an open - cockpit single - place tractor biplane , powered by an 80 hp ( 60 kW ) Le Rhône or 100 hp ( 75 kW ) Gnome rotary engine . Operational history . It proved unsuitable as a fighter , but 128 were bought as an advanced trainer . Of these , 30 were powered by the Gnome rotary engine of 100 horsepower and 98 were powered by the LeRhone C - 9 rotary engine of 80 horsepower . After World War I , three were modified as RPV s .
Neil Smuts Captain Neil Ritz Smuts ( born 23 December 1898 , date of death unknown ) was a World War I flying ace credited with five aerial victories . Smuts was credited with an Albatros D . V and four Fokker D . VII s driven down out of control from 6 April 1918 until 4 October 1918 . References . " Above the Trenches : a Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915 - 1920 . " Christopher F . Shores , Norman L . R . Franks , Russell Guest . Grub Street , 1990 . ISBN 0 - 948817 - 19 - 4 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 948817 - 19 - 9 .
Ministry of the Interior ( Tunisia ) The Tunisian Ministry of the Interior is a government ministry of Tunisia , responsible mainly for internal affairs . In a communiqué released on Monday 7 March 2011 , the Tunisian Ministry of the Interior said it has already started implementing the following measures : In this communiqué the Interior Ministry said all these practical measures are in harmony with the values of the revolution and are designed to comply with the law , in theory and practice , in materialisation of the climate of confidence and transparency in the relationship between security services and the citizens . These measures , adds the communiqué , were also taken to overcome the deficiencies noted under the former regime . They are also part of the re - organisation of the Home Security structures by drawing inspiration on regulations in force in democratic States as well as the expertise and experiences of these countries . These measures and decisions , said the communiqué , are part of the new approach of the Interior Ministry ' s competences and the will to continue the action already started to contribute to achieving the attributes of democracy , dignity and freedom . USGN . The National Guard Special Unit ( USGN ) ( French : " Unite Speciale ' Garde Nationale " ) is a Tunisian counter - terrorism unit created in the 1980s and based in Hammamet . It appears to be part of the National Guard of Tunisia , itself part of the Ministry of the Interior ( Tunisia ) . The unit comprises 50 men divided into three sections ( two operational , one headquarters ) . The USGN is reinforced by the National Guard Commando Company ( GCGN ) ( French : " Groupment de Commando of the Garde National " ) .