naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Warsaw Barbican The Warsaw Barbican ( ) is a barbican ( semicircular fortified outpost ) in Warsaw , Poland , and one of few remaining relics of the complex network of historic fortifications that once encircled Warsaw . Located between the Old and New Town s , it is a major tourist attraction . History . The barbican was erected in 1540 in place of an older gate to protect Nowomiejska Street . It was designed by Jan Baptist the Venetian , an Italian Renaissance architect who lived and worked in the Mazowsze region of 16th century Poland and was instrumental in the redesign of the 14th - century city walls , which by that time had fallen into disrepair . The barbican had the form of a three - level semicircular bastion manned by fusiliers . It was 14 meters wide and 15 meters high from the bottom of the moat , which surrounded the city walls , and extended 30 meters from the external walls . Almost immediately after its inception , the 4 - tower barbican became an anachronism serving virtually no practical purpose . This was largely a result of the rapid advancement in artillery power . It was used in the defense of the city only once , during the Swedish invasion of Poland , on 30 June 1656 , when it had to be recaptured by the Polish army of Polish king Jan Kazimierz from the Swedes . In the 18th century , the barbican was partially dismantled as its defensive value was negligible , and the city benefited more from a larger gate which facilitated movement of people and goods in and out of the city . In the 19th century , its remains were incorporated into newly built apartment buildings ( " kamienica " ) . During the interwar period , in 1937 – 1938 , Jan Zachwatowicz reconstructed part of the walls and the western part of the bridge , demolishing one of the newer buildings in the reconstruction process . However , a lack of funds delayed the barbican ' s planned complete reconstruction , and the 1939 invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany put the plans on hold . During World War II , particularly the Siege of Warsaw ( 1939 ) and the Warsaw Uprising of 1944 , the barbican was largely destroyed , as were most of the Old Town ' s buildings . It was rebuilt after the war , during 1952 – 1954 , on the basis of 17th - century etching s , as the new government decided it would be cheaper to rebuild the barbican and the nearby city walls as a tourist attraction than to rebuild the tenements . In its reconstruction , bricks were used from historic buildings demolished in the cities of Nysa and Wrocław ; most of the barbican was rebuilt , save for two exterior gates and the oldest tower on the side of the Old Town . It is currently a popular tourist attraction .
George E . Read George E . Read ( 1838 – 1910 ) was an American sailor who received the Medal of Honor for valor in action during the American Civil War . Biography . Read was born Rhode Island in 1838 . On June 19 , 1864 he was serving as a Seaman on the sloop of war when she sank the commerce raider off Cherbourg , France . He was awarded his Medal of Honor for gallantry under fire exhibited while crewing the ship ' s Number 2 gun . Read died in 1910 and is buried in Ancient Littleneck Cemetery in East Providence , Rhode Island . Medal of Honor citation . Rank and organization : Seaman , U . S . Navy . Born : 1838 , Rhode Island . Accredited to : Rhode Island . G . O . No . : 45 , December 31 , 1864 Citation : Served as seaman on board the U . S . S . Kearsarge when she destroyed the Alabama off Cherbourg , France , 19 June 1864 . Acting as the first loader of the No . 2 gun during this bitter engagement , Read exhibited marked coolness and good conduct and was highly recommended for his gallantry under fire by his divisional officer .
Giuseppe Motta ( aviator ) Giuseppe Motta ( died 1929 ) was an Italian World War I fighter pilot and seaplane air racer of the 1920s . After World War I , Motta tested racing seaplanes for the Schneider Trophy race . He was killed during a test flight of the Macchi M . 67 after having reached . This world record held until George Stainforth broke the barrier , on 29 September 1931 .
József Schweidel József Schweidel ( May 18 , 1796 , Zombor ( ) - October 6 , 1849 , Arad ) was a honvéd general in the Hungarian Army . He was executed for his part in the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 , and is considered one of the 13 Martyrs of Arad .
Stewart ' s Independent Cavalry Battalion The Stewart ' s Independent Cavalry Battalion ( Illinois ) was a cavalry battalion that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War . Service . Stewart ' s Battalion was consolidated in 1861 at Jackson , Tennessee from Stewart ' s Independent Cavalry Company as Company " A ; " Carmichael ' s Independent Cavalry Company as Company " B ; " Dollins ' Independent Cavalry Company as Company " C ; " O ' Harnett ' s Independent Cavalry Company as Company " D " ; Hutchins ' Independent Cavalry Company as Company " E . " The battalion was transferred to the 15th Regiment Illinois Volunteer Cavalry on December 25 , 1862 as Companies " A , " " B , " " C , " " D , " " E " and " F " .
SS Empire Rest SS " Empire Rest " was a British convoy rescue ship that served at the end of World War II , originally laid down as the corvette . Post - war she served as a transport ship until 1948 , was sold in 1951 , and scrapped in 1952 . Ship history . The ship was ordered from Ferguson Brothers of Port Glasgow on 9 December 1942 as a . She was launched on 19 June 1944 as " Rayleigh Castle " ( K695 ) , but further work was then cancelled , and she was eventually completed as a convoy rescue ship on 26 October 1944 . Under the ownership of the Ministry of War Transport , and managed by the Ellerman City Line , she sailed on eleven convoys between November 1944 and June 1945 , but made no rescues . In November 1945 she sailed to Kiel to repatriate Royal Navy personnel , and was also employed as an transport ship in the Mediterranean in 1947 , taking illegal Jewish immigrants from Haifa to internment camps on Cyprus in October that year . In July 1948 she was laid up at Falmouth , Cornwall , and offered for sale in October 1949 . She was eventually bought by Lloyds Albert Yard & Motor Boat Packet Services Ltd . in October 1951 . She arrived at T . W . Ward Ltd . of Briton Ferry , Wales , for scrapping on 6 June 1952 . Convoys . " Empire Rest " sailed on the following convoys : References .
Secretariat of National Defense ( Mexico ) The Mexican Secretariat of National Defense ( , " SEDENA " ) is the government department responsible for managing Mexico ' s Army and Air Forces . Its head is the Secretary of National Defense who , like the co - equal Secretary of the Navy , reports directly to the President . Before 1937 , the position was called the Secretary of War and Navy ( " Secretaría de Guerra y Marina " ) . The agency has its headquarters in Lomas de Sotelo , Miguel Hidalgo , Mexico City . The following offices report to the Secretary are the assistant secretary , the chief of staff and the military law bodies . Under the Federal Organic Law of Public Administration ( " Ley Orgánica de la Administración Pública Federal " ) , the Secretary has the following duties :
Battle of Al - Anbar The Muslim Arab army was under the command of Khalid ibn al - Walid and the battle took place at Anbar which is located approximately 80 miles from the ancient city of Babylon . Khalid besieged the Sassanian Persians in the city fortress , which had strong walls . Scores of Muslim archers were used in the siege . The Persian governor , Shirazad , eventually surrendered and was allowed to retire . The Battle of Al - Anbar is often remembered as the " Action of the Eye " since Muslim archers used in the battle were told to aim at the " eyes " of the Persian garrison .
Alexander S . Diven Alexander Samuel Diven ( February 10 , 1809 – June 11 , 1896 ) was an American politician from New York and an officer in the Union Army during the American Civil War . Biography . Born in Catharine , New York , Diven attended the common schools and the academies in Penn Yan and Ovid , New York , and then studied law . He was admitted to the bar in 1831 , and commenced practice in Elmira . He was member of the New York State Senate ( 27th D . ) in 1858 and 1859 . Diven was elected as a Republican to the 37th United States Congress , holding office from March 4 , 1861 , to March 3 , 1863 . Diven entered the Army on August 13 , 1862 , as lieutenant colonel of the One Hundred and Seventh Regiment , New York Volunteer Infantry . He was promoted to colonel on October 21 , 1862 . He was granted leave of absence from the Army for ninety days to take his seat in Congress . He was honorably discharged as colonel May 11 , 1863 , and later brevetted brigadier general of Volunteers April 30 , 1864 . He engaged in railroad building and operation from 1865 to 1875 , and was prominently identified with the Erie Railroad . General Diven was married , in 1835 , to Miss Amanda Beers , of Elmira , and had four sons and four daughters . He died in Elmira , New York , June 11 , 1896 and was buried at the Woodlawn Cemetery ( Elmira , New York ) . Diven Elementary School in the Elmira City School District is named in honor of his son , George .
Richard Summers ( RAF officer ) Wing Commander Richard Gordon Battensby " Dick " Summers , OBE , AFM was a World War II Royal Air Force observer during the Battle of Britain , and is one of the surviving men known as " The Few " . Early life . Summers was born in Beverley in 1921 and was educated at Ermysted ' s Grammar School in Skipton . Royal Air Force . Upon leaving school aged 18 , Summers joined the Royal Air Force . He flew with No . 219 Squadron RAF during the Battle of Britain . After the Battle he joined the Ferry Pool and Defence Flight at Takoradi , West Africa . In July 1941 , Summers crash - landed on a beach in Liberia . To avoid being captured he walked 48 miles barefoot before taking to the sea , where he was picked up by a passing British merchantman . Summers was awarded the Air Force Medal in 1941 for successfully evading capture . He was commissioned in May 1942 and posted back to the UK . On October 12 , 1942 he joined No . 1 ( Coastal ) OTU as bomber leader , flying the Lockheed Hudson . Summers was posted to No . 48 Squadron RAF at RAF Gibraltar on 22 May 1943 , again as Bombing Leader , and on 1 March 1944 he was posted to be bombing leader at No . 1 APC at RAF Aldergrove . He continued to hold a number of armament office positions until the end of the war . From 1953 to 1956 , he was deputy station commander at RAF Eastleigh , Kenya , during the Mau Mau Uprising . Summers was awarded the Order of the British Empire for his “ gallant and distinguished services ” in 1956 . He was promoted to Wing Commander in 1958 and retired from the RAF in 1968 .
Daniel Leasure Daniel Leasure ( March 18 , 1819 – October 10 , 1886 ) was an American soldier and physician who served as a colonel and brigade commander in the Union Army during the American Civil War . Early life . Leasure was born in 1819 near Pittsburgh in Westmoreland County , Pennsylvania . He attended Greersburg Academy in nearby Darlington in Beaver County from 1838 to 1840 . Afterwards , he spent time in medical school in Pittsburgh . Civil War . Leasure held the rank of colonel in the IX Corps through most of the war . His regiment , the 100th Pennsylvania Regiment , was known as the " Roundheads " because it was recruited from descendents of the followers of Oliver Cromwell . The regiment first saw action in the command of Brig . Gen . Isaac I . Stevens at the Battle of Secessionville in South Carolina on June 16 , 1862 . Transferred to the Virginia theater of the war , Leasure participated in the Second Battle of Bull Run , and the Battle of Chantilly . Wounded at Second Bull Run he subsequently missed the Maryland Campaign . Leasure returned for the Battle of Fredericksburg where he took command of the 3rd Brigade , 1st Division in the IX Corps . Moving to the Western Theater with IX Corps , Leasure continued in brigade command under Maj . Gen . John Parke during the Siege of Vicksburg and Blue Springs . Returning to command of the 100th Pennsylvania he took part in the Siege of Knoxville . Returning to Virginia , Leasure now commanded the 2nd Brigade , 1st Division in the IX Corps at the Battle of the Wilderness and the Battle of Spotsylvania . When division commander , Brig . Gen . Thomas G . Stevenson was killed during the fighting at Spotsylvania , Leasure was the ranking subordinate and took command of the division for 3 days until relieved of this capacity by Maj . Gen . Thomas L . Crittenden . Returning to command the 2nd Brigade , Leasure was wounded a few days later and never returned to field command . He was mustered out of the service on August 30 , 1864 . He received the brevet rank of brigadier general in 1865 . Post - war career . When the war ended , Leasure returned to Pennsylvania where he practiced medicine in the borough of Darlington . While in Darlington , Leasure became a trustee of Greersburg Academy where he was educated nearly thirty years before . He later served in the Pennsylvania state legislature , and afterwards , moved to New Castle , Pennsylvania . Leasure then moved to the city of St . Paul , Minnesota in 1878 , where he died eight years later on October 10 , 1886 . His body was returned to Pennsylvania , and was buried in New Castle . Monument . The borough of Darlington erected a monument the year following Leasure ' s death . The monument was placed across from the Greersburg Academy school building where Leasure spent a considerable amount of time in his life . ( Other notable Civil War alumni to go through the academy were the abolitionist John Brown and John W . Geary . ) Notes . Date of death = October 10 , 1886
Geoanna ( IX - 61 ) Geoanna was a steel auxiliary schooner built in 1934 by Craig Shipbuilding Company in Long Beach , California . On 1 February 1942 the vessel was acquired by the U . S . Navy from the Maritime Commission and placed in service 19 February 1942 as the unclassified miscellaneous vessel " Geoanna " ( IX - 61 ) . " Geoanna " was never commissioned and thus never bore the USS designation . The vessel was assigned to the 11th Naval District performing miscellaneous duties for Port Director , San Pedro , California . On 2 July 1943 " Geoanna " was turned over to the United States Coast Guard for service as a Coast Guard operational training ship until being redelivered to the Maritime Commission by the Navy 28 August 1943 . The U . S . Army acquired " Geoanna " on 3 September 1943 for service in the Southwest Pacific Area . That command modified the vessel as a communications ship for use by the Signal Corps . On 12 December 1943 the ship became part of the Army operated radio communication fleet joining the other sailing ships " Volador " and the previously operating , Australian registered vessels , " Harold " and " Argosy Lamal " . A crew of mixed Army , Navy and Australian civilian personnel operated these predecessors of the CP , or Command Post , ships in the Port Moresby , Woodlark and Laee - Salamau areas . " Geoanna " was given the Army designation of TP - 249 . The ship served as a communications relay during operations of the Western New Guinea campaign into the Moluccas through landings at Tacloban in the Philippines .
Stanley McArdle Rear Admiral Stanley Lawrence McArdle was born on 27 September 1922 at Lochmaben , Dumfriesshire , the son of a colour sergeant in the Royal Marines , and was educated at the Royal Hospital School , Holbrook . He died 4 December 2007 . Navy career . McArdle joined " HMS St Vincent " at Gosport in 1938 as a boy seaman , 2nd class and saw service worldwide as a torpedoman before being the only successful candidate at a fleet board for promotion to officer in Colombo at the end of World War II . In January 1953 he was awarded a George Medal for his part in " HMS Contest " ' s rescue of survivors from the ferry MV Princess Victoria . His ship , the destroyer HMS Contest , was at Rothesay when it picked up a distress signal . The ferry ' s stern doors had been ripped open by a storm , and water had flooded the car deck . When Contest arrived the ferry had already sunk , but McArdle and Chief Petty Officer Wilfred Warren managed to pluck several survivors to safety . He trained the naval guard for King George VI ' s funeral in 1952 , for which he was appointed Member of the Royal Victorian Order . He served in the directorate of Naval Operations and Trade at the Admiralty in 1969 and he became Director General Personal Services and Training until 1977 . His last appointment was as Flag Officer and Port Admiral Portsmouth , when he was made Companion of the Order of the Bath .
Vasily Kozlov ( politician ) Vasil Ivanavich Kazlow ( ; Russified : Василий Иванович Козлов , " Vasily Ivanovich Kozlov " ; - December 2 , 1967 ) was a Soviet politician . Biography . Early life . Kozlov was born into a peasant family in the small village of Zagorodnie . In 1919 , he began working as mechanic in the nearby town of Zhlobin . He was conscripted for a two - year mandatory service in the Red Army in 1925 , and joined the All - Union Communist Party in 1927 . Kozlov attended the Minsk University between 1929 and 1933 . After graduation , he served as a Kolkhoz party organizer for a year . During 1934 , Kozlov was appointed director of the Starobin Machine and Tractor Station , located in the Salihorsk Raion . In 1937 , he was posted as the First Secretary of the Communist Party ' s regional branch in Starobin . A year afterwards , he became the Party ' s First Secretary in the Chervyen Raion . In 1940 , he was promoted to the deputy chairman of the Belorussian SSR ' s Council of People ' s Commissars . In April 1941 , Kozlov was given the office of the Second Secretary in the Minsk Voblast ' s Communist Party branch . World War II . Minsk was occupied by the invading Germans on 26 June 1941 . Kozlov remained behind the enemy ' s lines and was appointed chief of the Voblast ' s underground Communist Party in July . He was tasked with organizing resistance activities , and led the Minsk partisans until the end of the German occupation . By mid - 1942 , he commanded a force that consisted of some 50 , 000 members . In September , he traveled to Moscow to report on the situation in Belarus . There , he was awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union on 1 September 1942 . As commander of one the occupied republic ' s largest partisan detachments , he was given the rank of a Major General on 16 September 1943 . In July 1944 , the Red Army liberated Minsk . Kozlov remained the chairman of the Minsk Voblast ' s Communist Party regional committee , an office he held for four further years . Post - war years . On 12 March 1947 , Kozlov was elected as the Chairman of Belarus ' Supreme Soviet , functioning as such until 17 March 1948 . Then , he became the Chief of the Supreme Belorussian Soviet ' s Presidium . He continued to serve in this post until his death . In addition , he was a candidate member of the Communist Party of the USSR ' s Central Committee during its 20th , 21st and 22nd convocations , from 25 February 1956 to 29 March 1966 . On 8 April 1966 , shortly before his death , he was accepted as a full member . Kozlov is buried in Minsk ' s Eastern Cemetery .
USS Mahan ( DD - 102 ) The first USS " Mahan " ( DD - 102 ) was a " Wickes " - class destroyer in the United States Navy during World War I and later designated , DM - 7 , in the years following . She was named in honor of Rear Admiral Alfred Thayer Mahan . History . " Mahan " was laid down 4 May 1918 by the Fore River Shipyard , Quincy , Massachusetts ; launched 4 August 1918 ; sponsored by Miss Ellen K . Mahan , niece of Rear Admiral Mahan ; and commissioned 24 October 1918 , Lieutenant Commander F . P . Conger in command . After shakedown , " Mahan " operated off Cuba until May 1919 when she steamed to the Azores to become one of the guide ships for the transatlantic flights of Navy flying boats NC - 1 , NC - 3 , and NC - 4 . Returning to Boston by way of Brest , France , 21 June , " Mahan " was converted to a light minelayer and was redesignated DM - 7 , 17 July 1920 . With the exception of a cruise to Pearl Harbor for maneuvers early in 1925 , " Mahan " operated along the east coast , in the Caribbean and off the Panama Canal Zone for the next 10 years , During this time she participated in fleet training exercises ; patrolled courses for international races ; e . g . , the International Six Meter Sailing Races of 1922 and 1927 ; assisted in salvage operations for submarines S - 51 ( September 1925 , off Block Island and S - 4 ( periodically from 17 December 1927 through mid - March 1928 , off Provincetown , Massachusetts ) ; and conducted reserve training cruises in the Caribbean , 1928 to September 1929 . Throughout the decade , in addition to her regular duties , she served as an experimental ship , testing new equipment for the Navy ’ s future use . On 20 September 1929 , she entered Philadelphia Navy Yard , where she decommissioned 1 May 1930 . Struck from the Navy Register 22 October , she was sold for scrap 17 January 1931 to the Boston Iron & Metal Company of Baltimore , Maryland . Fiction . USS " Mahan " ( DD - 102 ) is a ship used in the Destroyermen series , written by Taylor Anderson . In the books , " Mahan " and her sister ship " Walker " are pursued by superior Japanese naval forces after the Battle of the Java Sea and seek refuge in a squall . The squall transports " Walker " and " Mahan " to an alternate earth , one where a different evolutionary path occurred . Anderson also uses other decommissioned ships in the series : USS Walker ( DD - 163 ) , USS S - 19 ( SS - 124 ) , and the Japanese battlecruiser Amagi .
Cold Harbor Union order of battle The following Union Army units and commanders fought in the Battle of Cold Harbor ( May 31 – June 12 , 1864 ) of the American Civil War . The Confederate order of battle is listed separately . Order of battle compiled from the army organization May 31 , 1864 , army organization May 26 - June 3 , 1864 , the casualty returns and the reports . Forces operating against Richmond May 31 - June 5 , 1864 . LTG Ulysses S . Grant , Commanding Escort : Army of the Potomac . MG George Meade General Staff : General Headquarters : Provost Guard : BG Marsena R . Patrick Engineer Troops : Guards and Orderlies : Unattached : II Corps . MG Winfield S . Hancock Escort : V Corps . MG Gouverneur K . Warren Provost Guard : VI Corps . MG Horatio G . Wright Escort : IX Corps . MG Ambrose E . Burnside General Staff : Provost Guard : Cavalry Corps . MG Philip H . Sheridan Escort : Army of the James . XVIII Corps . MG William F . Smith Forces operating against Richmond June 6 – 12 , 1864 . LTG Ulysses S . Grant Escort : Army of the Potomac . MG George Meade General Staff : General Headquarters : Provost Guard : BG Marsena R . Patrick Engineer Troops : Guards and Orderlies : II Corps . MG Winfield S . Hancock Escort : V Corps . MG Gouverneur K . Warren Provost Guard : VI Corps . MG Horatio G . Wright Escort : IX Corps . MG Ambrose E . Burnside General Staff : Provost Guard : Cavalry Corps . MG Philip H . Sheridan Escort : Army of the James . XVIII Corps . MG William F . Smith