Giustizia e Libertà Giustizia e Libertà ( ; ) was an Italian anti - fascist resistance movement , active from 1929 to 1945 . The movement was founded by Carlo Rosselli . Ferruccio Parri - who later became Prime Minister of Italy , and Sandro Pertini - who later became President of Italy were among the movement ' s leaders . Italian anti - fascist organization ( 1929 – 1940 ) . The anti - fascist organisation " Giustizia e Libertà " was founded in Paris in 1929 by the Italian refugees Carlo Rosselli , Emilio Lussu , Alberto Tarchiani , and Ernesto Rossi . They began to organise the resistance against Italian Fascism , forming clandestine groups in Italy and setting up an intense propaganda campaign , publishing under Lussu ' s maxim : " Insorgere ! Risorgere ! " ( Rebel ! Revive ! ) . Carlo Levi was named a director of the Italian branch along with Leone Ginzburg , a Russian Jew from Odessa who had emigrated with his parents to Turin . " Giustizia e Libertà " was committed to militant action to fight the Fascist regime , the movement saw Mussolini as a ruthless murderer who himself deserved to be killed as punishment . Various early schemes were designed by the movement in the 1930s to assassinate Mussolini , including one dramatic plan of using an aircraft to drop a bomb on Piazza Venezia where Mussolini resided . After a series of arrests and trials , ( including the conviction of Carlo Levi ) the movement was forced in 1930 to curb this activity . In 1931 the organisation joined the " Concentrazione Antifascista Italiana " ( Anti - Fascist Concentration ) , and in 1932 began promoting a plan that aimed not for the restoration of the pre - fascist political order but for a new social democracy centered around a Republican state . It called for economic rights and administrative decentralisation . The group produced its own journal , on which Salvatorelli , De Ruggiero and others collaborated . This journal reflected the politics of the group ' s leaders , who sought to distance themselves from communism and the Italian Communist Party . At the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in 1936 , the organisation formed its own volunteer brigades to support the Spanish Republic . Carlo Rosselli and Camillo Berneri headed a mixed volunteer unit of anarchist , liberal , socialist , and communist Italians on the Aragon front , whose military successes included a victory against Francoist forces in the Battle of Monte Pelato . They popularised the slogan : " Oggi in Spagna , domani in Italia " ( Today in Spain , tomorrow in Italy ) . In 1937 , Camillo Berneri was killed by communist forces during a purge of anarchists in Barcelona . With the fall of the Spanish Republic in 1939 , " Giustizia e Libertà " partisans were forced to flee back to France . The military arm of Partito d ' Azione ( 1942 – 1945 ) . " Giustizia e Libertà " was forced to cease public operations when German troops occupied France in 1940 . Its members were dispersed , but largely reconstituted themselves as the Action Party ( " Partito d ' Azione " ) in German - occupied Italy following the Armistice of 1943 . The military arms of the organisation , the partisan brigades , were still referred to as " Giustizia e Libertà " . After 8 September 1943 , partisan units under the " Giustizia e Libertà " banner formed after the Italian capitulation to Allied forces and the creation of the Italian Social Republic puppet state of Nazi Germany . As the largest non - Communist partisan groups , they benefited from provisions and training that were denied to other units by the western Allies . Among the group ' s best known commanders was Ferruccio Parri , who , using the nom - de - guerre " Maurizio , " represented the Action Party in the Military Committee of the National Liberation Committee of Northern Italy ( CLNAI ) . Centres of activity included Turin , Florence , and Milan , where a resistance cell was headed by Ugo La Malfa , Ferruccio Parri , and Adolfo Tino . Parri was arrested in Milan and turned over to the Germans , but he was later exchanged for German officials imprisoned by the partisans . He returned in time to take part in the conclusive phase of the resistance and in the Milan uprising . The writer Primo Levi was a member of the Action Party partisan group in Aosta Valley . He was captured by fascist forces in 1943 , handed over to the Germans in 1944 , and deported to Auschwitz III ( Monowitz ) . " Giustizia e Libertà " brigades were regarded as professional military units , which drew fighters from every social class . In the twenty months of the war , their units sustained 4 , 500 overall casualties , among them the greater portion of their leaders .