naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Battle of Ancona The Battle of Ancona was a battle involving forces from modern - day Poland serving as part of the British Army and German forces that took place from 16 June – 18 July 1944 during the Italian campaign in World War II . The battle was the result of an Allied plan to capture the city of Ancona in Italy in order to gain possession of a seaport closer to the fighting so that they could shorten their lines of communication . The Polish 2nd Corps was tasked with capture of the city on 16 June 1944 , accomplishing the task a month later on 18 July 1944 . Background . The Allied advance north meant that the logistics line was in need of a port closer to the front lines than the ports of Pescara and Anzio . As such , two new targets were designated : Ancona on the Adriatic coast , and Leghorn ( Livorno ) on the Tyrrhenian Sea . On 16 June , Polish II Corps under general Władysław Anders — which had been taken into British 8th Army reserve after its efforts in the Battle of Monte Cassino — was brought forward once more to relieve British V Corps and tasked with the capture of Ancona . On 17 June , General Anders was given command of the Adriatic sector of the Italian theatre . Battle . The first obstacle to cross was the Chienti river . Polish troops reached it on 21 June , and heavy fighting lasted in that region until 30 June . The main offensive on Ancona began on 17 July . Polish armored troops took Monte della Crescia and outflanked German troops defending Ancona . Next , Polish troops secured Casenuove , and neighbouring British troops took Montecchio and Croce di San Vincenzo . By the evening of 17 July , Polish troops were near Agugliano , and the following morning they took Offagna . Later that day , Polish troops took Chiaravalle , and armored troops reached the sea , cutting the German defenders of Ancona from the north - west . The Germans were falling back towards the sea , and Polish troops encountered little resistance entering Ancona at 14 : 30 on 18 July . Aftermath . Taking Ancona was the only independent operation of the Polish II Corps . Afterward , the Corps took part in the breaking of the Gothic Line and the Allied spring 1945 offensive which resulted in the surrender of the Axis forces in Italy . For their action in the battle while seconded to the Polish corps , the British 7th Queen ' s Own Hussars received the battle honour " Ancona " .
Zdravko Tolimir Zdravko Tolimir ( Serbian Cyrillic : Здравко Толимир ; born 27 November 1948 ) is a Bosnian Serb who was a commander in the Army of Republika Srpska during the Bosnian War . He was Assistant Commander of Intelligence and Security for the Bosnian Serb army and reported directly to the commander , General Ratko Mladić . Early life . Tolimir was born in Glamoč , Yugoslavia . Bosnian War . According to the ICTY indictment , Tolimir was aware of the program aimed at expelling Bosniaks from Srebrenica and Zepa , and he willingly participated in the project . On 9 July 1995 , when President Radovan Karadžić passed down an order to seize Srebrenica , the order was passed directly through Tolimir . In Zepa , Tolimir was alleged to have told the Bosniaks that they or the Serbs of Bosnia would launch a military operation . The Bosniaks refused to leave and , early on the morning of 14 July 1995 , the Bosnian Serbs launched an attack against the Zepa enclave as said to have been commanded by him . On 21 July 1995 , Tolimir sent a report to General Radomir Miletic , acting Chief of General Staff of the Bosnian Serb Army ( VRS ) , requesting help to crush some Bosnian military strongholds and expressing his view that " the best way to do it would be to use chemical weapons " . In the same report , Tolimir went even further , proposing chemical strikes against refugee columns of women , children and elderly leaving Zepa , because that would " force the Muslim fighters to surrender quickly " , in his opinion . Arrest and trial . On 31 May 2007 , Tolimir was detained by the authorities in Bosnia and Herzegovina after having been on the run for two years . Tolimir had negotiated with the Serbian government concerning his surrender to The Hague tribunal . He was handed to NATO personnel at the Banja Luka Airport on 31 May 2007 , after being apprehended in Serbia . An ICTY representative formally read him the ICTY indictment while still at Banja Luka , and then NATO forces formally arrested him and took him to the NATO base in Sarajevo . NATO forces brought him to Rotterdam on 1 June 2007 , and turned over custody of him to The Tribunal , which brought him to The Hague the same day . He is charged with crimes against humanity , genocide , and war crimes . Tolimir was charged for his involvement in the Srebrenica genocide and the murder of Bosniak prisoners temporarily held the Bratunac and Zvornik regions after the Srebrenica win by Serb forces . The indictment alleges Tolimir supervised the VRS detachment which executed over 1 , 700 men and boys at the Branjevo Military Farm and the Pilica Cultural Centre . On 5 October 2007 , the registry of the ICTY announced their assessment of Tolimir ' s health as " grave , fragile and highly alarming " , and that Tolimir was refusing blood pressure treatment for an inoperable brain aneurism . Tolimir had previously stated that he planned to represent himself during the trial . The verdict from his trial is due on 12 December 2012 . On 12 December 2012 , Tolimir was convicted of genocide and sentenced to life imprisonment .
No . 7010 Squadron RAF Founded in April 1953 , as No . 7010 Flight Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve , to provide strategic imagery analysis support to the Royal Air Force . In 1965 , the flight expanded its role to include tactical imagery analysis . In August 1982 , Her Majesty The Queen approved the issue of a badge to the flight . In allusion to the unit ' s role , the emblem of a human eye is portrayed with a wing embellishment and set in front of a roundel . The motto " Vocati Veniemus " may be freely translated as " when summoned we shall be there " . The collapse of the Warsaw Pact resulted in a large reduction of NATO forces in central Europe . In turn this has led to a major reduction in , and reorganisation of , the United Kingdom ' s regular and reserve forces . Within this overall plan for defence , 7010 Flight became 7010 ( VR ) Photographic Interpretation Squadron Royal Auxiliary Air Force . Mission statement . To recruit and train a reserve cadre of operational imagery analysts capable of the processing and exploitation of all source imagery whenever and wherever it is needed , augmenting and working with the regular Royal Air Force to achieve a shared purpose . Organisation . 7010 ( VR ) Squadron is administered from Headquarters Intelligence Reserves , Royal Air Force Waddington , Lincolnshire . Squadron personnel are assigned to support two units : the Joint Air Reconnaissance Intelligence Centre ( JARIC ) at RAF Brampton in Cambridgeshire , and Tactical Imagery Intelligence Wing ( TIW ) at RAF Marham in Norfolk .
Miss Russian Army Miss Russian Army is a beauty contest held by the Russian army in which female soldiers compete for a title of the same name . It is admittedly staged for the purposes of increasing interest in and recruitment for the army among young men . In June 2005 , nineteen female soldiers and sailors participated in the competition ( entitled " Beauties in Shoulder Straps " ) , which was broadcast on live television . The event , held at Moscow ' s Russian Army Theatre , included the soldiers walking down the catwalk in uniform and singing songs while accompanied by guitarists ( a memorable lyric included the phrases , " Since we ' re soldiers , our first concern is automatic weapons ; boys come second " ) . A children ' s choir sang a song called " Our Army Is the Strongest " . Other events , shown on film , saw the contestants competing in drills , crawling in combat uniform , entering tanks , and running with automatic weapons . ( Defense officials prohibited the wearing of bikinis . ) Other film clips showed women in the ranks of the earlier Red Army and their role in Soviet - era wars . The jury ultimately gave the title to Lieutenant Ksenya Agarkova , an engineer with Russia ' s Northern Fleet . Her image will be reproduced on a poster . Officials were quite open about the hoped - for propaganda and recruiting value of the contest . Colonel Gennady Dzyuba , of the Defense Ministry , said , " Those who have served , especially in hot spots , know the importance of women — they calm the team down . We restrain ourselves in front of them , desist from coarseness . " A former Miss Army said that because of the falling prestige of the Russian army , such a high - visibility contest makes men " want to join " . Major General Nikolai Burbyga , the head juror , while expressing doubt over the recruiting benefits of the competition , admitted , " It kind of invigorates life — everyday life is very monotonous . "
Louis O . Giuffrida Louis Onorato Giuffrida ( October 2 , 1920 – November 20 , 2012 ) was the Ronald Reagan administration ' s first director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency from 1981 to 1985 . Giuffrida graduated from the University of Connecticut ( B . A . ) and Boston University ( M . A . ) . He had a lengthy career in the U . S . Army , attaining the rank of colonel in 1968 . In a newspaper article in the Miami Herald , July 5 , 1987 , reporter Alfonso Chardy claimed that , at the US Army War College , Giuffrida had once written a paper advocating the forcible relocation of millions of black Americans to concentration camps in the event of a national emergency , but no such paper has even been offered into evidence . This newspaper article turns out to be the only authority for the existence of that paper . In 1971 he left the Army and organized the California Specialized Training Institute for then California Governor Reagan . The institute trained state employees in emergency management and police in counter - terrorism activities . . It was during this time that Giuffrida became friends with Edwin Meese . He also served as an advisor on terrorism , emergency management , and other special topics for Governor Reagan . He was eventually promoted to the rank of general in the California Giuffrida was confirmed on May 18 , 1981 . At the time of his nomination Giuffrida was president of the Specialized Management Services Co . and director of the California Specialized Training Institute . During his tenure at FEMA , Giuffrida developed much of FEMA ' s civil defense programs , including Continuity of Government . Giuffrida was eventually forced out of the agency in 1985 after it was alleged that he spent government money to build a private residence at FEMA ' s Emergency Management Institute in Emmitsburg , Maryland .
Fort Amiel Museum Fort Amiel Museum is in Newcastle KwaZulu - Natal , South Africa . Fort Amiel was constructed in 1876 by Major Charles Frederick Amiel and soldiers of the 80th Staffordshire Volunteers . It was built as a fort and " look - out post " , for the British during the run up to the annexation of the former Transvaal and the Zulu War , although it really never served that purpose . During the First Boer War it was used as a garrison for the King ' s Own Royal Regiment ( Lancaster ) . Fort Amiel served as a commissariat depot , transit camp and hospital . Many wounded soldiers were taken there , to recover from their wounds . The fort is positioned on a knoll overlooking the original wagon drift across the Ncandu River . It has majestic views of the Drakensburg mountain range and the town of Newcastle . Major Charles Frederick Amiel was born on 2 August 1822 , in Hanover Square , London , England . He was christened on 2 August 1822 in St Peter , Chertsey , Surrey , England . Major Amiel died on 10 September 1885 at London , England . He was buried at St Peter , Westminster , London . Amiel never married . The fort and surroundings , including a graveyard below the knoll fell into disuse for many years . In 1979 the site was declared a National Monument and restoration work began after the discovery of the original plans for the fort were discovered during this period in a London Museum . The restoration work was undertaken by the visionary Newcastle Town Council and in conjunction with the Natal Museum Services . Today , Fort Amiel houses an historic / cultural museum . Military displays of the two Anglo - Boer Wars . There is a wonderful cookhouse re - construction , this shows a typical British Army Base found in the 1880s . An addition to the fort and museum is a Zulu Umuzi ( Hut ) with a detailed interior .
Lawrence Kermit White Colonel Lawrence Kermit " Red " White ( June 10 , 1912 – April 5 , 2006 ) was an American army officer during World War II and later Director of the Foreign Broadcast Information Service , Deputy Director for Administration and Executive Director for the Central Intelligence Agency . Biography . White was born to a poor Presbyterian minister in Tennessee , White earned small amounts of money digging ditches at aged 16 , before graduating from Troy High School in 1929 and was accepted at the United States Military Academy at West Point on 1 July 1929 with help from congressman Jerry Cooper . In September 1942 White was sent to serve in the Pacific theater of the Second World War , seeing combat in New Georgia , Bougainville and the Philippines . White earned a Distinguished Service Cross , a Silver Star , two Legions of Merit , and three Bronze Stars . Reaching the rank of colonel in the Philippines in 1945 , he was severely wounded and had to be dragged to safety while under fire by US Army Chaplain Elmer Heindl . From 1945 until 1947 White recuperated in a number of US veterans hospitals . After release , White joined the CIA in the Office of Operations , quickly becoming head of the Foreign Broadcast Information Branch and by December 1950 Deputy Assistant Director of the Office of Operations . He was promoted again to Assistant to the Deputy Director for Administration in 1952 and to Deputy Director for Administration in 1954 by DCI Allen Dulles . In 1964 , DCI William Raborn made White Executive Director - Comptroller until his retirement in 1972 .
Żbik Group The Żbik Group ( Polish : " Zgrupowanie Żbik " ) ( " Wildcat Group " ) - a group of conspiracy military units of Armia Krajowa in the Sub - district II of Żoliborz ( of Armia Krajowa ) in Żoliborz of Warsaw , which took part in fights of the Warsaw Uprising of 1944 . Course of combat in the Warsaw Uprising 1944 . The units waged fights in the defence of Powązki , the Zmartwychwstanki Fortress ( in the Zmartwychwstanki Monastery ) , as well as Lower Żoliborz . Especially heavy fights were waged in the last days of the uprising in the area of the " Glass House " ( Polish : " Szklany Dom " ) and Bohomolca street .
John Taylor ( VC ) John Taylor VC CGM ( 1822 – 25 February 1857 ) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . Details . Taylor was about 33 years old , and a captain of the forecastle in the Royal Navy , serving in the Naval Brigade , during the Crimean War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC . On 18 June 1855 in the Crimean Peninsula , immediately after the assault on Sebastopol , a soldier of the 57th Regiment , who had been wounded in both legs , was observed sitting up and calling for help . At once the second - in - command ( Henry James Raby ) of the scaling party , another seaman ( Henry Curtis ) and Captain of the Forecastle Taylor left the shelter of their battery works and ran forward a distance of 70 yards , across open ground , through heavy gunfire and succeeded in carrying the wounded man to safety . Further information . John Taylor ' s Cross is currently held in the Sheesh Mahal Collection in Patiala , India . The group formed part of the Maharaja Bhupendra Singh ' s collection which was bequeathed to the Museum on the death of the Maharajah ' s son in 1947 , and consists of the VC , Conspicuous Gallantry Medal ( 1st type ) , China War Medal 1842 , India General Service Medal 1854 clasp Pegu , Crimea Medal clasps Inkermann and Sebastopol , Légion d ' honneur and Turkish Crimea Medal .
USS Butler ( DD - 636 ) USS " Butler " ( DD - 636 ) , a " Gleaves " - class destroyer , is the only ship of the United States Navy to be named for Marine Corps Major General Smedley Butler , twice awarded the Medal of Honor . " Butler " was launched on 12 February 1942 by Philadelphia Navy Yard , sponsored by Mrs . John Wehle , daughter of General Butler ; and commissioned on 15 August 1942 , Lieutenant Commander M . D . Matthews in command . Service history . After undergoing shakedown trials , " Butler " engaged in escort work in the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico . On 14 January 1943 , she departed on a trans - Atlantic voyage to Casablanca and thence to Dakar , French West Africa . From there she escorted two Free French vessels , " Richelieu " and " Montcalm " , to New York . After overhaul in New York and coastwise convoy escort work she set sail for the Mediterranean on 8 June . Following training exercises at Oran and Algiers , she proceeded to Bizerte whence she departed in July for the Allied invasion of Sicily from 9 July to 12 August . She took part in the Amphibious Battle of Gela and subsequently served on escort duty throughout the remainder of the operation . She then steamed for New York , arriving on 22 August . " Butler " was engaged in convoy work and overhaul until 5 May 1944 at which time she stood out for the Invasion of Normandy from 6 June to 15 July . She screened heavy units of the bombardment group and served at the inshore fire support station during this assault . From 12 – 30 August she escorted Royal Navy escort carrier s taking part in Operation Dragoon . Shortly thereafter she returned to New York for overhaul . After a convoy run to Marseilles in October , " Butler " returned to New York on 27 October for conversion to a high - speed minesweeper . Reclassified DMS - 29 on 15 November , her conversion was completed on 21 December , and she proceeded to Norfolk and joined Mine Squadron 20 ( MineRon 20 ) . On 3 January 1945 , the ship weighed anchor for Naval Station San Diego " en route " to Pearl Harbor . Upon completion of extensive training in the Hawaiian area , she sailed to Ulithi and then conducted a pre - invasion sweep around Okinawa . She continued screen and picket duty , splashing many planes , throughout the assault on Okinawa ( 24 March – 25 May 1945 ) . On 25 May , bombs from a " kamikaze " exploded under " Butler " s keel , killing nine men , blowing out steam lines , flooding the forward fire room , causing the loss of all steam and electric power . stood by " Butler " until power was regained , and assisted in driving off two more Japanese planes . The next day , " Butler " proceeded to Kerama Retto for temporary repairs . She arrived in the United States on 26 August and was decommissioned on 8 November 1945 . She was sold for scrapping on 10 January 1948 . Awards . " Butler " received the Navy Unit Commendation for her service in the Okinawa operation and four battle star s for her World War II service .
Stability – instability paradox The stability – instability paradox is an international relations theory regarding the effect of nuclear weapons and mutually assured destruction . It states that when two countries each have nuclear weapons , the probability of a direct war between them greatly decreases , but the probability of minor or indirect conflicts between them increases . This occurs because rational actors want to avoid nuclear wars , and thus they neither start major conflicts nor allow minor conflicts to escalate into major conflicts — thus making it safe to engage in minor conflicts . For instance , during the Cold War the United States and the Soviet Union never engaged each other in warfare , but fought proxy wars in Korea , Vietnam , Angola , the Middle East , Nicaragua and Afghanistan and spent substantial amounts of money and manpower on gaining relative influence over the third world . A study published in the journal of conflict resolution in 2009 quantitatively evaluated the nuclear peace hypothesis , and found support for the existence of the Stability - instability paradox . The study determined that while nuclear weapons promote strategic stability , and prevent large scale wars , they simultaneously allow for more lower intensity conflicts . When a nuclear monopoly exists between two states , and their opponent does not , there is a greater chance of war . In contrast , when there is mutual nuclear weapon ownership with both states possessing nuclear weapons , the odds of war drop precipitously . This effect can be seen in the India – Pakistan relationship . Thus , nuclear weapons have the potential to cause both stability and instability .
William Hicks Colonel William Hicks ( also known as Hicks Pasha , 1830 – 1883 ) , British soldier , entered the Bombay Army in 1849 , and served through the Indian mutiny , being mentioned in despatches for good conduct at the action of Sitka Ghaut in 1859 . In 1861 he became captain , and in the Abyssinian expedition of 1867 – 1868 was a brigade major , being again mentioned in despatches and given a brevet major ity . He retired with the honorary rank of colonel in 1880 . Service to Khedive . After the close of the 1882 Anglo - Egyptian War , he entered the Khedive ' s service and was made a pasha . In 1881 , Sudan was controlled by Egypt ; Muhammad Ahmad proclaimed himself Mahdi and began conquering neighboring territory and thus threatening the precarious Egyptian control of the territory . Early in 1883 he went to Khartoum as chief of the staff of the army there , then commanded by Suliman Niazi Pasha . Camp was formed at Omdurman and a new force of some 8000 fighting men collected — mostly recruited from the " fellahin " of Arabi ' s disbanded troops , sent in chains from Egypt . After a month ' s vigorous drilling Hicks led 5000 of his men against an equal force of dervish es in Sennar , whom he defeated , and cleared the country between the towns of Sennar and Khartoum of rebels . 1883 expedition . Relieved of the fear of an immediate attack by the mahdi sts the Egyptian officials at Khartoum intrigued against Hicks , who in July tendered his resignation . This resulted in the dismissal of Suliman Niazi and the appointment of Hicks as commander - in - chief of an expeditionary force to Kordofan with orders to crush the mahdi , who in January 1883 had captured El Obeid , the capital of that province . Hicks , aware of the worthlessness of his force for the purpose contemplated , stated his opinion that it would be best to " wait for Kordofan to settle itself " ( telegram of 5 August ) . The Egyptian ministry , however , did not then believe in the power of the mahdi , and the expedition started from Khartoum on 9 September . It was made up of 7000 infantry , 1000 cavalry and 2000 camp followers and included thirteen Europeans . On the 10th the force left the Nile at Duem and struck inland across the almost waterless wastes of Kordofan for Obeid . On 5 November the army , misled by treacherous guides and thirst - stricken , was ambushed in dense forest at Kashgil , 30 miles south of Obeid . With the exception of some 300 men the whole force was killed . ( See the Battle of El Obeid ) . According to the story of Hicks ' s cook , one of the survivors , the general was the last officer to fall , pierced by the spear of the khalifa Mahommed Sherif . After emptying his revolver the pasha kept his assailants at bay for some time with his sword , a body of Baggara who fled before him being known afterwards as " Baggar Hicks " ( the cows driven by Hicks ) , a play on the words baggara and baggar , the former being the herdsmen and the latter the cows . Hicks ' s head was cut off and taken to the mahdi .