naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Congo Reform Association The Congo Reform Association exposed gross and rampant abuses of labor and by public servants in King Leopold II of Belgium ' s Congo Free State , leading to the annexation of Congo by Belgium in 1908 . In March , 1904 , Dr . Henry Grattan Guinness ( 1861 – 1915 ) , Edmund Dene Morel , and Roger Casement founded the Congo Reform Association . The movement was formed to aid the exploited and impoverished workforce of the Congo by drawing attention to their plight . In the background , a Swedish missionary , Mr . Sjoblom , and Rev . J . Murphy of the American Baptist Mission had reported on the abuses to Dr . Guinness in 1895 , and they sent out the " Congo - Balolo Mission " to assist and gather information and photographs . Of 35 missionaries , by 1900 only six had survived the endemic disease . In 1890 Dr . Guinness ' s step - mother had written " The new world of Central Africa . With a history of the first Christian mission on the Congo . " Casement , as British consul , was ordered in 1903 to prepare the Casement Report , and was honoured with an Order of St Michael and St George ( CMG ) decoration for it . Morel ( a journalist ) reported weekly in the " West Africa Mail " , and Guinness ( a missionary doctor ) gave lectures around Britain before mentioning the realities to President Theodore Roosevelt of the USA in 1907 . Branches of the association were established in Europe and the United States . In 1908 the Congo Free State passed out of the absolute rule of Leopold II of Belgium and was taken over by Belgium as the " Belgian Congo " . The Congo Reform Association considered that its aims was accomplished and it dissolved itself in 1912 . In 1924 , Morel was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize in large part for his work with the association . The association gained the support of several famous writers such as Joseph Conrad , Anatole France , Arthur Conan Doyle , and Mark Twain who contributed with their literary production to the cause . The novella " Heart of Darkness " by Joseph Conrad was inspired by his journey as a ship ' s captain on the Congo River . Mark Twain wrote a political satire named " King Leopold ' s Soliloquy " , and Arthur Conan Doyle wrote " The Crime of the Congo " .
Active radar homing Active radar homing is a missile guidance method in which a guided missile contains a radar transceiver and the electronics necessary for it to find and track its target autonomously . NATO brevity code for an air - to - air active radar homing missile launch is Fox Three . Advantages . There are two major advantages to active radar homing : Disadvantages . There are three major disadvantages to active radar homing : Passive radiation homing . Many missiles employing this type of guidance have an extra trick up their sleeves ; If the target does attempt to use noise jamming , they can in effect turn into an anti - radiation missile and home in on the target ' s radiation passively . This makes such missiles practically immune to noise jamming , in addition to removing the second disadvantage . Since they already have the radar receiver on board , this should not be a difficult feature to add ( at least , it requires extra processing logic but little extra hardware ) . Operation . Active radar homing is rarely employed as the only guidance method of a missile . It is most often used during the terminal phase of the engagement , mainly because since the radar transceiver has to be small enough to fit inside a missile and has to be powered from batteries , therefore having a relatively low ERP , its range is limited . To overcome this , most such missiles use a combination of command guidance with an inertial navigation system ( INS ) in order to fly from the launch point until the target is close enough to be detected and tracked by the missile . The missile therefore requires guidance updates via a datalink from the launching platform up until this point , in case the target is maneuvering , otherwise the missile may get to the projected interception point and find that the target is not there . Sometimes the launching platform ( especially if it is an aircraft ) may be in danger while continuing to guide the missile in this way until it ' goes active ' ; In this case it may turn around and leave it to luck that the target ends up in the projected " acquisition basket " when the missile goes active . It is possible for a system other than the launching platform to provide guidance to the missile before it switches its radar on ; This may be other , similar fighter aircraft or perhaps an AWACS . List of missiles . Examples of missiles known to use active radar homing ( all in their terminal phase ) include :
Greg Thielmann A . Gregory Thielmann is a senior fellow of the Arms Control Association and member of the Council on Foreign Relations . He had previously served as a top intelligence official at the U . S . State Department for 25 years until he resigned shortly before the U . S . invasion of Iraq . Career . A graduate of the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs at Princeton University , Thielmann worked for U . S . Congressman John Culver before entering the United States Foreign Service where he served for more than 25 years , working in arms control and security issues . He was acting director of the Strategic , Proliferation , and Military Affairs Office in the Bureau of Intelligence and Research at the State Department at the time of his retirement . Thielmann criticized the rationale for the Iraq War and the George W . Bush Administration . He criticized the Bush Administration for what he called " faith - based intelligence " :
HMS Kipling ( F91 ) HMS " Kipling " was a K - class destroyer of the Royal Navy laid down by Yarrow , Scotstoun on 20 October 1937 , launched on 19 January 1939 , by the daughter of the poet Rudyard Kipling , and commissioned on 12 December 1939 . On 28 December 1941 " Kipling " sank the German submarine U - 75 . " Kipling " was attacked by German Ju - 88 bombers of Lehrgeschwader 1 north - west of Mersa Matruh in Egypt on 12 May 1942 and sunk by Joachim Helbig .
Japanese escort Kunashiri In July 1943 " Kunashiri " participated in the Japanese operation Operation " KE " - The Evacuation of Kiska . During the war Kunashiri operated mostly in the Kuriles and Hokkaido area escorting various convoys . On July 28 , 1944 she was reported " damaged " by unknown cause - USS Tambor { ? } . After the end of World War II " Kunashiri " returned to Sasebo and was later used by the Allied Repatriation Service . On 4 June 1946 while en route to Uragi the vessel ran aground and was later abandoned . In attempts to rescue her , the also ran aground , while at the same time , she too was repatriating Japanese troops from Singapore .
Fort du Bruissin The Fort du Bruissin is a fort in Francheville , France , near the city of Lyon . Built between 1878 and 1881 , the fort is part of the Séré de Rivières system of fortifications built in the late 19th century . It has been rehabilitated as a contemporary artists ' community . The " Fort en Jazz " festival is held there each year . Concept and design . The Fort de Bruissin is located about to the southeast of the center of Lyon . Lyon ' s original protective ring of forts was built in the 1830s at a distance from the city just beyond the range of the artillery of the era , thus denying a potential attacker the means to bombard Lyon . With the introduction of rifled artillery , the range increased , placing the city once again into jeopardy . In the 1870s a second ring of forts was built father out to deal with the extended range of artillery . Work on the second ring of eighteen forts was complete by 1893 . The Fort du Bruissin was number 13 in the Army ' s numerical designation of the forts of Lyon . The Fort de Bruissin is a six - sided polygon , with masonry walls surrounded by a defended ditch . The most striking feature of the fort is its entry court , reached through a gatehouse at the head of a bridge over the ditch . A two - level vaulted barracks faces the gatehouse across the court , covered with earth . A terrace or cavalier on top of the barracks was shielded by an earth rampart . The fort was primarily armed with a mixture of 155mm and 120mm guns . located on the cavalier within the walls of the fort . Close - in defense was provided by revolving cannon s in large caponier s at the corners of the fort , reached by subterranean passages . The fort was initially manned by 294 men , serving a total of thirty artillery pieces . History . The Fort du Bruissin is part of the second ring of the fortifications of Lyon . During the first world war the fort was a training center for future officers . During the Second World War , the fort was occupied by the Germans , who used it as an ammunition depot and headquarters . In 1981 the fort was sold to the commune of Francheville . In 1988 the entry was renovated , followed by the barracks in 1989 . In 1991 the fort became a community of contemporary artists . It has been the home of the Fort en Jazz festival since 1990 . Arts center . The fort now functions as a center for visual and performing arts . The grounds are a community park and nature preserve . Approximately 3000 square meters of space is available within the fort , with about 800 square meters of exhibition space . A venue for the performing arts is located behind the barracks , to accommodate up to 2000 spectators .
HMS Mallow ( K81 ) HMS " Mallow was a Flower - class corvette that served in the Royal Navy . She also served in the Yugoslav Royal Navy and the SFR Yugoslav Navy under the names Nada and Partizanka , and the Egyptian Navy as El Sudan " . Post - war service . Towards the end of the Second World War HMS " Mallow " was transferred to the Yugoslav Royal Navy in exile , at their naval base in Valletta , Malta , and was renamed " Nada " . After the recognition of Tito ' s Partisans , the anti - fascist resistance movement in occupied Yugoslavia , the ship was renamed " Partizanka " and served in the SFR Yugoslav Navy after the war until 1948 . In 1948 HMS " Mallow " was returned to the Royal Navy and was transferred in the same year to the Egyptian Navy where she served as " El Sudan " .
1st Battalion , 150th Aviation ( United States ) The 1st Battalion , 150th Aviation Regiment is a General Support Aviation Battalion ( GSAB ) that was split between two mid - atlantic states with a total of 16 UH - 60 Black Hawk helicopters . One half of the unit was the Headquarters & Headquarters Company ( HHC ) , Alpha Company , and Charlie Company based at Trenton , New Jersey on the Trenton - Mercer Airport . The other half was Bravo Company with an HHC Detachment and a Charlie Company Detachment based at the New Castle County Airport in Delaware . The 1 - 150th GSAB was mobilized in May 2004 in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom and deployed to South West Asia in November 2004 . The soldiers of the 1 - 150th GSAB served with distinction during the 12 - month deployment supporting the 42nd Infantry Division Command Group Mission throughout their sector by executing Command & Control , Air Assault , and Air Movement missions . After their combat tour , they arrived back on U . S . soil in November 2005 .
Charles Pelham , Lord Worsley Charles Sackville Pelham , Lord Worsley ( 14 August 1887 – 30 October 1914 ) was a British soldier . He was the son of Charles Pelham , 4th Earl of Yarborough and Marcia Pelham , Countess of Yarborough . On 31 January 1911 , Lord Pelham married Alexandra Mary Freesia Vivian , daughter of Hussey Vivian , 3rd Baron Vivian and the former Louisa Alice Duff , and sister in law of General Haig . Pelham was killed in action during the First World War , aged 27 . Due to Charles Pelham ' s death at a relatively young age , the title of Earl of Yarborough later passed directly from his father to his younger brother , Sackville George Pelham , who also assumed the Charles ' s courtesy title of Lord Worsley . Death in Flanders . In World War I , Charles Pelham served as a lieutenant in C Squadron of the Royal Horse Guards during hostilities in Flanders , commanding a machine gun section . On 30 October 1914 , Pelham ' s section was cut off at Zandvoorde , Belgium , by a German attack and he was killed at the age of 27 . Lord Worsley was first listed as " missing in action " , but was officially recorded as dead early in 1915 . Worsley ' s body was buried by German soldiers , and a map of his burial location was later passed on via diplomatic channels to the British , which enabled them to relocate his grave in December 1918 . It was marked with an upright wooden cross which had been placed there by the Germans . In January 1919 a replacement wooden cross was erected , and Lord Worsley ' s widow subsequently purchased the plot of land . Memorials . Lord Worsley ' s body was exhumed in 1921 and reburied in Ypres at the Town Cemetery Military Extension . On the spot where Lord Worsley ' s body was originally buried by the Germans now stands the Household Cavalry Memorial in the centre of Zandvoorde . Lord Worsley ' s name can be seen on the memorial very near the bottom . A memorial to Lord Worsley was erected in Britain , in All Saints Church , Brocklesby , Lincolnshire ; it is a marble relief the 17th century style ( to complement the adjacent Pelham family tomb of 1629 ) , depicting Pelham , dressed in military uniform , kneeling at prayer , and was carved by the sculptor Charles Sargeant Jagger . The memorial is inscribed with the legend :
Ministry of Defense and Armed Forces Logistics ( Iran ) The Ministry of Defense and Armed Forces Logistics ( MODAFL ) is the defense ministry of the Islamic Republic of Iran . It was formed in 1989 and has control both over Iran ' s regular forces and over its Revolutionary Guard , particularly bringing the latter under the overall defense umbrella by reducing its institutional autonomy , abolishing its independent ministry and bringing its command structures under the new Ministry . The ministry is one of the three " sovereign " ministrial bodies of Iran due to nature of its work at home and abroad .
Château de Saumur The Château de Saumur , originally built as a castle and later developed as a " château " , is located in the French town of Saumur , in the Maine - et - Loire " département " . It was originally constructed in the 10th century by Theobald I , Count of Blois , as a fortified stronghold against Norman predations . It overlooks the confluence of the Loire and the Thouet . In 1026 it came into the hands of Fulk Nerra , count of Anjou , who bequeathed it to his Plantagenet heirs . Following its destruction in 1067 , the castle was rebuilt by Henry II of England in the later 12th century . History . In the early part of the 13th century , Philip II of France made Saumur part of his royal domain . The page for September in the Tres Riches Heures du Duc de Berry depicts the Chateau as it looked in 1410 . It changed hands several times until 1589 when the Protestant King Henri IV ( of France and Navarre ) gave the castle to Duplessis - Mornay . In 1621 the castle was converted into an army barracks . Nearly two centuries later it was converted into a state prison under Napoleon Bonaparte . In the first part of the 20th century , the city of Saumur acquired the castle and began a restoration program to house the museum of the decorative arts . In line with the Saumur area ' s equestrian tradition and its famous " Cadre Noir " , the castle also serves as a Museum of the Horse . The castle has a dungeon and watchtower , and houses the " Musée de la Figurine - Jouet " , a collection of very old toys and figurine s of soldiers , kings of France , and clowns . The Château de Saumur has been listed as a " monument historique " by the French Ministry of Culture since 1862 . As of 2008 , there are a total of 46 buildings and structures in Saumur which are designated a Monument Historique - see the French national database Mérimée . Most of the monuments are built in the lovely soft local stone known as tuffeau . Amongst the most important monuments are the great Château de Saumur itself which stands high overlooking the town , and the nearby Château de Beaulieu which stands just 200 metres from the south bank of the Loire river ; designed by the renowned architect Jean Drapeau , it is recognised for its light and elegant architecture . Amongst the other Monuments Historiques are the church of Saint - Pierre in the Place St Pierre in the centre of Saumur , and the Château de Briacé which is located on the north side of the river . The architecture of Saumur is very well described in the book : Saumur - Promenade D ' architectures , by Marie Jane Durand , and published by the Tourism Office of Saumur .
Coast Guard Bicentennial Unit Commendation The Coast Guard Bicentennial Unit Commendation was a commemorative decoration of the United States Coast Guard which was awarded to all active , reserve , auxiliary , and civilian personnel of the Coast Guard for service between the dates of June 4 , 1989 and August 4 , 1990 . The medal was issued only to those whose service up to the issuance date was honorable and it could be issued to members of other services who were assigned to the Coast Guard and served in that period . Wearing of the ribbon was stipulated to be placed after the Coast Guard " E " ribbon and before the Prisoner of War medal . One - time Medal . Established by Commandant of the Coast Guard Admiral J . William Kime on January 2 , 1990 , the decoration was issued as a one - time award only that commemorated the founding of the U . S . Coast Guard in 1790 , then known as the Revenue Cutter Service . The Coast Guard Bicentennial Unit Commendation was discontinued for issuance in September 1991 , but Coast Guard regulations permit the continued wearing of the decoration on the uniforms of Coast Guard members who have earned it .
B hut B Hut Picture A B - Hut is an abbreviation for " Barracks Hut " . " " The British Army commonly used the term " Barracks Hut " to refer to temporary billets for military personnel as far back as the 1800s . " " The term " Barrack " means : A building or group of buildings used to house military personnel . Often used in the plural . e . g . Barracks . The definition of " Hut " is a temporary structure for sheltering troops . " " Barracks Hut was almost always used when referring to cheaply made temporary shelter or housing . Since the US invasion of Afghanistan , the abbreviated term " B - Hut " has become a common term for US soldiers and contractors alike . The B - Hut is much more common in Afghanistan than Iraq due to the lack of infrastructure , building materials ( besides mud ) and of permanent buildings , by western standards . It is suggested , not confirmed , that the term B - Hut / Barracks Hut was carried over in vocabulary from British occupation and influence in Afghanistan during the early 1900s Often referred to as a " hooch " , the B - Hut usually houses up to eight single persons , but can contain more if not broken down into separate rooms . It is cheaply made ( US Gov ' t cost of about $ 15 , 000 each at time of construction ) " " of plywood and divided up into 2 , 4 , 6 , or 8 separate rooms with a common walkway down the center , or left " open " containing one large space . A typical B - hut usually has two entrances , two or three fluorescent lights on the ceiling , a small ductless air conditioning unit above each door . Each room usually has a window with a latch for climate control purposes and an electrical outlet for each occupant . B - huts afford no protection from indirect or direct fire and are often ridiculed by the service members and contractors who reside in them , but they offer a small amount of privacy to the occupant in allowing him / her to have their own room - an opportunity rarely afforded to deployed personnel . B - huts require constant maintenance and painting and are built knowing that they are only expected to last three or four years . " " DoD is currently ( FY 2011 ) seeking Afghan contract bids for concrete B - Huts " " which is ironic based upon the meaning of B - Hut . The heat of many forward deployed areas makes quick work of the plywood structure . It is imperative that occupants of this structure keep their living areas clean and free of open beverage or food containers as vermin can easily gain entrance .
Battle of Cagayan de Misamis The Battle of Cagayan de Misamis was fought on April 7 , 1900 in the town of Cagayan de Misamis ( now Cagayan de Oro City ) on the Mindanao island , southern part the Philippines , during the Philippine - American War . The Filipinos were under the command of General Nicolas Capistrano . The surprise dawn attack was foiled when one of the lumad ( ethnic minority ) warriors shouted a battle cry as they killed an American sentry that aroused the American soldiers . The fighting was centered at the town plaza ( now Gaston Park ) where the American barracks were located . General Capistrano realizing defeat ordered the retreat of his men . The Americans pursued General Capistrano and his men to the edge of the town .
Fritz Klingenberg Fritz Klingenberg ( 17 December 1912 – 23 March 1945 ) was a German Waffen - SS officer who served with the 2 . SS - Division " Das Reich " and was a commander of the 17 . SS - Panzergrenadier - Division " Götz von Berlichingen " . He was best known for his unorthodox and audacious capture of the Yugoslavian capital , Belgrade for which he was awarded the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross . Early Life – Pre - War SS Service . Fritz Paul Heinrich Otto Klingenberg was a son of dairy owner and was born in Rövershagen in Mecklenburg on 17 December 1912 . After successfully completing his high - school education , he began studying science and history at the University of Rostock . In 1934 however , he interrupted his university studies and joined the SS - Verfügungstruppe , becoming one of the first ever graduates of the new SS - Junkerschule at Bad Tölz . After his graduation he was assigned to SS - Standarte " Germania " , Das Reich and up until the outset of World War II , Klingenberg served on an inspection team of the SS - VT . Götz von Berlichingen . On 21 December 1944 , Fritz Klingenberg was promoted to SS - Standartenführer ( Colonel ) and two weeks later ( on 12 January 1945 ) was ordered to take command of the 17 . SS - Panzergrenadier - Division " Götz von Berlichingen " . The Division was attached to General Max Simon ' s XIII SS Corps , defending the area between Neustadt and Landau , southeast of Saarbrücken against the XV Corps of the U . S . Seventh Army . When resistance finally collapsed on 23 March 1945 , Klingenberg was among the casualties . He was killed by a tank shell during a firefight between heavy 88mm FlaK and armored forces of the US - Army on the western edge of Herxheim and is buried at the German War Cemetery in Andilly , France . Personal . The consummate SS man , Klingenberg was fairly tall , standing over 6 feet 4 inches ( 1 . 93 m ) . A photograph taken at Klingenberg ' s Knight ' s Cross presentation ceremony at the Berghof in 1941 shows him standing with Hitler . Klingenberg was apparently tall enough that , according to an aide to photographer Heinrich Hoffmann , Klingenberg was asked by Hoffmann to stand to the side and slightly behind Hitler so as to not dwarf the Führer , who stood about 5 feet 9 inches ( 1 . 75 m ) . The disparity , however , can still be clearly seen in the photograph .