naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Battle of Kusseri The Battle of Kusseri between German and French forces took place from late August to 25 September 1914 in Kusseri , northeastern Kamerun during the Kamerun Campaign of World War I . The action resulted in the French capture of the Kusseri fort and the German garrison ' s retreat to Mora . Background . Upon the outbreak of World War I , French forces under the command of Colonel Largeau , across the border from German Kamerun in French Equatorial Africa stationed at Fort Lamy , invaded the colony . Their goal was to capture the German fort at Kusseri , near Lake Chad which would allow French forces to assist British ones in their attacks on German forces in western Kamerun . The German garrison , under Lieutenant Kallmeyer consisted of 31 men . Five more were recruited from the town of Kusseri when it became known that the French were invading . Kallmeyer surrounded the fort with thick thorny bushes in preparation for the oncoming attack . Battle . The French had sent 250 riflemen and one artillery piece to capture the German fort in late August . The initial French assaults on the fort were repelled by German machine guns and resulted in heavy casualties . Additionally , the lone French artillery piece was destroyed by the Germans . After these failures , the French withdrew to Fort Lamy , but returned with reinforcements on 20 September 1914 . Considering the size of his force in comparison to the French one , and the fatigue that had come about after continual attacks , Kallmeyer decided that staying to fight was futile and that retreat was the only option . Aftermath . Shortly after midnight on 25 September , following a strong French attack on the fort , German soldiers made a fighting retreat from Kusseri . In the chaos and thick bush , the force got separated . They made their way to the German stronghold at Mora , approximately 150 kilometers to the southwest and arrived there from 28 September to 9 October . 25 soldiers remained of the 37 that had originally made up the German garrison at Kusseri . The rest had been killed in battle , captured during the retreat , or deserted . The remaining members of the detachment would later participate in the Siege of Mora . The French renamed the fort at Kusseri , Fort Foureau following its capture on 25 September .
Minengeschoß The Minengeschoß ( ' mine - shell ' ) was a high - capacity autocannon ammunition originally developed in Germany and used in the Luftwaffe ' s larger caliber aircraft armament during World War II . This new type of high - explosive shell differed from conventional H . E . ammunition in that it had much thinner walls . The shell was drawn from high - quality steel , instead of having the explosives cavity drilled into a solid shot , which allowed thinner - wall construction and therefore a far greater amount of explosive filler . It was used , amongst others in the Luftwaffe ' s 2 cm MG FF / M and MG 151 / 20 cannon , and the 3 cm MK 103 and MK 108 cannon . It was first used in combat during the Battle of Britain in 1940 by the Luftwaffe ' s Bf 109 E and Bf 110 C fighter s . Ammunition for 2cm cannons . The 2 cm M - Geschoß shell ( used in M151 / 20 and MG - FF / M cannons - the same shell was used in both cartridges ) had a 18 g HE filling while the typical filler load in 20mm shells at the time was 6 to 10 g . Ammunition for 3cm cannons . In 3 cm caliber different M - Geschoß designs were available : the original blunt - nosed Ausf . A had a 85 g filling of nitropenta ( PETN ) , which was reduced to 72 g in the more streamlined Ausf . C shell ( the " missing " B was a practice shell ) . In comparison , the PGU - 13 / B HEI round for the GAU - 8 / A Avenger gun of the A - 10 Warthog contains only a 58 g explosive filler , while 30mm OFZ shell of Russian GSh - 301 and GSh - 30 - 6 cannons has a 48 . 5 g filler . Post - war development . After the defeat of Germany in World War II , several countries copied the design and used it for their own post - war aircraft armament , for example in the HE shells of Britain ' s ADEN cannon and the French DEFA 540 . The guns themselves were developments of the German MG 213 .
Chola incident The 1967 Sino - Indian skirmish also known as the Chola incident , was a military conflict between Indian troops and members of the Chinese People ' s Liberation Army in Sikkim , who had infiltrated the area on 1 October . On 10 October , once again both sides had the conflict , the Defence Minister of India , Sardar Swaran Singh addressed that government is looking after the developments across the borders . During whole conflict Indian losses were 88 killed , and 163 wounded , while Chinese casualties were 300 killed and 450 wounded in Nathula , and 40 in Chola . The end of the battle saw the People ' s Liberation Army retreat from Sikkim . Location . The conflict occurred in Sikkim , which later became a state of India in 1975 . India was responsible for the defense of Sikkim which was a protectorate at that time . The region is one of high altitudes and thus mountainous maneuvers were crucial in battle . Early Chinese positions in regions of higher altitudes would thus have provided them with an advantage . To reclaim high ground would generally require a higher ratio of attackers to defenders . Background . China has claimed that the McMahon Line created by Britain in NEFA was illegal . China eventually recognized Sikkim as an Indian state in 2003 , on the condition that India accepted Tibet Autonomous Region as a part of China . This mutual agreement led to a thaw in Sino - Indian relations .
387th Tactical Fighter Squadron The 387th Tactical Fighter Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit . Its last assignment was with the 312th Tactical Fighter Wing , based at Cannon Air Force Base . New Mexico . It was inactivated on February 18 , 1959 . History . Established in early 1942 as a light bomb squadron , equipped with A - 24 Banshees , although equipped with export model A - 31 Vengeance dive bombers for training . Trained under Third Air Force in the southeast United States , also used for antisubmarine patrols over the Atlantic southeast coast and then Gulf of Mexico . Deployed to Southern California in early 1943 to the Desert Warfare Center , trained in light bombing while supporting Army maneuvers in the Mojave Desert until October . Re - equipped with North American A - 36 Apache dive bombers and deployed to New Guinea as part of Fifth Air Force . In the Southwest Pacific the squadron attacked Japanese strong points and tactical positions and targets of opportunity in support of MacArthur ' s campaign along the north coast of New Guinea ; then advancing into the Netherlands East Indies and Philippines as part of the Island Hopping campaign . Re - equipped with P - 40s ; then later A - 20 Havocs . Engaged in heavy fighting on Lete ; Mindoro and Luzon in the Philippines during 1944 - 1945 . The squadron moved to Okinawa in mid - August and after the Atomic Bomb missions had been flown ; remained on Okinawa until December until returning to the United States with most personnel demobilizing . It was inactivated as a paper unit on January 6 , 1946 . The squadron was reactivated as a B - 29 Superfortress unit in the reserves in 1947 , but lack of funding and personnel led to rapid inactivation . Transferred to Tactical Air Command in the mid - 1950s and activated first with F - 68 Sabres , then F - 100 Super Sabres in 1958 . Inactivated in 1959 when its parent 312th TFW was inactivated and re - designated as the 27th TFW . Personnel and equipment of the squadron were re - designated as the 523d Tactical Fighter Squadron .
List of Grand Army of the Republic Commanders - in - Chief This is a list of the Commanders - in Chief of the Grand Army of the Republic ( GAR ) . The Grand Army of the Republic was a fraternal organization composed of veterans of the Union Army , US Navy , US Marines and US Revenue Cutter Service who served in the American Civil War . Founded in April 6 , 1866 in Decatur , Illinois on the principles of " Fraternity , Charity and Loyalty " by Benjamin F . Stephenson , it was dissolved in 1956 when its last member died . Linking men through their experience of the war , the GAR became among the first organized advocacy group in American politics , supporting voting rights for black veterans , lobbying the US Congress to establish veterans ' pensions , and supporting Republican political candidates . Its peak membership , at more than 400 , 000 , was in 1890 . It was succeeded by the Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War ( SUVCW ) , composed of male descendants of Union veterans . The GAR initially grew and prospered as a " de facto " political arm of the Republican Party during the heated political contests of the Reconstruction era . The commemoration of Union veterans , black and white , immediately became entwined with partisan politics . When the Republican Party ' s commitment to reform in the South gradually decreased , the GAR ' s mission became ill - defined and the organization floundered . The GAR almost disappeared in the early 1870s , and many divisions ceased to exist . In the 1880s , the organization revived under new leadership that provided a platform for renewed growth , by advocating federal pensions for veterans . As the organization revived , black veterans joined in significant numbers and organized local posts . The national organization , however , failed to press the case for pensions for black soldiers . Most black troops never received any pension or remuneration for wounds incurred during their service . The GAR was organized into " Departments " at the state level and " Posts " at the community level , and military - style uniforms were worn by its members . There were posts in every state in the U . S . , and several posts overseas . Commanders - in - Chief were elected by the membership at the National Encampments for one year terms . Several Commanders - in - Chief were re - elected for additional terms .
John T . Sterling John T . Sterling ( 1841 – February 2 , 1920 ) was a Union Army soldier during the American Civil War . He received the Medal of Honor for gallantry during the Battle of Opequon more commonly called the Third Battle of Winchester , Virginia on September 19 , 1864 . Sterling joined the army from Indiana in August 1861 , and was mustered out in July 1865 . Medal of Honor citation . “ The President of the United States of America , in the name of Congress , takes pleasure in presenting the Medal of Honor to Private John T . Sterling , United States Army , for extraordinary heroism on 19 September 1864 , while serving with Company D , 11th Indiana Infantry , in action at Winchester , Virginia . With one companion Private Sterling captured 14 of the enemy in the severest part of the battle . ” In addition to Pvt . Sterling , two other soldiers of the 11th Indiana Infantry received the Medal of Honor for this action . The others were Pvt . Peter J . Ryan and Sgt . Charles H . Seston .
George Creasy Admiral of the Fleet Sir George Elvey Creasy , GCB , CBE , DSO , MVO ( 13 October 1895 – 31 October 1972 ) was a senior Royal Navy officer who went on to be Commander - in - Chief , Portsmouth . Naval career . Educated at the Royal Naval College , Osborne , Creasy joined the Royal Navy in 1908 . He served in World War I and took part in operations at Heligoland Bight in 1917 . He was appointed Assistant Director of Plans at the Admiralty in 1936 . He also served in World War II and commanded HMS " Grenville " from 1939 which was sunk in January 1940 . He then transferred to HMS " Codrington " and took part in the Dunkirk evacuation in May 1940 . He was made Director of Anti - Submarine Warfare in 1940 and given command of HMS " Duke of York " in 1942 . In 1943 he was made Chief Staff Officer for the planning and execution of the naval operations for the Normandy landings . In 1944 he became Admiral ( submarines ) . After the War he was appointed Flag Officer ( Air ) for the Far East Fleet and became Fifth Sea Lord and Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff ( Air ) in 1948 . He was made Vice Chief of the Naval Staff in 1949 and Commander - in - Chief , Home Fleet and North Atlantic Treaty Organisation Commander - in - Chief Eastern Atlantic in 1952 . His last post was as Commander - in - Chief , Portsmouth and North Atlantic Treaty Organisation Allied Commander - in - Chief Channel Command in 1954 . He retired in 1957 . In retirement he became Deputy Lieutenant of Essex . Family . In 1924 he married Monica Ullathorne ; they had one son .
Saigō Tanomo Early Life and Service . Succeeding to family headship and the position of chief senior councilor in 1860 , he served the 9th generation Aizu daimyo , Matsudaira Katamori . However , with Katamori ' s selection for the post of " Kyoto Shugoshoku " in 1862 , his views sharply diverged with those of his lord . Wanting to warn Katamori of the dangers of Aizu ' s deeper political involvement in the troubled Tokugawa regime , he and his fellow " karo " Tanaka Tosa rode nonstop from Aizu to Edo and spoke directly to Katamori . The lord , while understanding Tanomo ' s views as well as the domain ' s financial situation , nevertheless could not disobey what was both a direct Shogunal order as well as part of the greater scheme put together by his colleagues ( Hitotsubashi Yoshinobu and Matsudaira Yoshinaga ) , and so he dismissed Tanomo . Tanomo thus spent the following six years in Aizu , informally dismissed from his position . Boshin War . In 1868 , with the rout at the Battle of Toba - Fushimi , and with Katamori back in Aizu for the first time in years , Tanomo ' s services were again called upon . While he recommended submission to the Imperial Army early in 1868 , the arrival in Aizu of former Bakufu soldiers forced Aizu ' s hand in the direction of continued military action . Once again , Tanomo ' s voice was drowned out . During the Battle of Aizu , Tanomo fought in defense of the castle town of Aizu - Wakamatsu , the women of Tanomo ' s family are still famous in the region for having committed mass suicide . Just before the surrender , Tanomo escaped Aizu and headed for Sendai . Joining Enomoto Takeaki and Hijikata Toshizō there , he continued on to Hokkaidō , where he joined in the military efforts of the Ezo Republic , but was defeated together with its forces in 1869 . Later life . After spending a few years in prison , Tanomo was released in 1872 , and subsequently opened up a private academy in the Izu region . In 1889 , he was chosen as one of the head priests of Tōshō - gū Shrine in Nikkō , where he served alongside his former lord Matsudaira Katamori , and Katamori ' s brother Matsudaira Sadaaki . In his later years , Tanomo also taught Takeda Sōkaku , the teacher of Ueshiba Morihei . Retiring in 1899 , Tanomo returned to Aizu , where he died in 1903 at the age of 74 . The book Seiun - ki ( 栖雲記 ; " A Record of Cobweb - clouds " ) , written shortly before Tanomo ' s death , records his memoirs . In popular culture . Saigō was portrayed by the actor Toshiyuki Nishida in the 2013 NHK taiga drama " Yae no Sakura . "
Siege of Nicaea ( 1328 – 31 ) The Siege of Nicaea by the forces of Osman I from 1328 to 1331 , resulted to the conquest of a key Byzantine Greek city by the Ottoman Turks . It played an important role to the expansion of the Ottoman Empire . Background . Following the recapture of Constantinople from the Latins , the Byzantines concentrated their efforts in restoring their hold on Greece . Troops had to be taken from the eastern front in Anatolia and into the Peloponesse , with the disastrous consequence that what land the Nicaean empire held in Anatolia was now open to Ottoman raids . With the raids increasing in frequency and ferocity , Byzantine imperial authority rolled back from Anatolia . Siege . By 1326 , lands around Nicaea had fallen into the hands of Osman I . He had also captured the city of Bursa , establishing a capital dangerously close to the Byzantine capital of Constantinople . In 1328 , Orkhan , Osman ' s son , began the siege of Nicaea , which had been in a state of intermittent blockade since 1301 . The Ottomans lacked the ability to control access to the town through the lakeside harbour . As a result , the siege dragged on for several years without conclusion . In 1329 , emperor Andronicus III attempted to break the siege . He led a relief force to drive the Ottomans away from both Nicomedia and Nicaea . After some minor successes , however , the force suffered a reverse at Pelekanon and withdrew . When it was clear that no effective Imperial force would be able to restore the frontier and drive off the Ottomans , the city proper fell in 1331 . Legacy . Nicaea had been in Turkish hands before . It was reconquered by the First Crusade through Byzantine diplomacy in 1097 . It had served as the capital of the Greek emperors during the period of the Latin Empire from 1204 to 1261 . It was the most important Asian city in the Empire at the time of its fall to Osman . There were no Crusaders left then to retake it . The Ottoman conquests continued apace and Nicomedia fell in 1337 .
HMS Ruby ( 1776 ) HMS " Ruby " was a 64 - gun third rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy , launched on 26 November 1776 at Woolwich . She was converted to serve as a receiving ship in 1813 , and was broken up in 1821 .
Hans Seidemann Hans Seidemann ( 18 January 1901 – 21 December 1967 ) was a World War II Luftwaffe general . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross and its higher grade Oak Leaves was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . Interwar years . Between the two World Wars Seidemann was trained as a Luftwaffe pilot at the secret training facility in Lipetsk , Soviet Union He also participated in the third and fourth FAI International Tourist Plane Contest Challenge 1932 ( 7th place ) and Challenge 1934 ( 3rd place ) .
Breastplate A breastplate is a device worn over the torso to protect it from injury , as an item of religious significance , or as an item of status . A breastplate is sometimes worn by mythological beings as a distinctive item of clothing . Armour . In medieval weaponry , the breastplate is the front portion of plate armour covering the torso . It has been a military mainstay since ancient times and were usually made of leather , bronze or iron in antiquity . By around 1000AD solid plates had fallen out of use in Europe and knights of the period were wearing chain mail in the form of a Hauberk over a padded tunic . Plates protecting the torso reappeared during the 13th century in the form of the Cuirass or alternatively as plates directly attached to a knightly garment known as the surcoat . Around 1300 this developed into the Coat of Plates which continued in use for about a century . True breastplates reappear in Europe in 1340 first composed of wrought iron but latter steel . They were between about 1mm and 2 . 5mm thick . In order to prevent the wearer from bring cut by their own armour the design featured turned edges which also added strength . In some cases further strength was added by a ridge running down through he center of the plate . These early Breastplates only covered the upper torso with the lower torso not being protected by plate until the development of the Fauld around 1400 . Around 1450 the Breastplate had expanded to cover the entire torso and could consist of one or two plates . Bullet - proof vests are the modern descendant of the Breastplate . Biblical . A " breastplate " or " breastpiece " was among the clothes of the Jewish High Priest . In the Bible , the word Breastplate is used figuratively to describe protecting oneself from unrighteousness ( cf , , , etc . ) . Classical mythology . Both Zeus and Athena are sometimes depicted as wearing a goatskin shield or breastplate called an Aegis . At the center of Athena ' s shield was the head of Medusa . Native American use . The hair - pipe breastplates of 19th - century Plains Indians were made from the West Indian conch , brought to New York docks as ballast and then traded to native Americans of the upper Missouri River . Their popularity spread rapidly after their invention by the Comanche in 1854 . They were too fragile and expensive to be considered armour , and were instead a symbol of wealth during the economic depression among Plains Indians after the buffalo were almost exterminated .
Eastern Army Group ( Ottoman Empire ) The Eastern Army Group of the Ottoman Empire ( Turkish : " Şark Ordular Grubu " or " Şark Orduları Grubu " ) was one of the army groups of the Ottoman Army . It was formed during World War I . World War I . Order of Battle , June 1918 . In June 1918 , the army group was structured as follows : Order of Battle , September 1918 . In September 1918 , the army group was structured as follows : After Mudros . Order of Battle , November 1918 . In November 1918 , the army group was structured as follows :
Peshawar Brigade The Peshawar Brigade was an Infantry formation of the Indian Army during World War II . It was formed in September 1939 , for service on the North West Frontier . It was normal practice for newly formed battalions to be posted to the North West Frontier for service before being sent to Africa , Burma or Italy . Formation . These units served in the brigade during World War II
A . Sibiryakov ( icebreaker ) A . Sibiryakov ( Russian Александр Сибиряков ) was a Soviet icebreaker which was active in the Russia n Arctic during the 1930s . She was built in 1909 in Glasgow and was originally the Newfoundland sealing steamer " Bellaventure " . After being purchased by Russia in 1916 , she was renamed the " A . Sibiryakov " . Her Russian name was chosen in honour of Aleksandr Mikhaylovich Sibiryakov , an Imperial Russian gold mine proprietor . Sibiryakov financed explorations to Siberia , such as Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld ' s , and also took part in some expeditions of his own . Service before war . " A . Sibiryakov " made the first successful crossing of the Northern Sea Route in a single navigation without wintering . This historic voyage , which had been Mikhail Lomonosov ' s dream , was organized by the All - Union Arctic Institute ( presently known as the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute ) . " A . Sibiryakov " sailed on June 28 , 1932 from the Krasny ( previously Sobornoy ) docks in Arkhangelsk , crossed the Kara Sea and chose a northern , unexplored way around Severnaya Zemlya to the Laptev Sea . In September , after calling at Tiksi and the mouth of the Kolyma , the propeller shaft broke and the icebreaker drifted for 11 days . However , the " A . Sibiryakov " crossed the Chukchi Sea using improvised sails and arrived in the Bering Strait in October . " A . Sibiryakov " reached the Japanese port of Yokohama after 65 days , having covered more than 2 , 500 mi ( 4 , 000 km ) in the Arctic seas . This was regarded as a heroic feat of Soviet polar seamen and Chief of Expedition Otto Schmidt and Captain Vladimir Voronin were received with many honors at their return to Russia . Service during war and sinking . " A . Sibiryakov " continued in service until World War II under the command of Captain A . Kacharava . On August 25 , 1942 she was sunk after an unequal fight with " Kriegsmarine " heavy cruiser " Admiral Scheer " off the northwestern shores of Russky Island in the Nordenskiöld Archipelago during Operation Wunderland . " A . Sibiryakov " was armed only with several 76 - mm and 45 - mm guns and was no match for the pocket battleship with 280 - mm main guns . However radio transmission from " A . Sibiryakov " before and during 1 - hour battle alerted east and west bound Russian convoys , allowing them to avoid the area . Most members of " A . Sibiryakov " crew and civilians died in battle or went down with the ship . 22 , including severely wounded Captain Kacharava , were captured by the Germans . Only one sailor , stoker Pavel Vavilov , managed to reach Beluha island and was picked up by a Russian ship 34 or 35 days later . In total only 15 crew members survived the war . When the Finnish icebreaker " Jääkarhu " was handed over to the Soviet Union , it was renamed " Sibiryakov " .