naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Commando ( pigeon ) Commando was a pigeon used in service with the British armed forces during the Second World War to carry crucial intelligence . The pigeon carried out more than ninety missions during the war , and received the Dickin Medal ( the animal equivalent of the Victoria Cross ) for three particularly notable missions in 1942 . The medal was later sold at an auction for £9 , 200 . Early life . Commando , a red chequer bird , was bred in Haywards Heath , Sussex in the United Kingdom by Sid Moon . Moon was a pigeon fancier who had served with the Army Pigeon Service during the First World War . With the outbreak of the Second World War , Moon offered the service of his pigeons to the war effort in 1939 . Commando was one of the pigeons taken into military service . Military career . Pigeons were used where radio communications had become highly dangerous . A small canister was attached to the pigeon ' s leg , which contained the information that was being sent . Fewer than one in eight of the pigeons were able to conclude their missions successfully . Most fell victim to the marksmen and falconers that German troops used to intercept these birds along the French coast , while others were killed through bad weather , exhaustion , or by wild birds of prey . Serving with the National Pigeon Service ( NPS ) during the Second World War , Commando had been given the identification code " N . U . R . P . 38 . EGU . 242 " . During his career , Commando made more than ninety trips into and out of German occupied France , carrying confidential messages . Messenger pigeons were carried into the war zones by British paratrooper s , and released as needed with messages attached to fly home . He was noted for three particular missions carried out in 1942 — one in June , another in August , and the third in September — in which he carried crucial intelligence to Britain from agents in France . This vital information included the location of German troops , industrial sites and injured British soldiers . Recognition . For these three missions that Commando conducted , he received the PDSA Dickin Medal , which is considered to be the animals ' medal equivalent to the Victoria Cross , the highest military award for bravery in the UK . He received the award along with Royal Blue , the King ' s pigeon from the Royal Lofts at Sandringham . They were both presented their awards on 12 April 1945 in London by Rear Admiral R . M . Bellairs . The citation for the award that Commando received is as follows . The medal was auctioned by Valerie Theobold , Moon ' s grand daughter , in 2004 . It was bought by a British collector for £9 , 200 . It had been valued in a range between £5 , 000 to £7 , 000 . Post - military life . After the war , Commando enjoyed a somewhat celebrity - like status . He also participated in an exhibition of wartime homing pigeons .
French cruiser Jules Michelet The " Jules Michelet " was an armoured cruiser of the French Navy , laid down in 1904 and completed in 1908 . It was a development of the " Léon Gambetta " class of armoured cruisers , and was the sole representative of its type . It served during the First World War being eventually sank as a target in 1937 . Description . The " Jules Michelet " was laid down in June 1904 as a modified version of the " Leon Gambetta " class of armoured cruisers . It was slightly longer and heavier than the previous class , and while it had a similar machinery layout , with 28 boilers supplying vertical triple expansion steam engines which drove three propeller shafts , the engines delivered more power , allowing the ship to reach a design speed of . The ship was fitted with four funnels . The main armament was four guns in twin turrets , one each fore and aft , while secondary armament was twelve guns , eight of which were in single turrets and the remaining four in casemate s . Although " Jules Michelet " had four fewer 164 mm guns than the " Leon Gambetta " class , with single turrets instead of twin turrets , both the main and secondary guns were more powerful models than those carried in the earlier ships . A tertiary anti - torpedo - boat battery of twenty four 47 mm guns was mounted in casements , while the ship ' s armament was completed by two submerged 450 mm ( 18 in ) torpedo tubes . The ship was launched in August 1905 and completed in November 1908 , reaching a speed of in trials . History . On 27 June 1912 , " Jules Michelet " suffered two gun explosions during firing practice at Toulon , killing four and wounding 21 . These explosions were blamed on defective powder . It undertook a tour of the West Indies in 1912 – 13 . On the outbreak of the First World War , " Jules Michelet " was part of the French Mediterranean Fleet , spending the whole of the war in the Mediterranean . " Jules Michelet " took place in the blockade of the Strait of Otranto to stop the Austro - Hungarian Navy from venturing into the Mediterranean . Twelve of " Jules Michelet " ' s 47 mm guns were removed during the war , replaced by four anti - aircraft guns of similar size . She took place in the evacuation of the Serbian army from Corfu to Bizerta in 1915 and later supported Allied operations in the Salonika campaign . Following the signing of the Armistice of Mudros , ending the participation of Turkey in the First World War , " Jules Michelet " was deployed through the Dardanelles into the Black Sea in November 1918 . " Jules Michelet " entered reserve in 1929 and was disarmed in 1930 and used as a barracks ship at Toulon . The ship was later used as a target ship for aircraft and submarines , being sunk by the French Circé class submarine " Thetis " in 1937 .
Mordhau Mordhau , alternatively Mordstreich or Mordschlag ( Ger . , lit . , " murder - strike " or " murder - blow " ) , in the German school of swordsmanship , is the term for the technique of holding the sword inverted , with both hands gripping the blade , and hitting the opponent with the pommel or crossguard . This technique allows the swordsman to essentially use the sword as a mace or hammer . The " Mordhau " is mainly used in armoured combat , although it can be used to surprise an opponent in close quarters . This technique has also been called a " thunder stroke " .
Fire hardening Fire hardening , also known as " fire - polishing " , is the process of removing moisture from wood , changing its structure and material properties , by slowly and lightly charring it over a fire . This makes a point , like that of a spear , or an edge , like that of a knife , more durable . Pre - historic weaponmakers would rub the end of a selected wood pole against a smooth rock surface until a point was achieved . Then the point was heated in a fire , making sure to thrust the point into the coals . This put a light coating of carbon on the surface , which was then polished with a special stone , which ground fine particles of stone into the pitch which had been brought to the surface of the wood by the fire . Subsequent firings and polishings of the wooden tip of the spear would eventually form a hardened glaze consisting of pitch , wood particles and carbon on the tip which could eventually be even harder than a copper tip . This kind of primitive technology was developed by primitive humans at least 400 , 000 years long before flint or stone points .
4 Squadron SAAF 4 Squadron SAAF was a South African Air Force unit which served during World War II . It was resurrected in 1951 and remained active until 1958 . Its final period of active service was from 1961 to 1991 . Its final aircraft were Impala Mk IIs . It was based at Lanseria Airport at the time of final disbandment . History . Establishment and deployment . The squadron was initially equipped with Hawker Hartbees , Hawker Furys and Wapitis when it was first formed in April 1939 in Durban . It was disbanded soon thereafter ( December 1939 ) and resurrected at AFB Waterkloof on 24 March 1941 flying Hurricanes . Operational training took place in Kenya and soon the squadron was responsible for protection against possible Italian attacks from Somaliland . While in Kenya , it received a number of Curtiss Mohawks which had been taken over from French orders . World War II . On 1 September 1941 the squadron began to move to Egypt and converted to Tomahawks . Its first combat patrol came on 12 November , early in Operation Crusader as a fighter - bomber squadron . The squadron remained in Egypt to take part in all of the desert battles from Operation " Crusader " to El Alamein . The squadron also supported the advance into Tunisia as well as the invasions of Sicily and Italy . The Kittyhawks were replaced by Spitfires in July 1943 . In August it moved onto Sicily and to the Italian mainland in September from where it concentrated on ground attack missions until the end of hostilities . 4 Squadron remained in Italy for two months after the end of the war ; on 12 July its personnel began returning to South Africa . The squadron was disbanded in October 1945 . Post World War II . 4 Squadron was reformed in January 1951 at AFB Waterkloof as the Active Citizen Force element of 1 Squadron with Harvards and Spitfires until once again disbanded in October 1958 . On 1 November 1961 , it was reformed at Swartkop , flying Harvards and in August 1972 the first Impala Jets were received . The squadron moved from Swartkop to Waterkloof and then to Lanseria Airport where it received Impala Mk IIs . It saw numerous deployments to South West Africa and Mpacha and Rundu airfields in Angola . Its home base remained at Lanseria until it was disbanded in September 1991 . Aircraft . < / div >
HMS L24 HMS " L24 " was an L - class submarine built by Vickers , Barrow - in - Furness for the Royal Navy . She was laid down on 13 February 1919 and was commissioned on an unknown date . Sinking . " L24 " was sunk in a collision with the battleship during an exercise off Portland Bill in the English Channel on 10 January 1924 . The crew were lost . A memorial is located in St Ann ' s Church in HMNB Portsmouth . The wreck is located at at a depth of 52 metres . Her hydroplanes remain set to hard dive , indicating that she was trying to take evasive action . A hatch is open and there is obvious damage where " Resolution " sliced into her hull . The wreck is designated as a " protected place " under the Protection of Military Remains Act 1986 .
Motti Ashkenazi Motti Ashkenazi ( born 1940 ) was a reserve captain in the Israel Defense Forces ( IDF ) , who spearheaded a protest after the Yom Kippur War that led to the resignation of Prime Minister Golda Meir ' s government . Ashkenazi was the commander of Fort Budapest , an Israeli fortification on the Suez Canal . It was the only position along the Bar Lev Line that did not fall to the Egypt ians in the Battles of Fort Budapest . When the war was over , he organized protests outside the Prime Minister ' s office which gained widespread public support . The protest movement began as a one - man crusade . In February 1974 , Ashkenazi stationed himself outside Meir ' s office in Jerusalem with a hand - drawn placard proclaiming : “ Grandma , your defense is a failure and 3 , 000 of your children are dead . ” Underestimating the impact of Ashkenazi ' s actions , defense minister Moshe Dayan did not believe that demonstrations would bring down the government . Within three months , however , growing public pressure forced the government to resign and ultimately led to the fall from power of the Labor Party .
Dorchester Castle Dorchester Castle was in the market town of Dorchester , Dorset , southern England ( ) . This motte and bailey castle stood in the north part of the town . Between 1154 and 1175 it was in possession of the Earl of Cornwall and it had become a royal possession by 1185 . It appears to have been disused from about 1290 and there are references to its stonework being reused to build Dorchester Greyfriars in 1309 . There are now no remains and Dorchester Prison occupies its site . Great Western Railway Castle - class locomotive No . 4090 was named after the castle .
Dixie Station Dixie Station was a geographic position during the Vietnam War in the South China Sea off the Mekong Delta from which United States Navy aircraft carriers launched strikes providing close air support for American and Army of the Republic of Vietnam ( ARVN ) ground troops in South Vietnam . It was located about 130 km due southeast of Cam Ranh Bay , at 11° N and 110° E . Dixie Station was established on 15 May 1965 as a single - carrier counterpart to the multi - carrier Yankee Station , which was located further north near the mouth of the Gulf of Tonkin and was responsible for strikes on North Vietnam ese targets . Targets for Yankee Station strikes were personally selected ( sometimes months in advance ) by President Lyndon Johnson and Secretary of Defense , Robert McNamara , resulting in notoriously restrictive rules of engagement . In contrast , Dixie Station missions were carried out in response to requests for close air support by friendly ground forces engaging enemy guerrilla s in South Vietnam . The strike forces were usually vectored on to their target in real time by a ground - based forward air controller . The name " Dixie " was chosen to match that of the phonetic - alphabet - designated " Yankee , " resulting in a pun relating to the traditional slang terms for the Northern United States and Southern United States , with Yankee bombing the North , and Dixie the South . Aircraft carriers continued rotating on station at Dixie flying in support of friendly forces until 3 August 1966 , when enough land - based aircraft had become available to support operations in the area that aircraft carrier support no longer was needed . Yankee Station , in contrast , remained in use until August 1973 .
Iro Ilk Iro Ilk ( 18 October 1919 – 25 September 1944 ) was a German World War II Luftwaffe bomber pilot , fighter ace and recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross ( " Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes " ) . A flying ace or fighter ace is a military aviator credited with shooting down five or more enemy aircraft during aerial combat . Ilk is credited with 10 aerial victories claimed in more than 300 missions as a bomber and fighter pilot . Ilk was killed in action on 25 September 1944 near Moers in combat with Supermarine Spitfire s flying Bf 109 G - 14 ( Werknummer 782295 — factory number ) .
Ethiopian training ship Ethiopia ( A - 01 ) " Ethiopia " ( A - 01 ) was a training ship of the Ethiopian Navy in commission from 1962 to 1991 . She was the largest naval ship ever to operate in Ethiopia n service . Construction and United States Navy service 1944 - 1960 . " Ethiopia " was built as the United States Navy . Commissioned in 1944 , she served in the New Guinea campaign and Philippines campaign during World War II , and at Okinawa and the Bikini Atoll atomic bomb tests post - war before being decommissioned in 1947 . Recommissioned in 1951 , she served in the Pacific until decommissioned again in 1960 . Ethiopian Navy service 1962 - 1993 . In January 1962 , " Orca " was loaned to Ethiopia under the Military Assistance Program and was commissioned as the training ship " Ethiopia " ( A - 01 ) . Sold outright to Ethiopia in March 1976 , " Ethiopia " was the Ethiopian Navy ' s largest ship from her arrival in 1962 until her scrapping in 1993 . In May 1991 , at the end of the Eritrean War of Independence , the independence of Eritrea made Ethiopia a landlocked country . " Ethiopia " was among ten Ethiopian Navy ships to escape to Yemen . Final disposition . Never again operational after arriving in Yemen in 1991 , " Ethiopia " survived as a hulk there until she was sold for scrap in 1993 . In 1996 , the Ethiopian Navy itself was disestablished .
USS Lenoir ( AKA - 74 ) USS " Lenoir " ( AKA - 74 ) was a named after Lenoir County , North Carolina and the distant City of Lenoir , North Carolina , which are both named for the patriot William Lenoir . Like all AKAs , " Lenoir " was designed to carry military cargo and landing craft , and to use the latter to land weapons , supplies , and Marines on enemy shores during amphibious operations . She served as a commissioned ship for 17 months . " Lenoir " was laid down by North Carolina Shipbuilding Co . , Wilmington , North Carolina , on 7 September 1944 ; launched under Maritime Commission contract on 6 November 1944 ; sponsored by Mrs . John M . Kerr ; acquired and commissioned on 14 December 1944 , Lt . Comdr . Marcus L . Whitford in command . Service history . World War II , 1945 . " Lenoir " departed Norfolk on 21 January 1945 and arrived Pearl Harbor on 20 February . After touching Eniwetok on 22 to 25 March , she sailed from Ulithi on 13 April for the Okinawa landings , arriving off Hagushi beach on 17 April . Within 72 hours she had discharged her cargo ; though coming under air attack , she sustained no battle damage . She then voyaged to Saipan , Guadalcanal , and Guam , and arrived San Francisco on 10 July . Post - war activities , 1945 – 1946 . The ship returned to Pearl Harbor on 25 August to embark men of the Army 6th Division for Japan , arriving there on 22 October . She departed on 4 November for Portland , Oregon , arriving the 18th . The ship next sailed from Alameda , California , for Tsingtao , China , and Jinsen , Korea , on a " Magic Carpet " voyage . Decommissioning and Sale . She returned to San Francisco on 11 March 1946 , sailed on to Norfolk , and was decommissioned there on 13 June 1946 . Returned to the Maritime Commission on 14 June 1946 , she was sold on 1 October 1947 to Lykes Brothers Steamship Company , and operated out of Tampa , Florida as SS " Margaret Lykes " . Resold the same year to the Gulf & South American Steamship Company , she was renamed SS " Gulf Merchant " . After 17 years of service she was sold again ( 5 November 1964 ) to Delta Steamship Company and named SS " Del Aires " . Delta sold her on 28 June 1968 to Columbia Steamship Company who named her SS " Columbia Tiger " . On 9 September 1970 she was reflagged to the Netherlands and named SS " Antillian Tiger " . Sometime in 1971 , the ship was sold for the last time and broken up for scrap . Awards . " Lenior " received one battle star for World War II service .
Philip Stuart Philip Stuart ( 1760 – August 14 , 1830 ) was an American politician and soldier who represented the state of Maryland in the House of Representatives . Stuart was born near Fredericksburg , Virginia , and completed his preparatory education before moving to Maryland . He served during the American Revolutionary War as a lieutenant in the 3rd Continental Light Dragoons , and was wounded at Eutaw Springs on September 8 , 1781 . He transferred to Baylor ’ s dragoons on November 9 , 1782 , and later served as a lieutenant in the Second Artillerists and Engineers , beginning on June 5 , 1798 and ending with his resignation on November 15 , 1800 . He also served in the War of 1812 Stuart was elected as a Federalist to the Twelfth and to the three succeeding Congresses , serving from March 4 , 1811 to March 3 , 1819 . He died in Washington , D . C . , and is interred in the Congressional Cemetery .
USS Preston ( DD - 19 ) USS " Preston " ( DD – 19 ) was a " Smith " class destroyer in the United States Navy during World War I . She was the third ship named for Samuel W . Preston . " Preston " was laid down on 28 April 1908 by the New York Shipbuilding Company , Camden , New Jersey , launched on 14 July 1909 , sponsored by Miss Katherine Magoun , and commissioned on 21 December 1909 , Lieutenant Commander G . C . Day in command . World War I . " Preston " , attached to Destroyer Force , Atlantic Fleet , conducted peacetime patrols and participated in various individual , squadron , and fleet exercises until assigned to neutrality duties prior to the entry of the United States into World War I . At New York on 6 April 1917 , she sailed within the week for Boston , Massachusetts , where she continued patrol duties until 12 May . Then reassigned to Destroyer Force , Atlantic , she performed coastal escort and patrol duties for two months . In July , she sailed east , and from 1 August to 5 October she patrolled and performed escort work off the strategically located Azores . Next ordered to Brest , she conducted similar missions along the French coast until the Armistice . On 11 December 1918 , she sailed for the United States , arriving at Charleston , South Carolina on 4 January 1919 . Later shifted to Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , she decommissioned on 17 July and her name was struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 15 September . On 21 November , the coal burning " Flivver " was sold to the T . A . Scott Company of New London , Connecticut .
30th Air Division The 30th Air Division ( 30th AD ) is an inactive United States Air Force organization . Its last assignment was with Air Defense Command , assigned to Tenth Air Force , being stationed at Sioux City Municipal Airport , Iowa . It was inactivated on 18 September 1968 . History . Assigned to Air Defense Command ( ADC ) for most of its existence , the division ' s initial mission was the air defense of the upper Great Lakes region of the United States . The 30th equipped , administered , trained , and provided operationally ready forces to the appropriate commanders for air defense . The division trained attached and assigned units and supervised and participated in numerous exercises such as Kiowa Knife and Mandan Indian . Moved to Sioux City , Iowa in 1966 as part of an ADC reorganization and became responsible for air defense a large area of the upper Midwest after the inactivation of the Sioux City Air Defense Sector . Assumed additional designation of 30th NORAD Region after activation of the NORAD Combat Operations Center at Cheyenne Mountain , Colorado and reporting was transferred to NORAD from ADC at Ent AFB in April 1966 . The 30th administered and trained subordinate units , and participated in numerous air defense training exercises . In addition , during the 1960s it supervised training of Air National Guard units with a pertinent mobilization assignment . Inactivated in September 1968 as ADC phased down its interceptor mission as the chances of a Soviet bomber attack on the United States seemed remote , its mission being consolidated into North American Aerospace Defense Command ( NORAD ) .
Henry J . Hatch Lieutenant General Henry J . Hatch served as Chief of Engineers for the United States Army from June 17 , 1988 – June 4 , 1992 . The son of an artillery officer , Henry J . Hatch was born on August 31 , 1935 , in Pensacola , Florida . After graduating from the United States Military Academy in 1957 , he completed airborne and ranger training at Fort Benning , Georgia , and earned a master ' s degree in geodetic science at Ohio State University . Hatch held several leadership positions in Army airborne and airmobile units early in his career . He commanded a company of the 307th Engineer Battalion , 82d Airborne Division , at Fort Bragg , North Carolina ; served on the staff of the 2d Airborne Battle Group , 503d Infantry , in Okinawa ; and commanded the 326th Engineer Battalion , 101st Airborne Division , in Vietnam in 1968 - 69 . Hatch subsequently oversaw West Point construction work for the Corps ' New York District and in 1974 began a three - year tenure as Nashville District Engineer . He then returned to Asia to lead the 2d Infantry Division Support Command in Korea and later directed Army and Air Force construction in Korea , Japan , and the Pacific as the Corps ' Pacific Ocean Division Engineer . Hatch was Deputy Chief of Staff , Engineer , for U . S . Army , Europe , in 1981 - 84 . He next served briefly as Assistant Chief of Engineers and then for nearly four years as Director of Civil Works . President Reagan appointed him Chief of Engineers in May 1988 . Awards and decorations . Hatch ' s military awards included : References . " This article contains public domain text from "
HSC - 7 HSC - 7 Helicopter Sea Combat Squadron Seven , also known as the " Dusty Dogs " , is a United States Navy helicopter squadron located at Naval Station Norfolk . The " Dusty Dogs " are attached to Carrier Air Wing Three and deploy aboard the aircraft carrier " USS Harry S . Truman " ( CVN - 75 )