naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Volunteer ( Irish republican ) Volunteer , often abbreviated Vol . , is a term used by a number of Irish republican paramilitary organisations to describe their members . Among these have been the various forms of the Irish Republican Army ( IRA ) and the Irish National Liberation Army ( INLA ) . " Óglach " is the equivalent title used in the Irish language . History of the term " volunteer " in Ireland . In Ireland , the term was used in the 18th century for members of local defence forces formed by the Government in anticipation of foreign threats – such as Jacobite ( 1715 and 1745 ) and French invasions ( 1757 and 1760 ) . The term " Ulster volunteers " goes back to 1803 when mention is made of the " Ulster volunteers of 1760 " . The Irish Rifle Volunteer Corps was established in London in 1859 , and later became the London Irish Rifles . In 1860 , in response to the Volunteer Force movement in the rest of the United Kingdom , the short - lived Royal Irish Rifle Volunteers was established in Dublin . The 1 , 400 Irish Catholics who enlisted with the Papal Army in 1860 , to defend the Papal States during the Unification of Italy , are cited as being volunteers . In 1913 , the Ulster Volunteers ( Ulster Volunteer Force , UVF ) were formed to resist Irish Home Rule . In response and in part inspired by the formation of the UVF , Irish nationalists founded the Irish Volunteers ( Irish Volunteer Force ) to defend Home Rule . The Irish Volunteers name in Irish was " Óglaigh na hÉireann " . In September 1914 , there was a split in the Irish Volunteers and most of its 160 , 000 members became part of the National Volunteers , while 12 , 000 members , led by Eoin MacNeill , continued under the name ' Irish Volunteers ' . This group became the Irish Republican Army ( IRA ) . The IRA and descended groups see themselves as the continuation of these Irish Volunteers , calling their members " volunteers " and calling themselves " Óglaigh na hÉireann " in Irish . The regular Irish Defence Forces also trace their descent back to the Irish Volunteers , with their official Irish name also being " Óglaigh na hÉireann " . Definition . The use of the term is quite loose . Sometimes it is used to refer to any member of an Irish republican paramilitary . For example , Official IRA member Joe McCann , killed in 1972 , was referred to in commemorations as a " Staff Captain " but also as a " Volunteer " . However , sometimes the term is narrowed to mean a " rank and file " member , similar to a " private " , or a member that does not hold the role of an officer such as Chief of Staff or Quartermaster General . The ' v ' may or may not be capitalized . For instance , Joe Cahill said in a press conference , after the introduction of internment in 1971 , that British forces had arrested two " officers " in the Provisional IRA , " the rest are volunteers , or as they say in the British Army , privates " . Most modern IRA memorials refer to the dead only as " Volunteer " , " Vol . " or " " Óglach " " rather than giving a specific rank . The role of a volunteer . " The Green Book " , the IRA training manual , defines the role of a new volunteer as follows :
303rd Infantry Brigade ( United Kingdom ) 303rd Infantry Brigade ( 303 Bde ) was a formation of the British Army organised from surplus Royal Artillery ( RA ) personnel retrained as infantry towards the end of World War II . Origin . By the end of 1944 , 21st Army Group was suffering a severe manpower shortage , particularly among the infantry . At the same time the German " Luftwaffe " was suffering from such shortages of pilots , aircraft and fuel that serious aerial attacks on the United Kingdom could be discounted . In January 1945 the War Office began to reorganise surplus anti - aircraft and coastal artillery regiments in the UK into infantry battalions , primarily for line of communication and occupation duties in North West Europe , thereby releasing trained infantry for frontline service . 303rd was one of seven brigades formed from these new units . Composition . 303rd Infantry Brigade was formed on 22 January 1945 by conversion of Headquarters 27th ( Home Counties ) Anti - Aircraft Brigade within 2 Anti - Aircraft Group . It was commanded by Brigadier H . G . Smith and comprised the following Territorial Army RA units : Service . After infantry training , including a short period attached to 61st Infantry Division , 303 Bde was sent to Norway in June 1945 following the liberation of that country ( Operation Doomsday ) .
26 Squadron SAAF 26 Squadron SAAF is a disbanded squadron of the South African Air Force . The squadron was based at Takoradi , Gold Coast ( now Ghana ) on the West Coast of Africa during World war II . They flew Vickers Wellingtons on anti - submarine and convoy escort patrols over the Atlantic . The squadron was seconded to No . 298 Wing RAF .
FN MAG The FN MAG is a Belgium machinegun in 7 . 62 mm NATO , developed and originally manufactured by Belgium FN Herstal . The acronym comes from the weapon name in French : Mitrailleuses d ' Appui General - General Purpose Machinegun . The machine gun MAG has rate of fire of 1000 rounds per minute . Description . The MAG ( Mitrailleuse d ' Appui General = General Purpose Machinegun ) , had been developed by the famous Belgian company FN Herstal in the 1950s , as a true universal machine gun , that could be used as a light MG on bipod , as a medium MG on tripod or as a vehicle - mounted and coaxial MG on helicopters , armored cars and tanks . The basic design of the MAG is no more than a time - proven Browning action , taken from the B . A . R automatic rifle , turned upside down and adopted for belt feed . The basic design used as much steel stampings and pressings as possible to save the labor and costs , and the final gun had the angular , but very business - like appearance . By no way a beauty , it is extremely reliable and proven design , that seen widespread service , being adopted by several tens of armies around the world , including Belgian , British , Australian , Canadian , USA and many other armies . It was fitted to various vehicles , helicopters , tanks etc . So far it is one of the most popular GPMG ' s in the world . The FN MAG is a gas operated , belt fed , air cooled automatic weapon . It uses the long piston stroke gas system with the gas regulator , located below the barrel . The bolt is locked using a swinging shoulder that engages the cut in the floor of the receiver . The air - cooled barrel is quick - detachable , with the carrying handle attached to it to help handling of the hot barrel . The receiver is made from steel stampings . The M240 is fed using the disintegrating steel belts of various lengths . The rate of fire can be selected between " low " ( 650 rpm ) and " high " ( 950 rpm ) , depending on the tactical situation , and the gun can be fired in full auto only . The charging handle is located on the right side of the receiver . The simple folding bipod is attached to the gas block , and there ' s a mounting points on the bottom of the receiver to fit into the various mountings , including infantry tripods . The open sights are fitted by standard , and some of the latest production MAG versions have Picatinny - style scope mounts on the top of the receiver . Standard guns are fitted with the pistol grip and trigger , and the wooden ( early models ) or plastic ( present manufacture ) butt , coaxial guns ( like M240C ) have the trigger replaced by the electric solenoid , and the pintle - mounted versions , like the M240D , have the spade grips instead of the pistol grip and the butt .
Haldane Robert Mayer Haldane Robert Mayer ( born February 21 , 1941 in Buffalo , New York ) is a Senior United States Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit . Mayer was appointed to the United States Military Academy by Representative William E . Miller , and received a B . S . in 1963 . Mayer served in the U . S . Army from 1963 to 1975 . He was awarded the Bronze Star , Meritorious Service , and Army Commendation Medal s , the Combat Infantryman Badge , Parachutist Badge , Ranger Tab , and Ranger Combat Badge for his service during the Vietnam War . He took leave from the Army to attend The College of William & Mary Law School , where he was editor - in - chief of the " William and Mary Law Review " . He graduated first in his class and received his J . D . in 1971 . Mayer served as Special Assistant to the Chief Justice of the United States , Warren E . Burger , for three years , and as Law Clerk to Judge John D . Butzner , Jr . , of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit . He was in private practice in Charlottesville , Virginia , in the 1970s , and in Washington , DC , in 1980 and 1981 . He was Deputy and Acting Special Counsel at the United States Merit Systems Protection Board from 1981 to 1982 . President Ronald Reagan appointed him to the United States Claims Court in 1982 , where he served until his appointment , again by President Reagan , to the Federal Circuit in 1987 . He served as Chief Judge of the court from 1997 to 2004 . Chief Judge Glenn Leroy Archer , Jr . preceded him as chief judge and Paul Michel succeeded him . He was an adjunct professor at The George Washington University Law School and the University of Virginia School of Law . Mayer took senior status on June 30 , 2010 .
USS Casablanca ( CVE - 55 ) The USS " Casablanca " ( CVE - 55 ) ( also ACV - 55 ) was a United States Navy escort aircraft carrier , lead ship of her class , named after the city of Casablanca , Morocco where a naval battle had taken place in 1942 . " Casablanca " bore three names and three type designators . Originally assigned the name Ameer and the designator AVG , she became ACV - 55 on 20 August 1942 , and was renamed " Alazon Bay " on 23 January 1943 . She became Casablanca on 5 April 1943 , and CVE - 55 on 15 July 1943 . " Casablanca " was launched on 5 April 1943 by Kaiser Shipbuilding Company , Vancouver , Washington , under a Maritime Commission contract , sponsored by Eleanor Roosevelt , acquired by the Navy on 8 July 1943 , and commissioned the same day , Commander W . W . Gallaway in command . She then reported to the Pacific Fleet . Service history . " Casablanca " operated in the Strait of Juan de Fuca as a training ship for escort carrier crews from the time of her commissioning until August 1944 . On 24 August she cleared San Francisco carrying men , airplanes , and aviation gasoline to Manus Island , a major base for western Pacific operations . Returning to Seattle on 8 October , she resumed her training operations in Puget Sound until 22 January 1945 , when she began a repair period at San Diego . Putting to sea on 13 March , " Casablanca " called at Pearl Harbor , then delivered passengers and aircraft brought from the West Coast to the island of Guam . Acting as a transport ship for passengers , aircraft , and aviation gasoline , she operated between Samar , Manus , and Palau until 12 May , when she put back for a West Coast overhaul . She returned with passengers to Pearl Harbor on 24 June , and through the summer transported sailors and aviators from the West Coast to Pearl Harbor and Guam . After brief employment in carrier qualification training off Saipan in August , she carried homeward - bound U . S . servicemen to San Francisco , arriving on 24 September . Continuing to aid in the homecoming of soldiers , sailors , and Marines from the Pacific Theater , the " Casablanca " carried passengers on a voyage from the West Coast to Pearl Harbor in September and October , and the in November she made a voyage from Pearl Harbor , to Espiritu Santo and Nouméa to recover more passengers . Her last voyage on this duty in Operation Magic Carpet , from 8 December 1945 to 16 January 1946 , was from San Francisco to Yokohama . The " Casablanca " departed San Francisco on 23 January for Norfolk , Virginia , arriving on 10 February . There she was decommissioned on 10 June 1946 , and sold on 23 April 1947 .
Thomas C . Cooney Thomas Calvin Cooney ( July 18 , 1853 - January 8 , 1907 ) was an American sailor serving in the United States Navy during the Spanish – American War who received the Medal of Honor for bravery . Biography . Cooney was born July 18 , 1853 in Westport , Nova Scotia , and after entering the navy he was sent as a Chief Machinist to fight in the Spanish – American War aboard the U . S . Torpedo Boat " Winslow " . He died January 8 , 1907 and is buried in United States Naval Academy Cemetery , Annapolis , Maryland . His grave can be found in lot 254 . Medal of Honor citation . Rank and organization : Chief Machinist , U . S . Navy . Born : 18 July 1853 , Westport , Nova Scotia . Accredited to : New Jersey . G . O . No . : 497 , 3 September 1898 . Citation : On board the U . S . Torpedo Boat Winslow during the action at Cardenas , Cuba , 11 May 1898 . Following the piercing of the boiler by an enemy shell , Cooney , by his gallantry and promptness in extinguishing the resulting flames , saved the boiler tubes from burning out .
Canon de 75 CA modèle 1940 Schneider The Canon de 75 contre avion modèle 1940 Schneider was a French piece of 75 mm artillery of the Second World War , designed and manufactured by Schneider et Cie in Le Creusot . The gun was designed from 1928 , evolving from the design of the Canon de 75 modèle 1897 . The anti - air mounting went into service in the mid - 30s , and by May 1940 , 75mm guns of models 1897 and 1928 were mounted as anti - aircraft artillery . These guns were used by both the French Army and the French Navy . With a x6 scope , the Canon anti - aérien de 75mm modèle 1939 had anti - armour capabilities , in spite of the lack of armour - piercing ammunition .
Thomas Leeke Massie Thomas Leeke Massie ( 20 October 1802 – 20 July 1898 ) was an officer of the Royal Navy , who rose to the rank of admiral . Life . He was born at Coddington Hall , Cheshire , on 20 October 1802 . He entered the navy in October 1818 on board , flagship in the Mediterranean of Sir Thomas Francis Fremantle , and later on of Sir Graham Moore . In different ships he continued serving in the Mediterranean , being wrecked in on the coast of the Morea on 25 January 1824 . He was in at the demonstration against Algiers under Sir Harry Burrard Neale , and was frequently engaged in boat affairs with Greek pirates . He was in at Battle of Navarino on 20 October 1827 . He was rewarded with promotion to lieutenant on a death vacancy , on 11 November 1827 . As a lieutenant he served mostly in the Channel , North Sea , and Lisbon station . He was for three years on the South American station with Captain Robert Smart in , and for two years in the Mediterranean as first lieutenant of with Henry Byam Martin . On 28 June 1838 , Queen Victoria ' s coronation , he was made commander ; and in 1839 was , with some others , sent out to Constantinople to assist in organising the Ottoman Navy . They were , however , recalled after about six months ; and in March 1840 Massie was appointed ( as second captain ) to with Maurice Frederick Fitzhardinge Berkeley . In the " Thunderer " he took part in the operations on the coast of Syria in the summer and autumn of 1840 , during the Oriental Crisis of 1840 , culminating in the capture of Acre , for which he was promoted to be captain on 17 March 1841 . In April 1849 he was appointed to , which he commanded in the East Indies and China and during the Second Anglo - Burmese War . In September 1854 he commissioned , which during the latter part of 1855 and 1856 was on the North American station . He had no further service , but became rear - admiral on 7 November 1860 , vice - admiral on 2 April 1866 , and admiral on 20 October 1872 , being placed on the retired list in 1866 . He died at Chester on 20 July 1898 .
Jean Sassi Jean Sassi ( 11 June 1917 – 9 January 2009 ) was a French Army colonel and intelligence service officer , former " " Jedburgh " " ( BCRA ) of France and Far East . Commando chief of the SDECE ' s 11th Shock Parachutist Regiment ( " 11e Régiment Parachutiste de Choc " ) . Maquis chief in French Indochina through the GCMA ( 1953 – 1955 ) . During the Battle of Dien Bien Phu in April 1954 Jean Sassi led Mèo partisans ( GCMA ) in Operation " Condor " .
Thomas A . Pope Thomas A . Pope ( December 15 , 1894 – June 14 , 1989 ) was a soldier in the United States Army who received the Medal of Honor for his actions during World War I . Biography . Pope was born in Chicago , Illinois on December 15 , 1894 and died June 14 , 1989 . He is buried in Arlington National Cemetery , Arlington , Virginia . His grave can be found in section 35 , lot 3157 . Medal of Honor citation . Rank and organization : Corporal , U . S . Army , Company E , 131st Infantry , 33d Division . Place and date : At Hamel , France , 4 July 1918 . Entered service at : Chicago , Ill . Birth : Chicago , Ill . G . O . No . : 44 , W . D . , 1919 . Citation :
Battle of Les Formigues The naval Battle of Les Formigues ( Catalan ) took place probably in the early morning of 4 September 1285 near Les Formigues Islands , about 85 km northeast of Barcelona , when a Catalan - Sicilian galley fleet commanded by Roger of Lauria defeated a French and Genoese galley fleet commanded by Guilhem de Lodeva , Henry di Mari , and John de Orrea . There are three almost completely different accounts of this battle in Ramon Muntaner , Bernard Desclot , and the " Gesta comitum Barchinonensium " . The " Gesta " places the battle at Les Formigues ( or Formigas ) , while Muntaner favoured a location off Roses ( Rosas ) to the north . Either Lauria or the French were ashore for the night and encountered by the other , or they were both at sea when the encounter took place . The accounts agree that it happened at night , which was unusual for medieval naval battles , but suited Lauria who was skilled at night - fighting . He used two lanterns on each galley to increase his apparent numbers . Ten to sixteen Genoese galleys under John de Orreo fled , leaving about fifteen to twenty French galleys to be captured , and some others sunk or burnt . The troubadour Joan Esteve blamed treachery for the capture of the French admiral Guilhem . It is said that three hundred French prisoners were send back to France . All of them but one had their eyes taken out except from one , who was left one eye to guide the others . The prisoners brought one message from Roger of Lauria to the King of France : that not even fish would be able to navigate safely through Mediterranean Sea without a shield or sign of the king of Aragon on them .
Louis Richards Louis or Lewis Richards ( 1835 – January 7 , 1894 ) was a Union Navy sailor in the American Civil War and a recipient of the U . S . military ' s highest decoration , the Medal of Honor , for his actions at the Battle of Forts Jackson and St . Philip . Born in 1835 in New York City , Richards was still living in the state of New York when he joined the Navy . He served during the Civil War as a quartermaster on the . At the Battle of Forts Jackson and St . Philip near New Orleans on April 24 , 1862 , he successfully steered his ship through obstacles placed in the Mississippi River by the Confederates . For this action , he was awarded the Medal of Honor a year later on April 3 , 1863 . Richards ' s official Medal of Honor citation reads : Richards served as quartermaster on board the U . S . S . " Pensacola " in the attack upon Forts Jackson and St . Philip , and at the taking of New Orleans , 24 and 25 April 1862 . Through all the din and roar of battle , he steered the ship through the narrow opening of the barricade , and his attention to orders contributed to the successful passage of the ship without once fouling the shore or the obstacles of the barricade . Richards died on January 7 , 1894 , at age 58 or 59 and was buried in Brooklyn , New York City .
Dieter Collin Leutnant Dieter Collin was a World War I flying ace credited with 13 aerial victories . Collin was originally assigned to Jasta 22 in November 1916 , but was quickly reassigned to Jasta 2 . He scored his first victory there , on 23 November 1916 . He picked up his second the day after Christmas . On 21 February 1917 , he returned to Jasta 22 . He accumulated another three victories with them , from 23 May 1917 through 6 September 1917 , but was wounded on the latter day . He did not return from convalescence until 4 March 1918 . On the 29th , he scored his last victory for Jasta 22 . On 16 April , he was appointed to command of Jasta 56 , succeeding Franz Schleiff . Leading from the front , Collin scored four more victories in May and three in July . Collin was severely wounded in combat on 13 August 1918 , and died in hospital later that day . References . " Above the Lines : The Aces and Fighter Units of the German Air Service , Naval Air Service and Flanders Marine Corps 1914 - 1918 " Norman L . R . Franks , " et al . " Grub Street , 1993 . ISBN 0 - 948817 - 73 - 9 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 948817 - 73 - 1 .
Edward Wilson Very Edward Wilson Very ( 1847 – 1910 ) was an American naval officer who developed and popularized a single - shot breech - loading snub - nosed flare gun that fired flare s that bear his name ( Very Lights ) . Records indicate that Edward W . Very served very briefly as a midshipman on the in 1864 and on the in 1878 . In 1881 Very served on the Naval Advisory Board .
Robert Hamilton Anstruther Admiral Robert Hamilton Anstruther ( Chinese : 安史導 ; 10 June 1862 - 26 September 1938 ) was the son of Lieutenant - Colonel Sir Robert Anstruther of Balcaskie , 5th Bt . and Louisa Maria Chowne Marshall . He married Edith Flora Peel on 6 January 1890 . Their son , Colonel Philip Noel Anstruther , was born on 2 September 1891 . He was Senior Naval Officer of the Danube between 1900 and 1902 . He was Senior Naval Officer of the North Sea Fisheries between 1902 and 1904 . He was Senior Naval Officer of the Newfoundland Fisheries between 1906 and 1908 . He was invested as a Companion , Order of St . Michael and St . George ( C . M . G . ) in 1907 . He was Commander of the Hong Kong in 1912 . He was Senior Officer of the coast of China between 1914 and 1916 . He was the second Colony Commissioner of the Boy Scout Association , Hong Kong Branch as of May 1915 .
HMS Zanzibar ( K596 ) HMS " Zanzibar " ( K596 ) was a Colony - class frigate of the United Kingdom that served during World War II . She originally was ordered by the United States Navy as the " Tacoma " - class patrol frigate USS " Prowse " ( PF - 92 ) and was transferred to the Royal Navy prior to completion . Construction and acquisition . The ship , originally designated a " patrol gunboat , " PG - 200 , was ordered by the United States Maritime Commission under a U . S . Navy contract as USS " Prowse " . She was reclassified as a " patrol frigate , " PF - 92 , on 15 April 1943 and laid down by the Walsh - Kaiser Company at Providence , Rhode Island , on 20 October 1943 . Intended for transfer to the United Kingdom , the ship was renamed " Zanzibar " by the British prior to launching and was launched on 21 November 1943 . Service history . Transferred to the United Kingdom under Lend - Lease on 21 June 1944 , the ship served in the Royal Navy as HMS " Zanzibar " ( K596 ) . She operated out of Londonderry , Northern Ireland , and Greenock , Scotland , on convoy escort duty into the western Atlantic Ocean as far as Boston , Massachusetts . In addition , she served as a weather ship on Ocean Station No . 19 in both the spring of 1945 and the spring of 1946 . Disposal . The United Kingdom returned " Zanzibar " to the U . S . Navy on 21 May 1946 at Brooklyn , New York , on 21 May 1946 . She was stricken from the U . S . Naval Vessel Register on 29 October 1946 and sold on 17 June 1947 for scrapping .