naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Bureau of Ships The United States Navy ' s Bureau of Ships ( BuShips ) was established by Congress on June 20 , 1940 , by a law which consolidated the functions of the Bureau of Construction and Repair and the Bureau of Engineering . The new Bureau was to be headed by a Chief and Deputy - Chief , one selected from the engineering corps ( Marine Engineer ) and the other from the construction corps ( Naval Architect ) . The Chief of the former Bureau of Engineering , RAdm . Samuel M . " Mike " Robinson , was named BuShips ' first Chief , while the former Chief of the Bureau of Construction & Repair , RAdm . Alexander H . Van Keuren , was named as BuShips ' first Deputy - Chief . BuShips was abolished by DOD Order of March 9 , 1966 , as part of the general overhaul of the Navy ' s bureau system of material support . BuShips was succeeded by the Naval Ship Systems Command , now known as the Naval Sea Systems Command or NAVSEA . Responsibilities . The bureau ' s responsibilities included supervising the design , construction , conversion , procurement , maintenance , and repair of ships and other craft for the Navy ; managing shipyards , repair facilities , laboratories , and shore stations ; developing specifications for fuels and lubricants ; and conducting salvage operations . After 1947 , BuShips purchased ships for the Departments of the Army and the Air Force , coordinated Department of Defense ( DOD ) shipbuilding activities , and coordinated Navy repair and conversion programs with other federal agencies . Chiefs of the Bureau . " The following is an incomplete list of individuals who served as Chief of the Bureau of Ships . "
Venturer - class minesweeper The " Venturer " class minesweepers were naval trawler s converted from fishing trawlers to minesweeper service for the Royal Navy in 1978 . There were 2 members of the class : They reverted to their former names and owner in November 1983 and were converted into oil rig safety / standby vessels .
Ruse of war A ruse of war , or ruse de guerre , is an action taken by a belligerent in warfare to fool the enemy in order to gain intelligence or a military advantage against the enemy . Good faith . Good faith in dealing with the enemy must be observed as a rule of conduct , but this does not prevent measures such as using spies and secret agent s , encouraging defection or insurrection among the enemy civilian population , corrupting enemy civilians or soldiers by bribes , or inducing the enemy ' s soldiers to desert , surrender , or rebel . In general , a belligerent may resort to those measures for mystifying or misleading the enemy against which the enemy ought to take measures to protect itself . Legitimate ruses . Legitimate ruses include : No treachery or perfidy . Ruses of war are legitimate so long as they do not involve treachery or perfidy on the part of the belligerent resorting to them . They are , however , forbidden if they contravene any generally accepted rule . When landmines were not marked or reported , or when they are disguised , they are perfidious per the Geneva Conventions , annex 10 October 1980 : Prohibited ruses . Article 23 of the 1907 Hague Convention " IV - The Laws and Customs of War on Land " provides that : " It is especially forbidden . . . ( b ) To kill or wound treacherously individuals belonging to the hostile nation or army . . . ( f ) To make improper use of a flag of truce , of the national flag , or of the military insignia and military uniform of the enemy , as well as the distinctive badges of the Geneva Convention " . Protocol I of the Geneva Conventions expanded the rules of prohibiting certain type of ruses as defined in Articles 37 , 38 , and 39 . The line of demarcation between legitimate ruses and forbidden acts of perfidy is sometimes indistinct . In general , it would be an improper practice to secure an advantage over the enemy by deliberate lying or misleading conduct which involves a breach of faith , or when there is a moral obligation to speak the truth . For example , it is improper to pretend to surrender to secure an advantage over the opposing belligerent , such as the Union troops did during the Siege of Port Hudson during the American Civil War to cover a retreat . To broadcast to the enemy that an armistice had been agreed upon when such is not the case would be treacherous . Abuse of the protections afforded to medical personnel ( by disguising combat soldiers as medics , or by putting a red cross on a combat vehicle ) is also considered unacceptable . In 1946 , a German soldier , Heinz Hagendorf , was found guilty by a U . S . military tribunal at the Dachau Trials and sentenced to six months imprisonment for having “ wrongfully used the Red Cross emblem in a combat zone by firing a weapon at American soldiers from an enemy ambulance displaying such emblem . "
USS Vigilant ( SP - 406 ) The third USS " Vigilant " ( SP - 406 ) , later USS " SP - 406 " , was a United States Navy patrol vessel in commission from 1917 to 1918 . " Vigilant " was built as the private motorboat " Marguerite II " in 1909 by Henry L . Blatz at Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . She had been renamed " Vigilant " by the time the U . S . Navy acquired her from her owner , E . B . Smith of Philadelphia , in 1917 for use as a section patrol vessel during World War I . She was commissioned as USS " Vigilant " ( SP - 406 ) on 19 May 1917 at the Philadelphia Navy Yard with Ensign John B . Yarnall , USNRF , in command . On 28 May 1917 , " Vigilant " proceeded from Philadelphia to Essington , Pennsylvania , for installation of her armament . She loaded ammunition at Fort Mifflin on 5 June 1917 , then reported to the 4th Naval District for duty on 7 June 1917 . For the remainder of World War I , " Vigilant " patrolled the Delaware Bay and the Atlantic coast of the United States from Atlantic City , New Jersey , to the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay . She also carried messages , men , and mail to ships and stations within the 4th Naval District . Occasionally , she ventured out to sea to search for survivors of torpedo ed merchant ships , as she did on 9 June 1918 after a German submarine had sunk SS " Del Rio " . In 1918 , " Vigilant " was renamed USS " SP - 406 " , apparently to avoid confusion with the tug , which was in commission at the same time . After World War I ended on 11 November 1918 and defensive patrols were suspended on 24 November , " SP - 406 " proceeded to Philadelphia early in December 1918 for inactivation . She was decommissioned there on 24 December 1918 and was returned to her owner .
18th Infantry Brigade ( United Kingdom ) The 18th Infantry Brigade was a British Army brigade during the Second World War . History . Originally designated as Cairo Area and 18th Infantry Brigade it ceased to exist when in May 1940 it was absorbed by HQ Cairo Sub - Area . In July 1943 the Brigade was reformed from British 7th Motor Brigade as the 18th Lorried Infantry Brigade . It was disbanded in Italy on 1 January 1945 . It was part of the 1st Armoured Division .
USLHT Clover The United States Lighthouse Tender " Clover " was a lighthouse tender serving on the Great Lakes . She was privately built in 1899 and christened " Two Myrtles " , after the owner ' s wife and daughter . In 1907 she was purchased by the Lighthouse Board , under whose aegis she served out of Milwaukee . She was rechristened " Clover " in 1913 and served under this name until being decommissioned and sold in 1935 . Her new owners renamed her again , and she was once again known as " Two Myrtles " until she was retired due to age in 1947 .
Risaldar - major Risaldar - major was originally a cavalry officer of the British Indian Army , the rank was created in 1886 - a risaldar - major was the most senior risaldar ( army rank equivalent to a captain ) of the regiment . The rank was a Viceroy ' s commissioned officer in the cavalry . Today a risaldar - major is the senior junior commissioned officer in the Indian Army armoured corps , and remount and veterinary corps . It carries the same responsibilities and insignia as the infantry subedar - major .
Elijah Clarke Elijah Clarke ( 1742 – December 15 , 1799 ) , born in 1742 at Anson County , North Carolina , was a Continental Army officer and hero in the American Revolutionary War . He fought in the southern theater and in the Battle of Kettle Creek . After the war , Clarke was elected to the Georgia legislature . In 1794 he organized the Trans - Oconee Republic , several settlements in counties of Georgia in traditional Creek territory . From there he attacked Creek villages , but was restrained by Georgia Governor George Mathews . Representation in other media . Clarke and his actions served as one of the sources for the fictional character of Benjamin Martin in " The Patriot " , a film released in 2000 . He is also a major character in the historical novel " The Hornet ' s Nest " by Jimmy Carter .
Gordon R . Lawson Gordon Redvers Lawson ( June 1 , 1898 – ) was a dental surgeon and political figure in the Province of New Brunswick , Canada . He represented Sunbury County in the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick from 1944 to 1952 as a Liberal member . He was born in North Head , Grand Manan Island , New Brunswick , the son of John James Lawson , an Irish immigrant , and Annie C . Upham , a direct descendant of Joshua Upham . Lawson was educated at the University of Toronto . In 1921 , he married Leora Ryke Robinson . Lawson served as warden for Sunbury County from 1927 to 1931 . He was a member of the Canadian Expeditionary Force during World War I . His brother Walter C . Lawson also served in the provincial assembly .
Gepard - class fast attack craft The Type 143A " Gepard " class is Germany ' s last class of missile bearing fast attack craft ( ) and the only one still in service with the German Navy since 1990 . It is an evolution of the , the main difference is the replacement of the second 76mm - gun by the RAM system . It is planned that " Gepard " class vessels will gradually be supplemented by s and to be replaced by a new class of corvettes in the 2020s . The ships in class are named after small , predatory animals : cheetah , puma , stoat , mink , sable , ferret , badger , ocelot , weasel and hyena . List of ships . In 2012 , Germany delivered two of its decommissioned Gepard class FACs , S74 " Nerz " and S77 " Dachs " to the Ghana Navy .
Thomas Preston ( British Army officer ) Captain Thomas Preston ( c . 1722 – c . 1798 ) was a British officer known for his involvement in what became known as the Boston Massacre in 1770 . Preston was originally from Ireland . Boston Massacre . Preston was an officer of the 29th Regiment of Foot , part of the British garrison in Boston under the overall command of Thomas Gage , who was present at the Boston Massacre on 5 March 1770 . He was acquitted of all charges in a trial held in Boston , Massachusetts . Future United States President John Adams was his attorney . Two of his men , Hugh Montgomery and Matthew Kilroy , were found guilty of manslaughter and branded on the thumb with a hot iron . After his trial , Preston retired from the army and reportedly settled in Ireland , though Adams recalled seeing him in London in the 1780s . It is still unknown whether or not Preston gave the order to fire , however many historians believe that he didn ' t . Popular Culture . In the 2008 HBO miniseries John Adams , Preston was played by actor Ritchie Coster .
James Smith ( VC ) James Smith VC ( 1871 – 18 March 1946 ) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . Smith was about 26 years old , and a corporal in The Buffs ( East Kent Regiment ) , British Army during the First Mohmand Campaign , British India when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC . On the night of 16 / 17 September 1897 , in the Mamund Valley , North - West India , Corporal Smith , with other men , responded to a call for volunteers and followed two officers of the Royal Engineers ( James Morris Colquhoun Colvin and Thomas Colclough Watson ) into the burning village of Bilot , in an attempt to dislodge the enemy . Afterwards , although wounded , Corporal Smith continued fighting steadily and coolly , and also helped to carry the wounded to the place prepared for them . When one of the officers left in order to get help , the corporal held the position until his return , exposing himself to great danger and directing the fire of his men . He later achieved the rank of colour - Sergeant . He is buried in Watling Street Cemetery in Dartford , Kent His Victoria Cross was until recently on display at The Buffs Regimental Museum , Canterbury , England . With the rest of that museum ' s collections , it has now been transferred to the National Army Museum in Chelsea , London .
Type 31 75 mm Mountain Gun The was the main Field gun deployed by the Imperial Japanese Army in the Russo - Japanese War of 1904 - 1905 . Description . The Type 31 was introduced in 1898 , with the “ Type 31 ” designation indicating that the gun was developed in 31st year of reign of Emperor Meiji . Designed by Colonel Arisaka Nariakira , it had a barrel was made of steel , while improved the range and accuracy of the gun over the earlier 7 cm Mountain Gun , which had a bronze barrel . The Type 31 used Smokeless powder cartridge shots , and had a semi - rigid recoil system using cables connected to a set of springs . It had a range of approximately 7800 meters , using a 6 . 0 kilogram explosive shot . The Type 31 also came in a lighter mountain gun version , which had a shorter range ( 4300 meters ) . Approximately 620 were produced and deployment to combat units was completed by 1902 . The gun remained in service to the end of World War II .
René Dorme Sous Lieutenant René Pierre Marie Dorme ( 30 January 1894 - 25 May 1917 ) , Legion d ' Honneur , Medaille Militaire , Croix de Guerre was a French World War I fighter ace credited with 23 victories . Rene Dorme served as an artilleryman in North Africa before becoming a pilot . He was injured in a crash before he saw action . He did not get into combat until March 1916 . He was posted to N3 to fly Nieuport fighters in June 1917 . He was officially noted as having at least 43 probable victories . References . " Nieuport Aces of World War 1 . " Norman Franks . Osprey Publishing , 2000 . ISBN 1 - 85532 - 961 - 1 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 85532 - 961 - 4 .
Horatio P . Van Cleve Horatio Phillips Van Cleve ( November 23 , 1809 – August 24 , 1891 ) was a general in the Union Army during the American Civil War . Early life . Van Cleve was born in Princeton , New Jersey . He studied for two years at Princeton University , and then entered the United States Military Academy . He graduated in 1831 and served at frontier posts in the Michigan Territory . He was commissioned as a second lieutenant of infantry on December 31 , 1831 . He resigned from the Army on September 11 , 1836 , and settled in Michigan . He taught in Cincinnati , Ohio , in 1840 – 41 , and then engaged in farming near Ann Arbor , Michigan . Van Cleve was an engineer in the service of the state of Michigan in 1855 , and then United States Surveyor of Public Lands in Minnesota . In 1856 , he engaged in stock - raising . Civil War . After the start of the Civil War , he was commissioned as colonel of the 2nd Minnesota Volunteer Infantry Regiment on July 22 , 1861 . He met wife Charlotte Ouisconsin Clark Van Cleve , at Fort Winnebago , while both her father and Horatio were stationed there . She would write the book " Three Score Years and Ten , Life - Long Memories of Fort Snelling , Minnesota , and Other Parts of the West " , about the early days of Fort Snelling and her travels through the pioneer midwest . She was the first white woman born in the Wisconsin Territory , in the settlement of Prairie du Chien Van Cleve served under Maj . Gen . George H . Thomas at Mill Springs , and was later promoted to brigadier general of volunteers on March 21 , 1862 , in recognition for his services at that battle . He commanded a brigade at the Siege of Corinth and a division at Perryville . He was disabled by a wound at Stones River , but returned to his division upon recovery . He fought at Chickamauga , and was in command of the post and forces at Murfreesboro , Tennessee , after the battle . He was in command of the defenses of the Nashville and Chattanooga Railroad until he was mustered out in 1865 . In the omnibus promotions in 1866 following the war , he was brevetted major general , dating from March 13 , 1865 . Postbellum life . He was adjutant general of Minnesota in 1866 – 70 and 1876 – 82 . Van Cleve died in Minneapolis , Minnesota , and is buried there in Lakewood Cemetery . His home in that city was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976 . He had his favorite horse buried in the front yard of that house before he died .
James P . Wisecup James P . " Phil " Wisecup ( born c . 1955 in Piqua , Ohio ) is a Vice Admiral and Naval Inspector General of the United States Navy . Family and education . The son of James and Bettye Ruth Bach Wisecup , Phil Wisecup is a 1973 graduate of Piqua High School and a 1977 graduate of the United States Naval Academy . Wisecup earned his Master ' s Degree in international relations from the University of Southern California , graduated from the Naval War College in Newport , Rhode Island , in 1998 , and , as an Olmsted Scholar , also earned a degree from the University of Strasbourg , France , in 1982 . He married Ann , daughter of François - Georges Dreyfus , professor of history and political science at the University of Strasbourg and the University of Paris IV . Admiral Wisecup and his wife have five children . Naval career . At sea , Wisecup served as executive officer of the guided - missile cruiser during Operation Desert Storm . As commanding officer of the guided - missile destroyer , he was awarded the Vice Admiral James Bond Stockdale Award for Inspirational Leadership in 1996 . He served as Commander , Destroyer Squadron 21 during Operation Enduring Freedom after the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001 . Ashore , Wisecup was assigned to North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) Headquarters in Brussels , Belgium , served as force planner and ship scheduler for Commander , Naval Surface Forces Pacific , and served as action officer for Navy Headquarters Plans / Policy Staff . He served as a fellow on the Chief of Naval Operations Strategic Studies Group ; was Director , White House Situation Room ; and served as Commander Naval Forces Korea from 2005 to 2007 . He then served as Commander , Carrier Strike Group Seven ( the Strike Group ) from 2007 to 2008 . Promoted to rear admiral ( upper half ) , he served as the 52nd president of the U . S . Naval War College from November 2008 until April 2011 . In April 2011 , he was promoted to Vice Admiral and became the 38th Naval Inspector General . Wisecup was President of the Naval War College from 6 November 2008 to 30 March 2011 . He became Naval Inspector General on 18 April 2011 . Awards and decorations . Wisecup ' s awards and decorations include : References . " This article includes public domain text produced by the United States Navy . "
Mouse - holing Mouse - holing is a tactic used in urban warfare , in which soldiers create access to adjoining rooms or buildings by blasting or tunneling through a wall . This tactic is used to avoid open streets where advancing infantry , caught in enfilade , are easily targeted by machine - gun and sniper fire . Use . Mouse - holing began to appear in military tactical manuals in World War II . It was used with great success by Canadian forces during the Battle of Ortona , and by Soviet forces during the Battle of Stalingrad . At Stalingrad , it allowed troops to consistently infiltrate areas to the German rear that were supposedly cleared . With mouse - holing , combatant s are able to move around an urban battlefield under cover , without needing to expose themselves to enemy fire or observation . A typical passage is large enough for a single file of soldiers . Large , unrestricted holes can compromise the structural integrity of the building , and offer little cover from opposing forces . Similar to underground tunnels used in rural battlefields , mouse - holes can also allow forces to infiltrate behind enemy lines , providing a significant tactical advantage . In some cases , a mouse - hole will be camouflage d with furniture , especially when they are created to aid a defending force or a clandestine operation . When used in defensive positions , mouse holes often join and combine with underground tunnels . Methods . Mouse holes can be made in light interior walls by hand or with small arms . More substantial walls require the use of explosives such as a satchel charge , or a large caliber , vehicle - mounted cannon or tank gun . If time and conditions allow , breaches can be made with even small amounts of explosive if properly tamped and braced , e . g . with sandbags and props , to direct the force of the explosion into the wall .
HMS Bonaventure ( 1650 ) President was a 38 - gun fourth rate frigate of the Royal Navy , originally built for the navy of the Commonwealth of England by Peter Pett I at Deptford Dockyard , and launched in 1650 . After the Restoration in 1660 , she was renamed HMS " Bonaventure after a previous ship which had been blown up three years after she was built in 1653 . She was widened in 1663 , and by 1677 her armament had been increased to 48 guns . In 1683 she underwent her first rebuild , relaunching as a 40 - gun fourth rate ship of the line . " Bonaventure " was rebuilt a second time in 1699 at Woolwich Dockyard , relaunching as a fourth rate of between 46 and 54 guns . Her third rebuild took place at Chatham Dockyard , where she was rebuilt as a 50 - gun fourth rate to the 1706 Establishment , relaunching on 19 September 1711 . She was renamed HMS " Argyll prior to the Jacobite Rising in 1715 , and on 27 January 1720 she was ordered to be taken to pieces at Woolwich for what was to be her final rebuild . She was relaunched as a 50 - gun fourth rate to the 1719 Establishment on 5 July 1722 , and saw much service in home and Atlantic waters . She was employed on blockade duties during the War of the Austrian Succession , and in 1741 " Argyll " captured five Spanish coasters , and with the assistance of two other warships cut free five captured British warships that were docked in north - western Spain . In 1745 she returned to Britain by way of escorting a convoy and was paid off in 1746 . After the conclusion of the war in 1748 , " Argyll " was towed to Harwich and scuttled as part of a breakwater .