naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
1st Armoured Brigade ( Australia ) The 1st Australian Armoured Brigade was a formation of the Australian Army during World War II . The brigade was formed in July1941 , at Tamworth , New South Wales and disbanded November 1944 . The Brigade was assigned to the 1st Australian Armoured Division and did not see any active service . Brigade units . All units that served with the brigade during the war .
Camoufleurs A camoufleur is a person who designed and implemented military camouflage in one of the world wars of the twentieth century . The term was originally a person serving in a First World War French military camouflage unit . In the Second World War , the British camouflage officers of the Middle East Command Camouflage Directorate , led by Geoffrey Barkas in the Western Desert , called themselves " camoufleurs " , and edited a humorous newsletter called " The Fortnightly Fluer " . Such men were often professional artists . The term is used by extension for all First and Second World War camouflage specialists . Some of these pioneered camouflage techniques . This list is restricted to such notable pioneers of military camouflage . Surrealist artist Roland Penrose wrote that he and Julian Trevelyan were both " wondering how either of us could be of any use in an occupation so completely foreign to us both as fighting a war , we decided that perhaps our knowledge of painting should find some application in camouflage . " Trevelyan later admitted that their early efforts were amateurish . Working in camouflage was not a guarantee of a safe passage through the war . Lucien - Victor Guirand de Scévola ' s " Section de Camouflage " , founded in September 1914 in the French army , developed many new techniques , some of them highly dangerous , such as putting up artificial , camouflaged trees at night to replace actual trees with cramped observation posts . The cubist painter André Mare was wounded while preparing one such observation tree . Fifteen of his camoufleur colleagues were killed during the First World War . Some camoufleurs such as Solomon J . Solomon , aged 54 at the start of the First World War , believed that artistic skill was necessary for the design or construction of effective camouflage . He wrote that " the camoufleur is , of course , an artist , preferably one who paints or sculpts imaginative subjects . . . He must leave no clues for the detective on the other side in what he designs or executes , and he must above all things be resourceful . But his imagination and inventiveness should have free play " . Not all the camoufleurs were artists . John Graham Kerr and Hugh Cott were zoologists , though Cott was also a skilled illustrator . Both men believed passionately that effective disruptive camouflage was vital , especially in the face of aerial observation , but they had difficulty persuading authorities such as the British Air Ministry that their approach was the right one . At least one Royal Air Force officer felt that Cott ' s camouflage was highly effective , but , since it would demand the presence of a skilled artist for every installation , too costly to be practical .
SS Gopher State ( T - ACS - 4 ) The SS Gopher State ( T - ACS - 4 ) was laid down on 26 July 1971 , at Bath Iron Works , Bath , ME . as SS Export Leader , a Maritime Administration type ( C5 - S - 73b ) hull under Maritime Administration contract ( MA 257 ) . She was launched on 8 July 1972 and delivered to the Maritime Administration , 22 January 1973 . She was assigned by the Maritime Administration to the Military Sealift Command ( MSC ) on 7 November 1980 and assigned to the Atlantic Fleet , based out of Charleston , SC . SS Gopher State is berthed at Newport News VA . and is maintained in a 5 - day readiness status ( ROS - 5 )
Short Rangoon The Short S . 8 / 8 Rangoon was a 1930s British three - engined biplane flying - boat , designed and built by Short Brothers for the Royal Air Force . Background . In 1929 , the Royal Air Force needed urgent replacements of the Supermarine Southampton II s then operated by No . 203 Squadron RAF based at Basra , Iraq . The Air Ministry issued Specification S . 18 / 29 to specifically cover the procurement of a military variant of the Short S . 8 Calcutta , similar to the S . 8 / 2 Calcutta then being designed in collaboration with Breguet for Aviation Navale ( French Naval Aviation ) . The new RAF version had Shorts designation S . 8 / 8 and RAF designation Rangoon , and three examples were initially ordered . Design and development . The Rangoon was a straightforward military adaption of the Calcutta . The main structure was assembled from Duralumin formers , spars , ribs and stringers ; the fuselage was skinned with Duralumin , and the flying surfaces were partly skinned and partly fabric - covered . The major changes were the provision of an enclosed cockpit for the pilots , rest bunks , enlarged fuel tanks in the upper wing , three Lewis gun s ( one mounted forward of the cockpit , and two in the fuselage behind the wings ) , under - wing bomb racks , and a large fresh - water tank ( for the intended use in tropical conditions ) . Operational history . On 24 September 1930 , the first Rangoon ( S1433 ) was flown from the River Medway at Rochester by Shorts ' Chief Test Pilot , John Lankester Parker . In early 1931 , the first three Rangoons were delivered to the RAF for training at Felixstowe , then in April 1931 they were flown in formation to No . 203 Squadron RAF at Basra . They were used for surveying and anti - smuggling patrols over Iraq and the Persian Gulf . Over the following three years , three more Rangoons ( built to a higher specification R . 19 / 31 ) were delivered to No . 203 Squadron at Basra , where they served without problem until 1935 , when they were replaced by Short Singapore IIIs . In September and October 1934 , three Rangoons of No . 203 Squadron visited Australia as part of the celebrations of the centenary of the state of Victoria and of the centenary of Melbourne . In August 1935 , five Rangoons were transferred to No . 210 Squadron RAF at Pembroke Dock . In September 1935 , they were temporarily deployed to Gibraltar during the Abyssinia Crisis , and all were retired from service at the end of 1935 . Meanwhile , the first Rangoon ( S1433 ) was stripped of military equipment by Shorts at Rochester , registered G - AEIM , then used by Air Pilots Training Ltd for training crews of Imperial Airways at Hamble , until it was retired in late 1938 .
116th Division ( People ' s Republic of China ) The 116th Division was a military formation of the People ' s Volunteer Army ( Chinese People ' s Volunteers ( CPV ) or Chinese Communist Forces ( CCF ) ) during the Korean War with a standard strength of approximately 10 , 000 men . History . The 116th Division was part of the 39th Army , consisting of the 346th , 347th , and 348th Regiments . Korean War . The 116th Division was one of the first CCF divisions to attack the UN forces as they approached the Yalu River . It effectively reduced the 8th Cavalry Regiment of the 1st Cavalry Division to a combat ineffective unit , after inflicting severe losses on them at Unsan . In all , over eight hundred men of the 8th Cavalry were killed or captured — almost one - third of the regiment ’ s strength . " The enemy [ Chinese ] force that brought tragedy to the 8th Cavalry at Unsan was the CCF ’ s 116th Division . Elements of the 116th ’ s 347th Regiment were responsible for the roadblock south of Unsan . Also engaged in the Unsan action was the 115th Division . " Current . The formation appears to still be active with the 39th Group Army in the Shenyang Military Region , as the 116th Mechanised Infantry Division . The division was involved with the rest of the 39th Army in the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 . On the evening of June 3 , Xu Feng , the division commander , switched to plain clothes and carried out his own reconnaissance of the city . When he returned , he told subordinates " not to look for him " and went into the division ' s communications vehicle . Thereafter , the division maintained radio silence and did not advance on Beijing , except for the 347th Regiment under Ai Husheng , which complied with orders and went to Tiananmen Square on June 4 . On June 5 , the rest of the division was escorted by other units to the Square . Xu Feng was later disciplined for passive resistance .
10th Air Corps ( Germany ) X . Fliegerkorps ( 10th Air Corps ) was a formation of the German Luftwaffe in World War II , which specialised in coastal operations . It was formed 2 October 1939 , in Hamburg from the 10 . Flieger - Division . Operational history . The Corps was stationed in north Germany in February 1940 when some of its aircraft were involved in a disastrous friendly fire incident that terminated the Kriegsmarine ' s Operation " Wikinger " . In early 1941 , X . Fliegerkorps was transferred from Norway to Sicily to support the build - up of the Afrika Korps in Libya . On 12 January 1941 , it had 80 Ju 88A - 4 bombers of LG 1 and 12 Ju 88D - 5 reconnaissance planes at Catania , 80 Ju 87R - 1 ( " Stuka " ) dive - bombers of StG 1 and StG 2 at Trapani , 27 He 111H - 6 torpedo bombers of KG 26 at Comiso and 34 Bf 110C - 4 fighters of ZG 26 at Palermo . It was prominent in the axis effort to suppress Royal Navy interference with the supply routes from Italy by reducing Malta ' s effectiveness as a forward base . On 10 and 11 January 1941 X . Fliegerkorps planes sank and heavily damaged during Operation Excess . Bf 109E - 7 fighters of JG 26 and JG 27 joined the offensive on Malta during February and March 1941 . The Corps was moved out of Sicily in April 1941 for the Invasion of Yugoslavia and Greece . Maritime float planes replaced fighters and dive bombers while the Corps was stationed in Greece . Strength on 10 May 1942 was 74 Ju 88 at Eleusis and Heraklion , 25 He 111 at Kalamaki , and 53 Ar 196A - 3 , He 60c , Fokker T . VIII and Bv 138C - 1 at Skaramagas and Kavalla . The Corps was crucial in securing air superiority and German victory during the 1943 Dodecanese Campaign . The Corps was renamed to " Kommandierender General der Deutschen Luftwaffe in Griechenland " ( commanding general of the German Luftwaffe in Greece ) in March 1944 and disbanded on 5 September 1944 with the withdrawal of German forces from the country .
Muzaffarabad Fort There are two historical forts on opposite sides of the Neelum River in Muzaffarabad . The construction of the Red Fort was built by the Chak rulers of Kashmir and finally completed in 1646 by Sultan Muzaffar Khan , the founder of Muzaffarabad city . After the Mughals took over Kashmir , the fort lost its importance . The Mughals were more interested in Kabul , Bukhara , and Badakshan . During the period of Durrani rule , however , the fort again once again assumed its importance . Maharaja Gulab Singh and Rambir Singh , the Dogra rulers , reconstructed and extended the fort for their political and military operations . Towards the middle of 1947 , the Dogra forces left , leaving the fort abandoned . The architecture of the fort shows that great experts in design and structure participated in its construction . It is surrounded on three sides by the Neelum River formally known as the Kishenganga River . The northern part of the fort had terraces with steps leading to the bank of the river . The eastern side was very well protected from the hazards of flood waters , but some parts on the north side have suffered damage . There used to be an inn at the entrance to the fort , but only traces of that structure remain now .
USS Courtenay P ( SP - 899 ) USS " Courtenay P " ( SP - 899 ) was a United States Navy patrol vessel in commission from 1917 to 1918 . " Courtenay P " was built as a private motorboat of the same name in about 1916 by the Gas Engine and Power Company at Morris Heights in the Bronx , New York . On 5 July 1917 , she was ordered delivered to the U . S . Navy for use as a section patrol boat during World War I . She was commissioned as USS " Courtenay P " ( SP - 899 ) on 30 August 1917 . In 1918 , her name was changed to USS " SP - 899 " . On 6 July 1918 , the Navy declared " SP - 899 " unfit for further service and ordered her returned to her owner . Accordingly , she was duly returned to her owner on 12 December 1918 .
XM806 The XM806 Lightweight . 50 Caliber Machine Gun ( LW50MG ) was a developmental . 50 caliber belt - fed heavy machine gun . Development began in 2009 and was cancelled in 2012 . Design . The XM806 weighed about less ( 49 % lighter ) , had 60 % less recoil than the M2 , and had a greater rate of fire than the failed previous attempt to replace the M2 , the XM312 . The XM806 did however have a considerably slower rate of fire than the M2 . The XM806 also had improvements to user safety and was easier to disassemble . The XM806 was spun out from the cancelled XM307 and was developed by General Dynamics to augment the M2 . General Dynamics received a $ 9 million contract for the weapon . It was expected to be deployed starting at the end of fiscal year 2012 . Delays caused its planned deployment to be pushed to 2013 or 2014 . The XM806 was cancelled in July 2012 , with the Army using the money allocated to upgrade their M2 machine guns to the M2A1 version .
Aviation boatswain ' s mate Aviation boatswain ' s mate ( abbreviated as AB ) is a United States Navy occupational rating . Employment and sub specialties . Aviation boatswain ' s mates operate , maintain , and perform organizational maintenance on catapults , arresting gear , barricades , and associated flightdeck launching and recovery equipment ; operate and service aircraft ground - handling equipment and machinery ; operate and service aircraft crash , firefighting , and rescue equipment ; handle aircraft afloat and ashore ; operate , maintain , and repair aviation fueling , defueling , lubricating oil , and inert gas systems ; perform crash rescue , crash removal , and damage control duties . Aviation boatswain ' s mates , equipment ( ABE ) . ABEs operate and perform maintenance on steam catapults , barricades , arresting gear , and associated equipment ashore and afloat ; operate catapult hydraulic systems , retraction engines , water brakes , jet blast deflector s , deckedge and ICCS , and jet blast deflector control panels ; arresting gear engines , sheave dampers , deckedge control station , and associated equipment ; perform aircraft handling duties related to the operation of aircraft launching and recovery equipment . Most of the work in this rating is performed outdoors on the deck of aircraft carriers , in all climatic conditions , in fast - paced and often potentially hazardous environments . ABEs work closely with others in aviation ratings . Aviation boatswain ' s mates , fuels ( ABF ) . Aviation boatswain ' s mates play a major part in launching and recovering naval aircraft quickly and safely from land or ships . This includes aircraft fuelling and fuel systems . Later in their careers ABFs can earn the advanced AB rating that requires supervision of all these individual specialties . The duties performed by ABFs include : Most of the work in this rating is performed outdoors on the deck of aircraft carriers , in all climatic conditions , in fast - paced and often potentially hazardous environments . ABFs work closely with others in aviation ratings . ABFs also work on the bottom level of the ship in pumprooms and filters , purifying fuel and sending it up to their flight deck counterparts . Aviation boatswain ' s mates , handling ( ABH ) . Aviation boatswain ' s mates , handlers play a major part in launching and recovering naval aircraft quickly and safely from land or ships . This includes aircraft handling , fire fighting and salvage and rescue operations . Later in their careers ABHs can earn the advanced AB rating that requires supervision of all these individual specialties . The duties performed by ABHs include : Most of the work in this rating is performed outdoors on the deck of aircraft carriers , in all climatic conditions , in fast - paced and often potentially hazardous environments . ABHs work closely with others in aviation ratings .
Battle of Márquez Bridge The Battle of Márquez Bridge ( located on the border between current - day Villa Udaondo and Paso del Rey , Buenos Aires Province , Argentina ) , fought on 26 April 1829 , during the civil war between Unitarians and Federalists , resulting in a victory for the Federal Party forces of Juan Manuel de Rosas and the governor of Santa Fe Province , Estanislao López , over general Juan Lavalle , who had usurped the office of Governor of Buenos Aires Province . Prelude . After the fall of the Bernardino Rivadavia administration , the leader of the Federalist Party , Colonel Manuel Dorrego , was elected governor of Buenos Aires Province . An alliance of the Unitarian Party with the army chiefs that had fought against the Brazilian Empire deposed Dorrego on 1 December 1828 . Days after , Dorrego was defeated at the Battle of Navarro and shot by order of Lavalle . Rosas , Buenos Aires Province chief of the army , marched to Santa Fe Province , where he joined with Santa Fe governor Estanislao López starting to march on Buenos Aires , to avenge the crime and depose the Unitarian government . Lavalle anticipated and attacked Santa Fe , but López had stronger forces and left Lavalle without effective cavalry and forced him to retreat . Several minor caudillo s from the South of Buenos Aires Province forced the Unitarian forces to divide and fight , forcing Lavalle to retreat . Battle . Lavalle wanted to stop the advance of the Federalist forces on a defensible site , selecting the Márquez Bridge , over the Conchas River ( today Reconquista River ) . he awaited them there with 1 , 000 men , veterans and well armed , against the 4 , 000 militiamen of López and Rosas , which were accompanied by about 3 , 000 Indians . On 26 April at 6 in the morning , the attack started , and slowly the Federalists dominated the course of events . A little before 10 AM , a noise charge by the Indians spooked Lavalle ' s horses . The Unitarian cavalry was quickly taken over , while the infantry was forced to retreat , crossing the bridge and destroying it . They then continued the retreat towards today ' s La Matanza Partido , while López established camp in Luján and Rosas in Cañuelas . Consequences . The battle left Lavalle ' s forces diminished and without mobility . López had to return to Santa Fe , as general José María Paz had deposed Córdoba Province governor and could attack Lopez ' s province of Santa fe at any moment . Rosas established a siege of Lavalle at the city of Buenos Aires , closing access and leaving him without supplies from the countryside . In a few months Lavalle was forced to sign a peace accord with Rosas ( see Cañuelas Pact ) . Rosas would soon later be elected Governor of Buenos Aires Province . The Battle of Márquez Bridge was a Federalist victory making it possible for the Federalists to take control of the province and take the civil war against the Unitarians to the interior of the country , having the resources of Buenos Aires province , the biggest and richest , behind them . By the end of 1831 the Unitarian Party would be defeated in all the provinces of Argentina .
Žanis Butkus Žanis Butkus ( July 29 , 1906 – May 15 , 1999 ) was a Latvian Hauptsturmführer ( Captain ) in the Waffen SS during World War II . Butkus was awarded the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross by Nazi Germany during World War II . Early life . Žanis Butkus was born on 29 July 1906 , in Augstkalne , Latvia to Fricis and Anna Butkus . After leaving school , he worked on his parents farm . He joined the Latvian Army in 1927 and remained in the military until 1929 . Butkus was renowned for his shooting abilities , as he won numerous championships throughout Latvia and the Baltic region . In 1932 he married a Latvian girl , Velta , with whom he had four daughters , Ulla , Inta , Mirdza and Marga . Ulla and Inta emigrated to the United States , while Marga and Mirdza remained in Latvia . World War II . In 1941 , after the Red Army ' s occupation his wife and daughter were deported to Siberia . Butkus joined the partisans to fight against the Soviet forces until the Germans invaded the territory of Latvia . In August 1943 on the Volchov Front , Butkus led an assault team into the Soviet lines and proceeded to capture a string of bunkers , without suffering a single casualty . His force soon returned to the German lines with numerous prisoners and a substantial amount of equipment . Butkus was given a commission on the spot and later having taken part in 59 close combat engagements , Butkus was awarded the Knight ' s Cross . He survived the war and died on 15 May 1999 in Palmer , Alaska . Miscellaneous . The Latvian Legion ' s attachment to the SS , unit designations and ranks were considered a formality . Latvian and Estonian soldiers regardless of whether they volunteered or were drafted , were not members of the Nazi party . In 1949 - 50 , United States Displaced Persons Commission investigated the Estonian and Latvian " SS " and found these military units to be neither criminal nor Nazi collaborators . On 12 September 1950 , Harry N . Rosenfield , the United Nations Refugee Relief Association commissioner , wrote to Jūlijs Feldmanis , Latvia ' s chargé d ' affaires in Washington , saying that « the Waffen - SS units of the Baltic States ( the Baltic Legions ) are to be seen as units that stood apart and were different from the German SS in terms of goals , ideologies , operations and constitution , and the Commission does not , therefore , consider them to be a movement that is hostile to the government of the United States under Section 13 of the Displaced Persons Act , as amended . »
837th Air Division The 837th Air Division ( 837th AD ) is an inactive United States Air Force organization . Its last assignment was with Tactical Air Command , assigned to Ninth Air Force , being stationed at Shaw Air Force Base , South Carolina . It was inactivated on February 1 , 1963 . The unit was an intermediate command echelon of Tactical Air Command , providing command and control of tactical visual , electronic , and weather reconnaissance wings and organizations between January 1958 – February 1963 . Between March 1958 and June 1959 , the division operated the USAF Advanced Flying Training School , Tactical Reconnaissance . Subordinate units flew reconnaissance missions during the Cuban missile crisis of 1962 . Inactivated as a result of budget reductions , its units being consolidated directly into Ninth Air Force . History . Components . Wings Group