naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Khagan Bek Khagan Bek is the title used by the bek ( generalissimo ) of the Khazars . History . Khazar kingship was divided between the khagan and the Bek or Khagan Bek . Contemporary Arab historians related that the Khagan was purely a spiritual ruler or figurehead with limited powers , while the Bek was responsible for administration and military affairs . In the Khazar Correspondence , King Joseph identifies himself as the ruler of the Khazars and makes no reference to a colleague . It has been disputed whether Joseph was a Khagan or a Bek ; his description of his military campaigns make the latter probable . A third option is that by the time of the Correspondence ( c . 950 - 960 ) the Khazars had merged the two positions into a single ruler , or that the Beks had somehow supplanted the Khagans or vice versa . Some sources refer to the Khazar Bek as " ishad " ( a Göktürk military rank ) or " Malik " ( Arabic for " king " , also used as a high rank ) . He was theoretically the subordinate of the Khagan but in reality controlled the military and civil government for the Khazar khaganate . It is asserted by some scholars that the house of the Bulanids were hereditary Khagan Beks , which would be parallel to the Japanese shogun ate .
Donnet Donnet was a French manufacturing company of the early twentieth century . Founded as Donnet - Denhaut by Jérôme Donnet ( formerly of Donnet - Lévêque ) and François Denhaut at Neuilly - sur - Seine in 1914 , the firm manufactured a highly successful line of patrol flying boats ( the Donnet - Denhaut flying boat series ) for the French Navy . The company became known simply as Donnet after designer Denhaut left it in 1919 ( replaced by Maurice Percheron ) , but did not continue to build aircraft for long afterwards . Jérôme Donnet purchased " Automobiles Zedel " of Pontarlier , Doubs , France and changed the name of the enterprise to Donnet - Zedel . From this factory he made the Donnet - Zedel CI - 6 with 2120 cc engine , a design originating from 1912 . A new car , the 1098 cc Type G was introduced in 1925 and it sold well , helping Donnet to become France ' s fourth largest car maker in 1927 . The Type G was made in a former Donnet aircraft factory at Gennevilliers , Seine . The Pontarlier works was sold in 1928 and the " Zedel " part of the name was dropped . Donnet also bought another factory at Nanterre , Seine from Vinot et Déguingand which although small had room for expansion . An expanded range of cars appeared in the late 1920s and early 1930s including six - cylinder models but the great days were over and production ended in 1934 . The factory at Nanterre was sold to SIMCA in 1935 . Most of the cars produced by Zédel , Donnet - Zédel and Donnet were powered by four - cylinder engines . The Zédel engine had a displacement of 3168 cc , and the Donnet - Zédel 1100 or 2120 cc . One of the best models was a Donnet with a 2540 cc six - cylinder side - valve engine .
First Deep Bottom Union order of battle The following Union Army units and commanders fought in the First Battle of Deep Bottom ( July 27 – 29 , 1864 ) of the American Civil War . The Confederate order of battle is listed separately . Union Forces . General in Chief . LTG Ulysses S . Grant Army of the Potomac . MG George Meade II Corps . MG Winfield Scott Hancock Escort : Engineers : Chief of Artillery : Col John C . Tidball Cavalry Corps . MG Philip Sheridan Army of the James . MG Benjamin F . Butler
Fort Ethan Allen ( Arlington , Virginia ) Fort Ethan Allen was an earthwork fortification built on the property of Gilbert Vanderwerken in Alexandria County , Virginia , ( now Arlington , Virginia ) by the Union Army in 1861 as part of the defense of Washington during the American Civil War . The remains of the fort , a portion of the earthen walls , now overgrown , are now part of Fort Ethan Allen Park . There was no military action at Fort Ethan Allen throughout the American Civil War ; the only attack on Washington - area forts was at Fort Stevens , north of the city , in 1864 . Perhaps the most memorable wartime occurrence at Fort Ethan Allen was a visit by President Abraham Lincoln , one of the few visits to a Washington fort he ever made . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004 . It is designated as an Historic District by Arlington County , and is included as a site in the Virginia Civil War Trails program .
17th Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment The 17th Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment was mustered in at Cape Elizabeth , Maine for three year ' s service on August 18 , 1862 and were mustered out on June 10 , 1865 . Recruits still liable to serve were transferred to 1st Maine Volunteer Heavy Artillery Regiment . Casualties and total strength . The 17th Maine enrolled 1 , 371 men during its existence . It lost 12 officers and 116 enlisted men killed in action or died of wounds received in battle and an additional 4 officers and 159 enlisted men died of disease . 31 men died in Confederate prisons . Total fatalities for the regiment were 370 . The 17th Maine suffered the highest battle casualties of any Maine regiment . Bibliography . Jordan Jr , William B . " Red Diamond Regiment : The 17th Maine Infantry , 1862 - 1865 " c1996
White Vision White Vision , also known by its service number SURP . 41 . L . 3089 , was a female Second World War homing pigeon who served with the National Pigeon Service and was posted to No . 190 Squadron RAF . She was awarded the Dickin Medal for gallantry in 1943 for delivering a message from a flying boat forced to ditch off the coast of Scotland . Military service . White Vision was bred by the Fleming brothers of Motherwell , Scotland . During the Second World War she was lent to the National Pigeon Service , and was stationed at Sullom Voe in the Shetland Islands with No . 190 Squadron RAF . On 11 October 1943 , White Vision was aboard a Consolidated PBY Catalina flying boat when it was forced to ditch in the North Sea near the Hebrides off the coast of Scotland . With the plane ' s radio out of action , she was released to indicate where the plane had gone down , as bad weather conditions were preventing it from being found by other planes . She flew some against a strong headwind , arriving back at her pigeon loft . The search was resumed and the plane was subsequently found , with all eleven members of the air crew saved after they had spent some eighteen hours in the sea . She was awarded the Dickin Medal on 2 December 1943 ; her medal citation reads " For delivering a message under exceptionally difficult conditions and so contributing to the rescue of an Air Crew while serving with the RAF in October 1943 . " The medal is referred to as the animal ' s Victoria Cross , and White Vision was one of the first pigeons to be awarded it .
Reconnaissance by fire Reconnaissance by fire ( recon by fire ) , also known as speculative fire , is a warfare tactic used in which military forces may fire on likely enemy positions to provoke a reaction , thus confirming the presence and position of enemy forces . History . World War II . Reconnaissance by fire was widely adopted by the Allies in World War II during the war in the European theater against the Axis . Armored units would typically advance in column behind light armored scouting units . At the same time infantry would be present to provide support in the event of ambush by German panzerfaust or antitank teams . This method proved too slow to keep pressure on retiring enemy forces . Instead , U . S . armored columns continued to advance at speed , training cannon and machine guns alternately to fire to cover both the left and right of the axis of advance . The column would fire its weapons more or less continuously into any suspected enemy positions as they appeared , suppressing and distracting the aim of enemy gunners and antitank teams . Supply echelon convoys using trucks equipped with . 50 - cal . M2 Browning machine guns also used the tactic when traveling through areas not completely cleared of enemy forces . Vietnam War . During the Battle of Ia Drang of the Vietnam War , a U . S . Army battalion commander , Lieutenant Colonel Hal Moore , noticed that his men had a large amount of ammunition . He ordered his men to fire at anything suspicious at an agreed synchronised time . The large amount of fire at that time led a group of undetected infiltrating enemy soldiers to believe that they had been discovered and charge the Americans , leading to their destruction .
Conanicut Battery Conanicut Battery is a colonial and 20th century military battery in Jamestown , Rhode Island , west of Beaver Tail Road . During the American revolution , the British occupied and rebuilt the colonial battery in 1776 . During the early 20th century the U . S . military built large underground defensive batteries . The site added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973 as building # 84000356 . The Friends of the Conanicut Battery have worked to preserve the site .
Antonio Castaneta Don José Antonio Castañeta ( alternatively Antonio de Gaztañeta ) ( Mutriku , Guipúzcoa 1656 - Madrid , 1728 ) was a Basque , Spanish Vice - Admiral and ship builder . He is best remembered as the Vice - Admiral who commanded the Spanish Mediterranean fleet at the Battle of Cape Passaro against Great Britain on August 11 , 1718 off the coast of Sicily . Castañeta ' s fleet was decisively defeated . His greatest contribution to the Spanish Navy though was in the field of ship building . He was an innovator who based his designs on science . He was at the origin of the revival of the Spanish Navy in the eighteenth century . Some of the elements he introduced were even copied by the English and Dutch . Son of Francisco de Gaztañeta , a Basque sailor to the Americas , he accompanied his father from the age of 12 . In 1684 , at the age of 28 , he had already sailed 11 times to the Americas and back . In that year he joined the Spanish Navy . In 1691 he was posted in Cadiz and was involved in several campaigns of the War of the Grand Alliance against France . He saved a fleet coming back from Naples , cleverly avoiding an ambush by Admiral Tourville near Mahon . During the War of Spanish Succession ( 1701 – 1714 ) , he wasn ' t involved in warfare , but in ship building . He founded the famous shipyard of El Astillero . Later he went to the Basque Country and led the construction of many ships in Amorebieta , Pasajes and Orio . In the following War of the Quadruple Alliance he was appointed head of the fleet which was to sail the Spanish Army under the Marquis of Lede to Sardinia and Sicily . < br > After this was accomplished he positioned his fleet at Cape Passaro . It was sailing scattered , and the sight of approaching British ships wasn ' t initially perceived as any danger , as Britain and Spain weren ' t officially at war . The battle was a disaster for the Spanish Navy . Francisco de Gaztañeta ' s ship was captured , suffering 200 killed . Gaztañeta was injured at the foot and was made prisoner by the British . He was released very soon and wasn ' t blamed for the defeat on his return to Spain , as the battle was seen as a treacherous action by the British . He was promoted to Lieutenant General in 1720 and was made head of the Spanish treasure fleet . During the Anglo - Spanish War ( 1727 ) he had his revenge , when he sneaked a fleet with 31 million pesos worth on board through the British Blockade of Porto Bello , consisting of the fleets of Admirals Hosier and Wager . On his save arrival in Spain King Philip V of Spain awarded him with a great amount of money , but shortly after , Gaztañeta died suddenly on February 5 , 1728 . Gaztañeta married twice . Cosme Damián de Churruca y Elorza is a relative .
Alonzo Garcelon Dr . Alonzo Garcelon ( May 6 , 1813 – December 8 , 1906 ) was the 36th Governor of Maine , an American Civil War surgeon general , and a co - founder of Bates College in Lewiston , Maine . Birth and early years . Garcelon was born in Lewiston , Maine , to French Huguenot parents . Garcelon attended Monmouth Academy , Waterville Academy , and New Castle Academy . Garcelon taught school during the winter terms to help pay for his tuition . In 1836 Garcelon graduated from Bowdoin College , and in 1839 he graduated from the Medical University of Ohio , which was the Medical College of Ohio at the time , and then returned to Lewiston to practice . Garcelon co - founded the " Lewiston Journal " in 1847 . He served in the Maine House of Representatives from 1853 – 54 , 1857 – 58 , and in the Maine Senate from 1855 - 56 . Garcelon was instrumental in bringing Bates College to Lewiston in 1855 and served as an instructor and longtime trustee at the College . He was elected as a Delegate to the Republican National Convention in 1856 . Civil War . During the Civil War , Garcelon served in the Union Army as Maine ' s Surgeon General . During the impeachment of Andrew Johnson after the War , Garcelon became disgusted with the Republican Party and became a Democrat . In 1871 he was elected mayor of Lewiston , and in 1879 he was elected Governor of Maine by the legislature , serving one term until 1880 . During his term as governor , Garcelon oversaw the " Greenback " controversy , when he investigated alleged voter fraud and determined that the Democrats and not the Republicans had won a majority in the legislature . Senator James Blaine came to Augusta with a hundred armed men to protest the results , and Garcelon called out the state militia . Civil war was narrowly averted , thanks to the peaceful intervention of militia leader Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain . In 1883 Garcelon was once again elected mayor of Lewiston . Garcelon died in Medford , Massachusetts , and was buried at Riverside Cemetery in Lewiston , Maine . Legacy and honors . Garcelon Field at Bates College is named after Dr . Garcelon , as is the Alonzo Garcelon Society , which provides scholarships to Bates for local students . In 2008 the Garcelon family announced the donation of a large collection of Garcelon family manuscripts to the Bates College Special Collections Library .
Yuthasak Sasiprapha General Yuthasak Sasiprapha ( ) is a Thai politician and retired military officer . He has been deputy defence minister in Thaksin Shinawatra ' s government , and president of the National Olympic Committee of Thailand . From August 2011 to January 2012 , he was Minister of Defence , and since then he has served as Deputy Prime Minister in the government of Yingluck Shinawatra until 28 October 2012 . Background . General Yuthasak is son of Lieutenant General Att and Jumroon Sasiprapha . He is married to Khunying Orapan Sasiprapha and has 3 children . General Yuthasak studied secondary class at Saint Gabriel ' s College and graduated from Chulachomklao Royal Military Academy in 1961 . He also studied in Army Command and Staff College Class 48 and National Defence College of Thailand Class 33 . Career . General Yuthasak served Royal Thai Army until earned title Major General in 1985 for Army Reserve Force Students chief of staff . In 1990 he was promoted as Lieutenant General and General in 1996 , when he was director - general for Office of Policy and Planning , Ministry of Defence ( Thailand ) . He was permanent secretary of Ministry of Defence from 1 October 1996 until retired in 1998 . Entry into politics . General Yuthasak entered in politics by joined Thai Rak Thai Party and was elected as party list MP . In 2001 , he was deputy defence minister in Thaksin Shinawatra ' s government . In general election 2011 , he was also elected as party - list MP from Pheu Thai Party . On 9 August 2011 , he was appointed Minister of Defence in the government of Yingluck Shinawatra . In a cabinet reshuffle on 18 January 2012 , he lost the Defence portfolio , but was made Deputy Prime Minister , charged with overseeing security affairs .
USCGC Northland ( WMEC - 904 ) USCGC " Northland " ( WMEC - 904 ) is a United States Coast Guard medium endurance cutter . Her keel was laid down in 1981 and she was launched in 1982 by the Tacoma Boatbuilding Company of Tacoma , Washington . She was commissioned on December 17 , 1984 . History . The USCGC " Northland " is the second cutter to carry that name and the fourth of the thirteen Famous Class cutters currently serving in the WMEC - 270 ' fleet . " Northland " is home ported in Portsmouth , Virginia . " Northland " has many missions including Search and rescue , Law Enforcement , Homeland Security , and Defense Operations . " Northland ' s " crew is composed of officers and enlisted personnel with a large variety of different Coast Guard rates . " Northland ' s " primary area of operation includes but is not limited to the Atlantic Ocean , the Caribbean Sea , and the Gulf of Mexico .
Aichi E11A The Aichi E11A ( " Kyujuhachi Yatei " ) was an Imperial Japanese Navy flying boat used during the first year of World War II for maritime patrol duties . The Allied reporting name for the type was " Laura " ; the Japanese Navy designation was " Type 98 Reconnaissance Seaplane " . The Type 98 was quite similar to the earlier E10A Type 96 , whose allied name was " Hank " . Lauras " were rare - only 17 were built , and its intended use appears to be equally rare - launched from cruiser s or battleship s in order to spot the shellfire of opposing ships at night . The Type 98s were soon diverted from patrol to communications and transport duties .
William Harrop ( aviator ) Squadron Leader William Harrop MM was a World War I flying ace credited with five aerial victories while flying as an enlisted observer . He would rise to become a squadron leader in World War II . World War I service . Harrop won his Military Medal on 14 December 1916 , while he was with the Pioneers . As of 21 July 1917 , he was promoted from Second lieutenant to Lieutenant attached to the Royal Highlanders . He was mentioned in despatches by Sir Douglas Haig shortly thereafter . He served as an observer / gunner aboard the Airco DH . 9 s of 104 Squadron teamed with Lt . George Smith . He drove down a Pfalz D . III over Boulay Airfield on 1 August 1918 for his first victory . On a morning patrol on the 12th , Harrop and Smith destroyed another Pfalz D . III , aided Arthur Rullion Rattray and his pilot in destroying an Albatros D . V , and drove down a third German fighter out of control over Saverne . One of these victories was over Vfw . Heinrich Krueger of " Jasta 70 " . Three days later , at 1830 hours , Harrop and Smith drove another Pfalz down out of control , to make both men aces . Both were taken prisoner on 22 August 1918 after a raid on Mannheim . Harrop ' s final score was 1 ( & 1 shared ) destroyed , 2 ( & 1 shared ) ' out of control ' . Between the wars . On 17 June 1919 , he was reported to still be serving in the 202nd Field Company , Royal Engineers when he was awarded the " Croix de guerre " . World War II . William Harrop was promoted from Warrant Officer to Flying Officer , effective 29 April 1940 , and confirmed in his rank a year later , effective 29 April 1941 . On 1 March 1942 , he was promoted to Temporary Flight Lieutenant . Harrop became a Squadron Leader on 1 January 1946 . On 1 November 1947 , Harrop was reverted to the rank of Flight Lieutenant again , with a seniority date of 1 September 1945 . He was allowed to retain the rank of Squadron Leader , effective 24 June 1948 .
CSS Richmond CSS Richmond , an ironclad ram , was built at Gosport ( Norfolk ) Navy Yard to the design of John L . Porter with money and scrap iron collected by the citizens of Virginia , whose imagination had been captured by the ironclad CSS " Virginia " . Consequently she was sometimes referred to as " Virginia II " , " Virginia No . 2 " or " Young Virginia " in the South and as " Merrimack No . 2 " , " New Merrimack " or " Young Merrimack " by Union writers , months before the actual CSS " Virginia II " was ever laid down . Begun in March 1862 , " Richmond " was launched May 6 and towed up to the Confederate capital that very night to escape Federal forces again in possession of Norfolk Navy Yard and the lower James River . " Richmond " was thus finished at Richmond , Virginia in July 1862 and placed in commission by Commander Robert B . Pegram , CSN as part of the James River Squadron . Twenty - two inches of yellow pine and oak plus 4 inches of iron protected her roof and " she is ironed 3½ feet below her load lines , " wrote Shipyard Superintendent John H . Burroughs . During 1863 and early 1864 the James front was quiet , but from May 1864 momentous events followed in quick succession . The Confederates had three new ironclads in Captain French Forrest ' s squadron there and minor actions were frequent . During 1864 " Richmond " , under Lieutenant William Harwar Parker , CSN , took part in engagements at Dutch Gap on August 13 , Fort Harrison on September 29 - October 1 , and Chaffin ' s Bluff on October 22 . On January 23 – 24 , 1865 , she was under heavy fire while aground with " Virginia II " above the obstructions at Trent ' s Reach — at an angle that caused Federal projectiles to ricochet harmlessly off their casemates . But " Richmond " ' s tender , CSS " Scorpion " , not thus armored , was severely damaged by the explosion of CSS " Drewry " ' s magazine as " Drewry " ended her life , lashed alongside " Richmond " . The ironclads withdrew under their Chaffin ' s Bluff batteries for a few weeks but " Richmond " had to be destroyed by Rear Admiral Raphael Semmes , CSN , squadron commander , prior to evacuation of the capital on April 3 . Commanders . The commanders of the CSS " Richmond " were :
Gay - class fast patrol boat The Gay class were a class of twelve fast patrol boats that served with the Royal Navy from the early 1950s . All were named after types of soldiers or military or related figures , prefixed with ' Gay ' . The class could be fitted as either motor gun boat s or motor torpedo boat s , depending on the type of armament they carried . Design . They were developments of the MTB 538 / 539 class that had served during the Second World War , and were intended to be an interim measure until the Dark - class fast patrol boats could be introduced . The vessels were to be powered by three V12 Packard engines , each providing 1 , 500 horsepower and a speed of . The Gays were the last petrol powered warships to be built for the Royal Navy . Those fitted as Motor Torpedo Boats received two 40mm guns and two 21 - inch torpedoes , while those classified as Motor Gun Boats received a single 4 . 5 - inch gun and a 40mm gun . Construction . The class was ordered between February and May 1951 from a number of shipyards across Britain , many of whom had built similar ships for the navy during the Second World War . Four were built by Vosper & Company , two by Thornycroft , two by Morgan Giles , of Teignmouth , two by Taylor , of Chertsey and two by McGruer & Co Ltd , of Clynder . They were launched between 1952 and 1954 , with the last of the class , , being launched in March 1954 . Careers . Most of the vessels served for a decade before being retired and sold off , though the longest - lived , , was only sold off in 1971 , after nearly 20 years in service . She had been a High Speed Target Towing vessel at HMNB Devonport since 1959 , until being put into reserve in 1964 . HMS " Gay Charger " was commanded by Nigel Lawson during his National Service . appeared as " 1087 " in " The Ship That Died of Shame " , a film based on a book by Nicholas Monsarrat and starring Richard Attenborough . became a target vessel and was sunk off Portland in 1968 , while was damaged while being delivered to the Navy , and then damaged when a vessel she was moored next to exploded . She then struck a submerged boom and nearly sank off Southsea Pier . She was sold out of the navy in 1963 , but survived to be restored as the only remaining member of her class . Ships . During the Second World War the Royal Navy also sailed HMS " Gay Viking " and HMS " Gay Corsair " , a pair of motor gun boats . These were superficially similar to the later " Gay " - class , although their primary armament was a mixture of QF 6 pounder Hotchkiss , Oerlikon 20 mm cannon , and depth charges . Both had left service by the top of the " Gay " - class ' introduction .