naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Royal Guards ( Thailand ) The Royal Guards ( ; ) is the Guards Division of the Royal Thai Armed Forces , guarding the Royal Family of Thailand . History . The Royal Guards were established by King Chulalongkorn the Great of Thailand in 1859 , when he was still crown prince . Initially , the Royal Guards were servants with duties such as scaring crows , which led to commoners referring to them as the " Mahat Lek Lai Ka , " roughly translated as " " Scarecrow Corps . " " When he succeeded his father in 1868 , King Chulalongkorn took his Royal Guard and formed a 24 - strong Royal Bodyguard , referred to as the " Thahan Song Lo " ( Two - Dozen soldiers " ) . In 1870 , the Royal Guard regiment were given the name the " King ' s Guard " and their duties included escorting the king while he travelled around the country . About the year 1875 the necessity for surveys in connection with improvements in the city of Bangkok , and for supervision in carrying out these improvements , led to the selection of certain officers of the royal bodyguard for training in this direction . These officers were formed into a special company called " Military Engineers of the Royal Bodyguard , " in which Mr . James McCarthy held the rank of captain . A royal decree issued September 3 , 1885 , separated the surveyors from the royal bodyguard and created the Royal Survey Department , which is now the Royal Thai Survey Department ( , a Special Services Group of the Royal Thai Armed Forces Headquarters . The Royal Guards still exist down to the present and serve as protectors of the Royal Family of Thailand .
Johann - Georg Richert Johann - Georg Richert ( 14 April 1890 – 30 January 1946 ) was a highly decorated Generalleutnant in the Wehrmacht during World War II . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross and its higher grade Oak Leaves was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . Johann - Georg Richert was captured by Soviet troops on 8 May 1945 . He was charged and convicted with war crimes and was executed by hanging on 30 January 1946 in Minsk .
Marine Safety Insignia The Marine Safety Insignia is awarded to enlisted members ( grade E - 4 and above ) and officers of the United States Coast Guard and United States Coast Guard Reserve , to Coast Guard Civilians , and to members of the United States Coast Guard Auxiliary to recognize professional accomplishment in the Marine Safety program . In addition , the United States Coast Guard Auxiliary has a similar award called the Auxiliary Marine Safety ( Trident ) Device as part of the Auxiliary ' s Marine Safety Trident Program . History . Admiral James Loy , as Commandant of the Coast Guard , approved the creation of the Marine Safety Insignia on November 2 , 2000 to recognize the professional accomplishment of personnel in the Coast Guard ' s Marine Safety Program . The Commandant presented Rear Admiral Robert C . North , then - Assistant Commandant for Marine Safety and Environmental Protection , with the first Marine Safety Insignia on April 10 , 2001 , who accepted it " on behalf of all the marine safety professionals past , present , and future . " Admiral North then presented the second Marine Safety Insignia to Master Chief Bell , the Marine Science Technician Rating Force Manager . Description . On the original Insignia criteria information sheet , the description and symbolism of the Marine Safety Insignia is explained : Criteria . To receive the Marine Safety Insignia the member must earn four marine safety competencies . To earn the permanent version of the insignia , the member must also serve a cumulative five years at marine safety field units . The list of marine safety competencies and definition of a " marine safety field unit " is detailed on the Coast Guard ' s CG Portal intranet webpage . Temporary entitlement may be issued by the commanding officer of a marine safety field unit to a member who has received four marine safety competencies and completed the marine safety initial indoctrination training program but who has not been assigned to a marine safety field unit for at least five years . The temporary entitlement is for the period that the member is permanently assigned to that unit . Insignia guidance and references . The first detailed information on the Marine Safety Insignia was announced in ALCOAST 183 / 01 . More guidance was included in ALCOAST 295 / 01 . Updated guidance was announced in ALCOAST 192 / 10 , which changed the marine safety field unit service requirement for permanent award from four years to five , and updated the criteria to reflect modified qualification codes and the adoption of the Sector organizational structure . Policy regarding the Marine Safety Insignia is found in Chapter 4 . B . 4 of the Coast Guard Enlisted and Officer Accessions , Evaluations , and Advancements Manuals . The insignia must be worn in accordance with Chapter 3 . E . 1 of the Uniform Regulations Manual . Auxiliary Marine Safety ( Trident ) Device . The United States Coast Guard Auxiliary has a similar device called the Auxiliary Marine Safety ( Trident ) Device . This device is awarded after completion of :
Hu Dahai Hu Dahai 胡大海 ( ? - 1362 ) , styled Tongfu 通甫 , was a noted Chinese general of the 14th century who helped Zhu Yuanzhang establish the Ming Dynasty . He was born in what is now Si County in Anhui Province . Hu ' s family was of Persia n extraction ( though he was almost certainly of mixed Persian - Chinese blood ) , having come to China through the Silk Road and settled in Anhui as simple you tiao vendors . Hu joined the army of Zhu Yuanzhang sometime around the fall of the Yuan Dynasty . After Zhu ' s forces crossed the Yangtze they captured all of southern Anhui , most of Zhejiang , and other surrounding areas . Hu received positions of leadership and led troops which defeated rival warlord Yang Wanzhe , leading other Miao chieftains Jiang Ying , Liu Zhen , and Li Fu to surrender . Hu served as administrator of the entire Jiangnan region , and was responsible for safeguarding the Jinhua area of Zhejiang . Although Hu Dahai was illiterate , he was renowned for his humility and willingness to accept suggestions from his subordinates . Hu recommended several well - known scholars and officials from Zhejiang to the service of Zhu Yuanzhang , who later became Emperor Hongwu , including Liu Bowen , Song Lian , Ye Chen , Zhang Yi . Hu ' s troops were highly disciplined , and Hu once said of them : " My fighting men do not know writing , they only know three duties : do not kill , do not violate women and girls , and do not burn down huts or farmhouses . " In early 1362 , Miao chieftains Jiang Ying , Liu Zhen , and Li Fu came to appear before Hu in Yanzhou ( now part of Jinhua and Hangzhou , not to be confused with Yanzhou in Shandong ) and offer their surrender and allegiance . Hu lauded the men for their courage and made them honorary officers under his command . However , the three chieftains had no intentions of ever serving Hu . Soon after their surrender , Jiang Ying invited Hu to perform a review of some crossbowmen at the Bayong Tower in Jinhua . As Hu prepared to mount his horse and leave the review , a Miao soldier came running up and fell on his knees in front of Hu ' s horse , and declared that Jiang Ying was trying to kill him . Hu turned and looked at Ying , who withdrew a wooden club he had hidden in his sleeve and attacked Hu , bashing his skull and killing him . At the same time , other Miao men attacked and killed Hu ' s son Hu Guanzhu , as well as Geng Zaicheng . The Miao men looted the city and fled back into their mountain homes . Hu is believed to have been Muslim .
Australian Reserve Artillery Brigade The Reserve Artillery Brigade was formed in Egypt in January 1915 as the Artillery Training Depot . The Brigade still known as the Artillery Training Depot arrived in England on 20 June 1916 . The Brigade was officily renamed the Reserve Artillery Brigade on 28 November 1916 . The Brigade was made up of 5 field batteries . References . Artillery units of the First AIF
Battle of Fort Blair The Battle of Fort Blair , sometimes called the Fort Baxter Massacre , or the Battle of Baxter Springs , was a minor battle of the American Civil War , fought on October 6 , 1863 , near the present - day town of Baxter Springs , Kansas . In late 1863 , Quantrill ' s Raiders , a large Confederate guerrilla band , was traveling south through Kansas along the Texas Road to winter in Texas . Numbering about 300 , this group captured and killed two Union teamsters who had come from a small Federal Army post called Fort Blair ( also known as Fort Baxter ) . Quantrill decided to attack Fort Baxter and divided his force into two columns , one under him and the other commanded by a subordinate , David Poole . Poole and his men proceeded down the Texas Road , where they encountered Union soldiers , most of whom were African Americans . They chased and attacked the Union troops , killing some before the soldiers reached the earth and log Fort Blair . The garrison there consisted of about 25 cavalry and 65 - 70 infantry men of the United States Colored Troops . Poole ' s column attacked the fort , but the garrison fought them off . Moving out on to the prairie , Quantrill ' s column happened to encounter a Union detachment escorting Maj . Gen . James G . Blunt , who was moving his command headquarters from Fort Scott eastward to Fort Smith , Arkansas . They greatly outnumbered the Union forces . Taking the Federals by surprise , Quantrill ' s column killed most of the detachment , including the military band , Maj . Henry Z . Curtis ( son of Maj . Gen . Samuel R . Curtis ) , and Johnny Fry ( first official westbound rider of the Pony Express ) , a total of 103 men . When a few men escaped to Fort Baxter , soldiers went out to find Blunt and survivors ; there were few . Blunt was removed from command for failing to protect his column , but he was soon restored . Union supporters called the killings a massacre ; the conflict at Baxter Springs was characteristic of the vicious Kansas - Missouri border warfare . Fort Baxter was temporarily reinforced but by the end of 1863 , the Union Army pulled its troops back to Fort Scott , which was better fortified . Before abandoning the fort , US forces demolished it and took away everything usable , to avoid its being used by the enemy . Baxter Springs later developed as the first " cow town " in Kansas , a way station for cattle drives to markets and railroads further north . By 1875 it had a population estimated at 5 , 000 .
Flameless ration heater A flameless ration heater , or FRH , is a water - activated exothermic chemical heater included with Meals , Ready - to - Eat ( MRE s ) , used to heat the food . US military specifications for the heater required that it be capable of raising the temperature of an entree by in twelve minutes , and that it has no visible flame . The ration heater contains finely powdered iron and magnesium metals , and table salt . To activate the reaction , a small amount of water is added , and the boiling point of water is quickly reached as the reaction proceeds . Chemical reaction . Ration heaters generate heat in an electron - transfer process called an oxidation - reduction reaction . Water oxidizes magnesium metal , according to the following chemical reaction : This reaction is analogous to iron being rusted by oxygen , and proceeds at about the same slow rate . On their own , the reaction between magnesium and water is too slow to generate usable heat . To accelerate the reaction , the developers ( see US Patents 4 , 017 , 414 and 4 , 264 , 362 ) mixed metallic iron particles and table salt ( NaCl ) with the magnesium particles . Iron and magnesium metals , when suspended in an electrolyte ( such as salt water ) , form a galvanic cell — a " battery " — that can generate electricity . ( For an example of how to build such a battery , see http : / / www . miniscience . com / link / Airbattery . htm ) When water is added to a ration heater , it dissolves the salt to form a salt - water electrolyte , thereby turning each particle of magnesium and iron into a tiny battery . Because the magnesium and iron particles are in contact , they become thousands of tiny " short - circuited " batteries , which quickly burn out , producing heat in a process the patent holders call " Supercorroding Galvanic Cells " . Confined space hazard . The United States Department of Transportation ( DOT ) Federal Aviation Administration ( FAA ) conducted testing and released a report which in summary states " . . . the release of hydrogen gas from these flameless ration heaters is of a sufficient quantity to pose a potential hazard on board a passenger aircraft . " This testing was performed on commercial grade ' heater meals ' which consisted of an unenclosed flameless heat pouch , a bag of salt water , a styrofoam saucer / tray and a meal in a sealed , microwavable / boilable bowl .
R . A . Del ' Haye Roger Amedee Del ' Haye DFC was a Canadian Ace pilot in the First World War who shot down 9 German Aircraft . Del ' Haye was born in France at Châlons - sur - Marne on 9 January 1889 , educated at the University of Paris and emigrated to Regina , Canada , becoming a British subject in 1914 . Combat record . Del ' Haye joined the RFC in October 1915 and served with No . 13 Squadron from April 1916 to May 1917 on Royal Aircraft Factory B . E . 2 ' s and RE8 ' s . After converting to single - seater aircraft , from May 1918 he served with No . 19 Squadron RAF , shooting down one Fokker Dr . I and eight Pfalz Scout airplanes . He ended the War as a Flight Commander , having also received the British DFC and the Belgian Croix de guerre . In the 1930s , alongside his civilian job , Del ' Haye commanded RCAF Reserve Squadron No . 120 . By 1944 , he had become an Air Commodore but was killed on 18 November of that year flying a Harvard Trainer which crashed on take - off . References . Dolphin and Snipe Aces of World War 1 - Norman Franks ( Osprey Aircraft of the Aces 48 )
Sack of Genoa The Sack of Genoa happened between Thursday April 5 and Wednesday April 11 , 1849 . Genoa was then part of the Kingdom of Piedmont - Sardinia , but had only become so comparatively recently , after the defeat of Napoleon . The uprising broke out in Genoa after King Vittorio Emanuele II ( succeeding his father Carlo Alberto after the defeat of Novara ) signed the armistice with the Austrian general Joseph Radetzky on March 25 . In the unrest that led to a temporary restoration of an autonomous government ( missed by the inhabitants ) in the ancient capital of the Republic of Genoa , General Alfonso La Marmora was sent by the king to quell the revolt . After several days of violent clashes , the 5 April , the city was bombarded for thirty - six hours , without any warning , in clear violation of international law . During the heavy bombing on April 5 , the government troops began targeting the civilian homes ; Genoese people were able to withstand up to 11 April , when the city was occupied by an army of 25000 - 30000 soldiers ( the Italian " Bersaglieri " ) . During this period , the soldiers resorted to the most petty actions against civilians , raping women and killing fathers and brothers who opposed the massacre , firing at the windows to the people surrounding and running through the streets shouting " Genoese people are all Balilla " ( referring to the deeds of the young Genoese patriot Balilla ) , " they do not deserve compassion , we must kill them all ! " When the occupation was done , Vittorio Emanuele II thanked the General La Marmora with a letter .
832d Bombardment Squadron The 832d Bombardment Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit . Its last was assigned to the 486th Bombardment Group , stationed at Drew Field , Florida . It was inactivated on 7 November 1945 . History . Established as a B - 24 Liberator heavy bomber squadron in the fall of 1943 . Trained under Second Air Force . In March 1944 , after several months of training , the squadron was deployed to the European Theater of Operations ( ETO ) , being assigned to Eighth Air Force in England . From its base at Sudbury , the squadron began flying long - range strategic bombing missions over Nazi Germany and Occupied Europe , attacking enemy military and industrial targets primarily in Germany . In November 1944 unit re - equipped with B - 17 Flying Fortress es and reassigned from 2d to 4th Bombardment Division . Continued strategic bombardment attacks on enemy targets until German capitation in May 1945 . Personnel largely demobilized during the summer of 1945 ; small cadre of squadron returned to the United States assigned to Drew Field , Florida . Scheduled for re - equipping and re - manning as B - 29 Superfortress very heavy bomb squadron and deployment to Western Pacific . However , Japanese capitulation in August 1945 led to squadron ' s inactivation in November 1945 .
USS O - 11 ( SS - 72 ) USS " O - 11 " ( SS - 72 ) was an " O " - class submarine of the United States Navy . Her keel was laid down on 6 March 1916 by the Lake Torpedo Boat Company in Bridgeport , Connecticut . The later O - boats ( " O - 11 " through " O - 16 " ) were designed by Lake Torpedo Boat to different specifications from the earlier ones designed by Electric Boat . They did not perform as well , and are sometimes considered a separate class . " O - 11 " was launched on 29 October 1917 sponsored by Mrs . Bernard M . Baruch , and commissioned at New York City on 19 October 1918 with Lieutenant Commander F . W . Scanland in command . Service history . Commissioned too late for World War I combat service , " O - 11 " joined other boats of her class at Cape May , New Jersey , in 1919 . On 20 September 1919 , she was placed in commission , in reserve , at Cape May and steamed to Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , in October ; workmen at Philadelphia spent months working on the boat before she departed for Coco Solo . The arrival of a submarine squadron at Coco Solo in 1913 had demonstrated the usefulness of the boats , the base continued as a distant submarine overhaul and testing area into the 1920s . " O - 11 " reported there in 1922 ; after deck crews had brought her up to prime efficiency , she took several test dives off Panama in spring 1923 . In October , she sailed to Philadelphia . " O - 11 " decommissioned at Philadelphia 21 June 1924 after just five and a half years of service , and was turned over to the Commandant , Navy Yard , Philadelphia . Struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 9 May 1930 , the boat was sold in July 1930 .
Warren Lasch Conservation Center The Warren Lasch Conservation Center is a building located at 1250 Supply Street at the former Charleston Navy Yard , in North Charleston , South Carolina . It is being used to excavate , examine , and preserve the submarine " H . L . Hunley " . The name sake of this building is Warren F . Lasch , who was chairmen of Friends of the Hunley during the " Hunley " < nowiki > ' < / nowiki > s recovery . The " Hunley " is housed in a specially designed tank of freshwater to await conservation .
USS K . I . Luckenbach ( ID - 2291 ) USS " K . I . Luckenbach " ( ID - 2291 ) was a cargo ship and troop transport that served in the United States Navy from 1918 to 1919 . Construction and early career . SS " K . I . Luckenbach " was built as a commercial cargo ship at Quincy , Massachusetts , by Fore River Shipbuilding Corporation for Luckenbach Steamship Company of New York City . Launched on 27 October 1917 , she was delivered to Luckenbach in early 1918 . The 3rd Naval District inspected her on 11 February 1918 for possible U . S . Navy World War I service ; after she spent several months operating under charter to the United States Army , the Navy acquired her on 8 August 1918 . Assigned Identification Number ( Id . No . ) 2291 , she was commissioned on 9 August 1918 as USS " K . I . Luckenbach " with Lieutenant Commander James A . McDonald , USNRF , in command . U . S . Navy career . Assigned to the Naval Overseas Transportation Service , " K . I . Luckenbach " served as a cargo ship , supplying the American Expeditionary Force in France . Between 12 August 1918 and 22 December 1918 , she made two round - trip voyages carrying general U . S . Army cargo to France . In December 1918 , following her return from the second voyage , " K . I . Luckenbach " was transferred to the Cruiser and Transport Force for postwar use as a troop transport . After conversion into a transport , she made three round - trip voyages in 1919 to assist in returning American troops from France . She debarked her last soldier s at New York City on 14 September 1919 . On 16 September 1919 , " K . I . Luckenbach " arrived at Norfolk , Virginia , where she was decommissioned on 5 October 1919 . She was returned to Luckenbach Steamship Company on the day of her decommissioning . Later career . The ship resumed commercial service as SS " K . I . Luckenbach " . Childrens author Howard Pease drew upon his service aboard " K . I . Luckenbach " for his 1927 novel " The Jinx Ship " . Midway through 1933 , " K . I . Luckenbach " received press coverage when San Francisco , California , automobile dealer James F . Waters purchased 350 new DeSoto and Plymouth automobiles from the New York distributor and , for publicity purposes , elected to ship them to San Francisco via the Panama Canal , an event that was well publicized by DeSotos sales office . In an article entitled " DEALER CHARTERS BOAT TO TRANSPORT 350 CARS ; San Francisco De Soto Dealer Receives Cars Via Canal , " Automobile Topics " reported :