naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Cao Chun Cao Chun ( died 210 ) , Zihe , was a cavalry general serving under the warlord Cao Cao in the late Eastern Han Dynasty . He commanded the elite mounted force – the Tiger and Leopard Cavalry ( 虎豹骑 ) – in several campaigns against Yuan Tan , Tadun and Liu Bei . Biography . Cao Chun was a younger brother of Cao Ren . When Cao Chun was thirteen , their father died and the brothers took over the family estates and several hundred servants in their employ , whom Cao Chun managed well . Being well - learned himself , Cao Chun also befriended scholars , who flocked to him . At seventeen , Cao Chun entered the Han imperial court in Luoyang as the Attendant at the Yellow Gates ( 黄门侍郎 , a spokesman for the emperor ) . In 189 , Cao Chun joined his elder cousin Cao Cao ' s army and followed him to war against Dong Zhuo , the tyrannical warlord who held the emperor hostage . During the siege of Nanpi against Yuan Tan in early 205 , Cao Chun commanded the elite mounted force – the Tiger and Leopard Cavalry . In the initial stage of the confrontation , Cao Cao ' s troops suffered significant losses to skirmishes by the enemy but eventually prevailed . Cao Chun ' s men took the head of Yuan Tan . In the subsequent northern expedition against the Wuhuan tribe , Cao Chun ' s force again excelled in battle . The riders captured Tadun , chief of the Wuhuan , in the Battle of White Wolf Mountain . For his credits , Cao Chun was enfeoffed as Tinghou of Gaoling ( 高陵亭侯 ) with stipends from 300 households . In 208 , Cao Chun accompanied Cao Cao south on the campaign to take the Jingzhou . At Xiangyang , Cao Chun and his men was sent ahead to pursue the retreating force of Liu Bei . They caught Liu Bei at Changban and in the ensuing encounter , captured Liu Bei ' s two daughters and supplies , as well as some enemy troops . Cao Chun pressed on south to secure the strategic city of Jiangling , which had a cache of armaments and a sizeable river fleet . He then returned to his hometown , where he died in 210 . According to the " Book of Wei " , Cao Cao favored Cao Chun so much that he refused to appoint anyone to succeed the commandership of the Tiger and Leopard Cavalry . In 220 , Cao Cao ' s successor Cao Pi conferred Cao Chun the posthumous title of Marquis Wei ( 威侯 ) , literally meaning the awe - inspiring marquis . Cao Chun ' s son Cao Yan ( 曹演 ) also served in the military and was eventually promoted to Lingjun General ( 领军将军 ) and Marquis of Pingle ( 平乐乡侯 ) .
Flămânda Offensive The Flămânda Offensive ( or Flămânda Maneuver , which took place between 29 September and 5 October 1916 , was an offensive across the Danube mounted by the Romanian 2nd Army during World War I . The battle represented a consistent effort by the Romanian Army to stop the Central Powers south offensive led by August von Mackensen . The battle ended as a tactical victory for the Central Powers . Background . Romania begun its World War I in August 1916 , when Romanian forces invaded Transylvania passing the border on the Carpathian Mountains . The Romanian forces quickly defeated the small number of Austro - Hungarian forces based in the border area and started their advance into Austro - Hungarian territory , but they were halted soon . Meanwhile , a Central Powers force comprising Bulgarian , German and Turkish troops and led by August von Mackensen entered Dobruja in southeastern Romania . Facing more serious threats than expected , the Romanian Crown Council decided to reinforce the 3rd Army , led by General Alexandru Averescu , by 150 , 000 men . Averescu consequently was put in charge of an army group consisting of the 3rd Army and the 50 , 000 men Army of the Dobruja commanded by general Andrei Zayonchkovski , comprising 17 divisions and planned to counterattack Mackensen ' s forces across the Danube River from behind . The plan was to attack the Central Powers forces from the rear by crossing the Danube at Flămânda , while the front - line Romania n and Russia n forces were supposed to launch an offensive southwards towards Cobadin and Kurtbunar ( today Tervel , Dobrich Province ) . The idea was to cut off Mackensen ' s army from its bases in northern Bulgaria . The battle . The attack commenced on 29 September on a wide front from Flămânda , near Oltenița , to Zimnicea in the direction of Mackensen ' s western flank , with the Romanian forces enjoying superiority in numbers of infantry personnel and artillery equipment . However , the Romanian struggle to cross the Danube was slowed by the Austro - Hungarian Navy ' s Danube Flotilla . On October 1 , two Romania n divisions crossed the Danube at Flămânda and created a bridgehead 14 kilometer - wide and 4 kilometer - deep . On the same day , the joint Romanian and Russian divisions went on offensive on the Dobruja front , however with little success . In the night between 1 / 2 October a heavy storm caused heavy damages to the pontoon bridge Romanian forces were using to pass the Danube . The failure to break the Dobruja front , culminating with the heavy infantry fighting in the vicinity of Flămânda on 3 October , led General Averescu to cancel the whole operation and concentrate its forces to counter the Central Powers offensive from Transylvania . Aftermath . The Danube remained a barrier to military operations until half of Mackensen ' s army crossed it in late November , 1916 .
Battle of Brańsk In 1264 , the Duke of Krakow , Boleslaw V the Chaste organized an expedition against Yotvingia , who were allied with Shvarn , the Duke of the Kingdom of Galicia – Volhynia . On 23 June 1264 the two armies met near Brańsk . The Battle of Brańsk lasted two days pitting the forces of Yotvingia , led by Komata ( " Kumata " ) against the well equipped Krakovian army . The Yotvingian forces were routed in a bloody battle and Komata was killed . Despite the defeat of the Yotvingian forces , skirmishes occurred for another 20 years .
Perak War The Perak War ( 1875 - 1876 ) took place between British and local forces in Perak , a state in northwestern Malaysia . The sultan of Upper Perak and other local chiefs attempted to end foreign influence in the region and remove the British administrator James W . W . Birch . Following the murder of Birch in 1875 , British forces were sent in to end local resistance .
Motorised infantry In NATO and most other western countries , motorised infantry is infantry that is transported by trucks or other soft - skinned motor vehicle s . It is distinguished from mechanized infantry , which is carried in armoured personnel carrier s , infantry combat vehicles , or infantry fighting vehicle s . In Russia and the former Soviet Union , the term " motostrelki " ( " Мотострелки " in Russian ) is used to indicate mechanized infantry ; and during the Korean War this usage prevailed in all Warsaw Pact countries . Motorising infantry is the first stage towards the mechanisation of an army . Civilian trucks are readily adaptable to military uses of transporting soldiers , towing guns , and carrying equipment and supplies . This greatly increases the strategic mobility of infantry units , which would otherwise rely on march es or railroads . In practice , armies have found it advantageous to develop trucks to military specifications , such as all - wheel drive , in order to have vehicles that function reliably in extremes of weather and terrain . Motorisation provides no direct tactical advantage in small unit combat , because trucks and jeep s are vulnerable to artillery and small arms fire . However , in larger battles , motorized infantry have an advantage in mobility allowing them to move to critical sectors of the battlefield faster , allowing better response to enemy movements , as well as the ability to outmaneuver the enemy . The disadvantage of motorisation is that the formation required many vehicles and supplies of fuel to be of advantage . The British created the Experimental Mechanized Force between the wars to test the capabilities of all - arms formations of mechanised units , this included motorised infantry . The speed advantages of motorised infantry first became important in World War II in the German Blitzkrieg . While no more robust than regular infantry moving on foot , its increased speed became decisive in the Blitzkrieg strategy because it could follow the panzer forces and defend its flanks . Notwithstanding the obvious advantages of motorisation , most countries only opted for partial motorisation of their infantry because of the cost and logistical implications caused by the deployment of so many vehicles . . Even large armies were affected by these factors . The bulk of German and Soviet infantry remained on foot , while U . S . infantry divisions could , if needed , redirect the activities of enough trucks to motorise an infantry regiment . Likewise , infantry divisions of the UK and its Empire could motorise chosen subordinate units , but infantry advanced on foot in most cases . Currently in the post Cold War world , motorisation of infantry is becoming more popular since humanitarian deployments are more prevalent with troops acting as quasi - police units . There is also a trend for motorised infantry to be up - armoured due to the situation of insurgency and terrorism in post - invasion Iraq .
Oscar Schmidt , Jr . Oscar Schmidt , Jr . ( March 25 , 1896 – March 24 , 1973 ) was a United States Navy sailor and a recipient of the United States military ' s highest decoration — the Medal of Honor — for his actions in World War I . Biography . Schmidt joined the Navy from his birth state of Pennsylvania and served during and after World War I , rising to the rank of Chief Gunner ' s Mate . On October 9 , 1918 , while a crewmember on , he assisted in the rescue of crewmen from the burning submarine chaser following a gasoline explosion . For this act , he was awarded the Medal of Honor . Schmidt died the day before his 77th birthday and was buried at Arlington National Cemetery , Arlington County , Virginia . Medal of Honor citation . Rank and organization : Chief Gunner ' s Mate , U . S . Navy . Place and date : At sea , October 9 , 1918 . Entered service at : Pennsylvania . Born : March 25 , 1896 , Philadelphia , Pa . G . O . No . : 450 , 1919 . Citation : For gallant conduct and extraordinary heroism while attached to the U . S . S . Chestnut Hill , on the occasion of the explosion and subsequent fire on board the U . S . submarine chaser 219 . Schmidt , seeing a man , whose legs were partly blown off , hanging on a line from the bow of the 219 , jumped overboard , swam to the sub chaser and carried him from the bow to the stern where a member of the 219 ' s crew helped him land the man on the afterdeck of the submarine . Schmidt then endeavored to pass through the flames amidships to get another man who was seriously burned . This he was unable to do , but when the injured man fell overboard and drifted to the stern of the chaser Schmidt helped him aboard .
Fort Prince George ( South Carolina ) Fort Prince George ( not to be confused with Prince ' s Fort , which was in use in 1777 and also in South Carolina ) was constructed in 1753 in northwest South Carolina , on the Cherokee Path . It was named for the Prince of Wales , who would later become King George III of the United Kingdom . It was the principal Carolinian trading post among the Cherokee " Lower Towns " . The fort was built on the Keowee River , across from the largest " lower town " , Keowee . The fort was a square built of clay and wood with walls 12 to high , surrounded by a deep trench . The fort ' s interior living area was about square . The interior contained a guardhouse , a storehouse , a kitchen , a magazine , barracks , and residence . The fort served as a staging point for British assaults on the Cherokee during the Anglo - Cherokee War around 1760 . It also was the site of a siege by Cherokee warriors in February of 1760 , simultaneously with attacks on Ninety - Six , Fort Dobbs and Fort Loudoun . Hostilities ended in 1763 , and the fort was abandoned by 1768 . The site is in modern day Pickens County , South Carolina . The fort was excavated 18 months before the fort was submerged by Lake Keowee after the completion of the Keowee Dam in 1971 . All of the fort was excavated . Some of the items discovered included :
Flavius Philippus Flavius Philippus ( " fl . " 340s - 350s ) was a Roman Empire official under Emperor Constantius II . Biography . Son of a sausage - maker , Philippus rose in social levels becoming a " notarius " . In 346 , he became Praetorian Prefect of the East under Emperor Constantius , allegedly because of the influence of the court eunuchs . Philippus then obtained the consulate in 348 . In 351 , when Constantius was facing the rebellion of the usurper Magnentius , Philippus was sent to the rebel camp , formally to negotiate a peace , but actually to discover the military readiness of the enemy . Philippus then addressed the rebel army , accusing them of ingratitude towards the Constantinian dynasty , and proposing that Magnentius leave Italy and keep only Gaul . When Magnentius tried to conquer the town of Siscia , Philippus was held hostage by the usurper . It is unknown whom he married , but his grandson also became Praetorian Prefect of the East Flavius Anthemius .
Albin Gutman Albin Gutman ( born 17 December 1947 in Novo Mesto ) is a Slovene general , who was Chief of the General Staff of the Slovenian Armed Forces ( from 1 July 2006 to 5th May 2009 ) . He ' s the only person in history of Slovenian Armed Forces who was twice on this position ( first mandate was from 1993 to 1998 ) . He is also a veteran of the Slovenian War .
Treaty of Novgorod ( 1326 ) Treaty of Novgorod , signed on June 3 , 1326 in Novgorod , marked the end of decades of the Norwegian - Novgorodian border skirmishes in the far - northern region called Finnmark . The terms were an armistice for 40 years . A few years earlier , Republic of Novgorod had settled its conflict with Sweden in the Treaty of Nöteborg . The treaty did not delineate the border but rather stipulated which part of the Sami people would pay tribute to Norway and which to Novgorod , creating a kind of buffer zone in between the countries . The treaty remained in effect until the 19th century and was never abrogated by any of the powers . It eventually led into a situation where Sami people were freely exploited , some of them forced to pay taxes to all surrounding powers at the same time , including to the Birkarls from Swedish Finland .
James J . LeCleir James J . LeCleir was a Major General in the United States Air Force . Biography . LeCleir was born in Chippewa Falls , Wisconsin in 1941 . He attended Empire State College and Troy State University . Career . LeCleir originally enlisted in the Air Force in 1960 . He was commissioned an officer the following year . Later he served in the Vietnam War and attended the Air Command and Staff College , the Industrial College of the Armed Forces , and the Air War College . In 1985 he was given command of the 834th Airlift Division and in 1991 was given command of the Inter - American Defense College . His retirement was effective as of July 1 , 1992 . Awards he has received include the Defense Superior Service Medal , the Legion of Merit with oak leaf cluster , the Distinguished Flying Cross , the Defense Meritorious Service Medal , the Meritorious Service Medal with three oak leaf clusters , the Air Medal with two silver oak leaf clusters , and the Parachutist Badge .
USS Douglas L . Howard ( DE - 138 ) USS " Douglas L . Howard " ( DE - 138 ) was an built for the U . S . Navy during World War II . She served in the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean and provided destroyer escort protection against submarine and air attack for Navy vessels and convoys . She was named in honor of Navy Cross winner Douglas Legate Howard . She was launched 24 January 1943 by Consolidated Steel Corp . , Ltd . , Orange , Texas ; sponsored by Mrs . D . I . Thomas , daughter of " Captain Howard " ; and commissioned 29 July 1943 , Lieutenant Commander G . D . Kissam , USNR , in command . World War II Atlantic Ocean operations . Between 4 October 1943 and 19 March 1944 " Douglas L . Howard " escorted three convoys to Casablanca , French Morocco . She joined the hunter - killer group operating with for one cruise between 3 April and 30 May , then made a similar patrol with the group formed around , from 15 June to 29 August . After repairs at Boston , Massachusetts , she joined for antisubmarine patrol in the South Atlantic from 8 September to 26 November . " Douglas L . Howard " continued to screen " Mission Bay " during training in the Caribbean and the qualification of aviators in carrier operations off Mayport , Florida , then returned to ASW operations in the North Atlantic . Transfer to Pacific Theatre operations . " Douglas L . Howard " left Boston 30 June 1945 for San Diego , California , and reached Pearl Harbor 8 August . On 3 September she reported to Eniwetok for patrol and local escort duty , and from 25 September to 16 November she assisted in the occupation of Lele Island in the Carolines and the disposition of its surrendered military equipment . She served on occupation duty in the Marshalls until 6 January 1946 when she left Kwajalein for the United States . She called at San Diego , California , then continued to New York , arriving 15 February . Post - War decommissioning . On 13 March she arrived at Green Cove Springs , Florida , where she was placed out of commission in reserve 17 June 1946 . She was struck from the Navy List on 1 October 1972 and was sold 14 May 1974 and scrapped .
Type 94 90 mm Infantry Mortar The Type 94 90 mm mortar was a 90 mm smoothbore infantry mortar , introduced in 1935 , used by the Japan ese in World War II . The Type 94 designation was given to this gun as it was accepted in the year 2594 of the Japanese calendar ( 1934 ) . Design . By giving the Type 94 an especially heavy and stable mount and bipod , a massive shock absorber group , a powerful projectile , and a lengthy tube and heavy powder charge capacity for long range , Japanese designers intended the weapon to serve as a substitute field or artillery piece that could be hauled in pieces to remote locations , a useful attribute for an army short on transport as well as modern towed large - caliber field howitzers and artillery . The Type 94 had a range of some 4000 yards . Combat record . The Type 94 was encountered throughout the war in China . In the Pacific campaign , it was first used against U . S . forces in the Philippines , and later at the Battle of Guadalcanal . Because of its weight , it was normally employed in static siege or defense situations . Japanese forces sometimes went to great lengths to transport these heavy mortars to remote jungle locations when preparing defensive works .
180th Battalion ( Sportsmen ) , CEF The 180th ( Sportsmen ) Battalion , CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War . Based in Toronto , Ontario , the unit began recruiting during the winter of 1915 / 16 in that city . After sailing to England in November 1916 , the battalion was absorbed into the 3rd Reserve Battalion on January 6 , 1917 . The 180th ( Sportsmen ) Battalion , CEF had one Officer Commanding : Lieut - Col . R . H . Greer . References . Meek , John F . " Over the Top ! The Canadian Infantry in the First World War . " Orangeville , Ont . : The Author , 1971 .
Dinerth Castle The Castle of Dinerth ( , also " Castell Allt Craig Arth " ) is a Welsh castle located near Aberarth , Ceredigion , west Wales ( ca . 1110 ) . The ruins of the medieval timber castle can be found on a hill about 1½ miles up the valley from the seaside town of Aberarth . The founder is thought to be one Richard de la Mare , a follower of Richard Fitz Gilbert , Lord of Clare , an Anglo - Norman lord , who , by the archaeological evidence , built it on top of a previous defensive position . The castle was razed by Gruffydd ap Rhys but probably rebuilt , as it is known to have been destroyed again by Owain Gwynedd in 1136 . The castle probably spent the next fifty years passing from one feudal ruler to another : from Hywel to Cadwaladr in 1144 , and then ceded to Roger de Clare , 3rd Earl of Hertford in 1158 , who garrisoned it . Destroyed by The Lord Rhys in 1164 , it came into the possession of Maelgwn ap Rhys who lost it to , and recovered it from , his brother , Gruffudd ap Rhys . Maelgwn dismantled it to prevent his lands being held by Llywelyn the Great of Gwynedd . As Llywelyn then captured and held all the territory from the River Arth to the River Aeron , he conferred Dinerth on the sons of Maelgwn ' s brother Gruffudd as was rightfully due . The site was abandoned soon afterwards . The supposed pre - Norman use of the site as a defensive position has led some historians to conjecture that the site may have some connection to the legendary King Arthur and Camelot . However although " din " means ' fort ' in old Welsh and " arth " means ' bear ' , they are both common placename elements in Welsh and the name of the fortress is logically more likely to derive from the River Arth which flows close by rather than to mean ' Fort of the Bear ' . The castle has also been called " Hero " castle ( in Norse " hiro " means ' king ' s carl ' ) . A " receptaculi ursi " is referred to by King Arthur ' s contemporary , Gildas . This means ' lair or retreat of the bear ' and is sometimes translated as ' Fort of the Bear ' . However , it is more likely to refer to a different Dinerth - a sub - Roman hillfort on Bryn Euryn above Llandrillo - yn - Rhos in Conwy county - because it is mentioned in connection with King Cynlas of Rhos .
USS Nymph ( 1863 ) USS " Nymph " ( 1863 ) was a steamer acquired by the Union Navy during the American Civil War . She was used by the Union Navy as a dispatch boat in support of the Union Navy blockade of Confederate waterways . Cricket No . 3 commissioned as Nymph . " Cricket No . 3 " , a stern wheel wooden river steamer built at Cincinnati , Ohio , in 1863 , was purchased by the Navy at Cincinnati 8 March 1864 , fitted out as a “ tinclad ” gunboat , and commissioned at Mound City , Illinois , as " Nymph " 11 April 1864 , Acting Master Patrick Donnelly in command . Assigned to the Mississippi Squadron . " Nymph " patrolled the Mississippi River and its tributaries through the end of the Civil War , helping to maintain Union lines of supply and communication . Post - war decommissioning and sale . She decommissioned 2½ miles above Cairo , Illinois , 28 June 1865 and was sold at public auction at Mound City 17 August 1865 to M . A . Hutchinson .
Hadi Rani Hadi Rani a legendary character daughter of Hada Rajput married to Chundawat Chieftain of Salumbar , Mewar who sacrificed herself to motivate her husband to go to the War . When Maharana Raj Singh I ( 1653 – 1680 ) of Mewar called her husband to join the battle against Aurangzeb , the Sardar having married only a few days earlier hesitated about going into battle . However , Rajput honour being what it is , he had to join the battle . He asked his wife Hadi Rani for some memento to take with him to the battlefield . Thinking that she was an obstacle to his doing his duty for Mewar , she ordered that her head be severed and presented to her husband . The Sardar shattered but nevertheless proud tied the memento around his neck by its hair . he fought bravely and made the Aurangzeb forces to run and after the victory he refused to leave the ground and cut his neck as he didn ' t want to live anymore .