naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Rum Patrol The Rum Patrol was an operation of the United States Coast Guard to interdict liquor smuggling vessels , known as " rum runners " in order to enforce prohibition in American waters . On 18 December 1917 , the 18th Amendment to the Constitution was submitted to the states by Congress . On 16 January 1919 , the amendment was ratified and the Liquor Prohibition Amendment , which prohibited the manufacture , sale , transportation , importation , or exportation of intoxicating liquors , came into effect on 16 January 1920 . Origin . The establishment of prohibition gave rise to smuggling of illicit liquor into the United States and , to deal with this problem , twenty - five destroyer s were transferred by the United States Navy to the Treasury Department for service with the Coast Guard . Some began to show signs of wear and tear after the often arduous pace of operations on the Rum Patrol and required replacement . Accordingly , five of the newer flush deck destroyers were transferred to the Treasury Department in 1930 - 1931 . It was thought that adapting these older vessels for Coast Guard service would be less costly than building new ships . In the end , however , the rehabilitation of the vessels became a saga in itself because of the exceedingly poor condition of many of these war - weary ships . In many instances , it took nearly a year to bring the vessels up to seaworthiness . Additionally , these were by far the largest and most sophisticated vessels ever operated by the service , and trained personnel were nearly nonexistent . As a result , Congress authorized hundreds of new enlistees . These inexperienced men generally made up the destroyer crews . Some of the destroyers were pre - World War I 742 - ton " flivvers " , capable of over — an advantage in the rum - chasing business . They were , however , easily outmaneuvered by smaller vessels . The destroyers ’ mission , therefore , was to picket the larger mother ship s and prevent them from off - loading their cargo onto the smaller , speedier contact boats that ran the liquor into shore . On 20 February 1933 , the 21st Amendment to the Constitution , the repeal of Amendment 18 , was proposed by Congress and ratification was completed on 5 December 1933 . This eliminated the need for the Rum Patrol . The remaining destroyers were returned to the Navy and sold for scrap .
Avro 511 The Avro 511 was designed as a fast scouting aircraft just before the First World War . Modified , it became the Avro 514 . Though it had innovative features , development did not continue after the start of hostilities . Design and development . The Avro 511 was designed as a fast scout for military use at a time ( 1913 ) when the role of aircraft in war was barely emerging . It was a single - seat wood and canvas biplane . The fuselage was of square cross - section and carried Avro ' s characteristic " comma " rudder , with no fin . The wings were heavily staggered and had pronounced sweepback , both features intended to improve stability . They were not constructed with the usual span - length spars , but rather using a cellular approach . The interplane struts were not the usual single piece shaped rods , but built up multi - piece , wide chord structures covered in canvas . There were conventional midsection " N " type struts between fuselage and the upper wing . Ailerons were carried on both upper and lower wings . Most unusually for its time , the inboard lower wing featured landing flaps , so the 511 landed at a sedate 35 mph ( 56 km / h ) . The single rotary Gnome Monosoupape was neatly cowled , though this was later modified to improve cooling . Mainwheels were mounted on a single axle plus centre skid undercarriage and there was a tailskid . Later in 1914 the 511 was modified with a new pair of wings with no sweepback and V form ( cranked axle ) , skidless main undercarriage , becoming the Avro 514 . Operational history . The Avro 511 was on static display at the Olympia Aero Show in London in March 1914 and was entered for the Aerial Derby Race around London in May . The race was postponed by bad weather . Though not as fast as had been estimated ( 95 - 100 mph / 150 – 160 km / h ) , it was entered for the postponed race in June after modification into the Avro 514 , but a mechanical failure whilst taxiing prevented participation . Repaired , the 514 flew successfully in July 1914 , but no further development was undertaken .
Heinkel HE 1 The Heinkel HE 1 was a two seat , low - wing monoplane floatplane , designed in 1921 by German designer Ernst Heinkel at Caspar - Werke . The aircraft was initially produced under licence in Sweden for the Navy of 1921 . The HE 1 was powered by a 179 kW Maybach Mb . IVa engine ; one test aircraft was powered by a Siddeley Puma engine . In 1926 , an all - metal version was flown as the HE 4 ( Swedish designation S 4 ) . It was tested extensively , but no further examples were built .
Ernst - August Fricke Ernst - August Fricke ( 11 May 1911 – 9 November 1943 ) was a highly decorated Oberstleutnant in the Wehrmacht during World War II . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross and its higher grade Oak Leaves was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . Ernst - August Fricke was wounded in August 1943 during the Battle of Kursk and died from his wounds on 9 November 1943 in Königsberg , East Prussia . He was posthumously promoted to Oberstleutnant and awarded the Oak Leaves to his Knight ' s Cross on 30 November 1943 .
Naval Act of 1938 The Naval Act of 1938 , known as the Second Vinson Act , was United States legislation enacted on May 17 , 1938 , that " mandated a 20 % increase in strength of the United States Navy " . It represented the United States ' response to the Japanese invasion of China and the German annexation of Austria . The act was sponsored by Carl Vinson , a Democratic Congressman from Georgia who was Chairman of the House Naval Affairs Committee . It updated the provisions of the Vinson - Trammell Act ( " First Vinson Act " ) of 1934 and the Naval Act of 1936 , which had " authorized the construction of the first American battleships in 17 years " , based on the provisions of the London Naval Treaty of 1930 . It was followed by the Two - Ocean Navy Act of 1940 .
Philippe DeJean Philippe DeJean ( 1736 – c . 1809 ) was a judge in Fort Detroit until he was captured during the American Revolution . He was born 5 April 1736 in Toulouse , France , the son of Philippe Dejean and Jeanne de Rocques de Carbouere . His father was a legal officer , and may have given his son legal training . DeJean was living in North American by 1761 , and was a merchant in Detroit by 1766 . By that time , the Seven Years War between Great Britain and France was over , and DeJean was under the jurisdiction of Great Britain . He was appointed Justice of the Peace in April 1767 . As the town surrounding Fort Detroit grew , DeJean ' s powers expanded , and he was soon appointed as Judge . The American Revolution created a crisis situation in which DeJean ' s authority as Judge and Henry Hamilton ' s authority as Lt - Governor went unchecked . DeJean ' s reputation as a harsh judge who sometimes overstepped legal bounds was noticed beyond Detroit . Governor Guy Carleton criticized both DeJean and Hamilton for unjust and illegal acts , and they were both indicted in Montreal for " being tyrannical and acting illegally " Hamilton left Detroit on an expedition to recapture Post Vincennes , South of Detroit along the Wabash River , which had recently declared its support for the Americans . DeJean , perhaps aware of his precarious legal position without the support of Hamilton , accompanied a convoy of reinforcements . Hamilton was captured at Fort Sackville by Colonel George Rogers Clark , and DeJean - along with some papers he neglected to destroy - was captured on the Wabash by Captain Leonard Helm . DeJean was held as a prisoner in Williamsburg for four months , after which time he was paroled because he was considered sympathetic to the American cause . He returned to Vincennes , but did not return to Detroit for fear of prosecution for his abuses of power . His family , however , was not permitted to leave Detroit , and it appears that DeJean finally returned by late 1780 . Detroit court records from July 1790 indicate that he lived outside British dominions . Various records indicate that DeJean may have returned to France for a time , and / or may have relocated to Vincennes . An 1807 census of Vincennes lists " Philip Dejean , Male over 21 " . The Dictionary of Canadian Biography lists his death in or after 1809 , when documents cease to list his name .
Arnala - class corvette " Arnala " class was an Indian designation for the " Petya III " class vessels of the Indian Navy . Although these vessels were classified as frigates in the Soviet Navy , they were classified by the Indian Navy as anti - submarine corvettes due to their role and smaller size . Vessels of the class were named for Indian islands . Vessels . The corvettes of this class constituted the 31st Patrol Vessel Squadron of the Eastern Naval Command and the 32nd Patrol Vessel Squadron of the Western Naval Command . Operational history . and were part of the taskforce for Operation Trident during the Indo - Pakistan War of 1971 . The hulls of this class were of relatively inferior quality , requiring the vessels to undergo major refit every 5 years . The Indian Navy constructed the Naval Dockyard at Visakhapatnam , primarily to service Russian vessels . But given the lack of engineering support from Russia there were inordinate delays in completing the servicing facility . This resulted in considerable delay of the second refit for , which was in poor repair and subsequently was lost at sea in storm conditions , east of Visakhapatnam on 21 August 1990 .
Bombing of Chongqing The bombing of Chongqing ( , , from 18 February 1938 to 23 August 1943 ) was part of a terror bombing operation conducted by Imperial Japanese Army Air Service and Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service on the Chinese provisional capital of Chongqing , authorized by the Imperial General Headquarters . A conservative estimate places the number of bombing runs at more than 5 , 000 , with more than 11 , 500 bombs dropped , mainly incendiary bombs . The targets were usually residential areas , business areas , schools , hospitals ( non - military targets ) . These bombings were probably aimed at cowing the Chinese government , or as part of the planned Sichuan invasion . The raids . In character with the Japanese approach to air warfare , the bombing of Chongqing was focused almost entirely on the civilian population , an early example of terror bombing . In the first two days of the campaign , the raids of May 1939 killed more than five thousand Chinese civilians . Two months later , after tens of thousands of deaths , in retaliation for firebombing , the United States embargoed the export of airplane parts to Japan , thus imposing its first economic sanction against Japan . On 5 June 1941 , the Japanese flew more than 20 sorties , bombing the city for 3 hours . About 4 , 000 residents who hid in a tunnel were asphyxiated . The majority of the air raids conducted against Chongqing were made with squadrons of Mitsubishi G3M s , known as " Nells " , Mitsubishi Ki - 1 - Is , Fiat BR . 20 s Cicogna ( " Ruths " ) , Mitsubishi Ki - 21 s " Sallys " and Kawasaki Ki - 48 s " Lilys " although towards the end of the Second Sino - Japanese War , Mitsubishi G4M s ( " Bettys " ) , Nakajima Ki - 49 s Donryu ( " Helens " ) , Yokosuka P1Y s Ginga ( " Frances " ) and Mitsubishi Ki - 67 s Hiryu ( " Peggys " ) were also employed . Due to the unpreparedness of the Chinese Air Force at the beginning of the war , many of the air raids were totally unopposed . Total bomb tonnage and raids . Three thousand tons of bombs were launched on the city between 1939 and 1942 . According to photographer Carl Mydans , the spring 1941 bombings were " the most destructive shelling ever made on a city " , although by comparison 2 , 300 tons of bombs were dropped by Allied bombers on Berlin in a single night during the Battle of Berlin . A total of 268 air raids were conducted against Chongqing . Lawsuit against Japanese government . In March 2006 , 40 Chinese who were wounded or lost family members during the bombings sued the Japanese government demanding 10 , 000 , 000 yen ( 628 , 973 yuan ) each and asked for apologies . " By filing a lawsuit , we want the Japanese people to know about Chongqing bombings , " said a victim .
2006 Avtury ambush Avtury GRU ambush was the July 4 , 2006 ambush in Chechnya . The attack . 15 - 20 Chechen rebel fighters led by Abu Hafs al - Urduni and armed with heavy machine gun s , assault rifle s , grenade launcher s and rocket - propelled grenade s opened fire from a forested area in Avtury on a motorized column of the GRU Spetsnaz 16th Brigade from Tambov , composed of several military trucks and one armored personnel carrier . The attack , which lasted for about an hour , completely destroyed the motorized column , killed between 7 and 30 Russian soldiers , and wounded as many as 30 others ; effectively stopping the flow of reinforcements and weapons to Russian troops in Avtury Chechnya , according to Russia n sources . Separatist websites announced the attack was a " meticulously planned act of revenge " by Commanders Abu Hafs al - Urduni and Abu Yassir for the death of the Chechen rebel leader Abdul - Halim Sadulayev . They said the Russians lost " close to 40 " men and that they themselves suffered no casualties . A video of the attack which circulates on the internet was made giving a tribute to Abdul - Halim Sadulayev and then showing the planning and execution of the attack . On the same day , Russian President Vladimir Putin said the term " combat operations " can no longer be used with regards to Chechnya : " " There are outbursts of terrorist actions , but no combat actions in Chechnya , " " Putin said .
USS Pennsylvania ( 1837 ) USS " Pennsylvania " was a four - decked 140 - gun ship of the line of the United States Navy , named for the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania . She was the largest sailing warship ever built for the United States , and the equivalent of a first - rate of the British Royal Navy , but her only cruise was a single trip from Delaware Bay to Chesapeake Bay . She was just as large as the Spanish four - decked ship of the line Santisima Trinidad , built over 60 years earlier . " Pennsylvania " was one of the " nine ships to rate not less than 74 guns each " authorized by the US Congress on 29 April 1816 . She was designed and built by Samuel Humphreys in the Philadelphia Navy Yard . Her keel was laid in September 1821 , but tight budgets slowed her construction , preventing her being launched until 18 July 1837 . She had three complete gun decks and a flush spar - deck and her hull was pierced for 136 guns . Exploding shell guns were replacing solid shot by the time " Pennsylvania " was fitting out . A Bureau of Ordnance Gun Register for 1846 records her armament as follows : " Pennsylvania " shifted from her launching site to off Chester , Pennsylvania , on 29 November 1837 and was partially manned there the following day . Only 34 of her guns were noted as having been mounted on 3 December 1837 . She stood downriver for New Castle , Delaware , 9 December , to receive gun carriages and other equippage before proceeding to the Norfolk Navy Yard for coppering her hull . She departed Newcastle on 20 December 1837 and discharged the Delaware pilot on the 25th . That afternoon she sailed for the Virginia Capes . She came off the Norfolk dry dock on 2 January 1838 . That day her crew transferred to " Columbia " . " Pennsylvania " remained in ordinary until 1842 when she became a receiving ship for the Norfolk Navy Yard . She remained in the yard until 20 April 1861 when she was burned to the waterline to prevent her falling into Confederate hands .
USS Caliph ( SP - 272 ) USS " Caliph " ( SP - 272 ) was a United States Navy patrol vessel in commission in 1917 and again in 1918 . " Caliph " is derived from the word " al - khalifah " , Arabic word for " the leader " . " Caliph " was built as a civilian motorboat in 1910 by the Matthews Yacht Building Company . The U . S . Navy leased her in May 1917 for World War I service as a patrol vessel . She was commissioned as USS " Caliph " ( SP - 272 ) . Placed in service in the 4th Naval District — which was responsible for the Pennsylvania , Delaware , and southern New Jersey area - - " Caliph " performed section patrol duty until December 1917 , when she was laid up for the winter at Washington , D . C . . " Caliph " was recommissioned on 1 April 1918 and assigned to duty with the District Communication Superintendent at Marcus Hook , Pennsylvania . She resumed her patrol duties . " Caliph " was decommissioned on 2 December 1918 and returned to her owner .
Radarman Radarman was a rating in the U . S . Navy during , and after , World War II . The following ratings existed during the war for male or female enlisted personnel training , or with training , in the operation and maintenance of radar sets : Duties . The radarman was generally required to attend and complete a U . S . Navy Class " A " radar school at a designated Naval Training Centers ( NTC ) in the United States . Once assigned to a ship or shore station , the radarman was required to operate and maintain the installed radar and electronic warfare equipment . Radarmen were especially trained in emergency repair procedures , as vessels they were assigned to went into combat areas . The Radarman ( RD ) rating was changed to Operations Specialist ( OS ) in October 1972 , with its operational duties assigned to the OS rating , electronic warfare operation and maintenance to the Electronic Warfare Technician ( EW ) , and its radar maintenance duties to the Electronics Technician ( ET ) rating . Since this change Operations Specialists ( OS ) perform a variety of functions onboard Navy ships . Radar navigation , tactical communications , naval gunfire support , directing amphibious operations , establishing and maintaining tactical data links , Anti - Submarine Tactical Air Control ( ASTAC ) , Air Intercept Control ( AIC ) , Strike control , and other duties are involved in the OS rating . United States Coast Guard . The United State Coast Guard Radarman specialized training took place at the RD " A " school located at the Governors Island New York . These men and women could serve on a variety of assignments including large Coast Guard Ships and Vessel Traffic Services . The school was later moved to United States Coast Guard Training Center Yorktown , Virginia where is stayed until 2003 . The rate was changed to Operations Specialist during the " Merger of the Millennium " in the summer of 2003 .
Roberts Dambītis General Roberts Dambītis ( May 2 , 1881 - March 27 , 1957 in Trikāta parish near Strenči , Latvia ) was a Latvian soldier and politician . A founder of the National Soldiers ' Union as a Latvian Rifleman in World War I , Dambītis formally became the first soldier in the Latvian Army by placing volunteer units under the command of the People ' s Council of Latvia when it proclaimed Latvia ' s independence on November 18 , 1918 . He was subsequently appointed Deputy Minister of Defense during the Independence War . After the war he served in various high - ranking posts in military supply and administration , culminating in his appointment as Deputy Chief of the General Staff in 1935 and his retirement in 1939 . In 1940 , during the first year of Soviet Rule of Latvia , Dambītis joined the puppet government as Minister of War and oversaw the conversion of the Latvian Army to a Red Army Corps . He remained in Latvia after the retreat of the Red Army in 1941 , was arrested by the Gestapo and interned in the Sachsenhausen concentration camp until 1945 . After the war he returned to Trikāta , where he spent the remainder of his life .
Flagstaff Hill Fort Flagstaff Hill Fort , was a fort at Flagstaff Point , Wollongong , New South Wales , Australia . History . Constructed between 1890 - 1891 , the fort was built with a disappearing gun emplacement . The fort was dug - out of the hill using face brick walls and then earth was placed over the tunnels . The fort was intended to supersede a battery of 68 pounder s to provide a deterrent to a possible Russian attack upon Wollongong Harbour . In 1879 the steamship ‘ Havilah ’ landed these 4 . 6 tonne , 68 pounder cannon as part of Wollongong Harbour defences against the threat of possible Russian attack . The cannon were designed to fire a shell weighing almost 30 kg ( 68 pounds ) up to 1 . 60 km . They lay unused by the harbour for 18 months without mountings and ammunition . They were finally placed near this site by the local volunteer artillery group . Endeavour Drive now covers the original position . The gun was commissioned and first fired in 1892 . The gun emplacement was provided with two range finder positions . However by the mid - 1880s it became obvious that enemy cruisers could bombard the port out of range of these obsolete guns . In 1890 a larger gun was positioned in a concrete pit near the summit of Flagstaff Hill . Underground rooms protected the ammunition and the gunners . By 1893 further fortifications were completed on Smith ’ s Hill west of Harbour . The Wollongong Head Lighthouse was constructed near the fort in 1938 .
11th Virginia Cavalry The 11th Virginia Volunteer Cavalry Regiment was a cavalry regiment raised in Virginia for service in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War . It fought mostly with the Army of Northern Virginia . Virginia ’ s 11th Cavalry Regiment was organized in February , 1863 , by consolidating the 17th Battalion , Virginia Cavalry , one company from the 24th Battalion Virginia Cavalry , and two companies of the 5th Virginia Cavalry Regiment . The unit served in W . R . Jones ' , Lomax ' s , Rosser ' s , and J . Dearing ' s Brigade , Army of Northern Virginia . It was active in the conflicts at Upperville , Fairfield , Bristoe , and Mine Run . Later the regiment participated in The Wilderness Campaign , the defense of Richmond , and Early ' s Shenandoah Valley operations . It then disbanded as there were no members of the 11th at Appomattox . The field officers were Colonels Oliver R . Funsten and Lunsford L . Lomax , Lieutenant Colonel Matt D . Ball , and Majors William H . Harness and Edward H . McDonald . The 17th Cavalry Battalion ( also called 1st Battalion ) was organized in June , 1862 , with seven companies . The unit fought in western Virginia and in the Maryland Campaign . Lieutenant Colonel Oliver R . Funsten and Major William Patrick were in command .
Jack Dunlap Jack E . Dunlap ( November 14 , 1927 – July 23 , 1963 ) was a United States Army sergeant stationed at the National Security Agency who later became a spy for the Soviet Union in the early 1960s . NSA spying activities . In order to continue his access to classified information , Sgt . Dunlap applied for civilian employment at the NSA . At the time , background investigations were more strict for civilian employees than members of the military . When the NSA began Sgt . Dunlap ' s background investigation , indications of Dunlap ' s " high lifestyle " began to emerge . Dunlap ' s security clearance was revoked on May 23 , 1963 , and the NSA transferred Dunlap to a menial job . Death and related controversies . Dunlap committed suicide by carbon monoxide poisoning on July 23 , 1963 ; James Jesus Angleton , the director of counter - intelligence at the CIA at the time , has long been rumoured to have been involved in Dunlap ' s death . After his death , Dunlap ' s wife discovered a small stack of NSA code word material in the attic of their house and gave it to the Army Counterintelligence agent in charge of the investigation . She did not provide any documents to the NSA .