naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
A - 18 Saint - Jean - de - Daye Saint - Jean - de - Daye Airfield is a former World War II airfield , located 1 . 7 km southeast of Saint - Jean - de - Daye in the Normandy region , France . History . Saint - Jean - de - Daye Airfield was located along the main road from the national 8 174 a little below St . Jean de Daye to D 900 long straight line leading to Périers start of Operation Cobra , the decisive battle , from 24 July 1944 to 30 July 1944 , to pierce the front in the South of the Cotentin . It was after this battle that the 843rd Engineer Battalion of the Air ( 843rd Engineer Battalion Airfield or EAB ) began the works of construction of new airfield normally reserved for fighter - bombers in accordance with the specification provided for this type of field oriented southwest - northeast ( 62 ° ) in the territory of the municipality and not the Dézert St Jean de Daye which he took the name yet , certainly not for long , because if it was open to air traffic on August 29 , he was returned to the French civil authorities on September 5 a week after it opened ! There was therefore no units of the 9th it was attached . Its activity , from the testimony of residents of that time , however , was intense throughout much of August , well before its official opening . Many transport aircraft and also frequented the civilian refugees housed in proximity also noticed movement " small aircraft " from it . It is likely that the speed with which Britain was released , allowing the use of many airfields rendered useless by the assignment to a combat unit called to follow more closely than TUSA from Normandy . The exact location of the runway is still clearly visible today because it is the straightness of the road D 389 E 389 from D to its shift towards the town of Menil - Véneron
Moses Williams ( Medal of Honor ) Moses Williams ( October 10 , 1845 – August 23 , 1899 ) was a Buffalo Soldier in the United States Army and a recipient of America ' s highest military decoration — the Medal of Honor — for his actions in the Indian Wars of the western United States . Williams joined the newly formed 9th Cavalry in 1866 . Having been illiterate before joining the army , he learned to read and write , reaching the rank of First Sergeant just two years later . By August 16 , 1881 , Williams was serving in Company I of the 9th Cavalry Regiment . On that day he participated in an engagement in the foothills of the Cuchillo Negro Mountains in New Mexico . For his actions during the battle , Williams was awarded the Medal of Honor fifteen years later , on November 12 , 1896 . Williams became one of the first African - American Ordnance Sergeant s in 1886 , and starting in 1895 , served at Fort Stevens , Oregon , where he was charged with the care of large coastal gun emplacements . He left the Army in 1898 due to health issues and died the next year at the age of 53 . He was buried in Fort Vancouver Military Cemetery , Vancouver , Washington . Medal of Honor citation . First Sergeant Williams ' official Medal of Honor citation reads : Rallied a detachment , skillfully conducted a running flght of 3 or 4 hours , and by his coolness , bravery , and unflinching devotion to duty in standing by his commanding officer in an exposed position under a heavy fire from a large party of Indians saved the lives of at least 3 of his comrades .
List of wars involving Iceland The following is a list of wars involving Iceland . Although modern Iceland does not maintain a standing army , navy nor air force it maintains a militarised Coast Guard which is in charge of defending the country and has deployed a small peacekeeping force internationally on a few occasions .
32nd Infantry Division Marche The 32nd Infantry Division Marche was an infantry division of the Italian Army during World War II . The " Marche " Division took part in operations in Albania in March 1941 . It then as part of the Italian XVII ( Armoured ) Corps took part in the Invasion of Yugoslavia and captured the towns of Dubrovnik and Metkovick . It remained in Yugoslavia as an occupying force until the Italian surrender to the Allies in September 1943 . Yugoslavia . Operation Weiss . The Division took part in the Battle of the Neretva ( Operation Weiss ) between 20 January and 17 February 1943 , the objective was to retake the area occupied by the partisans centered on Bihać and engage and destroy as many of their units as possible . It is also known as the Fourth Enemy Offensive in Yugoslavia . It was the largest such offensive or operation carried out in Yugoslavia during the war in terms of troops employed and territory covered . The operation was a success with almost 12 , 00 partisans killed and 3 , 000 captured . Operation Schwarz . The Division took part in the Battle of the Sutjeska ( Operation Schwarz ) between May and June 1943 , which aimed to destroy the main Yugoslav Partisan force , near the Sutjeska river in south - eastern Bosnia . Over 6 , 000 partisans were killed but the offensive was a failure . The failure of the offensive marked a turning point for Yugoslavia during World War II . Commander . General Riccardo Pentimalli
Ernst Põdder Ernst Põdder VR I / 1 ( February 10 , 1879 Aleksandri Parish , Võrumaa , Estonia - June 24 , 1932 Tallinn , Estonia ) was a famous Estonian military commander in the Estonian War of Independence . In 1900 Põdder graduated from the Vilnius Military Academy . In the Russo - Japanese war he achieved the rank of Lieutenant , and in World War I became Polkovnik ( Colonel ) . In July 1917 he joined the Estonian national units as commander of the 3rd and 1st Estonian regiments . In 1918 Põdder was promoted to the rank of Major General . During the German occupation of 1918 he was one of the main founders of the underground Defence League . At the beginning of the Estonian Liberation War , Põdder was Chief of Internal Security . On April 4 , 1919 he became Commander of the 3rd Division , where his main achievement was victory over the Baltische Landeswehr . After the war Põdder commanded the 3rd Division and , after 1921 , the 2nd Division . He actively participated in defeating the 1924 coup attempt . In 1926 he became a permanent member of the war council , as well as an active organizer of scouting . Ernst Põdder was the only honorary member of the League of Liberators . Põdder is recipient of the Latvian military Order of Lāčplēsis , 2nd class .
German submarine U - 82 ( 1941 ) German submarine " U - 82 " was a Type VIIC U - boat of the German " Kriegsmarine " during World War II . Her keel was laid down on 15 May 1940 by Bremer Vulkan - Vegesacker Werft of Bremen as ' werk ' 10 . She was launched on 15 March 1941 and commissioned on 14 May with " Oberleutnant " Siegfried Rollmann in command . " U - 82 " conducted three patrols , sinking eight merchant ships for a total of , one warship of 1 , 190 tons and damaging another merchantman of 1 , 999 GRT . Operational history . " U - 82 " conducted three patrols whilst serving with the 3rd U - boat Flotilla from 14 May 1941 to 6 February 1942 when she was sunk . She was a member of four wolfpack s . 1st patrol . The boat ' s first patrol began with her departure from Trondheim in Norway on 11 August 1941 after moving from Kiel in July . Her route took her across the Norwegian Sea and through the ' gap ' separating Iceland and the Faroe Islands toward the Atlantic Ocean . She sank the " Empire Hudson " northeast of Greenland on the 10 September 1941 followed by four more ships : the " Bulysees " , the " Gypsum Queen " , the " Empire Crossbill " and the " Scania " , all on the 11th . " U - 82 " then docked at Lorient on the French Atlantic coast on 5 July . 2nd patrol . The boat sank two more ships on her second foray but when she returned to France she went to La Pallice on 19 November 1941 . 3rd patrol and loss . On her final patrol , " U - 82 " sank " Athelcrown " , and " Leiesten " in mid - Atlantic . At the end of January she attacked and sank HMS " Belmont " , a US - built , Town class destroyer , south of Newfoundland . On 6 February 1942 , while returning from patrol , she encountered convoy OS 18 north - east of the Azores . While attempting to attack she was sunk with all 45 of her crew by depth charge s from the British sloop and the corvette .
Scout car A scout car is a of military armored reconnaissance vehicle , capable of off - road mobility and often carrying mounted weapons such as machine gun s for offensive capabilities and crew protection . They often only carry an operational crew aboard , which differentiates them from wheeled armored personnel carrier s ( APCs ) and Infantry Mobility Vehicle s ( IMVs ) , but early scout cars , such as the open - topped US M3 Scout Car could carry a crew of seven . The term is often used synonymously with the more general term armored car , which also includes armored civilian vehicles . They are also differentiated by being designed and built for purpose , as opposed to improved technicals which might serve in the same role . History . The British developed a number of Scout cars by adding armoured bodies to existing chassis - such as the Humber Light Reconnaissance Car - or the purpose - built Daimler Dingo . In comparison to British armoured cars they carried no more armament than a single light machine gun and were generally turretless . Their duties were fast reconnaissance and liaison work . The Dingo remained in use until replaced by the Ferret , also by Daimler , in the 1950s .
Julius W . Becton , Jr . Julius Wesley Becton , Jr . ( born June 29 , 1926 ) is a retired United States Army lieutenant general , former director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency ( FEMA ) , and education administrator . Early life and education . Becton was born in Bryn Mawr , Pennsylvania on June 29 , 1926 . He joined the U . S . Army Air Corps in July 1944 and graduated infantry Officer Candidate School in 1945 and served with 93rd Infantry Division . He separated from the Army in 1946 , but returned to service after President Harry S . Truman ' s executive order to integrate the U . S . Armed Forces in 1948 . Career . Becton went on to serve in the Korean War and the Vietnam War , eventually rising to the rank of lieutenant general in 1978 and command of VII Corps in Europe during the Cold War . Among his decorations were the Distinguished Service Medal , two Silver Star s , two Legion of Merit medals , and two Purple Heart s , along with the Knight Commander ' s Cross of the Order of Merit of Germany . While in the service , Becton graduated from Prairie View Agricultural and Mechanical University ( Bachelor ' s Degree in Mathematics in 1960 ) , the University of Maryland ( Master ' s Degree in Economics in 1966 ) . He also graduated from the U . S . Army Command and General Staff College , the Armed Forces Staff College , and the National War College . Becton retired from the U . S . Army in 1983 , after nearly 40 years of service . However , his public service career was far from over . From 1984 to 1985 , he served as the Director of the Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance in the United States Agency for International Development ( US AID ) . He then served as the Director of FEMA from 1985 to 1989 under President Ronald Reagan . In his mid - 60s , Becton began a new career , that of education administrator . From 1989 to 1994 , Becton was the fifth president of Prairie View A & M University ( his alma mater ) . President Becton was the first graduate of Prairie View A & M University to attain flag rank in the military . In 1996 , he became the Superintendent of the Washington , D . C . public school system . Becton now serves as a director to several corporations , academic institutions , and associations . His many honors include being named several times by Ebony magazine as " One of the 100 Most Influential Blacks in America , " and he has also received the Distinguished Service Award Association of the U . S . Army and the Boy Scouts of America ' s Silver Beaver Award . His autobiography , " Becton : Autobiography of a Soldier and Public Servant " , was published in 2008 by Naval Institute Press . Personal life . Becton and his wife Louise reside at The Fairfax in Fort Belvoir , Virginia . The couple has five grown children , 10 grandchildren and three great - grandchildren . References . ,
Arado Ar 66 The Arado Ar 66 was a German single - engined , two - seat training biplane , developed in 1933 . It was also used for night ground - attack missions on the Eastern Front . It was engineer Walter Rethel ' s last design in collaboration with Arado , before Walter Blume , assigned as " Arado Flugzeugwerke ' s " chief design engineer in 1933 , took over the bulk of the Arado firm ' s design duties . Design and development . Arado ' s chief designer Walter Rethel started design of a new two - seat trainer in 1931 , with the design being developed by Walter Blume when Rethel transferred to Messerschmitt , with the first prototype , the Ar 66a flying in 1932 . The Ar 66 had an Argus As 10 air - cooled inverted V8 engine producing about 179 kW ( 240 hp ) , which drove a 2 . 5 m ( 8 . 2 ft ) two - blade propeller . It carried 205 L ( 54 US gal ) of fuel , and 17 L ( 4 US gal ) of oil . The fuselage had an oval cross - section and was made of welded steel tubes , covered with fabric . The double wings provided very high lift , even at low speeds . Both wings had the same span and an 8° sweep . Construction consisted of a double pine wing spar structure , with lime tree rib s , and fabric covering . There were ailerons in both upper and lower wings . The tail had a conventional design , with the horizontal stabilizer mounted on the fuselage upper edge . The rudder was placed behind the elevator . Both the rudder and the elevator were of steel tube covered in fabric , and had a bigger surface than the first version to correct balance problems . The steel tube undercarriage was attached to the fuselage in a " V " shape and used a high - pressure rubber suspension . The crew consisted of two : instructor pilot and trainee , seated in open tandem cockpits equipped with dual controls . The aircraft was equipped with instrument flight systems with photographic cameras were mounted as optional equipment . Operational history . The Ar 66 entered service with the " Luftwaffe " in 1933 , serving as a trainer until well into World War II . In 1943 , the " Luftwaffe " set up a number of night harassment groups to operate on the Russian front . The Ar 66 , along with the Gotha Go 145 , formed the main equipment of these groups . Variants . " Data from : Aircraft of the Third Reich
Fort Amador Fort Amador ( ) and Fort Grant were former United States Army bases protecting the Pacific ( southern ) end of the Panama Canal at Panama Bay . Amador was the primary on - land site , lying below the Bridge of the Americas . Grant consisted of a series of islands lying just offshore , some connected to Amador via a causeway . Fort Sherman was the corresponding base on the Atlantic ( northern ) side . All of the forts were turned over to the Republic of Panama in 1999 , and the area is now a major tourist attraction . History . The offshore islands had always been considered excellent defensive grounds , and were long visited by English pirates . In particular , Sir Francis Drake , Captain Cook , and Henry Morgan all used Taboga and Perico as refuges after raiding Spanish galleon s . It was here that then - Captain Ulysses S . Grant ended his cross - Panama march in 1852 . During the construction of the Panama Canal , notably the Culebra Cut , waste material was dumped in a mangrove bush then known as the " Balboa dump " . As the work progressed , the dump was backfilled to create a large breakwater , which was later extended to the nearest of the offshore islands , Naos . This work was completed in 1912 , and the military reservations were given their official names that year . Fort Amador is named for Manuel Amador Guerrero , the first president of Panama , while Fort Grant was named to commemorate Grant ' s earlier crossing to that point . The two forts initially claimed only about of land , but this expanded over the years to over 344 . Amador was the primary infantry and support area , and grew to include a rather prominent " tank farm " for fuel storage . Grant was used primarily for naval defence , and included a number of large batteries on the various islands . To supply them , the causeway was extended to connect from Naos to the other nearby islands , Culebra , Perico , and Flamenco , all of which had batteries of various sizes . Grant also included the nearby unconnected islands of San Jose , Panamarca , Changarmi , Tortolita , Torola , Taboga , Cocovieceta , Cocovi , and Venado .
John Ross ( VC ) John Ross VC ( 1822 – 23 October 1879 ) was a Scottish recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . Details . Ross was about 33 years old , and serving as a corporal in the Corps of Royal Engineers , British Army , in the Crimean War , when he undertook the actions for which he later was awarded the VC . On 21 July 1855 at Sebastopol , Crimean Peninsula , Corporal Ross went out at night in charge of a working party of 200 men each carrying an entrenching tool and a gabion , and before morning they had connected the 4th parallel right attack with an old Russian rifle - pit in front . On 23 August the corporal was in charge of the advance from the 5th parallel right attack on the Redan in placing and filling 25 gabions under a very heavy fire . Again , on 8 September he crept up to the Redan at night and returned to report its evacuation , bringing with him a wounded man . He later achieved the rank of sergeant . The medal . His Victoria Cross is displayed at the Royal Engineers Museum in Chatham , Kent .
Discens A discens ( ) was a soldier of the military of ancient Rome who was in training to become an immunis , or specialist within the army . Immunes took up the trades and skills of engineers , field medics , carpenters , and craftsmen . However , they were also fully trained and would be expected to fight in the infantry if necessary . The discentes were probably exempted , like the immunes , from standard combat and camp duties since their main occupation would have been time - consuming technical training . Some known classes include :
Beachcroft Towse Sir Ernest Beachcroft Beckwith Towse ( 23 April 1864 – 21 June 1948 ) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . Details . Towse was 35 years old , and a captain in the 1st Battalion , The Gordon Highlanders , British Army during the Second Boer War when the following deeds led to the award of the Victoria Cross : Queen Victoria , it is said , shed tears when pinning the decoration . Possibly at her instance , The War Office awarded Towse with a special wounds pension of £300 a year . Further information . He had previously distinguished himself with the Chitral Expedition in 1895 , and in the Tirah Campaign on the North - West Frontier of India in 1898 . His VC action left him blind and he spend much of the rest of his life in work with the blind . He served in the First World War as a staff officer working with the wounded in hospital . Towse was chairman of the British and Foreign Blind Association and in 1940 gave his house as its first rehabilitation centre . He also founded the British Wireless For The Blind Fund in 1929 and was a trustee of The Association for Promoting the General Welfare of the Blind ( GWB , now known as CLARITY - Employment for Blind People ) . He provide GWB a grant of £500 , which enabled them to start making soap . The medal . His Victoria Cross is displayed at the Gordon Highlanders Museum , Aberdeen , Scotland .
Battle of Lepanto order of battle This is the order of battle during the Battle of Lepanto on 7 October 1571 in which the Holy League deployed 6 galleass es and 206 galley s , while the Ottoman forces numbered 216 galleys and 56 galliots . The Fleet of the Holy League¹ . The combined Christian fleet was placed under the command of John of Austria ( " Don Juan de Austria " ) with Marcantonio Colonna as his principal deputy . The Left Wing . Commanded by Agostino Barbarigo ( 53 galley s , 2 galleass es ) The Center Division . Commanded by Don John of Austria ( 62 galleys , 2 galleasses ) The Right Wing . Commanded by Giovanni Andrea Doria ( 53 galleys , 2 galleasses ) The Rearguard . Commanded by Don Álvaro de Bazán ( 38 galleys , including 8 galleys of the Advance Guard ) The Vanguard . Commanded by Juan de Cardona ( 8 galleys attached to the Reserve force ) The Ottoman Fleet² . Supreme command of the Ottoman Fleet was held by Müezzinzade Ali Pasha The Left Wing . Commanded by Uluç Ali Reis ( 61 galleys , 32 galliots ) The Centre Division . Commanded by Ali Pasha ( 87 galleys divided into the First Line ( among which are the fittest and newest galleys of the fleet ) and the Second Line ) First Line Second Line The Right Wing . Commanded by Mehmet Sulik Pasha ( 60 galleys and 2 galiots ) The Rearguard . Commanded by Amuret Dragut Rais ( 8 galleys and 22 galiots ) Notes on ship nomenclature . 1 . Several vessels among the fleet of the Holy League bore the same name . Whilst this is not unheard of among ships belonging to different nationalities , some of the said ships belong to the same nation . These did not seem to be of great importance to Christian commanders at that time . In order to avoid confusion , those vessels bearing the same name were suffixed with ordinal number according to nationality ( i . e . " Christ " of Candia I , " Christ " of Candia II ; " Christ " of Venice I , " Christ " of Venice II , etc . ) . 2 . In contrast to their Western contemporaries , Turkish records only show the names of commanders of the ships instead of the names of the ship themselves . 3 . In Italian use , various flagships were called by the rank of their commander . A " reale " ( " royal " ) was personally commanded by a king or his agent ; a " capitana " ( " captainess " ) by a captain general ; a " padrona " ( " mistress " ) by a padrone .
Battle of Korsakov The Battle of Korsakov , a naval engagement of the Russo - Japanese War , was fought on 20 August 1904 . The battle foiled an attempt by the Russian cruiser " Novik " at escaping Port Arthur to join with Russian forces at Vladivostok after the Russian Pacific Squadron was scattered after the Battle of the Yellow Sea . The " Novik " was caught coaling at Korsakov on the island of Sakhalin by the Japanese cruiser " Tsushima " . After attempting to escape and fighting an engagement with " Tsushima " , the " Novik ' s " crew scuttled their vessel before the " Tsushima " and the newly arrived cruiser " Chitose " could finish off the Russian ship .