naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Makhaira Makhaira ( ( " mákhaira " , plural " mákhairai " ) , also transliterated " machaira " or " machaera " ; a Greek word , related to ( " mákhē " ) " a battle " , ( " mákhesthai " ) " to fight " , from PIE * " magh - " ) is a term used by modern scholars to describe a type of ancient bladed weapon , generally a large knife or sword with a single cutting edge . Characteristics . Homer mentions the makhaira , but as a domestic knife of no great size . In period texts , μάχαιρα has a variety of meanings , and can refer to virtually any knife or sword ( taking the meaning of today ' s Greek μαχαίρι ) , even a surgeon ' s scalpel , but in a martial context it frequently refers to a type of one - edged sword ; a sword designed primarily to cut rather than thrust . Modern scholars distinguish the makhaira from the kopis ( an ancient term of similar meaning ) based on whether the blade is forward curved ( kopis ) , or not ( makhaira ) . These weapons were of various sizes and shapes , being regional , and not exclusively Greek . Greek art shows the Lacedaemonian and Persia n armies employing swords with a single cutting edge , but Persian records show that their primary infantry sword was two edged and straight , similar to the Greek xiphos ( cf . acinaces ) . Use . While Xenophon states that the xiphos was more conventional among Greek armies of his time , he recommended the makhaira for cavalry . " I recommend a " kopis " rather than a " xiphos " , because from the height of a horse ’ s back the cut of a " machaira " will serve you better than the thrust of a " xiphos . " " ( Xenophon , 12 : 11 ) . His reasoning concurs with the general practice of arming cavalry with cutting swords through the ages . Greek art along with Xenophon ' s further commentary suggests that the sword he intended for the cavalry was wider than the more modern sabre ; more akin to the falchion or even machete . The Koine of the New Testament uses the word " makhaira " to refer to a sword generically , not making any particular distinction between native blades and the gladius of the Roman soldier . This ambiguity appears to have contributed to the apocryphal " malchus " , a supposedly short curved sword used by Peter to cut off the ear of a slave named Malchus during the arrest of Jesus . While such a weapon clearly is a " makhaira " by ancient definition , the imprecise nature of the word as used in the New Testament cannot provide any conclusive answer . " Makhaira " entered classical Latin as " machaera " , " a sword " . In modern Greek , means " knife . "
INS Baaz INS Baaz is an Indian naval air station under the joint - services Andaman and Nicobar Command ( ANC ) of the Indian Armed Forces . It is located near Campbell Bay , on Great Nicobar island in the Andaman & Nicobar Islands . It is the southernmost air station of the Indian Armed Forces . It overlooks the Strait of Malacca as well as the Six Degree channel between Great Nicobar and the Indonesia n island of Sumatra . History . INS Baaz was commissioned by the Chief of the Naval Staff , Admiral Nirmal Kumar Verma on July 31 , 2012 . It is the first air station in the Nicobar Islands , situated on the Great Nicobar island in the remotest and southern - most part of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and lies very close to the Six Degree channel , a vital choke point . The commissioning of the air station will facilitate positioning of maritime reconnaissance aircraft and helicopters of ANC and also facilitate the Civil Administration to operate regular intra - island sorties . The Naval air station will provide requisite logistic , communication and administrative support for various aircraft undertaking surveillance , patrolling missions and maritime air operations . The strategically located INS Baaz will enable India to extend its reach in the eastern Indian Ocean region . Commander SK Singh Deo is the first commanding officer of INS Baaz . INS Baaz will initially be used as a base for the Indian Navy ' s Dornier Do 228 reconnaissance aircraft . It can also operate the Indian Air Force ' s C - 130J Super Hercules transport aircraft . Its runway measures and will be progressively lengthened to enable all heavy aircraft to operate from the base .
Viktor Fyodorovich Karpukhin Viktor Fyodorovich Karpukhin ( ; October 27 , 1947 – March 24 , 2003 ) was a member of the KGB who was instrumental in the Soviet Union ' s invasion and occupation of Afghanistan . He was born in the Ukrainian city of Lutsk . He joined the KGB ' s crack Alpha Group in 1967 and worked his way up to become its commander in 1988 . On December 23 , 1979 , Karpukhin led 38 soldiers of the " Alfa " anti - terrorist group , who along with 500 Soviet paratroopers , landed at Bagram airport , next to Kabul , Afghanistan . Two days later , 40 , 000 Soviet Army soldiers poured over the Afghan border . Stationed in the Soviet embassy in Kabul , which was in close range of president Hafizullah Amin ' s palace , Karpukhin ' s forces awaited further instructions . On December 27 , Karpukhin was ordered to take the presidential palace . In the attack , two Soviet soldiers were killed , and Amin was shot to death . The following day , prime minister Babrak Karmal , took Amin ' s seat as president . Karmal was handpicked by Moscow . Karpukhin was awarded the Hero of the Soviet Union medal for his role . Karpukhin retired from the Alpha unit in 1991 , and worked in various government and commercial ventures .
32nd Virginia Infantry The 32nd Virginia Volunteer Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment raised in Virginia for service in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War . It fought mostly with the Army of Northern Virginia . The 32nd Virginia was formed in May , 1861 , by consolidating Montague ' s and Goggin ' s Infantry Battalions . Its members were from Hampton and Williamsburg and the counties of Warwick , James City , and York . Three companies were accepted into service as artillery and were transferred to the 1st Virginia Artillery . After its reorganization in May , 1862 , the unit operated with only seven companies . At the Battle of Williamsburg two companies fought under General Pryor , then the regiment was attached to General Semmes ' and Corse ' s Brigade . It participated in many conflicts from the Seven Days ' Battles to Fredericksburg , moved with Longstreet to Suffolk , and later served in the Department of Richmond and in North Carolina . Returning to Virginia it was active at Drewry ' s Bluff and Cold Harbor , took its place in the Petersburg trenches north and south of the James River , they saw action on the Chickahominy ( May 1864 ) , at Cold Harbor ( June ) , on the Petersburg Campaign ( to April 1865 ) , and ended the war at Appomattox . The regiment reported 1 wounded at Savage ' s Station , had 2 killed and 4 wounded at Malvern Hill , and sustained 72 casualties of the 158 engaged at Sharpsburg . Some were captured at Sayler ' s Creek , and 5 officers and 42 men were included in the surrender . The field officers were Colonels Benjamin S . Ewell and Edgar B . Montague ; Lieutenant Colonels John B . Cary and William R . Willis ; and Majors James M . Goggin , Baker P . Lee , Jr . , and Capt . Jefferson Sinclair . Below is a roll call ( date unknown ) for the " York Rangers " Co . 9 32nd Regiment Va . Infantry : Privates : In the Sharpsburg Campaign : The 32nd were position at Brownsville just behind Cramptons Gap on the 14th but were not engaged . They marched all night and arrived on the battlefield at Sharpsburg on the morning of the 17th . They were rushed to the left of the Confederate line about 9am as reinforcements as the remnants of Hood ' s Division fell back after their assault . The 32nd , with the rest of the Brigade , attacked north along the Hagerstown Pike from near the Dunker Church , and were successful in pushing the Federal infantry back to Poffenberger ' s Farm and their artillery , but suffered high casualties in doing so . After withdrawing to the West Woods for ammunition and rest , the Regiment was posted behind the Sunken Road near the Confederate Center for the afternoon , under long - range artillery fire , but not directly engaged . A notable quote made by Jefferson Sinclair at the battle of Sharpsburg ; a Sergeant came to him at the bottom of a hill they were preparing to charge and said " Capt . I ' m thinking a lot of us are going to die takin ' this hill . " To this , Capt . Sinclair replied " Sgt . I ' m sure you ' re right , but I can assure you that I will not be one of them " They then made the charge and won the hill .
Castell Dinas Castell Dinas is a hillfort and castle in southern Powys , Wales . At 450 m ( 1 , 476 feet ) ( SO179301 ) it has the highest castle in England and Wales . It is positioned to defend the Rhiangoll pass between Talgarth and Crickhowell . Iron Age hillfort and Norman castle . This site was originally an Iron Age , 600 BC to 50 AD , hill fort . A fortified Norman castle with stone walls was built on the site possibly by William Fitz Osbern or his son Roger de Breteuil , Earl of Hereford in the period 1070 to 1075 . The castle was eclipsed with the building of Brecon castle before April 1093 . The fortress seems to have been constructed in stone from the first with a hall - keep surrounded with curtain walls and square towers . Historically the castle remained a part of Brecon or Brycheiniog barony until 1207 when King John of England granted it to Peter fitz Herbert . It then became caput of what was to become the Talgarth or Blaenllyfni barony . The castle was sacked by Prince Llywelyn ab Iorwerth in October 1233 and subsequently refortified by King Henry III of England before being returned to Peter Fitz Herbert . The castle was again captured by Llywelyn ' s grandson , Prince Llywelyn ap Gruffudd in the period 1263 to 1268 . The castle was finally destroyed by the adherents of Owain Glyndŵr in the early 15th century rebellion . What remains now are crumbling walls mainly covered with earth and the outlines of ditches and ramparts from the original Iron Age fortifications , commanding extensive views up into the Black Mountains and over Talgarth towards Brecon . It takes approximately 30 minutes to ascend though fields uphill to the castle from the pub car park at Pengenffordd and maybe 15 minutes to descend .
Earnest - class destroyer Six " Earnest " - class destroyers served with the Royal Navy : " Earnest " , " Griffon " , " Locust " , " Panther " , " Seal " and " Wolf " . These ships were all built by Cammell Laird and were part of the class of ' thirty knotters ' . Concern about the higher speeds of foreign boats had prompted to Admiralty to order new destroyers capable of , rather than the requirement which had been standard . The boats were not able to make this speed in bad weather , where they were usually wet and uncomfortable with cramped crew quarters , but they proved their toughness in serving through World War I , despite being twenty years old . Thanks to their watertight bulkheads , their thin plating and light structure they were able to take a great deal of damage and remain afloat , although their plates buckled easily , affecting their handling . The ships were fitted with Normand boiler s which generated around 6 , 300 HP . They were armed with the standard twelve pounder and two torpedo tubes and carried a complement of 63 officers and men . Ships of this type bore four funnels and were designated B - class destroyers .
8th Division ( North Korea ) The 8th Infantry Division was a military formation of the Korean People ' s Army during the 20th Century . It was formed early in July 1950 in the Chuncheon area from remnants of the 1st Border Constabulary Brigade and elements of the 2d Border Constabulary Brigade . Morale and effectiveness for the unit were believed low in late 1950 probably due to entering combat understrength and with ill - trained recruits . In 1950 the unit was composed of the 1st , 2nd , and 3rd Regiments as well as an artillery regiment . It was part of the North Korean advance from Seoul to Taejon . Of the heavy losses in artillery personnel and weapons which the inexperienced 8th Division suffered in succeeding engagements at the hands of UN artillery and aircraft , the damage inflicted by an air attack during the battle of Sindok - tong on August 9 , was by far the most severe . In that attack the division lost eight 76mm guns , four 122mm howitzors and 12 trucks . A partial compensation occurred soon thereafter , when the unit received six 76mm guns , four 122mm howitzors , four trucks and about 50 replacements . Fought in the Battle of Pusan Perimeter . On the right flank of the Pusan Perimeter , in the mountainous region of the ROK II Corps , ROK 6th Division soldiers advanced slowly against the 8th Division . After four days of battle the 8th Division was destroyed as a combat force , suffering about four thousand casualties . Enemy survivors fled in disarray north toward Yech ’ on . By September 21 , the ROK 6th Division , meeting little opposition , was advancing northward toward Uihung . While committed in the Seoul Sector along the Imjin River during the spring of 1951 as part of the I Corps , the division sustained considerable personnel casualties and lost a good portion of its scant artillery support including the entire regimental artillery of the 1st Rifle Regiment which was surrounded and completely annihilated on February 19 in the vicinity of Kwangju . Replacements for some of these losses were received prior to the May offensive during which the 8th Division spearheaded the I Corps assault on Seoul . At that time , thirteen 82mm mortars ; six 12Omm mortars , twelve 45mm antitank guns , ten 76mm field guns and four 122mm howitzers constituted the sum total of the artillery weapons at the disposal of the division . Colonel Lee To Bin was then the commander of the divisional artillery . Most of these weapons were concentrated at the regimental level .
James Bradshaw Adamson James Bradshaw Adamson ( 27 December 1921 – 13 January 2003 ) was a Major General in the United States Army . A graduate of West Point Military Academy , Adamson was commissioned into the Infantry and saw active service in Korea and Vietnam . After leaving the Second Brigade , Fourth Infantry Division in 1967 , he was appointed to the professorial chair of Military Science at The Citadel Military College . Adamson was awarded the following decorations : Distinguished Service Medal ( DSM ) , Legion of Merit ( LM ) , Silver Star ( SS ) , Purple Heart ( PH ) , Bronze Star Medal ( BSM ) and Air Medal ( AM ) . Adamson ' s last posting was as Commander of Washington Military District , which involved coordinating the military with the White House and supervising ceremonial events , such as burials at Arlington National Cemetery ( including that of President Lyndon B Johnson ) . He retired from the Army in 1974 . Adamson married Shirley and together they had two sons . He was buried with full military honors at Arlington National Cemetery ( Section 7 , Grave 10201 - B - 1 ) .
German submarine U - 1230 German submarine " U - 1230 " was a Type IXC / 40 U - boat of the German " Kriegsmarine " during World War II . Laid down on 15 March 1943 at the Deutsche Werft in Hamburg , and commissioned on 26 January 1944 under the command of Kptlt . Hans Hilbig , it only undertook one patrol , operating from Horten , Norway , returning safely to Kristiansand , Norway in early 1945 . At the end of the war it was captured by the Allies , transferred to Loch Ryan in Scotland , and destroyed by the Royal Navy frigate as part of " Operation Deadlight " . Unusually for a U - boat , " U - 1230 " does not seem to have suffered any casualties during the war . Its one war patrol was of historical interest less for its role in the Battle of the Atlantic ( a Canadian steamer of 5 , 458 tons was its sole victim ) , than for its role in transporting two German spies to the United States . William Curtis Colepaugh and Eric Gimpel were landed at Hancock Point in the Gulf of Maine on 29 November 1944 in " Operation Elster " ( " Magpie " ) . The mission was intended to sabotage the Manhattan Project but failed , and both spies were captured .
Anshan - class destroyer The " Anshan " - class destroyers were the People ' s Liberation Army Navy ' s ( PLAN ) first destroyers . They were ex - Soviet s purchased in the 1950s . The Chinese later added HY - 2 anti - ship missiles and removed some of the torpedo tubes , and redesignated as Type 6607 . The " Anshan " ' s were withdrawn from active service by the 1990s , but retained as training ( # 104 ) and museum ships ( # 101 ) . The PLAN retains ownership through PLAN funded institutions . After 1949 PLAN negotiated with Britain through HK to buy some second - hand ships and boats but the route is cut by Korean War . So they turned to USSR to buy 4 wornout destroyers with 17 tons of gold .
Battle of Beledweyne ( 2011 ) In December 2011 , Ethiopian forces recaptured the central Somali town of Beledweyne from Al - Shabaab fighters . The Fighting . al - Shabbab claimed to have repelled 3 Ethiopian attacks and then made a " tactical withdrawal " . Ethiopian - TFG forces easily captured the town ; however , residents still feared that the al - Shabbab would return and fight for the town . Eyewitnesses claimed both sides used heavy artillery and weapons .
Semen Paliy Semen Paliy ( ) ( c . 1645 – 1710 ) was a Ukrainian Cossack polkovnyk ( colonel ) . Born in Chernihiv region , Paliy settled in Zaporizhian Sich at a very young age and gained fame as a brave fighter and Zaporozhian Cossack . In 1685 Paliy moved to the right - bank Ukraine and joined the service of Polish - Lithuanian Commonwealth king Jan Sobieski . During his years in Polish service , Paliy proved himself as an able Cossack commander in wars against Crimean Tatars and Ottoman Turks . Among other military deeds his men successfully raided the Turkish fortress of Ochakov . He became the ataman of the right - bank Ukraine , still under Polish control ( where the right - bank was under Russian control ) . In the 1690s Semen Paliy , however , became wary of Polish overlordship of Ukraine and sent several requests to Moscow asking the Russians to help him free right - bank Ukraine from Poland . In 1699 a new Polish king Augustus II disbanded the Cossack militia and signed a peace treaty with Ottoman Turkey . Cossacks were angered by this situation , and in 1702 Paliy started an open rebellion against the crown , the last of the major Cossack uprisings against the Commonwealth . Together with a number of other Cossack polkovnyks , Paliy and his rebels captured Bila Tserkva , Fastiv , Nemirov and a few other towns . Rebellious Cossacks massacred their traditional enemies - Polish szlachta , Catholic priests and Jews - in the area they controlled . On October 17 , 1702 Paliy and his Cossacks were defeated by the Polish army near the town of Berdychiv and later at Nemirov and at Werbicham in February 1703 . Paliy ' s last stand was at Bila Tserkva . Russian Tsar Peter I and left - bank Ukraine ataman Ivan Mazepa , who were allied with Poland against Sweden at the time , ordered Paliy to surrender Bila Tserkva , but he and his men refused . Mazepa convinced Russian Tsar Peter I to allow him to intervene , which he successfully did , taking over major portions of right - bank Ukraine , while Poland was weakened by the invasion of Swedish king Charles XII . Fearing the popularity of Paliy , Mazepa had him exiled to Siberia in 1705 . In 1709 after Mazepa switched sides and joined the Swedes against Russia , Paliy together with other enemies of Mazepa was freed from exile . During the Battle of Poltava he fought against Mazepa and Charles XII in the ranks of Cossacks loyal to Russia . After his death Paliy became a folk hero of many Ukrainian songs and legends . A church in the city of Fastiv ( still preserved ) was named " Tserkva Paliya " after him . Semen Paliy is portrayed in later fictional literature describing his times , most notably in the Cossack series by Volodymyr Malyk .
Yuan Shu Yuan Shu ( died 199 ) , Gonglu , was a warlord who lived in the late Eastern Han Dynasty . He rose to prominence following the collapse of the imperial court in 189 . Yuan Shu was said to be a younger cousin of the warlord Yuan Shao , but was actually Yuan Shao ' s younger half - brother . After the death of He Jin , he led a force to slay the eunuchs as the Imperial Corps Commander of the Imperial Tiger Guards , which was located just outside the capital . Later , he participated in an alliance against Dong Zhuo led by Yuan Shao . After the dissension of this alliance , he was not on good terms with Yuan Shao again until his final moments . Yuan Shu fled to Shouchun ( present day Shouxian , Anhui ) after repeated defeats by the combined armies of Cao Cao and Yuan Shao . He declared himself emperor under the short - lived Zhong Dynasty ( 仲 ) in 197 , citing superstition as his justification , including the Hanzi in his name and style name . This audacious action made him a target of the other warlords . His extravagant lifestyle and arrogance caused many of his followers to desert him . Most devastating of the departures and defections - both to Yuan Shu personally and to the strength of his forces - was that of Sun Ce , who had recently conquered most of the Jiangdong territory under Yuan ' s banner . Following crushing defeats by the armies of Cao Cao , Liu Bei , and Lü Bu , Yuan Shu attempted to flee north to join Yuan Shao . Yuan Shao sent his son , Yuan Tan , to try to aid Yuan Shu , however , an alliance between the Yuan brothers who had long hated each other was not destined , as Yuan Tan arrived too late , and Yuan Shu ' s forces were destroyed by Liu Bei . He died shortly thereafter of his grief .
Biggleswade Castle Biggleswade Castle was a castle in the market town of Biggleswade in Bedfordshire . The existence of this castle was discovered by aerial photography , in 1954 , which showed the remains of a motte and bailey castle with a double ditch around the motte and a single ditch around the bailey . Some excavation of the site was done in 1962 and 1968 . The excavations found evidence of timber structures , as well as pottery . Currently , only cropmarks and slight earthworks remain . This site is a Scheduled Monument .
SS Capella ( T - AKR - 293 ) SS " Capella " ( T - AKR 293 ) is an " Algol " class vehicle cargo ship that is currently maintained by the United States Maritime Administration as part of the Ready Reserve Force ( RRF ) . She was built by Rotterdamsche D . D . Mij N . V . in Rotterdam , Netherlands , for Sea - Land Service , Inc . and named SS " Sea - Land McLean " . Due to her high operating cost , she was sold to the United States Navy on 16 April 1982 as USNS " Capella " ( T - AK - 293 ) . Conversion . Conversion began on 23 October 1982 at Pennsylvania Shipbuilding in Chester , Pennsylvania . Her cargo hold was redesigned into a series of decks connected by ramps so vehicles can be driven into and out of the cargo hold for fast loading and unloading . She was also fitted with two sets of two cranes ; one set located at midship capable of lifting 35 tons , and another set located aft capable of lifting 50 tons . She was delivered to the Military Sealift Command on 1 July 1984 as USNS " Capella " ( T - AKR 293 ) . Service . When not active , " Capella " is kept in reduced operating status due to her high operating cost . If needed , she can be activated and ready to sail in 96 hours . " Capella " took part in the Persian Gulf War in 1990 . Along with the other seven " Algol " class cargo ships , she transported 14 percent of all cargo delivered between the United States and Saudi Arabia during and after the war . In 1994 , " Capella " , along with USNS " Denebola " ( T - AKR - 289 ) , worked with NATO forces on convoy exercises in the Mediterranean . On 1 October 2007 , " Capella " was transferred to the United States Maritime Administration . On 1 October 2008 , she was transferred to the Ready Reserve Force , losing her USNS designation . If activated , " Capella " will report to the Military Sealift Command .