naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
John Ryan ( VC 1918 ) Edward John Francis Ryan VC ( 9 February 1890 – 3 June 1941 ) , better known as John Ryan , was an Australian recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . He was approximately twenty eight years old , and a private in the 55th Battalion , ( N . S . W . ) , Australian Imperial Force during the First World War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC . On 30 September 1918 at the Hindenburg Defences , France , when the enemy succeeded in establishing a bombing party in the rear of the battalion ' s recently won position , Private Ryan , on his own initiative , organized and led a party of men with bombs and bayonets against the enemy . He reached the position with only three men and they succeeded in driving the enemy back . Private Ryan cleared the last of them alone , finally falling wounded himself . His Victoria Cross is displayed at the Australian War Memorial " ( Canberra , Australia ) " .
V formation A V formation ( sometimes called a skein ) is the symmetric V - shaped flight formation of flights of geese , ducks , and other migratory birds . V formations also improve the fuel efficiency of aircraft and are used on military flight missions . Aerodynamics . The V formation greatly boosts the efficiency and range of flying birds , particularly over long migratory routes . All the birds except the first fly in the upwash from the wingtip vortices of the bird ahead . The upwash assists each bird in supporting its own weight in flight , in the same way a glider can climb or maintain height indefinitely in rising air . In a V formation of 25 members , each bird can achieve a reduction of induced drag by up to 65 % and as a result increase their range by 71 % . The birds flying at the tips and at the front are rotated in a timely cyclical fashion to spread flight fatigue equally among the flock members . Military flight missions . Visual contact is why V formations ( and the asymmetric echelon formation s ) are also commonly adopted by flights of military aircraft engaged on a common mission . The basic flight formation for military aircraft in many air forces during World War II was a V formation . In the U . S . Army Air Forces , the most basic formation for bombers was a three - plane " V " called an " element " . Stacks of these elements were configured to form a defensive bombing formation called the " combat box " . The standard fighter unit , early in World War II , for the British Royal Air Force was the V shaped " vic " . This involved one lead plane and two wingmen , with the wingmen flying very close to the sides and slightly behind the lead plane to form the V shape . Typically four vics would fly together one after another to form a squadron . The problem with the vics were the formations were so tight that the wingmen had to constantly be watching the lead plane or risk running into them . This left only the lead plane to search the skies for enemy planes . After many complaints from the British pilots of the vics not being the optimal flying formation , the RAF Fighter Command changed the squadron formation so the fourth vic would weave back and forth theoretically giving them a better field of view . This resulted in the " weavers " as they were called being picked off because the German fighters could attack them and get away before the rest of the squadron could leave formation and be ready for a counterattack . The Germans called these vics " Idiotenreihen " ( " rows of idiots " ) . Later in the war the RAF Fighter Command abandoned the vic formations in favor of the Finger - four formation that the German Air Force ( Luftwaffe ) used . The V formation is also common in ceremonial flyovers and airshow flights . Air Mobility Command , which accounts for 20 percent of federal fuel usage , is experimenting with autopilot changes to find the best tradeoff between the reduced drag of ' vortex surfing ' and the resulting ' ride qualities ' of flying through another aircraft ' s wake .
USRC Scammel ( 1798 ) USRC " Scammel or sometimes referred to as Scammel II " was a Revenue Cutter built in 1798 to serve in the Quasi - War with France . After completion she was transferred to the U . S . Navy and served in the West Indies naval squadron commanded by Commodore John Barry . She assisted the sloop in the capture of the French ship " Hussar " . After the war , the Navy retained " Scammel " until it was sold in 1801 .
Jaguar 1 The Raketenjagdpanzer ( RakJPz ) Jaguar 1 was a German tank destroyer equipped with anti - tank guided missile s . From 1978 to 1982 , 316 obsolete Raketenjagdpanzer 2 units were converted into Jaguar 1s by replacing the SS . 11 missile system with a HOT launcher and upgrading the armour . During the period 1993 to 1995 , new optics and a thermal imaging system were added .
658th Bombardment Squadron The 658th Bombardment Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit . It was last assigned to the 9th Bombardment Wing , stationed at Mountain Home AFB , Idaho . It was inactivated on January 1 , 1962 . History . The squadron was activated in 1958 as a result of Strategic Air Command phasing out the B - 47 , and additional squadrons were activated as part of the consolation of Stratojet wings , and the replacement of the B - 47 by B - 52 Stratofortress es . The squadron was inactivated on January 1 , 1962 as part of the drawdown of the USAF B - 47 force .
Arthur R . Curtis Arthur Russell Curtis ( July 15 , 1842 – April 8 , 1925 ) was a volunteer officer in the Union Army during the American Civil War . Early life and education . Arthur Russell Curtis was born July 15 , 1842 at Boston , Massachusetts . Civil War service . Curtis started the war as a private in the 4th Bsttalion of Massachusetts Militia . He transferred to 20th Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry , was eventually promoted to lieutenant colonel and took command of the regiment . On December 3 , 1867 , President Andrew Johnson nominated Curtis for the award of the honorary grade of brevet brigadier general , United States Volunteers , to rank from March 13 , 1865 , for gallant and meritorious services during the war , and the U . S . Senate confirmed the award on February 14 , 1868 . Post - war life . Curtis was a clerk , postmaster and world traveler after the war . Arthur Russell Curtis died April 8 , 1925 at Milwaukee , Wisconsin .
George Whitfield Crabb George Whitfield Crabb ( February 22 , 1804 – August 15 , 1846 ) was a U . S . Representative from Alabama . Born in Botetourt County , Virginia , Crabb attended the public schools . He moved to Tuscaloosa , Alabama . Crabb was elected assistant secretary of the State senate and comptroller of public accounts in 1829 . He served in the Florida Indian War of 1836 and was lieutenant colonel of the Alabama Volunteers . He served as member of the State house of representatives in 1836 and 1837 . He served in the State senate in 1837 and 1838 . Major general of militia . Crabb was elected as a Whig to the Twenty - fifth Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Joab Lawler . He was reelected to the Twenty - sixth Congress and served from September 4 , 1838 , to March 4 , 1841 . He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection to the Twenty - seventh Congress . He was appointed judge of the county court of Mobile in 1846 . He died in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , August 15 , 1846 . He was interred in Greenwood Cemetery , Tuscaloosa , Alabama .
Jerome Anthony Watrous Jerome Anthony Watrous ( September 6 , 1840 – June 5 , 1922 ) was an American author , newspaper writer , politician , and soldier . Early life . Born in Conklin , New York , Watrous moved with his parents to Wisconsin in 1844 . He returned to New York from 1850 until 1857 . At that time he moved back to Wisconsin and settled in Calumet County , where he taught school for two years . Journalism career . Watrous attended Lawrence College ( now Lawrence University ) for one semester , and briefly worked on the editorial staff of the " Menasha Conservator " and the " Appleton Crescent " , a forerunner of the " Appleton Post - Crescent . " The outbreak of the civil war interrupted his journalism career between 1861 and 1865 . Returning to Wisconsin in 1865 , Watrous worked as the editor of the " Black River Falls Jackson County Banner " for several years , before moving to edit the " Fond du Lac Commonwealth " in 1869 . In 1877 , Watrous edited the " Milwaukee Sunday Telegraph . " Surviving envelopes mailed from the Milwaukee Telegraph , now in philatelic hands , indicate " J . A . " and " R . B " Watrous as its editors in 1897 and 1898 . Military career . When the American Civil War began , Watrous in 1861 enlisted in Company E of the 6th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment . During the war , he rose to become a sergeant , and briefly attained the rank of adjutant general of the Iron Brigade . He mustered out in 1865 with the brevet rank of captain . Thirty - three years later , Watrous was commissioned as a major in the U . S . Army with the outbreak of the Spanish - American War in 1898 . He served for a while as paymaster of the Department of Columbia headquartered in Portland , Oregon before being sent to Manila in the Philippines in 1900 . He was made chief paymaster of the Department of the Southern Philippines in 1901 , and was promoted to lieutenant colonel in 1904 . Shortly thereafter , Watrous retired from the military and returned to Wisconsin . Political career . Politically , Watrous was a Republican . He served in the Wisconsin State Assembly in 1867 , as a state pension agent from 1887 to 1889 , and the Milwaukee customs collector from 1890 to 1892 . Historian and author . Returning to Wisconsin after the Spanish - American War , Watrous devoted time to writing works on history and the military . He lived in Whitewater , Wisconsin .
Unit citation A unit citation is a formal , honorary mention by high authority of a military unit ' s specific and outstanding performance , notably in battle . Similar mentions can also be made for individual soldiers . Alternatively or concurrently , the unit can be awarded an honorary title , a mention on the flag or a decoration . In France , since 1916 , the " fourragère " ( an ornamental colored cord ) is worn on the uniform by the members of a unit which had received several citations . Unit citations by country . United States . In order of precedence :
Meredith Gardner Meredith Knox Gardner ( October 20 , 1912 – August 9 , 2002 ) was an American linguist and codebreaker . Gardner worked in counter - intelligence , decoding Soviet intelligence traffic regarding espionage in the United States , in what came to be known as the Venona project . Early life and career . Gardner was born in Okolona , Mississippi and grew up in Austin , Texas . After graduating from the University of Texas at Austin , he earned a Master ' s Degree in German from the University of Wisconsin – Madison , where he was a teaching assistant from 1938 to 1940 . He was a linguist and professor of German at the University of Akron when the United States Army ' s Signals Intelligence Service recruited him to work on breaking German codes . Soon after , he started working on the Japanese codes instead , mastering the Japanese language in only a few months . Venona project . In 1946 , Gardner began work on a highly - secret project ( later codenamed Venona ) to break the Soviet cryptosystem s . The Soviet encryption system involved the use of one - time pad s , and thus was thought to be unbreakable . However , the Soviets made the mistake of reusing certain pages of their pads . Later that same year , Gardner made the first breakthrough on Venona by identifying the ciphers used for spelling English words . By May 1947 Gardner had read a decrypt that implied the Soviets ran an agent with access to sensitive information from the War Department General Staff , U . S . Army Air Corps Major William Ludwig Ullman . It became apparent to Gardner that he was reading KGB messages showing massive Soviet espionage in the United States . Gardner retired in 1972 , yet his work remained mostly secret until 1996 , when the NSA , the CIA , and the Center for Democracy honored Gardner and his colleagues in a formal ceremony that was the result of campaigning by U . S . Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan . Gardner died on August 9 , 2002 in Chevy Chase , Maryland , at the age of 89 .
174th ( 2 / 2nd London ) Brigade The 174th ( 2 / 2nd London ) Brigade was a formation of the Territorial Force of the British Army . It was assigned to the 58th ( 2 / 1st London ) Division and served on the Western Front during the First World War .
Aspy Engineer Air Marshal Aspy Merwan Engineer DFC ( 15 December 1912 – 1 May 2002 ) was an officer in the Indian Air Force who rose through the ranks to become Chief of the Air Staff and later served as India ' s ambassador to Iran . He was trained at RAF Cranwell .
Theophilos Kourkouas Theophilos Kourkouas ( , fl . ca . 920 – 970 ) was a distinguished Byzantine general in the 10th century . He was also the grandfather of the Byzantine emperor John I Tzimiskes ( r . 969 – 976 ) . Biography . Theophilos was a scion of the Kourkouas family , a clan of Armenian origin that had established itself as one of the chief families among the Anatolian military aristocracy by the early 10th century . His elder brother was John Kourkouas , who was appointed as Domestic of the Schools of the East ( i . e . supreme commander of the eastern armies ) in circa 923 by Emperor Romanos Lekapenos ( r . 920 – 944 ) and served in this post for 22 years . In 923 , Theophilos assisted his brother in the suppression of the revolt of the " strategos " of Chaldia , Bardas Boilas , and succeeded the defeated rebel as governor of this strategically important province . From 927 on , when John Kourkouas launched continuous campaigns against the neighbouring Muslim border emirates , Theophilos assisted him ably , especially in the direction of Armenia . Together with his brother , Theophilos besieged Theodosiopolis ( modern Erzurum ) , the capital of the emirate of Qaliqala , from autumn 930 until its fall , after seven months , in spring 931 . Little is recorded of his activity afterwards , but he is praised in the " Chronicle " of Theophanes Continuatus for his excellence and valour , and compared for his exploits in Upper Mesopotamia with Justinian I ' s general Solomon . Theophilos ' s unnamed son married the sister of Nikephoros Phokas , and their son was John Tzimiskes , who overthrew and murdered Phokas in 969 , ruling as emperor until his death in 976 .
Louis de Crevant , Duke of Humières Louis de Crévant , Duc d ' Humières ( 1628 – August 30 , 1694 ) was a Marshal of France and Governor of Compiègne , Bourbonnais and Lille . He was present at the Battle of the Dunes , and participated in the Franco - Dutch war under Turenne . He was made Marshal of France in 1668 . At the Battle of Cassel he and Marshal Luxembourg assisted Philippe I , Duke of Orléans to victory . In 1688 he invaded the Spanish Netherlands but did not succeed the next year in winning the Battle of Walcourt against a smaller force . On March 8 , 1653 he had married the beautiful , rich and influential Louise Antoinette de la Châtre , Comtesse de Nancay . The influence of the comtesse ( she was Dame of the palace of the Queen ) and his personal good relationship with Louvois were very important for his career . Voltaire said of him , that he was the first who was served in silver in the trenches , and had ragouts and entremets served up to his table ( at the siege of Arras , in 1658 ) .
HMAS Kookaburra HMAS " Kookaburra " ( A331 ) was a " Net " - class boom defence vessel of the Royal Australian Navy ( RAN ) , which served during World War II . Construction . " Kookaburra " was of three ships ordered by the Royal Australian Navy for use as boom - net defence vessels . She was laid down by Cockatoo Docks and Engineering Co . in Sydney on 4 April 1938 , launched on 29 October 1938 , and commissioned into the RAN on 28 February 1939 . Operational history . Originally used as boom defence ship and anti - submarine training vessel in Sydney , " Kookaburra " was transferred to Darwin in April 1940 . The ship served as a boom defense and examination vessel in Darwin , and remained there until the end of World War II , with the exception of a refit in Brisbane between September 1942 and February 1943 . " Kookaburra " received the battle honour " Darwin 1942 - 43 " for her wartime service . On 15 January 1946 , " Kookaburra " was paid off into reserve , was briefly recommissioned for a voyage to Sydney in 1950 , and underwent conversion to a " Special Duties Vessel " . " Kookaburra " was recommissioned again on 11 May 1956 as a survey and general duties ship . In July 1952 , the ship visited Brisbane . During this visit , a paperboy delivering to the ship fell overboard and was rescued by two personnel from " Kookaburra " . Decommissioning and fate . " Kookaburra " was decommissioned for the final time on 3 December 1958 . She was marked for disposal on 24 June 1965 , sold in August 1965 , and scuttled in March 1970 .
Secure DTD2000 System The KIK - 20 Secure DTD2000 System ( SDS ) is a key fill device developed by Sypris Electronics , Florida , US , under the auspices of the U . S . National Security Agency . It , along with the AN / PYQ - 10 , is intended to eventually replace the AN / CYZ - 10 key fill device , along with older units still in service , and can support a wide variety of cryptographic devices and key types . The SDS is roughly the same size as the CYZ - 10 — 7 . 4 " ( 188mm ) x 4 . 25 " ( 108 ) x 1 . 8 " ( 46mm ) — and weighs less than 2 . 5 lbs ( 1 . 1 kg ) . It uses an XScale processor running at 300 MHz under the Microsoft Windows CE operating system . Cryptographic functions are performed by an internal KOV - 21 crypto PC Card . The SDS includes 64 MB of RAM , 32 MB of flash read - only memory , a QWERTY keyboard , half - VGA color display , and a USB port . It also has a 6 - pin connector for cabling to NSA standard fill connectors . The keyboard includes two zeroize buttons . It costs US $ 3700 each .
British logistics in the Second Boer War The Second Boer War ( 1899 - 1902 ) involved the British in a global logistics effort . According to the contemporary military writer , Alfred Thayer Mahan , the transportation required by the war in South Africa was “ an incident unprecedented , and in its success unsurpassed , in military history . ” Overview . Animals were an important part of the supply load , drawn from across the British Empire as well as Europe and the Americas . 360 , 000 horses out of a total of 519 , 000 , had to be shipped into South Africa . 106 , 000 mules and donkeys out of a total of 151 , 000 were also brought into the region for the war . Food was brought from Britain . The British drew upon food reserves that were kept at Woolwich , London , prior to the war . By 30 September 1900 , 298 , 000 water bottles , 41 , 000 camp kettles , and 384 , 000 bars of soap had been purchased in Britain and sent to South Africa . With the colleries of the Transvaal unavailable and those of Natal under enemy occupation , there were limited stocks of coal in South Africa . The naval base at Simon ’ s Town near Cape Town had only a reserve of 13 , 000 tons at the start of the war . Much of this too had to be transported from Britain . Construction material was sent . Enough was shipped to rebuild destroyed railway bridges along the whole length of the Orange Free State . 118 , 000 rifles , 8 , 500 carbines , and 2 , 300 pistols were sent out between 1 June 1899 and the end of the war . Accompanying these were 139 million rounds of small arms ammunition . With South Africa located 6 , 000 miles from Britain , the logistics needs of the war put its shipping under strain . This was despite the country possessing the world ' s largest merchant marine fleet . As a result , the British attempted to obtain as much as possible from within the region . 159 , 000 horses were sourced from within South Africa , as were 45 , 000 mules and donkeys . Trek oxen were almost entirely locally sourced . 150 , 000 were used in the first 15 months . The British bought 2 , 163 wagons and carts with the Cape Colony and Natal during the war as well hiring a further 1 , 400 ox wagons up to March 1900 . Local companies were contracted as suppliers , principal of which was Julius Weil . Orders for railway rolling stock were placed within South Africa . Manufacture was carried out at Salt River in Cape Town , Uitenhage outside Port Elizabeth , and East London . Much food was also bought locally . The supply of meat to the troops at the Cape was contracted out to the South African Cold Storage Company . The British also grew and raised their own locally produced food . During the guerrilla phase of the war they took control of 70 vacant Boer farms for this purpose . Even land around blockhouses and lines of communication was cultivated .
Harry C . Ingles Harry Clyde Ingles ( March 12 , 1888 - August 15 , 1976 ) was a United States Army Major General , who served during World War II and commanded the United States Army Signal Corps . Early years . General Ingles was born in Pleasant Hill , Nebraska and attended the United States Military Academy at West Point , New York . He graduated on June 12 , 1914 and was also commissioned a Second lieutenant on that date . Many of his classmated became later general officers . For example : Carl A . Spaatz , Brehon B . Somervell , Frank W . Milburn , Harold R . Bull , John B . Anderson , Jens A . Doe , Robert W . Crawford , Orlando Ward or James L . Bradley . Between the Wars , Ingles served on the various military assignments , including Signal officer of the Philippine Division , instructor in communication at the Command and general staff College at Fort Leavenworth , Kansas , commander of the Army Signal Corps School , Signal officer of the Third U . S . Army or Signal officer of the Caribbean Defense Command . World War II . During the 1942 , Ingles was appointed the Chief of staff of the Caribbean Defense Command , where he served under the command of Lieutenant general Frank M . Andrews . Ingles was appointed Commanding General of the Panama Mobile Force in the same year . He served in this capacity until 1943 and was decorated with Army Distinguished Service Medal for his service . In 1943 , Major general Ingles served a brief period as a Deputy Commander in Chief of the U . S . European Theater of Operations and on July 1 , 1943 he succeeded Major General Dawson Olmstead as a Chief Signal Officer of the U . S . Army . For his service during the World War II , Ingles received an Oak Leaf Cluster to his Army Distinguished Service Medal . Major general Harry C . Ingles retired from the Army in 1947 and died at the age of 88 on August 15 , 1976 . He is buried together with his wife Grace Salisbury Ingles ( 1889 - 1977 ) at Arlington National Cemetery , Virginia . Under his tenure , the Signal Corps grew into an important part of the American War effort . After the war , the Signal Corps kept abreast of new technology and made first radar contact with the Earth ' s Moon during Project Diana and broke a speed record for fastest radioteletype in April 1945 . Decorations . Here is the ribbon bar of Major general Ingles : References .
Bronisław Rakowski Bronisław Stanisław Rakowski ( 20 June 1895 in Szczucin – 28 December 1950 in Buenos Aires ) was a Polish general . He fought in the Polish legions during World War I and was imprisoned by the Soviets during Soviet invasion of Poland . During World War II he fought in the Anders Army and Polish Armed Forces in the West .