naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Werner Drechsler Werner Drechsler ( January 17 , 1923 , in Mühlberg , Germany – March 12 , 1944 in Papago Park , Arizona ) was a German U - boat crewman during World War II . He was stationed on " U - 118 " which was sunk off the Azores in 1943 . When he was taken prisoner he enthusiastically cooperated with his captors , which was likely because his father had spent time in one of Hitler ' s Concentration Camps as a political prisoner . Eventually , U . S . Navy intelligence officers recruited Drechsler as a spy and placed him in a POW camp near Fort Meade , Maryland with other U - Boat sailors . After arrival , Drechsler worked undercover , befriending his fellow POWs in order to collect information regarding German submarine technology , operational procedures / tactics and any other intelligence which could be useful to the allies . On March 12 , 1944 Drechsler was transferred to a different POW camp in Arizona which was filled mainly with other submariners of the Kriegsmarine . This transfer took place despite the fact that Drechsler was supposed to be kept segregated from other naval prisoners , particularly his former crewmates on the " U - 118 " , who were aware of Drechsler ' s spying activities . The American authorities made a glaring error in transferring Drechsler to Arizona which quickly had fatal results : some members of the " U - 118 " were confined at the camp and they immediately recognised their former crewmate . Word of Drechsler ' s undercover activities spread rapidly through the camp , and a kangaroo court was convened while Drechsler was asleep . The other prisoners eventually decided that it was necessary to kill Drechsler to ensure he could no longer spy upon them , and also to act as a deterrent for any other POWs who might consider collaborating with the enemy . Next morning Drechsler was found hanging in the shower room . He had been murdered within hours of arrival at the camp . Seven men ( Helmut Fischer , Fritz Franke , Gunther Kuelsen , Heinrich Ludwig , Bernard Ryak , Otto Stengel and Rolf Wizuy ) were tried by a general court - martial and executed for the beating and hanging of Werner Drechsler . In what was to ultimately become the last mass execution in the United States , the men were hanged on July 28 , 1945 at Fort Leavenworth , Kansas .
Battle of Tourtour The Battle of Tourtour of 973 was a significant victory for the Christian forces of William I of Provence over the Andalusi pirates based at Fraxinetum . Background . For several decades , the Saracens had been making inroads into Provence , building several fortresses , the greatest of which was at Fraxinetum , the castle of La Garde - Freinet . From these bases , they raided and pillaged , capturing goods and people to be sold in far off Muslim ports . Though they resisted strongly at first , soon the Provençals settled down to a more passive resistance . Capture of the Abbot of Cluny . However , early in 973 , the Saracens captured Maïeul , Abbot of Cluny , and demanded a ransom . Much venerated by his monks , his ransom was quickly obtained . The monks responded , however , once their abbot was released , by stirring up a fury in Provence against the Andalusian menace . The peasantry and the nobles were united in their antipathy towards the Andalusis and together implored their ruler , Count William , to act against them . William ' s response . William , equally disturbed by the treatment of the abbot , raised the feudal host and took to the offensive . His army consisted not only of men from Provence , but also the lower Dauphiné and Nice . William ' s strategy was simple : he struck at the heart of Saracen Provence with the whole of his force . This did not go unnoticed by the Andalusis , who went out to meet the Provençals in the Alps . They were defeated in a series of five battles at Embrun , Gap , Riez , Ampus , and Cabasse . Thoroughly beaten back , the Saracens assembled in an open plain called Tourtour not far from Fraxinetum . There , the sixth and final battle of the war was fought . William defeated the Andalusis in the field and chased them back to Fraxinetum , where they sheltered while the Provençals rested . After a brief break from campaigning , William made an assault on Fraxinetum . This attack was led by the lords of Levens , Aspremont , Gilette , Beuil , and Sospel . With La Garde - Freinet taken , the Andalusis were cut off in Fraxinetum , which was soon seized . The remainder of the Muslim army fled to a nearby forest , where they were soon overcome and entirely captured or killed . Aftermath . La Garde - Freinet was razed to the ground . Surviving Andalusis were baptized and made to work as slaves . All remaining Muslims in Provence quickly departed by ship without waiting for any further reprisals . For this campaign and its success at expelling all the Andalusis from Provence , William was called " the Liberator " and " Pater Patriae " .
Pârvu Cantacuzino Pârvu or Pîrvu Cantacuzino ( died 1769 ) was a high - ranking Wallachia n boyar , " ban " of Oltenia , and anti - Ottoman rebellion leader who also briefly served as an officer in Russia ' s Imperial Army during the Russo - Turkish War of 1768 - 1774 . He was a member of the Cantacuzino family , and was joined in all of his political and military actions by his brother , the " spătar " Mihai , who succeeded him as " ban " . Revolt . After the military conflict began in October 1768 , Pârvu and his brother formed a small group of pro - Russian boyars in Bucharest , and welcomed Russian troops entering the city in November 1769 . When the Ottomans retook the Wallachian capital during spring , the Cantacuzinos , together with " polkovnik " Nazary Alexandrovych Karazin ( the father of Vasyl Karazin ) , organized a group of volunteers and Cossacks which , on November 16 , attacked and defeated the small Ottoman garrison and captured the ruling prince of Wallachia , Grigore III Ghica ( who was later sent to Saint Petersburg ) . Placed in command of a small Russian detachment , Pârvu Cantacuzino was ambush ed by Ottoman troops in Comana ( Giurgiu County ) , and killed in battle alongside all his men .
Ministry of National Defence ( Greece ) The Hellenic Ministry of National Defense ( , abbreviated ΥΠΕΘΑ ) , is the civilian cabinet organization responsible for managing the Military of Greece . The current Greek Minister for Defence is the New Democracy member Dimitris Avramopoulos . History . Founded in 1950
USS Saugus ( LSV - 4 ) USS " Saugus " ( AN - 4 / AP - 109 / LSV - 4 / MCS - 4 ) was an built for the United States Navy during World War II . Named after , which was in turn named for Saugus , Massachusetts , she was the second of three U . S . Naval vessels to bear the name . Laid down on 27 July 1942 by the Ingalls Shipbuilding Corporation of Pascagoula , Mississippi as " AN - 4 " ; reclassified " AP - 109 " on 1 May 1943 ; launched on 4 September 1943 ; sponsored by Mrs . Rivers J . Carstarphen ; reclassified " LSV - 4 " on 21 April 1944 ; completed by the Tampa Shipbuilding Company of Tampa , Florida ; and commissioned on 22 February 1945 as Captain R . S . Bertschy in command . Service history . After shakedown , " Saugus " loaded cargo at New Orleans and sailed on 30 March 1945 for Hawaii . En route , she spent 10 days at Balboa , Canal Zone , for turbine repairs and arrived at Pearl Harbor on 27 April . Between 4 May and 15 August , she made five round trips between the west coast and Hawaii with passengers and cargo . On 1 September she sailed from Pearl Harbor with occupation troops for Japan , arriving at Sasebo on 22 September . She then made one voyage to Manila ; returned to Sasebo ; and reported for " Operation Magic Carpet " duty on 20 October . After making two voyages returning troops home from the Philippines , the ship was released from " Magic Carpet " duty in December 1945 and arrived at San Diego for inactivation on 8 February 1946 . " Saugus " was decommissioned on 24 March 1947 but remained " in service , in reserve " until 17 October 1947 . Her designation was changed to " MCS - 4 " on 18 October 1956 . She was struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 1 July 1961 and transferred to the Maritime Administration ' s reserve fleet at Suisun Bay , California on 1 October 1962 . She was sold for scrapping to the National Metal and Steel Corporation on 13 July 1976 .
Signal Pistol 50 Signal Pistol 50 is a flare gun used in the Swedish Armed Forces . It is used to provide pre - agreed light signals , for example , from the main infantry troops to an artillery unit . It can also be used for directional guidance and for illumination of terrain . The signal gun can carried be in on the belt or bag to battle harness . The cover of the Signal Pistol 50 holds 4 cartridges .
Miles M . Oviatt Miles Mason Oviatt ( December 1 , 1840 – November 1 , 1880 ) was a Corporal serving in the Marine Corps aboard the who received the Medal of Honor for his actions in the American Civil War . Biography . Oviatt was born December 1 , 1840 in Cattaraugus County , New York and on August 19 , 1862 he joined the Marine Corps from Brooklyn , New York . He was assigned to the marine contingent aboard the during the American Civil War . The was sent into action against rebel forts and gunboats including the Confederate ram Tennessee in the Battle of Mobile Bay August 5 , 1864 . . During the battle several men aboard ship were killed and the ship sustained heavy damage from enemy fire . Oviatt continued to fire his gun throughout the two hour battle which resulted in the surrender of the Tennessee . For his actions during the battle Oviatt received the Medal of Honor December 31 , 1864 . Oviatt was honorably discharged from the Marine Corps at the rank of Sergeant August 18 , 1866 and died November 1 , 1880 . He was buried in Pleasant Valley Cemetery Olean , New York . His grave can be found in section 36 , lot 36 . Medal of Honor citation . Rank and organization : Corporal , U . S . Marine Corps . Born : 1841 , Cattaraugus County , N . Y . Accredited to : New York . G . O . No . : 45 , 31 December 1864 . Citation : On board the U . S . S . Brooklyn during action against rebel forts and gunboats and with the ram Tennessee in Mobile Bay , 5 August 1864 . Despite severe damage to his ship and the loss of several men on board as enemy fire raked the deck , Cpl . Oviatt fought his gun with skill and courage throughout the furious 2 _ hour battle which resulted in the surrender of the rebel ram Tennessee .
Sayed Mohammad Gulabzoy Major General Sayed Muhammad Gulabzoi ( born 1951 ) is an Afghan politician . An ethnic Pashtun from the Zadran tribe , Gulabzoy was born in Paktia Province . An Air Force mechanic by training , he studied at the Air Force college . As an air force officer , he supported Daoud Khan ' s 1973 coup d ' état which overthrew King Zahir Shah , for which he was rewarded with the position of Aide to the Air Force Commander . In 1976 , he went to the Soviet Union to study radar technology . He was recruited into the Khalq faction of the communist People ' s Democratic Party of Afghanistan by Hafizullah Amin . He held only a minor role in the Saur Revolution of 1978 , which brought the PDPA to power . Following the coup , he was appointed aide to President Nur Muhammad Taraki , and later Minister of Communications . As internal struggles grew within the communist regime , he distanced himself from Amin , and joined a group of officers ( the " gang of four " ) plotting against Amin , which also included Aslam Watanjar and Assadullah Sarwari . When their coup failed , the conspirators took refuge in the Soviet embassy on September 14 , 1979 . In December 1979 , Gulabzoy and his allies assisted the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan by serving as guides to the invading Soviet troops . During the invasion , Soviet forces killed Amin and installed Parcham leader Babrak Karmal in power . Karmal was forced to compose with the rival Khalq faction , as many key posts in the military were still occupied by Khalqis . As a conciliatory measure , Gulabzoy , a prominent Khalqi , was appointed Minister of Interior . As such he was placed in command of the Sarandoy ( " Defenders of the Revolution " ) , a heavily armed paramilitary gendarmerie force . In November 1988 , amid renewed tensions between Khalq and Parcham , he was removed from his post and sent to Moscow as ambassador by Parchami president Mohammad Najibullah . He was rumoured to have proposed himself to the Soviets as a potential replacement for Najibullah . In March 1990 , following an unsuccessful coup attempt by General Shahnawaz Tanai , Gulabzoy was expelled from the party , along with other Khalqis . In 2005 he was elected to represent Khost Province in Afghanistan ' s Wolesi Jirga , the lower house of its National Legislature . He holds Master ' s Degrees in Law and Military Science , and sat on the Internal Security Committee .
Obersturmmann Obersturmmann was a paramiltiary rank of the NSDAP which existed from 1931 to 1945 . Translated as " Senior Storm Trooper " , the rank of Obersturmmann was considered the equivalent of a Private First Class . The rank of Obersturmmann can trace its origins to World War I where the position was held by low level non - commissioned officer s who served as fire team leaders in Storm trooper companies . Very few Nazi Party groups maintained the rank of Obersturmmann and the title typically appeared in organizations ( such as the National Socialist Motor Corps ) which did not maintain the rank of " Mann " . The rank ceased to exist in 1945 and has never again appeared in the German military , primarily due to its connection with Nazi Germany .
Richard Waterhouse ( general ) Richard Waterhouse ( January 12 , 1832 – March 20 , 1876 ) was an American Civil War Confederate brigadier general . Early life . Waterhouse was born in Rhea County , Tennessee . As a teenager , he ran away from home to fight in the Mexican – American War . After he returned , he and his parents moved to San Augustine , Texas in 1849 . There he engaged in the mercantile business until the outbreak of the American Civil War . Civil War service . During the Civil War , he helped to raise the Nineteenth Texas Infantry in and around Jefferson and was elected colonel of the unit on May 13 , 1862 . He served under Thomas C . Hindman and Theophilus H . Holmes in Arkansas and under Richard Taylor in Louisiana . At Milliken ' s Bend , Louisiana , on August 18 , 1862 , he won high commendations from Henry Eustace McCulloch for leading a determined charge against Federal troops within artillery range of Union gunboats . McCulloch reported , " not only by a gallant and desperate charge over the levee " but by driving the enemy " to the very brink of the river and within short and direct range of the gunboats of the enemy . " After transfer to William Read Scurry ' s brigade , he fought at Mansfield and Pleasant Hill during the Red River Campaign in spring 1864 . General E . Kirby Smith , who was commanding the Trans - Mississippi Department , was impressed with Waterhouse and he appointed Waterhouse Brigadier General to rank from April 30 , 1864 . The promotion was not confirmed by Confederate President Jefferson Davis until March 17 , 1865 and by the Confederate Senate until the 18th , the last day the legislators were in session before the government collapsed . Postbellum . After the war , Waterhouse lived in San Antonio and in Jefferson , Texas , where he speculated in land . He fell down a flight of stairs in a Waco hotel on March 18 , 1876 . This resulted in a severe case of pneumonia that resulted in his death only two days later on March 20 . He is buried in Jefferson , Texas .
Zheng Chang Zheng Chang was a ruler of the Kingdom of Hán ( 韓國 ) of the Eighteen Kingdoms during the Chu – Han Contention , an interregnum between the Qin Dynasty and the Han Dynasty . Zheng Chang was initially the magistrate of Wu County ( 吳縣 ) during the Qin Dynasty . He was an acquaintance of Xiang Yu , and followed the latter in rebelling against Qin around 209 BC . After the fall of Qin in 206 BC , Xiang Yu divided the former Qin Empire into the Eighteen Kingdoms , and appointed Han Cheng as " King of Hán " ( 韓王 ) . Months later , Xiang Yu had Han Cheng killed and replaced with Zheng Chang . Later that year , Hán Xin attacked the Hán kingdom with support from Liu Bang and defeated Zheng Chang . Zheng Chang surrendered and was replaced by Hán Xin .
Doctrine for Joint Nuclear Operations The Doctrine for Joint Nuclear Operations was a U . S . Department of Defense document publicly discovered in 2005 on the circumstances under which commanders of U . S . forces could request the use of nuclear weapons . The document was a draft being revised to be consistent with the Bush doctrine of preemptive attack . Doctrine . The doctrine cites 8 reasons under which field commanders can ask for permission to use nuclear weapons : Overview . Below are some quotes from the executive summary of the document . . Note : After public exposure , the Pentagon has hidden the Doctrine for Joint Nuclear Operations and three related documents , referring to this as " cancelling " the documents . The decision to " cancel " the documents simply removes controversial documents from the public domain and from the Pentagon ' s internal reading list . The White House and Pentagon guidance that directs the use of nuclear weapons remains unchanged by the cancellation . " The use of nuclear weapons represents a significant escalation from conventional warfare and may be provoked by some action , event , or threat . However , like any military action , the decision to use nuclear weapons is driven by the political objective sought . " . . . " Integrating conventional and nuclear attacks will ensure the most efficient use of force and provide US leaders with a broader range of strike options to address immediate contingencies … This integration will ensure optimal targeting , minimal collateral damage , and reduce the probability of escalation . " . . . " Although the United States may not know with confidence what threats a state , combinations of states , or nonstate actors pose to US interests , it is possible to anticipate the capabilities an adversary might use … These capabilities require maintaining a diverse mix of conventional forces capable of high - intensity , sustained , and coordinated actions across the range of military operations ; employed in concert with survivable and secure nuclear forces " . . . " The immediate and prolonged effects of nuclear weapons including blast ( overpressure , dynamic pressure , ground shock , and cratering ) , thermal radiation ( fire and other material effects ) , and nuclear radiation ( initial , residual , fallout , blackout , and electromagnetic pulse ) , impose physical and psychological challenges for combat forces and noncombatant populations alike . These effects also pose significant survivability requirements on military equipment , supporting civilian infrastructure resources , and host - nation / coalition assets . US forces must prepare to survive and perhaps operate in a nuclear / radiological environment . " In 2010 U . S . President Barack Obama , in a Nuclear Posture Review , announced a new policy that is much stricter about when the U . S . would order a nuclear strike .
Henry Otis Dwight Henry Otis Dwight , LL . D . ( 1843 – 1917 ) , was an American Congregational missionary . Biography . He was born in Constantinople , Turkey , the son of Harrison Gray Otis Dwight . He entered Ohio Wesleyan University but left in 1861 to serve in the Civil War . He was business agent at Constantinople of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions ( 1867 – 72 ) . From 1875 to 1892 he was the correspondent in Constantinople of the New York Tribune . He was ordained a minister in 1880 , and returned to the United States after resigning his commission as a missionary in 1901 . He edited " Report of the Ecumenical Conference on Foreign Missions " ( 1900 ) and the " Encyclopedia of Missions " ( 1904 ) . He wrote :
HMS Invincible ( 1869 ) HMS " Invincible " was a Royal Navy ironclad battleship . She was built at the Napier shipyard and completed in 1870 . Completed just 10 years after , she still carried sails as well as a steam engine . Armament . The " Audacious " class was armed with ten muzzle - loading guns , supported by four muzzle loaders . These were located in a broadside pattern over a two - deck battery amidships — this was the area of the ship least affected by its motion , and made for a very stable gun platform . Early career . For the first year of her career , she was a guardship at Hull , before being replaced by her sister . She was then transferred to the Mediterranean , where she served until 1886 . She was sent to Cadiz in 1873 to prevent ships seized by republicans during the civil war in Spain from leaving harbour . She rejoined the Mediterranean Fleet in 1878 under the command of Captain Lindsay Brine , but her poor state of seamanship attracted the ire of the commander - in - chief , Geoffrey Hornby . In early 1879 " Invincible " blundered badly , putting two ships at hazard , and Brine was court - martialled . Though acquitted , Brine was relieved by Captain Edmund Fremantle . She was Admiral Seymour ' s temporary flagship at the 1882 bombardment of Alexandria because his normal one , , drew too much to enter the inner harbour . She provided men for the naval brigade that was subsequently landed and she also provided men for Charles Beresford ' s naval brigade in the Sudan campaign of 1885 . Later career and Shipwreck . She made a trip to China in 1886 to carry out a new crew for " Audacious " before becoming the guardship at Southampton until 1893 . Her engines were removed in 1901 when she became a depot ship at Sheerness for a destroyer flotilla . She was renamed HMS " Erebus " in 1904 , a name that she bore until 1906 , when she was converted into a training ship at Portsmouth for engineering artificer s and was renamed " Fisgard II " ( " Audacious " had been renamed " Fisgard " in 1904 ) . On 17 September 1914 , she sank during a storm off Portland Bill with the loss of 21 of her crew of 64 . She was being towed from Portsmouth to Scapa Flow where she was to act as a receiving ship for seamen newly mobilised for World War I . She now lies upside down with the bottom of the hull about below sea level .
John L . Taylor John Lampkin Taylor ( March 7 , 1805 – September 6 , 1870 ) was a U . S . Representative from Ohio . Born in Stafford County , near Fredericksburg , Virginia , Taylor completed preparatory studies . He studied law in Washington , D . C . . He was admitted to the bar in 1828 and commenced practice in Chillicothe , Ohio , in 1829 . He served as a Major general in the State militia for several years . Taylor was elected as a Whig to the Thirtieth and to the three succeeding Congresses ( March 4 , 1847 – March 3 , 1855 ) . He served as a clerk in the United States Department of the Interior from May 1 , 1870 , until his sudden death at his desk in Washington , D . C . , September 6 , 1870 . He was interred in the family burying ground on the Taylor ancestral estate , " Mansfield , " near Louisa , Virginia .