naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Convoy SC 121 Convoy SC - 121 was the 121st of the numbered series of World War II Slow Convoys of merchant ships from Sydney , Cape Breton Island to Liverpool . The ships departed New York City 23 February 1943 ; and were met by the Mid - Ocean Escort Force Group A - 3 consisting of the USCG Treasury Class Cutter " USCGC Spencer " , the Wickes class destroyer " USS Greer " , the Flower class corvette s " HMS Dianthus " , " HMCS Rosthern " , " HMCS Trillium " and " HMCS Dauphin " , and the convoy rescue ship " Melrose Abbey " . Three of the escorts had defective SONAR and three had inoperative RADAR . Background . As western Atlantic coastal convoys brought an end to the second happy time , Admiral Karl Dönitz , the " Befehlshaber der U - Boote " ( " BdU " ) or commander in chief of U - Boats , shifted focus to the mid - Atlantic to avoid aircraft patrols . Although convoy routing was less predictable in the mid - ocean , Dönitz anticipated that the increased numbers of U - boats being produced would be able to effectively search for convoys with the advantage of intelligence gained through " B - Dienst " decryption of British Naval Cypher Number 3 . However , only 20 percent of the 180 trans - Atlantic convoys sailing from the end of July 1942 until the end of April 1943 , lost ships to U - boat attack . Battle . On 6 March " U - 405 " sighted the convoy , which had been scattered by nine consecutive days of northwesterly Force 10 gales and snow squalls . The storm damaged the radio communication system aboard the escort commander ' s ship " Spencer " and " Dauphin " had to leave the convoy with damaged steering gear . " U - 230 " torpedoed the British freighter " Egyptian " on the night of 6 – 7 March . The British freighter " Empire Impala " stopped to rescue survivors and was torpedoed after dawn by " U - 591 " . " U - 190 " torpedoed the British freighter " Empire Lakeland " when the gale subsided on 8 March and four more stragglers were sunk by " U - 526 " , " U - 527 " , " U - 591 " , and " U - 642 " . On 9 March the convoy escort was reinforced by No . 120 Squadron RAF B - 24 Liberator s from Northern Ireland and by the Wickes class destroyer " USS Babbitt " and the USCG Treasury Class Cutter s " USCGC Bibb " and " USCGC Ingham " from Iceland . " U - 530 " torpedoed straggling Swedish freighter " Milos " on the evening of 9 March . That night " U - 405 " torpedoed the Norwegian freighter " Bonneville " while " U - 229 " torpedoed the British freighter " Nailsea Court " and " U - 409 " torpedoed the British escort oiler " Rosewood " and American ammunition ship " Malantic " . The Flower class corvette s " Campion " and " Mallow " reinforced the convoy escort on 10 March , and the convoy reached Liverpool on 14 March . Only 76 of the 275 crewmen of the sunken ships were rescued .
Luzon Grenadiers The most distinguished Militia unit of the Spanish colonial army in the Philippines , known as the Philippine Army , was the Luzón Grenadiers , which was formed in 1796 with the Grenadier and Cazador Companies of all Militia units . After being demobilized in 1817 , it was reorganized again in 1823 , from that time various changes in its name were experimented with , until 5 December 1851 . On that date it received the best official recognition of its value , it was converted to a Veteran Corps — a regular unit — with the designation Prince ' s Regiment . This distinction , practically without precedents in the history of the entire Spanish colonial army , known as the Overseas Army , reflects the exceptional quality of this unit . The emergence of the First Republic involved an important series of changes in the designation of Units : substitutions for those with monarchial connotations . By the decree of 1 July 1873 the 6th Prince ' s Regiment became the Visayas Regiment . Toward the end of Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines , the Philippine army , which had always been separate from the Spanish Army , became integrated with the metropolitan army . As a result , the Visayas Regiment became the 72nd of the Spanish army . In 1896 , the year the Revolution began , the 72nd Visayas Regiment was deployed in Manila and the military posts of the Visayas , and existed until 1898 .
Aaron Hankinson Aaron Hankinson ( 7 February 1735 – 9 October 1806 ) was a military officer during the American Revolution and politician who served in the New Jersey state legislature . Hankinson was born on 7 February 1735 in Matawan in Monmouth County , New Jersey , to Rachel Mattison ( 1707 – 1784 ) and Joseph Hankinson ( 1706 – 1783 ) . During his youth , the family moved to Rowland Mills in Readington Township in the northern Highlands region of Hunterdon County . On 9 February 1764 , he married Mary Snyder ( 1740 – 1806 ) , and relocated to Sussex County north of the present - day village of Stillwater , then in Upper Hardwick . His father purchased 363 acres which he divided between Aaron and his brother William ( 1737 – 1796 ) . On 26 July 1775 , Hankinson was commissioned a captain in the Sussex County Militia , commanded by Colonel Ephraim Martin . He was raised to Colonel the following year and stationed at Sandy Hook to defend the New Jersey coast along New York Harbor . In 1777 , the Sussex County Militia fought at the Battle of Brandywine Creek and arrived late at the Battle of Germantown near Philadelphia . Later in the war , Hankinson and the militia were stationed in the Minisink , a region encompassing the area north of the Delaware Water Gap surrounding the Delaware River ' s valley in northwestern New Jersey and northeastern Pennsylvania , and the Neversink River in Orange County , New York . Here , after the burning of Machackameck ( now Port Jervis , New York , the militia was ordered to prevent incursions by British loyalists , tories , and their allied Indian tribes ( Munsee , Lenape , Iroquois ) under Captain Joseph Brandt . This region was formerly defended by Pulaski ' s Legion before their deployment to operations in South Carolina . At the close of the war , Hankinson was promoted to Brigadier General . After the conclusion of the Revolution , Hankinson was elected to serve in the New Jersey General Assembly , and served several terms from 1782 to 1786 and 1788 to 1792 . In " Memoirs and Reminiscences " , Schaeffer describes Hankinson as " a farmer by occupation , an elder and leading member of the Hardwick church , and at one time chorister of the same . The old gentleman was a good kind of man . " Hankinson died on 9 October 1806 and was buried in the churchyard of the Yellow Frame Presbyterian Church ( known then as Upper Hardwick ) presently located on the border between Fredon Township and Frelinghuysen Township , New Jersey . The inscription on his tombstone reads : < poem > A . H . In Memory Brg . General Aaron Hankinson Who departed this life Oct IX 1806 Aged 71 years 8 months 2 days Let all his children in a word Unite and praise the eternal God For the sweet hope that he has gone To rest with Christ God ' s only Son < / poem > Hankinson and his wife Mary ( née Snyder ) had 13 children , and among his descendants include William A . Newell , former Governor of New Jersey .
Camp Robert Smalls Camp Robert Smalls was a United States Naval training facility , created pursuant to an order signed April 21 , 1942 by Frank Knox , then Secretary of the Navy , for the purpose of training Negro seamen at a time when the USN was still segregated by race . The camp was located inside the Great Lakes Naval Training Center in Illinois and named for Robert Smalls , a black naval hero of the American Civil War . The camp ' s first commander was Lt . Comdr . Daniel Armstrong , whose father had founded the Hampton Institute and had " brought him up to understand race problems . " The Navy began enlisting Negro seamen on June 1 , 1942 , and the first class of 277 enlistees began training at Camp Robert Smalls later that month . Of that class , 222 completed the training successfully on September 3 , 1942 . 102 of those graduates were chosen to continue with specialized training , and the rest of the class was assigned to routine duties . The first classes of men to be trained at the camp had " no hope of being commissioned . " However , the Navy began training officer candidates at Camp Robert Smalls towards the end of 1943 . Robert Smalls ' s great - grandson , Edward Estes Davidson , trained at Camp Robert Smalls , as did Owen Dodson , Larry Doby , and Clark Terry .
USS Colhoun ( DD - 801 ) USS " Colhoun " ( DD - 801 ) , a , was the second ship of the United States Navy to be named for Rear Admiral Edmund Colhoun ( 1821 – 1897 ) . " Colhoun " was launched 10 April 1944 by Todd - Pacific Shipbuilding Corp . , Seattle , Washington ; sponsored by Captain K . K . Johnson , WAC ; and commissioned 8 July 1944 , Commander G . R . Wilson in command . Service history . " Colhoun " arrived at Pearl Harbor 10 October 1944 for training and patrol duty . Arriving off Iwo Jima 19 February 1945 , she screened transports , served as radar picket and gave fire support for the invasion of Iwo Jima . On 1 March , she was hit by a salvo from heavy enemy batteries ashore , which killed one man and injured 16 . After repairs at Saipan , " Colhoun " sailed for Okinawa , arriving 31 March for radar picket duty . At 1530 on 6 April 1945 , during the first heavy " kamikaze " raid of the battle of Okinawa , " Colhoun " received a request for help from and sped to her aid . Interposing her guns between " Bush " and the attacking suicide planes , " Colhoun " downed three planes before a " kamikaze " crashed into the mount scattering flaming wreckage across the ship and dropping a bomb into the after fireroom where it exploded . Retaining power and using emergency steering , " Colhoun " awaited the next attacking trio , shooting down the first two while the third struck her on the starboard side . The bomb from the second " kamikaze " exploded , breaking " Colhoun " s keel , piercing both boilers , ripping a hole below the waterline , and starting oil and electrical fires . Operating the remaining guns manually , the crew gamely faced yet another wave of three attackers shooting down one and damaging another , while the third " kamikaze " struck her aft section . This airplane ' s bomb bounced overboard and exploded , adding another hole to allow more flooding . " Colhoun " valiantly struggled to stay afloat , but a final " kamikaze " crashed into the bridge in a mass of flames . At 1800 , took off all but a skeleton crew , which remained onboard while a tug attempted to tow " Colhoun " to Okinawa . Heavy listing , uncontrolled flooding , and fires made it impossible to save her , and she was sunk by gunfire from at . Her casualties were : 34 killed and 21 wounded . Awards . " Colhoun " received one battle star for World War II service .
Auxiliaries An auxiliary force is a organized group supplementing but not directly incorporated in a regular military or police entity . It may comprise either civilian volunteers undertaking support functions or additional personnel directly performing military or police duties , usually on a part - time basis . Historically the designation " auxiliary " has also been given to foreign or allied troops in the service of a nation at war . In the context of colonial armies locally recruited irregulars were often described as auxiliaries . Historical usage . Roman auxiliaries . Auxiliaries in the Roman army were recruited from peoples that did not have Roman citizenship . As the Roman army was essentially based on heavy infantry , it favored the recruitment of auxiliaries that excelled in other roles , such as missile troops ( e . g . Balearic slingers and Cretan archers ) , cavalry ( recruited among peoples such as the Numidians , and the Thracians ) , or light infantry . Auxiliaries were not paid at the same rate as legionaries , but could earn Roman citizenship after a fixed term of service . British Empire . The Auxiliary Legion was a British military force sent to Spain to support the Liberals and Queen Isabella II of Spain against the Carlists in the First Carlist War . The Auxiliary Division was a British paramilitary police force raised during the Irish War of Independence 1919 – 21 and nominally acting in support of the Royal Irish Constabulary . During the Second Boer War Boer auxiliaries were recruited by the British Army under the designation of " National Scouts " . French Africa . France made extensive use of tribal allies ( goumiers ) as auxiliaries in its North African possessions . During the Algerian War of 1954 - 62 large numbers of Muslim auxiliaries ( Harkis ) were employed in support of regular French forces . Nazi Germany . German paramilitary police forces , called Hilfspolizei or Schutzmannschaft , were raised during World War II and were the collaborationist auxiliary police battalion s of locally recruited police , which were created to fight the resistance during World War II mostly in occupied Eastern European countries . Hilfspolizei refers also to German auxiliary police units . There was also a HIPO Corps in occupied Denmark . The term had also been applied to some units created in 1933 by the early Nazi government ( mostly from members of SA and SS ) and disbanded the same year due to international protests .
Fort Garry Horse Museum & Archives The Fort Garry Horse Museum & Archives is a regimental museum in Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada that displays the history of the Fort Garry Horse , a regiment of the Canadian Forces Army , from its origin to the present through use of artifacts , photographs and archival material . Located in the McGregor Armoury , the museum ' s exhibits include uniforms , weapons , military artifacts and photographs , as well as some military vehicles outdoors . The museum preserves the history of the regiment through the collection of documents , pictures , books , military artifacts , etc . , pertaining to the Regiment . The museum preserves the history of Cavalry in Manitoba through the collection of documents , pictures , books , military artifacts , etc . It provides a training facility for the teaching of Regimental history . The museum ` s goal is to stimulate and foster within the general public an ongoing interest in the Regiment and its activities and accomplishments . Affiliations . The Museum is affiliated with : CMA , CHIN , and Virtual Museum of Canada .
M49 telescope The M49 observation telescope is a 20 - power daytime telescope currently used by the US military . It is used for making ground observations of a target area and effectiveness of artillery fire . It does not have a mil - dot reticle and is usually supported by the M - 15 Tripod .
Mike Colalillo Michael " Mike " Colalillo ( December 2 , 1925 – December 30 , 2011 ) was a United States Army soldier and a recipient of the United States military ' s highest decoration — the Medal of Honor — for his actions in World War II . Biography . Colalillo joined the Army from Duluth , Minnesota in February 1944 , and by April 7 , 1945 was serving as a private first class in Company C , 398th Infantry Regiment , 100th Infantry Division . On that day , near Untergriesheim , Germany , he encouraged his comrades to follow him into enemy fire , manned an exposed machine gun , and helped a wounded soldier back to friendly lines . For his actions during the battle , he was awarded the Medal of Honor on January 9 , 1946 . Medal of Honor citation . Private Colalillo ' s official Medal of Honor citation reads : Private First Class Mike Colalillo , 2d Squad , 2d Platoon , Co . C , 1st Battalion , 398th Infantry , 100th Infantry Division was pinned down with other members of his company during an attack against strong enemy positions on 7 April 1945 in the vicinity of Untergriesheim , Germany . Heavy artillery , mortar , and machine gun fire made any move hazardous when he stood up , shouted to his company to follow , and ran forward in the wake of a supporting tank , firing his machine pistol . Inspired by his example , his comrades advanced in the face of savage enemy fire . When his weapon was struck by shrapnel and rendered useless , he climbed to the deck of a friendly tank , manned an exposed machine gun on the turret of the vehicle , and , while bullets rattled around him , fired at an enemy emplacement with such devastating accuracy that he killed or wounded at least 10 hostile soldiers and destroyed their machine gun . Maintaining his extremely dangerous post as the tank forged ahead , he blasted three more positions , destroyed another machine gun emplacement and silenced all resistance in this area , killing at least three and wounding an undetermined number of riflemen as they fled . His machine gun eventually jammed ; so he secured a submachine gun from the tank crew to continue his attack on foot . When our armored forces exhausted their ammunition and the order to withdraw was given , he remained behind to help a seriously wounded comrade over several hundred yards of open terrain rocked by an intense enemy artillery and mortar barrage . By his intrepidity and inspiring courage Private First Class Colalillo gave tremendous impetus to his company ' s attack , killed or wounded 25 of the enemy in bitter fighting , and assisted a wounded soldier in reaching the American lines at great risk to his own life .
5070th Air Defense Wing The 5070th Air Defense Wing is a discontinued United States Air Force organization . Its last assignment was with the Alaskan Air Command , being stationed at Elmendorf Air Force Base , Alaska . It was discontinued on 1 October 1961 . History . Operations . Organized August 1960 after inactivation of 10th Air Division . Mission was air defense of Alaska south of the Alaska Range . Discontinued 1 October 1961 , with components coming under other AAC units .
SS Donau ( 1929 ) SS " Donau " was a Norddeutscher Lloyd refrigerated cargo ship . In the Second World War the Kriegsmarine used it as a transport ship between Germany and Norway . She became known as the " slave ship " after the SS and Gestapo transported 540 Jews from Norway to Stettin , from where they were taken by train to Auschwitz . Only nine of those deported on the " Donau " survived . History . " Donau " was built in Hamburg for Norddeutscher Lloyd of Bremen and completed in 1929 . At gross she was large for her time , and she was unusual amongst cargo ships for being powered by both a triple expansion steam engine and a steam turbine . " Donau " was requisitioned for war service under the command of Kriegsmarine - Dienststelle Hamburg and equipped with anti - aircraft weaponry and depth charges . She was put into service transporting troops from the Eastern Front via Stettin to Oslo and back . On 26 November 1942 Norwegian police forces under the direction of the Gestapo handed 532 Jewish prisoners to the SS at Pier 1 in Oslo harbor . The ship was under the command of Untersturmführer Klaus Grossmann and Oberleutnant Manig . Men and women were put in separate holds on the ship , where they were deprived of basic sanitary conditions and mistreated by the soldiers . Only 9 of the prisoners survived the Second World War . On or shortly before 16 January 1945 , Roy Nielsen from Milorg and Max Manus from Kompani Linge planted ten limpet mine s under the waterline along a section of the port side of the ship , while she was docked in Oslo . The intention was for the bombs to detonate in open sea once the ship had cleared the Oslofjord but , because departure on the morning of 17 January 1945 was delayed , the bombs went off before the " Donau " reached Drøbak , where the captain managed to beach her . Seven years later the wreck was pulled off and towed to Bremerhaven for scrapping . These events are related in the 2008 Norwegian film " Max Manus " .
Eskadrille 721 Eskadrille 721 of the Royal Danish Air Force is the sole squadron in ' Air Transport Wing Aalborg ' of the Danish Defence . It provides tactical transport for all parts of the Danish state . History . Eskadrille 721 ( 721 Squadron ) was formed on 1 October 1950 , when the Royal Danish Air Force ( " Flyvevåbnet " ) was formed by merging the " Marinens Flyvevæsen " ( Danish Naval Air Service ) and " Hærens Flyvertropper " ( Danish Army Air Corps ) , with Eskadrille 721 incorporating the aircraft of the 1st and 2nd " Luftflotille " of the Naval Air Service , together with the Greenland flight of the Army Air Corps , with the role of transport ( including support for operations in Greenland , together with Search and Rescue operations . Present activity . Since 2004 the air wing is located at Flyvestation Aalborg , in the Northern part of Jutland peninsula . The main role for the air wing is to provide tactical transport capacity with its C - 130 ' s . The Challengers provide both VIP - transportation for the Royal Court of Denmark and other government officials , and has the option to be equipped with airborne radar for surveillance . Current equipment . Currently Eskadrille 721 operates :
Gustaw Orlicz - Dreszer Gustaw Konstanty Orlicz - Dreszer ( October 2 , 1889 - July 16 , 1936 ) was a Polish general , and a political and social activist . Before World War I , Orlicz - Dreszer was involved in pro - independence activities in partitioned Poland . In 1914 - 17 he served in the 1st Brigade of the Polish Legions . He was arrested during the Oath Crisis . From 1918 he served in the Polish Army . During the Polish - Soviet War he commanded the 4th Cavalry Brigade and the 2nd Cavalry Division . From 1921 - 23 he was Cavalry Inspector . In 1923 he was promoted to Brigadier General . In 1924 - 26 he commanded the 2nd and then the 3rd Cavalry Division . During the May 1926 " Coup d ' État he supported Józef Piłsudski . In 1930 Orlicz - Dreszer became a member of " ZG Liga Morska i Kolonialna " ( Maritime and Colonial League ) . He created and promoted a development program for the Polish merchant marine . From 1930 - 36 he served as Inspector of the Polish Army and in 1936 as Inspector of Air Defense . Orlicz - Dreszer died in a plane accident , crashing in a RWD - 9 plane into the Baltic Sea near Gdynia while flying excessively low .
Corazzieri The Cuirassiers ' Regiment ( " Reggimento Corazzieri " , previously " Comando Carabinieri Guardie del Presidente della Repubblica " ) is an Italian elite military unit and the honor guard of the President of the Italian Republic . Their motto " Virtus in periculis firmior " means " Courage becomes stronger in danger " Members of the unit , which is a specialized company of the Carabinieri , are distinguished by their uniforms and height ( the minimum height for admission is 190 cm , or 6 feet 2 . 8 inches ) . The unit ' s history dates back to the late 14th century , when the Red Count used a lifeguard of archers . In the 16th century , Emmanuel Philibert re - organized the Savoiard army , creating a personal guard unit of mounted archers ( " Guardia D ' Onore " ) , which fought brilliantly in the Battle of St . Quentin ( 1557 ) . This guard saved Charles Emmanuel I during the siege of Mons ( 1590 ) . Charles Emmanuel created a company of cuirassiers ( " Compagnia Corazzieri del Duca " ) , and this unit was enlarged by his successors until 1854 , when the Carabinieri received the role of guards of the King during the campaigns . On 7 February 1868 , for the wedding of Prince Umberto to Margherita of Savoy , a mounted honor guard of 80 Carabinieri was formed , called the " Squadrone Carabinieri Guardie del Re " . The new unit was formally recognized as " Carabinieri Guardie del Re " on 7 January 1870 , when it was entrusted with the safety of the king . After the end of the Kingdom of Italy , and the proclamation of the Republic , the unit was re - founded in 1946 , and organized as a cavalry squadron . In February 2006 , the Corazzieri took part in the flag - raising ceremony of the XX Winter Games in Torino , Italy .