naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Battle of Tippermuir The Battle of Tippermuir ( 1 September 1644 ) was the first battle James Graham , 1st Marquis of Montrose fought for the king during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms . The battlefield is currently under research to be inventoried and protected by Historic Scotland under the Scottish Historical Environment Policy of 2009 . The main objective of the battle was the reclamation of Perth . Montrose had joined forces with Alaster M ' Coll Keitach ( known as Alasdair MacColla McDonald ) and his Irish soldiers . Nevertheless , he was greatly outnumbered by the Covenanters : Montrose ' s Highlanders and the Irish together made up no more than 2000 men , Lord Elcho on the other side had 7 , 000 infantry and 700 horse . Yet Montrose ' s men were more experienced and better motivated , a fact that would count to their advantage during the battle . The two armies met at Tippermuir , three miles outside of Perth . On the Covenanters ' side , Lord Elcho commanded the right wing , James Murray of Gask the centre , and the left flank was given over to Sir James Scott of Rossie , the only veteran soldier present in the Covenant army that day . Montrose put Lord Kilpoint and 400 men on the left , directly in front of Elcho . Montrose took the left side himself , and in the centre he placed the Irish . Montrose drew up his troops in a line only three deep , thus making the front of his line much longer than Elcho ' s . At this point Montrose is said to have delivered a speech saying : " Gentlemen : it is true you have no arms ; your enemy , however , to all appearance , have plenty . My advice to you therefore is that as there happens to be a great abundance of stones upon this moor , every man should provide himself , in the first place , with as stout a one as he can manage , rush up to the first Covenanter he meets , beat out his brains , take his sword , and then I believe he will be at no loss how to proceed ! " An early assault by Elcho using cavalry was quickly turned back . The Highlanders then attacked Elcho ' s musketeers in the back , while the Irish attacked the centre . The whole scene soon developed into a complete rout . Sir James Scott of Rossie attempted to hold the left flank , but Montrose led his Atholl men in a charge that placed them in front of Scott ' s men , and pushed them back into the main body of the Covenanters . The battle now turned into a blood - bath . A group of townspeople had come to view the battle , believing Montrose ' s army would be quickly subdued . Now they were caught up in the slaughter , and in the confusion many died . Elcho is reported to have lost two thousand men , Montrose only one , although there are no independent estimates , and as Montrose could only field 44 horsemen at the Battle of Aberdeen , less than two weeks later , from the 150 he had been given by the Earl of Newcastle and were fielded in this battle , this is likely to represent Royalist propaganda . This battle served two main purposes : it proved Montrose ' s strategic genius , at the same time as it revived the Royalist cause in Scotland . See also . Battle of Inverlochy ( 1645 )
Bolter ( aviation ) In naval aviation , a bolter occurs when an aircraft attempting an arrested landing on the flight deck of an aircraft carrier touches down , but fails to catch an arrestor cable and come to a stop . Bolter aircraft accelerate at full throttle and become airborne in order to go around to re - attempt the landing . Prior to the development of the angled flight deck , aircraft carrier landing areas ran along the axis of the ship . If an aircraft failed to catch an arrestor cable on the aft ( rear ) of the ship , it would still need to be stopped prior to hitting aircraft spotted ( parked or taxiing ) on the forward half of the deck . With aircraft spotted on the forward half of the flight deck , there was not enough room for an aircraft to become airborne again after missing the arrestor wires . Bringing an aircraft that failed to engage an arrestor cable to a stop was accomplished with either a wire " barrier " , rigged amidships and raised to catch the aircraft ' s landing gear , or a net " barricade " that would engage the aircraft ' s wings . Either method often resulted in damage to the aircraft and required time to disengage . The introduction of jet aircraft for carrier operations in the early 1950s , with their greater mass and higher approach speeds , exacerbated the problem . The British - developed angled flight deck solved the problem of aircraft that failed to engage an arrestor wire , and created the routine option for aircraft to " bolter " . By angling the landing area off the ship ' s axis , thus " removing " obstructions forward of the landing area , aircraft that failed to arrest – that bolter – simply accelerate down the landing area and become airborne again . Bolter aircraft then climb back to landing pattern altitude and sequence in with other landing aircraft to re - attempt the landing . These bolter aircraft are said to be in the " bolter pattern " . The British first described aircraft that failed to arrest as bolters . When an aircraft bolters on a United States Navy carrier , the Landing Signal Officer ( LSO ) often transmits " bolter , bolter , bolter " over the radio . United States Navy LSOs ' grade ' each carrier landing attempt on a scale of 0 - 5 . Assuming the approach was safe and at least " average " , a bolter is graded as 2 . 5 . For unsafe or below average approaches that result in bolter , a grade of 2 is assigned .
3rd Battalion 14th Marines 3rd Battalion , 14th Marine Regiment ( 3 / 14 ) is a reserve artillery battalion comprising four firing batteries and a headquarters battery . The battalion is based in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania and its primary weapon system is the M777 howitzer with a maximum effective range of 30 km . They fall under the command of the 14th Marine Regiment and the 4th Marine Division . History . Mike Battery out of Chattanooga , Tennessee served in Fallujah , Iraq in late 2004 during Operation Phantom Fury and is currently deployed again in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom . They are attached to 2nd Light Armored Reconnaissance Battalion and are working in the vicinity of Ar Rutbah . Formerly they were part of 4th Battalion 14th Marines
Initial operating capability Initial operating capability or Initial operational capability ( IOC ) is the state achieved when a capability is available in its minimum usefully deployable form . The term is often used in government or military procurement . The United States Department of Defense chooses to use the term Initial Operational Capability ( versus initial " operating " capability ) when referring to IOC . For a U . S . Department of Defense military acquisition , IOC includes operating the training and maintaining parts of the overall system per DOTMLPF , and is defined as ' In general , attained when some units and / or organizations in the force structure scheduled to receive a system have received it and have the ability to employ and maintain it . The specifics for any particular system IOC are defined in that system ’ s Capability Development Document ( CDD ) and Capability Production Document ( CPD ) . ' The date at which IOC is achieved often defines the in - service date ( ISD ) for an associated system . Declaration of an initial operating capability may imply that the capability will be developed in the future , for example by modifications or adjustments to improve the system ' s performance , deployment of greater numbers of systems ( perhaps of different types ) , or testing and training that permit wider application of the capability . Once the capability is fully developed , Full Operational Capability may be declared . For example , the capability may be fielded to a limited number of users with plans to roll out to all users incrementally over a period ( possibly incorporating changes along the way ) . The point at which the first users begin using the capability is IOC , with FOC achieved when all intended users ( by agreement between the developer and the user ) have the capability . This does not preclude additional users from obtaining the capability after FOC .
USCGC Patrol ( 1917 ) USCGC " Patrol , later AB - 38 " , was a United States Coast Guard patrol boat in commission from 1917 to 1918 and from 1919 to 1940 . She was the second vessel of the United States Revenue Cutter Service or U . S . Coast Guard to bear the name " Patrol " . Construction and United States Coast Guard service 1917 - 1918 . " Patrol " was a wooden - hulled vessel built at City Island , New York . She was commissioned as USCGC " Patrol " on 24 April 1917 . She served in New York Harbor . United States Navy service 1918 - 1919 . The U . S . Navy purchased " Patrol " from the Coast Guard on 11 April 1918 for service during World War I and commissioned her as the patrol vessel USS " Patrol " . She spent her Navy career on patrol duties based at New York City . United States Coast Guard service 1919 - 1940 . The Navy returned " Patrol " to the Coast Guard on 28 August 1919 , and she resumed her duties in New York Harbor as USCGC " Patrol " . In 1923 , she was transferred to Washington , D . C . . She returned to New York in the 1930s , was renamed USCGC " AB - 38 " in 1938 , and was decommissioned in 1940 .
Adolphe Pégoud Adolphe Célestin Pégoud ( 13 June 1889 - 31 August 1915 ) was a French aviator and flight instructor , who became the first fighter ace during World War I . Biography . Pégoud served in the French Army from 1907 to 1913 . Immediately thereafter he began flying , earned his pilot ' s certificate , and in a few months , on 21 September 1913 , as a test pilot for Louis Blériot , in a Blériot model XI monoplane and in a series of test flights exploring the limits of airplane maneuvers , he flew a loop , believing it to be the world ' s first . Pégoud ' s feat was consequently widely publicized and believed by many to be the first loop , although Pyotr Nesterov , a Russian army pilot , had flown the first one on 9 September 1913 , just 12 days earlier , in a Nieuport IV monoplane at an army airfield near Kiev . Pégoud also was the first pilot to make a parachute jump from an airplane . He also became a popular instructor of French and other European fledgling pilots . At the start of World War I , Pégoud volunteered for flying duty and was immediately accepted as an observation pilot . On 5 February 1915 , he and his gunner were credited with shooting down two German aircraft and forcing another to land . Soon he was flying single - seat aircraft and in April claimed two further victories . His sixth success came in July . It is not known how many of Pégoud ' s victories involved destruction of enemy aircraft , as early air combat was rare enough to warrant credit for a forced landing . However , it is certain that Pégoud , rather than Roland Garros ( three documented victories ) , was the first pilot to achieve ace status of any sort . On 31 August 1915 , Pégoud was shot down by one of his prewar German students , Unteroffizier Kandulski , while intercepting a German reconnaissance aircraft . He was 26 years old . The same German crew later dropped a funeral wreath above the French lines .
James Craig ( Missouri ) James Craig ( February 28 , 1818 – October 22 , 1888 ) was an American lawyer and politician from Saint Joseph , Missouri . He represented Missouri in the U . S . House from 1857 until 1861 . He also served as an army Captain in the Mexican - American War . During the American Civil War , Craig served as a brigadier general of U . S . volunteers . From April to November 1862 , Craig was the military commander in charge of the overland mail routes in Kansas and Nebraska . On November 2 , 1862 he assumed command of the District of Nebraska Territory and commanded until May 5 , 1863 when he resigned . Craig again served as a brigadier general , this time in the Missouri State militia , in 1864 and 1865 . He is buried in Mount Mora Cemetery .
Vultee XA - 41 The Vultee XA - 41 was originally ordered as a dive bomber . After combat experience led the Army Air Corps to believe dive - bombers were too vulnerable to enemy fighters , the contract was amended to change the role to low - level ground attack . Although the XA - 41 was a potent weapons system , the design was overtaken by more advanced technology , and never entered production . Design and development . The Vultee engineering team decided early in the design process to build the XA - 41 ( company Model 90 ) around the 3 , 000 hp Pratt & Whitney R - 4360 Wasp Major four - row , 28 - cylinder radial engine . The Model 90 ' s large wing resembled the earlier A - 31 Vengeance wing , with its straight leading edge , forward - tapered trailing edge and pronounced dihedral on the outer wing panels . Designed to carry both a large internal load and external stores , the XA - 41 was large for a single - engine aircraft . The single - place cockpit , set in line with the wing root , was 15 ft ( 4 . 6 m ) off the ground when the airplane was parked . As operational priorities shifted during its development phase , the original order for two XA - 41 prototypes was cancelled , although the USAAF pressed for the completion of one prototype as an engine testbed for the R - 4360 ( the same engine used by the Boeing B - 50 ) . Operational history . Flying for the first time on 11 February 1944 , the sole XA - 41 ( S / N " 43 - 35124 " ) proved to have good performance with a maximum speed of 354 mph reached in testing and " superb maneuverability , being able to out - turn a P - 51B Mustang " . However , with the reduction in military orders due to the approaching end of the war , no production contract was placed , and the aircraft was used as an engine testbed for the USAAF as well as being evaluated by the U . S . Navy in comparison with other contemporary attack aircraft , especially the Douglas AD - 1 Skyraider and Martin AM - 1 Mauler . After its Navy trials , the XA - 41 , bearing civil registration " NX60373N " , was consigned to the Pratt & Whitney division of United Aircraft to continue engine tests . These continued until 1950 before the XA - 41 was scrapped .
German Air Force Regiment The German Air Force Regiment ( ) is a ground based branch of the German Air Force ( " Luftwaffe " ) . Organisation and current role . The purpose of the regiment is ground based defence of air force bases and installations , as well as capturing and securing enemy air installations . It is divided into four battalions ( " Objektschutzbataillone " ) . Each battalion , except for an inactive one , consists of a number of " Staffeln " ( Squadrons ) , equivalent to an infantry company . The three active battalions are structured based on the specialty of the unit . Both I . and II . Bn are " active " Force Protection . History . Previously the German Air Force had an " Objektschutz " ( Force Protection ) force in each " Fliegerhorstgruppe " ( Air Base group ) to protect the air base , as well as an " Objektschutzbataillon " . However due to structural changes in the " Bundeswehr " , all previous forces have been united to one regiment , the " Objektschutzregiment " . Thus on July 1 , 2006 , the " Objektschutzbataillone " were dissolved and instead the new Objektschutzregiment " Friesland " was founded . The " Objektschutzregiment " Friesland " " comprises all former battalions ( 3 active and 1 inactive ) . In 2006 and 2007 the 3 . Sqn was deployed to Mazari Sharif , Afghanistan , as part of the German ISAF contingent . History of the honorary name . Official History from the German Air Force : On April 26 , 1988 the " Jagdbombergeschwader " 38 ( Fighter / bomber Wing 38 ) received the name extension " Friesland " . Then time Minister of Defence Dr . Manfred Wörner gave the Squadron its name . In his speech , he said ' This name will show the connection and the good relationship between the Squadron and the public ' . After the Jagdbombergeschwader 38 was decommissioned on 31 August 2005 , it was Sven Ambrosy ' s , County Official for Friesland , wish that this tradition of cohesion be continued by the " Objektschutzregiment der Luftwaffe " .
65th Carnatic Infantry The 65th Carnatic Infantry were an infantry regiment of the British Indian Army . They could trace their origins to 1759 , when they were raised as the 6th Battalion Coast Sepoys . The regiment took part in the Carnatic Wars in 1746 – 1763 and then the Third Anglo - Mysore War . They were disbanded in 1904 .
Joseph A . Nolan Joseph A . Nolan ( January 20 , 1857 – August 19 , 1921 ) was an Artificer in the United States Army and a Medal of Honor recipient for his actions in the Philippine - American War . Medal of Honor citation . Rank and organization : Artificer , Company B , 45th Infantry , U . S . Volunteers . Place and date : At Labo , Luzon , Philippine Islands , May 29 , 1900 . Entered service at : South Bend , Ind . Birth : Elkhart , Ind . Date of issue : March 14 , 1902 . Citation : Voluntarily left shelter and at great personal risk passed the enemy ' s lines and brought relief to besieged comrades .
Fort Howard Hospital Fort Howard Hospital is located within the Heritage Hill State Historical Park in Green Bay , Wisconsin . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 for its historical significance in architectural , military and social history . History . The United States Army built the hospital in the 1830s for Fort Howard . After the fort ' s decommissioning , the building was moved to the corner of Kellogg Street and Chestnut Street and was used as a private residence . In 1975 , it was moved to its current location . Currently , it serves as a museum .
Jim Mooney ( American football ) James L . Mooney , Jr . ( September 16 , 1907August 12 , 1944 ) was an American football player in the National Football League for the Newark Tornadoes , Brooklyn Dodgers , Cincinnati Reds , St . Louis Gunners and Chicago Cardinals . Prior to his professional career , Mooney played college football at Georgetown University . He died in France during World War II , when he was shot by a sniper .
HMS Blean ( L47 ) HMS Blean ( L47 ) was a Type III Hunt class destroyer of the Royal Navy . She was named after the Blean Beagles Hunt at the village of Blean just north of Canterbury . Built at Hebburn - on - Tyne by Hawthorn Leslie , she was launched on 15 January 1942 and commissioned on 23 August . Escorting British convoy KMF - 4 off the Algerian coast , she was intercepted by " U - 443 " on 11 December 1942 11 miles north - west of Oran . The U - boat aimed one torpedo against her and then one against the convoy , but both hit " Blean " and sank her off the coast , with the loss of 89 men . A memorial to her was unveiled in the church of St . s Cosmus and Damian in the village of Blean at 3pm on 10 December 2006 by Patrick Evans , Archdeacon of Canterbury , at a service attended by a daughter of a survivor , nephews of one of those lost , Mrs Jeanne Harrison ( Sheriff of Canterbury ) , Commodore Jim Patrick RN , and Viscount De L ' Isle ( Vice - Lord Lieutenant of Kent ) .
Leonard Fulton Ross Leonard Fulton Ross ( July 18 , 1823 – January 17 , 1901 ) was an American soldier , lawyer and judge who served in the Mexican - American War and as a general during the American Civil War . Biography . Ross was born in Lewistown , Illinois and became a lawyer after attending Jackson College . He volunteered in the 4th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment during the Mexican – American War . After the war he became a probate judge and worked as a stockbreeder . At the outbreak of the Civil War , Ross was appointed colonel of the 17th Illinois Regiment and fought in this capacity at the battles of Fredericktown , Fort Henry and Fort Donelson . On the first day of fighting at Fort Donelson , Colonel William Ralls Morrison was wounded and Ross assumed command of the brigade which he led for the remainder of the battle , participating in Lew Wallace ' s counterattack against the Confederate breakout attempt . Ross was absent from the battle of Shiloh , where his brigade suffered heavy losses , but was nevertheless promoted to brigadier general of volunteers on April 25 , 1862 . He led his brigade during the siege of Corinth and for a while led the 1st Division of the Army of the Tennessee . After a variety of commands on garrison duty General Ross was placed in command of the 13th Division of the XIII Corps . He was placed in charge of the Yazoo Pass Expedition against the Confederate fortress of Fort Pemberton guarding Vicksburg from the north . Ross ' expedition amounted to little more than an artillery duel against the fort before he decided to abandon the expedition . At roughly the same time reinforcements under General Isaac F . Quinby arrived and Quinby convinced Ross to renew the attack . He did with few results and eventually withdrew . Ross resigned his commission on July 22 , 1863 and returned to stock breeding . He died in his hometown on January 17 , 1901 . See also . List of American Civil War generals
CSS Ellis CSS Ellis ( later USS Ellis ) was a gunboat in the Confederate States Navy and the United States Navy during the American Civil War . It was lost during a raid while under command of famed Navy officer Lieutenant William B . Cushing . Confederate Service . The " Ellis " was purchased at Norfolk , Virginia in 1861 by the State of North Carolina and turned over to the Confederacy when that State became a member . With Commander W . T . Muse , CSN , in command , she played an important part in the defense of Fort Hatteras and Fort Clark in Hatteras Inlet , North Carolina on August 28 – 29 , 1861 , of Roanoke Island on February 7 – 8 , 1862 , and of Elizabeth City , North Carolina on February 10 , 1862 ; that day she was captured by the Union Army after a desperate struggle in which her commander , Lieutenant James W . Cooke , CSN , was badly wounded . U . S . Navy Service . " Ellis " was taken into the U . S . Navy and assigned to the North Atlantic Blockading Squadron . She was placed under the command of Lieutenant C . L . Franklin , USN , and spent her entire U . S . Navy service in the sounds and rivers of North Carolina . " Ellis " took part in a combined expedition which captured Fort Macon , near Beaufort , North Carolina , on April 25 , 1862 . She had a brief engagement with Confederate cavalry off Winton , North Carolina on June 27 , and from August 15 to 19 she made an expedition to Swansboro , North Carolina to destroy salt works and a battery . On October 14 , she was detailed to the blockade of Bogue Inlet , and a week later , captured and burned the schooner " Adelaide " with a valuable cargo of turpentine , cotton , and tobacco . Final Action . In November 1862 , " Ellis " , under command of Lieutenant William B . Cushing , sailed up New River Inlet to capture Jacksonville , North Carolina . The steamer captured two schooners , some arms and mail . On her way down river , " Ellis " ran aground on November 24 and could not be refloated . After dark her commanding officer , with great coolness , moved all the crew except six and all her equipment and supplies except her pivot gun , some ammunition , 2 tons of coal , and a few small arms to one of the captured schooners . While the schooners slipped down the river to wait , Cushing and five of his men remained to fight it out . Early on the morning of November 25 , the Confederates opened fire on " Ellis " , and in a short time , Cushing was forced to decide between surrender and a pull of a mile and a half to a waiting schooner . Cushing chose not to surrender , and before leaving his ship , set fire to her in five places , leaving the gun trained on the enemy to let the ship herself carry on the fight when flames would fire the cannon . Cushing and his men reached the schooner and made for the sea , getting the vessel over the bar just in time to escape several companies of cavalry trying to cut off the schooner at the mouth of the inlet . " Ellis " was blown to pieces by the explosion of her magazine on the morning of November 25 , 1862 .