naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Earthworks ( engineering ) Earthworks are engineering works created through the moving or processing of parts of the earth ' s surface involving quantities of soil or unformed rock . The earth may be moved to another location and formed into a desired shape for a purpose . Much of earthworks involves machine excavation and fill or backfill . Types of excavation . Excavation may be classified by type of material : Excavation may be classified by the purpose : Civil engineering use . Typical earthworks include roads , railway beds , causeways , dams , levee s , canals , and berms . Other common earthworks are land grading to reconfigure the topography of a site , or to stabilize slopes . Military use . In military engineer ing , earthworks are , more specifically , types of fortification s constructed from soil . Although soil is not very strong , it is cheap enough that huge quantities can be used , generating formidable structures . Examples of older earthwork fortifications include moat s , sod walls , motte - and - bailey castles , and hill fort s . Modern examples include trenches and berms . Equipment . Heavy construction equipment is usually used due to the amounts of material to be moved — up to millions of cubic metres . Earthwork construction was revolutionised by the development of the ( Fresno ) scraper and other earth - moving machines such as the loader , production trucks , the grader , the bulldozer , the backhoe , and the dragline excavator . Mass haul planning . Engineers need to concern themselves with issues of geotechnical engineering ( such as soil density and strength ) and with quantity estimation to ensure that soil volumes in the cuts match those of the fills , while minimizing the distance of movement . In the past , these calculations were done by hand using a slide rule and with methods such as Simpson ' s rule . Now they can be performed with a computer and specialized software , including optimisation on haul cost and not haul distance ( as haul cost is not proportional to haul distance ) .
13th Ohio Battery 13th Ohio Independent Battery was an artillery battery that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War . Service . The battery was organized and mustered into Federal Service on February 15 , 1862 at Camp Dennison near Cincinnati , Ohio with Captain John B Myers commanding , for a three - year enlistment . It was mainly recruited in the counties of Logan , Union , Champaign , Hardin & Shelby . It was attached to 4th Division , Army of the Tennessee Commanded by Brigadier General Stephen A . Hurlbut . NOTE : Both the books by Reid & Dyer List the battery as not fully formed and only a section fought at Shiloh , this is an error , the battery was fully formed and had its six guns plus 5 officers and 135 men . On the first day of the Battle of Shiloh ( April 6 , 1862 ) , the battery was positioned in the Peach Orchard Field , while the battery was coming on line , it was struck by enemy fire . Sergeant David Skeen Price ( Sergeant of Gun # 2 ) was killed instantly when a cannonball struck him in the shoulder throwing him off his horse , a second round struck a caisson and it exploded causing the horses to bolt . five of the batteries six guns were captured . The sixth gun was taken back to Pittsburg Landing , Tennessee where it was brought together with other guns and was fired the rest of the battle . The five captured guns were recovered on April 7 . The battery as a whole did not engage in the rest of the battle . The organization of the battery was disbanded April 20 , 1862 by Army of the Tennessee Special Field Order # 17 issued by Major General Henry Halleck . The men were transferred to the 7th Ohio Battery , 10th Ohio Battery , or 14th Ohio Battery and the officers were mustered out of the service , with the exception of Lieutenant Ezra Bennett who was at the hospital during the battle . He was reassigned to the 14th Ohio Battery . The Lieutenant Governor of Ohio Benjamin Stanton was at the battle and witnessed the aftermath , he was also a friend of Capt . Myers and published an article criticizing the conduct of the Generals at the battle . Casualties . The battery lost a total of 20 enlisted men during service ; 3 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded , 17 enlisted men died due to disease .
USS Aurore II ( SP - 460 ) USS " Aurore II " ( SP - 460 ) was a United States Navy patrol vessel in commission from 1917 to 1919 . " Aurore II " was built as a private steam yacht or motorboat of the same name in 1916 by the Luders Marine Construction Company at Stamford , Connecticut . On 10 August 1917 , the U . S . Navy purchased " Aurore II " from Stuart Wyeth of Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , for use as a section patrol vessel during World War I . She was commissioned at the Philadelphia Navy Yard as USS " Aurore II " ( SP - 460 ) on 1 October 1917 . Assigned to the 4th Naval District , " Aurore II " — renamed USS " SP - 460 " in April 1918 — operated in the Delaware River estuary and in coastal waters in the Delaware Capes area for the remainder of World War I and into 1919 . She carried out patrol duties , served as a dispatch boat , and transported passengers . " SP - 460 " was decommissioned on 12 August 1919 and sold on 24 September 1919 to Mr . J . A . Branden of New York City .
Deportees ' Cross 1914 – 1918 The Deportees ' Cross 1914 – 1918 ( ) ( ) was a Belgian war medal established on 27 November 1922 by royal decree and awarded to Belgian citizens deported to Germany for forced labour during the First World War . Deportees who died during their deportation were not awarded this cross , instead , they received the Order of Leopold II with the ribbon bearing a central longitudinal gold stripe . Award description . The Deportees ' Cross 1914 – 1918 is a 38mm wide bronze cross pattée with identical obverse and reverse . The horizontal arms bear the relief inscription " 1914 " on the right arm and " 1918 " on the left arm . The cross is suspended by a ring through a suspension loop from a 37mm wide dark red silk moiré ribbon adorned with 3mm chevrons in the national colours of Belgium .
2008 South Ossetia War The 2008 South Ossetia war , also known as the Russia – Georgia War was a war between Georgia on one side , and the Russian Federation together with Ossetians and Abkhazians on the other . Background and History . The 1991 – 1992 South Ossetia War between Georgians and Ossetians had left most of South Ossetia under de - facto control of a Russian - backed internationally unrecognised regional government . Some ethnic Georgian - inhabited parts of South Ossetia remained under the control of Georgia . A similar situation existed in Abkhazia after the War in Abkhazia ( 1992 – 1993 ) . Already - increasing tensions escalated during the summer months of 2008 , especially between Russia and Georgia . War . During the night of 7 to 8 August 2008 , Georgia launched a large - scale military attack against South Ossetia , in an attempt to reconquer the territory . The following day , Russia reacted by deploying combat troops in South Ossetia and launching bombing raids into uncontested Georgian territory . Russian and Ossetian troops clashed with Georgians in the three - day Battle of Tskhinvali , the largest battle of the war . Russian naval forces blocked Georgia ' s coast and landed ground forces and paratroopers on the Georgian coast . On 9 August Russian and Abkhazian forces opened a second front by attacking the Kodori Gorge , held by Georgia , and entered western parts of Georgia ' s interior . After five days of heavy fighting , the Georgian forces were ejected from South Ossetia and Abkhazia . Russian troops entered uncontested Georgia , occupying the cities of Poti and Gori among others . After mediation by the French presidency of the European Union , the parties reached a preliminary ceasefire agreement on 12 August , signed by Georgia on 15 August in Tbilisi and by Russia on 16 August in Moscow . On 12 August , President Medvedev had already ordered a halt to Russian military operations in Georgia , but fighting did not stop immediately . After the signing of the ceasefire Russia pulled most of its troops out of uncontested Georgia . However , Russia created buffer zones , around Abkhazia and South Ossetia , and check - points in Georgia ' s interior ( Poti , Senaki , Perevi ) . On 26 August 2008 Russia recognised the independence of South Ossetia and Abkhazia . Russia completed its withdrawal from uncontested Georgia on 8 October , but as of 2009 , Russian troops remain stationed in Abkhazia and South Ossetia under bilateral agreements with the corresponding governments . However , according to a number of sources , Russia has not fully complied with the peace agreement because Georgia lost control over some of the territories . A number of incidents occurred in both conflict zones in the months after the war ended . As of 2010 tensions between the belligerents remain high .
International Defence Exhibition The International Defence Exhibition & Conference , or IDEX , is a biennial arms and defence technology sales exhibition . According to the Jane ' s Defence Weekly website , IDEX is the largest arms exhibition in the Middle East . The business conducted at the 2005 IDEX totalled 2 billion US dollars . IDEX for the past several show have been held in the United Arab Emirates ( U . A . E . ) at Abu Dhabi and will again host in 2011 . Sheikh Khalifa Bin Zayed Al Nahyan , President of the UAE and Supreme Commander of the UAE Armed Forces is the show ' s benefactor . It will be held in 2011 at the Abu Dhabi National Exhibition Centre . As of 2010 well known exhibitors for the 2011 show are Lockheed Martin , EADS , and Saab . The show is organized through the state - run Abu Dhabi National Exhibitions Company ( ADNEC ) , managed by Ali Bin Harmal Al Dhaheri .
20mm tarasque The Tarasque Type 53 T2 is a 20 mm anti - aircraft gun adopted by the French Army . The Tarasque is based on the M693 F1 20 mm auto - cannon and mounted on a light two - wheeled trailer that can be towed by a jeep and brought into action in only 20 seconds . The Tarasque can be used against both aerial and ground targets and there is a 5× magnification telescopic sight for use against ground targets and a 1× magnification sight for anti - aircraft use . The Tarasque carriage is powered by an auxiliary hydraulic pump which provides power for both traverse and elevation . As a backup the Tarasque can also be powered manually if the hydraulic system fails .
German submarine U - 388 German submarine " U - 388 " was a Type VIIC U - boat of the Nazi German " Kriegsmarine " during World War II . The submarine was laid down on 12 September 1941 at the Howaldtswerke yard in Kiel , launched on 12 November 1942 and commissioned on 31 December 1942 under the command of " Oberleutnant zur See " Peter Sues . Service history . " U - 388 " conducted her training as part of the 5th U - boat Flotilla , before being attached to the 9th U - boat Flotilla for front - line service on 1 June 1943 . " U - 388 " sailed from Kiel on 8 June 1943 on her first patrol in the Atlantic . On 20 June , she was sunk south - east of Cape Farewell , Greenland , in position , by depth charge s from a PBY Catalina aircraft of United States Navy Squadron VP - 84 , and was lost with all 47 men on board .
USS Oriole ( MHC - 55 ) USS " Oriole " ( MHC - 55 ) was an of the United States Navy . She was built by Intermarine USA and launched in 1993 then commissioned in 1995 . After only eleven years of service she was decommissioned in 2006 and sold to Taiwan . She now operates as ROCS " Yung Jin " ( MCH 1310 ) .
SAGEM Patroller The Patroller is an unmanned air vehicle , designed and manufactured jointly by SAGEM and Stemme . It is based on the Stemme S - 15 motor - glider . The first flight was in June 2009 at Kemijarvi in Finland ; it was shown at the 2009 Paris Airshow . It completed another series of flight tests in July 2010 , which demonstrated it is capable of missions lasting 20 – 30 hours ; it can carry a 250 kg payload ( including 80 kg under each wing ) . Several variants are offered : The Patroller uses the same ground control station as Sperwer II . A Ku - band datalink is used ; range is limited to 200 km ( line of sight ) .
Protectorate General to Pacify the West The Protectorate General to Pacify the West , Grand Protectorate General to Pacify the West , or Anxi Protectorate ( 640 – 790 ) was a Chinese outpost established by Tang Dynasty in 640 to control the regions of Tian Shan , the Pamir Mountains and the Tarim Basin . The head office was first established at the Chinese prefecture Xizhou , but was later shifted to Kucha and situated there for most of the period . The Four Garrisons of Anxi were later installed to consort the military government . List of protector generals . List of Chinese grand and assistant protectors of Pacify the West :
Darko F . Ribnikar Davorin " Darko " F . Ribnikar was the editor in chief of the Serbian newspaper " Politika " . Darko was the youngest son of the renowned Slovene physician from Carniola , Franjo Ribnikar and brother of Vladislav Ribnikar . He was educated in Svilajnac and Belgrade . He graduated in law in Germany ( Berlin and Jena ) . After the death of his father , in 1905 , he came back to Belgrade to assist his brother Vladislav with " Politika " . He was editor in chief for the newspaper but also served as special correspondent in Romania during the Peasant revolt of 1907 and during the Friedjung process in Vienna in 1909 . As a reserve officer he participated in both Balkan Wars . He was killed in action by an enemy shell on the August 31 , 1914 .
Henry Dalziel Henry Dalziel VC ( 18 February 1893 – 24 July 1965 ) was an Australian recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . Dalziel ' s VC was the 1000th awarded . He was 25 years old , and serving as a driver in the 15th Battalion ( Queensland & Tasmania ) , Australian Imperial Force during the First World War when , during the Battle of Hamel , the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC . Assigned to the battalion ' s transport company , Dalziel volunteered to join the attack to make up for a manpower shortage that the battalion was experiencing at that time . On 4 July 1918 at Hamel Wood , France , when determined resistance was coming from an enemy strong - point which was also protected by strong wire entanglements , Dalziel , armed only with a revolver , attacked an enemy machine - gun . He killed or captured the entire crew and , although severely wounded in the hand , carried on until the final objective was captured . He twice went over open ground under heavy artillery and machine - gun fire to obtain ammunition and , suffering from loss of blood , continued to fill magazines and serve his gun until wounded in the head . His citation , published in the " London Gazette " on 17 August 1918 read : He later achieved the rank of Sergeant .
Charles Hindelang Charles Hindelang ( March 29 , 1810 – February 15 , 1839 ) was a French - born military man who fought for the independence of Lower Canada ( present - day Quebec ) . For these actions , he was hanged by the British authorities . Born in Paris , he also had a Swiss heritage and was a Calvinist . Hindelang took part in the French Revolution of 1830 ( the July Revolution ) , in which he became an officer . He declared that he came to the Americas to do commerce at the demand of his parents . This was however contradicted by P . H . Touvrey , a compatriot of Hindelang present during the Rebellion , who said that Hindelang specifically came to join the Lower Canada Rebellion . Recruited by Ludger Duvernay in the United States , he arrived in Lower Canada on November 4 , 1838 . During the Lower Canada Rebellion of 1838 , he fought the Battle of Odelltown on Patriote ranks , the last battle of the conflict . The Patriotes were defeated . Hindelang was apprehended shortly after as he attempted to flee back to the United States , and was sentenced to death . He was hanged on February 15 , 1839 at the Pied - du - Courant Prison in Montreal with such people as François - Marie - Thomas Chevalier de Lorimier . In front of the crowd , before the execution , he shouted : " The cause for which I am sacrificed is noble and great [ . . . ] Canadiens , my last goodbye is the old cry of France : Long live freedom ! ( " Vive la liberté ! " ) " His character plays a notable role in Pierre Falardeau ' s film " February 15 , 1839 " about the incarceration and execution of the Patriotes .
USS Oliver Hazard Perry ( FFG - 7 ) USS " Oliver Hazard Perry " ( FFG - 7 ) , lead ship of the Oliver Hazard Perry class of guided - missile frigate s , was named for Oliver Hazard Perry , American naval hero , who was victorious at the 1813 Battle of Lake Erie . Ordered from Bath Iron Works on 30 October 1973 as part of the FY73 program , " Oliver Hazard Perry " was laid down on 12 June 1975 , launched on 25 September 1976 , and commissioned on 17 December 1977 . She was ordered as PFG - 109 but was redesignated as FFG - 7 in the 1975 fleet designation realignment on 1 June 1975 , before she was laid down . Decommissioned on 20 February 1997 , in Mayport , FL under the last Commanding Officer , CDR Robert F . Holman , USNR . Stricken on 3 May 1999 , " Oliver Hazard Perry " and scrapped in December 2005 in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . " Oliver Hazard Perry " ( FFG - 7 ) was the first ship of that name in the U . S . Navy .
USS Conemaugh ( 1862 ) USS " Conemaugh " ( 1862 ) was a side - wheel steamer in the United States Navy during the American Civil War . With her large crew of 125 and her powerful guns , she was assigned as a gunboat on the Union blockade of the Confederate States of America . Launched in Maine in 1862 . Originally named " Cinemaugh " , she was renamed on 24 December 1861 , launched on 1 May 1862 by Portsmouth Navy Yard , Kittery , Maine ; and commissioned on 16 July 1862 , Lieutenant R . Werden in command . Civil War service . Assigned to the South Atlantic blockade . " Conemaugh " sailed from Portsmouth on 19 July 1862 , and arrived at Port Royal , South Carolina on 30 July to join the South Atlantic Blockading Squadron . She patrolled and served as a picket frequently engaging Confederate batteries and detachments of troops along stream banks . Among such exchanges were those with the Cat Island battery on 5 March , 13 April and 23 May 1863 and Fort Wagner on 11 July - 12 July . " Conemaugh " entered Philadelphia Navy Yard on 19 September and was placed out of commission four days later for overhaul . Assigned to the West Gulf blockade . Clearing Philadelphia , Pennsylvania on 24 January 1864 , " Conemaugh " arrived at Key West on 1 February for duty with the West Gulf Blockading Squadron . She carried stores and ordnance to the ships off Mobile , Alabama . She captured the blockade runner " Judson " on 30 April and sent her into Ship Island with her valuable cargo of cotton and turpentine . With Admiral David Farragut ' s fleet , " Conemaugh " landed troops on Dauphin Island on 3 August and participated in the celebrated Battle of Mobile Bay on 5 August . She sailed from Key West on 5 November for overhaul at Philadelphia . Reassigned to the South Atlantic blockade . From 20 May - 22 November 1865 , " Conemaugh " cruised the coast of North and South Carolina with the South Atlantic Blockading Squadron . She lay at Norfolk , Virginia from 25 November 1865 – 27 May 1866 , then was assigned to the North Atlantic Squadron . Post - war decommissioning . " Conemaugh " cruised on the coast of the Carolinas and Florida until 23 July 1867 , when she put in to New York Navy Yard where she was decommissioned on 27 July and sold on 1 October .
M1 Combat Car The M1 Combat Car was a tankette used by the U . S . Cavalry in late 1930s . History . Under the terms of the Defense Act of 1920 , tanks were restricted to infantry units . To allow U . S . Army cavalry units to be equipped with armoured fighting vehicle s , the tanks developed for the cavalry were designated " combat cars " . The M1 series entered service in 1937 . In 1940 , the Combat Car designation was dropped , and the vehicle were renamed as light tank M1A2 .
Farman NC . 470 The Farman NC . 470 ( also known as the Centre N . C - 470 when Farman was nationalised to form SNCAC ) was a French twin - engined floatplane designed as a crew trainer for the French Navy . It was used in small numbers for both its intended role as a trainer and as a coastal reconnaissance aircraft at the start of World War II . Development and design . In 1935 , the Farman Aviation Works designed as a private venture the F - 470 , a twin - engined floatplane intended to be used as a crew trainer by the French Navy . A production order for ten aircraft was placed on 8 March 1936 , it being intended that these aircraft would use spare floats left over from now retired Farman F . 168 torpedo bombers . In 1936 , Farman was nationalised , and merged with Hanriot to form the Société Nationale de Constructions Aéronautiques du Centre or SNCAC . The prototype , now redesignated NC - 470 , first flew , with a temporary wheeled undercarriage , on 27 December 1937 . The NC . 470 was a twin - engined high - winged monoplane of mixed metal and wood construction , with two radial engines mounted on low mounted stub wings . It had a slab sided fuselage , housing the crew of two pilots in a tandem cockpit , a navigator / bombardier in the nose and a radio operator , flight engineer and gunner in the rear fuselage . The aircraft was designed to carry an armament of a single Darne machine gun on an open dorsal cockpit , together with up to 200 kg ( 440 lb ) of bombs . The first order for 10 NC . 470s was completed by mid - 1939 , together with a single example of the NC . 471 , powered by a different model of Gnome et Rhône radial engine . Further orders brought production of the NC . 470 to a total of 34 . Operational history . While intended as a crew trainer , a shortage of coastal reconnaissance aircraft resulted in NC . 470s being drafted into this role , with three NC - 470s and the sole NC - 471 being used together with three CAMS 55 flying boats to equip " Escadrille 3S4 " at Berre in August 1939 . The NC - 470 was also used by the aircrew training school at Hourtin . Fourteen aircraft were captured by Germany during the occupation of Southern France in November 1942 .