naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Supreme National Tribunal The Supreme National Tribunal ( ) was a war crime tribunal active in Poland from 1946 to 1948 . The Tribunal aims and purpose were defined by the State National Council in the Decrees of 22 January and 17 October 1946 and 11 April 1947 . The new law was based on the earlier Decree of 31 August 1944 issued by the new Polish pro - Soviet government , with jurisdiction over " fascist - hitlerite criminals and traitors to the Polish nation " . The tribunal presided over seven high - profile cases ( of 49 individuals total ) . Background . Nazi Germany occupied Poland in 1939 and carried out many atrocities . The 1943 Moscow Declaration stated that Germans judged guilty of war crimes would be sent back to the countries where they had committed their crimes and " " judged on the spot by the peoples whom they have outraged " . " Poland , which suffered heavily due to Nazi atrocities , identified over 12 , 000 criminals it requested to be extradited ; eventually about 2 , 000 German criminals were extradited to Poland ( from 1945 onwards , most before 1949 ) . The Polish Underground State had its own Special Courts in occupied Poland , which tried and passed sentences on some German war criminals . Polish communist authorities ( of the Polish Committee of National Liberation , PKWN ) who did not recognize the Underground State ( and in some cases actively persecuted people connected with it ) established its own alternative structure , which with the victory of the communist authorities over the Underground State became dominant in post - war Poland . PKWN authorities authorized the establishment of the Special Criminal Courts on 12 September 1944 to try German war criminals . On 22 January 1946 , the single - instance Supreme National Tribunal was formed , with a mission to try the main perpetrators of crimes committed by the Third Reich in the occupied Polish territories . Jurisdiction and powers . The jurisdiction and powers of the tribunal were defined in Decrees of 22 January and 17 October 1946 and Decree of 11 April 1947 . The law applied was a Decree of 31 August 1944 , " concerning the punishment of fascist - hitlerite criminals guilty of murder and ill - treatment of civilian population and of prisoners of war , and the punishment of traitors to the Polish Nation . " There was no appeal from the verdicts of the tribunal . Composition of the tribunal . The tribunal had three judges , four members of jury , procurators and defenders . The best known judge was Emil Stanisław Rappaport . Trials . Seven trials were brought before the Supreme National Tribunal in 1946 – 1948 : The first two of the above trials ( of Greiser and Göth ) were completed even before the sentence was passed by the International Military Tribunal in Nuremberg on 30 September 1946 . The Tribunal also declared that the General Government was a criminal institution .
Daniel Bennett St . John Roosa Daniel Bennett St . John Roosa ( 1838 – 1908 ) was an American physician , born in Bethel , New York . He graduated in 1860 from New York ' s University Medical College ; was assistant surgeon in the Fifth New York Volunteers ' three - months troops , became resident surgeon at the New York Hospital in 1862 , and in 1864 began practice in New York City . He was one of the founders of Manhattan Eye , Ear and Throat Hospital . From 1863 to 1882 he was professor of diseases of the eye and ear at his alma mater , and from 1875 to 1880 held a similar Chairman in the University of Vermont ( Burlington ) . In 1888 he was appointed professor of diseases of the eye in the New York Post - Graduate Medical School , of whose faculty he would become president . He wrote :
Operation Lucky Alphonse Operation Lucky Alphonse was a British Armed Forces operation that occurred during the EOKA insurgency in Cyprus . The British Army lost 25 men mostly as a result of road accidents ( 7 ) and a forest fire that killed 13 men of the Gordon Highlanders , 5 Norfolks and two from the Parachute Regiment .
HMS Juno ( 1844 ) HMS Juno was a 26 - gun " Spartan " - class sixth - rate frigate of the Royal Navy launched in 1844 at Pembroke . As HMS Juno , she carried out the historic role in 1857 of annexing the Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands to the British Empire . She was renamed HMS " Mariner " in January 1878 and then HMS " Atalanta " two weeks later . " Atalanta " was serving as a training ship when in 1880 she disappeared with her entire crew after setting sail from Bermuda for Falmouth , England on 31 January 1880 . It was presumed that she sank in a powerful storm which crossed her route a couple of weeks after she sailed . The search for evidence of her fate attracted worldwide attention , and the Admiralty received more than 150 telegrams and 200 personal calls from anxious friends and relatives after it was announced that the ship was missing , and possibly lost . Investigation of the ship ' s loss was rendered difficult by the lack of any survivors , but one former member of her crew , Able Seaman John Varling , testified that he had found her " exceedingly crank , as being overweight . . She rolled 32 degrees , and Captain Stirling is reported as having been heard to remark that had she rolled one degree more she must have gone over and foundered . The young sailors were either too timid to go aloft or were incapacitated by sea - sickness . . . Varling states that they hid themselves away , and could not be found when wanted by the boatswain ' s mate . " The exact circumstances of the ship ' s loss remain uncertain , but the gunboat — which arrived at Portsmouth on 19 April from the Chile station — reported " that at the Azores she noticed immense quantities of wreckage floating about . . . in fact the sea was strewn with spars etc . " Two days later , amid mounting concern that the loss of the ship might have been prevented had her crew not been so inexperienced , " The Times " editorialised : " There can be no question of the criminal folly of sending some 300 lads who have never been to sea before in a training ship without a sufficient number of trained an experienced seamen to take charge of her in exceptional circumstances . The ship ' s company of the " Atalanta " numbered only about 11 able seamen , and when we consider that young lads are often afraid to go aloft in a gale to take down sail . . . a special danger attaching to the " Atalanta " becomes apparent . " A memorial in St Ann ' s Church , Portsmouth , names a total of 281 fatalities in the disaster . Among those lost was Philip Fisher , a lieutenant who had enlisted the support of Queen Victoria to obtain a commission to the ship . He was the younger brother of the future Admiral of the Fleet Lord Jacky Fisher .
Maqbool Hussain Zaidi Lieutenant Colonel Maqbool Hussain Zaidi ( 1914 – 1969 ) was the founder of Imambargah Colonel Maqbool Hussain in Rawalpindi . He was born in Delhi , India during colonial rule . Zaidi joined All India Radio but later quit to join the British Army . On the inception of Pakistan , he migrated to Rawalpindi and joined the Pakistan Army . In Rawalpindi , he founded an Imambargah and became a popular figure in Rawalpindi in general and the Shiite community in particular . He promoted the tradition of religious processions marking the martyrdom of Imams . To this day the major procession in Rawalpindi departs from Imambargah Colonel Maqbool Hussain on Ashura and Chehlum . Zaidi believed that the only way keep religion separated from politics was to avoid taking donations and contributions from institutions or bodies other than private individuals for organisations such as the one he founded . To this day , Imambara Colonel Maqbool Hussain is managed in the same tradition . Zaidi was commissioned in the 2nd Battalion 15 Punjab Regiment ( now 10 Punjab ) and saw active service during World War II on the Burma Front . A lawyer by education , he pursued a very successful law career after retirement from the army in 1962 . As a lawyer Zaidi became renowned for his charity work . Lt . Col . Syed Maqbool Hussain Zaidi died on 14 Oct 1969 in Rawalpindi leaving behind a widow , Mrs W . F . Hussain , three daughters - Nasreen Zahra , Tasneem Zehra and Tanveer Zehra - and three sons - Syed Mehdi Alamdar Hussain Zaidi , Syed Mohammad Iftikhar Hussain Zaidi and Syed Hashim Viqar Hussain Zaidi .
VKS sniper rifle VKS ( ВКС ) is a Russian bullpup , straight - pull bolt - action , magazine - fed sniper rifle chambered for the 12 . 7 x 55 mm subsonic round . The weapon is also known by the name VSSK and the additional name Vychlop , which comes from the development program . It was developed in around 2002 for the special force units of FSB . The 12 . 7 x 55 mm VKS silenced sniper rifle is intended for special operations that require silent firing and penetration much superior to that provided by 9 x 39 mm VSS silenced sniper rifle . Typical targets for the VKS are combatants in heavy body armor or behind cover at a range of up to 600 meters . The weapon uses an integral suppressor . The special round has an overall length of 97 mm . The accuracy is claimed as 1 MOA at a 100 meter range with precision bullets . < br > Cartridge variants :
Military mark time Marking time is a military step in which soldiers march in place , moving their legs as in marching , but without stepping forward . The military drill command is " Mark Time , March ! " to change from standing at attention to ' Marking Time ' or to change from marching at ' Quick Time ' to ' Marking Time ' . The resulting action is to march in the same place , not to move in any direction . The term can also be used to refer to doing a minor job or task while waiting for an opportunity to arise , thus the casual usage in slang as describing motion without progress - not getting anywhere . As with other military jargon it entered civilian use when a large portion of the population had military experience and understood the context .
Ground - to - Air Transmitter Facility A Ground - to - Air Transmitter Facility ( GAT Facility ) was a USAF radio uplink station located near * CIM - 10 Bomarc bases ( e . g . , Suffolk County Missile Annex on Long Island ) for Cold War command guidance of the Interceptor Missiles . The unmanned military installation s with a transmitter building and 2 antenna towers converted the digital " midcourse guidance commands " ( after the launch / climb and before the homing dive ) received from an IBM AN / FSQ - 7 Combat Direction Central into the transmitter building ' s Digital Data Receiver s processing 28 channels of uplink data . Processing by the AN / GKA - 4A ' s demultiplexer group prepared the SAGE data for amplitude modulation on separate frequencies for each missile ( FDDL : frequency division data link ) , e . g . , 3 missiles were simultaneously controlled in a 1960 test . An AN / GRT - 3 transmitter provided the modulated signals to a UHF Klystron high power amplifier — dual chains of components provided redundancy , including 2 exterior GAT Antennas on GAT Towers from which a missile ' s " command receiver " demodulated the signal . A single local monitoring cabinet allowed review of either chain ' s function ( e . g . , during test input to the dummy load ) , ventilation provided cooling of the building equipment , and " three 150 KVA diesel driven generators housed in the GAT building " provided power . For the advanced Bomarc ( IM - 99B ) , a Time Division Data Link was planned for GAT Facilities to provide an electronic counter - countermeasures capability using a " directional hlgh - gain data link antenna … composed of ' 16 stationary segments in a circular pattern 60 feet high " . References . < nowiki > * < / nowiki > Distances of each GAT Facility from the Launch Area were tbd ( Patrick ) , tbd ( Hurlburt ) , 1 mile ( McGuire ) , 2⅓ mi ( Suffolk ) , 2¼ mi ( Otis ) , 4½ mi ( Dow ) , 4½ mi ( Langley ) , tbd ( Sault St . Marie ) , tbd ( Ottawa ) .
Fort Charles ( Nevis ) Fort Charles is an abandoned British fort on the island of Nevis . It is now mostly in ruins . History . Initial construction of Fort Charles began as early as the 1630s , with the aim of protecting Charlestown and its harbour . Mounting 26 cannon , Fort Charles was the main fort on the island , although there were numerous other , smaller gun emplacements . The reason for all of these fortifications was the protection of Nevis ' lucrative sugar trade , which at one time was more profitable for Britain than all of the North American colonies combined . Fort Charles repeatedly came under attack by various European powers , including the Dutch , the Spanish and the French , but only the French would take the fort . In 1706 , the entire island was overrun by forces under Pierre Le Moyne d ' Iberville . During this action , Fort Charles was outflanked and taken from the landward entrance . Many of the cannon on the island were disabled by the French prior to their leaving . In 1782 , the fort elected to hold its fire when French Admiral Count François de Grasse passed within range on his way to Saint Kitts ; the French fleet was vastly superior to Nevisian defences . The entire island of Nevis subsequently surrendered to de Grasse without a shot , allowing him to lay siege to Brimstone Hill on Saint Kitts . Fort Charles was briefly manned by a small French garrison during this time , and all serviceable guns were removed for use against the British on Saint Kitts . Although de Grasse was successful in taking Saint Kitts , the Treaty of Paris returned both Saint Kitts and Nevis to the British . Two more attacks were made on Nevis in 1805 and 1806 by French forces led by Jérôme Bonaparte , but were repulsed . By 1854 , all forts on Nevis were abandoned . Currently the site is largely overgrown ; there remains an old wall , a cistern , a powder magazine , and several cannon .
Rescue and salvage ship Rescue and salvage ships in the United States Navy were common during World War II . Their purpose was to come to the rescue of stricken ships , usually because of their towing ability , and to tow away ships damaged because of enemy action or engine failure .
Nice Air Base Nice Air Base ( " Base Aérienne 943 Nice " Capitaine Auber " " ) of the French Air Force is divided between two sites : one at the summit of Mont Agel near Nice in the Alpes - Maritimes département , and the other at Gardanne barracks in Roquebrune - Cap - Martin . The Mont Agel base uses the facilities of the former Ouvrage Mont Agel of the Alpine Line . Its mission is the surveillance of aviation movements in southeastern France , operating as " Centre de Détection et de Contrôle " ( CDC ) 05 . 943 , tactical call sign “ Rhodia radar ” . A similar facility is located at Drachenbronn Air Base in northeastern France . The Gardanne base houses administrative functions and personnel housing in a former " Chasseur Alpins " barracks . BA943 is responsible for the identification of all aircraft in its zone of responsibility , and for the coordination of military air traffic in the southeastern airspace of France . The facility has the capacity to interact with E - 3F and E - 2C airborne control aircraft . It is equipped with a 23 cm two - dimensional search radar and a three - dimensional " PALMIER " radar on the site . Data is integrated by a VISU IV system .
47th ( London ) Infantry Division The 2nd London Division was a 2nd Line Territorial Army division , duplicate of the 1st London Division , during the Second World War . On 21 November 1940 , the division was renamed as the 47th ( London ) Infantry Division . History . The division was formed as a 2nd line duplicate of the 1st ( London ) Infantry Division . In September 1939 it was organized as a Motor Division , however was reorganized as an Infantry Division in June 1940 . On 21 November 1940 it was redesignated as the 47th ( London ) Infantry Division . On 1 September 1944 it became a reserve division , in which capacity it remained through the rest of the war . It remained in the United Kingdom during the Second World War .
USS Doris B . IV ( SP - 625 ) USS " Doris B . IV " ( SP - 625 ) was a United States Navy patrol vessel in commission from 1917 to 1919 . " Doris B . IV " was built as a private motorboat of the same name by Britt Brothers at Lynn , Massachusetts , in 1917 . In April 1917 , the U . S . Navy acquired her for use as a section patrol boat during World War I . She was commissioned as USS " Doris B . IV " ( SP - 625 ) on 12 May 1917 with Boatswain ' s Mate G . C . McKenzie , USNRF , in command . Assigned to the 1st Naval District in northern New England , " Doris B . IV " performed patrol duty for the rest of World War I . " Doris B . IV " was decommissioned at Boston , Massachusetts , on 31 January 1919 and transferred to the United States Department of the Treasury on 21 November 1919 .
Alexander Cannon Alexander Cannon ( fl . late 17th century ) was a colonel in the Jacobite forces in Scotland in the period immediately after the Glorious Revolution . After John Graham , 1st Viscount of Dundee , was killed at the Battle of Killiecrankie , he assumed command of the Jacobite army . He was defeated at the Battle of Dunkeld and the Battle of Cromdale .
Erich Beine Erich Beine ( 26 June 1914 – 6 February 2004 ) was a highly decorated Major in the Fallschirmjäger during World War II . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership .
Esher Report The Esher Report of 1904 , chaired by Lord Esher , recommended radical reform of the British Army , such as the creation of an Army Council , a General Staff and the abolition of the office of Commander - in - Chief of the Forces and the creation of a Chief of the General Staff , laid down the character of the Army which has endured . Background . The Second Boer War of 1899 - 1902 exposed weakness and inefficiency in the British Army and demonstrated how isolated Britain was from the rest of the world . The war had only been won by leaving Britain defenceless on land . In 1900 Imperial Germany began to build a battlefleet and due to industrial growth had already overtaken Britain ' s economic lead in Europe . The Elgin Commission had already advocated some changes in administration . Under Hugh Oakeley Arnold - Forster at the War Office the Report of the War Office ( Reconstitution ) Committee was set up to look into reform of the Army . It was chaired by Lord Esher , who had been a member of the Elgin Commission , and had two other members ; Admiral Sir John Fisher ( former Second Sea Lord and Navy reformer ) , and Colonel Sir George Clarke . The Esher Report was published successively in February and March 1904 . The Committee and its Recommendations . The Committee took evidence in private and its Report was in three parts . It analysed the complex arrangements and inefficiencies of the Army administration and the three essential recommendations of the Report were : This rationalisation was recommended by the Report to be implemented throughout the Army . The Report also claimed that policy and administration had become too centralised in the War Office to the detriment of initiative . Administrative districts were recommended which would have responsibility for organisation and therefore leave commanders of field units free to train for war . Publication of the Esher Reforms . The King , Edward VII , welcomed the Report and urged the Balfour Government to accept its recommendations , which they did . However some in the Army were wary of its recommendations and Lord Kitchener was against it . After Richard Haldane became War Secretary for the Liberal Campbell - Bannerman Government in 1905 , he implemented many of its recommendations between 1906 and 1909 . Among his advisers was General Sir Gerald Ellison , who was also Secretary of the Esher Committee . The recommendations were to form the basis of Army reform for the next sixty years . The military historian Correlli Barnett has written that the Esher Report ' s importance " " and its consequences can hardly be exaggerated . . . Without the Esher Report . . . it is inconceivable that the mammoth British military efforts of two world wars could have been possible , let alone so generally successful " . "
HMS Charity ( R29 ) HMS " Charity " was a C - class destroyer of the Royal Navy laid down by John I . Thornycroft and Company of Woolston , Southampton on 9 July 1943 . She was launched on 30 November 1944 and commissioned on 19 November 1945 . She was sold to the US Navy in 1958 , for transfer to the Pakistan Navy as a part of the Military Aid Program . She was badly damaged in a strike by Indian Navy missile boat s during the Indo - Pakistan War of 1971 , and scrapped as a result . History in the Royal Navy . " Charity " served during the Korean War . History in the Pakistan Navy . " Charity " was sold to the United States Navy on 16 June 1958 , for further transfer to the Pakistan Navy . She was renamed " Shah Jehan " . She was modernized by J . Samuel White in Cowes , England under a US contract and transferred to the Pakistan Navy as part of the Military Assistance Program on 16 December 1958 where she served as PNS " Shah Jahan " ( literally , " Emperor of the World " , after Shah Jahan ) . Indo - Pakistan War of 1971 . During the Indo - Pakistan War of 1971 , " Shah Jahan " was escort to the cargo ship MV " Venus Challenger " carrying ammunition sent by the United States for the war effort from Saigon to Karachi . On the night of 4 December 1971 , the Indian Navy launched a fast naval strike called Operation Trident on the Pakistani Naval Headquarters of Karachi . The Operation Trident task force consisted of 3 Vidyut class missile boat s from the 25th " Killer " Missile Boat Squadron ( , , and ) , escorted by two " Petya " - class frigates , " Tir " and " Kiltan " , and two anti - submarine patrol vessels approached Karachi . The Indian missile boats evaded Pakistani reconnaissance aircraft and patrol vessels and converged at 2150 hours about 70 miles south of Karachi , and detected the Pakistani naval vessels on patrol . At 2300 hours , " Nipat " fired 2 SS - N - 2 " Styx " missiles at " Shah Jahan " and " Venus Challenger " . The ammunition aboard " Venus Challenger " exploded when the ship was hit by the missile , and the vessel quickly sunk . " Shah Jahan " was also struck by the missile and was irreparably damaged . She was towed back to Karachi and scrapped . The Pakistani destroyer " Khaibar " and minesweeper " Muhafiz " were also sunk in the operation . Publications .