naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Formation patch Formation patches are types of military insignia developed during the 20th Century . Originally intended as battlefield identification of military formations , they have persisted into the 21st Century as an element of military heraldry . History . Previous to the 20th Century , tactical control of military units in the field - particularly in the " post - Cromwell era " - was aided by the use of distinctively coloured uniforms and colours , standards and guidons . During the First World War , as armies adopted drab coloured uniforms , the need to identify friendly troops in assaulting formations was made acute by the problems of intensive defensive firepower and the attendant problem of dispersion . The British Army , among others , developed a solution whereby individual divisions , brigades , battalions and even companies were identified by distinctive coloured cloth insignia , either sewn to the uniform jacket ( on the sleeves , or the back of the tunic ) , or painted on the helmet . These marks became common after the Battle of the Somme . These distinguishing marks were also alternately known as " Battle Patches " . Other armies continued to identify regiments through the use of numerals , but did not identify military divisions through the use of patches . The United States Army , however , did develop a system of shoulder sleeve insignia with distinctive badges identifying individual divisions . By the time of the Second World War , the various armies did not feel a perceived need to identify individual battalions on battledress uniforms . The German Army had a system of coloured bayonet knots that identified the wearer ' s company , number shoulder strap buttons that identified the wearer ' s company / battalion , and shoulder straps that identified the wearer ' s regiment , but had no distinguishing divisional insignia other than the cuff titles of the ' elite ' formations . The British Army prohibited all identifying marks on its Battle Dress uniforms in 1939 save for drab regimental slip - on titles , but in 1941 introduced formation patches to identify the wearer ' s division . The Canadian Army followed suit with this practice . The 2nd Canadian Infantry Division used a " battle patch " system of geometric shapes identifying individual brigades and battalions , similar to that used by the 2nd Canadian Division in the First World War , during the 1941 - 42 period , but abandoned this system after the Dieppe Raid . Other Canadian divisions used plain formation patches , and separate unit titles . The United States continued its system as shoulder sleeve insignia with a regulation that prior combat service entitled the wearer to sew the formation patch of a former unit on the right sleeve of a uniform or field jacket , and the patch of the currently assigned formation on the left sleeve . Formation patches have survived into the 21st Century in many modern militaries , though when in use on combat uniforms are generally rendered in subdued colours and their use in their original intended purpose - battlefield identification - is questionable .
John Stewart of Bonkyll Sir John Stewart of Bonkyll ( died 22 July 1298 ) was a son of Alexander Stewart , 4th High Steward of Scotland . He was a military commander during the First Scottish War of Independence and during the Battle of Falkirk , he commanded the Scottish archers , and was killed during the battle . Stewart is interred in the churchyard of the Falkirk Old Parish Church . Royal descendants . He is the direct paternal ancestor of Henry Stuart , Lord Darnley , the second husband of his brother ' s descendant , Mary , Queen of Scots . Thus , he is a direct agnatic ancestor of James VI of Scotland , who later became James I of England in 1603 . This accession of James I united the thrones of England , Scotland , and Ireland . Marriage and children . He married Margaret de Bonkyl ( Bonkill ) , daughter of Sir Alexander de Bonkyl . They had issue : Lady Margaret appears to have remarried , as she is named as wife to Sir David de Brechin in 1304 .
Aaron Aaronsohn Aaron Aaronsohn ( ) ( 1876 - 15 May 1919 ) was a Romanian agronomist , botanist , and Zionist activist . Aaronsohn was the discoverer of wild emmer ( Triticum dicoccoides ) , believed to be " the mother of wheat . " Biography . Aaron Aaronsohn was born in Bacău , Romania , and brought to Palestine , then part of the Turkish Ottoman Empire , at the age of six , when his parents were among the founders of Zichron Yaakov , one of the pioneer Jewish agricultural settlements of the First Aliyah . After studying agriculture in France , sponsored by Baron Edmond de Rothschild , Aaron Aaronsohn botanically mapped Palestine and its surroundings and became a leading expert on the subject . On his 1906 field trip to Mount Hermon , he discovered " Triticum dicoccoides " ( known as the " mother of wheat " ) , an important find for agronomists and historians of human civilization . It made him world - famous and , on a trip to the United States , he was able to secure financial backing for a research station established in Atlit in 1909 . Aaronsohn built up a large collection of geological and botanical samples there and established a library . Aaronsohn served as a scientific consultant to Djemal Pasha during a crop - destroying desert locust invasion in 1915 . In March – October 1915 , a plague of locusts stripped the country of almost all vegetation . Aaronsohn and the team fighting the locust invasion was given permission to move around the area known as Southern Syria ( including modern day Israel ) and made detailed maps of the areas they surveyed . They also collected strategic information about Ottoman camps and troop deployment . At the time of World War I , the Ottomans had joined sides with the Germans , and Aaronsohn feared the Jews would suffer the same fate as the Armenians under the Turks . Together with his assistant , Avshalom Feinberg , his sister and a few others , Aaronsohn organized , and was the head of , Nili , a ring of Jewish residents of Palestine who spied for Britain during World War I . He recommended the plan of attack through Beersheva that General Allenby ultimately used to take Jerusalem in December 1917 . Owing to information supplied by Nili to the British Army concerning the locations of oases in the desert , General Edmund Allenby was able to mount a surprise attack on Beersheba , unexpectedly bypassing strong Ottoman defenses in Gaza . In 1917 , Chaim Weizman sent Aaronsohn on a political campaign in the USA . While there , he learned that the Ottoman authorities had intercepted a NILI carrier pigeon , which led to the arrest and torture of his sister Sarah and other NILI members . After the war , Weizmann called on Aaronsohn to work on the Versailles Peace Conference . On 15 May 1919 , Aaronsohn was killed in an airplane crash over the English Channel in unclear circumstances . Some blamed the British government . Aaronsohn died without being married and had no children . His research on Eretz Israel and Transjordan flora , as well as part of his exploration diaries , were published posthumously .
Gao Xiang ( Three Kingdoms ) Gao Xiang was a military general of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period of Chinese history . Biography . Gao Xiang served Shu as General of the Right ( 右将军 ) . He followed Liu Bei on the Hanzhong Campaign between 217 and 219 . Gao Xiang and Chen Shi camped at Yangping but were defeated by Cao Cao ' s general Xu Huang . In 228 , Gao Xiang followed Zhuge Liang on the Northern Expeditions , serving as a subordinate of Ma Su , and they stationed at Liucheng . When Ma Su was defeated and Liucheng fell to the enemy general Guo Huai , Gao Xiang retreated . In 231 , Gao Xiang was appointed Front Commander ( 前部督 ) , leading an army together with Wei Yan and Wu Ban , defeating the enemy commander Sima Yi . They collected 3 , 000 enemy heads , 5 , 000 suits of armour , and 3 , 100 crossbows . When the supply official Li Yan failed in his mission , Gao Xiang and Zhuge Liang proposed that Li be relieved of his duties . In fiction . Gao Xiang is listed in chapter 91 of Luo Guanzhong ' s historical novel " Romance of the Three Kingdoms " as a Center Army Right General , and he fills a minor role in the following chapters , being stationed near Liliu , he joins with Wei Yan and Wang Ping to retake Jieting . However they fail and Ma Su is executed by Zhuge Liang for the defeat . Later Gao Xiang is involved in Zhuge Liang ' s Northern Expeditions . In chapter 102 , he leads 500 men disguised as soldiers of Shu . Their purpose is to capture the wooden ox en that are part of the Shu convoy .
Harry Herrmann Harry Herrmann ( 27 May 1909 – 12 March 1995 ) was a highly decorated Oberstleutnant ( Lieutenant Colonel ) in the Fallschirmjäger ( Paratroopers ) during World War II and in the Bundeswehr . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross , which was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . Harry Herrmann was captured by Soviet troops in May 1945 during the Battle of Berlin , he was held prisoner until 1955 . He joined the Bundeswehr in 1957 , retiring in 1967 as an Oberst ( Colonel ) serving in the position of deputy commander of the 1 . Luftlande - Division ( 1st Air Landing Division ) and commander of the Luftlande - Lufttransportschule Altenstadt ( Air Landing Air Transport School ) .
Condottieri - class cruiser The " Condottieri " class was a sequence of five , different , light cruiser classes of the Regia Marina ( Italian Navy ) , although these classes show a clear line of evolution . They were built before World War II to gain predominance in the Mediterranean Sea . The ships were named after military commanders ( " condottieri " ) of Italian history . Each class is known after the first ship of the group : " Cadorna " class : " Montecuccoli " class : " Duca d ' Aosta " class : " Duca degli Abruzzi " class : Evolution . The first group , the four " Di Giussano " s , were built for speed , with virtually no armour and a large power plant - equivalent to that of the heavier " Trento " class . The two " Cadorna " s retained the main characteristics , with minor changes . Major changes were introduced for the next pair , the " Montecuccoli " s . Heavier ships , with significantly better protection , and uprated power - plants to maintain the required high speed . The two " Duca d ' Aosta " s continued the trend , thickening the armour and increasing the power plant again . The final pair , the " Duca degli Abruzzi " s completed the transition , sacrificing a little speed for further armour and extra guns for main and secondary batteries .
Sidney Hatch Sidney Hatch ( " Sidney Herbert Hatch ; " August 18 , 1883 – October 17 , 1966 ) was an American athlete who competed for the United States in the 1904 Summer Olympics held in St . Louis , United States in the 4 mile team where he won the silver medal with his team mates James Lightbody , Frank Verner , Lacey Hearn and Frenchman Albert Corey . Biography . Sidney Hatch was also a well known marathon runner in his time . From 1904 through 1922 he ran more than 45 marathons with a score of victories including the Chicago Marathon in 1909 and the Yonkers Marathon in 1911 , competing as a member of the Illinois State Gaelic A . A In 1910 , he finished in 5th place in the Yonkers Marathon , competing as a member of the Chicago Irish American Athletic Club . He never failed to finish a marathon . He was a six - time ( 1906 , 1907 , 1908 , 1911 , 1914 , and 1915 ) winner of the Missouri Athletic Club ' s All Western Marathon in St Louis including the 1908 marathon that qualified him for the 1908 Olympics . He competed in the marathon in two Olympics , placing 8th in 1904 at St Louis and 14th in 1908 in London . He won a silver medal in the 1904 Olympics Four Mile team event . On January 8 , 1909 , Hatch finished third behind Matthew Maloney and James Crowley in an indoor marathon before 5 , 000 " wildly cheering " spectators held within the second Madison Square Garden ( 3 : 03 : 29 . 4 ) . Maloney was reported to have set a new indoor record for the event ( 2 : 54 : 45 . 4 ) . On November 27 , 1909 , Hatch finished sixth in the third edition of the Yonkers Marathon ( 3 : 00 : 24 ) . In March , 1912 , Hatch was one of " twenty of the best distance runners in the middle west " scheduled to participate in a 20 - mile indoor marathon at Riverview Rink in Chicago , Illinois . He also qualified for the 1912 Olympics but did not compete . He placed in the top 10 in the Boston Marathon several times with third - place finishes in 1915 and 1916 . He finished second in the Boston Marathon in 1917 . In October 1916 he set a record in the 96 mile , Milwaukee to Chicago Run , completing the race in 14 hours , 50 minutes and 30 seconds . He served as an US Army messenger in World War I and was decorated for " extraordinary heroism " under fire at near Brieulles , France , 11 October 1918 . He was awarded the Purple Heart and Distinguished Service Cross as well as the French Croix de Guerre . After World War I he returned to run two more Boston marathons before retiring from marathon running . He was a letter carrier in River Forest , Illinois from 1923 to 1953 , retiring at age 70 . He and Gertrude Morris were married in 1921 and had three children ; Herbert , and twin girls June and Jane . He was born in River Forest , Illinois and died in Maywood , Illinois . Sidney is buried at the Chapel Hills Gardens West Cemetery , Oak Brook Terrace , Illinois .
Hans Korte ( general ) Hans Korte ( 16 December 1899 – 8 April 1990 ) was a highly decorated Generalmajor in the Luftwaffe during World War II . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . Hans Korte was captured by British troops in May 1945 and was held until October 1947 . < div class = " references - small " > < / div class = " references - small " >
Interallied Mission to Poland Interallied Mission to Poland was a diplomatic mission launched by British Prime Minister David Lloyd George on July 21 , 1920 , at the height of the Polish - Soviet War , weeks before the decisive Battle of Warsaw . The purpose of this mission was to send a number of high level personages from Britain and France to Poland in an attempt to influence Polish policy , possibly through effecting a change in government . The mission members included French diplomat , Jean Jules Jusserand , general Maxime Weygand , chief of staff to Marshal Ferdinand Foch ( the Supreme Commander of the victorious Entente ) , and the British diplomat , Lord Edgar Vincent D ' Abernon . The crucial battle of Warsaw was won in the early days of August , before the mission could achieve anything of importance . The only tangible result was the installation of Weygand as an advisor to the Polish General Staff , where his role was negligible . Nevertheless , soon after the battle and for various political reasons , a myth arose that Weygand was the author of the Polish victory in the battle of Warsaw .
Abdul Salaam Alizai Mullah Abdul Salaam Alizai is a former member of the Taliban movement who defected to the Afghan government in December 2007 . He is a leader of the Alizai , a Pashtun tribe . In the 1980s , Mullah Abdul Salaam took part in the resistance against the Soviet s . During the Taliban rule of Afghanistan , he was a military commander , and held the posts of governor of Orūzgān Province , and later district governor of Kajaki . He was said to be on good terms with Taliban leader Mullah Omar . After the demise of the Taliban regime in 2001 , Mullah Abdul Salaam returned to a civilian life , but was later imprisoned by the governor of Helmand province Sher Mohammed Akhundzada for eight months . The two men both belong to the Alizai tribe , but are from rival sub - tribes . Eventually , they reconciled , and Mullah Salaam served as head of Sher Mohammed ' s security detail , but the enmity between sub - tribes has not abated . Mullah Salaam later returned to his home town of Musa Qala to become a member of the local tribal council . In mid - June 2006 , as part of the Helmand province campaign , ISAF troops were deployed to Musa Qala , where they came under heavy attack by Taliban elements . In October 2006 , both forces agreed to withdraw from the town , but in February 2007 , the Taliban returned and seized control of Musa Qala . Mullah Salaam claimed that when the Taliban convened a Shura ( council ) to attack the ISAF , he refused to participate . However , during the Taliban takeover of February 2007 , he is said to have led his tribal force in support of the Taliban . Later , he began negotiations with an Irish diplomat working for the European Union , who persuaded him to join the government . In the autumn of 2007 , Mullah Salaam travelled to Kabul , where he met President Hamid Karzai and persuaded him that he could provoke a tribal uprising against the Taliban . Coalition and Afghan commanders then planned Operation Mar Kardad to recapture Musa Qala from the Taliban . The offensive began on 7 December 2007 , but the tribal uprising promised by Mullah Salaam never occurred . However , once coalition troops had driven away the Taliban , he was appointed governor of Musa Qala District . Having rallied to the government , he became a target for the Taliban . In January 2008 , a suicide bomber injured several of his bodyguards . After June 2008 , his relations with the British appear to have significantly degraded . He accused British soldiers of undermining his authority by releasing people he had imprisoned and refusing to fund his " war chest " , which he claims is for buying the support of Taliban commanders . In response , the British have accused him of concerning himself only with his own profit , and neglecting the reconstruction of Musa Qala . They have also charged that he has been taxing the illegal opium poppy crop , while his militia is said to have engaged in thievery and extortion . Mullah Salaam has denied the charges . On January 1 , 2009 , Taliban militants attacked his house in the village of Shah Kariz , killing 20 of his bodyguards , but Salaam was absent at the time , and escaped injury .
DCL Technology Demonstrator programme The US DCL ( Detection Classification and Localisation ) demonstrator program is aimed at proving that an active torpedo detection system is able to resolve a salvo of torpedoes with sufficient time and accuracy that an anti - torpedo torpedo may be fired back to hit and destroy the threat . The DCL systems consist of an active source emitter which sends high - frequency pings into the water . Reflections from in - water objects are received by a towed array tuned to those frequencies . By processing the reflections it is possible to determine whether objects are torpedoes , or non - threat objects . The system is also combined with a passive acoustic towed array specifically designed for torpedo detection . The passive acoustic array is able to analyse the structured sound emanating from a torpedo and thereby classify the weapon type and mode of operation . Two teams are currently building alternative DCL demonstration systems , the first to test was Ultra Electronics who in 2006 successfully resolved a salvo of torpedoes . The second company APC has yet to undergo tests . The aim of the programme is to resolve threats sufficiently well that an anti - torpedo torpedo may be fired at the threat to neutralise it ( a hard - kill solution ) . This differs from the UK S2170 Surface Ship Torpedo Defence solution which utilises soft - kill .
Jonathan Mayhew Wainwright ( 1821 – 1863 ) Jonathan Mayhew Wainwright II ( 27 July 1821 – 1 January 1863 ) was an officer in the United States Navy during the American Civil War . He was killed in action . Biography . Wainwright was born in New York City to Jonathan Mayhew Wainwright I and Maria Page . He entered the United States Navy on June 30 , 1837 , as a midshipman . He attended the naval school at Philadelphia in 1842 - 43 , and became a passed midshipman , 29 June 1843 . He was appointed acting - Master , 10 November 1849 , and commissioned Lieutenant , 17 September 1850 . He was on special duty at Washington in 1861 . He commanded the , Admiral David Dixon Porter ' s flagship in Farragut ' s fleet , in the Battle of Forts Jackson and St . Philip , and took part in operations below Vicksburg . He was killed in an attack upon Confederate forts in the Battle of Galveston on January 1 , 1863 . Family . Wainwright married and had four children including Jonathan Wainwright , Jr . and Robert Powell Page Wainwright . His daughter Marie , later Mrs . Louis James , attained some reputation as an actress . His grandson , Jonathan Mayhew Wainwright IV , was a prominent general during World War II . Honors . Three ships have been named for Jonathan and some of his relatives .
Antisyntagmatarchis Antisyntagmatarchis ( , abbreviated Ανχης ) is used in the Greek language to mean " Lieutenant Colonel " . The typical responsibility of an Antisyntagmatarchis is to exercise command of a battalion . Officers holding this rank should be addressed as " " Kyrie Diikita " " ( " Κύριε διοικητά " ) ( stressed on the last syllable ) , by their subordinates when they exercise battalion command or " " Kyrie Antisyntagmatarcha " " ( " Κύριε Αντισυνταγματάρχα " ) ( stressed on the syllable before last ) in other cases . The term was first used in the Greek War of Independence ( 1821 - 1827 ) . The earliest known written use occurred in revolutionary government papers of 1822 . In the modern Hellenic Army the rank is superior to an Tagmatarchis ( Major ) and inferior to an Syntagmatarchis ( Colonel ) . The insignia consists of a flame and two golden stars . Most commissioned officers retire in this rank . Promotions to Syntagmatarchis and above are open to a few but this is most often based on the personal charisma and political contacts of the candidate rather than seniority .