naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
VL Humu The VL Humu was a Finnish fighter aircraft , designed by the State Aircraft Factory ( " Valtion lentokonetehdas " ) in 1944 and based on the American Brewster F2A design . Design and development . The Humu was largely constructed out of wood , due to scarcity of metals , but the frame was made from steel and its design followed closely that of the Brewster . Because of the small numbers of Brewsters in service ( 44 ) in the Finnish Air Force , the Finns wanted to see if they could design a fighter based on the Brewster design . The aircraft designers Torsti Verkkola , Arvo Ylinen and Martti Vainio were called upon to lead the project . The Finnish Air Force ordered 90 Humus ; however , production was stopped in 1944 , when only one aircraft had been produced , serial no . HM - 671 . The first flight took place on 8 August 1944 , HM - 671 flying for a total of 19 hours and 50 minutes . The aircraft was heavier than calculated , its engine was too weak , and the aircraft was simply not of the standard expected from a fighter aircraft of 1944 . It was noted , however , that the change from wing guns to fuselage mounted machine guns was a good change . Survivors . The sole Humu , HM - 671 , has been fully restored and is displayed at the Central Finland Aviation museum .
Charles George Edward Patey Charles George Edward Patey CMG ( 27 February 1811 - 1881 ) was born at Chivelstone in Devon , England on 27 February 1811 . The eldest son of Commander Charles Patey RN , the young Charles followed his father into the navy at the age of 13 , passing through every commissioned rank in the service to eventually be made an Admiral of the Royal Navy . In addition to his distinguished naval record , Admiral Patey was also appointed Administrator of Lagos , and of the Gambia , as well as serving as Governor of Saint Helena between 1869 and 1873 . In recognition of his services Admiral Patey was awarded the Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George in 1874 . Admiral Patey died in 1881 at Newton St . Loe , a small village just outside Bath . Six officers acted as pallbearers at the funeral , among them three admirals .
Elborough Hill Elborough Hill is an univallate Iron Age hill fort situated approximately east from the small village of Hutton and south from the village of Elborough in the North Somerset district of Somerset , England . The site is oval shaped and is defined by a triple bank on the northern side with a double out - turned bank on the southern side . Background . Hill forts developed in the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age , roughly the start of the first millennium BC . The reason for their emergence in Britain , and their purpose , has been a subject of debate . It has been argued that they could have been military sites constructed in response to invasion from continental Europe , sites built by invaders , or a military reaction to social tensions caused by an increasing population and consequent pressure on agriculture . The dominant view since the 1960s has been that the increasing use of iron led to social changes in Britain . Deposits of iron ore were located in different places to the tin and copper ore necessary to make bronze , and as a result trading patterns shifted and the old elites lost their economic and social status . Power passed into the hands of a new group of people . Archaeologist Barry Cunliffe believes that population increase still played a role and has stated " [ the forts ] provided defensive possibilities for the community at those times when the stress [ of an increasing population ] burst out into open warfare . But I wouldn ' t see them as having been built because there was a state of war . They would be functional as defensive strongholds when there were tensions and undoubtedly some of them were attacked and destroyed , but this was not the only , or even the most significant , factor in their construction " .
USS Amagansett ( SP - 693 ) USS " Amagansett " ( SP - 693 ) was a United States Navy patrol vessel and minesweeper in commission from 1917 to 1920 . " Amagansett " was built as a commercial " menhaden fisherman " - type steam fishing trawler of the same name at Kennebunk , Maine , in 1879 . In May 1917 , the U . S . Navy acquired her from Mr . E . Benson Dennis of Cape Charles , Virginia , for use during World War I . Assigned the section patrol number 693 , she was commissioned at Norfolk , Virginia , on 17 May 1917 as USS " Amagansett " ( SP - 693 ) with Ensign J . L . Brooks , USNRF , probably in command . The Navy officially chartered her from Dennis on 18 May 1917 . Fitted out as a minesweeper and assigned to the 5th Naval District , " Amagansett " was based at Norfolk throughout her naval career . She served on patrol and minesweeping duties in the Norfolk area through the end of World War I and until March 1919 . " Amagansett " was decommissioned on 12 March 1919 and stricken from the Navy List and returned to Dennis simultaneously the same day .
No . 1 Airfield Defence Squadron RAAF No 1 Airfield Defence Squadron ( 1AFDS ) is a Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) military unit whose primary role is to protect and defend airfields , buildings , equipment , and personnel . Crest . The squadron ' s crest comprises a crossed rifle and sword surmounted by a crocodile . The crocodile is symbolic in that it aggressively defends its territory against all intruders and can strike quickly to disable any aggressor . The symbolism of the crocodile aligns with the protective role of Airfield Defence Guards and the aggressive patrolling and decisive actions performed providing security to otherwise vulnerable air bases . History . Formed on 1 October 1942 , as Security Guard Unit RAAF ( SGU ) at Livingstone Airfield , Northern Territory , Australia . All guards at operational bases , advanced operational bases , radio stations and non - operational units were assigned to this Unit from 5 October 1942 . Their role was to provide personnel to defend airfields and their assets SGU was relocated to Nightcliff on 13 June 1943 and saw operational service during World War 2 in support of units throughout the South Pacific theater of war . Of particular note is services rendered by Special Task Force that served under command Z Force , two members of which 1AFDS were later awarded MBE ' s . SGU was renamed No 1 Airfield Defence Squadron on 1 April 1945 but was disbanded on 19 November 1945 following the cessation of hostilities . The musterings that served in the Squadron were Airfield Defence Officers ( ADO ) , Aerodrome Defence Instructors ( ADI ) , and Guards . The SGU provided administration and standardised the training of security guards and a mobile body of guards that would be available that could defend the bases against Japanese attacks . On 23 September 1945 , the unit was moved to Winnellie , Northern Territory and was disbanded on 19 November 1945 . 1AFDS Reformed at RAAF Base Mallala , South Australia in 1950 , to provide training to National Service personnel in airfield defence duties . Renamed No . 1 Aerodrome Defence Squadron ( 1AFDS ) on 25 June 1951 and was disbanded in March 1953 . The unit was again reformed on 1 July 1992 at RAAF Base Tindal , Northern Territory . Initially formed to provide the training under the Ready Reserve Scheme , however , this was amended to the ground defence , protection and security of RAAF installations , assets , facilities and personnel on 30 June 1992 . On 1 January 1999 , 1AFDS relocated to RAAF Base Edinburgh , South Australia . 16 Reserve Airfield Defence Guards from 1AFDS deployed on Operation Warden / Stabilise in East Timor under the command of 2AFDS . In 2010 1 AFDS moves to RAAF base Amberley and expands to full - time service members working with reserve flights , and is active in conjunction with 2 AFDS Operations . World War II East Timor Iraq Afghanistan
Breda - SAFAT machine gun Breda - SAFAT , ( " Società Italiana Ernesto Breda per Costruzioni Meccaniche / Breda Meccanica Bresciana " - " Società Anonima Fabbrica Armi Torino " ) was an Italian weapons manufacturer of the 1930s and 1940s that designed and produced a range of machine - guns and cannon primarily for use in aircraft . Based on the M1919 Browning machine gun , the Italian guns were chambered to fire indigenous ammunition with and calibres , predominantly ball , tracer for the 7 . 7mm , including high - explosive - incendiary - tracer ( HEIT ) ( filled with 0 . 8 grams of PETN ) , or armour - piercing ( AP ) for the 12 . 7mm . Design and development . During the 1930s both Breda and SAFAT ( a division of FIAT ) were tasked with producing designs for a new range of machine - guns for use in aircraft of the Regia Aeronautica , the offering from Breda being preferred . FIAT contested the decision but lost resulting in the sale of SAFAT to Breda to form Breda - SAFAT . Despite the aim of producing an airborne machine - gun equal or superior to other similar weapons , the use of low propellant capacity rounds resulted in significantly lower muzzle velocities than other weapons of similar calibres . Other inadequacies included high weight and modest rates of fire as well as the ineffectiveness of the HEIT high explosive round . Thus , Italy lacked machine - guns with the critical qualities of light weight , a high rate of fire , good muzzle velocity , good projectile weight and reliability , while the Russians , Germans , Americans and Japanese had them in the Berezin , MG 131 , M2 , and Ho - 103 . Late - war Italian aircraft began to adopt the German Mauser MG 151 cannon to give their aircraft parity in firepower with Allied fighters , with as many as three MG 151 fitted to Macchi MC . 205 , Fiat G . 55 and Reggiane Re . 2005 in addition to cowl - mounted 7 . 7mm Bredas - SAFATs . The Breda guns , although adequate in 1935 at the time of their design , were out - classed by the standards of 1940 , with Italian fighters such as the Fiat C . R . 42 , Fiat G . 50 , Macchi MC . 200 , Macchi MC . 202 and Reggiane Re . 2000 still only having two 12 . 7 mm Breda - SAFAT machine - guns and sometimes two extra 7 . 7 mm Breda - SAFAT machine - guns . Despite their short - comings , thousands of Breda guns were built in the 1930s and 1940s , arming nearly every Italian fighter and bomber of that period . Many of these weapons were also adapted for the anti - aircraft role and remained in service until the 1970s as reserve weapons ; even if all the aircraft that they equipped had been phased out by that time .
German Imperial Naval Office The German Imperial Naval Office ( ) was a government office in the German Empire . In April , 1889 what had been the German Imperial Admiralty was abolished and its duties divided among three new entities : the Imperial Naval High Command ( " Kaiserliches Oberkommando der Marine " ) , the Imperial Naval Office and the German Imperial Naval Cabinet ( " Kaiserliches Marinekabinett " ) . The head of the Naval Office was a Secretary of State who reported directly to the imperial chancellor ( Reichskanzler ) . After 1897 , the Office became the power base of Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz in his campaign to build a great German battle fleet . The Imperial Naval Office had the function of a ministry for the German Imperial Navy . According to the Constitution of the German Empire of 1871 , the states were responsible for land forces and the imperial government for the navy . So while there were Prussian , Bavarian , Saxon and Württemberg armies , there was a single Imperial Navy . The tasks of the Imperial Naval Office were mainly administrative , such as planning naval construction and maintenance programs , directing the procurement of naval supplies , and representing the navy in the Reichstag . It was responsible to the chancellor and under the direct command of Emperor Wilhelm II . The Naval Office advised the Reichstag on naval matters . During the First World War , it gave out the casualty list of the Imperial Navy . Until 1899 the operational management of the Imperial Navy was the responsibility of the German Imperial Naval High Command ( " Kaiserliches Oberkommando der Marine " ) .
Henry Eden Admiral Henry Eden ( 1798 – 30 January 1888 ) was a senior Royal Navy officer who went on to be Second Naval Lord . Naval career . Eden joined the Royal Navy in 1811 . He was given command of the sixth - rate HMS " Conway " in 1832 , the second - rate HMS " Impregnable " in 1839 and the first - rate HMS " Caledonia " in 1840 . In 1846 he was made private secretary to Lord Auckland , First Lord of the Admiralty . He became Second Naval Lord in March 1855 and Third Naval Lord in April 1857 before moving back up to Second Naval Lord again in November 1857 and leaving the Admiralty in March 1858 . He lived at Gillingham Hall in Suffolk ; they had no children . Family . In 1849 he married Elizabeth Harriet Georgiana Beresford , daughter of Lord George Beresford .
Battle of the Cyzicus The Battle of the Cyzicus ( ) was fought in October 1303 between the Catalan Company of the East under Roger de Flor , acting as mercenaries on behalf of the Byzantine Empire , and the Karasid Turks under Karesi Bey . The result was a crushing Catalan victory .
German submarine U - 367 German submarine " U - 367 " was a Type VIIC U - boat of the Nazi German " Kriegsmarine " during World War II . She carried out no patrols . She did not sink or damage any ships . She was sunk by a Soviet mine northeast of Danzig ( now Gdansk ) in March 1945 . Service history . The submarine was laid down on 6 July 1942 at the " Flensburger Schiffsbau - Ges " yard at Flensburg as ' werk ' 490 , launched on 11 June 1943 and commissioned on 27 August under the command of " Oberleutnant " Ulrich Hammer . She served with the 23rd U - boat Flotilla from 27 August 1943 and the 31st flotilla from 20 February 1945 . Loss . " U - 367 " sank after striking a mine on 16 March 1945 which had been laid by the Soviet submarine " L - 21 " three days previously . Forty - three men died in the U - boat ; there were no survivors .
33 ( Lancashire and Cheshire ) Signal Regiment The 33rd ( Lancashire and Cheshire ) Signal Regiment was a British Territorial Army regiment of the Royal Corps of Signals . History . The regiment was originally a TAVR II ( Territorial and Army Volunteer Reserve ) unit created due to defence cuts , being formed on 1 April 1967 at Huyton , near Liverpool and consisting of four squadrons : In 1973 , 80 Squadron became 80 ( Cheshire Yeomanry ) Squadron , in honour of the Cheshire Yeomanry ( Earl of Chester ' s ) from which the squadron descended . In 1969 , the TAVR was re - designated as the Territorial Army . In 1999 , during the reforms implemented due to the Strategic Defence Review , the squadron subtitles , with the exception of 80 Squadron , were changed . They became : Present . The regiment ' s squadrons were all based in the North - West of England : 42 Signal Squadron was based in Manchester ; 55 Signal Squadron was based in Huyton ; 59 Signal Squadron was based in Aintree ; and 80 Signal Squadron was based in Runcorn . The regiment provided support to the Headquarters Allied Command Europe Rapid Reaction Corps , and was part of 12 Signal Group . The regiment provided soldiers on operations around the world supporting the regular army . Such places include : Afghanistan Balkans Cyprus Iraq Disbandment . As a result of the strategic review of reserves it was announced on 28 April 2009 that the regiment was to be disbanded Miscellaneous . The regiment was caught up in a financial scandal in July 2006
HMS Mermaid ( 1798 ) HMS " Mermaid " was a gunvessel purchased in Honduras in 1798 for local use . She was sloop - rigged , armed with one long 9 - pounder gun and had a crew of 25 men from the " Colonial Troops " . She served in defense of the British colonists at Honduras and participated in the repulse of the Spanish expedition at the Battle of St . George ' s Caye in September 1798 . In 1800 , after the Spanish threat had passed , she was sold . It is arguable that she deserves the designation " HMS " as " Mermaid " was never commissioned into the Royal Navy , and her officers and crew were civilians . Even in the case of " His Majesty ' s hired armed vessels " , the Navy provided the captain .
MOS 0311 MOS 0311 is the United States Marine Corps ( USMC ) Military Occupational Specialty ( MOS ) code for Rifleman . It is the primary infantry MOS for the Marine Corps . General information . The riflemen employ the M16A4 service rifle , the M4 carbine , the M203 grenade launcher , M249 squad automatic weapon ( SAW ) , as well as the IAR " Infantry Automatic Rifle " the AT - 4 and LAW rockets . Riflemen are the primary scouts , assault troops , and close combat forces available to the MAGTF . They are the foundation of the Marine infantry organization , and as such are the nucleus of the fire team in the rifle squad , the scout team in the LAR squad , scout - snipers in the infantry battalion , and reconnaissance or assault team in the reconnaissance units . Noncommissioned officers are assigned as fire team leaders , scout team leaders , rifle squad leaders , or rifle platoon guides . The mission of the Marine Corps rifle squad is to locate , close with and destroy the enemy by fire and maneuver and / or repel enemy assault by fire and close combat . In the Marine Corps , rifleman ( and other Marines in the 03 occupational field ) are commonly referred to as " Grunts , " which is generally not considered a pejorative term . In contrast , Marines in all other occupational fields are often referred to as POG ' s ( or Personnel Other than Grunts ) which is more often considered to be pejorative in nature . Training . Training for this MOS is conducted at the United States Marine Corps School of Infantry . The training period is 59 days .
Buccina A buccina ( ) or bucina ( ) , anglicized buccin or bucine , is a brass instrument that was used in the ancient Roman army , similar to the Cornu . An aeneator who blew a buccina was called a " buccinator " or " bucinator " ( ) . It was originally designed as a tube measuring some in length , of narrow cylindrical bore , and played by means of a cup - shaped mouthpiece . The tube is bent round upon itself from the mouthpiece to the bell in the shape of a broad C and is strengthened by means of a bar across the curve , which the performer grasps while playing to steady the instrument ; the bell curves over his head or shoulder . The buccina was used for the announcement of night watches and various other purposes in the camp . The instrument is the ancestor of both the trumpet and the trombone . The German word for " trombone " , " Posaune " , is linguistically derived from " Buccina " . The buccin was revived during the French Revolution , along with the " tuba curva " . Both instruments were first used in the music that François Joseph Gossec composed for the translation of the remains of Voltaire to the Pantheon on 11 July 1791 . In the final section of his orchestral work " Pini di Roma " ( " Pines of Rome " ) , Respighi calls for six instruments of different ranges notated as " Buccine " ( Italian plural ) , although he expected them to be played on modern saxhorn s or flugelhorn s . He also calls for three in the opening movement of his " Feste Romane " ( " Roman Festivals " ) , but again notes that they may be replaced by trumpets .
Nguyễn Tiến Sâm Nguyễn Tiến Sâm was a Mikoyan - Gurevich MiG - 21 pilot of the Vietnamese People ' s Air Force , he flew with the 921st fighter regiment and tied for fourth place amongst Vietnam War fighter aces with six kills . Five of his six kills are known for certain :
John J . Kirwin John J . Kirwin ( 1918 – 1943 ) was a United States Navy officer who received the Navy Cross posthumously for his actions in combat during World War II . Biography . John Joseph Kirwin was born in Newport , Rhode Island , on 4 July 1918 . He enlisted in the United States Naval Reserve on 11 December 1935 . He was appointed midshipman on 11 August 1937 , and commissioned as an ensign on 7 February 1941 , reporting for duty aboard light cruiser USS " Savannah " ( CL - 42 ) . During World War II , Kirwin was appointed Lieutenant , junior grade , on 16 June 1942 , and saw action aboard " Savannah " in the Battle of the Atlantic and in Operation Torch , the Allied invasion of North Africa . He was promoted to Lieutenant on 1 December 1942 , and saw further combat aboard " Savannah " in Operation Husky , the Allied invasion of Sicily . " Savannah " then supported Operation Avalanche , the Allied invasion of mainland Italy at Salerno . On 11 September 1943 , while bombarding German shore defenses in Salerno Bay , " Savannah " was among cruiser s which came under heavy German aerial attack . The cruisers and British Supermarine Spitfire fighters drove off nearly 60 German bomber s before a Dornier Do 217K - 2 bomber hit " Savannah " with a Fritz X radio - controlled , armor - piercing guided bomb . It pierced the armored roof of the No . 3 gun turret immediately in front of the ships bridge , passed through three decks into the lower shell - handling room , and exploded there , blowing a gaping hole in the ships bottom , and tearing open a seam in the ships port side . For 30 minutes , secondary explosions in the gun room hampered fire - fighting efforts . Kirwin was at his battle station as turret officer in No . 3 turret when the bomb struck . He remained behind in the turret to supervise the evacuation of as many men as possible , was overcome by heat and toxic smoke , and died at his station . Awards . For his part in this action , Lieutenant Kirwin was awarded the Navy Cross with the following citation : " For extraordinary heroism as a turret officer . . . . When the detonation of an enemy bomb set off numerous fires and filled the turret with dense smoke and toxic gases , Lt . Kirwin promptly ordered the area abandoned and despite the imminent danger , stood by his station in the turret booth . With full knowledge of the serious hazards involved and with complete disregard for his own personal safety , he calmly supervised evacuation and deliberately remained behind to aid in saving the lives of as many of his command as possible . . . he eventually succumbed in the stricken booth , gallantly sacrificing his own life in order that his men might live . " Commemoration . The U . S . Navy destroyer escort USS " Kirwin " ( DE - 229 ) was named for Lieutenant Kirwin . She was converted during construction into the high - speed transport USS " Kirwin " ( APD - 90 ) , and was in commission from 1945 to 1946 and from 1965 to 1969 .
Leonid Sandalov Leonid Mikhaylovich Sandalov ( ) ( April 4 , 1900 , Vichuga , Ivanovo Oblast – October 23 , 1987 ) was a Soviet military leader with the rank of colonel - general . During World War II , he led staffs of the armies and fronts . After the war , he led the staffs of military districts , he was Deputy Chief of Staff of the Army . A talented and prolific memoirist and military analyst . Honorary Citizen of Vichuga , Kobrin , and Riga .