naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Swedish military bicycle Swedish military bicycles ( ) , or Swedish army bicycles , have been used in the Swedish military for over a century . History . The first bicycles in the Swedish military were privately owned or bought for testing purposes . Bicycle infantry were first introduced in 1901 , when a Gotlandic infantry regiment , I 27 in Visby , replaced its cavalry complement with bicycle - mounted troops . By 1942 , there were six bicycle infantry regiments in the Swedish Army , operating mainly m / 30s and m / 42s . However , there were also examples of undesignated tandem bicycle s for use by field radio operators and specially fitted pairs of bicycles designed for mounting a stretcher between the lead ' s rack and the rear ' s steer tube . Following World War II , in 1947 , the decision was made to decommission the bicycle infantry regiments . They were gradually removed from the Army between 1948 and 1952 . Following this decision , the role of the bicycle shifted away from a combat one to a more utilitarian one , with special bicycle transport groups being formed . However , bicycle rifle battalion s ( Swedish : " cykelskyttebataljon " ) continued to exist into the late 1980s . Civilian use . Beginning in the 1970s , the Army began to sell its m / 42s as military surplus . They became very popular as cheap and low - maintenance transportation , especially among students . Responding to its popularity and finite supply , an entirely new company , Kronan , was founded in 1997 by three students in Uppsala in order to produce a modernized replica of the m / 42 . These come in a variety of colors , compared to the matte green and gray of the surplus models , and can even be purchased with three - speed SRAM hubs and front brakes . Unlike the military surplus m / 42s , these have been widely exported to other countries .
Alvand - class frigate The Alvand class was originally a class of four frigate s known as the Saam Class built for the pre - revolutionary Iranian Navy . They were renamed the Alvand Class after the revolution . Three remain in service since the fourth was sunk by the US Navy in 1988 during the Iran - Iraq War . Development & Building . The ships were built in the UK by Vosper Ltd and based on their Mark 5 design with the following arms & equipment : - They were refitted in the UK shortly before the 1979 Iranian Revolution . History . The ships were originally named after characters from Ferdowsi ' s Shahnameh , but after the Islamic Revolution they were renamed after mountains in Iran . They saw action during the " Tanker War " phase of the Iran – Iraq War and proved effective against Iraqi forces . However after one was sunk , and other significant loses taken , during Operation Praying Mantis they saw little further use as the Iranian Navy proved no match for the US Navy . Upgrades . The Sea Killer missiles were replaced by Chinese made C - 802 s in the 1990s , and the Sea Cats replaced by the addition of a 20mm AA gun leaving remaining ships with practically no effective anti - aircraft ability . 2 x triple 12 . 75 in torpedo tubes , 2 x 81 mm mortars & 2 x 0 . 50 cal machine guns were also fitted . Successors . The Moudge class frigate is a modified Iranian - built version of the Alvand , with five either in service or building .
769th Bombardment Squadron The 769th Bombardment Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit . It was last assigned to the 462d Bombardment Group , based at MacDill Field , Florida . It was inactivated on 31 March 1946 . History . Established in March 1943 as one of the first B - 29 Superfortress squadron ; however no B - 29s were yet available for operational use . Trained with B - 24 Liberator s and B - 17 Flying Fortress es throughout 1943 . Received early model B - 29s and prototype YB - 29s beginning in August 1943 , however aircraft were still undergoing development and were frequently modified by Boeing technicians in the field while the squadron was undergoing training in Kansas . Deployed to India in early 1944 ; several aircraft breaking down en route via South Atlantic Transport route from Florida to Brazil then to Liberia ; across central Africa and Arabia , arriving in Karachi , India in March 1944 . Arrived at converted B - 24 airfield in eastern India in mid - April 1944 . Aircraft still undergoing modifications while transporting munitions and fuel to forward airfield in central China ; staging first attacks on Japanese Home Islands since the 1942 Doolittle Raid . Lack of logistical support limited number of attacks on Japan from Chinese staging airfields ; squadron also attacked strategic enemy targets in Thailand ; Indochina and Malay Peninsula . Moved to West Field ( Tinian ) , Tinian , in the Mariana Islands of the Central Pacific Area in January 1945 and assigned to XXI Bomber Command , Twentieth Air Force . It ' s mission was the strategic bombardment of the Japanese Home Islands and the destruction of its war - making capability . Flew " shakedown " missions against Japanese targets on Moen Island , Truk , and other points in the Carolines and Marianas . The squadron conducted combat missions over Japan participating in wide area firebombing attacks , but the first ten day blitz resulting in the Army Air Forces running out of incendiary bombs . Until then the squadron flew conventional strategic bombing missions using high explosive bombs . The squadron continued attacking urban areas with incendiary raids until the end of the war in August 1945 , attacking major Japanese cities , causing massive destruction of urbanized areas . Also conducted raids against strategic objectives , bombing aircraft factories , chemical plants , oil refineries , and other targets in Japan . The squadron flew its last combat missions on 14 August when hostilities ended . Afterwards , its B 29s carried relief supplies to Allied prisoner of war camps in Japan and Manchuria Squadron was largely de - mobilized on Saipan during the fall of 1945 . Was reorganized as part of continental Air Forces , Fourth Air Force at March Field , California in November 1945 , being manned and equipped with low - hour B - 29s returned from the Central Pacific . It later was transferred to the new Strategic Air Command on 21 March 1946 , being one of SAC ' s initial bombardment squadrons . Demobilization , however , was in full swing and the unit turned in its aircraft and was inactivated on 1 October 1946 .
HSwMS Äran HMS " Äran " ( Swedish language : " Honour " ) was a Swedish first class coastal defence ship ( " Pansarskepp " ) . She was used briefly during World War II in the Baltic sea first in the Ålands eskader later in the Karlskrona eskader . This type of ship is commonly known as a " coastal defence battleship " . Having entered service on 7 September 1902 , she was stricken on 13 June 1947 . The hulk sank while under tow in 1968 .
Blue Envoy Blue Envoy ( a Rainbow code name ) was a British project to develop a ramjet - powered surface to air missile during the 1950s . It was cancelled in April 1957 . The guidance system and the ramjet designs were used to upgrade the Bloodhound Mk 1 missile design to produce the Bloodhound Mk 2 .
Robert Erwin Johnson Robert Erwin Johnson ( 3 February 1923 – 28 January 2008 ) was a University of Alabama professor of history and considered " one of the finest scholars of the nineteenth century U . S . Navy and U . S . Coast Guard " . Early life and education . Johnson was born in Marshfield , Oregon to Franz Oscar Johnson , a farmer , and his wife , Agnes Sandquist . Johnson enlisted in the U . S . Coast Guard in 1941 and served until 1946 on the " Haida " ( WPG - 45 ) . After his wartime service at sea as a quartermaster , he attended the $ 3 from 1946 to 1948 , then transferred to the University of Oregon , where he earned his Bachelor of Arts degree and was elected Phi Beta Kappa in 1951 . From 1951 – 52 , he served again on active duty in the U . S . Naval Reserve , rising to Petty Officer First Class . On release from active duty , Johnson went on to complete his Master of Arts degree in 1953 . Going on for further graduate work , he attended the Claremont Graduate School , where he earned his Ph . D . in 1956 with a thesis on " United States Naval Forces on Pacific Station , 1818 – 1923 " . On 19 December 1959 , he married Vivian Ellis . Academic career . Immediately on completion of his doctoral work in 1956 , the University of Alabama appointed him assistant professor in the faculty of history . He was promoted to associate professor in 1963 , and to professor of history in 1967 . He retired in 1993 after serving as interim chairman of the history department during a critical time of transition for the history department . A member of the Democratic Party , he was also a member of the American Historical Association , Society for Nautical Research , World Ship Society , Naval Historical Foundation , and the United States Naval Institute . He received numerous awards for his publications on naval history , including his book , " Guardians of the Sea " , which won the Theodore and Franklin D . Roosevelt Prize in Naval History from the New York Council of the Navy League of the United States , the North American Society for Oceanic History ' s John Lyman Book Award for the best book in U . S . naval history , and the U . S . Naval Institute ' s Special Award of Merit . Johnson died in Tuscaloosa , Alabama on 28 January 2008 .
David Hayden David James Hayden MC ( born c . 1979 ) is the first Royal Air Force non - commissioned officer to win the Military Cross . Early life . Hayden was born in Germany and attended the Gleed Boys ' School in Spalding , where he grew up . His father ( who died in June 2005 , aged 49 ) was a tank driver in the Queen ' s Royal Hussars , becoming a Warrant Officer Class 2 . RAF service . Hayden joined the RAF Regiment in 1997 and after a number of tours including time with No . 2 RAF Force Protection Wing at RAF Leeming - with which he served in Afghanistan for the first time - he is currently a Corporal with No . 1 Squadron RAF Regiment at RAF Honington , Suffolk . He is a qualified instructor . While serving in Iraq in 2007 , as part of No . 4 RAF Force Protection Wing ( of which 1 Squadron is a sub - unit ) , he showed outstanding courage while commanding a dismounted patrol in a fight against an insurgent force , repeatedly risking his own life to rescue a wounded comrade and extract his team . His Military Cross was gazetted on 7 March 2008 .
Daril Watson General Sir Daril Gerard Watson GCB CBE MC ( 17 October 1888 - 1 July 1967 ) was a British Army General during World War II . Military career . Daril Watson was enlisted into the British Army in 1914 at the start of World War I . He was commissioned into the Highland Light Infantry in 1915 . He transferred to the Duke of Cornwall ' s Light Infantry in 1928 becoming Commanding Officer 1st Bn Duke of Cornwall ' s Light Infantry in 1934 . In 1937 he was appointed Commandant of the Senior Officers ' School in India . He saw service in World War II , initially as a Brigadier on the General Staff at Eastern Command and then moving on to the General Staff of III Corps . He was appointed General Officer Commanding 2nd Division in India in 1940 and Director of Staff Duties at the War Office in 1941 . In 1942 he was appointed Assistant Chief of the Imperial General Staff and then Deputy Adjutant General . In 1944 he moved on to be General Officer Commanding - in - Chief for Western Command . After the War he became Quartermaster - General to the Forces ; he retired in 1947 . Retirement . In retirement he became a Member of the Board of the British Transport Commission . References .
Hans - Georg Hess Hans - Georg Hess ( 6 May 1923 – 29 March 2008 ) was a German U - boat commander of the Second World War . He commanded a single U - boat from September 1944 until the end of the war , and sank five ships for a total of 2 , 298 GRT , and caused another to be declared a total loss for 7 , 176 GRT . For this he received the Knight ' s Cross . Career . Hess joined the Kriegsmarine as a volunteer in April 1940 , when he was 16 . He was initially assigned to the surface fleet , where he spent two years on minesweepers before transferring to the U - boat force in April 1942 . He was first assigned to " U - 466 " under the command of Captain Gerhard Thäter and was with her for her last five patrols , which were mostly spent in the North Atlantic . She broke into the Mediterranean during her last patrol , but was caught in Toulon during the Allied invasion of the south of France and was scuttled on 19 August 1944 . Hess returned to Germany , having been promoted to Oberleutnant zur See on 1 March 1944 . He was appointed to command " U - 995 " and took command on 10 October 1944 . He eventually carried out a total of five patrols with her in the Arctic Sea , sinking a number of Soviet ships and causing one American one to be written off . He was awarded the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross on 11 February 1945 . With the end of the war , " U - 995 " surrendered on 8 May 1945 in Trondheim . Hess was imprisoned by the Norwegians , eventually spending a year in captivity . After his release he returned to Germany , eventually becoming a lawyer in Hannover . He died on 20 March 2008 in Wunstorf - Idensen at the age of 84 , and is buried at the village cemetery . Summary of career . Ships attacked . As a U - boat commander of Hans - Georg Hess is credited with the sinking of 3 merchant ships for a total of , an auxiliary warships of , a warship of and severely damaging a ship which was later declared a total loss of .
Albert Cleary Albert Neil Cleary ( 16 June 1919 – 20 March 1945 ) was an Australian soldier during World War II . Part of the 2 / 15th Field Regiment , Royal Australian Artillery , he became a prisoner of war to the Japanese following the Battle of Singapore . He died following an escape attempt in 1945 . In 2001 , the Australian Labor Party introduced a bill to have Cleary and two others awarded the Victoria Cross for Australia , however this was defeated by the Federal Liberal Government . In 2011 , Cleary was awarded a posthumous Commendation for Gallantry . Cleary ' s death was revealed by historian Lynette Silver to have been caused by dysentery , calling into doubt his elevation as a war hero .
SM UC - 45 SM " UC - 45 " was a German Type UC II minelaying submarine or U - boat in the German Imperial Navy ( ) during World War I . The U - boat was ordered on 20 November 1915 and was launched on 20 October 1916 . She was commissioned into the German Imperial Navy on 18 November 1916 as SM " UC - 45 " . In 5 patrols " UC - 45 " was credited with sinking 12 ships , either by torpedo or by mines laid . " UC - 45 " sank in a diving accident on 17 September 1917 in the North Sea . The German salvage vessel raised the wreck and " UC - 45 " re - entered service on 24 October 1918 . She was surrendered on 24 November 1918 and broken up at Preston in 1919 – 20 .
Ernst Buffa Ernst Joachim Valentin Gustav Buffa ( 14 February 1893 – 19 September 1971 ) was a highly decorated Generalleutnant in the Luftwaffe during World War II . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . Ernst Buffa was taken prisoner by American troops in 1945 and was held until 1947 .
Quartermaster Sergeant Instructor Quartermaster Sergeant Instructor ( QMSI ) is an appointment held by Warrant Officer s Class 2 in the British Army ' s Small Arms School Corps and Army Physical Training Corps and by some in the Royal Engineers . It is also the title used within the Territorial Army for the attached regular NCO ( usually a Colour Sergeant / Staff Sergeant ) responsible for unit administration and stores at sub - unit level ( i . e . company / squadron ) .
1793 – 95 Tripolitanian civil war The 1793 – 1795 Tripolitanian civil war was a conflict which occurred in what is today the country of Libya when Ali Benghul , an Ottoman officer , deposed Hamet Karamanli , the ruler of Tripolitania , who had ruled since the end of the corrupt and ineffective rule of Ali I in 1793 . Hamet and his brother Yusuf returned to Tripoli with the aid of the Bey of Tunis and took control of the throne . Following the end of the war Hamet Karamanli was initially returned to the throne , ruling again as Ahmad II Pasha from 20 January 1795 until 11 June 1795 , when Hamza Yusuf deposed him , seized the throne , and sent Hamet into exile . Hamet later tried unsuccessfully to return and seize the throne with American support in the Battle of Derne during the First Barbary War .
33rd Iowa Volunteer Infantry Regiment The 33rd Regiment Iowa Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War . Service . The 33rd Iowa Infantry was organized at Oskaloosa , Iowa and mustered in for three years of Federal service on October 4 , 1862 . The regiment was mustered out on August 15 , 1865 . Total strength and casualties . A total of 1242 men served in the 33rd Iowa at one time or another during its existence . It suffered 3 officers and 65 enlisted men who were killed in action or who died of their wounds and 1 officer and 215 enlisted men who died of disease , for a total of 284 fatalities .
Athenian sacred ships Athenian sacred ships were ancient Athenian ships , often trireme s , which had special religious functions such as serving in sacred procession s ( " theoria " ) or embassies or racing in boat races during religious festivals . The two most famous such ships were the " Paralus " and the " Salaminia " , which also served as the messenger ships of the Athenian government in the 5th and 4th centuries BC . Other notable ships included one possibly named the " Delias " , a " triakonter " ( thirty - oared galley ) believed to be the ship in which Theseus had sailed to Crete , and which was involved in several traditional theoria to Delos ; the vessel was constantly repaired by replacing individual planks to keep it seaworthy while maintaining its identity as the same ship . ( For the philosophical question of the ship ' s identity , see Ship of Theseus . ) After the reforms of Cleisthenes , a ship was named for each of the ten tribes that political leader had created ; these ships may also have been sacred ships . The " Paralus " and the " Salaminia " , and possibly some other sacred ships , served in the Athenian combat fleet . Those two vessels , being particularly swift , were used as scout and messenger ships , but also fought in the line of battle . The " Paralus " and " Salaminia " , meanwhile , also performed various tasks for the government ; the " Paralus " appears to have carried most diplomatic missions , and the " Salaminia " carried official state messages ; most famously , it was sent to arrest Alcibiades while that politician was commanding the Sicilian Expedition . These two triremes also had dedicated treasurers , or " tamiai " .
Soldier ' s Medal The Soldier ' s Medal is an individual decoration of the United States Army . It was introduced as Section 11 of the Air Corps Act , passed by the Congress of the United States on July 2 , 1926 . The criteria for the medal are : " The Soldier ' s Medal is awarded to any person of the Armed Forces of the United States or of a friendly foreign nation who , while serving in any capacity with the Army of the United States . . . . . . distinguished himself or herself by heroism not involving actual conflict with an enemy . " Overview . The distinguishing criteria for the award of the Soldier ' s Medal as per Army Regulation 600 - 8 - 22 , para 3 - 13 states that " The performance must have involved personal hazard or danger and the voluntary risk of life under conditions not involving conflict with an armed enemy . Awards will not be made solely on the basis of having saved a life . " It is the highest honor a soldier can receive for an act of valor in a non - combat situation , held to be equal to or greater than the level which would have justified an award of the Distinguished Flying Cross had the act occurred in combat . Any American servicemember who is eligible for retirement pay will receive an increase of 10 percent in retirement pay , if the level of valor was equal to that which would earn the Distinguished Service Cross . Additional awards of the medal are denoted by oak leaf clusters worn on the suspension and service ribbon of the medal . The first Soldier ' s Medals were awarded on October 17 , 1927 to John F . Burns and James P . Martin for their heroism during a fire and to James K . Wilson and Cleophas C . Burnett for saving people from drowning . Notable recipients of the Soldier ' s Medal include Colin Powell , who during his second tour of duty in the Vietnam War 1968 – 69 ) , was injured in a helicopter crash and despite his wounds , rescued two comrades from the burning wreckage . In 1989 , Thomas Barnes was awarded The Soldier ' s Medal for distinguishing himself heroically during a gun battle with an armed felony suspect and while doing so , saved the life of a critically injured victim with multiple gunshot wounds . In 1998 , three soldiers , Hugh Thompson , Jr . , Lawrence Colburn and Glenn Andreotta were awarded the Soldier ' s Medal for their intervention in the My Lai Massacre ( 1968 ) which included threatening to fire on their own comrades if they didn ' t stop the killings . In 2001 , the U . S . Army awarded an unprecedented number of Soldier ' s Medals ( 28 ) to personnel who risked their own lives to assist their fellow comrades in the wake of the September 11 attack on the Pentagon . At least one hundred Soldier ' s Medals have been issued since the onset of Operation Enduring Freedom . The Soldier ' s Medal is considered to be equivalent to the Navy and Marine Corps Medal , Airman ' s Medal , and the Coast Guard Medal .
Menzel Heurr Airfield Menzel Heurr Airfield is an abandoned World War II military airfield in Tunisia , which is located approximately 22 km north - northeast of Korba and 60 km east - southeast of Tunis . It was a temporary airfield built for fighter and light bomber use by the United States Army Air Force Ninth Air Force during the North African Campaign . The airfield was used primarily by the 324th Fighter Group , which flew Curtiss P - 40 Warhawks from the airfield in August 1943 . After the Americans moved out , the airfield was dismantled and abandoned . Today , the remains of the main runway can be seen in aerial photography .
39th ( Dorsetshire ) Regiment of Foot The 39th ( Dorsetshire ) Regiment of Foot was an infantry regiment of the British Army , formed in 1719 and amalgamated into The Dorsetshire Regiment in 1881 . The regiment was raised by Colonel Richard Coote in Ireland in August 1702 . This was in fact a reforming of Richard Coote ' s Regiment of Foot , which he had in turn inherited in 1692 from Viscount Lisburne ' s Regiment of Foot which was originally formed in 1689 . In 1751 , they were numbered the 39th Regiment of Foot , and in 1782 took a county title as the 39th ( East Middlesex ) Regiment of Foot . In 1794 the regiment was captured , and reformed in Ireland the following year by absorbing the short - lived 104th Regiment of Foot ( Royal Manchester Volunteers ) . The 39th participated in a task force under Major - General John Whyte to capture the Dutch settlements of Demerara , Essequibo , and Berbice in April and May 1796 . In 1805 a number of regiments had their territorial affiliations shuffled , with the East Middlesex title passing to the 77th Foot and the 39th taking the Dorsetshire title previously held by the 35th ( Sussex ) Regiment of Foot to become the 39th ( Dorsetshire ) Regiment of Foot . The 39th arrived in the British colony of New South Wales toward the end of 1825 . The regiment saw service in Hobart , Sydney , Swan River colony and Bathurst , leaving on July 5 , 1832 to see service in India .