naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
James Robertson ( monk ) Dom James Robertson OSB ( 1758 – 1820 ) Scottish Benedictine Monk & British Napoleonic War Intelligence Agent . Educated at Dinant and Regensburg , took solemn vows as a monk in 1778 and ordained in 1782 . He published the first Catholic version of the New Testament to be printed in Scotland in 1792 . In 1808 , disguised as a cigar merchant , made secret contact with the Spanish general , Marqués de la Romana and a plan was worked out by which his 10 , 000 soldiers were secretly removed from Danish territory by the Royal Navy and returned to Spain to join the war against Napoleon . He subsequently published his own account of this mission : " Narrative of a Secret Mission to the Danish Islands in 1808 " .
Anna Lühring Anna Lühring ( 3 August 1796 , in Bremen – 25 August 1866 , in Hamburg ) ( sometimes wrongly referred to as Anna Lührmann ) was a soldier in the Prussian army during the Napoleonic Wars . Life . The daughter of a craftsman in Bremen , she became keen to join up after Tettenborn ' s capture of Bremen and the death of Eleonore Prochaska whilst serving in the Prussian Army . Dressed in her brother ' s clothing , she left Bremen in February 1814 and joined the Lützow Free Corps under the name Eduard Kruse at Jülich . In this unit she participated in the siege of Jülich and some smaller engagements during this . Even when her true identity became known she remained in the unit until its return to Berlin , where she was honoured for her services . In February 1815 she returned to her parental home . In 1821 , she married Karl Lucks from Altona , and in 1827 he became a citizen of Hamburg . After his death in 1832 she lived alone and poor in Horn quarter . From 1860 she received a small pension from her hometown of Bremen in return for her services . Today , Anna - Lühring - Straße and Anna - Lühring - Weg in Bremen and Anna - Lühring - Weg in Hamburg - Horn are named after her .
Hailakandi Airfield Hailakandi Airfield is a former wartime United States Army Air Forces airfield in India used during the Burma Campaign 1944 - 1945 . It is now abandoned . Hailakandi is a district of the Indian state of Assam . History . The airfield was the home of the 1st Air Commando Group , being formed at the base in March 1944 . The unit was a United States Army Air Forces group of fighters , bombers , transports , military gliders and small planes operating in the South - East Asian Theatre of World War II . They were part of the U . S . Tenth Air Force providing close air support for the British Fourteenth Army in the Burma Campaign . The Air Commando Groups was born out of a simple need . That need was to support via light airplanes the evacuation and resupply requirements of British Long Range Patrol ( LRP ) groups , or Chindits , as they were affectionately called . Carrying the lethal firepower of both bombers and fighters combined with the logistical tentacles of a gamut of transports , gliders , and light aircraft , this organization would reach deep behind enemy lines to do battle . Once formed , the unit moved Asansol Airfield , India on 20 May 1944 and the airfield was used for non - combat operations for the remainder of the war .
828 Naval Air Squadron 828 Naval Air Squadron was a Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm carrier based squadron formed in September 1940 as a torpedo spotter reconnaissance squadron . It operated in a number of the theatres of the Second World War , carrying out a number of attacks on enemy targets including the " Tirpitz " in Norway . History . Malta and the Mediterranean . The squadron was initially equipped with Fairey Albacore s on its formation at RNAS Lee - on - Solent , and then moved to Scotland to operate anti - submarine patrols with RAF Coastal Command . They embarked aboard in July 1941 and carried out an attack on Kirkenes , Norway . Five of the squadron ' s aircraft were lost in the attack . The squadron was then regrouped and sailed to Gibraltar in August aboard . They were then transported to Hal Far , Malta aboard HMS " Ark Royal " . From there the squadron attacked enemy shipping attempting to transport supplies to the Axis forces in Libya . In March 1942 they and 830 Naval Air Squadron formed the Naval Air Squadron Malta , which went on to attack enemy warships and convoys operating in the Mediterranean . Re - supply problems , partially alleviated by the Malta Convoys led to the number of operational aircraft being reduced to just two . In December 1942 the remnants of 826 and 830 squadrons were absorbed . 828 and 821 Naval Air Squadron s attacked shipping in May 1943 , and provided flare illumination for naval bombardments of Pantellaria . In July , from Hal Far on Malta , 828 squadron ' s Albacores ( torpedo spotter reconnaissance ) supported the Allied invasion of Sicily ( Operation Husky ) . 828 then moved to Monastir in Tunisia , where they disbanded in September 1943 . Together 828 and 830 squadrons had sunk 30 enemy ships and damaged another 50 . " Tirpitz " and the Far East . 828 Squadron was re - formed as a torpedo bomber reconnaissance squadron in March 1944 . Equipped with 12 Barracuda IIs they joined the 2nd Naval Torpedo Bomber Reconnaissance Wing and joined the Home Fleet aboard HMS " Implacable " in August that year . They briefly transferred to in August 1944 and carried out attacks on the German battleship " Tirpitz " as part of Operation Goodwood . They were briefly at RNAS Hatston , before re - boarding HMS " Implacable " and carrying out attacks on enemy shipping off the Norwegian coast in October . 828 Squadron was re - equipped with 21 Avenger Is and IIs in January 1945 , and then joined HMS " Trumpeter " . They were back aboard HMS " Implacable " by March 1945 , and sailed with her to Ceylon , subsequently disembarking at Trincomalee in April 1945 . 828 Squadron then joined the 8th Carrier Air Group and carried out attacks on Truk and the Japanese mainland . After the Japanese surrender the squadron returned to Nowra on 25 August 1945 , and remained there until May 1946 .
USS Grackle ( AMS - 13 ) USS " Grackle " ( MSC ( O ) - 13 / AMS - 13 / YMS - 312 ) was a built for the United States Navy during World War II . History . The second Grackle was laid down as " YMS - 312 " on 7 June 1943 by Henry B . Nevins Inc . , City Island , New York ; launched 9 November 1943 and sponsored by Mrs . W . G . Kroepke ; completed 4 December 1943 ; and commissioned 6 December 1943 with Lt . ( j . g . ) Ray G . Huling in command . " YMS - 312 " put in at Key West , Florida , 4 February 1944 after shakedown and following sound training there steamed to Curaçao , arriving 17 February . Escort , minesweeping and patrol duties in Caribbean waters occupied her until she got underway 1 September 1944 for San Pedro , California , and Hawaii . Her duty in the $ 3 terminated 9 April 1946 when " YMS - 312 " steamed eastward through the Panama Canal for overhaul at Charleston , South Carolina . On 15 May the minesweeper arrived Norfolk , Virginia , for operations in the Chesapeake Bay until November 1947 when she shifted her base to Charleston , South Carolina . Operations out of this base included tours of service for the Naval Schools Mine Warfare at Yorktown , Virginia , and the U . S . Naval Mine Countermeasures Station at Panama City , Florida . Periodically " Grackle " engaged in minesweeping operations off Massachusetts near Martha ' s Vineyard , completing this duty 27 June 1951 when she reported to the Mine Warfare School at Yorktown , Virginia , for duty as a school ship . On 1 March 1952 she sailed for the Caribbean to join the Mine Force in combined fleet maneuvers off Puerto Rico , Cuba , and the Virgin Islands , and returned to Yorktown , Virginia , near the end of March . Subsequent years were spent in alternate periods of operations that included school ship duties at Yorktown , amphibious exercises along the coast of North Carolina , and mine countermeasures operations along the Eastern seaboard . Redesignated coastal minesweeper MSC ( O ) - 13 in February 1955 , " Grackle " was placed in service in reserve 16 September 1957 and was decommissioned on 11 October 1957 at Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . The veteran minesweeper was struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 1 March 1963 and transferred to Brazil on 19 April 1963 as " Jurvena " ( M 14 ) . Her ultimate fate is unknown .
John R . McKinney John R . McKinney was a United States soldier who received the Medal of Honor in World War II during the campaign to recapture the Philippines from Japanese forces in 1945 . Against superior numbers , McKinney was single - handedly able to secure a crucial battlefield area before reinforcements arrived . He was presented the Medal in a White House ceremony by President Harry S . Truman on January 23 , 1946 . McKinney enlisted in the United States Army from Screven County , Georgia in November 1942 . He served as a Sergeant in the United States Army . Medal of Honor citation . McKinney , John R . " Rank and organization : " Sergeant ( then Private ) , U . S . Army , Company A , 123d Infantry , 33d Infantry Division " Place and date : " Tayabas Province , Luzon , Philippine Islands , May 11 , 1945 " Entered service at : " Woodcliff , Georgia " Citation : " Death . McKinney died on Apr . 4 , 1997 , and is interred at Doubleheads Baptist Church in Sylvania , Georgia . Legacy . The State of Georgia renamed a highway " The John R . McKinney Medal of Honor Highway " in his honor . Further reading . Forrest Bryant Johnson . 2007 . " Phantom Warrior : The Heroic True Story of Pvt . John McKinney ' s One - Man Stand Against the Japanese in World War II " . Berkley , New York . ISBN 978 - 0 - 425 - 21566 - 1 plus Author Interview at the Pritzker Military Library on January 17 , 2008
Francesco II Gonzaga , Marquess of Mantua Francesco II ( or IV ) Gonzaga ( – ) was the ruler of the Italian city of Mantua from 1484 until his death . Biography . Gonzaga was born in Mantua , the son of Marquess Federico I Gonzaga . He had a career as a condottiero acting as Venice ' s commander from 1489 to 1498 . He was the commander - in - chief of the army of the Italian league in the battle of Fornovo , although under the tutorage of his more experienced uncle Ridolfo Gonzaga : although inconclusive , the battle had at least the effect to push Charles VIII of France ' s army back to the Alps . He was described as " short , pop - eyed , snub - nosed and exceptionally brave , and was regarded as the finest knight in Italy " . Later he was rival of the Venetians , as leader of the Holy League formed by Pope Julius II against them . On that occasion he was captured by the Venetians , who held him as hostage for several months and humiliated him . He only became free by giving his son Federico II as hostage to Rome . This caused his perpetual hostility towards that city , and he refused any subsequent request to return to command its army . During his absences , Mantua was governed by his wife Isabella d ' Este , whom he had married on 12 February 1490 . Under their reign , Mantua knew a great age of cultural splendour , with the presence in the city of artists such as Andrea Mantegna and Jacopo Bonacolsi . Francesco had the Palace of St . Sebastian built , where Mantegna ' s " Triumph of Caesar " was eventually placed . Beginning in 1503 , he started a long relationship with Lucrezia Borgia On his death from syphilis contracted from prostitutes , he was succeeded by his son Federico , with Isabella acting as regent . Another son , Ferrante Gonzaga originated the branch of the Counts of Guastalla . His disease prevented him from recognizing that his wife had eclipsed him . Family . Isabella d ' Este and Francesco Gonzaga had 8 children :
14th Iowa Volunteer Infantry Regiment The 14th Regiment Iowa Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War . Service . The 14th Iowa Infantry was organized at Davenport , Iowa and mustered in fir three years of Federal service on November 6 , 1861 . The regiment was mustered out on August 8 , 1865 . Total strength and casualties . The 14th Iowa mustered a total of 1 , 720 during its existence . It suffered 5 officers and 59 enlisted men who were killed in action or who died of their wounds and 1 officer and 138 enlisted men who died of disease , for a total of 203 fatalities .
Wilfred Cairns , 4th Earl Cairns Lieutenant - Colonel Wilfred Dallas Cairns , 4th Earl Cairns , CMG , DL ( 28 November 1865 – 23 October 1946 ) was a peer of the United Kingdom and a Rifle Brigade officer . Career . Born in 1865 , he succeeded as the 4th Earl Cairns on the death of his older brother , Herbert , in 1905 . He bought and restored Farleigh House at Farleigh Hungerford in Somerset and lived there for most of the second half of his life . Marriage and family . On 12 July 1894 , Cairns married Olive Cobbold , daughter of the MP for Ipswich , John Patteson Cobbold . Together they had six children , four daughters and two sons . Their eldest daughter Hester married Robert Bourne rower and politician . Their second daughter Ursula married John Roland Abbey . Their elder son Hugh , Viscount Garmoyle , was killed on active service during World War II , leaving their second son , David , as heir to the Earldom .
Avro Athena The Avro 701 Athena was a British advanced trainer aircraft built by Avro in the late 1940s . It was designed to replace the North American Harvard in the Royal Air Force , but was only brought in small numbers , the competing Boulton Paul Balliol being preferred . Design and development . The Athena was designed to meet the requirements of Air Ministry Specification T . 7 / 45 for a three - seat advanced trainer powered by a turboprop engine for the RAF . The Athena was an all - metal low - winged monoplane , with a side - by - side cockpit . The Air Ministry rethought its requirements in 1947 and replaced the original specification with Specification T . 14 / 47 , which specified the use of a Rolls - Royce Merlin 35 piston engine , large stocks of which were held in store . Despite the change in specification , the first three prototypes were of the turboprop - powered Athena T . 1 , the first of which , powered by an Armstrong Siddeley Mamba engine , flew on 12 June 1948 at Woodford Aerodrome . The Merlin - powered Athena T . 2 first flew on 1 August 1948 , and was evaluated against the similar Boulton Paul Balliol . A small production run of 15 Athenas was ordered for the RAF , but the Balliol was preferred , and no further Athenas were ordered . Operational history . The 15 production Athenas were used by the RAF from 1950 for armament training at the RAF Flying College at RAF Manby . A single aircraft was loaned back to Avro and given the civil registration " G - ALWA " for a demonstration tour of India . No sales resulted and it was returned to the RAF . Accidents and incidents . Two of the 22 aircraft were lost in flying accidents :
French corvette Surveillant ( 1801 ) The Surveillant was a 16 - gun brig of the French Navy , built in 1799 , launched the next year , and put in service in 1801 . She took part in L ' Hermite ' s expedition before returning to France carrying despatches . She was demolished in 1811 .
William F . Durand William F . Durand ( March 5 , 1859 – August 9 , 1958 ) was a United States naval officer and pioneer mechanical engineer . He contributed significantly to the development of aircraft propellers . He was the first civilian chair of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics , the forerunner of NASA . A native of Connecticut , he was a member of the first graduating class of Birmingham High School in Derby , Connecticut ( now Derby High School ) in 1877 . He graduated second in his class at the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis and received his Ph . D . from Lafayette College . He went on to teach at the Michigan State College , Cornell University and Stanford University , teaching that school ' s first course in Aeronautics , the second offered by any school in the country ( the first was offered by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ) . He helped rebuild Stanford after the 1906 earthquake , and the department of Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineering building bears his name . A memorial there reads : " His first professional assignment in 1880 was on the USS Tennessee , a full rigged wooden ship with auxiliary steam power . His last , 1942 - 46 was as chairman of the National Aeronautical Commission for the development of jet propulsion for aircraft . " He died in 1958 at the age of 99 .
Al - Ukhaidir Fortress The Fortress of Al - Ukhaidir or Abbasid palace of Ukhaider is located roughly 50 km south of Karbala , Iraq . It is a large , rectangular fortress erected in 775 AD with a unique defensive style . Constructed by the Abbasid caliph As - Saffah ' s nephew Isa ibn Musa , Ukhaidir represents Abbasid architectural innovation in the structures of its courtyards , residences and mosque . Excavations at Ukhaidir were conducted in the early 20th century by Gertrude Bell . Ukhaidir was an important stop on regional trade routes , similar to Atshan and Mujdah . The complex comprises a primary hall , a big Iwan , a reception hall and servants quarters . The fortress exemplifies Abbasid architecture in Iraq by demonstrating the " despotic and the pleasure - loving character of the dynasty " in its grand size but cramped living quarters . World Heritage Status . This site was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List on July 7 , 2000 in the Cultural category .
Security Force Auxiliaries Security Force Auxiliaries or Pfumo Re Vanhu were black armies who fought in Rhodesia during the Bush War for the Rhodesian , and later the Zimbabwe - Rhodesian governments . Ndabaningi Sithole , founder of the Zimbabwe African National Union , and Abel Muzorewa , the first and only Prime Minister of Zimbabwe Rhodesia , led the auxiliaries . In 1978 the Rhodesian Special Branch created the first SFA in the Msana Tribal Trust Lands ( TTL ) . While the Rhodesian government intended for them only to serve as pro - government , anti - Communist militias , author Matthew Preston argues they became Muzorewa and Sithole ' s " private armies . " By 1979 there were 2 , 000 auxiliaries . By April there were 10 , 000 . Not only did the auxiliaries protect voters , but in some cities , such as Karoi , Chinamore and Seki , they fought and defeated the Patriotic Front . SFAs used torture to extract information . External links . Security Force Auxiliaries http : / / www . themukiwa . com / rhodesianwar / sfa . htm
Waffen - SS divisions All divisions in the Waffen - SS were ordered in a single series as formed , regardless of type . Those tagged with nationalities were at least nominally recruited from those nationalities . Many of the higher - numbered units were small battlegroups ( Kampfgruppe n ) , i . e . , divisions in name only . As a general rule , an " SS Division " is made up of Germans , or other Germanic peoples , while a " Division of the SS " is made up of non - Germanic volunteers . Also :
Fort Tonyn Fort Tonyn , named for General Patrick Tonyn ( East Florida ' s Royal Governor at the time of the American Revolution ) , was located in present - day Nassau County , Florida , near the hamlet of Mills ' s Ferry . The fort was unremarkable in its day , seeing little action . It is remembered chiefly because it served as a way station in the only substantial campaign Florida saw during the Revolution . General Robert Howe camped there with some 400 men on June 28 , 1778 , at the same time that Colonel Elijah Clarke led his troops to defeat at the Battle of Alligator Bridge . The fort is believed to have existed as late as the War of 1812 .
William Dunstan William Dunstan VC ( 1895 – 1957 ) was an Australian recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest award for gallantry " in the face of the enemy " that can be awarded to members of the British and Commonwealth armed forces . Biography . Dunstan was born on 8 March 1895 . He was 20 years old and a Corporal in the 7th Battalion ( Victoria ) , Australian Imperial Force during the First World War when he was awarded the VC for his actions on 9 August 1915 , at Lone Pine , Gallipoli , Turkey : The enemy made a determined counter - attack on the centre of the newly captured trench held by a lieutenant ( Frederick Harold Tubb ) , two corporals ( Alexander Stewart Burton and Corporal Dunstan ) and a few men . The enemy blew in the sand - bag barricade , leaving only a foot standing , but the lieutenant and the two corporals repelled the enemy and rebuilt the barricade . Twice more the enemy blew in the barricade and on each occasion they were repelled and the barricade rebuilt . Dunstan was blind for almost a year after Lone Pine . He later achieved the rank of Lieutenant . Before the war , Dunstan had been a messenger boy in a draper ' s shop . After the war he became the general manager of Keith Murdoch ' s " The Herald and Weekly Times " newspaper group . He died 3 March 1957 . His Victoria Cross is displayed at the Australian War Memorial , Canberra , Australia . In 1995 a Memorial to Dunstan was erected in Sturt St , Ballarat , Victoria , Australia . The " Dunstan VC Club " at Puckapunyal is named in his honour . He is the father of prominent journalist and writer Keith Dunstan . Medals . Dunstan was awarded :
National Reserve Corps The National Reserve Corps ( in Dutch : Korps Nationale Reserve , abbreviated Natres ) is a part of the Royal Netherlands Army . NATRES is a corps in the sense that it is a regiment which recruits nationally . The part - time reservist is like all Dutch military personnel a military volunteer . History . Since the 13th century , the Dutch government relies on voluntary armed citizens to defend their homes and to maintain public order . At first this task was carried out by so called ' shooter guild s ' . In the 16th century the voluntary armed citizens , under the influence of William I , Prince of Orange , were organized into militias . These militias were dissolved in 1908 . The outbreak of the First World War and the growing foreign threat lead to the formation of a new unit called the ' Voluntary Landstorm ' on August 4 , 1914 . At the end of WWI this unit consisted of 6 , 000 men . In the turbulent times of the Interbellum the Dutch Prime Minister Hendrikus Colijn decided to extend the ' Voluntary Landstorm ' . At the beginning of World War II this unit consisted of around 98 , 000 men . In the years after WWII again the need was felt for a rapidly deployable unit for the defense and security of Dutch territory . While the majority of the Dutch forces then were deployed in Indonesia , the threat of the Soviet Union increased . Therefore the National Reserve was established on April 14 , 1948 . During the Cold War the National Reserve developed into a versatile part of the Royal Dutch Army and received the status of Corps . In the 80s the first women entered the National Reserve Corps . After the Cold War , the Royal Dutch Army changed dramatically in character . Conscription for military service was suspended . The Royal Dutch Army shrank and became more frequently involved in peacekeeping or peace - enforcing missions abroad which resulted in a renewed relevance of the corps . Task and roles . Notable actions Organization . The corps ' battalion s are based on regions , commanded by operational brigade s . 10 Natresbataljon . Under command of the 43 Gemechaniseerde Brigade . Serving in the provinces of Groningen , Friesland , Drenthe , Gelderland and Overijssel 20 Natresbataljon . Under command of the 11 Luchtmobiele Brigade . Serving in the provinces of North Holland , South Holland , Utrecht and Flevoland 30 Natresbataljon . Under command of the 13 Motorized Brigade . Serving in the provinces of Zeeland , North Brabant and Limburg Personnel . NATRES units and personnel are not deployed abroad as their charter does not allow this . Individual soldiers ( mostly NCO ' s and officers ) are deployed as individual replacements or specialists , but always voluntarily . When a reservist is deployed , he does so under the capbadge of the regular unit he is attached to .