naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Tajna Organizacja Wojskowa Tajna Organizacja Wojsowa ( TOW ) or " Secret Military Organization " , was the name given to a underground group , or groups , which was supposed to be formed in Poland in the case Polish territory was occupied by foreign powers . The main , country wide , organization was active in the early days of World War II and during the Nazi occupation of Poland , while some of the offshoots or independently organized local " TOWs " , such as " Tajna Organizacja Wojskowa Gryf Pomorski " ( " TOW Pomeranian Griffin " ) or " Tajna Organizacja Wojskowa Gryf Kaszubski " ( " TOW Kaszubian Griffin " ) were active throughout the whole of the German occupation . During the interwar period , Polish intelligence services in the " Grupa Operacyjnej Dywersji " ( Operational Group for Diversion ) developed contingency plans for creating an underground movement in case the country was occupied by either Nazi Germany or Soviet Russia . The sub unit within this service codenamed " Zygmunt " was charged with preparing diversionary and sabotage actions to be carried out during the possible occupation . The main , country - wide , TOW was organized by Major ( later colonel ) Jan Mazurkiewicz , codename " Radosław " , in late 1939 , in Stanisławów , after the Polish defeat in the September campaign . Mazurkiewicz ' s founding of the group received approval from Gen . Władysław Sikorski and the Polish government in exile . Originally the coordinating headquarters of this TOW were located in Budapest , but were transferred to occupied Poland in 1940 . In March 1943 the main TOW became part of the general anti - Nazi organization the Home Army and the cells of the organization were transformed or transferred into the newly organized " Directorate for Diversion " , Kedyw . Some of the other TOWs , such as the Pomeranian Griffin , continued to exist independently of the Home Army , or were only nominally subordinated to it .
Assistant Secretary of Defense for Asian and Pacific Security Affairs The Assistant Secretary of Defense for Asian and Pacific Security Affairs , or ASD ( APSA ) is the principal advisor to the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy ( USD ( P ) ) and the Secretary of Defense on international security strategy and policy on issues of DoD interest that relate to the governments and defense establishments of the nations and international organizations within the Asia - Pacific region . Like the Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs , the ASD ( APSA ) is responsible for oversight of security cooperation programs and foreign military sales programs within the regions under its supervision . The ASD ( APSA ) also works closely with the United States Pacific Command , United States Central Command , and the Asia - Pacific Center for Security Studies . Finally , the ASD ( APSA ) represents the USD ( P ) and the Secretary of Defense in interagency policy deliberations and international negotiations related to the Asia - Pacific region . Like all Assistant Secretaries of Defense , the ASD ( APSA ) is considered part of the Office of the Secretary of Defense . Structure . This office was created in 2007 . It is composed of at least six country / sub - regional desks , each manned by a Senior Country Director . Most desks are also supported by an Assistant Country Director or group of Country Directors . As of February 2011 , the desks listed on the APSA website included : However , this list must be incomplete , since the office also has oversight of programs in Central Asia , Afghanistan and Pakistan , as well as India and other Asian nations . Depending on their areas of coverage , the country / sub - regional desks report to three different Deputy Assistant Secretaries : DASDs are appointed by the Secretary of Defense . Some are appointed from civilian life , while others are career defense officials . Once at the DASD level , the latter are considered a part of the DoD Senior Executive Service . The ASD ( APSA ) is also supported by a Principal Deputy , or PDASD , who helps oversee the three DASDs and the office ' s country / sub - regional desks . Deputy Assistant Secretaries of Defense Reporting to the ASD ( APSA ) . The list below details both the current DASD and previous DASD posts in this office .
Benjamin R . Marsh , Jr . Benjamin Raymond Marsh , Jr . ( 11 October 1916 – 7 December 1941 ) was born on 11 October 1916 in Lansing , Michigan . He enlisted in the Naval Reserve on 17 August 1940 at Detroit , Michigan . His enlistment terminated 13 February 1941 , and he was appointed midshipman in the Reserve the following day , receiving his commission as ensign on 15 May 1941 . Initially assigned to the seaplane tender USS " Tangier " ( AV - 8 ) , he was transferred on 4 November 1941 to USS " Arizona " ( BB - 39 ) . Ensign Marsh was declared dead following the attack on Pearl Harbor , 7 December 1941 . Namesake . In 1943 , the destroyer escort USS " Marsh " ( DE - 699 ) was named in Ens . Marsh ' s honor , sponsored by his mother , Mrs . Ben R . Marsh .
Ntshingwayo Khoza Ntshingwayo kaMgodi ( 1809 - 1883 ) was the second in command ( inDuna ) of King Cetshwayo ' s Army . He is known as Ntshingwayo Khoza after being taken into foster care by Mahole of the Khoza . He was the commanding general who led the Zulus against the Centre Column of the first British invasion of Zululand in the Anglo - Zulu War of 1879 . He outmanoeuvred Lt . Gen . Lord Chelmsford , diverting part of the British force , then defeating and annihilating the encamped British Army at the Battle of Isandlwana , after the epic battle he became Britain ' s biggest foe . Ntshingwayo is regarded as a Zulu superhero because he remained loyal to his people through thick and thin . He also is believed to be one of the oldest Zulu warriors , he died at the staggering age of 74 . Ntshingwayo ' s diet mainly consisted of amasi and beef later in his life . but did not surpass Sigananda kaSokufa ' s age of 91 . On 21 July 1883 , Zibhebhu launched a surprise attack on Cetshwayo ' s Ondini Homestead which was currently being renovated . Hundreds including his siblings Hayiyana and Makhoba were slain due to no preparation . In the incident Cetshwayo was wounded and fled the scene of the bloody coup , Ntshingwayo was killed along with his childhood friend Godide Ndlela ( his brother Mavumengwana was 2nd in command with Ntshingwayo at Isandlhwana ) and mourned by thousands mostly because he took his last bow in defence of his king , he was buried in an unmarked heap of rocks . Sources . Zulu Victory - The Epic of Isandlwana and the Cover - Up - Ron Lock and Peter Quantrill - ISBN 1 - 85367 - 645 - 4
Fort Harmar Fort Harmar was an early United States frontier military fort , built in pentagonal shape during 1785 at the confluence of the Ohio and Muskingum rivers , on the west side of the mouth of the Muskingum River . It was built under the orders of Colonel Josiah Harmar and took his name . The fort was intended for the protection of Indians , i . e . , to prevent pioneer squatters from settling in the land to the northwest of the Ohio River . “ The position was judiciously chosen , as it commanded not only the mouth of the Muskingum , but swept the waters of the Ohio , from a curve in the river for a considerable distance both above and below the fort . ” It is notable as the site for the 1789 Treaty of Fort Harmar between the United States and several Native American tribes . The presence of Fort Harmar was influential in the founding of Marietta , Ohio in 1788 to the east across the Muskingum . During the one - year anniversary celebration of the founding of Marietta , the physician Solomon Drowne said : But to whom is this settlement more indebted than to the generous chieftain [ Josiah Harmar ] and other worthy officers of yonder fortress , distinguished by the name of Harmer [ Fort Harmar ] . With what cheerfulness and cordiality have ye ever entered into every measure promotive of the company ' s interest . Important is the station ye fill in every respect , and not least in this , that you seem reserved to exhibit to mankind a specimen of that military splendor , which ornamented the arms of America , and would do honor to the troops of any potentate on earth . The fort was abandoned and later demolished , as the area has been redeveloped for other uses , and Marietta expanded to the west side of the river . This area of Marietta is still referred to as Harmar . For instance , a group of historic buildings has been recognized as the Harmar Historic District when listed on the National Register of Historic Places . Nearby forts . The Campus Martius fortification of the Marietta settlement was built on the east side of the Muskingum and upriver from Fort Harmar during 1788 , and fully completed in 1791 at the start of the Northwest Indian War . It was the first settlement of Marietta . The Picketed Point fortification of Marietta was built in 1791 directly across the Muskingum from Fort Harmar , on the east side of the river ' s mouth .
Sudetendeutsches Freikorps Sudetendeutsches Freikorps ( Sudeten German Free Corps , also known as the Freikorps Sudetenland , Freikorps Henlein and Sudetendeutsche Legion ) was a paramilitary nationalist organization founded by Konrad Henlein composed of Czechoslovak ethnic German s , with pro - Nazi sympathies who operated in Czechoslovakia from 1938 to 1939 . They played a part in Hitler ' s successful effort to occupy Czechoslovakia and annex the region known as Sudetenland into the Third Reich and were engaged in terrorist acts against Czechoslovakia Terrorism . Members of Freikorps were trained and hosted in Nazi Germany but operated across the border in Czechoslovakia attacking the infrastructure , administrative , police and military buildings and personnel , as well as the pro - government and antifascist civilians . They committed assassinations , robberies and bombing attacks . They murdered more than 100 and kidnapped for delivery to Germany more than 2000 Czechoslovak personnel , political opponents or their family members . During September 1938 the Free Corps would fight a low level conflict on Czechoslovakia ' s border with the Czechoslovak State Defense Guard . They halted their operations after the Nazis took control of the rump of Czechoslovakia in March 1939 .
Percy Thompson Dean Lieutenant - Commander Percy Thompson Dean VC ( 20 July 1877 – 20 March 1939 ) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . Dean was 40 years old and a lieutenant in the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve during the First World War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC . On 22 and 23 April 1918 at Zeebrugge , Belgium , after " Intrepid " and " Iphigenia " had been scuttled , their crews were taken off by Motor Launch 282 commanded by Lieutenant Dean . He embarked more than 100 officers and men under constant and deadly fire from heavy and machine - guns at point blank range . This complete , he was about to clear the canal when the steering gear broke down , so he manoeuvred on his engines and was actually clear of the entrance to the harbour when he was told there was an officer in the water . He immediately turned back and rescued him . He later achieved the rank of Lieutenant - Commander . After the war . After the war , he was elected at the 1918 general election as a Conservative Member of Parliament for Blackburn , serving until the 1922 general election . His VC is on display in the Lord Ashcroft Gallery at the Imperial War Museum , London .
USS Maud ( SP - 1009 ) USS " Maud " ( SP - 1009 ) was a United States Navy patrol vessel in commission from 1917 to 1919 . " Maud " was built as a private wooden motorboat of the same name . She was remodeled in 1913 . On 15 June 1917 , the U . S . Navy acquired " Maud " under a free lease from her owner , W . H . Pattison , for use as a section patrol boat during World War I . She was commissioned the same day as USS " Maud " ( SP - 1009 ) . Assigned to the 5th Naval District , " Maud " operated in the Norfolk , Virginia , area for the rest of World War I . In addition to carrying out patrol duties , she served as a dispatch boat and on special services duties for the Commandant , 5th Naval District . " Maud " was returned to Pattison on 7 January 1919 .
Gardez Fire Base The Gardez Fire Base is an American outpost in Afghanistan , near the city of Gardez , in the Province of Paktia , near the border with Pakistan . The base is approximately 100 kilometers south of Kabul , and was the subject of regular attack in 2003 . In mid - August 2011 , a truck packed with explosives detonated at the entrance , killing two Afghan guards but otherwise doing minimal damage to the base . The Taliban , however , made spurious claims of massive casualties and destroyed helicopters . Colonel Burke Garrett published a letter in the " Fort Drum Blizzard " in which he described the living conditions at the Gardez Fire Base , and its neighboring bases :
Alfred George Drake Alfred George Drake VC ( 10 December 1893 – 23 November 1915 ) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . Drake was born in December 1893 in Mile End , Stepney , London to Robert and Mary Ann Drake . He was 21 years old , and a corporal in the 8th Battalion , The Rifle Brigade ( Prince Consort ' s Own ) , British Army during the First World War , and was awarded the VC for his actions on 23 November 1915 , near La Brique , Belgium . He was killed in his VC action . Citation . He was interred in La Brique No 2 Military cemetery near Ieper . The officer rescued by Corporal Drake was Lieutenant Henry Tryon also of the Rifle Brigade . After Tryon recovered from his wounds he returned to his former unit and was killed in action at Flers - Courcelette on 15 September 1916 His VC is on display in the Lord Ashcroft Gallery at the Imperial War Museum , London .
Geoffrey Gaunt Geoffrey Gaunt was a Spitfire pilot during the Battle of Britain . He served in the RAF as part of No . 609 Squadron RAF . He was killed in action on 15 September 1940 . Gaunt was from a well - known textile family and screen star James Mason was a cousin . He was buried in his family plot at Salendine Nook Baptist Church with his grandparents and later his father was also buried there in 1958 . He was good friends with David Moore Crook .
Roberto Estévez First Lieutenant Roberto Néstor Estévez ( 24 February 1957 , Posadas , Misiones – 28 May 1982 , Malvinas Islands ) was an Argentine Army officer who was killed in action in the Battle of Goose Green during the Falklands War ( Spanish : " Guerra de las Malvinas / Guerra del Atlántico Sur " ) . He was posthumously awarded the Argentine Nation to the Heroic Valour in Combat Cross that year . His remains are buried at the Argentine Darwin Military Cemetery .
Kosmos 2418 Kosmos 2418 ( meaning " Cosmos 2418 " ) is one of a set of three Russia n military satellites launched in 2005 as part of the GLONASS satellite navigation system . It was launched with Kosmos 2417 and Kosmos 2419 . This satellite is a GLONASS - M satellite , also known as Uragan - M , and is numbered Uragan - M No . 713 . Kosmos 2417 / 8 / 9 were launched from Site 81 / 24 at Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan . A Proton - K carrier rocket with a Blok DM upper stage was used to perform the launch which took place at 05 : 07 UTC on 25 December 2005 . The launch successfully placed the satellites into Medium Earth orbit . It subsequently received its Kosmos designation , and the international designator 2005 - 050B . The United States Space Command assigned it the Satellite Catalog Number 28916 . It was the third orbital plane in orbital slot 24 . It is no longer in the GLONASS constellation .
HMS Nubian ( F131 ) HMS " Nubian " ( F131 ) was a Tribal - class frigate of the Royal Navy in service from 1962 and 1979 . She was named after the Nubian ethnic group , located in Egypt and Sudan . She was sunk as a target in 1987 . " Nubian " was built by Portsmouth Dockyard , at a cost of £4 , 360 , 000 . She was launched on 6 September 1960 by Lady Holland - Martin , wife of Vice - Admiral Sir Deric Holland - Martin , and commissioned on 9 October 1962 . Operational Service . In 1964 , " Nubian " suffered a collision that caused minor damage . She joined the Beira Patrol off Mozambique in 1967 , supporting the enforcement of an oil blockade of Rhodesia . Nubian constituted the escort for the trans - Atlantic air race in 1969 that commemorated the 50th Anniversary of Alcock and Brown ' s non - stop transatlantic flight from Newfoundland to Britain . In 1971 she was present at Portsmouth Navy Days . In 1972 , " Nubian " reinforced the British garrison in Belize after Guatemala intensified its theats to annex the territory . " Nubian " was present at the 1977 Spithead Fleet Review , held in honour of Queen Elizabeth II ' s Silver Jubilee . At this time she was part of the 5th Frigate Squadron . In 1978 , " Nubian " assisted in the clean - up after the super - tanker Amoco Cadiz grounded off the coast of Brittany ; more than 200 , 000 tons ( 180 , 000 metric tons ) of oil had polluted the Brittany coastline . " Nubian " entered the reserve in 1979 , being placed in the Standby Squadron and put on the disposal list in 1981 . While in reserve , " Nubian " became a training ship and had parts cannibalised for three sister - ships sold to Indonesia in 1984 . The frigate was sunk as a target on 27 May 1987 .
John Birch ( soldier ) Colonel John Birch ( 7 September 1615 – 10 May 1691 ) was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons at various times between 1646 and 1691 . He fought for the Parliamentary cause in the English civil war . Birch played a significant role in the battle of Cropredy Bridge , Oxfordshire on 29 June 1644 . On 18 December 1645 , Parliamentarians under the command of Birch and Colonel Morgan captured the City of Hereford . In 1646 Birch besieged and captured Goodrich Castle from the Royalist Sir Henry Lingen . He was also elected Member of Parliament for Leominster as a recruiter to the Long Parliament . He was re - elected MP for Leominster in 1654 , 1656 , 1659 and 1660 . Following the Restoration , Birch was elected MP for Penryn in the Cavalier Parliament . He was elected MP for Weobley in the two elections of 1679 , in 1681 , 1689 and 1690 . Birch is buried in a monumental tomb in Weobley Church . One of the regiments of the Sealed Knot historical reenactment association is " Col . John Birch ' s Regiment " .
101st Infantry Battalion ( United States ) The 101st Infantry Battalion ( Separate ) was an independent battalion on the US Army designed to be formed of Austrian - Americans and Austrian Nationals resident in the United States . History . In 1942 the United States created several separate infantry battalions composed of Americans of ethnic descent or citizens of certain nations who were not yet American citizens . Amongst them were the 99th Infantry Battalion of Norwegian - Americans , the 100th Infantry Battalion of Japanese - Americans , and the 122nd Infantry Battalion of Greek - Americans . A Polish unit was also proposed but never created . Zita of Bourbon - Parma , the wife of the last Emperor of Austria supposedly lobbied the American government for such a unit following President Franklin D . Roosevelt ' s officially declared restoration of an independent Austria to be an American war aim . Three of her sons Carl , Charles , Rudolf and Felix von Habsburg served in the unit that served at Camp Atterbury , Indiana . Werner von Trapp also served in the Battalion . The battalion was disbanded on June 16 , 1943 .
Ailette The ailette ( French language for " little wing " ) was a component of thirteenth century knight ly armour . Usually made of cuir bouilli ( sometimes of plate or parchment ) , ailettes were thick , quadrangular pieces of leather or wood that attached to the shoulders by means of silk or leather cord . Ailettes were usually flat and nearly rectangular in shape , and usually decorated with heraldic designs . Ailettes made brief appearances between 1290 and 1325 before giving way to more protective joint plates that covered the joint gap in the shoulders . The purpose of ailettes is a matter of disagreement amongst scholars . Some , such as Charles ffoulkes , claim that they enhanced protection to the neck , while others , like Ewart Oakeshott , argue that they were used primarily for decorative and heraldic reasons .
HMS Windsor Castle ( 1679 ) HMS " Windsor Castle " was a 90 - gun second rate ship of the line of the English Royal Navy , built by Thomas Shish at Woolwich Dockyard , and launched in 1679 . " Windsor Castle " commissioned in 1690 under Captain George Churchill and took part in the Battle of Beachy Head on 30 June 1690 . In 1692 she was under the command of Captain Peregrine Osborne , and took part in the Battle of Barfleur on 19 – 24 May 1692 . In 1693 she was commanded by Captain John Munden , but was wrecked on the Goodwin Sands in April 1693 .
Byzantine – Sasanian War of 440 The East Roman – Sassanid war of 440 was a short conflict between the East Roman Empire and the Sasanian Empire , the Romans , hard pressed on their southern front by the Vandal invasion and conquest of Carthage , sued for a quick end to war in return for payments to the Sasanians . It was also agreed that no new frontier fortresses were to be built in Mesopotamia .
HMS Gould ( K476 ) HMS " Gould " ( K476 ) was a British Captain - class frigate of the Royal Navy in commission during World War II . Originally constructed as the United States Navy " Evarts " - class destroyer escort USS " Lovering " ( DE - 272 ) , she served in the Royal Navy from 1943 until her sinking in 1944 . Construction and transfer . The ship was ordered on 25 January 1942 and laid down as the destroyer escort USS " Lovering " ( DE - 272 ) , the first ship of the name , by the Boston Navy Yard in Boston , Massachusetts , on 20 May 1943 . She was launched on 8 July 1943 , sponsored by Mrs . Joseph S . Lovering , sister - in - law of the ships namesake , the late Ensign William B . Lovering . The United States transferred the ship upon completion to the United Kingdom under Lend - Lease on 18 September 1943 . Service history . The ship was commissioned into service in the Royal Navy as the frigate HMS " Gould " ( K476 ) under the command of Lieutenant Daniel William Ungoed , RN , on 18 September 1943 simultaneously with her transfer . She served on convoy escort duty in the North Atlantic Ocean . On 26 February 1944 , " Gould " joined the British frigates and in a depth - charge attack that sank the German submarine " U - 91 " in the North Atlantic at position . On 29 February 1944 , " Gould " was operating as part of the First Escort Group when she , " Affleck " , " Gore " , and the British frigate detected the German submarine " U - 358 " in the North Atlantic north - northeast of the Azores and began a depth - charge attack which continued through the night and into 1 March 1944 , the four frigates dropping a combined 104 depth charges . " Gore " and " Garlies " were forced to withdraw to Gibraltar to refuel on 1 March , but " Affleck " and " Gould " continued to attack " U - 358 " . During the afternoon of 1 March , " U - 358 " succeeded in torpedoing and sinking " Gould " with a G7es – known to the Allies as " GNAT " – torpedo at position . Ungoed , six other officers , and 116 ratings died in the sinking , and only 14 of " Gould " s crew survived . " U - 358 " was soon forced to surface after 38 hours submerged and was sunk by gunfire from " Affleck " at position .
Van Woert ' s Regiment of Militia The Van Woert ' s Regiment of Militia , also known as the 18th Albany County Militia Regiment , was called up in July , 1777 at Hoosick , New York , USA to reinforce Gen . Horatio Gates ' s Continental Army during the Saratoga Campaign . The regiment served in Brigadier General Abraham Ten Broeck ' s Brigade . With the defeat of General John Burgoyne ' s British Army on October 17 , 1777 the regiment stood down .