naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Loevestein Castle Loevestein ( " Slot Loevestein " in Dutch ) is a medieval castle built by the knight Dirc Loef van Horne ( hence " Loef ' s stein " ( ( stone ) ) house ) between 1357 and 1397 . Until the Second World War Loevestein Castle was part of the Nieuwe Hollandse Waterlinie , the main Dutch defense line that was based on flooding an area of land south and east of the western provinces . Currently the castle is used as a medieval museum and function centre . History . It was built in a strategic location in the middle of the Netherlands , where the Maas and Waal rivers come together ( just west of current day villages Poederoijen and Brakel , in the municipality of Zaltbommel , in Gelderland ) . At first it was a simple square brick building , used to charge toll from trading vessels using the rivers . In the 16th century ( around 1575 , orders given by William the Silent ) it was expanded to a larger fortress surrounded by earthen fortifications with two ( later three ) stone bastion s on the northern side , two moat s , an arsenal , and housing for a commander and soldiers . It changed hands twice between the Northern Dutch and the Spanish ( December 9 , 1570 it was taken by the Geuzen , ten days later Spanish again , and from June 25 , 1572 Dutch till this day ) , the warring parties of the day . The castle soon ( from 1619 ) became a prison for political prisoners . One famous inmate was the eminent lawyer , poet and politician Hugo de Groot ( Hugo Grotius ) often presented as the " father of modern international law " , who was serving a controversially imposed life sentence from 1619 . In 1621 Hugo de Groot managed to pull off a daring escape in a book chest . The idea for this escape came from his wife Maria van Reigersberg ( also living in the castle ) . He subsequently became the Swedish Ambassador to France for 10 years . Another high profile inmate was the English Vice - Admiral George Ayscue . In literature . In Alexandre Dumas , père ' s La Tulipe Noire , the main character Cornelius Van Baerle is imprisoned at Loevestein .
HESA Saeqeh Saeqeh ( , " thunderbolt " ) , alternatively spelt Sa ' eqeh ; Saegheh , or Saeqeh - 80 , is an Iranian built single - seat jet fighter , derived from the American Northrop F - 5 . A joint product of the Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force and the Iranian Ministry of Defense , it is the second generation of the Iranian Azarakhsh fighter . Saeqeh aircraft were tested successfully in Iran 20 September 2007 . Design and development . The first prototype of the jet was shown on state television making a test flight in July 2004 . According to the translation by the Washington - Based Middle East Media Research Institute ( MEMRI ) of a broadcast on Islamic Republic of Iran News Network ( IRINN ) , the Saeqeh became operational on September 6 , 2006 , when it participated in an Iranian military wargame exercise called " Blow of Zulfiqar " . In that exercise , which began on August 19 , 2006 , the new fighter carried out actions described as " a mission to bomb virtual enemy targets " , and " a mock bombing mission " . Two prototypes , which appeared to differ from the one that had been shown previously , conducted a fly - past at Tehran ' s Mehrabad Airport on 20 September 2007 . Three prototypes took part in a military parade on 22 September 2007 . Iran has announced that it will test fly the other variants of the Saeqeh in the near future which will differ from the previous aircraft due to major changes in its weapon system , aerodynamics and operational range . Little information on the specifications of the Saeqeh has been released . The Commander of the Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force , Brigadier - General Ahmad Mighani , said that the Saeqeh is up - to - date in terms of aerodynamic balance and in possessing missile and radar systems . The Managing Director of the Aviation Organization of the Ministry of Defense and Logistics of the Armed Forces , Majid Hedayat , described the Saeqeh as a logistic and combat plane with high manoeuvring capability and an ability to bomb close targets . The airframe is very similar to the Northrop F - 5 with twin vertical stabilizers . In 2008 Iran announced the aircraft has a range of 3 , 000 km . The fighter - bomber had the ability to track down enemy aircraft , engage in combat , target locations on the ground , and carry an assortment of weapons and ammunition . The Iranian Minister of Defense , Brigadier - General Mostafa Mohammad Najjar , announced that the Defense Ministry had started to design such a jet on 6 August 2007 , which could not be the Saeqeh because it had already flown by that date . In September 2010 , Iran displayed the first squadron of Saeqeh ( Thunderbolt ) fighter jets produced during an air show staged during military parades at the beginning of the Iranian Sacred Defence Week according to the FARS News Agency . In May 2012 three new - generation Saeqeh ( Lightning ) fighters have been manufactured and delivered to the Air Force . On 26 August 2012 , deputy Defence Minister Mohammad Eslami announced that an upgraded version of the Saeqeh would be introduced in the Iranian Air Force by the end of the Solar Hijri year 1391 .
Distinguished Service Cross ( United Kingdom ) The Distinguished Service Cross ( DSC ) is a third level military decoration awarded to officers , and ( since 1993 ) other ranks , of the British Armed Forces , Royal Fleet Auxiliary and British Merchant Navy and formerly also to officers of other Commonwealth countries . The DSC , which may be awarded posthumously , is granted in recognition of " . . . gallantry during active operations against the enemy at sea . " History . The award was originally created in 1901 as the Conspicuous Service Cross , for award to warrant and junior officers ineligible for the DSO . It was renamed the Distinguished Service Cross in October 1914 , eligibility being extended to all naval officers ( commissioned and warrant ) below the rank of Lieutenant Commander . In 1931 , the award was made available to members of the Merchant Navy and in 1940 eligibility was further extended to non - naval personnel ( British Army and Royal Air Force ) serving aboard a British vessel . Since the 1993 review of the honours system , as part of the drive to remove distinctions of rank in awards for bravery , the Distinguished Service Medal , formerly the third level decoration for ratings , has been discontinued . The DSC now serves as the third level award for gallantry at sea for all ranks . Since 1916 , bars to the DSC have been awarded in recognition of the performance of further acts of gallantry meriting the award . Recipients are entitled to the postnominal letters DSC . Robert Peverell Hichens , the most highly decorated member of the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve in the Second World War , was awarded the DSC and two Bars .
7 . 5 cm FK 7M85 The 7 . 5 cm Feldkanone 7M85 ( 7 . 5 cm FK 7M85 ) was a field gun used by Germany in World War II . Design . The FK 7M85 was designed to a requirement issued in 1944 for a dual - purpose anti - tank and artillery gun that could be produced quickly . The gun , cradle and recoil system from the 7 . 5 cm PaK 40 anti - tank gun was adapted to the 10 . 5 cm leFH 18 / 40 carriage . Interestingly the leFH 18 / 40 carriage had been itself adapted from the PaK 40 so this design essentially returned the gun to its original carriage , albeit modified with an extra 20° of elevation . Nomenclature . In 1944 – 45 the Germans changed their system of artillery designations from the old " year " system . Each weapon was to have a number showing their caliber group , a letter denoting ammunition group , and the last two digits were from the weapon drawing number . In this case 7 denoted 75 mm caliber using the M group of ammunition . The shells were all to be designated as M with a 4 - digit number , the first three were the drawing number and the last was the shell ' s category from the following list :
Norman Spratt Norman Spratt , a native of Durban , Natal , was an officer of the Royal Flying Corps during the First World War who was involved in much aircraft testing at the Royal Aircraft Establishment , Farnborough , United Kingdom . He later served as a group captain in the Royal Air Force . He was awarded the Order of the British Empire in 1925 . On 7 December 1913 , Spratt , as factory test pilot , crashed Royal Aircraft Factory B . E . 2 a , " 235 " , at the Farnborough Aerodrome , pilot surviving . In 1914 , Spratt set a new airspeed record in a Royal Aircraft Factory S . E . 4 , at 134 . 5 mph , bringing the speed title to the U . K . for the first time . On 14 May 1914 , Norman Spratt set a British altitude record of 18 , 900 ft . while flying one of two Royal Aircraft Factory R . E . 5 reconnaissance designs , the fifth and sixth machines , which were produced as single - seat ' height machines ' , with long strut - braced extensions on the upper wing , which gave it a span of 57 ft 2 . 39in . On 12 August 1914 , the sole Royal Aircraft Factory S . E . 4 , " 628 " , crashlanded at 1145 hrs . while being flown by Lt . Spratt when one of the wheels collapsed , airframe overturning , sustaining such extensive damage that it was abandoned . The first dogfight is believed to have taken place on 28 August 1914 , when Spratt , flying a Sopwith Tabloid , forced down a German Albatros C . I two - seater . This was an amazing achievement as his Sopwith was not armed . The prototype Armstrong Whitworth F . K . 3 was first test flown by Spratt in 1915 . Spratt served as a Group Captain during World War II , but died from ill - health in 1944 .
National Intelligence and Security Agency The National Intelligence and Security Agency ( NISA ) is the national intelligence agency of the Federal Republic of Somalia . Overview . NISA was officially established in January 2013 by the new Somali Federal Government in place of the defunct National Security Service ( NSS ) . It is part of a broader effort by the federal authorities to re - establish state institutions . Headquarted in Mogadishu , NISA is mandated with firming up on security . It is assisted in this capacity by AMISOM . According to the former Minister of State for the Presidency Abdulkadir Moallin Noor , the CIA also provided training to NISA officials during the latter agency ' s formative stages . Among other deployments , NISA agents have conducted security operations against Al - Shabaab elements in the capital .
Bernardino de Mendoza Bernardino de Mendoza ( c . 1540 – August 3 , 1604 ) was a Spanish military commander , a diplomat and a writer on military history and politics . Life and works . Bernardino de Mendoza was born in Guadalajara , Spain around 1540 as the son of Don Alonso Suarez de Mendoza , third Count of Coruña and Vicecount of Torija , and Doña Juana Jimenez de Cisneros . In 1560 , he joined the army of Philip II and for more than fifteen years fought in the Low Countries under the command of Fernando Álvarez de Toledo , Duke of Alba . During this period , he participated in the Spanish military actions at ( among others ) Haarlem , Mookerheyde and Gembloux . In 1576 , he was appointed a member of the military Order of St . James ( " Orden militar de Santiago " ) in recognition of these military achievements . In 1578 , Philip II sent Mendoza as his ambassador to London . There he acted not only as diplomat but also as spy , using a variety of secret codes in the reports he returned to Spain . He was expelled from England in 1584 after his involvement in Francis Throckmorton ' s plot against Elizabeth I was revealed . Crucial to this plot was his correspondence with Phillip II , using a code known only to himself and the king which they had learnt years earlier . For the next six years , Bernardino de Mendoza served as Spanish ambassador to the king of France . As the effective agent of Philip ' s interventionist foreign policy , Mendoza acted in concert with the Catholic League , for which he acted as paymaster , funnelling to the Guise faction Habsburg funds , and which he encouraged to try , through popular riots , assassinations and military campaigns , to undercut any moderate Catholic party that offered a policy of rapprochement with the Huguenots , whom the militant Mendoza and his master considered as nothing more than heretics who needed to be crushed and rooted out like an infection . His role in backing the ultra - Catholic house of Guise became so public that Henri III demanded his recall . In 1591 , with the Catholic League in disarray after the assassination of Henri , duc de Guise , he resigned due to ill health . His eyesight had been deteriorating for years and by the time of his return to Spain , he had become completely blind . His last years were spent in his house in Madrid . Many of Mendoza ' s dispatches to Madrid were first deciphered only in the Simancas archives by De Lamar Jensen ; they revealed for the first time Mendoza ' s role in organizing and coordinating the Paris riots led by the duc de Guise , known as the Day of the Barricades ( 12 May 1588 ) , presented as a spontaneous rising of the people and timed to coincide with the sailing of the Spanish Armada . Among Mendoza ' s public writings is a famous account of the war in the Low Countries entitled " Comentario de lo sucecido en los Paises Bajos desde el año 1567 hasta el de 1577 " . Bernardino also published a book on the art of warfare under the title " Theórica y práctica de la guerra " and a Spanish translation of the " Politicorum sive civilis doctrinae libri sex " of the Flemish philosopher Justus Lipsius .
Siege of Senonae In 356 AD , Roman Emperor Julian the Apostate over - wintered in Senonae ( possibly modern Sens ) in Gaul . Following desertion s from his German federated troops , hostile Germanic warbands learned that his force was under - strength and moved to attack the town . However , they were not able to break into the town , lacking advanced siegecraft , and could only prevent Julian from venturing outside the walls . After a month , they withdrew .
AN - 22 bomb The AN - 22 was France ' s second air - dropped nuclear weapon , developed as a replacement for the earlier AN - 11 bomb , entering service in 1967 . It had a similar 60 to 70 kilotons yield fission warhead to the earlier AN - 11 , but with enhanced safety features and a parachute retarder to enable it to be dropped at low level . Additionally the casing was redesigned reducing its weight from approximately 1 , 400 kg ( 3 , 000 lb ) to around 700 kg ( 1 , 500 lb ) . It was carried by the Dassault Mirage IV . A stockpile of about 40 weapons was maintained , providing one for each of the 36 Mirage IVAs in service , plus several spares . The last warhead was retired on 1 July 1988 , at which point the ASMP stand - off weapon took over the role previously held by the AN - 22 .
520th Fighter - Interceptor Squadron The 520th Fighter - Interceptor Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit . Its last assignment was with 530th Air Defense Group , stationed at Geiger Field , Washington . It was inactivated on 18 August 1955 . History . Training for combat , October 1943 – April 1944 . Air defense of the Mprthwest United States , 1954 – 1955
Action of 18 October 1782 The Action of 18 October 1782 was a minor naval engagement of the American War of Independence , in which the French 74 - gun ship of the line " Scipion " , accompanied by a frigate , was chased by two ships of the line , HMS " London " and " Torbay " . Outmanoeuvring her larger opponents , " Scipion " obtained a favourable position that allowed her to rake HMS " London " , causing severe damage and escaping . The British resumed the chase , and " Scipion " struck a rock in Samana Bay , becoming a total loss .
John Waldegrave , 6th Earl Waldegrave Lieutenant - Colonel John James Waldegrave , 6th Earl Waldegrave ( 31 July 1785 – 28 September 1846 ) was a British peer and soldier . Waldegrave was the second son of the 4th Earl Waldegrave and was educated at Eton . Upon his father ' s death in 1789 , Waldegrave ' s elder brother George inherited the former ' s titles , but Waldegrave soon inherited them ( aged eight ) , when his brother drowned in the Thames five years later . On leaving Eton in 1801 , Lord Waldegrave purchased a commission in the 55th Foot . He later transferred to the 3rd Foot Guards and in 1804 transferred to the 39th Foot as a Lieutenant without purchase . He later transferred to the 36th Foot and exchanged into the 7th Light Dragoons in 1805 . He saw action during the Peninsular War . In 1808 he transferred to the 8th Garrison Battalion as a Major and a few months later exchanged into the 72nd Foot . He exchanged into the 15th Light Dragoons in 1809 and into the 12th Light Dragoons in 1812 . Eight months later he purchased the Lieutenant - Colonel cy of the 54th Foot , which he commanded at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815 . On his return home , he married his longtime lover , Anne King on 30 October 1815 ; they had had several children before their marriage and later had a further four . His daughter Lady Horatia married firstly in 1847 Capt . John Joseph II Webbe - Weston ( d . 1849 ) of Sutton Place , Surrey and secondly John Wardlaw , brother of General Wardlaw . Lord Waldegrave was briefly a Tory Lord of the Bedchamber from 1830 – 31 and died in 1835 . He was succeeded by his eldest legitimate son , Hon . George Edward , and his wife remarried in 1839 , to Dr . Algernon Hicks . Waldegrave later transferred to the 98th Foot .
Attack Squadron 210 ( United States Navy ) Attack Squadron 210 ( VA - 210 ) was an aviation unit of the United States Naval Reserve active between 1970 and 1971 . VA - 210 aircraft wore CVWR - 20 ' s tail code " AF " , the squadron ' s nickname was " Black Hawks " . History . The United States Navy reorganized its Naval Air Reserve units in 1970 . To bolster their strength two Reserve Carrier Air Wings ( CVWR ) were formed , CVWR - 20 on the U . S . East Coast and CVWR - 30 on the U . S . West Coast . Utilizing assets from reserve squadron VA - 2Z1 attack squadron VA - 210 was established at the NAS South Weymouth , Massachusetts ( USA ) on 1 July 1970 . The unit was commanded by Commander W . M . Hollister and equipped with Douglas A - 4C Skyhawk attack planes . However , CVWR - 20 had originally only attack squadrons . The decision was made to replace two of the attack squadrons by fighter squadrons in 1971 . VA - 210 was one of the squadrons to be replaced by fighter squadrons VF - 201 and VF - 202 . Aircraft of VA - 201 made their last operational flight on 14 December 1970 , the squadron being disestablished on 30 June 1971 . References . U . S . Naval History Center : " Dictionary of American Naval Aviation Squadrons Volume 1 The History of VA , VAH , VAK , VAL , VAP and VFA Squadrons , Chapter 2 Attack Squadron Histories for VA - 210 to VA - 873 " , p . 272
Motor Torpedo Boat PT - 34 Motor Torpedo Boat " PT - 34 was a of the United States Navy , built by the Electric Launch Company of Bayonne , New Jersey . The boat was laid down as Motor Boat Submarine Chaser " PTC - 14 , but was reclassified as " PT - 34 " prior to its launch on 14 June 1941 , and was commissioned on 12 July 1941 . Service history . " PT - 34 " was placed in service with Motor Torpedo Boat Squadron TWO ( PTRon 2 ) , and was transferred to Motor Torpedo Boat Squadron THREE ( PTRon 3 ) on 12 August 1941 . Under the command Lt ( jg ) . Robert B . Kelly ( also the executive officer of Motor Torpedo Boat Squadron Three ) , " PT - 34 " was based in the Philippines . On 17 December 1941 , , a passenger ship loaded with 1 , 200 passengers , struck a mine off Corregidor and sank with a large loss of life . " PT - 34 " , along with squadron mates and rescued some 280 survivors , who were distributed between Corregidor and French ship SS " Si - Kiang " . On the night of 22 January 1942 during the Battle of the Points , Japanese troops of the 16th Division attempted a landing on the west coast of southern Bataan . Intercepted by " PT - 34 " , two barges were sunk and the rest scattered into two groups , neither of which landed on the objective beach . On 12 March 1942 the boat evacuated Admiral Francis W . Rockwell , General Richard Marshall ( Deputy Chief of Staff , ) , Col . Charles P . Stivers ( G - 1 , ) , Capt . Joseph McMicking ( Philippine Army , Asst . G - 2 , ) from Corregidor to Mindanao as part of the operation to evacuate General Douglas MacArthur to Australia . On the night of 8 April 1942 , off Cebu , the and the torpedo boat " Kiji " were attacked by " PT - 34 " in concert with . Both PT boats reported seeing multiple torpedo hits on the " Kuma " from their attack , but according to Japanese Navy records examined after the war , the " Kuma " was hit in the bow by one of the torpedoes fired by " PT - 34 " , but it failed to detonate . " PT - 34 " was attacked near Kauit Island by four Japanese F1M " Pete " floatplane s from the on 9 April 1942 , in the aftermath of the " Kuma " attack . With three feet of water in the engine room , Lt . Kelly beached the boat , and abandoned it . " PT - 34 " was later strafed by Japanese aircraft , set on fire and destroyed . The crew suffered one KIA , one DOW , and three WIA . Kelly was later transported out of the Philippines along with three other officers of the squadron . The executive officer Iliff David Richardson remained in the Philippines with the guerrilla forces , and later an account of his experiences were published in a book ( later made into a film ) " American Guerrilla in the Philippines " .
INS Ranvijay ( D55 ) INS " Ranvijay " ( D55 ) is a Rajput class destroyer in active service with the Indian Navy . " Ranvijay " was commissioned on 21 December 1987 at Poti ( U . S . S . R . ) . Exercises . " Ranvijay " participated in the multinational Malabar Naval Exercise between Australia , India , Singapore , Japan and United States in the Bay of Bengal . Awards and recognition . " Ranvijay " received the best ship of the Eastern Fleet Trophy for the year 2006 - 2007 and 2011 - 12 . Service history . The Indian Navy was a part of the joint forces exercises , Operation Parakram , during the 2001 – 2002 India – Pakistan standoff . The operation included 26 Naval Cadets from various part of India under the command of Senior Cadet Captain Ajithkumar Nair from the Kerala and Lakshadweep Directorate . This was the only operation includes Cadets in the history of Indian Defense . She has won the prestigious Cock Trophy in the annual Eastern Fleet whaler boat regatta held at the Naval Dockyard on 7 January 2006 .
Kagher Neiber - Shieg Kagher Neiber - Shieg ( February 5 , 1897 – 1910s ) was a Canadian - born German fighter ace . Birth and early life . Neiber - Shieg was born to a German family in downtown Ottawa . His father worked in an industrial plant , while his mother lived at home . For three years , 1912 – 1915 , he attended Lisgar Collegiate Institute , where he was abused because of his German parentage . He then conspired to escape to Germany . Escape . In mid - November 1915 , Neiber - Shieg sneaked aboard a transport ship carrying Canadian soldiers to the front in World War I . He posed as a deck hand , and upon arrival in England , pretended to be a physician ' s helper . He sneaked across No man ' s land and came upon German lines . He then joined the Imperial German Army Air Service . Life in the Air Force . Neiber - Shieg , upon graduation from the Air Academy was a successful pilot . He allegedly shot down 6 aircraft , destroyed 8 on the ground , and had 3 ' probables " . However while returning to his base his plane was clipped by a bird . Though this did not damage the plane in any way , Neiber - Shieg immediately pulled his plane into a dive . As he was only at 30 feet Neiber - Shieg was instantly killed as his plane hit the ground . He is buried in Amiens , France .