naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
USS Carnelian ( PY - 19 ) USS " Carnelian " ( PY - 19 ) was a converted yacht that patrolled with the United States Navy in World War II . She was named for carnelian ( a semi - precious stone ) . " Carnelian " was built as the yacht " Trudione " in 1930 by Bath Iron Works , Bath , Maine for Ross W . Judson who was president of Bath Iron Works and Continental Motors Corporation . It was named after his twin daughters , Trudi & Ione . She was renamed " Seventeen " in December 1930 . She was then purchased by the Navy on 13 May 1941 and commissioned on 7 June 1941 with Lieutenant Commander G . L . Hoffman , USNR , in command . Service history . She was then assigned to patrol the Caribbean , and then onto other duties during the war . " Carnelian " arrived at Jacksonville , Florida , on 23 February 1942 for patrol duty in the Caribbean . Later based on New Orleans , Louisiana for duty escorting convoys to Galveston , Texas and Key West , " Carnelian " provided essential services to the Gulf Sea Frontier in its task of guarding a wide area with minimal forces . From November 1942 through January 1944 , the converted yacht screened convoys , composed primarily of tankers with cargoes of oil , between Trinidad and Recife , Brazil . After overhaul , " Carnelian " joined the anti - submarine training group based at Norfolk , Virginia , with whom she served until 25 January 1945 . Assigned then to the Potomac River Naval Command , she was based at the Mine Warfare Test Station , Solomons , Maryland , for mine test operations in Chesapeake Bay . " Carnelian " was decommissioned on 4 January 1946 and transferred to the Maritime Commission on 24 October 1946 .
USS Samuel Eliot Morison ( FFG - 13 ) USS " Samuel Eliot Morison " ( FFG - 13 ) , the seventh " Oliver Hazard Perry " - class frigate , was named for Rear Admiral Samuel Eliot Morison ( 1887 – 1976 ) , one of America ' s most distinguished naval historians , who wrote more than 40 books on naval history . " Samuel Eliot Morison " ( FFG - 13 ) was the first ship of that name in the US Navy . TCG " Gökova " ( F 496 ) . On 11 April 2002 , " Samuel Eliot Morison " was decommissioned and transferred to Turkey , where she was renamed as TCG " Gökova " ( F 496 ) and joined the other G class frigate s ( " Perry " class ) , which the Turkish Navy has acquired from the United States . As of 2011 , she is still in active service .
HMS Ardrossan ( J131 ) HMS " Ardrossan " was a turbine - engined " Bangor " class minesweeper of the Royal Navy . So far she has been the only ship of the Royal Navy named after the Scottish town of Ardrossan . She was built by Blyth Shipbuilding Company , at Blyth , Northumberland and launched on 22 July 1941 . She had a relatively quiet wartime career and was sold on 1 January 1948 for breaking up . She arrived at the breaker ' s yard at Thornaby - on - Tees on 19 August 1948 .
Kosmos 2232 Kosmos 2232 ( meaning " Cosmos 2232 " ) is a Russian US - K missile early warning satellite which was launched in 1993 as part of the Russian Space Forces ' Oko programme . The satellite is designed to identify missile launches using optical telescopes and infrared sensors . Kosmos 2232 was launched from Site 16 / 2 at Plesetsk Cosmodrome in Russia . A Molniya - M carrier rocket with a 2BL upper stage was used to perform the launch , which took place at 15 : 55 UTC on 26 January 1993 . The launch successfully placed the satellite into a molniya orbit . It subsequently received its Kosmos designation , and the international designator 1993 - 006A . The United States Space Command assigned it the Satellite Catalog Number 22321 .
Cardigan Castle Cardigan Castle is a castle located in Cardigan , Ceredigion , Wales . History . The first motte - and - bailey castle ( ca . 1093 ) was built a mile away from the present site , probably about the time of the founding of the town by Roger de Montgomery , a Norman baron . The forerunner of the present castle was built by Gilbert Fitz Richard Lord of Clare after the former was destroyed . The castle was handed down to Gilbert ' s son , Gilbert de Clare , 1st Earl of Pembroke in 1136 . The same year , Owain Gwynedd led the defeat of the Norman rulers in the town of Cardigan at the Battle of Crug Mawr . The town was taken and burnt , though the castle was successfully defended by Normans commanded by Robert fitz Martin . The castle was later recaptured by the Normans , and was held for Earl Roger of Hertford . In 1166 it was captured by Rhys ap Gruffydd , who rebuilt it in stone in 1171 . In 1176 the first ever Eisteddfod was held at the castle . On Rhys ' s death in 1197 his sons , Maelgwn and Gruffydd , disputed their inheritance resulting in Maelgwn surrendering Gruffydd to the Normans and selling the castle to King John . The castle was later held for William Marshall . Llywelyn the Great captured it in 1215 and at the parliament held at Aberdovey in 1216 made it over to the sons of Gruffydd ap Rhys of Deheubarth , but in 1223 William Marshall the Younger recaptured it . In 1231 the castle was again captured for Llywelyn by Rhys Gryg and his allies . Llywelyn held it until his death in 1240 . On Llywelyn ' s death it fell back into Norman hands , and in 1244 Earl Gilbert of Pembroke rebuilt it with town walls for added protection . It is the remains of this building that still stands overlooking the river . It was badly damaged during the English Civil War in Wales and until the 18th century it was only used as a prison . At the beginning of the 19th century a residence , Castle Green House , was built inside the walls incorporating the North Tower . This fell into disrepair in the 1940s and was allowed to decay further by the owner to the extent that the outer walls needed supporting . Today . The castle was purchased by Ceredigion Council in April 2003 and it is intended to repair it as part of the regeneration of Cardigan . In 2004 Castle Green House appeared on the BBC ' s second series of Restoration , presented by Griff Rhys Jones .
Hastings Castle Hastings Castle is situated in the town of Hastings , East Sussex ( ) . Immediately after landing in England in 1066 William of Normandy ordered three fortifications to be built , Pevensey Castle in September 1066 , Hastings ( before the Battle of Hastings ) and Dover , a few days after the battle . Hastings Castle was originally built as a motte - and - bailey castle near the sea . In 1070 William had issued orders for the Castle to be rebuilt in stone , along with the St Mary ' s Chapel . The Count of Eu held the castle for most of the Norman period , but King John ordered that the castle be destroyed to prevent it falling into the hands of the Dauphin Louis . In 1220 , Henry III re - fortified the castle . In 1287 violent storms battered the south coast for many months and the soft sandstone cliffs eventually succumbed to the elements . Large sections of the face fell into the sea along with parts of the castle . In 1339 and 1377 , the town was attacked by the French leaving many burnt buildings which included homes . Throughout the next century erosion was unchecked and gradually more of the castle was lost to the sea . The mid 16th century saw the castle receive another blow as Henry VIII commissioned that all Catholic monasteries were to be destroyed and this left the site in decay for many years . After that the site was purchased by the Pelham family and used for farming until the ruins had become so overgrown they were lost from memory . During World War II , the castle received more damage as Hastings was a target for bombing raids . In 1951 the Hastings Corporation purchased the site and converted it into a tourist attraction .
USS General Lyon ( 1860 ) USS " General Lyon " , originally the " De Soto " , was recaptured from the Confederate States of America and renamed the " USS De Soto " , and then " USS General Lyon " , after Brigadier General Nathaniel Lyon . The steamer was put into service by the Union Navy as a storeship and dispatch boat serving the Union ships on the blockade of the Confederacy . Service history . " General Lyon " was built at New Albany , Indiana , in 1860 , and operated out of New Orleans , Louisiana , as " De Soto " . " De Soto " was a sidewheel steamer , one of the many taken over by the Confederate forces for use on the Mississippi River and other rivers . In April 1862 she was busy ferrying troops to evacuate the area near Island Number 10 and was used , under a flag of truce , to communicate with the Union gunboats . On 7 April 1862 she carried Confederate officers who surrendered possession of Island Number 10 to Flag Officer Andrew Hull Foote . It was at night , and " De Soto " approached cautiously , giving four blasts of her whistle , repeatedly , until answered , whereupon Federal Officers came on board to accept surrender . The ship was taken into the Union Army as transport " De Soto " . Transferred to the Navy 30 September 1862 as " USS De Soto " , she was renamed " USS General Lyon " on 24 October 1862 , Master John R . Neeld in command . After undergoing extensive repairs at Cairo , Illinois . , " General Lyon " saw duty as ordnance , stores , and dispatch ship for the Mississippi Squadron . Leaving Cairo 2 February 1863 , she operated for the next two and a half years on the western waters . In April 1863 she was briefly flagship of Rear Admiral David Dixon Porter . General Lyon returned to Mound City , Illinois , 17 February 1865 , decommissioned 3 August , and was sold to H . L . Lee 17 August 1865 . She re - documented as " Alabama " , and was destroyed by fire at Grand View , Louisiana , 1 April 1867 .
BL 12 inch naval gun Mk VIII The BL 12 inch naval gun Mark VIII was one of the first large British naval guns designed for the higher pressures generated by the new cordite propellant , and Britain ' s first large wire - wound gun . It represented a major advance compared to previous British guns . Naval service . The gun was installed on the " Majestic " - class battleships from 1895 and on the " Canopus " - class battleships from 1899 . During World War I guns removed from the obsolete " Majestic " class were mounted in " Lord Clive " - class monitors for shore bombardment . Land service . From 1921 to 1926 two guns from the decommissioned battleship HMS " Illustrious " were in service in the Tyne Turrets for coast defence , north and south of the mouth of the River Tyne in the northeast of England . Problems in service . During bombardment service when mounted in the " Lord Clive " - class monitors deposition of copper from the projectile driving band s needed frequent removal . However , problems with the inner liners were more serious . The continual drag of the driving bands caused the liner to be gradually stretched forward . The resulting protrusion at the muzzle could simply be cut off , but in addition the liner began to form a ridge in the barrel near the shoulders of the outer ‘ A ’ tube , where the inner ‘ A ’ tube was keyed to the outer . The ridge accumulated copper from the driving bands , which could give sufficient retardation to the projectile to start the fuze , which resulted in a premature detonation either within the bore , or soon after leaving the muzzle . This happened several times during bombardment service , including an occasion when " Lord Clive " showered pieces of shell over the French destroyer " Aventurier " . The ‘ steel choke ’ restriction could be temporarily removed by rubbing down with an emery - covered block pullled back and forth in the bore , but the only permanent cure was to fit new guns with a modified design of liner , which had a different arrangement of internal shoulders .
Timeline of the Irish Confederate Wars Presented below is a chronology of the major events of the Irish Confederate Wars from 1641 - 1653 . This conflict is also known as the Eleven years war . The conflict began with the Irish Rebellion of 1641 and ended with the English Parliamentarian Cromwellian conquest of Ireland ( 1649 – 53 ) . 1642 . Rebellion breaks out in Clare and Limerick in the west and Antrim in the north . Myles " the Slasher " O ' Reilly .
Endsieg Endsieg is German for " final victory " . It is used in the meaning that a victory is taken for granted even though all odds are against it . Origin and historical usage . The word became commonly used in World War I . One of the earliest , if not the first , usage in print was Karl Kraus ' satirical story " Vor dem Endsieg " ( Facing Final Victory ) , published October 1918 in the Austrian magazine " Die Fackel " ( The Torch ) . Adolf Hitler used ' Endsieg ' in his book " Mein Kampf " ( My Struggle ) in 1925 when he asked the rhetorical question if he wanted the final victory over the Jewish people . In the 30s and 40s , the word was widely used in the propaganda of the ' Third Reich ' . ' Endsieg ' was part of the Nazi doctrine : Temporary losses ( including of civilian lives ) notwithstanding , the ' Third Reich ' would ultimately prevail , and thus any breakdown in allegiance to Nazi ideology was not to be tolerated . This conjuration of final victory became more desperate in 1943 when allied successes forced Germany onto the defensive . Joseph Goebbels still spoke about the ' Endsieg ' as late as March 1945 . . Contemporary usage . The term is today almost exclusively used with reference to its meaning in the Third Reich . Because of this connection with Nazi ideals , it is often banned at German internet forum s and other online services , like German eBay . Sometimes ' Endsieg ' is also used in a sarcastic way , implying that a goal is unattainable , but that attaining it nevertheless will continue to be expected , no matter what ( and that it ' s not allowed to raise objections due to dictatorship - style leadership ) .
Anastasian Wall The Anastasian Wall ( , ) or the Long Walls of Thrace ( Greek : Μακρά Τείχη της Θράκης , Turkish : " Uzun Duvar " ) is an ancient , stone and turf fortification located west of Istanbul , Turkey built by the Byzantines during the late 5th century . Originally some long , it stretches from Evcik İskelesi in Çatalca at the Black Sea coast across the Thracian peninsula to the coast of the Sea of Marmara at west of Silivri ( ancient Selymbria ) . It ran from north to south through the locations what are today Karacaköy , Gümüşpınar , Pınarca , Kurfallı , Fener , Alipaşa Neighborhood and Silivri Altınorak . Remains of the wall are visible in Gümüşpınar junction in Karacaköy , Hisartepe in Yalıköy , Pınarca in İhsaniye and Kurfallı village . The wall was part of an additional outer defense system for Constantinople , capital of the Eastern Roman Empire and probably continued in use until the 7th century . The wall was named after the Emperor Anastasius I ( r . 491 – 518 ) . However , there is evidence that the fortification already existed in 469 during the reign of Leo I ( r . 457 - 474 ) and in 478 in the era of Zeno ( r . 476 – 491 ) , and it was maintained and renewed by Anastasius in the time from 507 to 512 . The wall had a thickness of and a height over . It was built complete with towers , gates , forts , ditches and a military way to protect Constantinople from invasions from the west by Huns , Slavs and Bulgars . A rectangular " castrum " with dimensions of by existed also in the central section of the wall . It is known that the wall had only a limited effectiveness , and the barbarians penetrated it many times , because the fortification ' s length made it difficult to defend the wall completely by a limited garrison , and also because the wall was not sufficiently strong due to its construction in haste . The wall fell into ruin after it was abandoned in the 7th century because of the difficulty of keeping it manned and repaired . Over the centuries , the stone of more than half of the total length was reused in other local buildings . It is best preserved in the woodlands of the northern sector . The Anastasian Wall is an almost unknown example of monumental linear fortification dating from antiquity in continental Europe , next only to Hadrian ' s Wall ( 122 AD ) in England in its complexity .
159th Infantry Brigade ( United Kingdom ) The 159th Infantry Brigade was a motorised infantry brigade of the British Army during World War II . History . The creation of the 11th Armoured Division ( which included this Brigade together with 29th Armoured Brigade ) was part of the British answer to the success of German panzer divisions in the previous years . In Poland in 1939 then in Western Europe in 1940 , the German armoured elements had clearly displayed new tactics and methods of fighting ; the Allied Forces now had to address those developments in Europe . Originally part of the 53rd ( Welsh ) Infantry Division , the brigade detached to form the 11th Armoured in October 1943 , from thereon being involved in intensive training while gradually receiving new , more modern equipment . Normandy to Belgium . The Brigade landed on Juno Beach in Normandy on 13 June 1944 . During the campaign in Normandy the brigade took part in Operations " Epsom " , " Goodwood " , " Bluecoat " and the actions around the Falaise Gap . In August the Brigade , as part of the 11th Armoured Division , advanced into France participating in the " swan " to Amiens ; the fastest and deepest penetration into enemy territory ever made until the 1991 Gulf War . The 11th Armoured Division then turned northward to Belgium and captured the city of Antwerp on 4 September . Market Garden to Germany . The Brigade had a minor role in Operation " Market Garden " and went on to participate in the Ardennes . Soon thereafter , the 11th Armoured Division pushed forward into the German - occupied Netherlands . In March 1945 , it crossed the Rhine River and by the end of the war had advanced to the northeast and captured the German city of Lübeck on 2 May 1945 . As it drove into Germany , the Brigade occupied the Bergen - Belsen concentration camp on 15 April 1945 , pursuant to an 12 April agreement with the retreating Germans to surrender the camp peacefully . When the Brigade entered the camp , they found more than 60 , 000 emaciated and ill prisoners in desperate need of medical attention . More than 13 , 000 corpses in various stages of decomposition lay littered around the camp . Units of the Division and its higher formations were detached to oversee the work needed in the camp . From the end of the war in Europe ( 8 May 1945 ) the Division was involved in the occupation of Germany until its disbandment in January 1946 .
David Legge Brainard Brigadier - General David Legge Brainard ( December 21 , 1856 − March 22 , 1946 ) was an American arctic explorer and soldier . Early life . Brainard was born in Norway , New York , the fifth son to Alanson Brainard and Maria C . Legge . Military career . Brainard enlisted in the US Army in 1876 , and served in the Sioux , Bannock and Nez Perce campaign s in 1877 and 1878 under General Nelson Appleton Miles , where he was wounded on his face and right hand . Arctic exploration . In 1880 , he volunteered and was selected for the Howgate Expedition , which was canceled . However , the next year he was detailed as first sergeant for the ill - fated Lady Franklin Bay Expedition under Adolphus Greely . Over the three years of this expedition he continuously kept a journal . Among the men to die on this expedition was James Booth Lockwood , second - in - command of the expedition and Brainard ' s companion on many excursions , including their record breaking push north to 83°23 ' 30 " . Brainard wrote of his passing on April 9 , 1884 : Shortly before rescue , in the spring of 1884 , freezing , starving and suffering from scurvy , he wrote : Brainard was one of only six survivors rescued by Rear Admiral Winfield Scott Schley on June 22 , 1884 . On that day , he was reportedly too weak to hold his pencil to make a note in his log . He was awarded the Back Grant by the Royal Geographical Society in 1885 . Later military career . Brainard was commissioned second lieutenant in the 2nd Cavalry in 1886 " as recognition of the gallant and meritorious services rendered by him in the Arctic expedition of 1881 – 1884 . " He then had the distinction of being the only living ( active or retired ) officer in the US Army commissioned for specific services . He served as Chief Commissary of the Military Forces in the Philippines during the Spanish - American War in 1898 . After being promoted to brigadier general in 1917 , he served as Military Attaché of the US Embassy in Portugal from 1918 until his retirement from the Army in 1919 . Post - retirement . Brainard was awarded the Charles P . Daly Medal by the American Geographical Society for his arctic exploration in 1926 , and in 1929 was awarded The Explorers Club Medal . He elected an honorary member of the American Polar Society in 1936 , on his 80th birthday . Brainard married twice , first to Anna Chase in 1888 , then to Sara Hall Guthrie ( 1880 – 1953 ) in 1917 , leaving no children and one stepdaughter , Elinor , from his second marriage . Brainard died , aged 89 , on March 22 , 1946 , and was buried in Arlington National Cemetery , joined by his second wife in 1953 . He was the last survivor of the Lady Franklin Bay Expedition , the second - last member having died in 1935 .
Jacob Thomas ( VC ) Jacob Thomas VC ( 1833 – 3 March 1911 ) was a Welsh recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . Details . Thomas was about 24 years old , and a bombardier in the Bengal Artillery , Bengal Army during the Indian Mutiny when the following deed took place on 27 September 1857 at the Siege of Lucknow , British India for which he was awarded the VC : Further information . He later achieved the rank of quartermaster - sergeant . He was born in Llanwinio near Carmarthen and died near Darjeeling aged 77 . The medal . His Victoria Cross is displayed at the Royal Artillery Museum , Woolwich , England .
3rd Infantry Division ( Wehrmacht ) The German 3rd Infantry Division was established under the cover name " Wehrgauleitung Frankfurt " in 1934 by expanding the 3rd Division of the Reichswehr . It was redesignated " Kommandant von Frankfurt " shortly afterward , and took on its bona fide name when the formation of the Wehrmacht was announced in October 1935 . In March 1939 it took part in the invasion and occupation of Czechoslovakia . It took part in the invasion of Poland in 1939 where it was part of the 4th Army . It then took part in the invasion of France in 1940 . In October 1940 it returned to Germany and was upgraded to a fully motorized division . ( Most German divisions during the World War II era had no transport for the infantry and used horses to tow their artillery ; German industry could not turn out sufficient motor transport while also trying to meet other military requirements . ) As the 3rd Motorized Infantry Division it took part in Operation Barbarossa in 1941 , advancing on Leningrad under Army Group North . In October it was transferred to Army Group Center for Operation Typhoon and the Battle of Moscow and the defensive battles of the winter . In mid - 1942 it was transferred to Army Group South to take part the summer offensive " Fall Blau " ( " Case Blue " ) , and was ultimately caught up in the Battle of Stalingrad , where it was destroyed in the encirclement with the Sixth Army in early 1943 . It was reconstituted as the 3rd Panzergrenadier Division in March 1943 , absorbing the 386th Motorized Division in the process . It then fought in Italy until the summer of 1944 , when it was transferred to the Western Front to help re - establish the front line after the Allied breakout from Normandy . Later in the year , it participated in the Battle of the Bulge and then in the defensive actions at Remagen , ultimately surrendering in the Ruhr Pocket in April 1945 . External links . Note : The Web references may require you to follow links to cover the unit ' s entire history .