naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Battle of Olivento The Battle of Olivento was fought on 17 March 1041 between the Byzantine Empire and the Normans of southern Italy and their Lombard allies near the Olivento river , in Apulia , southern Italy . History . The battle had its origin in the decision of Arduin the Lombard , a Greek - speaking Lombard who had fought for the Byzantines , to change sides and form a coalition with the Normans Rainulf Drengot and the Hauteville brothers ( William Iron Arm , Drogo , Humphrey ) , and the Lombards Atenulf of Benevento and Argyrus of Bari . Once having defeated the imperial armies , they would take for themselves the conquered lands . The Byzantine catepan of Italy , Michael Doukeianos , moved from Bari with the few troops he could muster , including some Varangians , troops from the Opsikion " tagma " and several Thracians . He was able to defeat the first rebel troops he met , and he pursued them at Ascoli Satriano . Here he was met by an army of 300 Norman Knights and 600 infantry under Rainulf Drengot , Arduin and William Iron Arm . Prior to the battle Doukeianos sent an envoy to the Lombard - Norman army to give them a choice of returning to Lombard territory or to fight the numerically superior Byzantine Army . Once the envoy was done giving the terms , Hugh Touboeuf , the Norman knight who had been holding the reigns to the envoy ' s mount - killed the horse by hitting it in the back of the head with his gauntlet . After the envoy was given another horse he was sent back to Doukeianos with the Normans ' reply choosing battle . The rebels had deployed the cavalry in the centre , with the infantry on the wings . The Byzantines launched several waves of attacks against the Norman cavalry . However , the Normans resisted and counter - attacked , defeating the Byzantines with a decisive cavalry charge . The Greek troops fled , and many of them drowned in the river . The catepan himself was barely able to escape alive . The battle of Olivento was the first of the numerous successes scored by the Normans in their conquest of southern Italy . After the battle , they conquered Ascoli , Venosa , Gravina di Puglia . It was followed by other Normans victories over the Byzantines in the battles of Montemaggiore and Montepeloso .
Warbird Warbird is any vintage military aircraft now operated by civilian organizations and individuals or , in some instances , by historic arms of military forces , such as the Battle of Britain Memorial Flight , the RAAF Museum Historic Flight and the South African Air Force Museum Historic Flight . Restored warbirds are a frequent attraction at airshow s . Highly modified as well as " stock " warbirds can also frequently be seen at air race s , since World War II - era fighters are among the fastest propeller - driven airplanes ever built . Some of the most popular warbirds for races are the North American P - 51 Mustang , the Hawker Sea Fury , the Grumman F8F Bearcat and the North American T - 6 Texan . Naming . Although the term originally implied piston - driven aircraft from the World War II era , it is now often extended to include all airworthy former military aircraft , including jet - powered aircraft . Vintage jet aircraft in airworthy condition , however , are much rarer due to technical complexity . Sometimes , newly built replicas and reproductions of vintage aircraft are called " warbirds , " such as Allison V - 1710 - powered Yakovlev Yak - 9 s from Yakovlev , Messerschmitt Me 262 s built by the Me 262 Project and Focke - Wulf Fw 190 s by Flug Werk ; this can include any one of a large number of different aircraft designs from between World War I the late 1930s , when military aircraft design was less complex . Such replicated warbirds may even be powered by vintage engines from the era of the aircraft design being flown , as Cole Palen did at his Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome aviation museum with accurate and airworthy reproductions of the Fokker Dr . I , Sopwith Camel and Sopwith Dolphin World War I aircraft . Restoration process . Vintage warbird restoration , or classic aircraft restoration , is the process of taking aircraft from the previous era , and performing processes such as maintenance , repairs and refurbishments in order to restore these military aircraft to their original wartime state ( minus , of course , any working weaponry ) . According to " Classic Warplanes " , some of the tasks performed on these vintage aircraft include : Air shows . There are several different types of warbirds such as the Fighter , Trainer , Bomber , Jet , Transports , Utility , etc . Examples of aircraft types include the North American P - 51 Mustang , Vought F4U Corsair , Boeing B - 17 Flying Fortress , North American T - 6 Texan , Beechcraft T - 34 Mentor , Messerschmitt Bf 109 , Hawker Hurricane and Supermarine Spitfire . There are great warbirds air - shows all over the world annually . " Warbird Alley " claims that some of the best - known air shows in the United States that feature warbirds are : In Europe , one of the best known warbird air show is the annual Flying Legends arranged in Imperial War Museum Duxford in UK . La Ferté - Alais air show in France collects warbirds annually too . Warbirds fly also in most of the Shuttleworth Collection flying days in UK every summer . Clubs and organizations . Some organizations in the United States are :
William Christian ( Virginia ) William Christian ( c . 1743 – April 9 , 1786 ) was an " Indian fighter " , Continental soldier , militia man and politician from the Colony of Virginia who served in the era of the American Revolution . He was a signatory to the Fincastle Resolutions and founder of Fort William ( now Louisville , Kentucky ) . Christian helped to negotiate the Treaty of Long Island — making peace between the Overmountain Men and the majority of the Cherokee tribes in 1777 . Early life . Christian was born in Staunton , Virginia , a descendant of a Manx family which had previously migrated to Ireland . His parents , Israel Christian and Elizabeth Starke , had settled in Virginia in 1740 , where they ran a general store . Personal and civic life . In the mid - 1760s , Christian worked in the law office of Patrick Henry , and married Henry ' s sister , Anne . Christian resided in Botetourt County , Virginia and then Fincastle County , Virginia . He represented Fincastle County in the Virginia House of Burgesses for three sessions , from 1773 to 1775 . He was a signatory to the Fincastle Resolutions , the earliest statement of armed resistance to the British Crown in the American Colonies . In 1775 , with the approach of the American Revolutionary War , Christian served on the Fincastle , and attended the March 20 and July 17 meetings of the Virginia Conventions . Military duty . At about the age of 18 , William served as a captain in the Anglo - Cherokee War under Colonel William Byrd . In 1774 , he commanded a regiment of militia from Fincastle County in Dunmore ' s War , but he and his troops arrived too late to participate in the decisive Battle of Point Pleasant . On February 13 , 1776 , he was appointed lieutenant colonel of the 1st Virginia Regiment of the Continental Army , and was promoted to colonel in March . When the British - allied Cherokees under Dragging Canoe and Oconostota went to war with the colonies in 1776 , Christian resigned his commission in July of that year , accepting a commission as colonel in the militia from the Virginia Council of Defense . Christian led an expedition against the Overhill Cherokee s , which saw little action but compelled some of the chiefs to agree to peace . He served in the commission which negotiated the " Treaty of Long Island of the Holston " with the Cherokees , signed on July 20 , 1777 . He was also a commissioner in a second treaty with the Cherokees — in 1781 . Fort William . William Christian and his wife helped established Fort William , Kentucky , where he directed the defense of what is now Louisville from Native American attacks . Post - revolution . In 1785 , Christian moved his family to the neighborhood of the Louisville settlement , where he executed claims to 9 , 000 acres ( 36 km² ) of land . He was killed in the Illinois Country ( in the area which is now southern Indiana ) the next year during battle with the Wabash Indians . Christian is buried in Jefferson County , Kentucky in the Bullitt cemetery in Oxmoor , near his residence , a log house still standing . Legacy . Several places are named after him : Christiansburg , Virginia is named for his father .
Spanish ship San Pedro de Alcantara San Pedro de Alcantara was a 64 - gun Spanish man - of - war , which sank near Peniche , Portugal , loaded with so much treasure that her shipwreck shocked the financial markets of Spain . The cargo was eventually salvaged , and the scattered remains were investigated in 1988 and 1996 . Career . " San Pedro de Alcantara " was built of mahogany in Cuba in 1770 , by an English shipbuilder in Spanish service . She sailed to Peru in 1784 , where she loaded about 600 tons of copper , 153 tons of silver and four tons of gold from Peruvian mines . She also carried a collection of ancient ceramics from the Chimu culture , as well as political prisoners from the Túpac Amaru Rebellion ( including Túpac Amaru ' s 12 - year old son ) and from the Conspiracy of the Tres Antonios in Chile . The silver was in the form of minted coins , mostly " pieces of eight " . Unfortunately the ship was heavily overloaded and the cargo was about twice as much as usual for such a ship . The captain was even warned that the ship would risk losing her bottom in a storm . However , there were no exact rules for the loading of ships , so she sailed for Spain anyway . During her voyage from Peru , " San Pedro de Alcantara " was constantly leaking , and the crew had a hard time manning the pumps . She was forced to put into the port of Talcahuano , in Chile , where major repairs were effected . After rounding Cape Horn , the ship had to be taken in again for repairs at Rio de Janeiro , where the leaks were again fixed . The ship continued her journey to Spain in early 1786 . " San Pedro de Alcantara " sank in a storm on February 2 , 1786 , at approximately 10 . 30 PM , off Peniche , on the Portuguese coast , with the loss of 128 people . There were 270 survivors . Salvage operations began almost immediately , carried out by around 40 underwater divers , who without the help of any breathing apparatus brought up almost 750 tons of cargo over the three years following the disaster .
Alfred Eliab Buck Alfred Eliab Buck ( February 7 , 1832 – December 4 , 1902 ) was a U . S . Representative from Alabama . Biography . Born in Foxcroft , Maine , Buck was graduated from Waterville College ( now Colby College ) in 1859 . During the Civil War he entered the Union Army as captain of Company C , Thirteenth Regiment , Maine Volunteer Infantry . He was appointed lieutenant colonel of the Ninety - first United States Colored Troops in August 1863 , was transferred to the Fifty - first United States Colored Troops in October 1864 , and was made brevetted colonel of Volunteers for gallant conduct . He was mustered out of the service at Baton Rouge , Louisiana , in June 1866 . He then served as delegate to the of Alabama in 1867 , and as clerk of the circuit court of Mobile County in 1867 and 1868 . Buck was elected as a Republican to the Forty - first Congress ( March 4 , 1869 – March 3 , 1871 ) . He was appointed president of the city council of Mobile in 1873 . He served as clerk of the United States circuit and district courts in Atlanta , Georgia from 1874 to 1889 . He was United States marshal for the northern district of Georgia 1889 - 1893 . He was appointed Minister to Japan by President William McKinley in April 1897 and served until his death in Tokyo , Japan , on December 4 , 1902 . He was interred in Arlington National Cemetery .
Salang Tunnel fire The Salang tunnel fire occurred on 3 November 1982 in Afghanistan ' s Salang tunnel during the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan . Details are uncertain , but the incident may have been the deadliest known road accident , and one of the deadliest fires of modern times . Overview . The Salang tunnel , which opened the famous Salang Pass ( or Kotal - e Salang ) to motor traffic , was built by Soviet engineers and eased traffic across the Hindu Kush mountain range that separates northern and southern Afghanistan . Very few facts are known about the fire . All information available constitutes little more than hearsay , in part because the Soviet Army was not inclined to reveal massive losses during wartime . Most sources agree that it involved a Soviet Army convoy traveling southward through the tunnel . Initial reports described fuel and ordnance explosions , and estimates of the death toll were as high as 2 , 700 . The death toll was subsequently revised downwards many times . FROM SOVIET MILITARY DATABASE : On 3 November 1982 two military convoys ( 2211 and 2212 ) collided in the Salang tunnel causing a traffic jam . There were no fire or explosions . 64 Soviet soldiers and 112 Afghan people were killed by carbon monoxide emitted by idling engines . Another report from a traveller , who has been to the region , sounds very different from this official version : A fuel tanker in a military convoy exploded inside ( the cause of the explosion remains somewhat in doubt with the Russians still claiming it was an accident and the Mujahideen still claiming it was a successful attack ) the Salang Tunnel , unleashing a chain reaction of fiery explosions and death . Drivers of cars , trucks and buses evidently continued to enter the tunnel after the explosion . Soviet troops , fearing that the explosion might have been a rebel attack , closed off both ends with tanks , trapping many inside . Some burned to death ; others were killed by smoke and by carbon monoxide escaping from vehicles whose drivers kept their engines idling to stay warm in the freezing cold . As many as 700 Soviet troops and 2 , 000 Afghan soldiers and civilians may have died . On 23 February 1980 another similar accident killed 16 Soviet soldiers in the Salang tunnel .
Battle of Tallushatchee The Battle of Tallushatchee was a battle fought during the Creek War on November 3 , 1813 , in Alabama . Between Red Stick Creeks native Americans and United States dragoons . Background . After the massacre at Fort Mims , General Andrew Jackson assembled an army of 2 , 500 Tennessee militia . Jackson began marching into Mississippi Territory to combat the Red Stick Creeks . Jackson ' s troops began to construct Fort Strother along the Coosa River . 15 miles ( 24 km ) away from the fort lay the Creek village of Tallushatchee where a sizeable force of Red Stick warriors were . Jackson ordered his friend and most trusted subordinate , General John Coffee , to attack the village . Battle . Coffee took about 1 , 000 dragoon s and arrived at the village on November 3 , where he divided his brigade into two columns , which encircled the town . Two companies ventured into the center of the circle to draw out the warriors . The trap worked , the warriors attacked and were forced to retreat back into the buildings of the village . Coffee closed the circle in on the trapped warriors . Davy Crockett , serving in the Tennessee Militia , commented , " We shot ' em down like dogs . " Coffee ' s forces killed about 180 warriors while suffering only 5 dead and 41 wounded . This battle was the first battle in General Andrew Jackson ' s military campaign . A week later , General Jackson inflicted another serious defeat on the Red Sticks at the Battle of Talladega . Trivia . In the movie 2004 film the battle is briefly mentioned by David Crockett ( played by Billy Bob Thornton ) . A battle similar to the Battle of Tallushatchee is shown in the Walt Disney film , Davy Crockett , King of the Wild Frontier
Granville O . Haller Granville Owen Haller ( January 31 , 1819 – May 2 , 1897 ) was a noted Indian fighter and United States Army military officer , as well as a wealthy postbellum businessman in the Seattle , Washington , area . During the American Civil War , he was charged with the defense of south - central Pennsylvania during the early days of Gettysburg Campaign prior to the arrival of the Army of the Potomac . Early life and career . Haller was born and raised in York , Pennsylvania . After Haller graduated in 1838 from the York County Academy , the board of trustees recommended him for an appointment to the United States Military Academy . Not receiving Senator James Buchanan ' s appointment to West Point ( it going instead to future Civil War general William B . Franklin ) , Haller responded to a summons to go to Washington , D . C . , where he was commissioned as a lieutenant in the U . S . 4th Infantry Regiment . He fought Seminole Indians in Florida in 1840 – 1841 and later served with distinction at Monterrey , Veracruz , and other battles during the Mexican - American War , officering in the same regiment as Ulysses S . Grant . He distinguished himself in the Battle of Churubusco , where he took a key part in the assault on Molino del Rey . In 1852 , the Army promoted Haller to major and transferred him , in 1853 , to Washington Territory , stationed at Fort Dalles , Oregon with U . S . 4th Infantry units . He took part in the Northwest Indian wars of 1855 - 56 and the San Juan Islands dispute . Civil War and later career . After the Civil War started , Haller commanded George B . McClellan ' s headquarters guard during the Peninsula Campaign and again in the Maryland Campaign . In May 1863 , he returned to his native York to recover from illness contracted in the field . In June , Maj . Gen . Darius N . Couch appointed Haller to command the defenses of Adams and York counties in south - central Pennsylvania . During the Gettysburg Campaign , Haller retreated from Gettysburg to Wrightsville , Pennsylvania , where his militia and that of Col . Jacob G . Frick burned the Columbia - Wrightsville Bridge to prevent passage over the Susquehanna River by a Confederate brigade under John B . Gordon . Accused by naval officer Lt . Clark Henry Wells of disloyal conduct and sentiments after the Battle of Fredericksburg , Haller was dismissed from the service in July 1863 . He eventually returned to the American West and became prominent in Seattle business and industry . Congressional friends convinced the Army in 1873 to convene a court of inquiry , which exonerated him . President Rutherford B . Hayes helped him secure the regular army rank of colonel . Haller built a mansion in Seattle ' s fashionable First Hill neighborhood . After his death at the age of 78 , he was buried in Seattle ' s Lake View Cemetery . Haller Lake in Seattle is named for Haller ' s son , Theodore Haller .
Saudi Royal Guard Regiment The Saudi Arabian Royal Guard Regiment is one of the more visible units in the Saudi Arabian Army . Originally an independent military force , the Royal Guards were incorporated into the Army in 1964 . However , the Royal Guards still retained their unique mission of protecting the House of Saud . Units of the Royal Guard protect the King of Saudi Arabia at all times . The Royal Guards report directly to the king and for security reasons maintain a separate communications network from the regular Army . Members of the Royal Guard Regiment often wore the flowing white thaub ( robe ) and white kaffiyah and qutrah ( traditional Arab headgear of skullcap and scarf ) . Royal Guardsmen wear bright green berets when in conventional uniforms . Strength . The Royal Guard Regiment consists of three light infantry battalions , based near Riyadh . The commander of the Royal Guard is General Hamad ibn Muhammad al - Uhali . Ranks . Officers Enlisted
Robert Philson Robert Philson ( c . 1759 - July 25 , 1831 ) was an Irish - American soldier and politician . Philson was born in County Donegal , Ulster , Ireland , and immigrated to Pennsylvania with his uncle John Fletcher . They kept a store in Berlin , Bedford County , Pennsylvania . In 1794 , Philson was arrested for his involvement in the Whiskey Rebellion . He was sent to Philadelphia for trial , but he and his co - defendant , Herman Husband , were acquitted . Philson served as associate judge of Somerset County , Pennsylvania , for twenty years , and also served as a one - term congressman during the 16th United States Congress . Philson was commissioned a brigadier general of the Second Brigade , Tenth Division , Pennsylvania militia on May 9 , 1800 . During the War of 1812 , he served as a brigadier general of the Second Brigade , Twelfth Division , Pennsylvania Volunteers .
Fajr - 3 ( missile ) The Iranian - made Fajr - 3 ( meaning " dawn " in Persian and Arabic ) is believed to be a medium - range ballistic missile with an unknown range ( estimated 2 , 000 km , 1 , 250 miles ) . Iranian officials have said that the missile can avoid radar detection and has multiple independently targeted reentry vehicles ( MIRV ) . The Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps unveiled the missile during the Holy Prophet wargames on March 31 , 2006 . Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force commander Gen . Hossein Salami announced on television " the successful test - firing of a new missile with greater technical and tactical capabilities than those previously produced " . He also said that the missile would carry three warheads , and that each warhead would be capable of hitting its target precisely . He did not specify the missile ' s range , which can vary with the payload .
USS Watson ( DD - 482 ) USS " Watson " ( DD - 482 ) was a United States Navy destroyer which was never laid down , her construction contract being cancelled in 1946 . " Watson " was planned as a modified " Fletcher " - class destroyer to be built by the Federal Shipbuilding and Drydock Company at Kearny , New Jersey . She was to be powered by an experimental diesel propulsion system . However , due to more pressing World War II destroyer construction programs , " Watson " was never laid down , and her construction contract was cancelled on 7 January 1946 .
Kyriakoulis Argyrokastritis Kyriakoulis Argyrokastritis ( ; died 1828 ) also known as Kyriakoulis Polychronis was a Greek resistance leader of the Greek War of Independence . He was born in Gjirokastër ( Argyrokastron in Greek , his name means ' from Gjirokastër ' ) , modern Albania , when the town was under Ottoman rule . Argyrokastritis joined the Greek revolution and in January 1828 together with the resistance leader Hatzimichalis Dalianis , from Delvinaki , landed on the island of Crete to support the revolution there . In May 1828 , Epirotes and Cretans under the leadership of Hatzimichalis , were besieged by the numerical superior Ottoman army of the local ruler , Mustafa Naili Pasha , in Frangokastello castle , Sfakia region . The castle defence was doomed after seven days and the fortress fell back to Ottoman hands . Both Dalianis and Argyrokastrites were killed during the conflict . According to a local tradition in Crete , an unexplained phenomenon that usually occurs on the anniversary of the Frangokastello battle where images of advancing troops , called Drosoulites ( dew - men ) appear at dawn to hover above the tragic location .