naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Action of 2 October 1762 The Action of 2 October 1762 was a minor naval battle that was fought in the San Bernardino Strait off the coast off British occupied Manila in the Philippines between two Royal naval ships ; the 60 gun ship of the line HMS " Panther " and the 28 gun frigate HMS " Argo " and a heavily armed Spanish treasure galleon , Santisima Trinidad . The " Santisima Trinidad " was a large ship constructed in 1750 at Manila of 60 guns and at the time the largest Manila galleon ever built . It was built for trade in the Pacific between the Spanish colonies . On 1 August 1762 the Santisima Trinidad departed the port of Cavite in the Spanish Philippines for Acapulco Spanish Mexico with a cargo of valuables . However due to contrary winds she never left the Bernardino Strait until late September . On the night of 2 – 3 October a storm possibly the tail end of a Typhoon bought down the fore & mainmasts and it was decided to turn back to Cavite under a jury rig . Unbeknown to the ships company Spain and Great Britain were at war as Spain had joined on the side of the French . As a result a British and East Indian Company task force from India had thus seized Manila just as the Trinidad had left port . As the Trinidad passed through the San Bernadina Strait HMS " Panther " and HMS " Argo " soon discovered and caught up with the ship . An action followed with " Argo " and " Panther " concentrating their fire on the masts and rigging . To Parkers amazement the shots from " Panther " made very little impression on the galleons hardwood . However Trinidad was soon disabled and unable to manoeuvre was left a dismasted wreck . Despite this Trinidad managed to put up stout resistance and continued for a total of 2 hours but the ship was overcrowded for its size of nearly 800 crew , marines , civilians and its large cargo . It had in fact less than half the guns required to fight . Soon the Spanish commander realised that any further resistance was futile and surrendered soon after . The cost for the Spanish was 18 killed and 10 wounded and 750 captured while British casualties were 35 killed and 37 wounded . The treasure though was the ultimate prize and at 2 million dollars which roughly equated at £30 , 000 each for the two captains an enormous amount of money in those times . The " Trinidad " was later sent to Plymouth in 1764 and subsequently broken up for her wood . The Manila ransom which was supposed to be paid by Spain in return for Manila never happened . The capture of the " Santisima Trinidad " however made the expedition and the occupation rewarding more to the British rather than the East India Company .
Night Witches " Night Witches " is the English translation of " Nachthexen " , a World War II German nickname ( Russian " Ночные ведьмы " ) , for the female military aviator s of the 588th Night Bomber Regiment , known later as the 46th " Taman " Guards Night Bomber Aviation Regiment , of the Soviet Air Forces . The regiment was formed by Colonel Marina Raskova and led by Major Yevdokia Bershanskaya . The regiment flew harassment bombing and precision bombing missions against the German military from 1942 to the end of the war . At its largest size , it had 40 two - person crews . It flew over 23 , 000 sorties and is said to have dropped 3 , 000 tons of bombs . It was the most highly - decorated female unit in the Soviet Air Force , each pilot having flown over 1 , 000 missions by the end of the war and twenty - three having been awarded the Hero of the Soviet Union title . Thirty of its members died in combat . The regiment flew in wood and canvas Polikarpov Po - 2 biplanes , a 1928 design intended for use as training aircraft and for crop - dusting , and to this day the most - produced biplane in all of aviation history . The planes could carry only two bombs at a time , so multiple missions per night were necessary . Although the aircraft were obsolete and slow , the pilots made daring use of their exceptional maneuverability ; they had the advantage of having a maximum speed that was lower than the stall speed of both the Messerschmitt Bf 109 and the Focke - Wulf Fw 190 , and as a result , the German pilots found them very difficult to shoot down . An attack technique of the night bombers was to idle the engine near the target and glide to the bomb release point , with only wind noise to reveal their location . German soldiers likened the sound to broomsticks and named the pilots " Night Witches . " Due to the weight of the bombs and the low altitude of flight , the pilots carried no parachutes . From June 1942 , the 588th Night Bomber Regiment was within the 4th Air Army . In February 1943 the regiment was honored with a reorganization into the 46th Guards Night Bomber Aviation Regiment and in October 1943 it became the 46th " Taman " Guards Night Bomber Aviation Regiment . The word Taman referred to the unit ' s involvement in two celebrated Soviet victories on the Taman Peninsula , during 1943 . Exclusively female units . On October 8 , 1941 , Order number 0099 specified the creation of three women ' s squadrons — all personnel from technicians to pilots would be entirely composed by women . These were :
John C . Buckley John C . Buckley ( April 1 , 1842 – March 29 , 1913 ) was a Union Army soldier during the American Civil War . He received the Medal of Honor for gallantry during the Siege of Vicksburg on May 22 , 1863 . Union assault . On May 22 , 1863 , General Ulysses S . Grant ordered an assault on the Confederate heights at Vicksburg , Mississippi . The plan called for a storming party of volunteers to build a bridge across a moat and plant scaling ladders against the enemy embankment in advance of the main attack . The volunteers knew the odds were against survival and the mission was called , in nineteenth century vernacular , a " forlorn hope " . Only single men were accepted as volunteers and even then , twice as many men as needed came forward and were turned away . The assault began in the early morning following a naval bombardment . The Union soldiers came under enemy fire immediately and were pinned down in the ditch they were to cross . Despite repeated attacks by the main Union body , the men of the forlorn hope were unable to retreat until nightfall . of the 150 men in the storming party , nearly half were killed . Seventy - nine of the survivors were awarded the Medal of Honor . Medal of Honor citation . For gallantry in the charge of the volunteer storming party on 22 May 1863 .
Japanese submarine I - 178 I - 178 was a KD7 type " Kaidai " - class submarine operated by the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II . Built in 1942 , the submarine made two patrols off the east coast of Australia during 1943 , before going missing sometime after 17 June 1943 Design and construction . The KD7 type " Kaidai " s were long and displaced when surfaced . The diesel - electric propulsion system provided a maximum speed of when surfaced or when submerged . The boats could operate for 75 days before resupply . Armament consisted of six forward - facing torpedo tubes firing Long Lance torpedoes ( with 14 carried ) , a 4 . 7 - inch deck gun , and a 25 - millimetre anti - aircraft gun . The submarine was built at the Mitsubishi Yard . She was completed in 1942 . Operational history . Assigned to Submarine Squadron Three of the Sixth Fleet , " I - 178 " sailed from Japan on 30 March 1943 , and reached Truk on 7 April . Three days later , the submarine left to commence a patrol off the eastern coast of Australia , supporting sister boat " I - 177 " . At 18 : 45 on 27 April 1943 , the submarine torpedoed the Liberty ship 90 miles off the coast of Newcastle , New South Wales . There were no casualties among the freigher ' s 62 crew , who were all rescued the next day . " I - 178 " escaped despite multiple attempted bombing runs by a Catalina from No . 11 Squadron RAAF . She returned to Truk on 18 May , but was ordered to sail again two days later , returning to the Australian coast . The patrol was initially uneventful , but after receiving a routine radio signal from " I - 178 " on 17 June , the submarine was never heard from again . Fate . On 4 August , the submarine was declared lost with all hands . She was struck from the Navy List on 1 September . Claims for sinking the submarine vary , with different sources identifying the responsible party as the submarine chaser or off Espirito Santo on 29 May 1943 , the destroyer near the Solomon Islands on 25 August 1943 , or three Bristol Beaufort s of No . 32 Squadron RAAF off Coffs Harbour , New South Wales on 17 June .
61st Fighter Wing The 61st Fighter Wing ( 61 FW ) is a disbanded unit of the United States Air Force , last stationed at Hayward Municipal Airport , Hayward , California . It was withdrawn from the California Air National Guard ( CA ANG ) and inactivated on 31 October 1950 . This wing is not related to the 61st Troop Carrier Wing , Medium , or subsequent units that was constituted and activated on 1 July 1948 . History . World War II . The wing was a World War II command and control organization for Army Air Bases training replacement personnel being assigned to troop carrier groups and glider units in the overseas combat theaters . Inactivated at the end of the war . Air National Guard . Allocated to the California Air National Guard for command and control origination for units in the Western Region ( Northern California , Nevada , Utah ) of the United States . Extended federal recognition and activated on 4 April 1948 At the end of October 1950 , the Air National Guard converted to the wing - base ( Hobson Plan ) organization . As a result , the wing was withdrawn from the California ANG and was inactivated on 31 October 1950 . The 144th Fighter Wing was established by the National Guard Bureau , allocated to the state of California , recognized and activated 1 November 1950 ; assuming the personnel , equipment and mission of the inactivated 61st Fighter Wing .
Robert Leckie ( RCAF officer ) Air Marshal Robert Leckie CB , DSO , DSC , DFC , CD ( 16 April 1890 – 31 March 1975 ) was a Canadian aviation pioneer and Chief of the Air Staff of the Royal Canadian Air Force from 1944 to 1947 . First World War service . Leckie learned to fly in Toronto and joined the Royal Naval Air Service in 1915 . During the First World War he flew anti - submarine patrols over the North Sea . Flying a Curtiss H12 flying boat on reconnaissance , Leckie downed the German zeppelin " L22 " near Terschelling on 14 May 1917 . Fifteen months later , during a nighttime raid on 6 August 1918 , a German zeppelin formation under the command of " Führer der Luftschiffe ( FdL . ) " ( Admiral , 2nd class ) Peter Strasser attacked Boston , Norwich , and the Humber estuary . Flying in a DH . 4 biplane , Major Egbert Cadbury ( pilot ) and Leckie ( gunner ) took part in the interception engagement and were credited with downing Zeppelin " L70 " just north of Wells - next - the - Sea on the Norfolk coast . " FdL . " Strasser , head of the Imperial German Navy ' s zeppelin forces , was on board " L70 " and did not survive . By the end of the war , Leckie was a Wing Commander in the Royal Air Force ( RAF ) . Interwar years and Second World War service . Between the wars , he directed flying operations for the Canadian Air Board , and oversaw the creation of mail and passenger air service throughout Canada . He later returned to the RAF , and by 1940 commanded the British air forces in the Mediterranean Sea from Malta . As the war expanded later that year , Leckie returned to Canada to take charge of training operations in Canada for the RAF . He was promoted to Acting Air Vice - Marshal in 1941 , and was later made substantive . In 1942 he transferred to the Royal Canadian Air Force ( RCAF ) . In 1944 he became Chief of Air Staff , and was promoted to Air Marshal . After his retirement from the RCAF , Leckie played an active role in the Canadian Air Cadet movement . He died in Ottawa on 31 March 1975 . External links .
Civil Constructional Corps The Civil Constructional Corps ( CCC ) was an organised labour force of men who volunteered or were conscripted ( " manpowered " ) into service to provide wartime infrastructure during World War II in Australia . In April 1942 , the CCC was established to supply labour forces for the creation of infrastructure like aerodromes , gun emplacements , barracks , roads and other projects undertaken by the Allied Works Council . Labour was obtained by conscripting men between the ages of 18 and 60 , who were not serving in the armed forces or a reserved occupation . The men received civilian award rates but could not strike and were sent anywhere within Australia where work was required to be undertaken . During mid 1943 , almost 54 , 000 men were serving in the CCC , involved in hundreds of projects worth millions of pounds . 77 , 500 men had served in the CCC by the end of World War II and suffered 218 deaths .
Ormen Lange ( longship ) Ormrinn Langi in Old Norse ( " The Long Serpent " ) " Ormen Lange " in Norwegian , " Ormurin Langi " in Faroese was one of the most famous of the Viking longship s . It was built for the Norwegian King Olav Tryggvason , and was the largest and most powerful longship of its day . In the late 990s King Olav was on a " Crusade " around the country to bring Christianity to Norway . When he was traveling north to Hålogaland he came to a petty kingdom in today ' s Skjerstad , where the king named Raud den ramme refused to convert to Christianity . A battle ensued , during which Saltstraum , a maelstrom that prevented reinforcements to the king ' s men , forced the King to flee . He continued up north , but returned some weeks later when the maelstrom was weaker . The king won the battle , captured Raud , and gave him two choices : Die or convert . The Sagas say that Olav tried to convert him but Raud cursed the name of Jesus , and the King became so angry that he stuck a " kvanstilk " ( a pipe ) down his throat and put a snake into it , then a burning iron to force the snake down his throat . The snake ate its way out of the side of the torso of Raud and killed him . After the victory the king confiscated riches , not least of which was Raud ' s ship , which he rechristened Ormen ( The Serpent ) . He took it to Trondheim and used it as a design for his own new ship , which he made a couple of " rooms " longer than Ormen and named the ship Ormen Lange . The ship reportedly had 34 " rooms " , i . e . was built with 34 pairs of oars , for a crew of 68 rowers ( and additional crew members ) . Extrapolating from archeological evidence ( e . g . the Gokstad ship ) , this would make Ormen Lange nearly 45 meters long . The ship ' s sides were unusually high , " as high as that of a Knarr " . The ship was the last to be taken in the Battle of Svolder where Olav was killed ( although his body was never found ; and some stories tell of the king jumping into the water either sinking due to the weight of his armour or escaping in the confusion ) by a coalition of his enemies in the year 1000 . Its story is told in a traditional Faroese ballad ( Kvæði ) , called Ormurin Langi .
Frizzen The frizzen , historically called the steel , is an " L " shaped piece of steel hinged at the rear used in flintlock firearms . It is positioned over the flash pan so as to enclose a small priming charge of black powder next to the flash hole that is drilled through the barrel into where the main charge is loaded . When the trigger is pulled , the hammer or cock — which includes a shaped piece of flint held into a set of jaws by a scrap of leather or thin piece of lead — snaps forward causing the flint to scrape down the face of the frizzen ( historically called the ' battery ' ) , throwing it back to expose the black powder in the pan . The flint scraping the steel causes a shower of sparks to be thrown into the pan , igniting the black powder and sending flames through the touch hole , which in turn ignites the main charge of black powder in the breech of the barrel , shooting the projectile out the barrel . The development of the frizzen which combines both the " battery " or striking surface and separate pan cover on the less advanced " snaphaunce " lock is often credited to French gun maker Marin le Bourgeoys around 1610 . He may have been influenced by the Spanish " miquelet " lock that utilized a similarly shaped frizzen at least two decades earlier . It is important that the frizzen be case hardened to a high carbon content . Materials such as horn or hooves were wrapped around the frizzen which were then placed into a fire for several hours to increase the carbon content of the steel . It is important to keep the fire below the melting point of the steel . This process hardens the outside while the center stays relatively ductile so as to prevent cracking . With continued use a frizzen will lose its ability to create enough sparks to reliably ignite the powder . As such it needs to be rehardened or replaced . Case hardening
Alexander Gordon ( British cavalry officer ) Alexander Gordon ( 1781 – 1873 ) was a British officer during the Napoleonic Wars . He was commissioned a captain in the 15th Hussars and he fought in the Peninsular War . His correspondence during the Corunna Campaign were collated and published early in the 20th century . Biography . Gordon was the son of George Gordon , 3rd Earl of Aberdeen and his mistress Penelope Dearing . His commission was purchased for him in 1803 . After service in the Peninsular War he sold his commission in 1811 on his marriage to Albinia Elizabeth Cumberland . He was acknowledged by the 3rd Earl as being his son and was provided for in the Earl ' s will . He died at Ellon in Aberdeenshire on 21 March 1873 . Bibliography . " This is a valuable eye - witness account of an often overlooked campaign by a perceptive and informed professional observer " .
Nebelwerfer 41 Weapon introduced in May 1940 , originally designed for the use of chemical weapons ( the name in German means launcher smoke ) . In 1942 , became employed as artillery saturation . Efficient , the problem had to be easily spotted because of the smoke trail of the shooting , which also forced the garrison to take cover in a trench during the shooting of the gun . Furthermore , the projectiles had a very specific sound , which made the weapon was known as " Minnie the wailers . One version , a single tube , for the paratroopers was also done Specifications . Model : 15 cm Nebelwerfer 41 Caliber : 158 mm Barrel length : 1 . 3 m Conteiro : 30 Elevation : 44 Maximum range : 7055 m ( explosive ordnance ) Rate of fire : Six shots in ten seconds , 90 seconds to reload the weapon . Ammunition : Six grenades Wurfgranate 41 Spreng Grenade : 31 . 8 kg ( total weight ) , Propellant : 6 . 35 kg ( black powder ) , 2 . 4 kg ( explosive charge ) . Initial velocity : 342 m / s
HMS Berwick ( F115 ) HMS " Berwick " was a " Rothesay " or Type 12I class anti - submarine frigate of the British Royal Navy . She was built by Harland & Wolff and launched on 15 December 1959 . Operational Service . The ship was a member of the Matchmaker fleet in 1965 . During the Beira Patrol , she stopped and arrested SS " Manuella " for attempting to run the oil blockade of Rhodesia ( now Zimbabwe ) at Easter 1966 . " Berwick " was re - fitted with helicopter landing facilities in 1967 . From July 1975 to April 1976 , she went around the world via the Suez and Panama canals . Other ships in the flotilla included " Ajax " , " Plymouth " , " Llandaff " , " Rothesay " and " Glamorgan " . Destinations included Gibraltar , Malta , Egypt ( Port Said ) , India ( Madras ) , Singapore , Hong Kong , Australia ( Fremantle , Hobart and Sydney ) , New Zealand ( Nelson and Timaru ) , Fiji , Samoa , Hawaii , California ( San Diego and Long Beach ) , Panama and finally Curaçao . In 1977 , she attended the Silver Jubilee Fleet Review with sisterships " Plymouth " and " Rothesay " . At this time she was part of the 8th Frigate Squadron . " Berwick " was sunk as a target ship in August 1986 by a Tigerfish torpedo fired from the submarine " Tireless " .
USS Newport ( LST - 1179 ) The USS " Newport " ( LST - 1179 ) was the third ship to bear the name of the Rhode Island city . The first of her class of LST s , she was capable of a sustained speed of . Her ability to adjust her draft , accompanied by her unique bow - ramp design , helped bring a new degree of responsiveness to the amphibious fleet . Built by the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard , she was christened on 3 February 1968 by Mrs . Nuella Pell ; wife of Rhode Island ' s Senator , Claiborne Pell . While assigned to the Atlantic Fleet , " Newport " completed ten deployments to the Mediterranean , as an asset of the Sixth Fleet . She also completed numerous deployments to the North Atlantic and Caribbean , in support of U . S . foreign policy . She assisted in the 1976 evacuation of Lebanon , and the 1990 Liberian Civil War ; as well as operating in support of Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm , from a station in the Mediterranean . During her service , she earned the Meritorious Unit Commendation , Navy " E " Ribbon ( for Battle Efficiency ) , ( twice ) , Navy Expeditionary Medal ( one service star ) , National Defense Service Medal ( one service star ) , Humanitarian Service Medal , Sea Service Deployment Ribbon ( nine service stars ) , and a Secretary of State Tribute of Appreciation . Initially dry docked at Portsmouth Naval Shipyard , followed by move to Horn Brother , Newport News , Virginia . Commander William Naldrett relieves Commander Fred – June 1979 . Refresher training after Regular Overhaul included a post visit to Port - au - Prince , Haiti . 12 March 1980 – Crosses Arctic Circle off the coast of Norway . 17 March 1982 – Fire destroys No . 3 Engine Room while anchored off Somalia December 1990 – Shellback Initiation off the coast of Liberia Fate . USS " Newport " was decommissioned on 30 September 1992 , at her homeport of NAB Little Creek , Virginia . After several years in the Navy ' s mothball facility in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , she was sold to the Mexican Navy . Rechristened at Mexican Naval Shipyard Number 1 ( ASTIMAR - 1 ) , Tampico , Tamaulipas Mexico , as Mexican Navy Ship ( ARM in Spanish ) " Papaloapan " ( P - 411 ) . In late 2005 , the ARM " Papaloapan " ( P - 411 ) ( former USS " Newport " ) answered the call of the United States once again , bringing aid and supplies to citizens of Mississippi , who fell victim to Hurricane Katrina . In January 2010 , she was deployed with 5000 tons of cargo in a humanitarian mission to Haiti . In November 2012 , she was sent to Cuba with tons of supplies to help the victims of Huricane Sandy