naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Chief of Staff of the French Navy The Chief of the Staff of the French Navy ( ) is the head of the French Navy and responsible to the Minister of Defence for its preparation and deployment . As a naval expert , he assists : He has authority over : He presides over the board of directors of the hydrographic and oceanographic service of the navy ( SHOM ) . Chefs d ’ état - major de la marine . List to 2008 " From 26 August 1939 to 6 June 1943 the structure of the Frency Navy did not include an Etat - Major Général "
Black Reichswehr Black Reichswehr ( ) was the name for the illegal paramilitary formations promoted by the German Reichswehr army during the time of the Weimar Republic ; it was raised despite restrictions imposed by the Versailles Treaty . The secret organization was dissolved in 1923 upon the failed Küstrin Putsch . Restrictions on German Military Forces after World War I . The Versailles treaty restricted the numbers of the German army to seven divisions of infantry and three of cavalry , for a total of 100 , 000 men , and no more than 4 , 000 officers . Conscription was prohibited , and civilian employees engaged in forest protection , customs inspection and other official duties could not receive military training . The military was to be exclusively devoted to the maintenance of order within German territory and control of the frontiers . The Treaty further prohibited the construction of aircraft , heavy artillery , submarines , capital ships , and tanks , and the production of materials for chemical warfare . Naval forces were limited to 15 , 000 men ; furthermore , the Treaty specified that the navy could number no more than six battleships of no more than 10 , 000 tons displacement , six cruisers ( 6 , 000 tons displacement ) , six destroyers ( 800 tons displacement ) , and 12 torpedo boats ( 200 tons displacement . , and that these ships could only be replaced after twenty years for the first two classes of ships , and after fifteen years , for the remaining classes of ships . Article 191 specifically prohibited the production or acquisition of submarines . The Treaty further prohibited the manufacture , import and export of weapons and poison gas . To maintain these restrictions , the Treaty created an Allied military commission , whose job was to monitor German military activity , known as the Governments of the Principal Allied and Associated Powers . Circumventing the Versailles Treaty military restrictions . The Reichswehr military organization , as it was reorganized under General Hans von Seeckt and Defence Minister Otto Gessler , evaded these prohibitions through a variety of measures . After the Third Silesian Uprising , several labour battalions were created from former Freikorps units under the command of Major Fedor von Bock , comprising about 2 , 000 service members and further 18 , 000 reservists , concentrated around the garrison town of Küstrin in Brandenburg . Initially , measures included hiding stores of weapons and munitions , and trying to maintain production capacity by camouflaging it as civilian activity . In a wider sense , Black Reichswehr paramilitary forces comprised the SA troops of the Nazi Party , the Stahlhelm organization , and numerous Freikorps like the Marinebrigade Ehrhardt , its Organisation Consul successor or Bund Oberland , although those were not commanded directly by the official Reichswehr . Though constantly denied by the Reichswehr supreme command and the Ministry of Defence , Black Reichswehr forces served in sabotage acts and assaults during the French Occupation of the Ruhr and were responsible for several feme murders .
François de Coligny François de Coligny ( 1557 – 1591 ) comte de Coligny and seigneur de Châtillon - sur - Loing was a French Protestant general of the Wars of Religion . He was the son of Gaspard II de Coligny ( 1519 – 1572 ) , Admiral of France ( " Amiral de Coligny " ) . Military career . He first saw action at the defence of Montpellier during the Sixth War of Religion ( 1576 – 1577 ) . First he razed the citadel , guarded by royal soldiers . Then , when the situation became difficult , he made a sortie across the Cévennes to Bergerac to recruit reinforcements and fought his way back into the town . At the start of the war of the Catholic League , when king Henry III had practically no other support , he beat the Duke of Mayenne near Chartres in 1589 . He distinguished himself at the battle of Arques ( September 1589 ) , where his arrival at the head of 500 arquebusier s allowed the victory of Henry IV to be expanded upon . Marriage and issue . On 18 May 1581 , he married Marguerite d ' Ailly ( ? - 1604 ) , daughter of Charles d ' Ailly seigneur de Seigneville . They had 4 children : Notes and references . Source : Pierre Miquel . " Les Guerres de religion " . Club France Loisirs , 1980 . ( ISBN 2 - 7242 - 0785 - 8 ) , p 326
William Dowling ( VC ) William Dowling ( 1825 – 17 February 1887 ) , born in Thomastown , County Kilkenny , was an Irish recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . Details . Dowling was approximately 32 years old and a private in the 32nd Regiment of Foot ( later the Duke of Cornwall ' s Light Infantry ) , British Army during the Indian Mutiny when he was awarded the VC for the following deeds : He was later promoted to sergeant and died at Liverpool , 17 February 1887 . The Medal . His Victoria Cross is displayed at the Duke of Cornwall ' s Light Infantry Museum in Bodmin , Cornwall . References . Listed in order of publication year
McChord Field Historic District McChord Field Historic District is a historic district located within the McChord Air Force Base in Pierce County , Washington . The base is located at the base of Puget Sound . The 31 contributing buildings and 3 contributing structures included in the district all date to the establishment of McChord Field and its role in World War II . Additionally , the district is significant for its architecture representative of the period from 1938 through 1952 . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on December 12 , 2008 . It is the 24th property listed as a featured property of the week in a program of the National Park Service that began in July , 2008 .
Christoph Wilhelm von Kalckstein Christoph Wilhelm von Kalckstein ( 17 October 1682 – 2 June 1759 ) was a Prussia n count , field marshal , teacher and educator of King Frederick II of Prussia . Military career . Kalckstein was born in Ottlau near Marienwerder , Ducal Prussia , to Christoph Albrecht von Kalckstein , laird of Knauten , Wogau and Schloditten near Pr . Eylau , and Marie Agnes von Lehwaldt . He was the grandson of Albrecht von Kalckstein and nephew of Christian Ludwig von Kalckstein , former opponents of Frederick William , Elector and Duke of Brandenburg - Prussia . Kalckstein joined the Hesse - Kassel Grenadier Regiment in 1702 , taking part in the War of the Spanish Succession in 1704 and becoming adjutant of Prince Frederick of Hesse - Kassel , the later King Frederick I of Sweden . In 1709 Kalckstein entered the Prussian Army and became a Major in the King ’ s own Regiment ( Leibregiment zu Fuss ) . In 1712 he conquered the citadel of Moers with only 300 men and fought against Sweden in the Great Northern War in Pomerania in 1715 . He was promoted to a lieutenant colonel on 15 November 1715 . Educator of Frederick II of Prussia . After his promotion to a Colonel on 17 August 1718 , Kalckstein was assigned as the educator of the Prussian crown prince , Frederick . In this position he became a conciliator in the conflict between King Frederick William I and his son . However , he was ordered to keep a strict watch on the crown prince . After his wife , Christophera Erna Lukretia Brandt von Lindau , died on 25 January 1729 , he was released from this position . Later career . Kalckstein became the Commander in Chief of an Infantry Regiment , Major General on 2 May 1733 , and Lieutenant General on 3 February 1741 . Since 5 November 1736 he was the supervisor of the Charité hospital in Berlin . Throughout the Silesian Wars he fought at Mollwitz , Chotusitz and Hohenfriedberg , became the Governor of the Fortress Glogau , and received the Order of the Black Eagle . On 24 May 1747 he was appointed the rank of a Generalfeldmarschall . After Crown Prince August William died in 1758 , Frederick II appointed Kalckstein as a custodian and educator of the later King Fredrick William II and his brothers . Kalckstein died in Berlin and was buried at the Berlin Garnisonkirche ( Garrison Church ) .
Pietro Gazzera Pietro Gazzera ( 11 December 1879 – 30 June 1953 ) was an officer in the Italian Royal Army during World War II , as well as a prewar Italian politician . Gazzera was born in Bene Vagienna , he joined the Italian Army and fought in the Italo - Turkish War and World War I . In 1928 , starting as the Under - Secretary in the Ministry of War , Gazzera was the Minister of War from 1929 to 1933 . From 1 August 1938 to 6 July 1941 , Gazzera was the Governor of Galla - Sidamo in Italian East Africa . General Gazzera commanded forces in the " Southern Sector " ( the Galla and Sidamo area around Jimma ) during the East African Campaign . Following the fall of Amba Alagi in May 1941 , Gazzera succeeded Amedeo , Duke of Aosta as the acting Viceroy and Governor - General of Italian East Africa . After Jimma fell on 21 June , Gazzera staged a mobile defense and held out in Galla - Sidamo for several weeks . His forces finally capitulated in July 1941 when he was cut off by the Free Belgian forces of Major - General Auguste - Éduard Gilliaert .
Antonios Mavromichalis Antonios Mavromichalis ( ; 1792 – 1873 ) was a Greek revolutionary , military officer and politician . He was born in Mani to Pierros Mavromichalis , of the notable Mavromichalis clan . He fought against Ali Pasha , and was captured and remained for years in Constantinople as a Turkish hostage . He managed to escape however shortly before the outbreak of the Greek War of Independence , subsequently participating in various battles . In 1823 he was named general of the rebels ' irregular forces . In 1830 , he led a Maniot rebellion against Governor Ioannis Kapodistrias . Under King Otto , he joined the newly created Greek Gendarmerie and later transferred to the regular army , reaching general rank . He served as Otto ' s aide - de - camp and was appointed a member of the Senate in 1847 . In 1862 , he was an MP for Kalamata . He died in Kalamata in 1873 . He had two sons , both Army officers : Periklis Pierrakos - Mavromichalis , and Georgios P . Mavromichalis , who was killed in 1897 .
Edmund Rumpler Edmund Rumpler ( 4 January 1872 – 7 September 1940 ) was an Austrian automobile and aircraft designer . Born in Vienna , then Austro - Hungarian Empire ( now Austria ) , he worked mainly in Germany . An automotive engineer by training , he collaborated with Hans Ledwinka on the first Tatra car ( at that time called " Nesselsdorfer - Wagenbau " ) , the Präsident , in 1897 . By age 30 , in 1902 , he had quit Daimler to become technical director of Adler . He designed the first German engine to have engine and gearbox as a unit at Adler . The next year , he patented a swing axle rear suspension system ( an idea later adopted by Ferdinand Porsche for the " KdF Wagen " and Porsche 356 , as well as by Chevrolet for the Corvair ) . The Wright brothers turned Rumpler ' s attention to aviation . He quit Adler in 1907 , and in 1910 , copying countryman Igo Etrich ' s Taube , Rumpler became the first ever aircraft manufacturer in Germany . Rumpler continued to be interested in automobiles , and after the First World War , he applied aircraft streamlining to a car , building the Tropfenwagen ( German , " drop car " ) in Berlin . A production model proved a sensation at the 1921 Berlin Auto Show . Rumpler ' s efforts produced a car with an astoundingly low C of only 0 . 28 ( when tested in 1979 ) ; the Fiat " Balilla " of the period , by contrast , was 0 . 60 . The Rumpler design inspired the 1923 Benz " Tropfenwagen " ( which used the virtually - unchanged Rumpler chassis ) and Auto Union ( also built in part by Rumpler engineers ) Grand Prix racers . Rumpler ' s " Tropfenwagen " was not a commercial success , and only 100 " Tropfenwagen " were built , just two of which survive . Rumpler returned to aircraft . Because Rumpler was Jewish , he was imprisoned after Adolf Hitler took power in 1933 , and his career was ruined , even though he was soon released . He died in 1940 , and the Nazi s destroyed his records .
Royal Canadian Corps of Signals The Royal Canadian Corps of Signals ( RCCS , RC Sigs ) is a corps of the Canadian Army . Major Wallace Bruce Matthews Carruthers established the corps in 1903 , making it the first independent Signal Corps in the British Empire ( before it would have been covered by the Telegraph Battalion of the Royal Corps of Signals ) . As a matter of honour , King George V , the Canadian monarch bestowed on the permanent force portion of the organization the right to use the prefix royal before its name . Thus the CSC became the Royal Canadian Corps of Signals while the militia component was redesignated the Canadian Corps of Signals on 1 Aug 1921 . The crest of the Royal Canadian Corps of Signals consists of a circle , with a Kings Crown on top with the text Royal Canadian Corps of Signals around the edge . At the center of the circle is the Roman God mythology . At the bottom is a ribbon with the text " Velox , Versutus , Vigilans " and eight maple leaves . The Royal Canadian Corps of Signals was responsible for land communication and signalling . The Royal Canadian Corps of Signals was redesignated the Royal Canadian Corps of Signals on 29 Apr 1936 . The Royal Canadian Corps of Signals was redesignated the Royal Canadian Corps of Signals on 22 Mar 1948 . The Royal Canadian Corps of Signals reverted to Royal Canadian Corps of Signals on 18 Apr 1955 . When the Canadian Army , Royal Canadian Air Force and Royal Canadian Navy were unified in 1968 to form the Canadian Forces , the RCCS was reformed into the Canadian Forces ' Communications and Electronics Branch . On 19 Apr 2013 , Minister of National Defence , the Honourable Peter MacKay announced that the historical designation of the corps would be restored .
Peshawar Cantonment Peshawar Cantonment is a cantonment adjacent to Peshawar in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , Pakistan . The Peshawar Cantonment was established on the remains of old town site and the graveyard . It was as irregular and oblong in shape as it is today and originally occupied an area of 09 square kilometers . It was occupied by British troops soon after annexation of Punjab in 1848 – 49 . After the fall of Sikhs in 1849 and annexation of Punjab to the British Empire , a Military Garrison was established at Peshawar during 1868 on the remains of old town site and ancient grave yards .
Feng Zicai Feng Zicai ( ) ( 1818 – 1903 ) was a bandit from Qinzhou , Guangxi , China who later became a general in the Imperial Army during the Qing dynasty . His ancestry is Bobai , Guangxi . The Taiping Rebellion . In 1856 , Feng , a lieutenant colonel , commanded a regiment stationed in northern Jiangsu during the Taiping Rebellion . He defeated rebel forces many times on their march across the Yangtze River toward the north and was promoted to lieutenant general in 1864 . The war ended in 1871 . In 1867 , he established his base of command in Nanning , where he worked to fight bandits , rebels , the Hmong , and other groups threatening the Qing Empire in south China and northern Vietnam . Sino - French War . During the Sino - French War ( August 1884 to April 1885 ) Feng was placed in command of a chiefly Zhuang armed force in South China , composed mainly of local peasantry and some of Feng ' s retired imperial troops . On 23 February 1885 the misdeployment of Feng ' s troops too far from the battlefield was a major factor in the defeat of China ' s Kwangsi Army in the Battle of Dong Dang . Feng atoned for his incompetence exactly one month later . On 23 and 24 March 1885 Feng ' s forces were present at the Battle of Bang Bo , in which Francois de Negrier ' s 2nd Brigade was defeated at Zhennanguan on the Kwangsi - Tonkin border . The Chinese had heavily fortified their position , and although the French captured a number of Chinese outworks on 23 March , their attacks on 24 March failed to make any headway . Eventually the French were counterattacked and forced to retreat , with casualties of 74 killed and 213 wounded . Chinese casualties were far higher . Feng Zicai ' s troops , stationed on the Chinese right wing around the village of Bang Bo , played an important role in the battle , defeating an assault by the French 111th Line Battalion on a position known as ' the long trench ' . Feng is said to have encouraged his troops with the words ' You should die rather than bear to see a French army invading Chinese soil ! ' ( 寧死不忍見法軍侵入中國境內 ) . He is also said to have personally led the Chinese counterattack against the 111th Battalion . The second story is unlikely to be true , but the first story may well have a basis in fact . The Chinese had been beaten with ease by the French during the Lang Son Campaign of February 1885 , and Chinese sources attest to the poor morale of the Chinese army at Bang Bo . Feng Tzu - ts ' ai is known to have issued orders that any man who left his post would be executed on the spot , and several dozen Chinese soldiers who fled when the French approached the long trench were immediately shot . Feng ' s defiant words to his troops at Bang Bo are sculpted on a giant stone on Wuzhi Mountain , the highest mountain in Hainan .
Foreign enlistment in the American Civil War Far more successful in attracting international volunteers , Foreign enlistment in the American Civil War was largely dominated by the Union , although a significant number of immigrants and mercenaries served with the Confederacy numbering in the thousands . Union enlistment . Although its largest foreign contingents were made up of Irish and German - Americans , over 60 , 000 Canadian and British volunteers served in the Union Army . Regiments such as the 79th New York Infantry Highlanders , originally formed in the 1850s , consisted completely of Scottish immigrants before accepting Irish , English and others into its ranks during the early years of the war . As the war continued , volunteers including Frenchman , Hungarians , Scandinavians , Mexicans and others ( including a small number from Asia ) would eventually enlist in Union service . Communication difficulties , especially in Union regiments , were a constant problem in divisions made up of varied nationalities including volunteers from Ireland , Italy , Germany , Poland and other European countries . One regiment in particular was made up of both officers and soldiers from 15 different nations and the commanding officer ' s orders having to be passed down through seven different languages . Major General Franz Sigel had his orders translated from his native German , to Hungarian for his officers , then to English for the rest of his command and finally to German again when Sigel received reports . Confederate enlistment . While less successful in attracting foreign recruits to the rebel cause , thousands of immigrants and mercenaries served in the Confederate Army with its own Irish Brigade and Polish Legion as well as several German and Mexican divisions . The most notable volunteer division was formed from various European countries in Louisiana under the command of French Major General Count Camille Armand Jules Marie , Prince de Polignac . Other prominent volunteers included Scottish born blockade runner Captain William Watson .
245th Fighter - Bomber Aviation Squadron The 245th Fighter - Bomber Aviation Squadron ( " Serbo - Croatian : 245 . lovačko - bombarderska avijacijska eskadrila / 245 . ловачко - бомбардерска авоијацијска ескадрила " ) was an aviation squadron of Yugoslav Air Force formed in 1953 at Batajnica airfield as Training Squadron of 44th Aviation Division ( " Serbo - Croatian : Trenažna eskadrila 44 . vazduhoplovne divizije / Тренажна ескадрила 44 . ваздухопловне дивизије " ) . History . Squadron was part of 44th Aviation Division . It was equipped with Soviet - made Yak - 9U trainer - fighters and Yugoslav - made Ikarus S - 49A fighters . It was disbanded in 1954 , and again formed in 1956 , being equipped with domestic Aero - 2 trainers and US - build T - 33A Shooting Star jet - trainer aircraft . In 1959 due the Drvar reorganization this squadron has become Light Combat Aviation Squadron of 1st Air Command ( " Serbo - Croatian : Vazduhoplovna eskadrila lake borbene avijacije 1 . vazduhoplovne komande / Ваздухопловна ескадрила лаке борбене авијације 1 . ваздухопловне команде " ) . Squadron was again renamed and renumbered in April 1961 as 460th Light Combat Aviation Squadron ( " Serbo - Croatian : 460 . eskadrila lake borbene avijacije / 460 . ескадрила лаке борбене авијације " ) . In same year new Soko 522 trainer aircraft have been introduced replacing T - 33A and Aero 2 aircraft . Soko 522 trainers were replaced with Soko J - 20 Kraguj counter - insurgency aircraft during the 1967 . From 1965 squadron is part of 109th Fighter - Bomber Aviation Regiment being moved to Cerklje Air Base in 1964 . In June 1973 squadron has been reorganized . Its equipment was given to newly formed 466th and 467th Light Combat Aviation Squadron . From August 29 , 1973 squadron is designated as " 460th Fighter - Bomber Aviation Squadron " ' ( " Serbo - Croatian : 460 . lovačko - bombarderska avijacijska eskadrila / 460 . ловачко - бомбардерска авоијацијска ескадрила " ) , being equipped with new domestic - made Soko J - 21 Jastreb light - attack jet aircraft . By order from April 7 , 1975 squadron was renumbered in to 245th Fighter - Bomber Aviation Squadron due the number chronology order . In 1980 , by order from May 5 , squadron has moved from Cerklje to Mostar airport , being assigned to Center for training of foreign armed forces pilots . Jastreb attack jets were replaced with G - 2 Galeb trainer - light attack jet aircraft . Main task of squadron was training of Libyan Air Force pilots . With the center being disbanded in 1988 , 245th Squadron has been attached to 107th Aviation Regiment in short period from March to September . In September 1988 , the squadron has become part of the 701st Aviation Brigade , together with 252nd Fighter - Bomber Aviation Squadron and 350th Reconnaissance Aviation Squadron . In 1990 with the 701st Aviation Brigade being disbanded , the 245th Fighter - Bomber Aviation Squadron also ceased to exist . In fact , its personnel and equipment were attached to 240th Fighter - Bomber Aviation Squadron .
De Redin towers The De Redin Towers are a series of thirteen small fortified watch towers that Grand Master Martin de Redin of the Knights of Malta built on the island of Malta between the year 1658 and 1659 . The towers are in sight of each other , and provided a communication link between Gozo and Grand Harbour , in addition to functioning as watchtowers against attack by Corsairs . The design is based on the design of the last of the five Lascaris towers , the Sciuta ( Xuta ) tower ( 1640 ) at Wied iz - Zurrieq , that Grand Master Giovanni Paolo Lascaris , de Redin ' s predecessor , had built . The locals refer to both the five Lascaris towers and the thirteen de Redin towers as " de Redin towers " . Many of the towers still exist in good condition today and most are accessible to the public . List of the towers . These are the de Redin towers in chronological order of construction .