naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Polnisches Schutzmannschaftsbataillon 202 Polnisches Schutzmannschaftsbataillon 202 was a collaborationist police battalion composed of 360 men including its Nazi German leadership . It was created officially on March 27 , 1942 with recrutment beginning in May . Only two Polish men volunteered . As a result , the Germans resorted to conscription from the regular Polish city - police called " Einheimische Polizei " . During formation , the battalion stationed in Kraków at Michałowskiego street ( renamed Luxemburgstrasse ) . Basic training took place in Dębica . Its first commandant was Captain Tschnadel . Members wore green uniforms of Orpo and received Mauser 98 rifles before transfer to occupied Eastern Poland to fight Soviet partisans . Once in Volhyn , the battalion stationed in Łuck originally . Soon later , in around Kostopol , half the members deserted to 27th Home Army Infantry Division , in defence of ethnic Polish population against the UPA massacres . Background . All " Schutzmannschaften " auxiliary police battalions were formed by the Germans from inhabitants of occupied territories i . e . in the General Government ; as support for the Nazi Sicherheitspolizei ( security police ) which was understaffed . At one point , a number of conscripted policemen in occupied eastern Poland included 5 , 000 – 12 , 000 Ukrainians and 2 , 000 – 2 , 200 Poles , mostly pitted against each other . " Polnisches Schutzmannschaftsbataillon 202 " , operated in Volhynia and Podolia , subordinate to the German Schutzpolizei . Since the volunteer recruitment in Kraków yielded only 2 men , the German authorities resorted to forceful draft among members of the Blue Police even though the BP was essential in combatting property crimes and common banditry which skyrocketted after the 1939 invasion of Poland . Due to attempts to dodge the draft , another method included false advertisements for paid work in " Polish [ not German ] Police " . The German Major Walery Sauermann was made the commander of the unit in the field . The Germans made up all of the officers . In November 1943 more than half of the battalion deserted . Counting all Volhynian " Schutzmannschaften " ( not only Battalion 202 ) at least 700 Poles trained by the Germans joined the 27th Volhynian Division of the Armia Krajowa , additional 60 Poles were executed for mutiny in Jarmolińce . One of the most widely quoted reasons among the Poles for joining the unit was a desire to offer protection for civilians against the wave of massacres of Poles in Volhynia . In fact , this particular unit was the only German - trained Polish participant in opperations against OUN - UPA . The battalion was practically destroyed in combat with the Red Army at the beginning of 1944 . The remains of the unit were transferred to Lwow ( Lviv ) . Officially the battalion was disbanded on May 8 , 1944 . The battalion was armed with Mauser Mk 98k rifles and MP38 and MP41 submachine gun s . It is believed that some of its former members subsequently joined the Blue Police in the General Government .
Rolf Wuthmann Rolf Wuthmann ( 26 August 1893 – 20 October 1977 ) was a highly decorated General der Artillerie in the Wehrmacht during World War II . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . Rolf Wuthmann was captured by Soviet troops in May 1945 after the Zemland Offensive . He was held until 1955 .
John Farrell ( VC ) John Farrell VC ( March 1826 , Dublin – 31 August 1865 ) was a British Army soldier and Irish recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . He was a sergeant in the 17th Lancers ( Duke of Cambridge ' s Own ) , British Army during the Crimean War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC : He later achieved the rank of Quartermaster - Sergeant . He was killed in action at Secunderabad , British India , on 31 August 1865 . References . city
Bell 47J Ranger The Bell 47J Ranger is an American two - bladed , single engine , light helicopter that was manufactured by Bell Helicopter . It was an executive variant based on the highly successful Bell 47 and was the first helicopter to carry a United States president . Design and development . The 47J was a four - seat variant of the earlier three - seat Bell 47H , the 47H was a deluxe variant of the 47G with a fully clad fuselage and enclosed cabin . The 47H proved to be too small and the 47J was developed . The " J " model was a single pilot aircraft with the pilot seat and controls position centered at the front of the cabin close to the 180° view unobstructed lexan " bubble " windscreen . A single bench seat at the rear of the cabin spanned its entire width and allowed for a passenger capacity limited by weight to typically 3 or 4 adults . Operational history . In March 1957 two Bell 47Js were bought by the United States Air Force as presidential transport and designated H - 13J . On 13 July 1957 a H - 13J was the first helicopter used by a United States president when it carried Dwight D . Eisenhower from the White House . In March 1962 the two helicopters were moved from presidential duties but were used as VIP transports for the next five years until retired in July 1967 .
Aerial Achievement Medal The Aerial Achievement Medal is a decoration of the United States Air Force which was established in 1988 . The decoration is intended to recognize the contributions of aircrew members who would , otherwise , not be qualified for the award of the Air Medal . The decoration is awarded in the name of the Secretary of the Air Force and is presented to members of the United States military or civilian personnel , while serving in a capacity with the U . S . Air Force , who distinguish themselves by sustained meritorious achievement while participating in aerial flight . The achievements must be accomplished with distinction above and beyond that normally expected of professional airmen . Operators of Unmanned aerial vehicle s may receive the award . One was given in 1997 for successfully flying a disabled UAV back to its base . According to a report based on Air Force statistics , from January 2009 to mid - 2010 3497 medals were granted to operators , while 1408 more were given to pilots . The Aerial Achievement Medal may be approved by local commanders , however the missions for which the decoration is authorized must be approved by a Major Air Force Command . Minimum requirements for an Aerial Achievement Medal are 20 flights of at least 2 hours with one flight per theater per day . For the basic Aerial Achievement medal , 14 flights may be used . However , if this is the case then 26 flights must be used for the first Oak Leaf Cluster . Enlisted personnel receive three ( 3 ) promotion points per award . Trivia . The Aerial Achievement Medal service ribbon bears a strikingly similar resemblance to the Commonwealth Air Crew Europe Star ribbon bar awarded to personnel of the Commonwealth air crew during 1939 to 1945 who participated in aerial combat missions over occupied Europe prior to June 6 , 1944 ( I . e . , ' D Day ' ) ,
Casualty notification Casualty notification is the process of notifying relatives of people who have been killed or seriously injured unexpectedly ( for example , in a car crash ) . The notification may be done over the phone or in person , but is normally done by a police officer in person when possible , at least for the next of kin . In the case of the United States armed forces , the notification is done by a specialist known as a casualty notification officer ( CNO ) , normally within four hours of learning of the casualty ( but only from 6 : 00 a . m . to 10 : 00 p . m . local time ) or , for the Navy , by a casualty assistance calls officer ( CACO ) . The corollary is notification of authorities of a birth or death . The " Tell Us Once " initiative is expected to save the UK £19m each year .
Dionysius the Philosopher Dionysius the Philosopher ( , ca . 1560 – 1611 ) was a Greek monk who led two farmer revolts against the Ottoman Turks . Life and career . Dionysius was born in c . 1560 AD in Paramythia , Thesprotia . He was of Greek descent , from Macedonia ( specifically Avdella , Grevena regional unit ) with Epirotian parentage . At a very young age , Dionysius became a " kaloyeros " at Dichouni . At age 15 , he went to Padua where he studied medicine , philosophy , philology , logic , astronomy , and poetry . In 1582 , he lived in Constantinople and in 1592 he was elected bishop of Larissa and Trikki . Revolts . Dionysius led two farmer revolts against the Turks . The first revolt occurred in 1600 in the region of Agrafa , which was ultimately successful . He was demoted from the rank of Metropolitan Bishop of Larissa for his public speeches inciting rebellion and for his related fundraising activities . He subsequently left for Venice where he raised enough funds to pay for a peasant army . After returning to Greece , he made his headquarters in the Monastery of Saint Demetrius in Dichouni ( Greek : Διχούνι ) of Thesprotia . As a monk , he toured the surrounding villages , raising an army of about 700 men . Armed with simple weapons , his army succeeded in several surprise attacks against small Turkish garrison s of the area . Encouraged by these successes , he led his army into Ioannina on 11 September 1611 . The inhabitants of the city were so surprised by the sight of the armed men and the fires that they turned against each other in confusion , unaware of the purpose of the fighting . This second revolt by Dionysius in 1611 in Ioannina ended in failure as the Turkish garrison under Aslan Pasha eventually prevailed . Death . Dionysius hid in a cave by the lake but was captured . When he was presented to Osman Pasha his famous words were : " I fought in order to free the people from your tortures and your tyranny " . Dionysius was tortured and perished upon being flayed alive by the Turks in September 1611 . His skin was filled with hay and was paraded around the city , rebuked as the " skylosophos " - rather than " philosophos " ( " skylos " meaning " dog " ) . The term was possibly coined by one of his main opponents , Maximus the Peloponnesian , another monk . The Greek population was removed from those houses inside the castle of Ioannina and lost their privileges . The old church of Saint John the Baptist , guardian of the city , dated to the period of Justinian was destroyed and its monks were killed . In its place was erected the temple of Aslan Pasha or Aslan Djami in 1618 , to commemorate the success of Aslan Pasha in quelling the rebellion .
Thetis - class ocean patrol vessel The " Thetis " - class ocean patrol vessels or Ocean patrol frigates , also called Stanflex 3000 , is a class of large patrol vessels built for the Royal Danish Navy . The class comprises four ships , all built and commissioned in the early 1990s . The ships ' tasks are mainly maintenance of sovereignty , search and rescue , fishery inspection and support to local ( mainly Greenlandic ) authorities . The operation areas are normally Greenland and the Faroe Islands , but the vessels also operate near Iceland on transit between Greenland and the Faroe Islands , and near Denmark . Design . The ships each have double - skinned ice - reinforced hulls so that the ships can break through of solid ice . " Thetis " has undergone a conversion , first to participate in the CANUMAS - project , and later to become the fleet ' s flagship , a role that ended in SEP 2007 . The Danish Navy has retrofitted the vessels with heavy machine guns , Stinger launchers and decoy launching systems . The ships can carry and use multiple StanFlex mission modules . In the most common role ( ocean patrol ) , the standard base crew is 47 persons and 16 conscripts , but in either command ship role or more warfare heavy roles , the base crew is expanded to 60 persons plus 4 aircrew for the Westland Lynx Mk . 90B and one or two doctors . Accommodation is available for 101 personnel in all .
Battle of Vittsjö The Battle of Vittsjö was a battle between the Swedish Empire and Denmark that took place in 1612 ; it was more a case of the Swedes fleeing the Danes than a full - scale battle . Gustavus Adolphus , who in December 1611 at the age of 17 , had ascended the throne of Sweden , was in the winter of 1612 on the rampage in Skåne in retaliation for the Danish ravaging of Småland and Västergötland during the Kalmar War . He and his army , which consisted of about 3 000 men , led by Nils Stiernsköld and Herman Wrangel , had burned the city of Vä and 24 parishes within Göinge and Villands district . On the night of 10 – 11 February 1612 the king and a small force were in Vittsjö . In the morning , the Danes attacked and the king and his entourage fled north past Vittsjö sconce towards Dragsån ( now Verumsån or Vieån ) . The bridge over the river was held by Danes so the king was forced to try to cross by riding over the ice . The ice broke and the king and his horse fell into the water . The king ( but not his horse ) was rescued by the horsemen Thomas Larsson and Per Banér , who himself got into the water and was rescued by his younger brother Nils Banér . In 1912 a memorial was raised to commemorate the battle . The inscription on the memorial reads in full : " Minne af konung Gustaf II Adolfs räddning i Wittsjö den 11 februari 1612 af ryttaren Thomas Larsson " ( in English " Memory of King Gustavus Adolphus ' rescue in Wittsjö February 11 , 1612 by the horseman Thomas Larsson " ) Those who died in the action were buried in a mass grave . It was long forgotten , but was recovered as a result of the digging of a trench in 1959 not more than 100 meters from the previously - raised memorial stone .
Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Arch The Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Arch is a notable memorial to the American Civil War located in Hartford , Connecticut . It was the first permanent triumphal arch in America , and honors the 4 , 000 Hartford citizens who served in the war , and the 400 who died for the Union . The arch ' s first conception dates from October 21 , 1879 , when a committee was formed , with a competition sponsored in 1881 . Commission was eventually given to architect George Keller . It was dedicated on September 17 , 1886 . The tower statues ( completed 1894 ) were carved by Swiss - born sculptor Albert Entress ( 1846 - 1926 ) . Total cost was about $ 60 , 000 . When the arch was rehabilitated in 1986 – 1988 , its original terra cotta finial angels were replaced by the current bronze angels . The arch is made of brownstone from Portland , Connecticut , in Gothic style , and composed of two medieval towers joined by a classical frieze . The north frieze , by Samuel James Kitson , tells the story of war , with on the right , a figure of General Ulysses S . Grant surveying his troops and on the left , marines jumping from a boat to rush the Confederates . The south frieze , by Caspar Buberl , tells the story of peace , with a central female allegorical figure representing the City of Hartford , surrounded by her citizens welcoming soldiers home . Both were fabricated by the Boston Terra Cotta Company . Spandrel symbols identify the four military services : the anchor for the Navy , the crossed cannon for the Artillery , crossed sabers for the Cavalry , and crossed rifles for the Infantry . Six sculptural figures , each 8 feet tall , adorn the towers - a farmer , blacksmith , mason , student , carpenter , and African - American male breaking bondage ' s chains . Each tower is topped by a bronze angel , one playing a trumpet , the other cymbals . The ashes of architect Keller and his wife Mary are interred in the tower . A tablet on the southeast tower reads : The southwest tablet reads :
Shōzō Sakurai Biography . Sakurai was born in Nagoya , although his official records list Hagi city , Yamaguchi prefecture as his hometown . He graduated from the 23rd class of the Imperial Japanese Army Academy in 1911 and the 31st class of the Army Staff College in 1919 . He was initially an infantry officer , but became a specialist in military transport . He spent a short time in France as a military attaché . In the early 1930s he was an instructor at the War College , then from 1934 to 1936 commanded the IJA 77th Regiment . Sakurai then served as an investigator for the Cabinet Planning Department and was in charge of harbor facilities and then attached to Naval Transport Headquarters . In 1938 he became Inspector of Central China Harbor Facilities . He was promoted to major general in March 1938 . In 1938 , Sakurai was given command of the Infantry group of IJA 22nd Division and in 1939 was attached to Central China Expeditionary Army headquarters before becoming Chief of Staff of the Thirteenth Army in China . He was promoted to lieutenant general in 1940 . In 1941 Sakurai became commander of IJA 33rd Division in China under IJA 11th Army , and participated in the invasion of Siam and of Burma in the Burma Campaign , and was garrisoned in Arakan . In 1943 , Sakurai was reassigned back to Japan as head of the Armored Warfare Department under the Army Ministry . However , in 1944 , Sakurai returned to Burma as Commander of Twenty - Eighth Army . His army invaded Bengal ( Operation Ha - Go ) to draw the British away from Imphal in support of Japanese armies in the U - Go Offensive . By February 22 , 1944 , the IJA 28th Army had been repulsed with heavy losses and was in retreat . By July 20 , 1945 , Sakurai had withdrawn to Moulmein , which he held until the end of the war . He died in Tokyo at the age of 96 , and his grave is at the Tama Cemetery in Fuchū , Tokyo .
Soviet gunboat Krasnoye Znamya Krasnoye Znamya ( Красное Знамя , " Red Banner " , ex - " Khrabryi " ) was a Soviet gunboat . The ship had been built in the late 19th century as the " Khrabryi " ( Храбрый , " Brave " ) by the Russian Empire . The ship was the only craft of its class . The " Krasnoye Znamya " was sunk in the harbour of Lavansaari in the Gulf of Finland on November 16 , 1942 after an attack by Finnish MTBs . The sinking of " Krasnoye Znamya " . During World War I " Khrabryi " participated in the battles in the Baltic Sea . It was lightly damaged during the Battle of Moon Sound in 1917 . On December 31 , 1922 the ship was renamed to " Krasnoye Znamya " . After the Moscow Peace Treaty of 1940 between Finland and the Soviet Union , the island of Lavansaari had been handed over to the Soviets . During the Continuation War the island was a Soviet naval base and housed a radar station . On November 18 , 1942 the three Finnish motor torpedo boats " Syöksy " , " Vinha " and " Vihuri " , as well as a minelaying KM - boat made an assault on the harbour of Lavansaari . " Syöksy " managed to hit the " Krasnoye Znamya " with one torpedo . She was sunk in her moorings . The Finnish commander of the operation , kapteeniluutnantti Jouko Pirhonen , was awarded the Mannerheim Cross because of this success . The " Krasnoye Znamya " was salvaged on November 13 , 1943 and recommissioned on September 17 , 1944 . She was finally decommissioned in 1960 .
David Ross ( delegate ) David Ross ( February 12 , 1755 – 1800 ) was an American planter and lawyer from Frederick County , Maryland . He served as a major in the Continental Army in 1777 . He was a delegate for Maryland to the Continental Congress from 1787 until 1789 .
Bofors Bofors is a Swedish company . The name has been associated with the iron industry for more than 350 years . Located in Karlskoga , Sweden , the company originates from the hammering trip hammer mill " Boofors " founded 1646 . The modern corporate structure was created in 1873 with the foundation of Aktiebolag et ( AB ) Bofors - Gullspång . A leading Swedish steel producer by the early 1870s , Bofors expanded into weapons manufacture when steel produced via the Siemens - Martin process began to be used for gun manufacture . The company ' s first cannon workshop was opened in 1884 . Bofors ' most famous owner was Alfred Nobel , who owned the company from 1894 until his death in December 1896 . Nobel played the key role in reshaping the former iron and steel producer to a modern cannon manufacturer and chemical industry participant . The powder manufacturer AB Bofors Nobelkrut , later an explosives and general organic - chemical producer , was created in 1898 as a wholly owned subsidiary . By 1911 AB Bofors - Gullspång had outcompeted , bought and closed down its Finspång Swedish competitor in cannon manufacture . The company ' s name was shortened to AB Bofors in 1919 . In 1986 , a $ 285 million contract between the Government of India and Swedish arms company Bofors was signed for supply of 410 155mm Howitzer field guns . In 1987 , Swedish Radio alleged that Bofors paid illegal commissions to top Indian politicians and key defence officials to seal the deal . The scandal contributed to the defeat of Rajiv Gandhi in elections three years later . In 1999 Saab AB purchased the Celsius Group , then the parent company for Bofors . In September 2000 United Defense Industries ( UDI ) of the United States acquired Bofors Weapons Systems ( the heavy weapons division ) , while Saab retained the missile interests . BAE Systems acquired United Defense and its Bofors subsidiary in 2005 , and BAE Systems Bofors is now a business unit of BAE Systems AB , Saab Bofors Dynamics is a unit of Saab AB Products . The name Bofors is strongly associated with the 40 mm anti - aircraft gun used by both sides during World War II . This automatic cannon is often simply called the " Bofors gun " and saw service on both land and sea . It became so widely known that anti - aircraft guns in general were often referred to as Bofors guns . Another well - known gun made by the company was the Bofors 37 mm anti - tank gun , a standard anti - tank weapon used by a variety of armies early in the war . It was built under license in Poland and the USA and was also used in a variety of tanks , including the 7TP and M3A3 Stuart .
SM UB - 85 SM " UB - 85 " was a Type UB III U - boat in the German Imperial Navy ( ) during World War I . Ordered on 23 September 1916 , the U - boat was built at the AG Weser shipyard in Bremen and commissioned on 24 November 1917 , under the command of Kapitänleutnant Günther Krech . Construction . She was built by AG Weser of Bremen and following just under a year of construction , launched at Bremen on 26 October 1917 . " UB - 85 " was commissioned later that same year . Like all Type UB III submarines , " UB - 85 " carried 10 torpedoes and was armed with a deck gun . " UB - 85 " would carry a crew of up to 3 officer and 31 men and had a cruising range of . " UB - 85 " had a displacement of while surfaced and when submerged . Her engines enabled her to travel at when surfaced and when submerged . Service history . On her second patrol , she was picked up by off the coast of Belfast , Ireland on 30 April 1918 , after she was partially flooded through an semi - open hatch while trying to evade the " Coreopsis " . The submarine was forced to surface and was abandoned by her crew while under fire . No casualties occurred amongst the 34 crew and they were taken as prisoners of war . The captain was taken under interrogation and said that the submarine had surfaced the night before to recharge the batteries . .