naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Lichtenstein Castle Lichtenstein Castle is situated on a cliff located near Honau on the Swabian Alb , Baden - Württemberg , Germany . Historically , there has been a castle on the site since around 1200 . It was twice destroyed , once in the Reichskrieg ' s War of 1311 and again by the city - state of Reutlingen in 1381 . The castle was not reconstructed and subsequently fell to ruin . In 1802 , the land came into the hands of King Frederick I of Württemberg , who built a hunting lodge there . By 1837 , the land had passed to his nephew Duke Wilhelm of Urach , Count of Württemberg , who , inspired by Wilhelm Hauff ' s novel " Lichtenstein " , added the current castle in 1840 – 42 . The romantic Neo - Gothic design of the castle was created by the architect Carl Alexander Heideloff . Today , the castle is still owned by the Dukes of Urach , but is open to visitors . The castle contains a large collection of historic weapons and armour . Replica in Hout Bay , South Africa . A Cape Town businessman Reynier Fritz , who was well known in advertising circles , first saw the 19th - century Schloss Lichtenstein in the land of his ancestors , and decided to one day replicate it in Hout Bay . He was able to start building his dream in 1986 and 12 years later it was completed . He eventually turned it into a guest house before he died there . Sometime after his death , his widow , Christine , sold it to an overseas buyer . The main hall has carved beams , a vaulted wooden ceiling , and leaded stained - glass windows . The castle has 12 en - suite bedrooms , a library , a banquet hall for 140 , and a conference centre for 40 . Other luxuries include a swimming pool , a helipad , and a natural waterfall .
James Z . George James Zachariah George ( October 20 , 1826August 14 , 1897 ) was an American military officer , lawyer , writer , and politician . He was known as Mississippi ' s " Great Commoner . " Biography . James Z . George was born in Monroe County , Georgia , but moved to Mississippi when his widowed mother remarried . He served as a private in the Mexican - American War under Colonel Jefferson Davis . On his return , George studied law and was admitted to the bar . In 1854 he became a reporter of the Supreme Court of Mississippi and , over the next 20 years , George prepared a 10 - volume digest of its cases . As a member of the Mississippi Secession Convention , George signed the Ordinance of Secession . A Confederate colonel of the 5th Mississippi Cavalry during the Civil War , he was captured twice and spent two years in a prisoner of war camp , where he conducted a law course for his fellow captives . After the war , he returned to Mississippi and resumed the practice of law . In 1879 he was appointed to the Supreme Court of Mississippi and immediately was chosen chief justice by his colleagues . From 1881 until his death , George represented Mississippi in the United States Senate , where he was recognized for his skills in debate , helped frame the future Sherman Anti - Trust Act , introduced the bill for agricultural college experiment stations , and encouraged the establishment of the Department of Agriculture . He also served as a member of the Mississippi Constitutional Convention of 1890 and successfully defended the constitution before the Senate and the Supreme Court . George died in Mississippi City , Mississippi , where he had gone for health treatment . He is buried , along with his wife , Elizabeth Brooks ( Young ) George , in Evergreen Cemetery in North Carrollton , Mississippi . George ' s wife Elizabeth was the granddaughter of Col . William Martin Jr . of Tennessee , and the great - granddaughter of General Joseph Martin , an early Virginia explorer and Revolutionary War commander . In 1931 , the state of Mississippi donated a bronze statue of George to the United States Capitol ' s National Statuary Hall Collection . The J . Z . George High School in North Carrollton , Mississippi is named in his honor , which is less than two miles from his burial place . In addition , George County , Mississippi , is also named in his honor .
Château de Saissac The Château de Saissac is a ruined castle , one of the so - called Cathar castle s , in the southernmost tip of the " commune " of Saissac in the Aude " département " in the north - west of Carcassonne , France . It was once the residence of the powerful vassal family of Trencavel . Today the ruins are protected as official historical monuments of France ( ) . History . The castle dominates the rocky headland and the ravine of Vernassonne , at an important strategic position at the entry of the Montagne noire . Based on historical texts , it can be dated back to at least 960 . It was bequeathed by the bishop of Toulouse to the Count of Carcassonne . In the 11th century , the castle was pledged to powerful vassals in the country . They formed a junior branch under the counts of Foix who formed at the time the lineage of Saissac . It is important all the same to note the presence of a " castrum " under the current caste , probably dating from the 11th century , though its origin can go back to the time of the Visigoths . At the time of the Albigensian Crusade in 1229 , the lord of Saissac , Bertrand de Saissac , himself a Cathar , was the tutor of Raymond Roger de Trencavel . They were subjugated and stripped of their titles . Bouchard de Marly ordered the seizing of the castle and its goods ; it was only later , after 1234 , that the castle was restored by Lambert de Thursey , another companion of Montfort . At the end of the 13th century , the castle became the inheritance of the family of Lévis , new lords of Mirepoix . From 1331 to 1412 , it passed to the family of Isle - Jourdain . In the 15th century , the barony was held by the family of Caraman . The castle changed hands repeatedly until 1565 , passing through the hands of Bernuy , a rich man , and house of Clermont - Lodève . In 1568 and 1580 , the Protestant troops destroyed the village but were unable to enter the impregnable fortress . From 1715 , the castle was held by the Luynes , who however did not reside in the castle . After the French Revolution , the castle quickly fell in ruins , after repeatedly being looted by treasure hunters in 1862 lured by the castle ' s romantic aspect . Today . From 1995 , the castle has been in the possession of the municipality , which began a programme of restoration in order to make the castle available to visitors . , two rooms of the main building ( the Aldonce residence , constructed in the 16th century ) have been rebuilt in the 16th century style , together with the framework resembling the hull of a ship . Many locked cellars under the keep have now been made accessible .
Air Forces Memorial The Air Forces Memorial , or Runnymede Memorial , in Englefield Green , near Egham , Surrey , England is a memorial dedicated to some 20 , 456 men and women from the British Empire who were lost in operations from World War II . Those recorded have no known grave anywhere in the world , and many were lost without trace . The name of each of these airmen and airwomen is engraved into the stone walls of the memorial , according to country and squadron . Design . The memorial was designed by Sir Edward Maufe with sculpture by Vernon Hill . The engraved glass and painted ceilings were designed by John Hutton , and the poem engraved on the gallery window was written by Paul H Scott . It was the first post - World War II building to be listed for architectural merit . The roof of the memorial looks over the River Thames and Runnymede Meadow , where the Magna Carta was sealed by King John in 1215 . Most of north , west , and central London can be seen to the right from the viewpoint ; such monuments as the London Eye and the arch of Wembley Stadium are visible on clear days . Windsor Castle and the surrounding area can be seen to the left . Location . The memorial is on Coopers Hill Lane , Englefield Green , next to the former Runnymede campus of Brunel University and Kingswood Hall of Royal Holloway , University of London since 1965 when it was converted from a convent . Status . It is a Grade II * listed building and was completed in 1953
Thomas Lanier Clingman Thomas Lanier Clingman ( July 27 , 1812November 3 , 1897 ) , known as the " Prince of Politicians , " was a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives from 1843 to 1845 and from 1847 to 1858 , and U . S . senator from the state of North Carolina between 1858 and 1861 . During the Civil War he refused to resign his Senate seat and was one of ten senators expelled from the Senate in absentia . He then served as a general in the Confederate States Army . Early life . Clingman was born in Huntsville , a small community in present day Yadkin County , North Carolina . His parents were Jacob and Jane Poindexter Clingman and he was named for Dr . Thomas Lanier , his half uncle . He was educated by private tutors and in the public schools in Iredell County , NC . Clingman graduated from the University of North Carolina in 1832 . He then studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1834 and began practice in Huntsville . Political career . Clingman was elected to the North Carolina State house of commons in 1835 . In 1836 he moved to Asheville , North Carolina . He was a member of the North Carolina State senate in 1840 . In 1843 Clingman ran as a Whig and was elected to the 28th United States Congress , however he was defeated in his reelection bid in 1845 . In 1845 he fought a duel with a fellow congressman William Lowndes Yancey of Alabama . In Yancey ' s maiden speech on the House floor , he had impugned his opponent ' s integrity . Both duelists had missed . In 1847 he regained the seat and won reelection in 1849 , 1851 , 1853 , 1855 and 1857 . On May 7 , 1858 , he resigned after becoming a United States Senator as a Democrat the previous day , replacing the resigning Asa Biggs . He was reelected but was expelled from the Senate for support of the Confederacy . Civil War . When he first entered the War , Clingman was the commander of the 25th North Carolina Infantry and took part in the Peninsula Campaign . He later commanded a brigade of infantry . Clingman ' s Brigade consisted of the 8th , 31st , 51st and 61st North Carolina Infantry . Clingman ' s Brigade fought at Goldsboro , Battery Wagner , Drewry ' s Bluff , Cold Harbor , Petersburg , Globe Tavern , Fort Fisher , and Bentonville . Post - war career . After the Civil War , Clingman explored and measured mountains in western North Carolina and Tennessee . Tennessee ' s highest mountain , also partly in North Carolina , was named Clingman ' s Dome in his honor . He died in Morganton , North Carolina and was buried in the Riverside Cemetery in Asheville , North Carolina .
Blood stripe A blood stripe is a scarlet stripe worn down the outside leg seams of trousers on the dress uniform of the United States Marine Corps . This red stripe is for general officer s , for other officers , and for enlisted Staff Noncommissioned Officer s and Noncommissioned Officer s . Modified versions are worn on the officers ' evening dress uniforms , with the scarlet flanked with gold trim , and on members of the Marine Band , which wear the traditional red stripe with a white stripe in the center . History . While trouser stripes were in use in various militaries for many years ( especially the British Army , whose uniforms influenced American uniforms for many years , as well as the red stripes of the Spanish Navy Marines ) , red trouser stripes were not a predominant feature of any American Marine uniform until 1837 . In that year , President Andrew Jackson ordered changes that included the adoption of the Army ' s practice of wearing stripes the same color as uniform jacket facings . These original stripes were buff white to match changes to the uniform jacket , but when the jacket was changed back to dark blue with red trim in 1839 , the stripes remained , but altered to a similar blue edged in red . Tradition holds that in the Battle of Chapultepec in September 1847 , Marine officers and NCOs sustained an unusually high casualty rate during the battle . In 1849 , uniform regulations dictated that the stripes be changed to a solid red . Ten years later , a scarlet cord was inserted into the outer seams for noncommissioned officers and musicians , while a scarlet welt was added for officers . Finally , in 1904 , the simple scarlet stripe seen today was adopted , with the varying widths prescribed for different ranks .
James Stevens Peck James Stevens Peck ( December 6 , 1838 – May 28 , 1884 ) was a Vermont attorney and military leader who served in the 13th and 17th Vermont Infantry Regiments during the American Civil War and as Adjutant General of the Vermont National Guard . Early life . James S . Peck was born in Montpelier , Vermont on December 6 , 1838 . He graduated from the University of Vermont in 1860 , and studied law with Lucius Benedict Peck and Stoddard B . Colby . Civil War . In 1862 Peck was commissioned a Second Lieutenant in Company I , 13th Vermont Infantry . He rose to the post of regimental Adjutant , and took part in the regiment ’ s combat actions , including the Battle of Gettysburg . After the 13th Vermont was mustered out , Peck joined the 17th Vermont as Adjutant with the rank of Major . He was commended for bravery at Wilderness , Cold Harbor , and Petersburg , and mustered out with the regiment in 1865 . Career . In 1866 Peck was admitted to the bar and established a law practice in Montpelier . From 1866 to 1880 he served as a member of the city ’ s volunteer fire department . A Republican , from 1868 to 1872 he served as Assistant Secretary of the Vermont Senate , and from 1869 to 1880 Peck was Assistant United States Attorney for Vermont . In 1881 Peck was appointed Postmaster in Montpelier , a position he held until his death . Continued military service . Peck served as Assistant Adjutant General and Inspector General of the Vermont National Guard with the rank of Brigadier General from 1868 to 1872 , during the tenure of Adjutant General William Wells . Peck succeeded Wells and served as Adjutant General from 1872 to 1881 . He was an original member of the Reunion Society of Vermont Officers . Peck was the society ' s Secretary from 1866 to 1882 , and President from 1882 until his death . Death and burial . Peck was in poor health for several years as a result of his wartime service , and he nearly died twice from pulmonary hemorrhages . He died while vacationing at Loon Lake , New York on May 28 , 1884 . Peck is buried at Green Mount Cemetery in Montpelier .
Mario Stoppani " Sergente " Mario Stoppani ( 24 May 1895 – 20 September 1959 ) was a World War I flying ace credited with six aerial victories . His valor earned him two Silver awards of the Medal for Military Valor and the Russian Cross of St . George during the World War I . After the war , after a short spell as an aviation instructor , in 1927 Stoppani began a long career as a test pilot and an extensive career setting aeronautical records . He would continue as a test pilot throughout World War II and beyond . While associated with aeronautical designer Filippo Zappata , Stoppani would make 15 first flights and set 41 aeronautical records , one of which still stands . In the course of these feats , Stoppani earned both a Silver and a Gold Medal for Aeronautical Valor . Post World War II , he worked for Breda and SIAI Marchetti . Early life . Mario Stoppani was born in Lovere , Kingdom of Italy on 24 May 1895 . He apprenticed as an auto mechanic at age 15 , circa 1910 . On 6 November 1913 , he enlisted in the " Battaglione Aviatori " ( Aviators ' Battalion ) . In February 1915 , he was selected for pilot ' s training at Pisa . World War I . In June 1915 , Stoppani was posted to an operational unit , " 3a Squadriglia " . Based at Medeuzza , he flew a Macchi Parasol on reconnaissance patrols . He was awarded a Silver Medal for Military Valor for his exploits during August through November 1915 . In January 1916 , he was seconded to instructor duty at Malpensa . He stayed there until May , when he was assigned to newly formed " 76a Squadriglia " , based at La Comina . Flying a Nieuport 11 , he scored his first aerial victory on 9 July 1916 , sharing it with Luigi Olivari . By 1 December 1916 , he had tallied five more , including a shared win with Luigi Olivi . He was recommended for a second Silver Medal for Military Valor in November ; that same month he was asked to become a test pilot for Ansaldo . In January 1917 , Stoppani was awarded the Russian Cross of Saint George , Third Class . In March , he moved to Genoa to begin his duties with Ansaldo by testing the Ansaldo A . 1 Balilla and SVA . In June 1917 , he finally received his second Silver Medal . Stoppani finished out the war as a test pilot . Post World War I . Stoppani made a career of aviation . He became an instructor with SAI , first at Foggia , then at Passignano sul Trasimeno in 1925 . In 1927 , he moved to Trieste and resumed test piloting , for SISA Airline . He then became the chief test pilot for CANT aircraft company until mid - World War II , circa 1943 . During his career with CANT , he was closely associated with designer Filippo Zappata ; the association led to Stoppani making fifteen first flights and setting 41 flying records . Stoppani was awarded both a Silver and Gold Medal for Aeronautical Valor for his efforts . He still holds the distance record for a seaplane in a closed circuit ; in 1937 , he covered 3 , 231 miles without landing , piloting a CRDA CANT Z . 506 . After World War II , he worked for Breda and SIAI Marchetti . Mario Stoppani died on 20 September 1959 .
4th Virginia Cavalry The 4th Virginia Volunteer Cavalry Regiment was a cavalry regiment raised in Virginia for service in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War . It fought mostly with the Army of Northern Virginia . The Virginia 4th Cavalry completed its organization at Sangster ' s Cross Roads , Prince William County , Virginia , in September , 1861 . Its members were recruited in the counties of Prince William , Chesterfield , Madison , Culpeper , Powhatan , Goochland , Hanover , Fauquier , Buckingham , and the city of Richmond . The unit was assigned to General J . E . B . Stuart ' s , F . Lee ' s , Wickham ' s , and Munford ' s Brigade , Army of Northern Virginia . It participated in the Battle of Williamsburg , the Seven Days ' Battles , and the Second Bull Run and Maryland campaigns . Later the unit was involved in the conflicts at Fredericksburg , Kelly ' s Ford , Chancellorsville , Brandy Station , Upperville , Gettysburg , Bristoe , Mine Run , The Wilderness , Todd ' s Tavern , Spotsylvania , Wilson ' s Wharf , Haw ' s Shop , and Bethesda Church . The 4th went on to fight in the Shenandoah Valley with Early and around Appomattox . It totaled 450 effectives in April , 1862 , and lost about three percent of the 544 engaged at Gettysburg . After cutting through the Federal lines at Appomattox , it was broken up . Only 2 members were present at the surrender . The field officers were Colonels Stephen D . Lee , William H . F . Payne , Beverly Robertson , William C . Wickham , and W . B . Wooldridge ; Lieutenant Colonels Charles Old and Robert Randolph ; and Majors Alexander M . Hobson and Robert E . Utterback . Future Virginia governor Philip W . McKinney was an officer in Company K of the 4th Virginia . VMI Superintendent Scott Shipp is said to have served as a private in the 4th Virginia , though no official record exists . Beverley Randolph Mason , the future founder of Gunston Hall School for Young Women in Washington , D . C . , became a captain in command of a company of the 4th Virginia . Company D was known as the Little Fork Rangers after the Little Fork Church in Culpeper County , and Company F was known as the Goochland Light Dragoons .
Chieu Hoi The Chiêu Hồi Program ( , loosely translated as " Open Arms " ) was an initiative by the South Vietnamese to encourage defection by the Viet Cong and their supporters to the side of the Government during the Vietnam War . Campaign . Defection was urged by means of a propaganda campaign , usually leaflets delivered by artillery shell or dropped over enemy - controlled areas by aircraft , or messages broadcast over areas of South Vietnam . A number of incentives were offered to those who chose to cooperate , along with psychological warfare to break enemy morale . To further this aim , invitations to defect , which also acted as safe conduct passes , were printed on clear plastic waterproof bags used to carry ammunition for the US soldier ' s M16 assault rifle . Each bag held one magazine , and was sealed up to prevent moisture from the jungle ' s humid climate from damaging the contents . When the magazine was needed during a firefight with the enemy , the bag would be torn open and discarded , in the hope that it would later be discovered by enemy troops who would read the text and consider defection . By 1967 approximately 75 , 000 defections had been recorded , but analysts speculate that less than 25 % of those were genuine . The program had some difficulty catching on , due in part to the culture gap — such as misspellings and unintentionally offensive statements — and worsened by communist reprisals against defectors and their families . To make matters worse , as testified by Sergeant Scott Camil during the 1971 Winter Soldier Investigation , the passes were sometimes ignored by U . S . forces , and their holders shot while surrendering . Overall , however , the Chieu Hoi program was considered to be successful . Those who surrendered were known as " Hoi Chanh " , and were often integrated into allied units as Kit Carson Scouts , operating in the same area where they had defected . Many made great contributions to the effectiveness of U . S . units , and often distinguished themselves , earning decorations as high as the Silver Star . The program was relatively inexpensive , and removed over 100 , 000 combatants from the field .
Arnold Tucker Arnold Tucker ( born January 5 , 1924 ) is a retired United States Air Force officer who graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point , New York in 1947 . While lettering twice in football , Tucker was a part of three national championship squads ( 1944 , 1945 , 1946 ) on the gridiron . He earned first team all - America honors in 1946 after garnering second team laurels in 1945 . After serving as Army ’ s starting quarterback in 1945 and 1946 , Tucker finished fifth in the 1946 Heisman Trophy balloting in 1946 , behind teammates Glenn Davis and Felix “ Doc ” Blanchard among others . During his two years as a starter , Tucker guided the Black Knights to a combined 18 - 0 - 1 record , while Army went 27 - 0 - 1 during his three years as a team member . Tucker passed for 618 yards and nine touchdowns in 1946 and also registered a school - record eight interceptions as a defensive back that year . He still shares the single - season Academy record for interceptions and stands second on Army ’ s career list with 11 . Tucker , who was selected to participate in the 1947 College All - star Game played in Chicago , also returned punts and kickoffs for the Black Knights . Tucker lettered twice and served as team captain during his senior year on the basketball team . LTC Tucker retired from the US Air Force after a distinguished career in 1974 . A former University of Miami and Army star , Tucker played at Miami High in his youth and was a legend there . He won the James E . Sullivan Award as the nation ' s best amateur athlete in 1947 and was elected to the College Football Hall of Fame in 2008 . He currently resides in the Miami area .