naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
. 577 / 450 Martini - Henry The . 577 / 450 Martini - Henry was a black powder , centrefire round used by the British and British Empire militaries prior to the adoption of the . 303 calibre cartridge used in the Lee - Metford , Martini - Enfield , and Lee - Enfield series of rifles alongside the Nepal ese Bira gun . This cartridge is also sometimes known as 11 . 43×60R ( 61R ) . Background . The . 577 / 450 was based upon the same separate steel head used for the . 577 Snider cartridge , with a wrapped foil body firing a nominally . 45 calibre bullet , giving the cartridge a " bottle - necked " appearance . Initially , . 577 / 450 cartridges were manufactured of rolled brass foil with an iron rim , but later on — shortly after the Anglo - Zulu War — it was discovered that the rolled foil cartridges were prone to jamming as the barrel heated up , and production was switched to the drawn brass style now commonly used for the manufacture of small arms ammunition . The Martini - Henry single - shot lever action rifle had a Martini - designed action married with the unique rifling designed by Alexander Henry . The first three patterns or " Marks " were equipped with a shorter lever , which was extended in the Mark IV pattern to address extraction problems in some climates . The Mark IV was the final and most refined form of the rifle in . 577 / 450 , but was already obsolete owing to the pending adoption of a smokeless powder small bore cartridge , which became the . 303 . Uses . The cartridge was most famously employed by British Forces during the Anglo - Zulu War of 1879 — which included the Battle of Isandlwana and the Battle of Rorke ' s Drift — as well as during the Sudanese Campaign of 1884 – 1898 , and in various other colonial conflicts in Africa and India . By the end of the 19th Century the . 577 / 450 Martini - Henry cartridge was considered obsolete , though it was still in military production as late as World War I ( for use by Royal Flying Corps observers and Zeppelin - buster aircrews , using an incendiary spitzer bullet ) , and in commercial production by Kynoch until the late 1950s . the load used by the military was of black powder with a bullet at .
French aircraft carrier Verdun Verdun was an aircraft carrier under development in France in the 1950s which was cancelled before design was completed . History . With the " Clemenceau " class carriers soon to enter service , the French Navy launched an effort to build a larger carrier specifically with the nuclear strike role in mind . Construction of the carrier was considered in 1958 but due to cost the program was cancelled in 1961 . For more than 30 years , France would rely on the " Clemenceau " class to provide fixed wing aviation . These two ships were modified in the 1980s to accommodate AN52 nuclear bombs , taking part of the role of the cancelled " Verdun " . France built a new carrier finally in the form of the " Charles de Gaulle " at the end of the 1990s .
Castle Howe Castle Howe is a motte and bailey castle in the town of Kendal , England . History . Castle Howe was built after the Norman conquest of England , either in 1087 by the Norman nobleman Ivo Taillebois , or by the nobleman Ketel some time after 1100 . The castle was designed as a motte and bailey fortification , with a circular motte 11 m high and 48 m wide at the base , and a curved bailey hugging the ridge alongside it . The castle was abandoned in the 12th century , either by one Gilbert , or by William de Lancaster . The bailey was later destroyed when the area was turned into a park . The remaining earthworks are maintained South Lakeland District Council , with information boards placed at the foot of the motte .
Castellan A castellan was the governor or captain of a castle . The word stems from the Latin " Castellanus " , derived from " castellum " " castle " . Also known as a constable , governor of the castle or captain . Duties . Usually , a castellan combined the duties of both a majordomo ( responsible for a castle ' s domestic staff ) and a military administrator ( responsible for maintaining defenses and protecting the castle ' s lands ) . This was particularly the case if there was no lord resident at the castle , or if the resident lord was frequently absent . France . In France , castellans ( known in French as châtelain s ) who governed castles without resident nobles acquired considerable powers , and the position actually became a hereditary fiefdom . Germany . In Germany the castellan was known as a " Burgmann " , or sometimes " Hauptmann " ( " captain " ) , who reported to the lord of the castle , often known as the burgrave ( " Burggraf " ) . Jerusalem . At times , there was a castellan among the Officers of the Kingdom of Jerusalem . Poland . In the Kingdom of Poland and later the Polish - Lithuanian Commonwealth , the castellans ( ) were in most cases lower in precedence to the voivode s ( with the exception of the Lord Castellan of Kraków who had precedence before the Voivode of Kraków ) . Castellans were in charge of a part of a voivodeship called the castellany ( Polish : " Kasztelania " ) until the 15th century and from that time on their domain was divided into provinces for greater castellans and powiat s for minor castellans . Castellans in the Polish – Lithuanian Commonwealth were of senator rank . Portugal . In Portugal , a castellan was known as " alcaide " . Later , the role of " alcaide " became an honorary title awarded by the King of Portugal to certain nobles . As the honorary holder of the office of " alcaide " did not often lived near its castle , a delegate of him started to be appointed to effectively govern it . An honorary holder of the office became known as " alcaide - mor " ( major " alcaide " ) and its delegate became known as " alcaide pequeno " ( little " alcaide " ) or " alcaide - menor " ( minor " alcaide ) .
Battle of Tofrek The Battle of Tofrek ( 22 March 1885 ) was fought between the British forces under the leadership of General Gerald Graham and General John McNeil , against the Mahdist forces led by Osman Digna in the deserts of eastern Sudan . Details . On 22 March 1885 , the 49th Regiment , 1st Royal Berkshire with Royal Marines and an Indian Contingent ( comprising the Madras Sappers , the 17th Infantry and a few others ) , marched eight miles towards Tamai , Sudan to build three " zariba s " ( i . e . " fortified bases " ) . While still unfinished , they were heavily attacked upon by Arabs of the Hadendoa tribe . After severe fighting enemy were driven off , losing 3000 killed and died of wounds . The Battalion lost 21 killed , 33 wounded .
German submarine U - 289 German submarine " U - 289 " was a Type VIIC U - boat of the Nazi German " Kriegsmarine " during World War II . The submarine was laid down on 12 September 1942 at the " Bremer Vulkan " yard at Bremen - Vegesack as ' werk ' 54 . She was launched on 25 May 1943 and commissioned on 10 July under the command of " Kapitänleutnant " Alexander Hellwig . She did not sink or damage any ships . She was sunk by a British destroyer in May 1944 . Service history . " U - 289 " served with the 8th U - boat Flotilla for training from July 1943 to March 1944 and operationally with the 3rd flotilla from 1 April . She was reassigned to the 13th flotilla in early May 1944 . 1st patrol . The boat ' s initial foray , which was preceded by a short voyage from Kiel to Bergen in Norway , began with her departure from the Nordic port on 19 April 1944 and finished at Narvik on 6 May . 2nd patrol and loss . She departed Narvik on 12 May 1944 . On the 31st she was sunk by depth charge s dropped by the British destroyer HMS " Milne " northeast of Jan Mayen Island . Fifty - one men died ; there were no survivors .
1st Michigan Volunteer Cavalry Regiment The 1st Regiment Michigan Volunteer Cavalry was a cavalry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War . It was a part of the famed Michigan Brigade , commanded for a time by Brigadier General George Armstrong Custer . Service . The 1st Michigan Cavalry was organized at Detroit , Michigan between August 21 and September 6 , 1861 . Among the initial officers was William d ' Alton Mann , a future prominent Michigan newspaper and magazine publisher . The regiment was mustered out of service on September 12 , 1865 . Total strength and casualties . Over the span of its existence , the regiment carried a total of 2705 men on its muster rolls . The regiment suffered 14 officers and 150 enlisted men killed in action or mortally wounded and 6 officers and 244 enlisted men who died of disease , for a total of 414 fatalities .
Curt Badinski Curt Badinski ( 17 May 1890 – 27 February 1966 ) was a highly decorated Generalleutnant in the Wehrmacht during World War II who held several divisional commands . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . Kurt Badinski was captured by American troops in August 1944 in the Falaise Pocket . He was held until 1947 .
Garry Johnson General Sir Garry Dene Johnson KCB OBE MC ( born 20 September 1937 ) was Commander - in - Chief of Allied Forces Northern Europe . Military career . Garry Johnson was commissioned into the 10th Princess Mary ' s Own Gurkha Rifles in 1956 . He served in Malaysia during the Malaysian Emergency . In 1981 he was made Commander of 11th Armoured Brigade . In 1985 he was selected to be Assistant Chief of Defence Staff . He moved on to be Commander of British Forces in Hong Kong in 1987 before being appointed Commander for Training and Arms Directors in 1989 . In 1992 he became Commander - in - Chief Allied Forces Northern Europe and retired in 1994 . Johnson has been awarded the Pingat Jasa Malaysia Medal by the King and Government of Malaysia .
USA - 229 USA - 229 , known before launch as NRO Launch 34 ( NROL - 34 ) , is a pair of American signals intelligence satellites which were launched in 2011 . They are operated by the United States National Reconnaissance Office . Both satellites were deployed by a United Launch Alliance Atlas V 411 carrier rocket , which launched from Space Launch Complex 3E at the Vandenberg Air Force Base . The launch occurred at 04 : 24 UTC on 15 April 2011 . The rocket placed the satellites into a low Earth orbit . By 04 : 29 UTC , official updates on the status of the spacecraft had been discontinued . Whilst details of the satellites and their missions are officially classified , amateur observers have identified that the Atlas V deployed two satellites , one of which has officially been catalogued as debris . The two spacecraft have been identified as being a pair of third or fourth generation Naval Ocean Surveillance System satellites . Amateur observations have located the spacecraft in an orbit with a perigee of and an apogee of , inclined at 64 . 4 degrees to the plane of the equator . Current generation NOSS satellites are always launched and operated in pairs , and are used to locate and track ships from the radio transmissions that they emit .
2nd Brigade Special Troops Battalion A Gold color metal and enamel device in height overall consisting of a shield blazoned : Per pale Sable and Gules with stylized folds Sanguine ; in the first three lightning flashes conjoined and radiating from base point Or ; in the second a stylized demi - Spartan shield of the like garnished Tenné and Bronze ; overall a sword in pale Argent ( Silver Gray ) with hilt and handguard Azure ( Teal ) ; a bordure of the fourth two bars enhanced of the first . Attached around the sides and bottom of the shield is a Black tripartite scroll inscribed with " PERSTATUM FORTITUDO BELLATORIS " in Gold . Symbolism : Gold ( Yellow ) recalls the Cavalry lineage of the unit . Gold is also emblematic of excellence and high achievement . The two horizontal black bars allude to wrought iron , inherent with Armor and the unit ' s numerical designation " 2nd . " The Spartan sword or Xiphos represents the unit ' s courage , vigilance and preparedness to stand and fight at a moment ' s notice . The blue of the hilt is for loyalty . The Spartan shield or Hoplon signifies the unit ' s ability to receive and organize multiple attachments for combat and remain constantly ready to support global military operations . Red symbolizes valor , sacrifice and is the color of the Spartan warrior ' s cape . The Spartan army was one of the toughest on record and served as the standard for valor . The lightning flashes highlight the organization ' s inherent ability to support tactical missions with Intelligence , Signal and Military Police capabilities . The contrast of black and gold underscores the night and day , around the clock mission of the Special Troops Battalion . Background : The distinctive unit insignia was approved on 4 October 2005 . Unit history . Special Troops Battalion , 2nd Brigade , 1st Cavalry Division , " Spartans " , commanded by LTC Kenneth Crawford and CSM Michael Cooke , was activated on 8 July 2005 in response to the US Army ’ s UA / UE concept of fielding its vision of “ The Objective Force ” . The battalion is composed of a headquarters company ( old HHC , 91 EN ) ( with an organic MP platoon , NBC recon platoon , and support platoon ) , a Military Intelligence company ( old B Co , 312 MI ) , a Signal company ( old B Co , 13SIG ) , and an Engineer company thereby making it the primary support node for Blackjack Brigade . The Spartan battalion is capable of receiving multiple combat , combat support , and combat service support modules in support of full spectrum and support operations worldwide . On 4 Sep . , 2BSTB deployed to New Orleans , LA . in response to Hurricane Katrina . The primary mission of this deployment was to render aide to displaced civilians , provide a patrolling force to deter rioting and criminal activity , and assist local law officials and government organizations to safeguard and protect the neighborhood of Algiers within the greater New Orleans area . Deployment . The unit has been deployed to Iraq on peace keeping role .
Acacius ( Alexandria ) Acacius ( ) was a Byzantine military officer , active in Alexandria during the reign of Justinian I ( r . 527 – 565 ) . Acacius was a native of Amida , and Zacharias Rhetor calls him " Bar Eshkhofo " , which seems to mean " son of a cobbler . Zacharias further reports that after the deposition of Patriarch Paul of Alexandria and his replacement by Zoilus ( in 539 / 540 ) , Acacius was the military officer tasked to protect Zoilus from the hostile population of Alexandria . Acacius was probably a professional soldier , but seems to have held a lower position , perhaps a " comes rei militaris " or a " tribunus " ( cavalry regimental commander ) .
Battle of Buzenval The Battle of Buzenval , also known as the Battle of Mont Valerien , was part of the siege of Paris during the Franco - Prussian War . On January 19 , 1871 , the day after Wilhelm I was proclaimed German Emperor , Louis Jules Trochu attacked the Germans west of Paris in Buzenval Park . The attackers seized the town of Saint - Cloud coming close to the new Emperor ' s headquarters at Versailles . Trochu was able to maintain his position at St . Cloud for most of the day but the failure of other French forces to hold their positions left him isolated and the Crown Prince ' s army was able to force Trochu ' s salient back into Paris by the next day . This was the last effort to break out of Paris . Trochu turned over command of the Paris defenses to Joseph Vinoy who surrendered the city 10 days later .
Splinter pattern camouflage Splinter pattern camouflage is a military camouflage pattern consisting of polygons . " Splittermuster " ( German for splinter - pattern ) was developed by Germany in the late 1920s . " Splittermuster " was issued to practically all Wehrmacht units . The pattern consists of a disruptive pattern of hard - edged polygons , with sharp corners between coloured patches . A random pattern of dashes was applied in places to improve the camouflage effect . M90 camouflage is the camouflage pattern used by the Swedish armed forces for clothing and vehicles . The pattern employs hard lines of geometric shapes in order to create a camouflage pattern effective in the temperate forests and plains of Sweden . M90 camouflage comprises four colours : dark green , medium green , dark navy and light beige . Desert and jungle variants have also been developed .
USS Davis ( DD - 395 ) The third USS " Davis " ( DD - 395 ) was a " Somers " - class destroyer in the United States Navy . She was named for Charles Henry Davis . " Davis " was launched 30 July 1938 by Bath Iron Works , Bath , Maine ; sponsored by Miss E . Davis , granddaughter of Rear Admiral Davis ; and commissioned 9 November 1938 , Commander T . D . Carr in command . History . " Davis " was assigned to Neutrality Patrol in the North Atlantic after World War II broke out in Europe 1 September 1939 . On 13 November she sailed from Boston , Massachusetts for Galveston , Texas , from which she patrolled in the Gulf of Mexico and conducted training exercises until clearing for patrol duty on the west coast between 11 March 1940 and 26 April 1941 . She returned to the Caribbean for patrol and escort duty . Continuing to serve in the Caribbean , after the United States entered the war , " Davis " also sailed on escort and patrol off Recife , Brazil , occasionally voyaging to the southern ports of the United States to pick up men and cargo , or to join convoys . On 19 July 1942 she rescued 10 men from the torpedoed British sailing ship " Glacier " . She sailed from Recife 19 December 1943 for a blockade runner " Burgenland " ( 7 January 1944 ) whom she transferred to the authorities at Recife upon arrival 9 January . " Davis " arrived in New York 15 April 1944 escorting " Franklin " ( CV - 13 ) , and sailed for England 14 May as a convoy escort , arriving at Plymouth 25 May . On 5 June she was underway from Milford Haven , Wales , to join a convoy en route to Baie de la Seine for the invasion of Normandy . " Davis " arrived 7 June and five days later , while on patrol , repulsed an enemy torpedo boat attack . Returning to the Baie from Devonport , England , 21 June , with a support convoy , she hit a mine and was heavily damaged on the port quarter , and after emergency repairs departed two days later for the Isle of Portland , England . She continued to Charleston , South Carolina , arriving 11 August for permanent repairs . " Davis " returned to convoy escort duty 26 December 1944 and until 21 June 1945 made four voyages between New York and English ports . Arriving at Norfolk , Virginia 10 July , she remained there until decommissioned on 19 October 1945 . She was sold on 24 November 1947 . Honors . " Davis " received one battle star for World War II service .
Daniel Pender Daniel Pender was a Royal Navy Staff Commander , later Captain , who surveyed the Coast of British Columbia aboard HMS " Plumper " , HMS " Hecate " and the " Beaver " from 1857 to 1870 . Legacy . Pender Harbour , a harbour and group of communities on the Sunshine Coast of British Columbia , Canada , are named for Pender , as are North and South Pender Islands in the Southern Gulf Islands and various placenames associated with those islands . Farther north are also a Mount Pender on Campania Island and a Pender Point on Neroutsos Inlet . The Pender Harbour area also includes a Mount Daniel .
ELBO Leonidas - 2 The Leonidas - 2 represented an effort made by the Greek vehicle manufacturer ELBO to produce an advanced armoured personnel carrier of its own . It is named after Leonidas , the king of the ancient city - state of Sparta . The first version of the " Leonidas " was the Austrian Saurer 4K 4FA Armored Personnel Carrier built with minor modifications by the Greek company from 1981 until 1987 ( when it was still called Steyr Hellas S . A . ) . Initial production was essentially assembly , however Greek content progressively increased . The APC had a 320 hp engine and a weight of 14 . 8 tons . The ' Leonidas - 2 ' development involved extensive modification of the previous model , done by ELBO itself in 1987 with the aim to essentially develop it as an Armored Infantry Fighting Vehicle ( AIFV ) . The new version had a weight of 18 . 8 tons and it used a 450 hp engine ; maximum speed was 70 km / h . The construction of the turret became a matter of debates involving interested companies ( three versions with different types of turrets were proposed , while there were " demands " that the turret should constructed by EBO ) , but the vehicle was finally produced without turret . About 700 were produced , including a number exported to Cyprus . Plans to develop further the vehicle as ' Leonidas - 3 ' for different roles were abandoned in 2002 , as the vehicle was considered outdated . ELBO continued efforts for a modern AIFV development , starting cooperation in 1988 with Steyr - Daimler - Puch of Austria on a joint development , but soon pulled out due to the high cost of the vehicle compared to the Greek Army specifications ( " Santa Barbara " of Spain continued development with the Austrian company , resulting in the " Ulan " / " ASCOD Pizarro " AIFV ) . Eventually ELBO moved entirely on its own , developing a completely new Armored Infantry Fighting Vehicle , introducing Kentaurus in 1998 . Leonidas production . The table below shows the production run based on the history of publicly known orders , as published in the press . The total appears as 700 vehicles , yet the company ELBO in its internet site mentions a total production of " about 800 vehicles " See also . ELBO Kentaurus Saurer 4K 4FA
3rd Maneuver Enhancement Brigade The 3rd Maneuver Enhancement Brigade ( 3rd MEB ) was a United States Army brigade located at Fort Richardson , Alaska . The 3rd MEB was one of three active duty Maneuver Enhancement Brigades . The Brigade was tasked to improve the movement capabilities and rear area security for commanders at division level or higher . It was inactivated in 2011 and replaced by the 2nd Engineer Brigade . The 3rd MEB was composed of :