naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
12 - cm Kanone M 80 The 12 cm Kanone M 80 was a light siege gun used by Austria - Hungary during World War I . Designed to replace the M 61 series of siege guns the M 80 family of siege guns offered greater range and armor penetration than the older guns . The proven steel - bronze was used for the barrel and the iron carriage lacked any system to absorb recoil other than the traditional recoil wedges placed underneath and behind the wheels of the carriage . These wedges helped to absorb the recoil force and encouraged the wheels to run forward to bring the gun back into battery . Generally a wooden firing platform was constructed for these guns in action to provide a level and smooth surface . Shortly after these guns were adopted a hydraulic recoil cylinder was adapted to absorb the recoil forces . It was attached to the underside of the carriage and the firing platform . For transport the barrel was removed from the carriage by a crane and carried separately . While designed to penetrate the walls of fortifications the 12 cm siege gun was no longer useful against modern armored fortresses by the outbreak of World War I and its combination of long - range and light weight saw many in the field to fill the need for long - range artillery .
152nd ( Weyburn - Estevan ) Battalion , CEF The 152nd Battalion was a unit of the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the Great War . It was authorized on 22 December 1915 , recruiting in Weyburn and Estevan , Saskatchewan , and embarked for Great Britain on 3 October 1916 , where its personnel were absorbed by the 32nd Reserve Battalion , CEF , on 21 October 1916 to provide reinforcements for the Canadian Corps in the field . The battalion was disbanded on 21 May 1917 . The 152nd Battalion , CEF had one officer commanding : Lieutenant - Colonel S . B . Nelles . The 152nd Battalion is perpetuated by The South Saskatchewan Regiment References . Meek , John F . " Over the Top ! The Canadian Infantry in the First World War . " Orangeville , Ont . : The Author , 1971 .
HMS Samphire ( K128 ) HMS " Samphire " was a that served in the Royal Navy . She was built by Smiths Dock Company , in South Bank - on - Tees , and was commissioned into the Royal Navy on 30 June 1941 . Wartime service . Under the command of Lieutenant Commander Frederick Thomas Renny , RNR , " Samphire " was assigned to the 36th Escort Group and tasked with convoy escort operations between Liverpool and the Mediterranean Sea . On 21 December 1941 , she successfully released depth charges with the British sloop resulting in the sinking of the German submarine in the North Atlantic northeast of the Azores . All 47 men on board the " U - 567 " were killed . On 8 November 1942 , she escorted from the Mediterranean after she had been attacked by German aircraft , which hit the " Leedstown " with an aerial torpedo in the stern the day earlier . At 12 : 55 on 9 November , German aircraft attacked again , however " Samphire " shot down one attacker and then escorted the " Leedstown " to anchor near Cape Matifu , about from Algiers . On 14 December 1942 , " Samphire " assisted in the rescue of nine survivors from the British merchant ship " Edencrag " , which had been torpedoed and sunk by the German submarine west of Algiers . Sinking . " Samphire " was torpedoed and sunk on 30 January 1943 off Bougie , Algeria by the Italian submarine ( Lt . Patrelli Campagnano ) . " Samphire " was escorting convoy TE - 14 which was taking part in the North African campaign . The captain , two officers and 42 of the ship ’ s crew perished .
USS Granite ( 1862 ) The USS " Granite " was a sloop acquired by the Union Navy during the American Civil War . She was used by the Navy to patrol navigable waterways of the Confederacy to prevent the South from trading with other countries . Acquired from the Lighthouse Board . " Granite " , wooden sailing sloop , was transferred from Lighthouse Board 19 January 1862 , and assigned in North Atlantic Blockading Squadron to Sound of North Carolina in Goldsborough ' s Expedition to Roanoke Island , Acting Master ' s Mate Ephraim Boomer in command . Capture of Roanoke Island , North Carolina . She participated in the capture of Confederate works on Roanoke Island , North Carolina , 7 – 8 February 1862 . For the remainder of the Civil War , she operated in the sounds of North Carolina . Decommissioning and return to the Lighthouse Board . " Granite " decommissioned at Washington 29 June 1865 and was returned to the Lighthouse Board .
Reaper ( schooner ) Reaper was a privateer schooner commanded by Captain Ephraim Sturdivant during the War of 1812 . The schooner weighed 206 tons and was armed with six carriage guns and 75 men . Captain Sturdivant was officially charged by President James Madison to use the ship to attack British shipping .
Étoile Civique The Étoile Civique ( " Civic Star " ) was created by the Académie française in order to reward dedication to people and honor behavior and actions which attest this . History . Created in 1930 and named Mérite Civique ( " Civic Merit " ) , it became Étoile Civique by the Journal Officiel de la République Française n° 292 , page 11672 of the 12th of December 1968 . It awards bravery and dedication to people and honor behavior and actions which attest this . Distinguishing those who contribute to the enrichment of the community , improvement of social life , progress of Humanity , it is particularly interested in those whose lives are all of hard work , selflessness , sacrifice and will remain confined in anonymity without this award . The Étoile Civique has three main goals : Classes and insignia . This distinction has four levels : bronze , silver , gold and silver - gilt . The medal contains the following : « Honorer les vertus civiques - Servir le prestige national » ( " To honor the civic virtues - Serving national prestige " ) . On the reverse , it is written : « l ' Étoile Civique en reconnaissance à . . . Promotion . . . » ( " The Civic Star in recognition of . . . Promotion . . . " ) . Degree with the same registration is also awarded .
RMS Celtic ( 1901 ) RMS " Celtic " was an ocean liner owned by the White Star Line . The first ship larger than the in gross tonnage ( it was also longer ) , Celtic was the first of a quartet of ships over 20 , 000 tons , dubbed The Big Four . " Celtic " was launched on 4 April 1901 from the Harland and Wolff shipyards in Belfast , and set off on her maiden voyage from Liverpool to New York on 26 July . At the beginning of the First World War , " Celtic " was converted into an armed merchant cruiser however , since the vessel had a high fuel consumption it was decided to convert her into a troop ship in January 1916 , and used to carry soldiers to Egypt . She was put back on the transatlantic route in March . In 1917 , " Celtic " struck a mine off the Isle of Man . Seventeen people on board were killed , but the " Celtic " survived . A number of passengers were rescued by the London and North Western Railway ship " Slieve Bawn " . " Celtic " was towed to Peel Bay and repaired in Belfast . In March 1918 , U - Boat torpedoed " Celtic " in the Irish Sea . Six people on board were killed , but again " Celtic " remained afloat , eventually the damaged vessel was towed to Liverpool and repaired again . After the war , " Celtic " was involved in two collisions . The first incident occurred in 1925 while in the Mersey , when she accidentally rammed the Coast Line ’ s ship " Hampshire Coast " . Both vessels suffered only minor damage . The second collision took place in 1927 , when " Celtic " was rammed in thick fog by the American Diamond Lines ' " Anaconda " off Fire Island . Early on 10 December 1928 , " Celtic " became stranded on the Cow and Calf rocks , adjacent to Roches Point as she approached Cobh with more than 200 passengers aboard . The Ballycotton Lifeboat " T . P . Hearne 2 " , along with tugs , a destroyer and local life - saving teams , arrived . Tenders from Cobh disembarked the passengers . Seven thousand tons of cargo were scattered . This time the ship could not be moved or salvaged , and was abandoned to the insurance company who declared the ship to be a total loss . Celtic was completely dismantled for scrap by 1933 .
Leighton I . Davis Leighton Ira Davis ( February 10 , 1910 – May 6 , 1995 ) was a Lieutenant General in the United States Air Force . Biography . Davis was born Leighton Ira Davis in Sparta , Wisconsin in 1910 . He would graduate from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and later receive honorary doctorates from New Mexico State University and Brevard Engineering College . Davis died on May 6 , 1995 . Career . Davis graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1935 . In 1939 he became an instructor at the United States Military Academy . Later he served as Commandant of the Air Force Institute of Technology . In 1954 he was assigned to Holloman Air Force Base before serving with the Air Research and Development Command . He would go on to support Project Mercury . Later he was assigned to Patrick Air Force Base and Andrews Air Force Base . His retirement was effective as of August 1 , 1968 . Awards he received include the Distinguished Service Medal , the Legion of Merit with oak leaf cluster , and the NASA Space Flight Medal .
8 . 8 cm SK C / 32 naval gun The 8 . 8 cm SK C / 32 was a German naval gun that was used in World War II . Description . The 8 . 8 cm SK C / 32 gun weighed , had an overall length of and its bore length was . It used a vertical sliding - block breech design .
Carroballista Carroballista was an ancient , cart - mounted ballista , a type of mobile field artillery . According to the Roman author Vegetius ( " Epitoma rei militaris " II . 25 ) , each legion had 55 " carroballistae " which were arrow / bolt - shooter of the " cheiroballistra " type . Surviving representation of a " carroballista " are from the bas - reliefs of Trajan ' s Column ( Scene XL and Scenes LXV / LXVI ) and the Column of Marcus Aurelius . Structure . The structure of the carroballista machine is identical to that of the " cheiroballistra " or " manuballista " . It seems so that the technical innovations introduced by the adoption of the " cheiroballistra " by the Roman Army at the end of the 1st century AD made the use of the cart possible . In fact , the light but stout metal spring - frame and the wider space in the frontal part of the machine given by the arched strut conferred a greater manoeuvrability to the whole ballista . Firing position . According to the Trajan ' s column representation ( Scene XL ) , the " carroballista " was manoeuvred by one man mounted on the cart with the ballista and by another man positioned behind the cart and operating probably some sort of winch handle . The presence of the mules in front of the cart suggests that the " carroballista " could be easily moved through the battle - field whilst shooting bolts . This interpretation is not unanimously accepted by scholars . It is not certain that the " ballistae " are actually firing . The whole representation could be simply an image of carts transporting " ballistae " to their destination nest on the battle - field . But is a matter of fact that the bolts or arrows are here depicted in a ready - to - be - shot position , and this is strange or impossible or even extremely dangerous for the artillery men if the " ballistae " are simply being transported in this position to be then dismounted and deployed on the battle - field . In another section of the Trajan ' s column ( Scene LXVI ) the simple transportation of the " ballista " is depicted and now we have no arrows or bolts to be fired ready on the " ballista " , the " ballista " is empty , and no artillery man is manoeuvring the machine . An artillery man is pulling the cart near the wheel and this suggests that the whole machine must have been quite a heavy structure . Structure of the cart . It is sure that the cart was pulled by two mules or horses and that the size was probably that of standard Roman carts , i . e . c . 5 Roman feet ( c . 147 , 85 cm ) width ( as depicted in the Trajan ' s Column , Scene XL and Scene LXVI ) , but the whole design of the cart is uncertain . There are many hypotheses about the structure of the cart and probably different models of the same machine seem to have been in use at the same time : Many scholars do not have an opinion about this problem , due to scarce evidence , as clearly stated by Alan Wilkins .
SS Bessemer Victory SS " Bessemer Victory " was one of 534 Victory ship s built during World War II . Named for Bessemer , Alabama , an industrial city honoring Sir Henry Bessemer ( the Englishman who invented a steel manufacturing process ) , she was one of 218 such ships that were named after American cities . " Bessemer Victory " was laid down on 28 May 1945 at Los Angeles by the California Shipbuilding Corporation as a Maritime Commission type ( VC2 - S - AP2 ) hull under Maritime Commission contract ( MCV hull 806 ) . Launched 26 July 1945 , she was delivered to the Maritime Commission 30 August 1945 . One of 12 Victory ships selected for transfer from the National Defense Reserve Fleet to the Military Sea Transportation Service ( MSTS ) for cargo - carrying service during the Vietnam War , she was assigned the name USNS " Bessemer " and the designation T - AG - 186 on 1 February 1966 ( though the ship never served with MSTS because the program was cancelled ; however , she did carry cargo to Vietnam as " Bessemer Victory " under a commercial charter ) . Returned to the National Defense Reserve Fleet , " Bessemer Victory " remained in the Maritime Administration ' s berthing area in Virginia ' s James River until she was scrapped in 1991 at Alang , India .
Battle of Rocoux The Battle of Rocoux ( 11 October 1746 ) was a French victory over an allied Austrian , British , Hanoveran and Dutch army in Rocourt ( or Rocoux ) , outside Liège during War of the Austrian Succession . Preliminary maneuvers . The French army was commanded by Marshall Saxe and the army of the Pragmatic Allies by Prince Charles of Lorraine of Austria and the British General Sir John Ligonier . Saxe had nearly completed his campaign to take Flanders and was threatening to invade the Netherlands . The allies took up a position next to Liège with the Dutch under Waldeck on the left from Liège to Rocoux , the British and Hanoverians in the center and the Austrians on the right almost to the River Jaar The battle . The French main attack went against the Dutch portion on the left of the allied line between Liege and Rocoux . Heavily outnumbering the Dutch , the French defeated them on the third assault . The Dutch were forced to withdraw behind the British and Hannoverian lines . In the face of a general French advance the allied line began to give way . The Austrians on the allied right were not engaged and made no attempt to take the initiative and advance against the French left flank . Lingonier ' s cavalry and some British , Hanoverian and Dutch infantry formed a rear guard that held off the French as the army withdrew . The French were victorious , although the allied army escaped from destruction . The French captured Liège . Aftermath . This was the second great victory of three for Saxe , after Fontenoy and prior to Lauffeld . The French were victorious , immediately capturing Liège and breaking Austrian control over the Austrian Netherlands for the remainder of the war .
Caucasus Frontier 2008 Caucasus Frontier 2008 were military exercise s conducted by Russia starting July 5 , 2008 . The active phase was during the second week of July . They were held in several regions of the Southern Federal District , including Chechnya , North Ossetia , Ingushetia , Kabardino - Balkaria , and Karachay – Cherkessia . The units involved were from the North Caucasus Military District , mainly the 58th Army , the 4th Air Force Army , Interior Ministry troops , and border guards . Some 8 , 000 military personnel , 700 combat vehicles and 30 aircraft were involved . The stated goals included practicing assistance to Russian peacekeepers in Abkhazia and South Ossetia , drawing protests from the Georgian Foreign Ministry . The exercises were held less than a month before the 2008 South Ossetia war , and were almost concurrent to joint US - Georgian exercises dubbed Immediate Response 2008 .
USS Dai Ching ( 1863 ) USS " Dai Ching " ( 1863 ) was a steamship in the United States Navy . " Dai Ching " was constructed for the China trade in 1863 ; purchased by the Navy 21 April 1863 ; outfitted at New York Navy Yard ; and commissioned 11 June 1863 , Lieutenant Commander J . C . Chaplin in command . " Dai Ching " joined in the search for the Confederate privateer " Tacony " on the northeastern coast between 14 and 20 June 1863 . After putting into Norfolk , Virginia for coal and engine repairs , she arrived off Charleston , South Carolina on 23 July and the following day joined other vessels of the South Atlantic Blockading Squadron in the attack on Fort Wagner . On 25 July and again on 13 – 14 August she participated in assaults on Forts Wagner and Sumter , followed by a series of assaults on the other works in Charleston Harbor between 17 and 22 August . On 14 November she captured the schooner " George Chisholm " with a cargo of salt off the Santee River in South Carolina . " Dai Ching " joined an expedition up St . John ' s River , Florida , and remained in that area from 6 February to 7 March 1864 . She returned to patrolling on the South Carolina coast and in January 1865 patrolled in the Combahee River . She captured the schooner " Coquette " loaded with cotton on 26 January . Later that same day " Dai Ching " had to be abandoned after a defense lasting more than 7 hours during which she lay aground under the guns of a Confederate battery . Struck 30 times by shot and shell , her guns disabled , arid her machinery destroyed , she was set afire by her officers and men , all of whom escaped safely except five who were absent from the ship on duty and who were later captured by the Confederates .
Walker ' s Ridge Commonwealth War Graves Commission Cemetery Walker ' s Ridge Cemetery is a small Commonwealth War Graves Commission cemetery located near Suvla Bay in Turkey . It contains the remains of Allied soldiers killed during the Battle of Gallipoli . It was constructed on a spur which was named by the occupying troops after the headquarters of the New Zealand Infantry Brigade , under the command of Brigadier - General Harold Walker , which was located there . The cemetery was formed during the occupation in 1915 and is divided into two plots 20 metres apart and originally separated by a trench . Notable graves . Amongst the graves is that of 23 year old Trooper Harold Rush of the 10th Australian Light Horse regiment . Rush was in the third wave of troops to charge Turkish trenches at the battle of the Nek on 7 August 1915 . Seeing that previous two waves had been slaughtered , just before his wave attacked he turned to a fellow soldier and said " Goodbye Cobber , God bless you " . His parents had these last words recorded on his grave marker .
Hermann - Friedrich Joppien Hauptmann Hermann - Friedrich " Jupp " Joppien ( 19 July 1912 – 28 August 1941 ) was German World War II Luftwaffe Flying ace and recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves ( ) . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross and its higher grade Oak Leaves was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . It was Germany ' s highest military decoration at the time of its presentation to Hermann - Friedrich Joppien . Joppien was killed in action with Soviet fighters on 28 August 1941 . Military career . Hermann - Friedrich Joppien was born on 19 July 1912 in Bochum in the Province of Westphalia , a province of the Kingdom of Prussia . Joppien joined the military service with an Infantry Regiment in October 1931 . In mid 1939 Joppien was posted to the 1st " Staffel " ( squadron ) , Jagdgeschwader 51 ( JG 51 — 51st Fighter Wing ) . He claimed his first victory , a French Morane - Saulnier M . S . 406 on 23 November 1939 , although Joppien ' s aircraft undercarriage had been damaged and his aircraft overturned on landing , Joppien escaping injury . Joppien claimed four victories during the 1940 French campaign . On 6 August 1940 Joppien became " Staffelkapitän " ( squadron leader ) , 1 . / JG 51 . Joppien then claimed 26 victories during the air battles over England . Joppien was awarded the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross and on 18 October 1940 appointed " Gruppenkommandeur " ( group commander ) , I . / JG 51 . He recorded his 40th claim on 21 April 1941 . He was awarded the Oak Leaves to his Knight ' s Cross on 23 April for achieving 40 victories . Joppien led I . / JG 51 during the invasion of the Soviet Union and on 30 June 1941 shot down five Russian bombers near Bobruysk , Belarussian SSR , . 12 victories followed in July , including four Tupolev SB - 2 bombers shot down on 2 July and another three SB - 2s on 24 July . However , after his 58th victory on 5 July , Joppien was wounded by bomber return fire and spent several weeks in hospital . On 28 August 1941 Joppien engaged in combat with Soviet fighters and bombers near Yelnya , southwest of Bryansk . In the subsequent action Joppien was shot down and killed in his Bf 109 F - 2 ( " Werknummer " 9670 — factory number ) " Black « " by a Russian MiG - 3 fighter . " Jupp " Joppien was officially credited with 70 victories and the fourth highest scoring fighter pilot at the time of his death . His victory total included 42 aerial victories claimed over the Western front among them 23 Supermarine Spitfires .
Reginald Ellingworth Chief Petty Officer Reginald Vincent Ellingworth GC of HMS " Vernon " was posthumously awarded the George Cross , as was Lieutenant ‑ Commander Richard John Hammersley Ryan RN , for the ' great gallantry and undaunted devotion to duty ' he displayed in losing in life while attempting to defuse a parachute mine which had fallen during the blitz on 21 September 1940 in Dagenham in Essex . Notice of his award appeared in a supplement to the London Gazette of 17 December 1940 ( dated 20 December 1940 ) . The pair had defused many such devices together , and had just successfully defused a device in Hornchurch which was threatening an aerodrome and explosives factory when they were called to Dagenham . The bomb there was hanging from its parachute on a warehouse . He is buried at Milton Cemetery , Portsmouth .
Helmut Fiehn Kapitanleutnant Helmut Fiehn ( February 19 , 1916 - April 23 , 1943 ) was a German Naval Commander during the Second World War . He was born on the 19th of February 1916 in Königsberg , Germany . In 1935 he joined the German military as a trainee in the Luftwaffe , where he rose to the rank of Oberleutnant in 1939 . At the outbreak of the war , Fiehn transferred to the Navy where he was given the rank of Kapitanleutnant and awarded the Iron Cross 2nd Class . In 1942 he was given commission of U - 191 . After departing form Bergen on the 17th of March 1943 , U - 191 was attacked and destroyed by " HMS Hesperus " , and Fiehn died along with the entire crew on April 23 , 1943 . Helmut Fiehn is the older brother of former German journalist John Fiehn , who is known for being the first journalist to report the construction of the Berlin Wall during the Cold War .