naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Siege and fall of Córdoba The city of Córdoba in al - Andalus , under the rule of Umayyad Caliph Hisham II al - Hakam , was besieged , attacked , and finally conquered by forces under rival Umayyad claimant Sulayman ibn al - Hakam twice : from 1009 to 1010 and from 1010 to 1013 . Sulayman ' s victory , and the massacres and sacking that followed have been linked to the decline and end of Umayyad rule . Sulayman briefly ruled the city in 1010 , but was expelled . Caliph Hisham II al - Hakam was restored with Catalan assistance . From 1011 to 1013 , Suleiman ' s troops engaged in raids on the countryside as well as maintaining a blockade of Córdoba from a base at the Madinat az - Zahra . In April or May 1013 , Córdoba surrendered and was conquered . Historian Richard Fletcher reports that , " Sulayman ' s Berber followers , who had already wrecked the palace at Madinat az - Zahra , sacked and plundered the city . " During the fall of the city , Sulayman ' s troops looted Córdoba and massacred citizens of the city , including many Jews . Prominent Jews in Córdoba , such as Samuel ibn Naghrela were forced to flee to the city in 1013 .
HMAS Tongkol HMAS " Tongkol " was an auxiliary minesweeper which served in the Royal Australian Navy ( RAN ) during World War II . " Tongkol " was built in 1926 by Smiths Dock Company , Middlesbrough as a fisheries research ship for the Malaysian Government which cost £23 , 000 . Bought by Mr A . A . Murrell in 1929 from the Ceylon Fisheries , for his Sydney fishing fleet . At the start of World War II , " Tongkol " was requisitioned on 7 September 1939 and was commissioned into the RAN on 4 October 1939 as an auxiliary minesweeper . She was returned to her owners in 1946 . She was attached to Minesweeping Group 50 , based at Sydney . She was purchased outright by the RAN in late 1943 , and paid off the same year . Sold back to local fishing trade , she was placed up for auction , after her owner closed business , in 1946 . Her fate is unknown after she was placed under arrest in 1947 , due to a dispute .
German - occupied Europe German – occupied Europe or Nazi Empire refers to the countries of Europe which were occupied by the military forces of Nazi Germany at various times between 1939 and 1945 . Some countries started the war as Allies of the United Kingdom or the Soviet Union , and were forced to surrender , or were subdued and then occupied . In some cases , the governments went into exile , or governments - in - exile were formed by some of their citizens , in other Allied countries . Other countries occupied by the Nazis were officially neutral . Some occupied countries were former members of the Axis powers , and were occupied by German forces at a later stage of the war . Occupied countries . The countries occupied included all or most of :
Montefeltrano II da Montefeltro Montefeltrano II da Montefeltro ( died 1255 ) was an Italian condottiero , who was lord of Urbino from 1242 until his death . He was also count of Montefeltro and Pietrarubbia . He was son of Buonconte I da Montefeltro , first duke of Urbino . He was Ghibelline follower and fought for Philip of Swabia in Sicily , to defend the Hohenstaufen rights there . He was succeeded in Urbino by his son Guido I da Montefeltro .
Sico Protospatharios Sico ( ) ( died 1054 ) was a Byzantine " protospatharios " leading troops in Italy from about 1052 . He had a Lombard name , though he was a Greek official . He was an official under Argyrus . Sico was killed in battle outside the walls of Matera fighting the Normans of Humphrey of Hauteville .
Battle of Tenedos The Battle of Tenedos was fought in 73 BC between the fleets of Rome and the fleets of Pontus as a key part of the Third Mithridatic War ( from 73 - 63 BC ) . The primary chroniclers of the Battle are Appian , Cicero and Memnon , but there remain debates about the specifics in these different accounts . Background . Mithridates VI of Pontus had won a number of cities in Anatolia without much opposition until the Roman Senate dispatched Lucius Licinius Lucullus . Lucullus was working his way toward the Hellespont in order to engage the core of Mithridates ' army . Mithridates was refocusing the action from the Anatolian plateau to the North Aegean , according to Cicero in order to plan a direct invasion of the core of the Roman empire in Italy . The Battle . Lucullus arrived at Troy and was informed that Mithridatic ships were headed to Lemnos and were anchored at Tenedos . Lucullus was able to quickly mobilize and capture all 13 ships and execute Isidorus , the Pontus Admiral . Lucullus was then informed that the mass of the naval force was continuing towards Lemnos . Once again quickly mobilizing , his fleet overtook the fleet of three key generals ( Varius and Alexander and Dionysius ) near Lemnos . The Pontic fleet choose not to fight but instead defend against the Roman fleet off the coast of Lemnos . Lucullus sent a small contingent of troops to the island where the Pontic fleet was then under fire from two directions . Lucullus captured or sunk 32 ships and the next day found the three generals hiding in a cave on the island . Mithridates IV , hearing about the battle , took refuge in the Bosporus at a location with significant defensive advantage , requiring a significant Roman force to attack his position . Lucullus sent letters with garland to the Roman Senate declaring his victory and was recognized with significant accolades before joining the forces against Mithridates in the Bosporus . In chronicles , Cicero combines both the Battle of Tenedos and the engagement off Lemnos as part of the " Battle of Tenedos " . In contrast , Memnon separates them out into two different battles ( the Battle of Tenedos and the Battle of Lemnos ) and Appian does not directly establish terminology .
Quadrilatero The Quadrilatero ( ) is the traditional name of a defensive system of the Austrian Empire in the Lombardy - Venetia , which connected the fortresses of Peschiera , Mantua , Legnago and Verona between the Mincio , the Po and Adige Rivers . In the period between the end of the Napoleonic Wars and the Revolutions of 1848 , they were the only fully modernized and armed fortresses within the Empire . Starting from c . 1850 , supplies and reinforcements were shipped to the positions through the new Venice - Milan railroad . The experience of the Second Italian Independence War of 1859 , in which rifled gun s had been used for the first time by the Italian Army , pushed the Austrians to build a second line of 8 forts , at c . 4 kilometers from the main line ( completed in the spring of 1866 ) , pivoting around Verona .
Alastair Watson Major Alastair Alexander Linton Watson LVO ( born February 1953 ) was Private Secretary to HRH The Duke of York from July 2003 to July 2012 . He was born in Wuppertal , West Germany , educated at Eagle House , Wellington College and at New College , Oxford , before he joined the Black Watch ( the family regiment in which his father ( Major General AL Watson CB , who was Colonel of the Black Watch and Lieutenant Governor of the Royal Hospital , Chelsea ) and brother ( Patrick Watson : MD of Montrose Public Affairs ) have served , in 1976 . Service included : training at Mons OCS ( 1972 ) and RMA Sandhurst ( 1975 ) : three operational tours in Ulster ( 1976 ; 1981 and 1989 ) ; an operational tour in Belize ( 1979 ) ; Adjutant at the Scottish Infantry Depot , Glencorse , Edinburgh ( 1979 – 81 ) ; Operations Officer of a mechanised infantry battalion in the British Army of the Rhine ( 1982 – 84 ) ; two year course at RMCS Shrivenham and the Staff College , Camberley ( awarded CGIA ) ; SO2 in MO3 in the Ministry Of Defence ( 1987 – 88 ) ; a tour in Berlin as a Company Commander with the Black Watch ( just prior to the Berlin Wall coming down ) ( 1989 – 90 ) and an operational requirements / tactical doctrine role at UK ' s Headquarters Land Forces in Wilton , Salisbury ( 1990 – 91 ) . On retiring from the British Army in early 1991 , he spent 11 years with Fired Earth plc , including a seven year stint as Sales Director , and was in the management team during the sale of the Plc to PPMV ( 1999 ) and on to Aga Foodservices plc ( 2001 ) , before joining the Royal Household . He was appointed Lieutenant of the Royal Victorian Order ( LVO ) in the 2011 New Year Honours . Married to Selina , with four children : Sophie ( deceased ) , Alice , Freddy ( deceased ) and Harry .
Rudolf Lehmann ( military judge ) Rudolf Lehmann ( 11 December 1890 - 26 July 1955 ) was a German jurist and military judge who was the Judge Advocate General of the Wehrmacht in World War II . Career . His father was a professor of law . He grew up in Breslau and Hanau , studied law in Munich , Freiburg , Leipzig and Marburg and qualified as a lawyer before service as a reserve officer in the Imperial Army in World War I , during which he was awarded the Iron Cross . After the war he returned to Marburg University where he was awarded a doctorate in jurisprudence . He then entered government service as a prosecutor and worked at the Reich Justice Ministry . He entered the Army Legal Service in October 1937 and from July 1938 to May 1945 was president of the Reich Military Court . In this role he assessed the charges against Generaloberst Werner von Fritsch between February and March 1938 and his judgement was for an acquittal . On 1 May 1944 he was given the unique rank of Generaloberststabsrichter ( Colonel General Judicial Officer ) which was equivalent to Generaloberst but outside the normal chain of command . He was taken into captivity in May 1945 and held in a US Army Prisoner of War Camp . Nuremberg trials . He was found guilty of war crimes at the Nuremberg High Command Trial in October 1947 for involvement in drafting the Barbarossa Decree and the Commissar Order that stipulated that any captured Soviet political commissar was to be executed , contrary to international law . He was sentenced to seven years imprisonment but was released from Landsberg prison in August 1948 . He then lived in Bad Godesberg , where he was Managing Director of the mining trade association . He died in Bonn aged 64 .
Present arms ( command ) Present arms is a two - part command used by many militaries in the world as a sign of respect . Within the Australian Defence Force , the command " Present Arms " is executed using the following procedures . a . ' PRESENT ARMS BY NUMBERS - ONE ' b . ' BY NUMBERS - TWO ' On these commands : a . ' PRESENT ARMS BY NUMBERS - ONE ' . Move the right forearm smartly upward , bringing the rifle to a vertical position , the front handgrip in line with the right shoulder . b . ' BY NUMBERS - TWO ' . Raise the right foot through the position of mark time and place it on the ground with the instep against the left heel , the foot at the same angle as for the position of attention . At the same time bring the left arm smartly across the body , forearm parallel to the ground , elbow against the body , hand against the base of the pistol grip with the fingers extended and together , and the thumb on top of the forefinger . 3 . If armed with a 7 . 62mm SLR the command is " Present - Arms " . This movement is divided up into 2 parts . The timing is " 1 , 2 - 3 , 1 " . On the first " 1 " , the rifle is flung from the shoulder to a position directly centred and perpendicular to the parade ground . At the same time , the left hand is brought up sharply and is to grasp the rifle just above the magazine . On the second " 1 " , the right hand moves sharply from a grasp around the pistol grip to a " goose neck " grip directly above the rear sight or directly below the rear sight on the small of the butt . At the same time , the right foot moves to the " break step " position ( i . e . the right foot is behind the left foot on a 45° angle - the left heel inside the right instep ) , this is executed through the proper " Mark Time " position . 4 . If armed with a sword , the command is " Present - Arms " . This movement is divided into 2 parts . As with the SLR , the timing is " 1 , 2 - 3 , 1 " . On the first " 1 " , the sword is brought to the " recover " position ( i . e . in a vertical position , handle in front of the face , 10 cm from the mouth , guard to left ) . On the second " 1 " , the sword is lowered in a sweeping motion towards the front , the tip of the sword is 30 cm from the ground , guard to the left and inline with the seam of the trousers . Within the United States Military , it is executed in the following procedures : As with all proper commands , it is to be given from the position of attention only . Following " Present arms " , the command " Order arms " ( also a two - part command ) is given to return to the proper position of attention . In the Singapore Armed Forces , The command , Hormat Senja - ta is given . A full arms salute is given to Officers of rank Major and above . A butt salute , with presentation of weapon and left arm at trigger is given to junior officers . In sword drill , the sword is raised , an act of kissing , then lowered in an 8 - beat . The sword is pulled back fully .
Wilhelm Schöning Wilhelm Schöning served as commander of the 66th Panzergrenadier Regiment of the 13th Panzer Division during the Siege of Budapest . Most of the division was encircled and destroyed in Budapest between December and February 1944 - 45 . The remnants which escaped , consisting of 200 - 300 men , were reformed under Schöning . Schöning remembered it thus : Suddenly I had the feeling that my leg was being torn off . Division doctor Major Seeger , who was lying near me , wanted to help me . He bent over me and in so doing was himself wounded . Right at the start of the breakout he was shot in the leg which exposed his Achilles tendon and was then hit by another bullet which tore away his backside . As my pistol was empty I ordered my lieutenant to finish me off because I didn ' t want to be taken prisoner . He was himself wounded in the arm . He then called to me : “ Only another 2 , 000 metres , Lieutenant Colonel . We have to make it ! ' ” I crept through the snow up a hill with the major . . . Two wounded grenadiers from our battle group picked us up under the arms under the heaviest fire and stood us upright and I dragged myself with several wounds to the feet the two kilometres to the German position .
46th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment The 46th Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War . Service . The 46th Illinois Infantry was organized at Camp Butler , Illinois and mustered into Federal service on December 28 , 1861 . The regiment was mustered out on January 20 , 1866 . Total strength and casualties . The regiment suffered 7 officers and 74 enlisted men who were killed in action or mortally wounded and 1 officer and 253 enlisted men who died of disease , for a total of 335 fatalities .
Emil Dürr Emil Dürr was a Unterscharführer in the Waffen SS during World War II who was awarded the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross , which was awarded to recognize extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership by Nazi Germany during World War II . Emil Dürr was born on the 1 June 1920 , in Mühlacker . During World War II he volunteered to join the Waffen SS and was posted to the 12th SS Panzer Division " Hitlerjugend " which was formed in 1943 . Located in France during the Normandy Invasion the Division was moved to the front near Caen , Dürr by now a Unterscharführer and Assault gun commander in the 4th ( Heavy ) Company , 26th SS Panzergrenadier Regiment . He was awarded the Iron Cross II class on the 23 June and the Iron Cross I class the next day on the 24 June . Knight ' s Cross . The Knight ' s Cross was for the action on the 26 June 1944 . For almost three hours Dürr and the 26th Panzergrenadiers had been subjected to a naval bombardment salvo after salvo landing in the line of main defense outside the village of Saint Manvieu and on the village itself . They had been awaiting a major offensive on the Carpiquet airfield and the Orne river . When the gunfire stopped they observed Sherman tank s advancing onto their location . They broke through the positions and overran St . Manvieu and surrounded the Battalion command post in the park . They engaged the tank force with mortar fire and some of the tanks turned away , assuming that the forces in the park were much stronger and did not attempt to break through . Then a flamethrower tank set up at the entrance to the park , dominating the command post , and able to harass any movement . “ That tank has to go ” , the commander ordered . Unterscharführer Dürr had heard the order , he picked up a Panzerfaust and went out to scout the situation . It was difficult to get close to the tank as it was sitting in a position that dominated the terrain on all three sides . Unterscharführer Dürr jumped across the inner wall of the yard and ran straight at the tank and opened fire with the Panzerfaust which did not pierce the tanks armour . Dürr was wounded in the chest , but he ran back along the path he had come , picked up another Panzerfaust and ran up to the tank a second time . This time , since the distance was unfavorable , he aimed at the tracks . But again , Dürr was hit by machine gun fire . Crawling , he worked his way back and spotted a magnetic charge . For a third time , weak from his wounds , he jumped across the wall and ran , towards the tank . Paying no attention to the bullets he attached the charge to the tank and turned away when he heard a rumbling sound behind him as the charge dropped to the ground , with no regard for his own safety he picked up the charge and held it against the tank . When it exploded he fell to the ground paralyzed and wounded now in the legs . He was taken to rest in the command post and died four hours later . Emil Dürr was awarded a posthumous Knight ' s Cross in August 1944 , and entered on the Honour Roll in September 1944 .
Sea Mine 2000 The Naval Mine 2000 ( ) is an advanced naval mine developed by Patria for the Finnish Navy . It has stealth and advanced target - recognition capabilities and it is also being marketed elsewhere . The mine detects the physical impulses of approaching vessels and can choose which ones are the most valuable ones . The Naval Mine 2000 project began in 1997 and the manufacturing was initiated in 2004 . Deliveries for the Finnish Navy continued until 2008 .
Theodor Nordmann Major Theodor Nordmann ( born 18 December 1918 in Dorsten – Killed in flying accident 19 January 1945 near Insterburg ) was a German World War II Luftwaffe Stuka ace . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords ( ) . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross and its higher grade Oak Leaves and Swords was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . Career . Nordmann joined the Luftwaffe in 1937 , and served as a reconnaissance pilot until March 1940 , when he transferred to 1 / StG 186 , flying the Junkers Ju 87 ' Stuka ' . The unit was originally intended to serve on the aircraft carrier " Graf Zeppelin " , but in July 1940 was renamed III . / StG 1 and flew conventional bombing missions during the battle of France and Battle of Britain . Nordmann was awarded the Iron cross 1st and 2nd class during 1940 . In 1941 Normann ' s unit was relocated to the Mediterranean for actions against Malta , where he claimed a 5 , 000 ton merchantman sunk . StG 1 took part in the invasion of Russia in June 1941 and in September 1941 , after 200 operations and 20 tanks destroyed , he was awarded the Ritterkreuz . During the fighting over Orel in the summer of 1942 , Nordmann , as " Staffelkapitän " of 8 . / StG 1 , made his 600th operational mission , the first Stuka pilot to achieve this total . His radio operator and gunner , Feldwebel Gerhard Rothe , was one of only 15 Stuka gunners to be honored with the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross . In January 1945 Nordmann was killed when his Focke - Wulf Fw 190 F - 8 ( " Werknummer " 588202 — factory number ) collided with his wing man , Oberfeldwebel Sroka ( Fw 190 F - 8 " Werknummer " 933242 ) in bad weather north of Insterburg . Nordmann was " Gruppenkommandeur " of II . / SG 3 from October 1943 until his death in January 1945 . He claimed some 80 Soviet tanks destroyed and of merchant shipping sunk . He flew almost 1300 combat missions , including roughly 200 with the Fw 190 .
Battle of Radom The Battle of Radom , also known as the Battle of Iłża , was part of the Invasion of Poland during the Second World War . It lasted from 8 September 1939 to 9 September 1939 . Polish troops of the Prusy Army , under General , defended the city of Iłża and road from Sandomierz to Radom . The Poles were not ready to meet head on overwhelming German force and were easily defeated after two days of fighting . Prusy Army , in the aftermath of the battle , ceased to exit . Some of the army ' s units joined other tactical groupings of the Polish armed forces .
Smedley Darlington Smedley Darlington ( December 24 , 1827 – June 24 , 1899 ) was a Republican member of the U . S . House of Representatives from Pennsylvania . Biography . Darlington ( second cousin of Congressmen Edward Darlington , Isaac Darlington , and William Darlington ) was born in Pocopson Township , Pennsylvania . He attended the common schools and the Friends ’ Central School in Philadelphia . He taught at Friends ’ Central School for several years , and while teaching he made stenographic reports of sermons , lectures , and speeches for the morning dailies of Philadelphia . He established a school in Ercildoun , Pennsylvania , in 1851 which he operated for twelve years . He enlisted in the Civil War as a private and was subsequently promoted to the rank of captain in Beaumont ’ s independent company of cavalry , Pennsylvania Volunteer Emergency Militia . He was discharged with the company on September 24 , 1862 . He moved to West Chester , Pennsylvania , in 1864 . He conducted an extensive banking and brokerage business . He was a delegate to the Liberal Republican National Convention in 1872 and the 1896 Republican National Convention . Darlington was elected as a Republican to the Fiftieth and Fifty - first Congresses . He was not a candidate for renomination in 1890 . He resumed the brokerage business and banking . He died in West Chester in 1899 . Interment in Oakland Cemetery near West Chester . He was the grandfather of Smedley Darlington Butler .
Battle of Lexington State Historic Site The Battle of Lexington State Historic Site is located in Lexington , Missouri . The site was established in 1958 to preserve the site of the American Civil War battle that took place in 1861 between Confederate troops led by General Sterling Price and Federal troops led by Colonel James A . Mulligan . The site offers hiking , picnicking , and tours of the battlegrounds and of Oliver Anderson ' s mansion .