naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Violent non - state actor A violent non - state actor ( VNSA ) is an organization that uses illegal violence ( i . e . force not " officially " approved of by the state ) to reach its goals . The term has been used in several papers published by the United States military . Description . Thomas , Kiser and Casebeer ( 2005 ) assert that " VNSA play a prominent , often destabilizing role in nearly every humanitarian and political crisis faced by the international community " . As a new species of actors in international relations , VNSAs represent a departure from the traditional Westphalian system of states in two ways : by providing an alternative to state governance and challenging the state ' s monopoly of violence . Phil Williams , in an overview article , states that " violent non - state actors ( VNSAs ) have become a pervasive challenge to nation - states " in the 21st century " . Williams argues that VNSAs develop out of poor state governance but also contribute to further undermining governance by the state . He explains that when weak states are " unable to create or maintain the loyalty and allegiance of their populations " , " individuals and groups typically revert to or develop alternative patterns of affiliation " . This causes the family , tribe , clan etc . to become " the main reference points for political action , often in opposition to the state " . According to Williams , Globalization has " challenged individual state capacity to manage economic affairs , it has also provided facilitators and force multipliers for VNSAs " . Transnational flows of arms , for example , are no longer under the exclusive surveillance of states . With the onset of globalization , development of transnational social capital and alliances , and funding opportunities for VNSAs have all flourished . " . Different types . Williams identifies various types of VNSAs : Criminal organizations and gangs are essentially illegal business organizations . ( " Crime for them is simply a continuation of business by other means " . ) Humanitarian engagement . Researchers at the Overseas Development Institute propose that engagement with VNSAs — which they call armed non - state actors — is essential to humanitarian efforts in conflicts , as it is often necessary for facilitating access to those affected and for providing humanitarian assistance . However , humanitarian agencies too often fail to engage strategically with VNSAs . This tendency has strengthened since the end of the Cold War , partly due to the strong discouragement of humanitarian engagement with VNSAs included in counter - terrorist legislation and donor funding restrictions . In their opinion further study is necessary to identify ways in which humanitarian agencies can develop productive dialogue with VNSAs .
8th Canadian Infantry Division The 8th Canadian Infantry Division was a Canadian formation that served within Pacific Command in Western Canada during World War II . The Division units were raised on 18 March 1942 and the HQ was raised on 12 May 1942 at Prince George , BC . The Division was a home defence unit . It initially consisted of the 19th , 20th , and 21st Canadian Infantry Brigades . In July the home Defence Divisions were reorganised and the 8th Division consisted of the 14th and 16th Infantry Brigades . The 19th Brigade went to the 6th Canadian Infantry Division , the 20th went to the 7th Canadian Infantry Division , and the 21st would remain at Valcartier , PQ as a strategic reserve . The 8th Canadian Infantry Division was disbanded on 15 October 1943 , along with the 16th Brigade . The 14th Brigade returned to the 6th Division . Order of battle . June 1942 Aug 1942
Rodong - 1 The Rodong - 1 ( spelled Nodong - 1 or simply Nodong in South Korea ) is a single stage , mobile liquid propellant medium range ballistic missile developed by North Korea . Developed in the mid - 1980s , it is an adaptation of the Soviet SS - 1 , more commonly known by its NATO reporting name " Scud " . Overview . It is believed North Korea obtained Scud - B designs from Egypt and possibly Scud - C designs from China , and reverse - engineered them into a larger , longer - distance weapon dubbed the Rodong . U . S . reconnaissance satellites first detected this type in May 1990 . The precise capabilities and specifications of the missile are unknown ; even the fact of its production and deployment are controversial . It is a larger variant of the Scud - B , scaled up so its cross - sectional area is about double that of the Scud , with a diameter of 1 . 25 m and a length of 15 . 6 m . Its aerodynamic design is stable , so does not require modern guidance systems . It can only be fueled when vertical , so cannot be fueled before transport as is normal for modern missiles . Its range is estimated as 900 km with a 1000 kg payload . Its poor accuracy , worse than the Scud B , makes it ineffectual against hardened military targets so its speculated use would be to deliver a chemical , biological or nuclear warhead against large installations or cities . Rodong - 1 technology has been exported . Variants are believed to be the basis for Iran ' s Shahab - 3 and Pakistan ' s Ghauri missiles . A few Nodong missiles were launched in the 2006 North Korean missile test .
Federal Aviation Commission The Federal Aviation Commission was set up in 1935 by order of the Air Mail Act of 1934 to make a survey of aeronautical conditions in the United States . The commission recommended an increase of the army and navy air forces to a total of 4 , 000 planes .
Wojski The Wojski was an officer in medieval Poland , responsible for the security of voivodship s or districts at times when voivods and castellan s had accompanied the " szlachta " ( nobility ) to war . With time , the " wojski " ' s responsibilities were take over by starosta s , and " " wojski " " became an honorary district office in the Polish - Lithuanian Commonwealth .
USS Edward Rutledge ( AP - 52 ) USS " Edward Rutledge " ( AP - 52 ) was an " Edward Rutledge " - class transport . She was acquired by the U . S . Navy for use in World War II , and was assigned the task of transporting troops to and from battle areas . Operating in dangerous Mediterranean waters on 12 November 1942 , she was sunk after being struck by a German submarine ’ s torpedo at Fedala Bay , Morocco . Construction history . " Edward Rutledge " ( AP - 52 ) was built in 1931 by New York Shipbuilding Corp . , Camden , New Jersey , as SS Exeter ; transferred to the Navy from the Maritime Commission 7 January 1942 ; converted by Tampa Shipbuilding Co . , Tampa , Florida ; and commissioned 18 April 1942 , Captain M . W . Hutchinson , Jr . , in command . North Africa operations . " Edward Rutledge " sailed from Tampa , Florida , in convoy 13 May 1942 to Norfolk , Virginia . She operated in Chesapeake Bay training soldiers for the invasion of North Africa . Departing Hampton Roads 24 October , she landed troops at Fedhala , French Morocco , on 8 November , and lay off the beach unloading her cargo with two lifeboats , the only boats remaining after the Naval Battle of Casablanca . Struck and sunk by a torpedo from U - 130 . On 12 November she was torpedoed by " U - 130 " commanded by Ernst Kals who slipped past the escort screen to sink three transports . " Edward Rutledge " s crew attempted to beach her but all power had been lost ; she settled rapidly by the stern and sank with the loss of 15 men . Military honors and awards . " Edward Rutledge " received one battle star for World War II service : North African occupation ( Algeria - Morocco landings , 8 November to 11 November 1942 ) .
Battle of Beran Byrig At the Battle of Beran Byrig or Beranburh the West Saxons are said to have defeated the Britons at Barbury Castle Hill Fort near Swindon in the year 556 . The Anglo - Saxon Chronicle entry for the year states : " Her Cynric 7 Ceawlin fuhton wiþ Brettas æt Beranbyrg " ( This year Cuthwin and Ceawlin fought with the Britons at Barbury Castle ) . Control of Barbury Castle is likely to have been important as it lies on The Ridgeway , a strategic communication route . References . Swindon Borough Council
Roger Neville Captain Roger Henry Gartside Neville was a World War I flying ace credited with five aerial victories . Neville was commissioned in the infantry on 14 July 1915 . He transferred to the Royal Flying Corps on 5 December . He joined 21 Squadron early in 1916 , to fly a Royal Aircraft Factory F . E . 12 single - seat bomber . He scored a victory with it on 14 September 1916 , destroying a German LVG two - seater reconnaissance plane . Eight days later , he was wounded in action . When he returned to duty , it was as a flight commander with 23 Squadron to fly Spad VII s . Flying Spad no . B3519 , he tallied four victories in July 1917 . Honors and awards . Military Cross ( MC ) 2nd Lt . ( temp . Capt . ) Roger Henry Gartside Neville , D . of Corn . L . I . and R . F . C . For conspicuous skill and gallantry . He is a fine leader of patrol work , and has done much to keep enemy machines away from our lines . On one occasion , flying in a rain storm , after nearly colliding with an enemy machine he pursued it and brought it down half a mile from an enemy aerodome . Supplement to the London Gazette , 14 November 1916 ( 29824 / 11062 ) References . " Above the Trenches : a Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915 - 1920 . " Christopher F . Shores , Norman L . R . Franks , Russell Guest . Grub Street , 1990 . ISBN 0 - 948817 - 19 - 4 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 948817 - 19 - 9 .
French ship Bretagne ( 1855 ) The Bretagne was a fast 130 - gun three - decker of the French Navy , designed by engineer Marielle . She was built after the " Napoléon " , and was fitted with a steam engine while under construction , though she had been laid down as a sail ship . She took part in the Crimean War in 1854 and 1855 . From 1866 , she was used as barracks . She was renamed to " Ville de Bordeaux " in 1880 . She was scrapped the same year .
USS Frances ( 1813 ) USS " Frances " was a United States Navy sloop in commission from 1813 to 1814 . Commodore Thomas Macdonough ( 1783 – 1825 ) hired " Frances " in 1813 for use on Lake Champlain during the War of 1812 . Outfitted with five guns , she probably was used to transport supplies . " Frances " was returned to her owner in 1814 .
William Campbell ( Medal of Honor , 1838 ) William Campbell ( 1838 – unknown ) was a sailor in the U . S . Navy during the American Civil War . He received the Medal of Honor for his actions during the Second Battle of Fort Fisher on January 15 , 1865 . Military service . Campbell volunteered for service in the U . S . Navy and was assigned to the Union sloop - of - war . His enlistment is credited to the state of Indiana . On January 15 , 1865 , the North Carolina Confederate stronghold of Fort Fisher was taken by a combined Union storming party of sailors , marines , and soldiers under the command of Admiral David Dixon Porter and General Alfred Terry . Medal of Honor citation . " The President of the United States of America , in the name of Congress , takes pleasure in presenting the Medal of Honor to Boatswain ' s Mate William Campbell , United States Navy , for extraordinary heroism in action while serving on board the U . S . S . " TICONDEROGA " during attacks on Fort Fisher , North Carolina , 24 and 25 December 1864 ; and 13 to 15 January 1865 . Despite heavy return fire by the enemy and the explosion of the 100 - pounder Parrott rifle which killed eight men and wounded 12 more , Boatswain ' s Mate Campbell , as Captain of a gun , performed his duties with skill and courage during the first two days of battle . As his ship again took position on the line of the 13th , he remained steadfast as the " TICONDEROGA " maintained a well - placed fire upon the batteries on shore , and thereafter , as she materially lessened the power of guns on the mound which had been turned upon our assaulting columns . During this action the flag was planted on one of the strongest fortifications possessed by the rebels . " General Orders : War Department , General Orders No . 59 ( June 22 , 1865 ) Action Date : January 15 , 1865 Service : Navy Rank : Boatswain ' s Mate Division : U . S . S . " Ticonderoga "
François Perrier François Perrier ( 18 April 1835 – 20 February 1888 ) was a French soldier and geodesist . Perrier was born at Valleraugue ( Gard ) , descended from a family of Protestants , of Cevennes . After finishing his studies at the Lyceum of Nimes and at St . Barbe College , he was admitted to the Polytechnic School in 1853 , leaving in 1857 as a staff officer . He was promoted to lieutenant in 1857 , captain in 1860 , major of cavalry in 1874 , lieutenant - colonel in 1879 , and he received his brigadier - general ' s star the year before his death . He was commander of the Légion d ' honneur and president of the council - general of his department . General Perrier long ago made a name for himself in science . After some noteworthy publications on the trigonometrical junction of France and England ( 1861 ) and on the triangulation and leveling of Corsica ( 1865 ) , he was put at the head of the Geodesic Service of the French Army in 1879 . In 1880 , he was sent as a delegate to the conference of Berlin for the settling of the boundaries of the new Greco - Turkish frontiers . In January of the same year , he was elected a member of the Académie des Sciences , as successor to Urbain Dortet de Tessan . He was a member of the Bureau des Longitudes from 1875 . In 1882 , Perrier was sent to Florida to observe the transit of Venus , where his observations were reported to be complete success . His celebrity continued to increase through his last triangulating operations in Algeria . General Perrier ' s merits led to his being appointed Head of the Geographical Service of the Army . General Perrier died at Montpellier on the 20th of February , 1888 . His name is one of the 72 names inscribed on the Eiffel Tower .
German Imperial Naval High Command The German Imperial Naval High Command ( ) was an office of the German Empire which existed from 1 April 1889 until 14 March 1899 to command the German Imperial Navy . A similarly named office existed in the Prussian Navy and the " Kriegsmarine " of Nazi Germany . After the dissolution of the German Imperial Admiralty ( Kaiserliche Admiralität ) on 1 April 1889 , the Imperial Naval High Command , the Office of the Inspector - General of the Navy , and the Imperial Naval Office ( Reichsmarineamt ) were established as successor institutions . The Imperial Naval High Command was headed by a commanding admiral , directly subordinate to the emperor , Wilhelm II of Germany . With the same obligations and rights as a commanding general of the army , this admiral fulfilled the duties of a Chief of the Naval Staff . Under instructions from the emperor , he commanded all naval units at sea and ashore . When the German Emperor decided to take over the supreme command of the Navy himself on 14 March 1899 , the Imperial Naval High Command was disbanded . This happened mainly at the instigation of Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz , to increase the power of his Imperial Naval Office ( " Reichsmarineamt " ) . Some of the powers of the Imperial Naval High Command were transferred to the previously existing Admiralty Staff .
Renzo di Ceri Renzo di Ceri , true name Lorenzo dell ' Anguillara ( 1475 or 1476 – January 1536 ) was as an Italian condottiero . He was a member of the Anguillara family . Born in Ceri , he was the son of Giovanni degli Anguillara . He fought for the Orsini family against the Papal States and Cesare Borgia . In 1503 he was hired by Spain and took part to the Battle of Garigliano of that year . In 1507 he was at the service of Julius II . In 1510 he fought for the Republic of Venice in the Italian Wars . He defeated Silvio Savelli but was in turn beat by Prospero Colonna , whom he had harassed during the siege of Crema . In 1523 he attacked Rubiera and Reggio Emilia . He led Clement VII ' s troops in his feudal war against the Colonna family and was present at the Sack of Rome ( 1527 ) . Renzo di Ceri died following a fall from his horse in 1536 .
Adam Gerard Mappa Adam Gerard Mappa ( Tournai , 25 November 1754 – Barneveld , New York , 15 April 1828 ) was a Dutch Patriot and active colonel in a local militia ( in Dutch exercitiegenootschap ) . In 1794 he became the agent for the Holland Land Company in New York ( state ) and three years later supervisor in the recently set up village of Barneveld . Life . Around 1786 Adam Gerard Mappa became the commander of a flying army unit , consisting of 300 men and 200 horses , that played a role in democratizing the vroedschap of Utrecht . One of the people he cooperated with was Quint Ondaatje . From the end of August 1787 under his leadership , the flying army was involved in removing all the Orangists from the vroedschap s in Delft , Gorkum , Montfoort and Vlaardingen . ( The removals found places under the threat of a Prussian ultimatum and before the raid ) . The purge in Delft not only brought Wybo Fijnje , the editor of a patriot newspaper and the auto - didact Gerrit Paape to power in the city , but delivered to the Patriots one of the biggest arsenals and magazines in the Republic . His army went to defend to Woerden in the east of the province of Holland , but had no chance to win against 20 . 000 well trained Prussian soldiers . Mappa made a brave show of defending Naarden but once again with the peculiarly Dutch show for legality , receiving orders from the now counter - revolutionised States of Holland , capitulated on the 27th . On 9 October 1787 , the patriots were forced to hand in its unit ' s weapons in Amsterdam and Mappa fled like so many others to northern France . With a few friends , like Johan Valckenaer and Herman Willem Daendels he rented an uninhabited castle in Watten . This community , grewing its own vegetables , playing biljart and discussing the revolution has been described by Gerrit Paape . On the eve of a condemnation , Antje Mappa - Paspoort ( a great friend of Emilie Luzac ) , travelled hurriedly and secretly to Delft , when her husband decided to emigrate to the US , and it is said on the advice of Thomas Jefferson he took his printery with him . On 1 December 1789 , he arrived with his wife and children to New York and they were granted accommodation with John Adams on Richmond Hill . Mappa became the New York City ' s very first type - manufacturer ( on 22 Greenwich Street , Manhattan ) but , even though he could produce Oriental letters , the business was not a success . In 1794 , he took over from Gerrit Boon an appointment as agent of the Holland Land Company in Trenton . His best friend François Adriaan van der Kemp , Mappa called him once a heremite , came to live in the town ' s surroundings on a farm . Mappa had a new house , built around 1810 and paid by the Company , in the Georgian style , and " Mappa Hall " still exists . In 1818 he bought 34 . 000 unsold acres from the Holland Land Company . Mappa Hall was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 . Mappa corresponded with Pieter Vreede and Johan Luzac and at the end of his life he hit financial difficulties , not being able the pay his debts to the Holland Land Company .
USS Aggressive ( MSO - 422 ) USS " Aggressive " ( MSO - 422 ) ( originally designated AM - 422 ) was the lead ship of the . She is the only ship of the United States Navy to be named " Aggressive " . This was later regarded as a mistake by President John F . Kennedy who stated that the ships should only be employed for " Peace keeping " . She was built by Luders Marine Construction Co . of Stamford , Connecticut , sponsored by Mrs . Stephen M . Archer , and commissioned at Brooklyn , New York , in the New York Naval Shipyard , Lt . Lawrence W . Kelley in command . Service history . For most of 1954 , " Aggressive " remained in the shipyard for alteration . In February 1955 , her designation was changed to MSO - 422 . Her first deployment , immediately afterwards , had her take part in a mine warfare exercise off the south - east coast of the United States . She took part in the landing of American forces during the Lebanon crisis of 1958 . The ship was home ported at Charleston for her whole naval career . She also provided services to the Naval Mine Warfare School , Charleston ; Naval Mine Defense Laboratory , Panama City , Florida ; Mine Evaluation Detachment , Key West , Florida ; and the Naval Ordnance Laboratory Test Facility , Fort Lauderdale , Florida . " Aggressive " also took part in several fleet exercises and operations along the Atlantic coast and in the Caribbean . On 1 October 1970 , preparations to deactivate the ship were begun , and she was decommissioned on 2 July 1971 . Her name was struck from the Navy list on 28 February 1975 , and she was sold to R . E . Williams in May 1980 .
Die Wehrmacht Die Wehrmacht was a German Military magazine , which was published from 1936 to 1944 to serve German Reich propaganda purpose . It promoted the newly formed Wehrmacht , official editor was the new Oberkommando der Wehrmacht from February 1938 onwards . Aimed at young readers , the price was only 25 Reichspfennig , and illustrated in colour , mainly by Theo Matejko . In September 1944 it was cancelled .
SS Corvus SS " Corvus " was a 1 , 317 GRT Norwegian steamship built in Copenhagen in 1920 / 21 by Kjøbenhavns Flydedok & Skibsværft A / S for the Norwegian passenger ship company Det Bergenske Dampskibsselskab of Bergen , which was attacked and sunk by two German U - boat s in the Western Approaches of the English Channel on 27 February 1945 . World War II . She spent the early part of 1940 plying between Norway and the United Kingdom . She joined Convoy HN 25 , which left Bergen on 7 April 1940 , thus managing to get out of Norway just before the German invasion which was initiated on 9 April . She spent the rest of 1940 in the coastal waters around the UK , with occasional passages across the Atlantic Ocean to Canada . In 1941 she made one voyage to West Africa visiting Lagos and Port Harcourt as well as crossing the Atlantic twice , visiting Halifax , Nova Scotia and New York City . During these voyages she carried various general cargoes , as well as palm kernel s from Nigeria and lumber from North America . During 1942 and early 1943 she sailed in the areas around the British Isles , before a voyage to Gibraltar and North Africa as part of Convoy KMS16 commencing in June . She remained in the Mediterranean until her return to Liverpool in February 1944 . After spending four months undergoing repairs , she returned to service around the British Isles in July , continuing until her final voyage . Final voyage . On 23 February 1945 , " Corvus " departed Garston near Liverpool bound for Plymouth with a cargo of 1 , 800 tons of coal , with Alexander Wallace as captain , carrying a crew of 22 plus a DEMS gun crew of three British Royal Navy gunners . She changed convoy at Mumbles , and left Mumbles Head on the morning of 26 February to join Convoy BTC 81 near Scarwater Lightship . At 10 : 15 BST on 27 February , the convoy was attacked by two German U - boat s , " U - 327 " and " U - 1018 " about seven miles from Lizard Point , Cornwall ( at ) . She was hit by a torpedo launched by " U - 1018 " which ripped her starboard side open , causing her to develop a heavy list and sink within minutes , resulting in the death of four of the freighter ' s Norwegian crew , the Latvian stoker , a 16 - year old British cabin boy , Thomas Boniface , and two of the Royal Navy gunners , Dennis Baker and former professional footballer Charlie Sillett . Some of the crew had been able to launch a raft , while others had to jump overboard . Most of the survivors were picked up by the British steam merchant ship " Baronscourt " , one survivor by the Swedish steam ship " Wallonia " and landed in Falmouth for medical treatment of four injured survivors . The convoy escort ships immediately launched heavy counter - attacks . Less than two hours later , both " U - 1018 " and " U - 327 " were sunk by depth charge s dropped by HMS " Loch Fada " under the command of Cdr . Benjamin Andrew Rogers , RD , RNR .