naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Corvus ( boarding device ) The corvus ( meaning " crow " or " raven " in Latin ) or harpago ( probably the correct ancient name ) was a Roman military boarding device used in naval warfare during the First Punic War against Carthage . In Chapters 1 . 22 - 4 - 11 of his " History " , Polybius describes this device as a bridge 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide and 10 . 9 m ( 36 ft ) long , with a small parapet on both sides . The engine was probably used in the prow of the ship , where a pole and a system of pulley s allowed the bridge to be raised and lowered . There was a heavy spike shaped as a bird ' s beak on the underside of the device . The spike was designed to pierce the enemy ship ' s deck when the boarding - bridge was lowered . This allowed a firm grip between the vessels and a route for the legionaries to cross to the other ship . In the 3rd century BC , Rome was not a naval power , and had little or no experience in war at sea . Before the first Punic war , the Roman Republic had not campaigned outside the Italian Peninsula . The Republic ' s military strength was on land , and her greatest assets were the discipline and courage of her soldiers . The boarding - bridge allowed her to use her marines against the superior Carthaginian naval skills . The Romans ' application of boarding tactics worked ; they won several battles , most notably those of Mylae , Sulci , Tyndaris , and Ecnomus . Despite its advantages , the boarding bridge had a serious drawback : it could not be used in rough seas since the stable connection of two working ships endangered each other ' s structure . Operating in rough seas , the device became useless and was abandoned . According to Bonebaker , Professor of Naval Architecture at Delft , with the estimated weight of one ton for the boarding bridge , it is " most probable that the stability of a quinquereme with a displacement of about would be seriously upset " . Some other historians believe that its weight on the prow compromised the ship ' s navigability and the Romans lost almost two entire fleets to storms in 255 and in 249 BC , largely due to the instability caused by the device . These losses were probably the main reason for the abandonment of the boarding - bridge in ship design by the end of the war . As Roman naval tactics improved and the Roman crews became more experienced , the boarding - bridge was no longer used in battle . It is not mentioned in period sources after the battle of Ecnomus and apparently the Battle of the Aegates Islands that decided the first Punic war was won without it . A variant of the boarding bridge , called " arpax " or " harpax " , was used in the Battle of Naulochus .
Peter Huybers Peter Huybers ( born 1974 ) is an American climate scientist , and Professor of Earth and Planetary Sciences at Harvard University , in the Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences . Life and work . Peter Huybers received a B . S . in physics in 1996 from the United States Military Academy at West Point , and a Ph . D . in climate chemistry and physics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 2004 . He was a NOAA Postdoctoral Fellow in Climate and Global Change in the Geology and Geophysics Department at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution from 2004 - 2006 . Huybers has multiple research interests related to climate science . First , Huybers is investigating the long - term climate cycles . He has advanced the hypothesis that a 41 , 000 year period of change connected to the Earth ' s tilt on its axis is dominant during the past 800 , 000 years , and that every second or third of these cycles produce a major deglaciation event . This deglaciation also appears to trigger changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide , perhaps in part coming from radically increased volcanic activity during deglaciation . Second , he is studying annual temperature variations . Finally , Huybers is developing models to estimate historic temperatures based on the limited evidence available to us . Huybers has published in " Science " , " Nature " , " Geophysical Research Letters " , " Quaternary Science Reviews " , " Paleoceanography " , " Climate of the Past " and the " Journal of Physical Oceanography " . After completing West Point , his military career included leading a tank platoon as part of peacekeeping operations in Bosnia and testing technologies to reduce fratricide at the Mounted Warfare Testbed at Fort Knox , Kentucky . Huybers is married to Downing Lu , a military physician assigned to the pediatric intensive care unit at Walter Reed Army Medical Center . Awards . He is the recipient of multiple awards , including a MacArthur Foundation Fellowship in 2009 , a Packard Fellowship for Science and Engineering in 2009 , the AGU James B . Macelwane Medal in 2009 , a Harvard University Center for the Environment Fellowship in 2005 , the MIT Carl - Gustaf Rossby Prize in 2004 , and a National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate Fellowship in 2001 .
Marksmanship Ribbon A Marksmanship Ribbon is an award of the United States Navy , Air Force , and Coast Guard that is issued to service members who pass a weapons qualification course and achieve an above - average score . Navy . The U . S . Navy has issued two marksmanship ribbons : the " Navy Pistol Marksmanship Ribbon " and " Navy Rifle Marksmanship Ribbon " , since 1920 . The pistol ribbon is currently awarded for qualification on the Beretta 9mm pistol , while the rifle ribbon is currently awarded for qualification on the M14 and M16 assault rifle variants . The Navy issues the marksmanship ribbon in three levels — that of Marksman , Sharpshooter , and Expert . The basic ribbon is awarded for the Marksman level while the specific Marksmanship Device is awarded for qualification as a Sharpshooter or Expert . Those receiving an Expert qualification receive the Marksmanship Medal , in addition to the Marksmanship Ribbon . Between 1942 and 1960 , the Navy also issued ribbons known as the Distinguished Marksmanship Ribbon s . These awards were declared obsolete by 1965 . Air Force . The United States Air Force awards a single ribbon , known as the " Small Arms Expert Marksmanship Ribbon " , for an expert qualification on either the M - 16 rifle , M - 4 carbine or the individuals AFSC ' s ( duty ) designated handgun weapon . The ribbon is issued in only one degree ; however , a bronze service star may be worn on the ribbon for those who have qualified expert on both the service rifle and handgun . The ribbon was authorized by the Secretary of the Air Force on Aug . 28 , 1962 and was awarded to all Air Force service members who qualified after Jan . 1 , 1963 . Prior to the conception of a ribbon , Air Force members were awarded with the United States Air Force Small Arms Marksmanship Certificate of Achievement ( AF Form 1193 Jan 1961 ) . Coast Guard . The Coast Guard Marksmanship Ribbon are issued under the same criteria as the U . S . Navy , but Coast Guardsmen use a . 40 cal SIG - Sauer P229R DAK pistol instead of the Navy ' s M9 pistol . The Coast Guard issues two ribbons , known as the " Coast Guard Pistol Marksmanship Ribbon " and the " Coast Guard Rifle Marksmanship Ribbon " . The Marksmanship Device is awarded for qualification at the higher levels of sharpshooter and expert . Like the Navy , for those who receive an expert qualification , the Marksmanship Medal is awarded instead of the Marksmanship Ribbon . Additional information . The U . S . Army and U . S . Marine Corps provide Weapons Qualification Badges instead of a Marksmanship Ribbon . For the services that award the Marksmanship Ribbon , re - qualification is not necessary once a service member has obtained the award and the Marksmanship Ribbon may be worn throughout an individual ' s entire career . In the Navy and Coast Guard , the Marksmanship Ribbon may be upgraded to include the Marksmanship Device if a higher qualification is achieved after the initial award of the ribbon . Additionally , every branch of service awards unique marksmanship competition badges that are authorized for wear on the military ' s service dress uniforms .
RAF Templeton RAF Templeton was a World War II Royal Air Force airfield in Pembrokeshire operational from December 1942 and closed in July 1945 . It is named after the village of Templeton . RAF Templeton was managed by RAF Coastal Command , and had a particular role in training for the defence of the oil installations in Milford Haven . The site remains in MoD ownership as the " Templeton Dry Training Area " ( part of the Pembrokeshire Defence Training Estate ) . It is used for a variety of training tasks , including helicopter and air defence exercises , infantry and driver training . Usage is shared with a number of other activities , including agriculture , storage and model aircraft flying .
Mehdi Rahimi Mehdi Rahimi ( died 16 February 1979 ) was an Iranian military general . He was a loyal supporter of the Shah , Mohammed Reza Pahlavi , the final monarch of Iran who ruled from 1941 to 1979 . He was executed following the 1979 revolution in Iran . Early life . Rahimi was born in Tehran , Iran . Career . Rahimi served as deputy commander of the Imperial Guard , Tehran police chief as well as the president of the Wrestling Federation of Iran . He was a lieutenant general and the last military commander and the chief of police of Tehran during the final days of the Pahlavi Dynasty and before Tehran fell to the revolutionary forces of the 1979 Iranian Islamic Revolution . Arrest and execution . Shortly after the Islamic Revolution in February 1979 and the takeover of all military bases and police stations by the pro - Khomeini Islamists , Rahimi was spotted by a subordinate as he was walking away from a military base near Sepah Square and arrested . By his own account as stated during his televised interrogation , Rahimi was beaten and tortured by the Islamic revolutionaries , arrested and taken to Refah School in Central Tehran . The interrogation which lasted 5 hours , resulted in a death sentence for Rahimi , as well as three other high profile generals of the former regime . Sadegh Khalkhali presided over the proceedings and announced his death sentence on the charge of " Warring with God " and " Corrupter on Earth " . Rahimi was executed by a firing squad at midnight just before 16 February 1979 , on the rooftop of Refah School , which was used as temporary residence by Ayatollah Khomeini . He refused to be blind - folded and stated that he wanted to die as a general loyal to his commander - in - chief . It has been said that his last words were " Javid Shah " ( long live the Shah ) and the expression of loyalty to Iran . Major Iranian newspapers published the news of his execution on the morning of 16 February 1979 along with gruesome pictures of his body as well as those of other executed generals . The pictures of him reflect the fact that his right arm was severed before the execution . Personal life . Rahimi married twice . He is survived by his second wife , Manijeh , who settled in London .
USS Kwajalein ( CVE - 98 ) USS " Kwajalein " ( CVE - 98 ) , formerly " Bucareli Bay " , was a " Casablanca " class escort carrier of the United States Navy . It was launched on 4 May 1944 , by the Kaiser Co . , Inc . , Vancouver , Washington , under a Maritime Commission contract ; sponsored by Mrs . Rudolf L . Johnson ; acquired by the Navy on 7 June 1944 , and commissioned the same day , Commander R . C . Warrack in command . Service history . After shakedown along the West Coast , " Kwajalein " cleared San Pedro , California on 19 July 1944 , bound for Espiritu Santo with passengers and a cargo of fuel and planes . Arriving on 3 August , she sailed 4 days later to transport aircraft to Guam and pick up salvaged Japanese equipment for intelligence studies in the United States . Following repairs at San Diego , " Kwajalein " got underway on 7 October for operations as replenishment carrier . She loaded combat - ready aircraft at Manus Island and sailed for Eniwetok on 5 November to replenish the carriers of Task Force 38 ( TF 38 ) as they prepared for raids on Manila and the Visayas . Continuing operations from Ulithi , " Kwajalein " furnished the big carriers with the planes needed to drive the Japanese out of the Philippines . In January 1945 , replacement aircraft roared from her decks to TF 38 flat tops for strikes on enemy air bases on Formosa and the China coast . " Kwajalein " returned San Diego on 23 February for overhaul and additional aircraft before resuming operations on 9 March . From March – August " Kwajalein " carried aircraft on three cruises from Pearl Harbor to the western Pacific keeping carrier - based air groups at full strength for the massive carrier raids on the Japanese home islands . With the cessation of hostilities on 14 August 1945 , the carrier was assigned the task of returning Pacific veterans to the United States . She made four cruises to the Pacific Islands before arriving San Pedro on 2 February 1946 , from her final " Magic - Carpet " mission . On 23 April , " Kwajalein " cleared San Pablo Bay for Mukilteo , Wash . , arriving there 3 days later . She decommissioned at Tacoma , Washington on 16 August , and joined the Pacific Reserve Fleet . Her name was struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 1 April 1960 , and she was scrapped in Japan the following year . Awards . " Kwajalein " received two battle star s for her World War II service .
Graphic training aids Graphic training aids ( GTAs ) are publications that assist during the conduct of training and the process of learning . Current Training Aids come in different forms , including model s , displays , slide s , books , picture s and media presentations . During World War II , Graphic Training Aids were in high demand . Large quantities of young men were recruited which demanded a higher rate of training . A large replica of an M1 Garand rifle would be presented in front of a class . During his presentation , the trainer would use it as a reference . Printed media was also used in the form of exploded view drawing s , which depicted various parts of rifles . A curious form of a Graphic Training Aid was used during the Vietnam War , in the form of a comic book . The Graphic Training Aid , called M16A1 Operation and Preventive Maintenance , explained the proper maintenance of an M16 rifle and was highly effective since it was targeted at the young infantry men and illustrated by the popular comic book artist , Will Eisner . United States Army Graphic Training Aids , Field Manuals and other training media are produced by organizations such as the United States Army Training and Doctrine Command ( TRADOC ) , the Army Training Support Center ( ATSC ) , G3 and the Training Aids Service Center ( TASC ) . Other forms of Graphic Training Aids exist as well . The vast majority of Training Aids exist for non - military training such as safety training and work training . Such guides are produced by the U . S . Department of Labor Occupational Safety and Health Administration .
2 / 11th Battalion ( Australia ) The 2 / 11th Battalion was an infantry battalion of the Australian Army which saw service during World War II . Raised at Northam , Western Australia on 13 October 1939 , it formed part of the 6th Australian Division of the Second Australian Imperial Force . The battalion saw action in Egypt , Libya , Greece and Crete in 1940 – 41 , however , a large number of the battalion ' s personnel were killed or captured on Crete and as such it was rebuilt in Palestine at the end of 1941 , before returning to Australia to fight the Japan ese in 1942 . For a time the battalion was assigned to the 2nd Brigade , a formation made up largely of soldiers from the Militia , carrying out defensive duties in Western Australia , however , it was later transferred to the 19th Brigade in Queensland and in 1944 – 45 it took part in the Aitape - Wewak campaign before being disbanded at Puckapunyal on 7 December 1945 . During the war the 2 / 11th Battalion suffered 489 casualties , of which 182 were killed . Its members received the following decorations : 2 DSOs , 1 OBE , 3 MBEs , 6 MCs , 4 DCMs , 20 MMs and 66 MIDs .
Rocket ( weapon ) A rocket is a self - propelled , unguided weapon system powered by a rocket motor . Categorisation . In military parlance , powered munitions are broadly categorised as follows : However , the distinction can become somewhat blurred , especially where a weapon begins as an unguided rocket and is then fitted with a guidance system - e . g . the GMLRS system is still referred to as rocket artillery , despite employing guided munitions . Early development . The use of rockets as some form of artillery dates back to medieval China where devices such as fire arrows were used ( albeit mostly as a psychological weapon ) , and gradually spread to Europe and the Middle East . Rockets became a significant weapon during the 20th Century , when precise manufacturing processes made relatively accurate rockets possible . Basic roles . Artillery . Rockets are widely used as an artillery weapon , due to their simplicity and the ability of a launch platform to fire multiple rockets in a very short space of time – unlike gun - based artillery , which typically carries a single , heavy barrel and must be reloaded for each shot , multiple rocket launchers can typically fire their entire ammunition supply in a matter of seconds . This rate of fire is very useful as it allows little time for the target to take cover or get away , and allows the artillery unit to shoot - and - scoot , avoiding enemy counter - battery fire . Man - portable . With the invention of the tank , the infantry required a weapon to counter the threat . Tank armour soon developed beyond the point at which an anti - tank rifle could practically be carried by an infantryman , and by the Second World War rocket weapons such as the US bazooka and German Panzerschreck were in service . Development continued after the war , with weapons such as the RPG - 7 , although a need to increase range lead to the development of guided weapons to fulfill the anti - tank role . Most modern armies now use guided missiles for long - range engagements and rockets for close - range or emergency use ; disposable weapons such as the RPG - 26 are popular for this . The use of anti - tank weapons to attack buildings and other targets has led to the development of weapons and ammunition designed specifically to attack non - tank targets , such as the one - shot LASM and the larger SMAW . Air - launched . Unguided rockets have been launched from aircraft since the early 20th century , to attack land , sea and air targets . Even after the development of guided missiles , rockets remain useful for short - range attacks – typically for close air support missions .
HMS Bullen ( K469 ) HMS " Bullen " was a " Buckley " class Captain class frigate during World War II . Named after Captain Charles Bullen of at the battle of Trafalgar . The Commanding Officer was Lt Cdr A . H . Parrish RN . Sinking . The submarine U - 775 torpedoed and sunk HMS " Bullen " , the torpedo struck HMS " Bullen " midships . This incident happened at position northwest of Strathy Point , Scotland on 6 December 1944 . Of the crew of HMS " Bullen " 71 died and 97 survived . The wrecksite is designated as a " protected place " under the Protection of Military Remains Act 1986 .
British South Africa Company Medal The British South Africa Company Medal ( 1890 – 97 ) . In 1896 , Queen Victoria sanctioned the issue by the British South Africa Company of a medal to troops who had been engaged in the First Matabele War . In 1897 , the Queen sanctioned another medal for those engaged in the two campaigns of the Second Matabele War : Rhodesia ( 1896 ) and Mashonaland ( 1897 ) . The three medals are the same except for name and date above the lion on the reverse , and the three wordings above the lion denote the campaign for which the medal was issued . In 1927 , the government of Southern Rhodesia issued a medal to commemorate the earlier 1890 Pioneer Column . This medal identical to the prior medals , except that it was struck without any campaign details on the reverse . Description . The medal is circular , made of silver , 36 mm in diameter . The obverse depicts a left facing effigy of Queen Victoria wearing a diadem and veil . Around the edge is the inscription " Victoria Regina " . The reverse is depicts the scene of a charging lion , wounded in the chest with an assegai . In the foreground are native weapons and a shield , in the background is a bush , and below the scene is inscribed : " BRITISH SOUTH AFRICA COMPANY " . The recipient ' s first eligible campaign and date is usually inscribed at the top . The medal is mounted on an ornate swivelling suspension bar decorated with shamrocks , thistles and rose s . The medal hangs from a ribbon of watered silk in orange with three dark blue stripes . Clasps . Four were issued :
2nd Regiment California Volunteer Infantry The 2nd Regiment California Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War . It spent its entire term of service in the western United States . Organized at San Francisco and Carson City September 2 , 1861 , to December 30 , 1862 and attached to Department of the Pacific . The regiment was first assembled at the Presidio , San Francisco , and after completing its organization , five companies were sent to Oregon and Washington Territory , to relieve the regular troops , and two companies were sent to Santa Barbara . The troops of this regiment sent to Oregon were afterwards returned to California . It was mustered out during the month of October , 1864 . On the muster out of the original regiment , in October , 1864 , the veterans , together with new recruits , were again organized into a regiment . The Regiment was ordered to Arizona Territory , August 15 , 1865 , by the order of the Department of California . It was posted at Camp on San Pedro River from October 1865 to December 31 , 1865 ( later renamed Camp Grant , Arizona ) , until it was recalled to be mustered out at San Francisco , April 16 .