naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
John M . Jones John Marshall Jones ( July 20 , 1820 – May 5 , 1864 ) was a brigadier general in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War . He fought at the Battle of Gettysburg and was killed in action at the Battle of the Wilderness . Early life . Jones was born in Charlottesville , Virginia . At West Point , he was nicknamed " Rum " Jones for his fondness for alcohol . He graduated in 1841 , ranking 39th in a class of 52 . Nineteen of his classmates would become Civil War generals , including John F . Reynolds , Nathaniel Lyon , Robert S . Garnett , Richard B . Garnett , Amiel W . Whipple , and Israel B . Richardson , all of whom would also die in combat . Assigned as a second lieutenant to the 7th Infantry , he was on frontier duty before returning to the U . S . Military Academy in 1845 as an assistant instructor of infantry tactics , serving until 1852 . From 1854 until 1855 , he served on a board commissioned to revise rifle and light artillery military tactics , and received a promotion to captain on March 3 , 1855 . Jones performed garrison duty at various forts across the country for a short period before participating in the Utah War from 1858 until 1860 . Civil War . With the outbreak of the Civil War and Virginia ' s secession , Jones resigned his commission in the United States Army on May 27 , 1861 to enter the Confederate service as a captain of artillery . He was appointed a colonel of infantry and served in what became the Army of Northern Virginia . He participated as a staff officer in Stonewall Jackson ' s Shenandoah Valley Campaign of 1862 , Front Royal , the Seven Days Battles , the Second Battle of Bull Run , Fredericksburg , and Chancellorsville . In May , Jones was promoted to brigadier general in Edward " Allegheny " Johnson ' s division to replace John R . Jones ( not related ) . During Johnson ' s assault on Culp ' s Hill at Gettysburg , Jones suffered a severe wound to his head that put him out of action . In August , Robert E . Lee called Jones " a good commander " when he assigned him to lead the brigade vacated by William " Extra Billy " Smith , who had returned to Virginia as governor . Late in the year , Jones was wounded again during the Mine Run Campaign . In the early days of the Overland Campaign of 1864 , Jones was killed at the Wilderness while attempting to rally his wavering men . His brigade had taken a position on the south side of the Orange Turnpike . Shortly before 1 : 00 p . m . , it was hit hard by Brig . General Joseph J . Bartlett ' s V Corps brigade , which began pushing back the Confederates , many in disorder . Jones and his aide - de - camp Robert Early were killed while desperately trying to restore order . Jones ' s body was eventually returned home and buried in Maplewood Cemetery in Charlottesville . Lt . Gen . Richard S . Ewell wrote of Jones ' s death in his official report on the Wilderness , " I considered his loss an irreparable one to his brigade . " Jones ' s sister was married to famed Confederate general A . P . Hill ' s older brother Thomas .
Constantin St . Anton Constantin St . Anton ( born 1894 , date of death unknown ) was a Brigadier General of the Romanian Armed Forces during World War II . He served from 1944 - 1946 as the Inspector - General of Gendarms . He was arrested during the war , and released in 1959
Eli Geva Eli Geva ( ; born 1950 ) is an Israeli brigade commander , who during the Siege of Beirut ( in the early stage of the 1982 Lebanon War ) , refused to lead his forces into the city for moral reasons which he termed " endangerment of both soldiers and civilians in urban warfare " . The Israeli Chief of Staff , Rafael Eitan , attempted to negotiate with Geva , but he insisted and was consequently dismissed from the Israel Defense Forces . The event drew a great deal of controversy in Israel at the time , and to this day remains a symbol of moral insubordination in the Israeli military .
Hugo Boss ( fashion designer ) Hugo Ferdinand Boss ( 8 July 1885 – 9 August 1948 ) was the founder of the clothing company Hugo Boss . Early life . Boss was born in Metzingen , in the Kingdom of Württemberg , to Luise ( née Münzenmayer ) and Heinrich Boss , the youngest of five children . He did an apprenticeship as a merchant , completed military service from 1903 to 1905 and worked in a weaving mill in Konstanz . He then took over as the heir to his parents ' lingerie shop in Metzingen in 1908 . In that year he also married Anna Katharina Freysinger with whom he had a daughter . In 1914 he enlisted in the army and he served through World War I with the rank of corporal . Hugo Boss company . He founded his own clothing company in Metzingen in 1923 and then a factory in 1924 ( initially with two partners ) . The company produced shirts and jackets and then work clothing , sportswear and raincoats . In the 1930s it produced uniforms for the SA , the SS , the Hitler Youth , the postal service , rail employees and later the Wehrmacht . Support of Nazism . Boss joined the Nazi Party in 1931 , two years before Hitler came to power . By the third quarter of 1932 , the all - black SS uniform ( to replace the SA brown shirts ) was designed by " SS - Oberführer " Prof . Karl Diebitsch and Walter Heck ( graphic designer ) . Hugo Boss company produced these black uniforms along with the brown SA shirts and the black - and - brown uniforms of the Hitler Youth . Some workers are acknowledged to have been French and Polish prisoners of war forced into labour . In 1999 , US lawyers acting on behalf of Holocaust survivors started legal proceedings against the Hugo Boss company over the use of slave labour during the war . After World War II , Boss was fined for his support of Nazism and was not allowed to vote . He died of a tooth abscess in 1948 . Boss ' apology . The misuse of 140 Polish and 40 French forced workers led to an apology , as Boss told to the book , " Hugo Boss , 1924 – 1945 : The History of a Clothing Factory During the Weimar Republic and Third Reich " , to account for his actions .
Christian Julius de Meza Christian Julius de Meza ( January 14 , 1792 – September 16 , 1865 ) was the commander of the Danish army during the 1864 Second Schleswig War . De Meza was responsible for the withdrawal of the Danish army from the Danevirke , an event which shocked the Danish public and resulted in the loss of his command . Of Sephardic extraction , De Meza served honorably in the First War of Schleswig and played an important role in securing the Danish victory in the 1850 Battle of Isted — at its time , the largest battle in Scandinavian history . In 1864 , De Meza was appointed supreme commander of the Danish forces . His objective : to defend the Danish border against a much greater combined Prusso - Austrian army . But at the age of 72 , De Meza was well past his prime and his task became even more difficult due to the conflict erupting during the winter season . De Meza estimated that his men were facing certain defeat and a pointless loss of life , and on the evening of February 5 , 1864 telegraphed the War Ministry stating that the army since the day before had been preparing to withdraw to the position at Dybbøl . He subsequently closed down the telegraph line to prevent his order being overruled . The withdrawal resulted in an outraged cabinet promptly relieving De Meza of his command on February 7 even though the army was in the rather critical process of organising the defences at Dybbøl . De Meza was officially dismissed on February 28 and even though he did resume the position as general on August 5 , he did not participate directly in the war again . In retrospect , the withdrawal was carried out with great skill and although parts of the artillery ' s guns were left behind , the Danish army did arrive almost undamaged to the new position . Historians have argued that if the army had not been withdrawn , the Dannevirke position would have been overrun , and even the commission appointed by the cabinet to investigate and document the reasons for abandoning Dannevirke acquitted de Meza completely in its report of March 10 , 1864 and blamed the War Ministry for lack of preparation and negligence . He died several months after the war ended .
4th U . S . Light Artillery , Battery M Battery " M " 4th Regiment of Artillery was a light artillery battery that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War . Service . The battery was attached to Artillery , 5th Division , Army of the Ohio , to May 1862 . ( United with 4th U . S . Light Artillery , Battery H February 1862 to January 1863 . ) Artillery , 4th Division , Army of the Ohio , to September 1862 . 10th Brigade , 4th Division , II Corps , Army of the Ohio , to November 1862 . Artillery , 2nd Division , Left Wing , XIV Corps , Army of the Cumberland , to January 1863 . Artillery , 2nd Division , XXI Corps , Army of the Cumberland , to October 1863 . Artillery , 1st Division , IV Corps , to March 1864 . 1st Division , Artillery Reserve , Department of the Cumberland , to October 1864 . Croxton ' s Cavalry Brigade to November 1864 . Artillery Brigade , IV Corps , to February 1865 . Garrison Artillery , Bridgeport , Alabama , to August 1865 . Detailed service . Louisville , Ky . , February 1862 . Moved to Nashville , Tenn . , February 14 – 25 , 1862 , thence march to Savannah , Tenn . , to reinforce the Army of the Tennessee March 20 - April 6 . Battle of Shiloh , April 6 – 7 . Advance on and siege of Corinth , Miss . , April 29 - May 30 . Bridge Creek near Corinth May 28 . Tuscumbia Creek May 31 . Buell ' s Campaign in northern Alabama and middle Tennessee June to August . March to Louisville , Ky . , in pursuit of Bragg August 21 - September 26 . Pursuit of Bragg to London , Ky . , October 1 – 22 . Battle of Perryville , Ky . , October 8 . Danville October 11 . March to Nashville , Tenn . , October 22 - November 9 , and duty there until December 26 . Advance on Murfreesboro December 26 – 30 . Battle of Stones River December 30 – 31 , 1862 and January 1 – 3 , 1863 . Duty at Murfreesboro until June . Tullahoma Campaign June 23 - July 7 . Occupation of middle Tennessee until August 16 . Passage of the Cumberland Mountains and Tennessee River and Chickamauga Campaign August 16 - September 22 . Battle of Chickamauga , September 19 – 20 . Siege of Chattanooga , Tenn . , September 24 - November 23 . Reopening Tennessee River October 26 – 29 . Battles of Chattanooga November 23 – 27 . At Bridgeport , Ala . , to March 1864 , and at Nashville , Tenn . , until October 1864 . Attached to Croxton ' s Cavalry Brigade until November . Nashville Campaign November – December . Shoal Creek November 4 . In front of Columbia November 24 – 27 . Spring Hill November 29 . Battle of Franklin November 30 . Battle of Nashville December 15 – 16 . Pursuit of Hood to the Tennessee River December 17 – 28 . Moved to Huntsville , Ala . , and duty there until February 1865 . Garrison Artillery at Bridgeport , Ala . , until July .
45th Infantry Division ( Wehrmacht ) With the annexation in 1938 of Austria by Nazi Germany , what was once the 4th Austrian Division was incorporated into the Wehrmacht ( German Army ) and re - designated the 45th Infantry Division . In the 1939 Polish Campaign , the division was on the right wing of von Rundstedt ' s Heeresgruppe Sud ( Army Group South ) . On 22 June 1941 , the 45th Infantry Division began Operation Barbarossa by starting the 9 - day long siege of the Brest Fortress . In March 1942 the Red Army defeated the division at Livny , Russia and captured the archive of the division . That was the first time the Red Army learned about the defense of Brest Fortress
Château d ' Auzon The Château d ' Auzon is a ruined 14th century castle in the " commune " of Auzon in the Haute - Loire " département " of France . History . The first known lord , Bernard d ' Auzon , was mentioned in 1078 . During the French Wars of Religion , the castle was taken on the 22 September 1589 by the League forces of Monsieur de Randan . In the 17th century , the buildings were partly demolished . Sold with its estate as a national asset at the time of the French Revolution , the castle was almost entirely destroyed . Description . The edifice consists of a fortified " enceinte " built at the western end of a rocky outcrop dominated by the ramparts on three sides . The fourth side is closed by a curtain wall pierced by a gate . At the end of the north flank is a circular tower with several cannon holes ptotecting the gateway . The central residential building was almost entirely destroyed during the Revolution . The only remnant is a staircase tower , built against galleries and vaulted arcades , that served the upper floors . On the ground floor , in a small vaulted room , is a painted icon that is difficult to identify . This room could have been the old oratory of the castle . In the 19th century , a house was built on the ancient base of part of the structure . It has been listed since 1989 as a " monument historique " by the French Ministry of Culture .
70th Infantry Division ( United States ) The 70th Infantry Division ( " Trailblazers " ) was a unit of the United States Army in World War II , spearheading the Seventh United States Army ' s drive into Germany , south of Saarbrücken . Activated at Camp Adair , Oregon , in 1943 , the 70th Division served throughout World War II in the European Theater of Operations , but was deactivated in October 1945 , following its return to the United States . The division was reactivated as a combat unit in 1952 , and in May 1959 reorganized as the 70th Division ( Training ) in Detroit , Michigan than moved to Fraiser , Michigan . In 1979 the command was redesignated as the 70th Regiment ( Infantry One Station Unit Training ) , 70th Division ( Training ) . The command was formally inactivated in Michigan on Nov . 15 , 1996 and the 124th Army Reserve Command ( ARCOM ) adopted the division title and history the next day . In 2000 the 70th Regional Support Command became the 70th Regional Readiness Command and was well on its way towards developing a history and relationship with the 70th ID Soldiers and association . The name " Trailblazers " originated from the pioneers moving west into Oregon and " blazing " trails through the thick evergreen forests of the Pacific Northwest . The 70th Infantry Division adopted the " Trailblazer " title when they were activated in 1943 . They became known as the Trailblazer Division . Combat chronicle . The three infantry regiments of the 70th Infantry Division , the 274th , 275th and 276th , landed at Marseille , France , 10 – 15 December 1944 , and were formed into Task Force Herren under command of deputy division commander , Thomas W . Herren , before the arrival of the remainder of the Division on 18 January 1945 . Task Force Herren took over defensive positions along the west bank of the Rhine , 28 December 1944 , in the vicinity of Bischweiler , south of Haguenau Forest . Elements took part in the fight to stop the German winter offensive , and struck at the enemy at Phillipsbourg and at Wingen . In mid - January 1945 , the Task Force moved to an area directly south of Saarbrücken , where it carried out reconnaissance and combat patrols , and improved defensive positions . Upon the arrival of the remainder of the Division , Task Force Herren was dissolved . Patrolling and combat raids continued as preparations were made for an offensive drive in mid - February . On 17 February 1945 , the attack jumped off just below the Saar River . The 70th drove onto high ground overlooking Saarbrücken , smashed into Forbach , took Stiring - Wendel , and continued across the Saar to take Saarbrücken , 20 March 1945 . Pushing through Siegfried Line defenses along the north bank of the Saar , the Division took Völklingen and other Saarland cities and towns . In April it took part in the reduction of the Saar Basin , and after VE - day was engaged in occupational duties , with Command Post s at Otterberg , Bad Kreuznach , Frankfurt , and Oranienstein .
Battle of Herbsthausen The Battle of Herbsthausen , or the Battle of Mergentheim , was fought on May 2 , 1645 . The battle was between French forces led by Marshal Turenne and the Bavarian army led by Franz von Mercy . The French had caught the Bavarians short of troops at the beginning of the campaigning season , and pursued the Bavarians deep into Württemberg , but the Bavarians caught the French unawares and heavily defeated them . Preliminaries . At the beginning of the 1645 campaign season , 4 , 000 troops had been detached from Mercy ' s army in order to reinforce the army of the Holy Roman Empire against the Swedes . Upon learning this , Turenne moved to immediately bring Mercy to battle , pulling approximately 11 , 000 men and 15 guns from winter quarters and marching on Württemberg , in which vicinity Mercy was encamped . Turenne drove Mercy and his 6 , 000 men steadily deeper into Germany , from Stuttgart to Halle to Mariendal , where he finally encamped to await reinforcements from the Hessians and collect forage for his horses . His forces were dispersed into encampments in villages in the vicinity . Battle . At 2 : 00 am on May 2 , Turenne was awoken to the news that Mercy was bearing down on the French encampments . Turenne issued orders to the army to regroup at Herbsthausen and for General Rosen to rally the forces there . Ignoring the advantageous terrain that he was in possession of , and heedless of his still inferior numbers ( he had but 3 , 000 men at this time ) , Rosen deployed his battalions on the plain near Herbsthausen , where Mercy found him and , sensing his advantage , issued only a desultory artillery bombardment before attacking with his cavalry and infantry . Turenne arrived too late to reverse Rosen ' s errors , and Mercy ' s forces overwhelmed the French . Consequences . All of Turenne ' s infantry was lost , as well as most of his cavalry . Turenne himself narrowly avoided capture , and fled to Hesse - Cassel to avoid Mercy ' s close pursuit . Cardinal Mazarin now found it necessary to commit d ' Enghien ( the later Great Condé ) to the campaign to rectify the French position in Western Germany , which led to the Second Battle of Nördlingen in August , where Mercy was killed .
John Rogers Cooke John Rogers Cooke ( June 9 , 1833 – April 10 , 1891 ) was a Confederate general during the American Civil War . He was the son of Union general Philip St . George Cooke and the brother - in - law of Confederate cavalry leader Jeb Stuart . Biography . The son of a career army officer , Cooke was born at Jefferson Barracks , Missouri . After studying at the University of Missouri and Harvard College , Cooke was commissioned into the United States Army in 1855 as a second lieutenant of the 8th U . S . Infantry Regiment . On January 28 , 1861 , Cooke was promoted to second lieutenant . When Virginia seceded from the Union , in 1861 Cooke followed his brother - in - law , Jeb Stuart , south . To his dismay , his father remained loyal to the Union . Civil War . In 1861 , Cooke was commissioned a first lieutenant in the Confederate Army , and participated in the First Battle of Bull Run . In April 1862 , he was elected colonel of the 27th North Carolina Infantry . Although , wounded at the Battle of Antietam , he was able to keep the field and was promoted to brigadier general on November 1 , 1862 . Leading a brigade in action at the Battle of Fredericksburg , Cooke was badly wounded when a bullet entered over his left eye and fractured his skull . He was able to return to the field in April 1863 . In October 1863 , while commanding a brigade in A . P . Hill ' s corps , Cooke was again seriously wounded at the Battle of Bristoe Station during Hill ' s attack on the Union II Corps . His shinbone was shattered and he was knocked out of action for some time . He passed the time by serving on courts of inquiry in Richmond . Cooke returned to duty but was once again wounded in the leg at the Battle of Spotsylvania , but remained on the field to lead an assault on horseback . Cooke was wounded seven times during the Civil War . Post - War life . When the War ended , Cooke went to Richmond , and became a merchant . He was an active member of the community and was one of the founders of the Confederate Soldiers Home in Richmond . The family breach with his father — who had stayed loyal to the Union — was healed some time after the end of the War . Cooke died in Richmond , Virginia and is buried there in Hollywood Cemetery .
Tupolev ANT - 8 The ANT - 8 was an experimental flying boat designed by Tupolev . It was designated the " MDR - 2 " ( MDR meaning " Morskoi Dalnii Razvedchik " , or Naval Long - Range Reconnaissance ) by the military . Design and development . Tupolev and the TsAGI were asked to build it in 1925 , but other projects were deemed more important . Thus , little was completed on the ANT - 8 . Finally , in 1930 , Ivan Pogosski leading , actual work was started the aircraft . Its first flight was on January 30 , 1931 , piloted by S . Riballschuk . It is important to note that shortly after the ANT - 8 flew first time , the ANT - 14 lifted off the ground . Construction . The ANT - 8 was chosen to be made entirely from metal , with a Duralumin hull and similar wings to the Tupolev R - 6 . The fuselage received much attention from the designers and it was decided to have the floats included in the load - bearing structure . Power came from two pusher BMW VI engines mounted over the wings . The aircraft was fitted with an enclosed cockpit for the two pilots , while turrets were mounted in the bow and aft of the wing each mounting two DA - 2 machine gun s . Up to 500 kg ( 1 , 102 lb ) of bombs could be carried under the wing - roots . Although the aircraft demonstrated excellent seaworthiness , and Tupolev learned a lot about flying boat hulls from it , continuation of the ANT - 8 project was deemed unnecessary by the Soviet Navy , as it was believed that it was obsolete and soon be superseded by the Chetverikov MDR - 3 . Only one was made , though its hull was modified several times .