naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
USS Baltimore ( 1861 ) The third USS " Baltimore " was a side - wheel steamer in the United States Navy . " Baltimore " was built in 1848 at Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , captured on the Potomac River between Aquia Creek and Washington , D . C . , by the Army on 21 April 1861 , turned over to the Navy Department , and commissioned in April 1861 , Lieutenant J . H . Russell in command . Service history . During the American Civil War the " Baltimore " was used as an ordnance vessel between Washington Navy Yard and nearby ammunition depot s . She was also used to ferry Army troops across the Potomac River . She saw some service with the North Atlantic Blockading Squadron as a dispatch and supply vessel . On 9 May 1862 she transported President Abraham Lincoln , and Secretaries Edwin M . Stanton and Salmon P . Chase , from Fort Monroe to Norfolk , Virginia in an attempt to get a close view of the destroyed Confederate ironclad . " Baltimore " was turned over to Norfolk Navy Yard on 22 May 1865 and sold on 24 June 1865 at Washington DC .
Order of the Cross of Grunwald The Order of the Cross of Grunwald ( " " ) was a military decoration created in November 1943 by the High Command of Gwardia Ludowa , a World War II Polish resistance movement in Poland organised by the Polish Workers Party . On 20 February 1944 it was confirmed by the State National Council and on 22 December by the Polish Committee of National Liberation and further confirmed on 17 February 1960 by the government of the People ' s Republic of Poland . Conferred to Polish or allied military for valour or merit in combat with Nazi Germany . After the end of the Second World War it continued to be awarded for outstanding merit in commanding or outstanding contribution to the development of the Polish Armed Forces . It was disestablished by the President of Poland " via " Parliament in 1992 .
Ernst - Erich Hirschfeld Ernst - Erich Hirschfeld ( 25 August 1918 – 28 July 1944 ) was a German Luftwaffe ace and recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross during World War II . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . On 28 July 1944 , Ernst - Erich Hirschfeld died after his parachute failed to open after he bailed out from his damaged Messerschmitt Bf 109 . He was posthumously awarded the Knight ' s Cross on 24 October 1944 . During his career he was credited with 24 aerial victories , 23 on the Western Front and 1 on the Eastern Front .
Richard Carr ( chaplain ) Richard Carr ( December 3 , 1925 – November 9 , 2002 ) was Chief of Chaplains of the United States Air Force . Biography . Born in El Centro , California in 1925 , Carr was an ordained minister in the United Church of Christ . He was a graduate of Whitworth College and Fuller Theological Seminary . Carr married Jeanne Robertson , with whom he had three children . He died of leukemia on November 9 , 2002 and is buried at Arlington National Cemetery . Career . Carr originally joined the United States Army Air Corps in 1943 and served with the 11th Bombardment Group during World War II . He was released from active duty following the war . In 1951 , Carr was recalled to active duty as a member of the United States Air Force to serve in the Korean War . He was again released from active duty the following year before joining the Air Force Reserve in 1954 . Carr was once again recalled to active duty in 1955 . After serving in various locations around the world , he was assigned to The Pentagon in 1965 . From there , he was stationed at Wheeler Air Force Base before becoming Chaplain of the 314th Air Division . Later , he served at Shaw Air Force Base and Headquarters Tactical Air Command before being named Deputy Chief of Chaplains of the United States Air Force with the rank of Brigadier General in 1976 . He was promoted to Chief of Chaplains and achieved the rank of Major General in 1978 before retiring in 1982 . Awards he received include the Legion of Merit , the Meritorious Service Medal with three oak leaf clusters and the Air Force Commendation Medal .
Edward Fitzgerald ( adviser ) Edward Joseph Fitzgerald was an American who worked for the War Production Board during World War II and was an adviser to Senator Claude Pepper . He was alleged to have been a member of the Perlo group of Soviet spies . Fitzgerald ' s name in Venona project decrypt 588 New York to Moscow , 29 April 1944 , was sent in the clear to Moscow by Soviet Case Officer Iskhak Akhmerov reporting on Elizabeth Bentley ' s meeting with Perlo group . Venona . The decryption reads , in part , Elizabeth Bentley , who functioned as the Perlo group ' s main contact with the Soviet intelligence , told the FBI after her defection , " I would state that Victor Perlo represented this group in meetings with me more often than other members of the group , Fitzgerald about four or five times . . . " . After World War II , Fitzgerald resigned from his position with the U . S . Department of Commerce . In 1954 , Fitzgerald was offered immunity from prosecution , which removed the legal grounds to plead the Fifth Amendment . Fitzgerald nonetheless still refused to testify and went to jail . His alleged code name in Soviet intelligence and in the Venona files is " Ted " . Venona decryptions . Edward Fitzgerald is referenced in the following Venona project decryptions :
USS Susanne ( SP - 832 ) USS " Susanne " ( SP - 832 ) was the proposed name and designation for a motorboat that the United States Navy inspected for possible naval service in 1917 but never acquired or commissioned . " Susanne " was built as a private motorboat by the Matthews Boat Company at Port Clinton , Ohio . Either just prior to the entry of the United States into World War I in April 1917 , or shortly afterwards , she was examined for possible U . S . Navy service and given the section patrol registry number SP - 832 . However , the Navy did not take her over and she remained in civilian hands . " Susanne " should not confused with two patrol vessels that the U . S . Navy did commission during World War I , ( also constructed by Matthews Boat Company ) and .
Sakar - 20 The Sakar - 20 is a Russian - made 122mm surface - to - surface missile . It is approximately 2 meters in length with a range of approximately 30 kilometers and the capacity to devastate an area of about 100 square meters . There are reports of Pakistani - supplied Sakar - 20s being used by the Taliban against United States military , NATO and Afghan positions along the border with Pakistan .
Yongdingmen Yongdingmen ( ; Manchu : Enteheme toktoho duka ) was the former front gate of the outer section of Beijing ' s old city wall . Originally built in 1553 , it was torn down in the 1950s to make way for the new road system in Beijing . In 2005 , the Yongdingmen was reconstructed at the site of the old city gate . This new gate is disconnected from the original road leading towards the gate and into the city ( see photograph below ) .
Reidar Haaland Reidar Haaland ( 21 February 1919 – 17 August 1945 ) was a police officer and voluntary frontline soldier for the German forces . He hailed from Stavanger . He was a member of Nasjonal Samling from 6 December 1940 , and on 20 June 1941 he joined Den Norske Legion . The legion became defunct in 1943 , whereupon Haaland found work in Statspolitiet . Already in the autumn of 1943 he was transferred to Gestapo . He became the first Norwegian to receive the death sentence during the post - World War II trials , and was executed on 17 August 1945 at Akershus Fortress , Oslo for treason .
MV Buffalo Soldier ( T - AK - 9301 ) MV " Buffalo Soldier " ( T - AK - 9301 ) is a roll - on / roll - off ship , formerly of the French Government Line ( now merged into CMA CGM ) . She was sold and re flag ged US , renamed to honor Buffalo Soldiers , and chartered by the United States Navy Military Sealift Command as a Maritime Prepositioning ship serving at Diego Garcia laden with U . S . Air Force munitions . She is self - sustaining , that is , she can unload herself , an asset in harbors with little or no infrastructure . Her 120 - long - ton capacity roll - on / roll - off ramp accommodates tracked and wheeled vehicles of every description . While she is not currently in service with MSC , ships with her general characteristics are designated " Buffalo Soldier " class , fleet designation AK 2222 .
Samuel Ringgold ( United States Army officer ) Samuel B . Ringgold ( 1796 – May 11 , 1846 ) was an artillery officer in the United States Army who was noted for several military innovations which caused him to be called the " Father of Modern Artillery . " He was also , according to some records , the first U . S . officer to fall in the Mexican - American War , perishing from wounds received at the Battle of Palo Alto . Early life and career . Ringgold was the son of Samuel Ringgold , a U . S . Congressman from Maryland . A younger brother , Cadwallader Ringgold , also served in the military , becoming a rear admiral . On July 24 , 1818 , Samuel Ringgold graduated 5th in a class of 23 from the United States Military Academy at West Point . He was commissioned a Second Lieutenant in the Artillery . In the early 1820s , Ringgold was on the staff of General Winfield Scott . At about that time , ( roughly 1825 ) John Vanderlyn , then working in New York City , painted Ringgold ' s portrait . Ringgold ' s significant military innovations included the Ringgold military saddle and artillery techniques . Based on his research in Europe , he rewrote the Army ' s manual for artillery , which included the tactical concept of flying artillery — employing artillery pieces that could be moved quickly from place to place . The Army adapted his manual , " Instructions for Field Artillery " on March 6 , 1845 , and he was promoted to the rank of Major in acknowledgment of his military innovations . Mexican - American War . Ringgold served in General Zachary Taylor ' s occupation force in Texas as a Major of Artillery . On May 8 , 1846 , as he and 2 , 400 troops were en route to Fort Texas , they were engaged at the Battle of Palo Alto by Mexican General Mariano Arista and his force of 3 , 800 men . Arista ' s army was stretched a mile wide , making an American bayonet charge , Taylor ' s first option , impossible . Taylor , in an unlikely move , advanced his artillery to attack the enemy . The use of Ringgold ' s flying artillery tactic won the battle for the Americans . The Mexican artillery , heavy and slow , was futile in the thick steel - wool brush at Palo Alto . Arista ordered cavalry charges to flank the artillery gunners , but the American flying artillery was able to mobilize , relocate , and repel the oncoming dragoons . During the battle , Ringgold was mortally wounded by cannon fire that mangled both his legs just below the crotch . Nevertheless , he refused to leave the field during the battle . He survived three days , during which time he debriefed on the battle , before dying in Port Isabel , Texas . Memorialization . His bravery was a boost to morale through the military and the country . Songs , poetry , plays were written about him , including a mention in the fourth verse of " Maryland , My Maryland " . A song entitled " The Death of Ringgold , " commemorating his death , was a popular patriotic song in the US during the war . Cities and counties were named in his honor , including : Also :
Penetration ( weaponry ) Strictly speaking , penetration occurs when a projectile enters a target without passing through it and " perforation " occurs when the projectile completely passes through the target , but the word " penetration " is commonly used to refer to either . Penetration into a " semi - infinite " or " massive " target is penetration ( in the strict sense of the word ) of targets so thick that the level of penetration is not affected by the target ' s thickness . There is a " transition region " between semi - infinite penetration and perforation , in which the target is not perforated but the projectile , as it nears the back face of the target , meets reduced resistance and is capable of penetrating a greater distance than it would in a semi - infinite target . This effect is variously named the back or rear surface , plate , or face effect and is also present when perforation occurs . A penetrating projectile may cause the target to break into multiple pieces , spewing from both the front and back of the target , themselves at high velocity . These pieces are collectively referred to as spall . Spall can be generated even if a perforation is not achieved ( the projectile fails to pass through the target ) , generated instead by the shock wave generated by the impact of the projectile . Bomb s designed for great penetration into the earth or for perforation of hardened targets are known as bunker buster s .
Milengrad Milengrad ( Hungarian : " Milen vára " ) is a mediaeval castle situated 2 km northwest from Zajezda village , in Budinščina municipality , Krapina - Zagorje county , Croatia . Name . Milengrad is a compound name : " Milen " being a proper noun and " grad " meaning castle or fortress in Croatian , thus Milengrad is Milen ’ s castle . In mediaeval documents it was called " Mel ( l ) en " , " Milen " and " Miluan " . Its Hungarian equivalents , " Milen vára " or " Mileni vár " , derive from the Croatian form and have the same meaning . History . Milengrad Castle was built during the reign of Hungarian - Croatian King Béla IV after the Mongol invasion of 1241 - 1242 . Around 1303 , King Charles Robert donated the fortress to the Cseszneky family in compensation for their loss of Ipolyvisk Castle . The Counts Cseszneky sold it soon to Ban Mikcs , who , in 1309 ceded the lordship to the Herkffy family . In 1536 by the marriage between Katalin Herkffy and Miklós Patachich Milengrad became the two families ' shared property till the 17th century when the Herkffys and the 19th century when the Patachich family became extinct . Due to the constant warfare with the Ottomans , and probably as well to an earthquake , by the late 17th century several walls of Milengrad fell down , and in 1683 it was already mentioned as " arx diruta " , a castle in ruins .
Henry Hendrickson Henry Hendrickson ( March 12 , 1862 – February 28 , 1912 ) was a seaman serving in the United States Navy during the Spanish – American War who received the Medal of Honor for bravery . Biography . Hendrickson was born March 12 , 1862 in Germany and after entering the navy was sent to fight in the Spanish – American War aboard the U . S . S . Marblehead as a seaman . On May 11 , 1898 the Marblehead was given the task of cutting the cable leading from Cienfuegos , Cuba . During the operation and facing heavy enemy fire , he continued to perform his duties throughout this action . He died in Boston , Massachusetts February 28 , 1912 and is buried in Mount Hope Cemetery Mattapan , Massachusetts . His grave can be found in the Elm Grove section , lot 4105 . Medal of Honor citation . Rank and organization : Seaman , U . S . Navy . Born : 12 March 1862 , Germany . G . O . No . : 521 , 7 July 1899 . Citation : On board the U . S . S . Marblehead during the operation of cutting the cable leading from Cienfuegos , Cuba , 11 May 1898 . Facing the heavy fire of the enemy , Hendrickson displayed extraordinary bravery and coolness throughout this action .
The Darkest Hour The Darkest Hour is a phrase coined by British prime minister Winston Churchill to describe the period of World War II between the fall of France in 1940 and the Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941 , when the British Commonwealth stood alone against Nazi Germany and the Axis Powers in Europe . The length of time between the fall of France in June 1940 and the German invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941 measured 363 days , or 11 months and 28 days . It is particularly used for the time when the United Kingdom was under direct threat of invasion ; following the evacuation of the British Army from Dunkirk and prior to victory in the Battle of Britain . The darkest moment is usually considered to have been 10 May 1941 , when over 1 , 500 civilians died in Luftwaffe bombing raids on London alone . Although the British Commonwealth was fighting the Germans and Italians alone during the period , it was not the only major force fighting the Axis . China had been engaging the Japan ese since 1937 , after the Japanese launched an all - out invasion . Also , Greece was fighting the Axis powers from October 1940 when it defeated the Italian troops until June 1941 when Crete surrendered to the Germans . Winston Churchill and Charles de Gaulle both praised Greece ' s exceptional heroism at a point where many peoples were subjugated and the Axis seemed undefeated .
Laser warning receiver A laser warning receiver is a type of warning system used as a passive military defence . It detects , analyzes , and locates directions of laser emissions from laser guidance systems and laser rangefinders . Then it alerts the crew and can start various countermeasures , like smoke screen , aerosol screen ( e . g . Shtora - 1 ) , active laser self - defence weapon with Laser dazzler ( LSDW , used on Type 99 China main battle tank ) , laser jammer , etc . Detectors used in LWR are usually based on semiconductor photodetector array , which is typically cryogenically or thermal - electric cooled . Sometimes avalanche photodiodes ( APD ) , photoconductivity , photoelectromagnetic , or photodiffusion devices are used even without cooling . Some devices detect only main beam of foreign laser and other detect even scattered rays . Models . Some models used by US are listed :
Albatros D . XI The Albatros D . XI was a German single - seat fighter biplane first flown in February 1918 . It was the first Albatros design to use a rotary engine , in the form of the 120 kW ( 160 hp ) Siemens - Halske Sh . III , and also featured a new wing construction with diagonal struts from the fuselage replacing traditional wire bracing . Design & development . The wings had unequal spans with the upper planes having greater span than the lower ones , and were braced by I - struts with an aerofoil cross - section , additional rigidity being provided by twinned diagonal struts from the base of these to the top of the fuselage , located where the " landing wires " of a normal wire - braced biplane would be . The use of a rotary engine necessitated a large - diameter propeller and a correspondingly tall undercarriage . The D . XI was armed with the same twin 7 . 92 mm ( . 312 in ) Spandau LMG 08 / 15 machine gun s employed on other Albatros fighters . Two prototypes were built , the first having balanced , parallel - chord ailerons and a four - blade propeller ; and the second with inversely tapered , unbalanced ailerons and a two - blade propeller . The D . XI was not put into production .
Resande Man Resande Man was a Swedish warship that sank on 26 November 1660 in the Stockholm archipelago . 25 people survived the sinking while 37 people died . The ship was 27 meters long and had 22 cannons . The wreck was thought to have been found in 2009 . New reports that the wreck was found came in May 2012 .
Civil defence centres in London During the Cold War every London Borough was obliged to have a Civil Defence centre . These were controversial structures as it was widely believed that planning for the aftermath of nuclear war was both expensive and pointless . The area of London ( extending outwards to the then boundary of the Metropolitan Police District and thus including some areas outside the modern Greater London ) was designated Region 5 and had its Regional Seat of Government in a re - used radar station at Kelvedon Hatch in Essex . Below this level it was split into 5 groups - North , North East , North West , South East and South West . Each group had a control centre . Below this each borough had one as well . List of Civil Defence Centres in London . North Group . Not allocated North East Group . Northumberland Avenue , Wanstead group control North West Group . Beatrice Road , Southall group control South East Group . Pear Tree House group control South West Group . Church Hill Road , Cheam group control
HMS Lydiard ( 1914 ) HMS " Lydiard " was a " Laforey " class torpedo boat destroyer of the Royal Navy . She was ordered as the " Waverley " from Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering Company as part of the 1912 – 13 programme , but was renamed " Lydiard " before being launched on 26 February 1914 . She served in World War I with the 3rd Destroyer Flotilla , and fought at the Battle of Heligoland Bight in 1914 , where she was credited with torpedoing the German light cruiser . She also took part in the Battle of Jutland in 1916 , where she formed part of the 9th Destroyer Flotilla , along with fellow Laforey class destroyers " Liberty " , " Landrail " and " Laurel " , supporting Admiral Beatty ' s Battlecruiser s . She was transferred to escort duties after 1917 , and sold for breaking in November 1921 .
HMS San Josef ( 1797 ) HMS " San Josef " was a 114 - gun first rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy . She was captured from the Spanish Navy at the Battle of Cape St Vincent on 14 February 1797 ( when she was still named in Spanish " San José " ) . In 1809 she served as the flagship of Admiral John Thomas Duckworth . Battle of Cape St Vincent . The " San José " was among the Spanish fleet during the battle , during which HMS " Captain " , under the command of Captain , Horatio Nelson came out of the line to attack the " San Nicolás " . After exchanging fire , Nelson led his forces aboard the " San Nicolás " . While the English were fighting their way aboard the " San José " continued to fire upon the " Captain " and the " San Nicolás " . The " San José " then fell upon the " San Nicolás " and their rigging became tangled . Trapped , the men from the " San José " continued to fire on the British boarding parties with muskets and pistols . Nelson then took his men from the decks of the " San Nicolás " aboard the " San José " , forcing the Spanish to surrender , with their Admiral badly injured . The " San José " and the " San Nicolás " , both captured by Nelson , were two of the four ships captured during the battle . After their capture they were renamed " HMS San Josef " and " HMS San Nicolas " respectively . The feat of using one enemy vessel as a ' stepping stone ' to capture another was afterwards known in the Royal Navy as " Nelson ' s patent bridge for boarding first rates " . Later career . From 1839 " San Josef " was used as a gunnery training ship . From 10 August 1841 she was commanded by Captain Joseph Needham Tayler , serving as a guard ship at Devonport ( established gunnery school ) . Other captains who served in her include : Captain Frederick William Burgoyne , while serving as the flagship of Samuel Pym , Plymouth ; Captain Henry John Leeke ; and Captain Thomas Maitland , as the flagship of Admiral William Hall Gage , Devonport . She was broken up a Devonport in May 1849 . A very small piece of the " San Josef " still survives to this day ; it is in the form of part of a wooden gun carriage ; called a Quoin . This quoin can be found among the Valhalla figurehead collection in Tresco Abbey Gardens in the Isles of Scilly . Legacy . San Josef Mountain on the South Coast of British Columbia , on the south side of Estero Basin on Frederick Arm to the west of the mouth of Bute Inlet , was named in 1864 by Captain Pender for the " San Josef " , while Departure Bay and Nanaimo Harbour at the city of Nanaimo were originally named ( in 1791 ) the " Bocas de Winthuysen " after Rear - Admiral Don Francisco Xavier Winthuysen .