naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Eleonore Prochaska Eleonore Prochaska ( 11 March 1785 , Potsdam - 5 October 1813 , Dannenberg ) was a German woman soldier who fought in the Prussian army against Napoleon during the War of the Sixth Coalition . Life . Eleonore ' s father was NCO in the Prussian guards , on a low income . She grew up poor and was sent by her father to the military orphanage in Potsdam when her mother died . There she later found work as a domestic servant , though she was also interested in the war against Napoleon from an early age . During these wars she disguised herself as a man and registered for 1 Jägerbataillon of the Lützow Free Corps under the name August Renz , serving first as a drummer , then later as an infantryman . She was severely wounded at the Battle of the Göhrde and field - surgeons , rushing to treat her wounds , discovered she was a woman and took her to Dannenberg , where she succumbed to her wounds three weeks later . Reception . In retrospect , she was strongly idealized as a chaste heroine and honoured as " Potsdam ' s Joan of Arc " ( " die Potsdamer Jeanne d ' Arc " ) . Various plays and poems were written on her life ( including one by Friedrich Rückert ) , whilst Ludwig van Beethoven began a " Bühnenmusik " ( WoO 96 ) on her , with a libretto entitled " Eleonore Prochaska " written by the Prussian royal private - secretary Friedrich Duncker . In 1863 , a commemorative marker was erected over her grave at St . - Annen - Friedhof in Danneburg and in 1889 her home town of Potsdam created a monument to her memory ( " Der Heldenjungfrau zum Gedächtnis " , or " In memory of the virgin - heroine " ) , which still survives in the almost completely cleared Alten Friedhof ( old cemetery ) . Context . Eleonore was one of many German women to fight in the Napoleonic Wars , though almost all of them were ejected from the army when it was found out that they were women . The only known exception was Friederike Krüger ( 1789 – 1848 ) , who ( thanks to the protection of her brigade commander ) became the only known female corporal in the Prussian army . Finally she served in 2nd Garde - Regiment zu Fuß . Her request to retire was accepted in 1816 and she returned to civilian life . Johanna Stegen ( 1793 – 1842 ) , from Lüneburg , fought as a civilian for the Füsilierbataillon des 1 . Pommerschen Infanterie - Regiments in a battle at the Lüneburg Munition . Anna Lühring ( 1796 – 1866 ) in 1814 joined the Lützower Jägern under the name Eduard Kruse and survived the Napoleonic Wars , though her public fame faded quickly . In music and literature . Ludwig van Beethoven composed incidental music for a play by Johann Friedrich Duncker about the military heroine , entitled " Leonore Proshaska " . Duncker was Cabinet Secretary for the King of Prussia , and the play has largely been forgotten .
James A . Krueck James A . Krueck is a retired Brigadier General in the National Guard of the United States and former Deputy Adjutant General of the Army in Wisconsin . Career . Krueck originally enlisted in the Wisconsin Army National Guard in 1966 and was later commissioned a Second Lieutenant in 1978 . His assignments have included a tour of duty in the Iraq War . Awards he has received include the Legion of Merit , the Bronze Star Medal , the Meritorious Service Medal with two oak leaf clusters , the Army Commendation Medal with two oak leaf clusters , the Army Achievement Medal , the Army Reserve Components Achievement Medal with silver oak leaf cluster and four bronze oak leaf clusters , the National Defense Service Medal with service star , the Global War on Terrorism Expeditionary Medal , the Global War on Terrorism Service Medal , the Armed Forces Reserve Medal with mobilization device and gold and silver hourglass device s , the Non - Commissioned Officer Development Ribbon with award numeral 2 , the Army Service Ribbon , and the Army Overseas Service Ribbon .
German submarine U - 771 German submarine " U - 771 " was a Type VIIC U - boat of the German " Kriegsmarine " during World War II . She was ordered on 21 November 1940 , and was laid down on 21 August 1942 at Kriegsmarinewerft , Wilhelmshaven , as ' werk 154 ' . She was launched on 26 September 1943 and commissioned under the command of " Oberleutnant " Helmut Block on 18 November of that year . Service record . " U - 771 " had a comparatively brief service career . While she was commissioned on 18 November 1943 , she was not assigned to any war flotillas until 1 June 1944 . She was in action for less than a year before being sunk on 11 November 1944 , after only two patrols at sea . First patrol . Following training exercises with the " 31st U - boat Flotilla " from 18 November 1943 , to 31 May 1944 , " U - 771 " was assigned to the 9th U - boat Flotilla on 1 June 1944 , and was given the position as the lead boat in the flotilla . The next day , " U - 771 " left the port city of Hatvik for Bergen , occupied Norway . On 21 June 1944 , " U - 771 " began her first war patrol , leaving the port city of Stavanger ( at which she had arrived from Bergen the day before ) . For a period of 25 days , " U - 771 " roamed the North Sea in search of Allied convoys . While she never made contact with any enemy vessels , on 26 June 1944 , a British Consolidated Liberator aircraft coded ' N ' from No . 86 Squadron RAF engaged U - 771 and U - 317 just north of the British Isles . < ref name = Uboat . net / air > < / ref > U - 317 was sunk during the action , but flak from " U - 771 " damaged the Liberator and forced it back to base , where it was judged damaged beyond repair . U - 771 continued her patrol . This was the only time during the war that " U - 771 " had any contact with the enemy prior to her sinking . On 15 July , " U - 771 " returned to her U - boat base at Bergen . Second patrol . " U - 771 " spent the next three months travelling to various Norwegian ports , including Trondheim , Kristiansand , Bergen , Bogenbucht , and Hammerfest . During this time , " U - 771 " was re - assigned to the " 11th U - boat Flotilla " on 1 August 1944 ; she remained a part of that flotilla until 30 September , when she was again re - assigned , this time to the 13th U - boat Flotilla . On 14 October 1944 , " U - 771 " finally left Hammerfest and headed into the Arctic Ocean . Twenty - nine days after she left Hammerfest , on 11 November 1944 , " U - 771 " was sunk in the Andfjord near Harstad , Norway , by torpedoes fired by the British submarine HMS " Venturer " . All 51 of her crewmembers were killed .
HMS E40 HMS " E40 " was a British E class submarine launched by Palmer , Jarrow in 1916 and was completed by Armstrong Whitworth , Newcastle upon Tyne . She was laid down on 9 November 1916 and was commissioned in May 1917 . HMS " E40 " was sold on 14 December 1921 .
Tactic ( method ) A tactic is a conceptual action implemented as one or more specific tasks . The term is common in business and military usage , as well as in chess , sports , and protest s . Strategy versus tactic . Military usage . In military usage , a military tactic is used by a military unit of no larger than a division to implement a specific mission and achieve a specific objective , or to advance toward a specific target . The terms tactic and strategy are often confused : tactics are the actual means used to gain an objective , while strategy is the overall campaign plan , which may involve complex operational patterns , activity , and decision - making that lead to tactical execution . The United States Department of Defense Dictionary of Military Terms defines the tactical level as If , for example , the overall goal is to win a war against another country , one strategy might be to undermine the other nation ' s ability to wage war by preemptively annihilating their military forces . The tactics involved might describe specific actions taken in specific locations , like surprise attacks on military facilities , missile attacks on offensive weapon stockpiles , and the specific techniques involved in accomplishing such objectives . Other usages . Referring to non - military uses of the term , in his work " The Practice of Everyday Life " , French scholar Michel de Certeau suggests strategy and tactics are alike in that they both operate in space and time . However , unlike strategy , which inherently creates its own autonomous space : “ A tactic is a calculated action determined by the absence of a proper locus . … The space of a tactic is the space of the other ” ( ibid . , 36 - 37 ) . A tactic is deployed “ on and with a terrain imposed on it and organized by the law of a foreign power . ” One who deploys a tactic “ must vigilantly make use of the cracks that particular conjunctions open in the surveillance of the proprietary powers . It poaches in them . It creates surprises in them ” ( ibid . 37 ) . Tactics , then , are isolated actions or events that take advantage of opportunities offered by the gaps within a given strategic system , although the tactician never holds onto these advantages . Tactics cut across a strategic field , exploiting gaps in it to generate novel and inventive outcomes . Tactics are usually used to spoil the running context .
Zbysław Ciołkosz Zbysław Ciołkosz ( 23 March 1902 – 25 June 1960 ) was a prolific Polish American aircraft designer , whose work includes the P . Z . L . 27 , PWS - 20 , LWS - 3 Mewa , RWD - 11 , LWS - 6 Żubr , PWS - 1 , PWS - 54 , PWS - 19 , LWS - 2 , and PWS - 52 . He was with PWS and LWS , but emigrated to America in 1948 , where his work at Piasecki Helicopter earned him the Wright Brothers Medal in 1953 with D . N . Meyers for a paper discussing the use of shaft turbines for helicopters .
Grange Hotel , Brampton The Brampton Grange in Brampton , Cambridgeshire , England , is a historic building that dates back to 1773 . The building was once vital to the planning and bombing of Germany as the United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) 1st Air Division was based here during the Second World War . The Brampton Grange closed in 2007 - 2008 after many years of use as a hotel , bar and restaurant . It is now empty , awaiting development from a local builder . Brampton ' s First Girls School . Until the removal of the eastern wing by developers , marks could be seen on the walls from school girls carvings from their pencils . Ridley Haim Herschell was asked by Lady Olivia Sparrow to manage her schools in Leigh - on - Sea , Essex and Brampton , Cambridgeshire . The school was at the Grange . Ridley went on to be well - known in the religious community . He was the founder of the British Society for Propagating the Gospel Among the Jews ( 1842 ) and of the Evangelical Alliance ( 1845 ) . It appears that his son was born in Brampton during his time here at the Grange . Farrer Herschell , 1st Baron Herschell ( 1837 - 1899 ) , Lord Chancellor , eldest son of the Rev . Ridley Haim Herschell , by Helen Skirving , daughter of William Mowbray of Edinburgh , was born at Brampton on 2 November 1837 . His son later became Lord Chancellor of Great Britain in 1886 , and again from 1892 to 1895 USAAF use . RAF Brampton Grange - Station 103 - Brampton , 1st Air Division . Brampton Grange was the headquarters of the 8th Air Force 1st Bombardment Wing , later renamed the 1st Bombardment Division on 13 September 1943 , to end confusion of the term " wing " with the operational combat wings ( in December 1944 , it was renamed again , becoming the 1st Air Division ) . From RAF Brampton Grange , as it was termed in official records , the 1st BW / BD / AD directed combat operations of Boeing B - 17 Flying Fortress bomber and fighter groups under its command from August 1942 , to 25 April 1945 . It was an administrative headquarters which relied on RAF Alconbury for logistical support and its flying requirements . Bomb Groups assigned to the 1st Air Division conducted mercy missions over the German - occupied part of the Netherlands to drop food to starving Dutch in 1945 . Operation Chowhound delivered 4 , 000 tons of food . On the ground , Dutch teams gathered to distribute it to the starving population , though due to travel difficulties this sometimes took up to ten days . Though the Germans largely withheld their fire , both operations sustained some losses as three aircraft were lost , two to a collision and a third to an engine fire . The Congressional Visit . Congressmen Senators Ralph O . Brewster , Henry Cabot Lodge , Jr . , Richard Russell , James Mead , and Albert ( Happy ) Chandler visited the Grange in 1943 . Freedom Of The Borough Of Bedford . On 19 July 1945 Major General Howard M . Turner , Commanding General Of The 1st Air Division , was Presented The Freedom Of The Borough Of Bedford . Post USAAF use . The Grange Hotel was open sometime between 1945 and 2007 .
Mogami Yoshiaki Life . Mogami Yoshiaki was the first son of Mogami Yoshimori ( ) , and succeeded his father as daimyō of Yamagata . When Toyotomi Hideyoshi came to power , Mogami submitted to his rule , but later became a supporter of Tokugawa Ieyasu following Hideyoshi ' s death . He was known to hate the Toyotomi due to the fact that Hideyoshi ordered the execution of Yoshiaki ' s teenage daughter when purging his nephew Toyotomi Hidetsugu , whom Yoshiaki ' s daughter was engaged to . In 1600 , he battled Uesugi Kagekatsu , an enemy of Tokugawa ' s , alongside Date Masamune ( his nephew ) , another lord of the far north . He aided in Date ' s siege of Shiroishi , and was then attacked in his own home castle of Hataya . Later that year , Mogami and Date supported Ieyasu at the famous battle of Sekigahara , after which Mogami ' s domain was expanded to 520 , 000 " koku " in return for his loyal service . This made the Yamagata domain the fifth largest in Japan at the time , excluding the land held by Tokugawa . He died at Yamagata Castle in 1614 . Yamagata maintains the Mogami Yoshiaki Historical Museum , just outside the rebuilt Great Eastern Gate of Yamagata Castle , which displays his helmet , battle command baton and other implements he actually used . Legacy . Mogami Yoshiaki laid out and built the castle town , which became the foundation of modern - day Yamagata City . He controlled the " Three Difficult Places " on the Mogami River , making navigation safer from the Sea of Japan to the inland , and bringing the culture of Kyōto and Ōsaka to Yamagata . His dam building projects at Kitadaseki , Inabazeki and other places , and other irrigation control measures helped develop rice cultivation in the Shonai plain . In popular culture . Mogami Yoshiaki appears in the video game " Sengoku Basara 3 " as a non - playable general supporting Date Masamune ' s forces during Sekigahara . Here , he is portrayed as an arrogant , deceitful dandy .
1st Indian Cavalry Brigade The 1st Indian Cavalry Brigade or the 1st ( Risalpur ) Cavalry Brigade was a cavalry formation of the Indian Army during World War I and during World War II . It was formed on the North West Frontier in September 1939 , and converted to the 1st Indian Motor Brigade in January 1940 . Formation . World War II . and from October 1939
Defence diplomacy In international politics , defence diplomacy refers to the pursuit of foreign policy objectives through the peaceful employment of defence resources and capabilities . Origin of the Concept . Defence diplomacy as an organizing concept for defence - related international activity has its origin in post - Cold War reappraisals of Western defence establishments , led by the United Kingdom Ministry of Defence , and was a principle “ used to help the West come to terms with the new international security environment . ” While the term originated in the West , the conduct of defence diplomacy is by no means confined to Western countries . Development of Defence Diplomacy . While there is not yet a broadly accepted definition of defence diplomacy , it can be understood as the peaceful application of resources from across the spectrum of defence , to achieve positive outcomes in the development of a country ’ s bilateral and multilateral relationships . " Military diplomacy " is a sub - set of this , tending to refer only to the role of military attaché s and their associated activity . Defence diplomacy does not include military operations , but subsumes such other defence activity as international personnel exchanges , ship and aircraft visits , high level engagement ( e . g . Ministers and senior defence personnel ) , bilateral meetings and staff talks , training and exercises , regional defence forums ( e . g . Shangri - la Dialogue , Halifax Forum ) , outreach , confidence and security building measures , and non - proliferation activities . The United Kingdom identified defence diplomacy as one of the military ’ s eight defence missions , and aims to “ dispel hostility , build and maintain trust and assist in the development of democratically accountable armed forces ” to make a “ significant contribution to conflict prevention and resolution . ” Defence diplomacy is often developed and implemented in close coordination with the foreign and development ministries to ensure coherence and focus across government . Major General Ng Chee Khern , Air Force Chief of the Republic of Singapore , summed it up thus : " In defence diplomacy , we seek to develop mutually beneficial relationships with friendly countries and armed forces to contribute to a stable international and regional environment . " Defence diplomacy is often associated with conflict prevention and security sector reform . It is distinct from the concept of gunboat diplomacy , which is generally understood to be motivated by a desire to intimidate potential adversaries .
61st ( 2nd South Midland ) Division The British 61st ( 2nd South Midland ) Division was a second - line Territorial Force division raised in 1915 as a reserve for the first - line battalions of the 48th ( South Midland ) Division . The division was sent to the Western Front in May 1916 and served there for the duration of the First World War . Formation . The brigade contained the following battalions until February 1918 when most of them were disbanded . Between February and June 1918 the Brigade contained the following battalions . From May 1918 the following battalions joined the Brigade .
249th ( Saskatchewan ) Battalion , CEF The 249th Battalion , CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War . Based in Regina , Saskatchewan , the unit began recruiting in the autumn of 1916 throughout the province of Saskatchewan . After sailing to England in March 1918 , the battalion was absorbed into the 15th Reserve Battalion , CEF upon arrival . The 249th Battalion , CEF had one Officer Commanding : Lieut - Col . C . B . Keenlyside .
VMM - 561 Marine Medium Tiltrotor Squadron 561 ( VMM - 561 ) is a medium - lift squadron of the United States Marine Corps flying the Bell - Boeing V - 22 Osprey . Known as the " Pale Horse " , it is part of Marine Aircraft Group 16 and based out of Marine Corps Air Station Miramar in California . They are scheduled to move to Okinawa in 2012 . . . The squadron previously served as a training unit during the Vietnam War but was deactivated with the retirement of the HUSS from active service . History . Marine Medium Helicopter Squadron 561 ( HMM - 561 ) was activated on 31 January 1967 , to provide refresher training to UH - 34 Sea Horse pilots and crews heading to Vietnam . The squadron , based at Marine Corps Air Facility Santa Ana , fell under the command of Marine Aircraft Group 56 and the 3rd Marine Aircraft Wing . Undermanned from the start , the unit remained in cadre status until 9 May 1968 when they were formally stood up . In addition to training , the squadron ' s mission also included conducting local Search and Rescue missions , providing VIP transport , and other commitments as required by local commands . Starting in January 1969 , UH - 34 deployments started to slow down as the Marine Corps transitioned its remaining squadrons to the CH - 46 Sea Knight . The squadron was decommissioned on 27 October 1969 and was the last active UH - 34 squadron in the Fleet Marine Force . Squadron members were absorbed by the other helicopter communities or given the Marine Air Reserve Training Detachment ( MARTD ) of their choice as a next duty station . The squadron was reactivated as VMM - 561 on 2 December 2010 , after 18 months as a cadre unit . VMM - 561 was deactivated on July 6 , 2012 and replaced at Miramar by VMM - 363 . Unit award . A unit citation or commendation is an award bestowed upon an organization for the action cited . Members of the unit who participated in said actions are allowed to wear on their uniforms the awarded unit citation . VMM - 561 was presented with the following awards and campaign streamer s :
W82 The W82 was a low yield tactical nuclear warhead developed by the United States and designed to be used in a 155mm artillery shell ( sometimes called the XM785 shell ) . It was conceived as a more flexible replacement for the W48 , the previous generation of 155mm nuclear artillery shell . A previous attempt to replace the W48 with the W74 munition was canceled due to cost . Originally envisioned as a dual purpose weapon , with interchangeable components to allow the shell to function as either a ' standard ' fission explosive , or an " enhanced radiation " device , the warhead was developed at Lawrence Livermore Laboratory starting in 1977 . The eventual prototype round had a yield of 2 kilotons in a package 34 inches long and weighing 95 lbs , which included the rocket - assisted portion of the shell . The unit cost of the weapon was estimated at $ 4 million . Although enhanced radiation devices were considered more effective at blunting an invasion due to the high and persistent radiation that they produce , the more complex design eventually led to the cancellation of the dual purpose W - 82 - 0 program in 1982 . Development of a ' standard ' weapon , the W - 82 - 1 , was restarted in 1986 . The program was finally cancelled in 1991 due to the end of the Cold war .
USS Charles Mann ( SP - 522 ) USS " Charles Mann " ( SP - 522 ) , was a United States Navy tug and patrol vessel in commission from 1917 to 1919 . " Charles Mann " was built as a commercial tug of the same name in 1903 at South Portland , Maine . The U . S . Navy purchased her on 6 or 7 June 1917 for use as a tug and section patrol vessel during World War I . She was commissioned as USS " Charles Mann " ( SP - 522 ) on 7 June 1917 with Chief Boatswain ' s Mate A . Lundgren in command . Assigned to the 1st Naval District , " Charles Mann " carried out patrol duty and conducted towing operations in the Boston , Massachusetts , area for the rest of World War I and into 1919 . " Charles Mann " was decommissioned on 29 November 1919 and sold on 27 February 1920 .