naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Inside the Soviet Army Inside the Soviet Army ( ISBN 0 - 241 - 10889 - 6 ; Hamish Hamilton , 1982 ; also published in the United States , Prentice Hall , ISBN 0 - 02 - 615500 - 1 ) , is a book by Viktor Suvorov , which describes the general organisation , doctrine , and strategy of the Soviet armed forces ( the term “ Army ” being used to cover not only the Land Forces , but also Strategic Rocket , Air Defence , Air , and Naval forces ) . Suvorov explains his view on the political realities of the USSR , where everything is subordinated to maintain the Communist regime ' s dominance , thus explaining the rationale behind Soviet strategic planning . He then goes on to explain the organisation of the Soviet armed forces , from the top down , emphasizing the Land Forces / Soviet Army . Technical details are presented where useful , but the primary concern is explaining the underlying philosophy and culture , often contrasted with the Western military approach . Suvorov then concludes with descriptions of the daily life inside the Soviet Army for the soldier and the officer , including the bullying and hazing practice known as " dedovshchina " , a practice then almost unknown to the West at the time of publication , which has become notorious in the Russian Ground Forces of the post - Soviet period .
Operation Dawn 5 As 1984 began , Iran launched Operation Dawn V , also known as Operation Dawn 5 or Operation Valfajr - 5 ( Persian ) . The Goal of the offensive was to split the Iraqi 3rd Army Corps and 4th Army Corps near Basra . It was fought between the Pasdaran , Basij and the Iraqi Army . In the early phases , a force of an estimated 500 , 000 Pasdaran and Basij , using shallow boats or on foot , moved to within a few kilometers of the strategic Basra - Baghdad waterway . The Iranians lacked artillery , air support and armored protection , while the Iraqis were well equipped . The armies inflicted 25 , 000 casualties on each other and the Iranians failed to achieve their objective . This operation was the biggest of the Dawn operations . The Battle . see : Battle of the Marshes ; Operation Kheibar ; Operation Dawn 6
French destroyer Lynx Lynx was a of the French Navy . On 3 July 1940 she was stationed at Mers - el - Kébir but managed to escape after the allied attack . On 27 November 1942 " Lynx " was scuttled at Toulon with the rest of the French fleet to prevent German capture . She was refloated on 23 January 1944 , but foundered later in the year ; raised 1948 , the wreck was finally broken up .
Donald H . Peterson Donald Herod Peterson is a retired United States Air Force officer and a former USAF and NASA astronaut . He was born in Winona , Mississippi , on October 22 , 1933 . Peterson is married , and has three children and four grandchildren . Education . He graduated from Winona High School , Winona , Mississippi ; received a bachelor of science degree from the United States Military Academy at West Point , New York in 1955 , and a master ' s degree in Nuclear Engineering from the Air Force Institute of Technology , Wright - Patterson Air Force Base , Ohio in 1962 . USAF career . Peterson graduated from West Point in 1955 . His assignments included four years as a flight instructor and military training officer with the Air Training Command , three years as a nuclear systems analyst with the Air Force Systems Command , and one year as a fighter pilot with Tactical Air Command , including 3 months combat weapons training . He is a graduate of the Aerospace Research Pilot School at Edwards Air Force Base , California , and was one of the third group of astronauts assigned to the USAF Manned Orbiting Laboratory ( MOL ) program . He has logged over 5 , 300 hours flying time — including more than 5 , 000 hours in jet aircraft . NASA career . Peterson became a NASA astronaut in September 1969 after the MOL program was cancelled . He served on the astronaut support crew for Apollo 16 . Peterson retired from the United States Air Force with the rank of colonel after having completed more than 24 years of active service , but continued his assignment as a NASA astronaut in a civilian capacity . His areas of responsibility have included engineering support , man / machine interface , and safety assessment . Peterson was a mission specialist on STS - 6 , which launched from Kennedy Space Center , Florida , on April 4 , 1983 . He was accompanied by Paul J . Weitz ( spacecraft commander ) , Col . Karol J . Bobko ( pilot ) , and Dr . F . Story Musgrave ( mission specialist ) . During this maiden voyage of the spacecraft Challenger , the STS - 6 crew conducted numerous experiments in materials processing , recorded lightning activities , deployed the first Tracking and Data Relay Satellite ( TDRS - A ) , and activated three Getaway Specials . Peterson and Musgrave conducted an extravehicular activity ( EVA ) , commonly called a " spacewalk , " to test the new suit , the Shuttle airlock , and new tools and techniques for construction and repair outside a spacecraft . After 120 hours of orbital operations STS - 6 landed on the concrete runway at Edwards Air Force Base , California , on April 9 , 1983 . With the completion of this flight Don Peterson has logged 4 hours 15 minutes in extravehicular activity , and a total of 120 hours in space . Post - NASA career . Peterson resigned from the NASA Astronaut Corps in November 1984 , and since that time has worked as a consultant in the area of manned aerospace operations . Deceased October 10 , 2013 ( age 88 ) Honors . He was awarded the Air Force Commendation Medal , the Meritorious Service Medal , and the JSC Group Achievement Award ( 1972 ) . References . Peterson ' s NASA Biography .
Ernst - Joachim Bradel Ernst - Joachim Bradel ( 28 August 1909 – 9 October 1994 ) was a highly decorated Oberst in the Wehrmacht during World War II . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership .
LÉ Fola ( CM12 ) LÉ " Fola " ( CM12 ) was a of the Irish Naval Service . Launched in 1955 as HMS " Blaxton " ( M1131 ) for the Royal Navy ( RN ) , the minesweeper was transferred to the Irish Naval Service on 22 February 1971 , and renamed after Fóla , a legendary queen of the Tuatha Dé Danann and a poetic name for Ireland . The minehunter remained in service until 1987 , when she was sold for breaking . Construction . " Blaxton " was launched on 21 June 1955 . Operational history . Irish Naval Service . HMS " Blaxton " was handed over to the Irish Naval Service on 22 February 1971 and commissioned as " Fola " by Lieutenant Commander Deasy at Gibraltar the next day . Following her commissioning , " Fola " in company with " Banba " worked up in the Western Mediterranean so that they could complete Harbour Acceptance Trials and Sea Acceptance Trials . On 20 March both ships left the Mediterranean for home , however on the way a storm blew up forcing them to take refuge in Lisbon . The two newest additions to the Navy finally arrived on 29 March 1971 . Decommissioning and fate . In 1987 , " Fola " was decommissioned and sold to Spanish interests for breaking .
Pillbox affair The Pillbox affair , also known as the Pillbox incident was a military and political episode which occurred in Britain between November 1939 and January 1940 . The British War Minister , Leslie Hore - Belisha , visited France and the positions of the British Expeditionary Force in mid - November . Hore - Belisha and the commander of the BEF , Field Marshal John Vereker , 6th Viscount Gort , did not get along well together ; Gort disliked Hore - Belisha for his colourful personality and unorthodox manner of conducting matters relating to the Army , and the Minister rapidly came to recognize this . When Hore - Belisha visited the BEF in November , he oversaw the placement of the troops of the BEF , but not the defences being constructed , and as such when he returned to Britain he complained to the War Cabinet and the Army Council that too few pillbox defences were being built for the BEF . Gort and colleagues friendly to him were greatly angered by what they saw as this unjust and ill - founded criticism , and began a campaign against Hore - Belisha , which culminated in January 1940 in his being dismissed from the post of War Minister .
SM UC - 2 SM " UC - 2 " was a German Type UC I minelayer submarine or U - boat in the German Imperial Navy ( ) during World War I . The U - boat had been ordered by November 1914 and was launched on 12 May 1915 . She was commissioned into the German Imperial Navy on 17 May 1915 as SM " UC - 2 " . Mines laid by " UC - 2 " in her 2 patrols were not credited with sinking any ships . Fate . " UC - 2 " sailed from Zeebrugge on 29 June 1915 to lay mines off Lowestoft . On 2 July she was accidentally run down by the coaster " Cottingham " off that same port ; the impact tore a opening in the forward part of the pressure hull , and the submarine sank . The " Cottingham " ' s master reported the incident and the area was subsequently dragged by Royal Navy vessels , whose lines fouled an underwater obstruction and caused a substantial submerged explosion . On 3 July a diver discovered " UC - 2 " in ; as well as the damage which had resulted from the impact with the " Cottingham " , he reported that one of the submarine ' s mines had been detonated by the drag lines .
Battle of the Lipari Islands The Battle of the Lipari Islands or Lipara ( Lipara harbour , 260 BC ) was the first encounter between the fleets of Carthage and the Roman Republic during the First Punic War . The Carthaginian victory was a result of an ambush , rather than a fixed battle . Prelude . After the land successes in Sicily such as the conquest of Agrigentum , the Romans felt confident enough to build and equip a fleet that would allow them to control the Mediterranean Sea . The Republic ordered , built and drilled the crews of a fleet of about 150 quinquereme s and trireme s in a record two months . The patrician Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio ( the year ' s senior consul ) was given the command of the first 17 ships produced and sailed to Messana to prepare for the fleet ' s arrival and the crossing to Sicily . The battle . While Scipio was at the strait , he received information that the garrison of Lipara was willing to defect to the Roman side . What happened next is usually described as a treacherous act of the Carthaginians , but the sources do not give much detail and are usually pro - Roman . Though at sea most likely to let the crews gain some experience , the consul could not resist the temptation of conquering an important city without a fight and sailed to Lipara . As the Romans entered the harbour with their brand new ships , a part of the Carthaginian fleet , commanded by Hannibal Gisco ( the general defeated in Agrigentum ) and Boodes , was either waiting in ambush ( pro - Roman sources ) , or received word of the Roman fleet ' s position and surprised them . Boodes led about 20 ships to block the Romans inside the harbour . Scipio and his men offered little resistance . The inexperienced crews panicked and fled and the consul himself was captured . His credulity earned him the pejorative " cognomen " Asina , which means " donkey " in Latin . This cognomen was all the more insulting due to the fact that " asina " was the feminine form of the word donkey , as opposed to the masculine form " asinus " . Aftermath . The Lipara incident did not put an end to the First Punic War or Scipio Asina ' s career . Shortly afterwards , the junior consul , Gaius Duilius , avenged the humiliation by winning the battle of Mylae at the head of the rest of the fleet .
R . E . Vernède Robert Ernest Vernède ( 1875 - 9 April 1917 ) was an English poet and writer , now remembered as a war poet . He was born in London , and educated at St Paul ' s School and at St John ' s College , Oxford . After graduating , he wrote novels and short stories . He enlisted with the British Army as a second lieutenant in the 3rd Batt . Rifle Brigade in 1914 four years over - age . He served in France in World War I where he was wounded in 1916 in the Battle of the Somme . He returned to the front , but died after being wounded by machine gun fire while leading an advance at Havrincourt . He was buried at Le Bucquiere Communal Cemetery Extension . His " War Poems , And Other Verses " was published in 1917 by William Heinemann .
Reserved occupation A reserved occupation ( also known as essential services ) is an occupation considered important enough to a country that those serving in such occupations are exempt - in fact forbidden - from military service . In a total war , such as the Second World War , where most fit men of military age were conscripted into the armed forces , exceptions were given to those who performed jobs vital to the country and the war effort which could not be abandoned or performed by others . Not only were such people exempt from being conscripted , they were often prohibited from enlisting on their own initiative , and were required to remain in their posts . Examples of reserved occupations include medical practitioners and police officers , but what is or is not a reserved occupation will depend on war needs and a country ' s particular circumstances . Reserved occupations in the UK in World War II . In 1938 , a " Schedule of Reserved Occupations " was created with the goal of exempting skilled workers from being conscripted into service . This idea was drawn up because of lessons learned during World War I when many skilled laborers were drawn into service , which created problems where positions needed filling . Examples of reserved occupations in the Second World War included coal mining , ship building , and many engineering - related trades . The idea was constantly reviewed throughout the war , as women began to work more in industries such as munitions . This meant that men were free to join other organizations such as the Special Constabulary , the Home Guard or the ARP . It also allowed for men to join up and give them responsibilities towards the war effort , as well as allowing for them to be less stressed about not being able to directly be involved in the action . Also , many pacifists and conscientious objectors worked in reserved occupations as a compromise or to avoid call - up . Harper Adams University College saw a huge demand for places during the Second World War , as both agricultural students and farmers were exempt from conscription . In the UK , coal mining was not a reserved occupation at the start of the war , and there was a great shortage of coal miners . Consequently , starting in December 1943 , one in ten men conscripted was chosen at random to work in the mines . These men became known as " Bevin Boys " after the creator of the scheme , Ernest Bevin , the Minister of Labour and National Service . A schedule of Reserved Occupations also existed in Canada during World War II . Famous people who worked in Reserved Occupations . The following list contains famous and notable people who worked in any reserved occupation , whether it was as a Bevin Boy or a doctor , etc . :
Hermann Kreß Hermann Kreß ( 23 July 1895 – 11 August 1943 ) was a highly decorated Generalleutnant in the Wehrmacht during World War II . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . Hermann Kreß was killed on 11 August 1943 near Novorossijsk , Russia .
Éliane Jeannin - Garreau Éliane Jeannin Garreau ( March 18 , 1911 – June 15 , 1999 ) served in World War II in France as part of the French Resistance . Overview . She was the " right - hand person " to the leader of the French Resistance . Nazis captured her and placed her in Ravensbrück . While there , she was tortured for the name of the leader ( whom they had also unknowingly captured ) but she wouldn ' t speak . When she wasn ' t being tortured or working she would draw different scenes of what was happening in the women ' s concentration camps . She was eventually released and married Roger Garreau in 1948 . She had one daughter , Anne . She wrote a book about her experiences , titled " Les Cris de la Memoire " or " Cries of Memory " . She had her sister , Nicole Jeannin Neilson , translate it for her into English ( Neilson also served in World War II as a codebreaker ) . She met her American husband during the war and moved to California where she lived with her husband and eight children .
HMS Swallow ( 1653 ) Gainsborough was a 40 - gun fourth - rate frigate of the English Navy , originally built under the 1652 programme for the navy of the Commonwealth of England by Thomas Taylor at Pitch House ( Wapping ) , and launched in 1653 . She was named for the Parliamentarian victory at the Battle of Gainsborough in 1643 . After the Restoration of the monarchy in 1660 , she was renamed Swallow . By 1666 her armament had been increased to 48 guns . " Swallow " was wrecked at Kinsale on 9 February 1692 .
Auschwitz Cross The Auschwitz Cross ( ) , instituted on 14 March 1985 , was a Polish decoration awarded to honour inmates of Nazi German concentration camp s , including but not limited to Auschwitz ( the Polish name of Auschwitz is Oświęcim ) . It was awarded generally to Poles , but it was possible to award it to foreigners in special cases . It could be awarded posthumously . It ceased to be awarded in 1999 . An exception was made in the case of Greta Ferusic , who was awarded it in February 2004 . Description . The Cross is a silver Greek cross with wide arms , 42 x 42 mm . Obverse shows barbed wire and camp poles ; the year 1939 on the left , 1945 – on the right arm . In the center there is a red enameled triangle with the letter P , as worn by Polish nationals imprisoned in the camps . The reverse bears the inscription " PRL / WIĘŹNIOM / HITLEROWSKICH / OBOZÓW KONCENTRACYJNYCH " ( People ' s Republic of Poland to prisoners of Nazi concentration camps ) .
John Winfield Wallace John Winfield Wallace ( December 20 , 1818 – June 24 , 1889 ) was a Republican member of the U . S . House of Representatives from Pennsylvania . Biography . John Winfield Wallace was born near Beaver Falls , Pennsylvania . He attended Darlington Academy in Darlington , Pennsylvania , where he afterward taught . He graduated from Jefferson Medical College at Philadelphia in 1846 and commenced the practice of medicine in Darlington . He moved to New Castle , Pennsylvania , in 1850 , and held several local offices . Wallace was elected as a Republican to the Thirty - seventh Congress . He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1862 . During the Civil War , Wallace served as paymaster in the Union Army . He was again elected as a Republican to the Forty - fourth Congress . He was not a candidate for renomination in 1876 . He resumed the practice of medicine in New Castle where he died in 1889 , aged 70 . Interment in Grandview Cemetery , near Beaver Falls .
Führer Directives The Führer Directives were instructions and strategic plans issued by Adolf Hitler himself . They covered a wide range of subjects from detailed direction of military units in World War II to the governance of occupied territories and their populations . Under the Nazi system , they were binding , to be followed to the letter and superseded any other law . They should not be confused with the Führer Orders , issued late in the war , which were more precise and low - level and could be written or oral . They were as binding as the more general Directives .
Charles R . Larson Charles R . Larson ( born November 20 , 1936 ) is a retired four - star Admiral of the United States Navy . Military career . A 1958 graduate of the United States Naval Academy , Larson twice served as Superintendent of the U . S . Naval Academy in Annapolis , Maryland . He also served as Commander in Chief , United States Pacific Command ( CINCPAC ) . His classmates at the Academy included future U . S . Senator John McCain and Vice Admiral John Poindexter . Admiral Larson was the first naval officer selected as a White House Fellow and served his fellowship in 1968 as Special Assistant to the Secretary of the Interior . From 1969 to 1971 , he served as Naval Aide to the President of the United States . He reported back to sea duty as executive officer of the nuclear attack submarine . Then from 1973 to 1976 , he served as commanding officer of the nuclear attack submarine . In 1976 , Admiral Larson assumed duties as Commander , Submarine Development Group ONE in San Diego , California , in which he headed the Navy ' s worldwide deep submergence program . Admiral Larson was promoted to four - star rank in February 1990 upon being assigned as Commander in Chief , U . S . Pacific Fleet - the Navy component commander in the Pacific theater . After one year in this position , Admiral Larson was nominated by the President and assumed duties as Commander in Chief , U . S . Pacific Command . Awards and decorations . Larson ' s major military decorations include the Defense Distinguished Service Medal , Navy Distinguished Service Medal ( 7 awards ) , Legion of Merit ( 3 awards ) , the Bronze Star , Navy Commendation Medal and Navy Achievement Medal . He has also been decorated by the governments of Japan , Thailand , France and Korea . Civilian career . Larson is a founder , director and chairman of the board of ViaGlobal Group . , he also serves on the Northrop Grumman Corporation ' s Board of Directors and the Board of Esterline Corporation . He also served on three corporate boards in the fields of electrical power generation and distribution , oil exploration and production and international service and construction . In 2002 , after switching parties to become a Democrat , Larson ran unsuccessfully for Lieutenant Governor of Maryland , on the ticket with Democrat Kathleen Kennedy Townsend . He and his wife , Sally , reside in Annapolis . Larson became an Eagle Scout in 1950 and as an adult is a recipient of the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award from the Boy Scouts of America . His public service boards include the National Academy of Sciences Committee on International Security and Arms Control , The White House Fellows Foundation , The Board of Regents of the University System of Maryland , The Board of Trustees of the Anne Arundel Health System , Board of Directors of The Atlantic Council and as Chairman of the Board of Directors of the US Naval Academy Foundation . Awards . Larson ' s civilian awards include :