naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Zweihänder The ( German for " two hander " , also called Great sword , Bidenhänder , Schlachtschwerter or Bihänder ) , is a two - handed sword primarily of the Renaissance . It is a true two - handed sword because it requires two hands to wield it . This is in comparison with other large swords that can be used with two hands , but also can be used with one . The " Zweihänder " swords develop seamlessly out of the German " Langschwert " ( longsword ) of the Late Middle Ages , and they became a hallmark weapon of the German " Landsknecht e " from the time of Maximilian I ( d . 1519 ) and during the Italian Wars of 1494 – 1559 . The " Goliath Fechtbuch " ( 1510 ) shows an intermediate form between longsword and " Zweihänder " These swords represent the final stage in the trend of increasing size started in the 14th century . In its developed form , the " Zweihänder " has acquired the characteristics of a polearm rather than a sword . Consequently , it is not carried in a sheath , but across the shoulder like a halberd . By the second half of the 16th century , these swords had largely ceased to have a practical application , but they continued to see ceremonial or representative use well into the 17th century . Some ceremonial zweihänder , called " bearing - swords " or " parade - swords " ( Paratschwert ) , were much larger , weighing about 10 pounds . Morphology . Due to their size and weight — typically at least 1 . 4 m ( 4 ft 7 in ) long and with a weight of over 2 kg — Zweihänders require two hands ; as such they require at least 25 cm ( 9 . 84 in ) for the grip . Zweihänders above 4 kg are considered to be more ceremonial than practical . Early Zweihänders were simply larger versions of hand and a half swords . Later examples had " Parierhaken " ( " parrying hooks " ) at the top of the " ricasso " as well as side rings on the hilt . A sword did not necessarily have both features . Some Zweihänders had wavy blades and were called Flammenschwert . Application . The weapon is mostly associated with either Swiss or German mercenaries known as Landsknecht , and their wielders were Doppelsöldner . However , the Swiss outlawed their use , while the Landsknecht kept using them until much later . The Black Band of German mercenaries ( active during the 1510s and 1520s ) included 2 , 000 two - handed swordsmen in a total strength of 17 , 000 men . Zweihänder wielders fought with and against pike formations . There are some accounts of Zweihänders cutting off pike heads . Soldiers trained in the use of the sword were granted the title of " Meister des langen Schwertes " ( lit . Master of the Long Sword ) by the Marx brotherhood . Frisian hero Pier Gerlofs Donia is reputed to have wielded a Zweihänder with such skill , strength and efficiency that he managed to behead several people with it in a single blow . The Zweihänder ascribed to him is , as of 2008 , on display in the Frisian museum . It has a length of 213 cm ( 84 in ) and a weight of about 6 . 6 kg ( 14 lb ) .
Sonderabteilung Sonderabteilung ( English : " Special Unit " ) is a German word often used to refer to some special German military formations during World War II . This term was similar to a detachment or battalion . Several of the formations were created as penal military unit s composed of disgraced SS troops and criminals convicted of petty crimes .
C . Wade McClusky Rear Admiral Clarence Wade McClusky , Jr . , ( 1 June 1902 – 27 June 1976 ) was a United States Navy aviator during World War II . He is credited with playing a major part in the Battle of Midway . In the words of Admiral Chester Nimitz , McClusky ' s decision to continue the search for the enemy and his judgment as to where the enemy might be found , " decided the fate of our carrier task force and our forces at Midway . . . " . Naval aviator and instructor . C . Wade McClusky , Jr . was born in Buffalo , New York , on 1 June 1902 . He graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1926 , the same class as Max Leslie , and became a Naval Aviator three years later . Over the next decade , he served in several air units , as well as on command staffs , as an instructor at the Naval Academy and at shore facilities . In 1940 he was assigned to Fighting Squadron Six ( VF - 6 ) , based on , and assumed command of that squadron in April 1941 . Battle of Midway . Lieutenant Commander McClusky became " Enterprise " air group commander in April 1942 . During the Battle of Midway , while leading his air group ' s scout bombers on 4 June 1942 , he made the critical tactical decision that led to the sinking of two of Japan ' s fleet carrier s , , and . When McClusky could not find the Japanese carriers where he expected them , and with his air group ' s fuel running dangerously low , he spotted the steaming north at flank speed . ( The " Arashi " had stayed behind to attack the , which had been harassing the Japanese fleet . ) Taking the " Arashi " s heading led him directly to the enemy carriers . He then directed his dive - bombers into an attack which led to the destruction of both " Kaga " and " Akagi . " A squadron from the " Yorktown " , led by Max Leslie , had taken off an hour later , but it used a more recent , and hence more accurate , sighting for the location of the Japanese carriers . It arrived at the same moment as the " Enterprise " s bombers and attacked the " Soryu " , and within minutes , three of the four Japanese carriers had been turned into burning hulks . McClusky , through his intelligence , courage and sheer luck , had thus made a vital contribution to the outcome of this pivotal battle . For his actions , McClusky was awarded the Navy Cross . Later in World War II , he commanded the escort carrier . After the war . Captain McClusky served in a variety of staff and shore positions in the later 1940s . During the Korean War , he was Chief of Staff to the Commanders of the First and Seventh Fleets . He commanded Naval Air Station Glenview , Illinois , in 1952 – 53 , and the Boston Group of the Atlantic Reserve Fleet in 1954 – 56 . McClusky retired from active duty in July 1956 . At that time , in recognition of his vital contributions to the outcome of World War II , he was advanced to flag rank . Namesakes . was named in his honor . The Wade McClusky Award is given annually to the most outstanding attack squadron in the US Navy .
1st Tactical Missile Squadron The 1st Tactical Missile Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit . It was last assigned to the 585th Tactical Missile Group at Bitburg Air Base , West Germany , where it was inactivated on 18 June 1958 . History . The squadron was first established as the 1st Experimental Guided Missiles Squadron , one of the original Army Air Forces missile test squadrons , at Eglin Air Force Base , Florida . It tested air - to - surface missile s from 1946 until inactivated in 1950 . Reactivated at Patrick AFB , Florida in 1951 as the 1st Bombardment Squadron , Missile ( Light ) , but soon redesignated 1st Pilotless Bomber Squadron . Experimented with tactical cruise missiles , including JB - 2 Loon and B - 61 Matador . The squadron developed procedures and methods for deployment of tactical nuclear missiles . The 1st deployed to the United States Air Forces in Europe , being attached to the 36th Fighter - Bomber Wing at Bitburg AB , West Germany in March 1954 , making it the first operational United States missile unit . At Bitburg ths squadron was equipped with the B - 61A Matador . The 1st was redesignated as the 1st Tactical Missile Squadron at that time . The B - 61A Matador was renumbered as the TM - 61A Matador , reflecting that it was a Tactical Missile , not a Bomber . The 1st Tactical Missile Squadron was detached from the 36th Fighter - Day Wing with no change of station , and attached to the newly formed 7382d Guided Missile Group ( Tactical ) headquartered at Hahn Air Base , on 1 February 1956 . The 7382d Tactical Missile Group was inactivated on 15 Sept 1956 , and the 1st Tactical Missile Squadron was reassigned to the newly formed 585th Tactical Missile Group at Bitburg Air Base , as part of the newly formed 701st Tactical Missile Wing , headquartered at Hahn AB . The unit converted from the TM - 61A to the TM - 61C during that time . The 1st TMS was inactivated and replaced by the 71st Tactical Missile Squadron 18 Jun 1958 . In 1985 the World War II 881st Bombardment Squadron was consolidated with the squadron , but it was not activated . Dispersed Matador missile locations
Taira no Koremori He was the eldest son of Taira no Shigemori , who was the eldest son and heir of Taira no Kiyomori . In contrast to his father Shigemori , who was a brave warrior , Koremori grew up to be a young nobleman who loved poetry and music . He was defeated at the battle of Fujigawa in 1180 , and again at the battle of Kurikara . In 1184 , he fled from the battle of Yashima , and is said to have committed suicide .
John Loomis Chamberlain John Loomis Chamberlain ( January 20 , 1858 – November 14 , 1948 ) was an American army officer , born in New York . He graduated at the United States Military Academy in 1880 . He entered the army as a second lieutenant and continued in the military service until his retirement in 1921 as a major general . He took part in the Spanish - American War 1898 - 1899 ; the fighting with the Sioux Indians 1900 - 1901 ; the struggle against the Moros of the Philippines in 1903 ; and World War I , inspecting the American Expeditionary Forces in France in 1918 . He was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal for " exceptional meritorious service . " He died in 1948 .
Battle of Balanjar ( 723 ) The Battle of Balanjar was a battle in the Khazar – Arab Wars . In 722 or 723 , according to Muhammad ibn Jarir al - Tabari , Umayyad soldiers under al - Jarrah ibn Abdallah crossed the Caucasus Mountains and attacked Balanjar . The inhabitants of Balanjar tried to defend their town by fastening 3 , 000 wagon s together and circling them around the key fortress on high terrain , but were defeated in the attack . The Arabs massacred much of the town ' s population ; survivors fled to other towns , including Samandar . The victorious Arab army stole much booty and the soldiers received large sums of money .
. 43 Spanish The . 43 Spanish was a centerfire firearms cartridge . The . 43 Spanish was adopted about 1867 , and was used in early rolling block rifles that Remington manufactured for the government of Spain . The cartridge is also referred to as " 11mm Spanish " , and identical cartridges for the US Peabody rifle were marked " U . M . C . 43 - 77 " . In 1869 the Spanish government put in an order for 10 , 000 rifles in this chambering . The Spanish military version of the cartridge was later upgraded in 1889 to a " heavier , brass - jacketed " reformado " bullet " .
Robert Edward Ryder Robert Edward Ryder VC ( 17 December 1895 – 1 December 1978 ) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . Ryder was 20 years old , and a private in the 12th Battalion , The Middlesex Regiment ( Duke of Cambridge ' s Own ) , British Army during the First World War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC . He later achieved the rank of sergeant . The Medal . His Victoria Cross is displayed at the Lord Ashcroft VC Gallery in the Imperial War Museum in London , England .
Fadi Ihsan Fadel Fadi Ihsan Fadel ( born 1971 ) is a Canadian humanitarian worker who was taken hostage in Iraq . He was taken hostage on April 7 , 2004 and released April 16 , 2004 . He was working for New York - based International Rescue Committee , a non - government organization . The key issue to his release was the emphasis to his captors that he was Canadian , not Israeli . Fadel believes that his captors specifically targeted him as they called him by his name .
USS Fantana ( SP - 71 ) USS " Fantana " ( SP - 71 ) was a motorboat that served in the United States Navy as a patrol boat from 1917 to 1919 . " Fantana " was built as a private motorboat of the same name in 1902 at Morris Heights , New York , by the Gas Engine and Power Company and the Charles L . Seabury and Sons Company . The U . S . Navy chartered her in 1917 for World War I service and commissioned her on 17 March 1917 as USS " Fantana " ( SP - 71 ) with Ensign N . B . Wolcott in command . " Fantana " was attached to Squadron 8 for patrol and picket duty on stations assigned in the 5th Naval District . On 24 November 1918 , " Fantana " s crew was detached . She was towed to Norfolk , Virginia , where on 11 January 1919 she was decommissioned and returned to her owner .
Richard A . Penry Richard Allen Penry ( November 18 , 1948 – May 9 , 1994 ) was a United States Army soldier and a recipient of the United States military ' s highest decoration — the Medal of Honor — for his actions in the Vietnam War . Biography . Born in Petaluma , California , Penry joined the Army from Oakland , California , and by January 31 , 1970 was serving as a Sergeant in Company C , 4th Battalion , 12th Infantry Regiment , 199th Infantry Brigade . On that day , in Binh Tuy Province of the Republic of Vietnam , his unit came under an intense enemy attack . After the company commander was wounded , Penry helped organize the defense of the area and repeatedly exposed himself to enemy fire to retrieve supplies and return fire . Penry died at age 45 and was buried in Cypress Hill Memorial Park in Petaluma . Penry has two namesakes in his hometown : a park that was renamed in his honor , and a small military museum , the Sgt . Richard Penry Medal of Honor Memorial Military Museum , where his Medal of Honor is displayed . Medal of Honor citation . Sergeant Penry ' s Medal of Honor citation reads :
Blue Vixen Blue Vixen was a British airborne radar designed and built for the Royal Navy by Ferranti Defence Systems ( later , GEC - Marconi ) , Edinburgh , Scotland . Design and development . Blue Vixen was a lightweight ( 145 kg ) multimode , coherent , pulse Doppler I - band airborne radar , developed from the previous Ferranti Blue Fox radar , and designed for use on the British Aerospace Sea Harrier FA2 . It was a multimode radar for airborne interception and air - to - surface strike roles over water and land , with look - down and look - up modes . Designed from the start to have full AIM - 120 AMRAAM compatibility , it was also compatible with Sea Eagle and AIM - 9 Sidewinder missiles .
David M . Maddox David M . Maddox ( born April 5 , 1938 ) is a retired United States Army four - star general who served as Commander in Chief , United States Army Europe / Commander , Central Army Group ( CINCUSAREUR / COMCENTAG ) from 1992 to 1993 ; Commander in Chief , U . S . Army Europe ( CINCUSAREUR ) from 1993 to 1994 . He commanded the 2nd Armored Cavalry Regiment , now called the 2nd Stryker Cavalry Regiment , from 1981 - 83 . He is a 1960 graduate of Virginia Military Institute . He received his MS in Applied Science ( Operations Research ) from Southern Illinois University in 1969 . Maddox spent much of his time towards the end of his career transitioning the army in Europe to a post - Cold War stance . After retiring from the army , Maddox has worked as an independent consultant to industry and the government . He has also served on the Defense Science Board , is a Senior Fellow of the Army Science Board , is a member of the National Academy of Engineering , is Vice Chair of the Board on Army Science and Technology , is a Member Emeritus of the Charles Stark Draper Laboratory , and is a member of the Washington Institute of Foreign Affairs . In October 2007 , Maddox was part of a six member panel appointed by Secretary of the Army Pete Geren that issued a report critical of the Pentagon ' s procedures for appointing and supervising contracting officers . He served as a member of the Department of the Army 120 - day study , commissioned by Secretary of the Army John McHugh , to examine its acquisition organizations , policies , workforce and processes , including how it acquires and handles equipment . He received the Military Operations Research Society ' s Wanner Award for outstanding contributions to the progress of this advanced profession and the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences ' J . Steinhardt prize for lifetime contributions to the practical applications of OR techniques for the solution of military problems .
Royal Defence Corps The Royal Defence Corps was a corps of the British Army formed in August 1917 and disbanded in 1936 . It was initially formed by converting the ( Home Service ) Garrison battalions of line infantry regiments . Garrison battalions were composed of soldiers either too old or medically unfit for active front - line service ; the Home Service status indicated they were unable to be transferred overseas . Eighteen battalions were converted in this way . The role of the regiment was to provide troops for security and guard duties inside the United Kingdom ; guarding important locations such as ports or bridges . It also provided independent companies for guarding prisoner - of - war camp s . The regiment was never intended to be employed on overseas service .
140 Squadron , Republic of Singapore Air Force The 140 Squadron " Osprey " of the Republic of Singapore Air Force currently operates twelve F - 16 Fighting Falcon of the F - 16C / D Block 52 version . Based in Tengah Air Base , the squadron goes by the motto " " Stand Firm in Defence " " with the Osprey adopted as its mascot . History . The Squadron was set up in February 1970 as Singapore ' s first Air Defence Fighter Squadron and received their first aircraft - two refurbished Hawker Hunter s aircraft in July 1970 . The Hawker Hunters served faithfully for twenty years , after which they were replaced by the F - 16A / B s in 1990 . These were , in turn , replaced by newer F - 16C / Ds in 2000 and were subsequently transferred to Royal Thai Air Force the same year . Achievements . 140 Squadron is also a consistent winner in the annual Singapore Armed Forces Best Unit Competition for the Air Force , having emerged as the Best Fighter Squadron since the competition ' s inception back in 1985 . Namely : 1986 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1996 , 1999 , 2003 , 2006 & 2007 .
Douwe Aukes Douwe Aukes ( 1612 – 1668 ) was a Frisian sea captain of the Dutch East India Company or VOC . The Douwe Aukes class minelayer and its name - ship the HNLMS " Douwe Aukes " were named after him . Life . He was the son of another VOC captain , also called Douwe Aukes . He made several trips to South Africa on the ships " Maastricht " and " Vrede " and in 1641 he was made captain of the 40 - gun " Vogelstruys " of the VOC ' s Amsterdam Chamber , which was seconded to Michiel de Ruyter ' s fleet in 1652 during the First Anglo - Dutch War ( with Aukes thus indirectly becoming a naval officer ) . At one point during the Battle of Plymouth he wandered from the Dutch fleet and was almost surrounded by English ships , but Aukes threatened to ignite a powder keg and blow up the ship , rather than surrender . His crew then managed to beat off an English boarding party , almost sink two English ships , badly damage a third and finally regain the main Dutch fleet . After the war Aukes continued as a VOC captain , being mentioned in a 1657 document as the captain of a koopvaarder ( merchant ship ) trading with the Levant and in one from 1665 as a merchant in Amsterdam . When Tjerk Hiddes de Vries was killed in 1666 , during the Second Anglo - Dutch War , Aukes was requested to replace him as lieutenant - admiral in the Admiralty of Friesland by the States of Friesland , but Aukes declined , being then on the return voyage from India , during which he died . He is buried in Amsterdam ' s Oude Kerk .
Japanese seaplane carrier Mizuho Construction . " Mizuho " was built to a similar design as the seaplane carrier " Chitose " , but with slightly less powerful diesel engines instead of " Chitose " s turbines . She carried 24 seaplanes , and was equipped to carry twelve miniature submarines , although she could not carry full loads of both at one time . Combat . " Mizuho " participated in invasion support for much of her career ; her first mission was with the Fourth Surprise Attack Force . On 1 March 1942 , planes from " Mizuho " and " Chitose " damaged the American destroyer , which was later sunk by aircraft from the aircraft carrier " Ryujo " and gunfire from the heavy cruiser s " Ashigara " and " Myoko " . Sinking . The American submarine torpedoed " Mizuho " at 23 : 03 hours on 1 May 1942 40 nautical miles ( 74 km ) off Omaezaki , Japan . She capsized and sank at 04 : 16 hours on 2 May 1942 with the loss of 101 lives . There were 472 survivors , of which 31 were wounded .
James Bush ( RFC officer ) Lieutenant James Cromwell Bush MC ( 1891 – 7 October 1917 ) was a World War I flying ace credited with six aerial victories . Bush was a clergyman ' s son . He first served in the local Dorsetshire Regiment . However , once posted to 22 Squadron as a pilot of a two - seater Bristol F . 2 Fighter , he began to succeed as an aerial warrior . For his first two victories on 12 August 1917 , he teamed with Carleton Clement to set one Albatros D . V aflame and send another down out of control . He went to score four more triumphs , the final one coming on 2 October 1917 . Five days later , he and his observer fell under the guns of German ace Hans von Häbler . References . " Above the Trenches : a Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915 - 1920 . " Christopher F . Shores , Norman L . R . Franks , Russell Guest . Grub Street , 1990 . ISBN 0 - 948817 - 19 - 4 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 948817 - 19 - 9 .