naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
John E . Warren , Jr . John Earl Warren , Jr . ( November 16 , 1946 – January 14 , 1969 ) was a United States Army officer and a recipient of America ' s highest military decoration — the Medal of Honor — for his actions in the Vietnam War . Warren joined the Army from New York City in 1967 . Biography . On January 14 , 1969 , as a First Lieutenant , Warren was commanding a platoon in Tay Ninh Province , Vietnam when the unit came under attack . During the fight , Warren fell on an enemy - thrown grenade to shield others from the blast . The action cost him his life . Warren is buried in Long Island National Cemetery , Farmingdale , New York . Medal of Honor citation . 1st Lt . Warren ' s official Medal of Honor citation reads : For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity in action at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty . 1st Lt . Warren , distinguished himself at the cost of his life while serving as a platoon leader with Company C . While moving through a rubber plantation to reinforce another friendly unit , Company C came under intense fire from a well - fortified enemy force . Disregarding his safety , 1st Lt . Warren with several of his men began maneuvering through the hail of enemy fire toward the hostile positions . When he had come to within 6 feet of one of the enemy bunkers and was preparing to toss a hand grenade into it , an enemy grenade was suddenly thrown into the middle of his small group . Thinking only of his men , 1st Lt . Warren fell in the direction of the grenade , thus shielding those around him from the blast . His action , performed at the cost of his life , saved 3 men from serious or mortal injury . First Lt . Warren ' s ultimate action of sacrifice to save the lives of his men was in keeping with the highest traditions of the military service and reflects great credit on him , his unit , and the U . S . Army .
Roof knocking Roof knocking is the practice of warning inhabitants of a building before it is bombed to give the inhabitants time to flee the attack . The practice has been used by the Israel Defense Forces ( IDF ) before attacking buildings that they suspect contain weapons . The term " roof knocking " ( < ref name = " Ynet / Heb " > Archived version 2009 - 01 - 29 < / ref > ) or " a knock on the roof " has also been used to describe the IDF practice of firing a non - explosive missile at a roof to get people there to leave . As early as 2006 the IDF had the practice of warning the inhabitants of a building that was about to be attacked . Roof knocking was used during the 2008 – 2009 Gaza War . In the six months prior to its use , Israel collected data on Hamas members , which they used to issue warnings . Typically , Israeli intelligence officers and Shin Bet security servicemen contacted residents of a building in which they suspected storage of military assets and told them that they had 10 – 15 minutes to flee the attack , although sometimes the attack occurred 5 minutes after the warning . However , Hamas asked civilians to stand on the roofs of buildings to dissuade Israeli pilots from attacking . Some residents that were warned about an impending bombing climbed up to their roofs . When faced with this situation , IDF commanders have either called off the bombing or launched a newly developed , relatively harmless , non - explosive missile at empty areas of the roof , in order to frighten the people gathered on the roof into leaving the building . In several instances , the IDF has used a sound bomb to warn civilians before striking homes . The Israeli Government reported that the warning systems were not perfect but still highly effective . Aerial video surveillance by IDF forces confirmed many times the departure of civilians from targeted areas prior to an attack , as a direct result of the warnings . When Nizar Rayan , a top Hamas military commander , was warned but didn ' t leave his home , he and his family of 15 were killed in the subsequent bombing . According to the Israeli army , striking homes used for weapons storage , when sufficient warning is given to the residents , falls within the boundaries of international law and is legitimate . According to the Palestinian Centre for Human Rights , the warning of inhabitants by Israeli forces is psychological warfare and after the first week of the offensive , only 37 houses had been destroyed despite hundreds of warning calls .
8 . 8 cm SK L / 30 naval gun The 8 . 8 cm SK L / 30 ( SK - Schnelladekanone ( quick loading cannon ) L - Länge ( with a 30 - caliber barrel ) was a German naval gun that was used in World War I on a variety of mounts . Description . The 8 . 8 cm SK L / 30 gun weighed and had an overall length of about . It used the Krupp horizontal sliding block , or " wedge " , as it is sometimes referred to , breech design .
Simon Cassels Admiral Sir Simon Alastair Cassillis Cassels KCB CBE ( born 5 March 1928 ) is a senior Royal Navy officer who became Second Sea Lord and Chief of Naval Personnel . Naval career . Cassels joined the Royal Navy in 1947 . He was Navigation Staff Officer to Chief of the Polaris Executive from 1963 to 1966 and went on to command HMS " Fearless " in 1972 . He became Assistant Chief of the Naval Staff ( Operational Requirements ) in 1978 , Flag Officer , Plymouth and Admiral Superintendent at Devonport in 1981 and Second Sea Lord and Chief of Naval Personnel as well as President of the Royal Naval College , Greenwich in 1982 ; he retired in 1986 . In retirement his activities included serving as Chairman of the Modern Apprentices Advisory Committee . He lives at Exton in Hampshire . Family . He is married to Jill .
Vandenberg AFB Launch Facility 03 Vandenberg Air Force Base Launch Facility 03 ( LC - 03 ) is a former US Air Force Intercontinental ballistic missile launch facility on Vandenberg AFB , California , USA . It was a launch site for the land - based Minuteman missile series .
Germanic Wars The Germanic Wars is a name given to a series of wars between the Romans and various Germanic tribes between 113 BCE and 596 CE . The nature of these wars varied through time between Roman conquest , Germanic uprisings and later Germanic invasions in the Roman Empire that started in the late 2nd century . The series of conflicts which began in the 5th century , under the Western Roman Emperor Honorius , led ( along with internal strife ) to the ultimate downfall of the Western Roman Empire .
Marine Aviation Logistics Squadron 12 Marine Aviation Logistics Squadron 12 ( MALS - 12 ) is an aviation logistics support unit of the United States Marine Corps . Known as the " Marauders " , they fall under the command of Marine Aircraft Group 12 ( MAG - 12 ) and the 1st Marine Aircraft Wing ( 1st MAW ) and are currently based at Marine Corps Air Station Iwakuni . Mission . Provide aviation logistics expertise , planning and material to MAG - 12 and its subordinate tactical aircraft squadrons in order to support operational contingencies , theater security cooperation plans , and training exercises in the Pacific Command area of responsibility . History . World War II . Activated as Headquarters and Services Squadron 12 ( HQSQ - 12 ) on 1 March 1942 , the squadron was assigned in May of that year to the 1st Marine Aircraft Wing and was re - designated on 1 July as Headquarters Squadron 12 ( HS - 12 ) . Throughout World War II , HS - 12 was attached to both the 1st and 2nd Marine Aircraft Wing s and participated in numerous campaigns throughout the Northern Solomons , Leyte , Luzon , and the Southern Philippines . Re - deployed to Peiping , China in October 1945 , to participate in the post - war occupation of Northern China . Korean War . The squadron was called to action on the Korean peninsula at the outbreak of hostilities . Deployed to Wonson , Korea in October 1950 , HS - 12 distinguished itself in combat during the Battle of Chosin Reservoir , East Central Front , and the Western Front Campaigns until June 1956 . In July 1956 , the newly re - designated Headquarters and Maintenance Squadron 12 ( H & MS - 12 ) re - deployed from Korea to its current home base at MCAS Iwakuni , Japan . Vietnam War . In May 1965 , H & MS - 12 deployed in support of combat operations at Chu Lai and Bien Hoa , Republic of Vietnam . Returning to Iwakuni in February 1970 , elements of H & MS - 12 returned to Vietnam , participating in combat operations at Bien Hoa from May 1972 to January 1973 . 1970s & 1980s . From January 1973 until September 1988 , H & MS - 12 continued to provide support for aviation units assigned to Marine Aircraft Group 12 ( MAG - 12 ) and various units throughout the Western Pacific . On 1 October 1988 , the squadron was combined with H & MS - 15 and re - designated as Marine Aviation Logistics Squadron 12 ( MALS - 12 ) . During December 1989 , MALS - 12 deployed a substantial detachment to the Philippines in support of MAG - 12 operations during the attempted coup . 1990s . In 1990 , MALS - 12 supported the pre - deployment aircrew training and aircraft grooming of two squadrons in preparation for their deployment to Southwest Asia for participation in Operation Desert Shield and Operation Desert Storm . During June 1993 , in concert with the six aircraft AV - 8B detachment to the 31st Marine Expeditionary Unit ( 31st MEU ) , MALS - 12 began the on - going support to the 31st MEU .
Three Kings ( Czech anti - Nazi resistance ) Three Kings ( " Tři králové " ) was the nickname of a famous Czech anti - nazi resistance group from 1939 - 1942 . Its members were Josef Mašín ( executed in 1942 ) , Václav Morávek ( killed in action in 1942 ) , and Josef Balabán ( executed in 1941 ) . The group was established in 1939 when Nazi Germany annexed Czechoslovakia . Their most important task was upholding radio contact with František Moravec in Great Britain .
Maxim – Tokarev The Maxim – Tokarev was the first domestic Soviet light machine gun accepted for service . It was based on the Maxim M1910 . History . During World War I and the Russian Civil War , the Soviet army was equipped with light machine guns of foreign manufacture , mostly with the Lewis gun , the Chauchat and the Hotchkiss M1909 . By the 1920s , these guns were showing their age , and owing to the Soviet Union ' s international diplomatic isolation , neither spare parts nor ammunition could be easily obtained for these guns . Consequently , in 1923 an emergency program was initiated for equipping the Red army with a light machine gun chambered for the domestic 7 . 62×54mmR . The first design submitted was the Maxim - Kolesnikov , followed soon thereafter by the Maxim – Tokarev . During field tests conducted in early 1925 , Tokarev ' s model proved superior , so it was adopted on May 26 . The Maxim – Tokarev was replaced in Soviet service by the much lighter DP . Structure . A US Army analysis mentions that " Tokarev was doubtless inspired by both the German Parabellum and the British Vickers . The arrangement of the trigger and the shoulder stock resembles very strongly that illustrated in United States Patent No . 942167 , which was granted in 1909 to Dawson and Buckham , assignors to Vickers . " The water jacket of the Maxim M1910 was discarded and replaced by a thin perforated steel jacket . The barrel was shortened and lightened from 2 . 1 Kg to 1 . 7 Kg . A mechanism for changing the barrel in field conditions was provided . The spade grips were replaced with a rifle - type stock and the thumb - trigger was replaced by a rifle - type trigger . A folding bipod with tubular legs was attached to the barrel jacket . The canvas - belt feed system was the same as on Maxim M1910 guns , except the standard belt capacity was reduced to 100 rounds . The 100 - round belts were usually carried in separate drum - type containers , inspired from the MG 08 / 15 . The barrel rifling was 4 right - turns in 240 mm . More than 3 , 500 Maxim – Tokarev guns were produced by Tula arms factory ( TOZ ) in 1926 - 27 ; 3 , 550 were later sold to Republican Spain .
The Sail and Steam Navy List The Sail and Steam Navy List : All the Ships of the Royal Navy 1815 – 1889 by Rif Winfield and David Lyon is a historical reference work providing details of all recorded ships in commission or intended to serve in the Royal Navy from 1815 to 1889 . Where available in Admiralty records ( from which all the data is sourced ) , it gives the location of construction , dates of construction ( ordering , keel laying , launch and commissioning ) , principal dimensions and tonnage , armament , machinery ( for steam vessels ) and fate of every ship of the Royal Navy over the period . David Lyon ' s " The Sailing Navy List : All the Ships of the Royal Navy , Built , Purchased and Captured , 1688 - 1860 " had been published in 1993 , a ground - breaking study of the sailing vessels of the Royal Navy from the Glorious Revolution of 1688 until the close of the Age of Sail . He had planned a follow - up on the ships of the Royal Navy in the era of transition from sail to steam power , and began work in preparation for that volume . Sadly , this was cut short by his death in a diving accident during 2000 in the Bahamas ( he was an enthusiastic underwater archaeologist ) . Shortly after his death , his colleague Rif Winfield , author of the best - selling " Fifty Gun Ship " , and subsequently the author of a series of volumes under the heading " British Warships in the Age of Sail " , took over David ' s accumulated notes , added them to his own extensive research on Royal Naval warships , and carried on this work to produce what the " Journal for Maritime Research " described as The book is a valuable reference work and the only complete single - volume published record for ships of the late Georgian era ( 1714 - 1837 ) and of the early ( 1837 - 1860 ) and middle ( 1860 - 1889 ) Victorian Royal Navy . Rif Winfield ' s subsequent three - volume " British Warships in the Age of Sail " series has expanded this material to incorporate all vessels of the British ( before 1704 , English ) Navy between 1603 and 1817 , and incorporated the results of extra research since the publication of their " Sail and Steam Navy List " .
Ernst - von - Bergmann - Kaserne The Ernst - von - Bergmann - Kaserne , before called Warner Kaserne by the US Army ( 1950 - 1968 ) , has been a military facility in Munich , Germany , which was built by the architect Oswald Bieber between 1934 and 1936 . The current name was given in honor of professor Ernst von Bergmann . History . The original name of the kaserne was " Kaserne " München - Freimann " " . The barracks were primarily used by the SS - Standarte 1 " Deutschland " until the end of World War II . After the war the UNESCO used the buildings to accommodate dispersed persons . When the barracks were acquired by the U . S . forces in 1950 , they were renamed to " Warner Kaserne " . The huge main building ( earlier on number 1701 ; today number 1 ) was the second largest after the Pentagon , which was used by the U . S . Army . After the US returned the barracks to the Bundeswehr in 1968 it was rebuilt from 1973 to 1980 . Since 1980 the main user has been the Bundeswehr Medical Academy . Disbanded users were the Medical Instruction Battalion 851 , the Reserve Hospital Group 7609 and a branch of the former Military Hospital Amberg . The " Emil - von - Bering building " has served as a medical ambulance . Also the Bundeswehr Institutes of Radiobiology , of Microbiology , and of Pharmacology and Toxicology have been stationed in the barracks as well as the recruitment center for southern Germany " Zentrum für Nachwuchsgewinnung Süd " since the 1990s .
Pels Rijcken Gerhard Christiaan Coenraad ( Gerrit ) Pels Rijcken ( 10 January 1810 , Princenhage – 2 May 1889 , Breda ) was an officer of the Dutch Navy and a politician . As an officer , Pels Rijcken reached the rank of Vice - Admiral . He was Dutch Navy Minister from 1866 to 1868 . From 1855 to 1857 , he was the Principal of the Nagasaki Naval Training Center , where he became very active in teaching principles of a modern Navy ( navigation , cannonry , measurements ) to Bakufu official such as Katsu Kaishu ( 勝海舟 ) . He arrived in Japan on the mission during which the Dutch remitted to the Japanese their first steam warship , the ZM SS " Soembing " , a gift from King William III of the Netherlands , which was renamed " Kankō Maru " and used for training . He was succeeded in this post by Willem Huyssen van Kattendijke from 1857 .
USS Eugene A . Greene ( DD - 711 ) USS " Eugene A . Greene " ( DD / DDR - 711 ) was a of the United States Navy , named for Ensign Eugene A . Greene ( 1921 – 1942 ) , was posthumously awarded the Navy Cross for his heroism in the Battle of Midway . " Eugene A . Greene " was launched on 18 March 1945 by Federal Shipbuilding and Drydock Co . , Kearny , N . J . ; sponsored by Mrs . Anita M . Greene , widow of Ensign Greene ; and commissioned on 8 June 1945 , Commander W . V . Pratt , III , in command . Service history . US Navy , 1945 – 1972 . " Eugene A . Greene " operated along the east coast and in the Caribbean on shakedown training , acting as plane guard during the qualification of pilots in carrier operations , and training men for the crews of new destroyers . From her home port in Norfolk , Virginia , she sailed to Guantanamo Bay for training early in 1947 , and on 13 February sailed in a task group bound for Montevideo , Uruguay , to participate in the festivities accompanying the inauguration of Uruguay ' s President Berres . The group also paid a good will visit to Rio de Janeiro before returning to Norfolk on 31 March . On 10 November 1947 " Eugene A . Greene " sailed on the first of nine Mediterranean cruises made over the next thirteen years . Voyages to northern Europe and the Arctic varied the routine of overseas deployment . " Eugene A . Greene " was placed out of commission from 1 April 1952 to 1 December 1952 , during which period she was being converted to a radar picket destroyer . She was redesignated DDR - 711 on 18 July 1952 . " Greene " reverted to DD - 711 on 15 March 1963 . On 18 June 1970 the " Greene " and the oiler were in a minor collision in the eastern Mediterranean during refueling operations . " Eugene A . Greene " was decommissioned on 31 August 1972 at Norfolk , and , along with four other destroyers , was loaned to Spain . Spanish Navy , 1972 – 1991 . The ship was commissioned in the Spanish Navy as " Churruca " ( D61 ) , named after Lieutenant General Cosme Damián de Churruca y Elorza ( 1761 – 1805 ) , who died during the Battle of Trafalgar . " Churruca " was decommissioned on 15 September 1989 ; she was sunk as a target on 12 December 1991 .
German submarine U - 404 German submarine " U - 404 " was a Type VIIC U - boat built for the Nazi German Kriegsmarine for service during World War II . She was laid down at the Danziger Werft in the city of the same name on 4 June 1940 as ' werk ' 105 , launched a year later on 4 June 1941 and was commissioned on 6 August 1941 , with " Kapitänleutnant " Otto von Bülow in command . The boat commenced her career with the 6th U - boat Flotilla , a training organization on 6 August 1941 , before moving on to operations on 1 October 1941 . " U - 404 " carried out seven combat patrols , sinking 14 merchantmen and one warship for a total of over 70 , 000 GRT during the Second World War . She also damaged two other ships . The submarine was a member of 13 wolfpacks . For his numerous successes , von Bülow received the Knight ' s Cross . Operational history . 1st and 2nd patrols . No ships were sunk during her first patrol which lasted from 17 January to 1 February 1942 . " U - 404 " sailed from the German port of Kiel ; the only excitement she encountered was when a periscope was damaged in an air attack . The submarine sailed into Lorient in France , after 16 otherwise uneventful days . On her second patrol , when she departed Lorient on 14 February 1942 , " U - 404 " had more success , sinking three ships off the eastern American coast . One of them , the " Lemuel Burrows " , was close enough to land when she was sunk that the second engineer , who survived , reported that " the lights of a New Jersey beach resort doomed his vessel and that they would continue [ the German U - boats ] to cause daily torpedoings until a blackout is ordered along the coast . " This situation was repeated many times due to American unpreparedness so soon after that country ' s entry into the war . She returned to Brest , also in France , on 4 April 1942 . 3rd and 4th patrols . The achievements of her second patrol was repeated on her third , with the " Operation Drumbeat " submarine accounting for another four ships off the American coast . This time she returned to St . Nazaire . For her fourth sortie , she left St . Nazaire on 23 August 1942 and returned on 13 October , having spent 52 days at sea and sinking three more ships , but this time in mid - Atlantic . 5th and 6th patrols . It was a different story on her fifth patrol ; she spent 44 fruitless days looking for targets , having departed St . Nazaire on 21 December 1942 , returning on 6 February 1943 . Her sixth foray was better , she sank three ships , totalling 17 , 736 GRT ( Gross Register Tons ) . 7th patrol and loss . " U - 404 " left St . Nazaire with a new commander on 24 July 1943 . Five days later , she was sent to the bottom with all hands , thanks to the efforts and depth charges of three Liberator aircraft , two American and one British . They did not emerge from the action unscathed ; all three planes lost an engine due to the accurate anti - aircraft fire from the U - boat .
John Blair Smith Todd John Blair Smith Todd ( April 4 , 1814 – January 5 , 1872 ) was a Delegate from Dakota Territory to the United States House of Representatives and a general in the Union Army during the American Civil War . Biography . Todd was born in Lexington , Kentucky to John and Elizabeth ( Smith ) Todd , and moved with his parents to Illinois in 1827 . His first cousin was Mary Todd Lincoln , wife of Abraham Lincoln . Thus he was cousin - in - law with the President . Another cousin - in - law was Confederate General Benjamin Hardin Helm . Helm ' s father was Kentucky Governor John Helm ; Helm ' s mother was a first cousin , three times removed of Colonel John Hardin , who was related to three Kentucky Congressmen . Todd graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point , New York , in 1837 , and was assigned to the 6th U . S . Infantry . He was promoted to first lieutenant on December 25 and served with his regiment in the Seminole War from 1837 until 1840 . He returned home on recruiting service during part of 1841 , and again in active service in the Florida war during the remainder of that year and part of 1842 . He was made captain in 1843 , and was on frontier duty in Indian Territory and Arkansas until 1846 . He served in the Mexican - American War in 1847 , taking part in the Siege of Veracruz and the battles of Cerro Gordo and Amazoque . Todd was on garrison and frontier duty till 1855 , when he was engaged in the action of Blue Water against the Sioux Indians . He resigned from the United States Army on September 16 , 1856 , and became an Indian trader , settling at Fort Randall , Dakota Territory . He was admitted to the bar in 1861 and commenced the practice of law in Yankton . With the outbreak of the Civil War , he was appointed on September 19 , 1861 , as a brigadier general of Volunteers . He was in command of the North Missouri district from October 15 until December 1 , 1861 . He resigned from the Army on July 17 , 1862 . He was a delegate to the 37th and 38th United States Congress , between 1861 and 1865 . When the Dakota Territory was formed , Todd was elected as a Democrat to the House , serving from December 9 , 1861 , to March 3 , 1863 . He was reelected to serve from June 17 , 1864 , to March 3 , 1865 . He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1864 , and returned to Yankton . He served as speaker of the territorial House of Representatives in 1866 and 1867 . He was once again unsuccessful in running for the nomination for a Congressional seat in 1868 . He died in Yankton County and is interred in Yankton Cemetery . Todd County , South Dakota and Todd County , Minnesota are named after him .