naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
German Imperial Admiralty The German Imperial Admiralty ( ) was an imperial naval authority in the German Empire . By order of Kaiser Wilhelm I the Northern German Federal Navy Department of the North German Confederation ( 1866 – 71 ) , which had been formed from the Prussian Navy Department ( Marineministerium ) , became on 1 January 1872 the German Imperial Admiralty ( " Kaiserliche Admiralität " ) . The head of the Admiralty ( Chef der Admiralität ) administered the Imperial Navy under the authority of the and the supreme command of the Emperor ( " Kaiserliche Kommandogewalt " ) . It lasted until 1889 , undergoing several reorganizations , but proved an impractical arrangement given the constant growth and the expansion of the Imperial Navy . Finally it was abolished on April 1889 and its duties divided among three new entities : German Imperial Naval High Command ( " Kaiserliches Oberkommando der Marine " ) , the Imperial Naval Office ( " Reichsmarineamt " ) , and the Imperial Naval Cabinet ( " Kaiserliches Marinekabinett " ) . The Imperial Naval High Command was , on 14 March 1899 , replaced by the German Imperial Admiralty Staff , which simply transferred over most of the personnel of the Admiral Staff detachment of the former Naval High Command .
USS King ( DDG - 41 ) USS " King " ( DL - 10 / DLG - 10 / DDG - 41 ) was a " Farragut " - class guided missile destroyer leader . She was named for Fleet Admiral Ernest Joseph King ( 1878 - 1956 ) , " King " was laid down by the Puget Sound Navy Yard at Bremerton in Washington on 1 March 1957 , launched on 6 December 1958 and commissioned on 17 November 1960 . " King " was reclassified as a destroyer leader on 14 November 1956 and designated DLG - 10 . " King " was again reclassified as a guided missile destroyer on 30 June 1975 and designated DDG - 41 . Service history . After shakedown along the coast , and in Hawaiian waters , " King " continued training out of San Diego for the remainder of 1961 . Following extensive preparations the guided - missile frigate sailed on her first WestPac cruise , 7 June 1962 , strengthening the 7th Fleet with her Terrier missile arsenal . Operating with this peacekeeping force , " King " helped to check Communist aggression in Southeast Asia . Upon returning San Diego on 31 December , she resumed tactical exercises off the West Coast until 1 August 1963 when she departed on her second WestPac cruise . Once again her operations with the 7th Fleet helped maintain stability in the Far East . " King " returned San Diego 10 March 1964 and conducted operations along the coast , for the rest of the year constantly perfecting her fighting skills and increasing the peacekeeping ability of the Navy . " King " headed back for the Far East 5 April 1965 escorting . She operated from the South China Sea during May screening carriers and participating in air - sea rescue work . She continued to serve off Vietnam until returning to San Diego on 2 November . The guided missile destroyer operated off the West Coast until heading back for the Western Pacific 26 May 1966 . On this cruise she carried a helicopter for search and rescue missions to save American pilots during strikes against North Vietnam . She arrived at Da Nang , South Vietnam , on 27 June . During July she saved five downed aviators , including one who was rescued from deep within North Vietnam by the ship ' s helicopter crew . In August the ship was stationed in a positive identification and radar advisory zone ( PIRAZ ) in the Gulf of Tonkin to help protect American ships from enemy aircraft . Before she was relieved , she had checked over 15 , 000 aircraft . During this duty she also rescued seven pilots whose planes had gone down during strikes against enemy targets . She continued this duty , except for brief runs to Hong Kong and Subic Bay , until relieved by on 29 November . In 1982 , she won the Marjorie Sterrett Battleship Fund Award for the Atlantic Fleet .
Christopher Miner Spencer Christopher Miner Spencer ( June 20 , 1833 – January 14 , 1922 ) was an American inventor , from Manchester , Connecticut , who invented the Spencer repeating rifle , one of the earliest models of lever - action rifle , a steam powered " horseless carriage " , and several other inventions . He developed the first fully automatic turret lathe , which in its small - to medium - sized form is also known as a screw machine . Early years . Spencer worked for Samuel Colt ’ s factory , where he learned the arms - making trade . Civil War . Although the Spencer rifle had been developed as early as 1859 , it was not initially used by the Union . On August 18 , 1863 , Christopher Spencer walked into the White House carrying one of his rifles and a supply of cartridges . He walked past the sentries , and into Abraham Lincoln ' s office . After some discussion , he returned the following afternoon , when Spencer and Lincoln were joined by Edwin Stanton , Secretary of War and other officials , and the group then proceeded to walk out on the Mall . Near the site of the Washington Monument , they engaged in target shooting . Subsequent to that meeting , the US ordered some 13 , 171 rifles and carbines , along with some 58 million rounds of ammunition . General Ulysses S . Grant declared Spencer rifles " the best breech - loading arms available " . Total wartime production approached 100 , 000 rifles . Many veterans took these rifles home with them after the war and their rifles saw widespread use on the western frontier . With so many military surplus rifles available , there was little post - war demand for new rifles ; and Spencer was unable to recover investments made in manufacturing machinery . Spencer Repeating Rifle Company declaring bankruptcy in 1868 ; and assets were acquired by Oliver Winchester for $ 200 , 000 in 1869 . Post - Civil War . In 1868 , while at the Roper Repeating Arms Company in Amherst , Massachusetts , he worked with Charles E . Billings , and Sylvester H . Roper . After Roper ' s firearms company failed , and the following year , 1869 , the Billings and Spencer founded a partnership in Hartford , Connecticut called Billings & Spencer , which would manufacture sewing machine s , drop - forged hand tool s , and machine tool s . Around 1882 , Spencer started a new company , the Spencer Arms Company , in Windsor , Connecticut . Its most remarkable product was likely the Spencer Pump - Action Shotgun . Produced between 1882 and 1889 , this was the first commercially successful slide - action ( or pump - action ) shotgun . Most were manufactured in 12 - gauge with 10 - gauge being an uncommon variant . Once again faced with financial hardships , Spencer ' s company and his patents were purchased circa 1890 by Francis Bannerman & Sons of New York who continued to manufacture his shotgun until around 1907 .
Ernest Farrar Ernest Bristow Farrar ( 7 July 1885 – 18 September 1918 ) was an English composer , pianist and organist Life . Ernest Farrar was born in Lewisham , London . The son of a clergyman , he was educated at Leeds Grammar School , where he began organ studies and in May 1905 won a scholarship to the Royal College of Music . There , he studied with Sir Charles Villiers Stanford and Sir Walter Parratt . He also took up several posts as organist in Dresden , South Shields and Christ Church , High Harrogate . At Harrogate , he worked closely with Julian Clifford . In 1913 , he married Olive Mason in South Shields . His best man was Ernest Bullock . His career was cut short by the outbreak of World War I , as he enlisted in the Grenadier Guards in 1915 and joined the regiment in August 1916 . He was commissioned as Second Lieutenant , 3rd Battalion Devonshire Regiment on 27 February 1918 . Farrar was killed on the Western front at the Battle of Epehy Ronssoy , near Le Cateau in the Somme valley south , west of Cambrai , in 1918 . He had been at the front for two days . His grave lies just outside the churchyard wall in Ronssoy Communal Cemetery Extension , in a corner under some trees . A Requiem Mass was said at Micklefield , on 29 September , the Feast of St . Michael and All Angels . A concert was dedicated to his memory at Harrogate by Julian Clifford on 17 September 1919 , including a tone - poem " Lights Out " written expressly for Farrar , and Farrar ' s work " Variations in G for pianoforte and orchestra on an old British sea - song " . Works and legacy . Despite his short life , Farrar wrote a large body of music for orchestra , voices and organ . His works include " The Blessed Damozel " , the " Celtic Suite " and his song cycle , " Vagabond Songs " . However , apart from a few songs his works are now rarely performed . His orchestral music has been recorded by the Philharmonia Orchestra on the Chandos label , as well as miscellaneous songs and organ works . Today , Farrar is perhaps best known as the teacher of Gerald Finzi . Farrar ' s death affected the young Finzi deeply , and from the very beginning , most of his music was elegiac in tone . Frank Bridge dedicated his famous " Piano Sonata " to the memory of Farrar .
Diensteinheit IX The Diensteinheit IX ( English : " Service Unit 9 " ) was a special and covert counter - terrorism unit of the Government of the German Democratic Republic . It was also known as the " 9 . Volkspolizei - Kompanie " ( English : " 9th People ' s Police Company " ) . History . The Munich massacre in 1972 and the increasing crime in East German cities led to initial attempts to create specialized police units in East Germany . With the establishment of the " GSG 9 " and " Spezialeinsatzkommando " s ( SEK ) in the early 1970s in West Germany , the Government of the German Democratic Republic of East Germany initiated the creation of a similar unit . Since no comparable force existed in East Germany at that time , it had to be created from scratch , i . e . from intelligence reports about western special forces units . The unit had been created in 1973 with provisional units before it was fully established in 1974 , being involved in the security of the Leipzig Fair . Upon German reunion in 1990 , some members of the " Diensteinheit IX " were merged into the " Spezialeinsatzkommando " s of West Germany after thorough political evaluation procedures , such as with SEK units in Mecklenburg - Vorpommern and in Sachsen - Anhalt . Mandate . The unit was tasked with counter - terrorism operations including : Organization . The unit answered directly to the Head of the Ministry for State Security . In every district capital , a sub - unit was stationed in secrecy since the Socialist Unity Party of Germany [ SED ] would not admit to the public that crime exists in East Germany . Recruitment . Members of the " Diensteinheit IX " were recruited from the East German " Volkspolizei " . Prospective members had to be between 25 and 39 years old . Furthermore , they had to fulfill stringent physical and psychological requirements . Also , they had to be graduates from an officer ' s school .
Queen Anne pistol Queen Anne pistols are a type of flintlock pistol distinguished by the lockplate being forged in one piece with the breech and the trigger plate . They are usually a breech - loading design known as a turn - off pistol . Possibly first made in England and certainly achieving relatively little popularity elsewhere , they came in fashion in England during the reign of Anne , Queen of Great Britain , hence the name . Though made in all sizes up to carbine , they were usually made in the size range known as coat pocket pistols or coat pistols , easy to conceal on one ' s person . A small version , known as a Toby , was able to be concealed in a smaller pocket or a ladies hand warmer muff . Other types of pistol are often referred to as " Queen Anne " , but to hopefully improve consistency in nomenclature the term is used here only to refer the " integral breech " lock . Design . Queen Anne pistols are characterized by the fact that the breech and the trigger plate are forged in one piece with the lock plate , foreshadowing by over 100 years the so - called " action " of a modern weapon . A variant , made for muzzle loading with loose shot , had the barrel integral with the breech but in the typical Queen Anne the barrel unscrews with a barrel key or wrench just ahead of the chamber where the powder and ball are placed when the pistol is loaded . The chamber is long and narrow with a cup at the top shaped to fit the bullet ( a round lead ball ) . The user can quickly fill the chamber with black powder and put a bullet on top ; the barrel is then replaced , sealing the bullet between its cup and the breech end of the barrel . The bullet is larger than the barrel , so the breech is tapered to compress the ball as it moves forward at the moment of firing to tightly fit the bore . High gas pressure is developed behind the bullet before it is forced into the barrel , thus achieving considerably higher muzzle velocity and power than with a muzzle loader . The barrel was often rifled , which improves accuracy . The system also avoids the need for wadding or a ramrod during loading . It was not successful as a military weapon because in the heat of battle the separate barrel could be dropped during loading . A swiveled , hinged link was designed to allow the barrel to be unscrewed while still remaining attached , but this was evidently not successful . The greatest popularity of the Queen Anne was among civilians as an effective self - defense weapon . It was often highly decorated to suit the tastes of the wealthy .
5th Light Regiment Royal Regiment of New Zealand Artillery The 5th Light Regiment Royal Regiment of New Zealand Artillery was a unit of the New Zealand Divisional Artillery ( Div Arty ) . It was formed in 1949 to provide each of the division ' s brigade s with a supporting mortar battery . The regiment contained members of both the Territorial and Regular Forces and had its headquarters in Wellington and batteries in Petone , Napier and Gore . It moved to Southland in 1956 and was headquartered in Invercargill . The Regiment was disbanded in 1964 as part of a reorganisation of the New Zealand Army ' s artillery units .
Jeune École The Jeune École ( " " Young School " " ) was a strategic naval concept developed during the 19th century . It advocated the use of small , powerfully equipped units to combat a larger battleship fleet , and commerce raiders capable of ending the trade of the rival nation . The idea was developed among French naval theorists : the French government had the second largest navy of the time , and the theorists desired to counteract the strength of the British Royal Navy which was the largest . Small units against battleships . One of the first proponents of the Jeune École was the artillery general Henri - Joseph Paixhans , who invented explosive shell guns for warships during the 1820s . He advocated the use of these powerful guns on numerous small steam warship s that could destroy much larger battleships . Later , the French Navy developed the concept more elaborately as it experimented with torpedo es and torpedo boat s . The French Navy became one of the strongest proponents of this combat system by the end of the 19th century . The naval successes of the French Navy against China during the Sino - French War of 1883 – 85 also tended to validate the potential of torpedo boats against conventional navies . France was also very active in the development of a submarine fleet , again trying to rely on technical development to compensate for British numerical superiority of battleships . By the beginning of the 20th century , France was " undoubtedly the first navy to have an effective submarine force " . Counter measures against the Jeune École system consisted largely of destroyer s , designed to deter and destroy small torpedo units ( in French , " destroyer " is " contre - torpilleur " , and in English , " destroyer " is a contraction of " torpedo boat destroyer " ) , the first of which was the " Destructor " . Commerce raiders . The other constitutive part of the Jeune École concept consisted of planning to raid the commercial ships of the enemy so as to curtail its trade and economy , again a tactic designed especially against Great Britain . Raiding ships , such as the " Dupuy de Lôme " were designed for this role . " Dupuy de Lôme " , an armored cruiser , laid down during 1888 , was capable of 23 kts , and designed to raid enemy commerce ships during extended forays afloat . Influences . The Jeune École was particularly influential on the development of smaller navies during the 19th century , particularly as they tried to compensate for weaknesses in battleships . British admiral John Fisher , who would later become the First Sea Lord in 1904 , was especially impressed by the ideas of Jeune École and felt that the threats of fast raiders and swarms of torpedo boats made the traditional battleship too unwieldy . He argued that the future lay with fast ships with light armor and big guns , which would become known as the battlecruiser , and actively promoted both its development and large scale deployment in the first decade of 20th century .
Manning the rail Manning the rail is a method of saluting or rendering honors used by naval vessels . The custom evolved from that of manning the yards , which dates from the days of sail . On sailing ships , men stood evenly spaced on all the yards ( the spars holding the sails ) and gave three cheers to honor distinguished persons . Today the crew are stationed along the rails and superstructure of a ship when honors are rendered . The United States Navy prescribes manning the rail as a possible honor to render to the President of the United States and for the heads of state of foreign nations . A similar but less formal ceremony is to have the crew " at quarters " when the ship is entering or leaving port . Manning the rail is also the traditional way to honor the USS " Arizona " Memorial when it is passed by all U . S . Navy , U . S . Coast Guard , and U . S . Merchant Marine vessels . More recently , as foreign military vessels are entering Pearl Harbor for joint military exercises , foreign troops have participated in the traditional manning the rails . Other notable instances occurred on July 24 , 1997 when the guided missile destroyer and frigate rendered honors to the " Constitution " during her 200th Birthday celebration , and on September 14 , 2001 , when the crew of the German destroyer " Lütjens " manned the rails as they approached the destroyer USS " Winston Churchill " and displayed an American flag and a banner reading " We Stand By You " .
Synodianos Synodianos was very briefly the catepan of Italy in 1042 ( February – April ) . He was appointed by Michael V after the death of the Emperor Michael IV . He immediately demanded the surrender of all the formerly Greek cities of Apulia and began assembling an army to retake them when he was recalled in April 1042 by the Empress Zoe after the death of Michael V .
Henry Gladwin Henry Gladwin ( 1729 or 1730 – 22 June 1791 ) was the British commander at Fort Detroit when it was besieged during Pontiac ' s Rebellion . British army officer in colonial America . He served in the disastrous campaign of Edward Braddock and in other actions in the French and Indian War but is best remembered for his defense of Detroit in Pontiac ' s Rebellion . Pontiac planned to take Fort Detroit , but Gladwin got wind of the plan . One romantic theory suggests that a Native American woman in love with Gladwin informed him of it . When Pontiac arrived at Fort Detroit , the British were ready . This made Pontiac retreat and set up a siege instead of taking over the fort . In Michigan , Gladwin County is named for Major Henry Gladwin . The county was named in 1831 and organized in 1875 .
William Temple ( VC ) Lieutenant Colonel William Temple VC ( 7 November 1833 – 13 February 1919 ) was an Irish recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . Born in Monaghan Town , Temple was 30 years old and an Assistant Surgeon in the Royal Regiment of Artillery during the Invasion of Waikato ( one of the campaigns in the New Zealand Wars ) , when the following deed took place on 20 November 1863 at Rangiriri , New Zealand for which he and Lieutenant Arthur Frederick Pickard were awarded the VC : He later transferred to the Indian Medical Service , and retired as a brigade suregeon in 1889 . Temple died in Tunbridge Wells , Kent . References . Listed in order of publication year
4th Shock Army 4th Shock Army was a Combined Arms Army of the Soviet Armed Forces during World War II . The Army was formed from the 27th Army on 25 December 1941 ( Ist formation ) within the Southwestern Front . On 1 October 1942 and it included 249th , 332nd , 334th , 358th and 360th infantry divisions , 21st infantry brigade , a number of separate tank battalions , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 separate ski battalions , artillery and other subunits . Battle composition . 4th Shock Army separate reserve battalion airfield services ( 4 March 1942 to 28 April 1942 ) . Reformed as the 832th separate battalion airfield services 28 April 1942 .
Defence Training Review The Defence Training Review was established by the then Defence Secretary , Lord Robertson , on 22 July 1999 to examine all individual training and education , Service and civilian , in the British armed forces . The review report , entitled " Modernising Defence Training " , was published in 2001 . The report highlighted that : These recommendations are at the heart of the Defence Training Review Rationalisation Programme - a large and complex ' Public - Private Partnership ' ( PPP ) seeking to transform the way specialist training is delivered in the future . Under a PPP contract a prospective Partner will be responsible for the design and delivery of the majority of the training but the MOD , via senior military officers , will command and retain overall responsibility for the effectiveness of this training . This strong military presence will be maintained to provide skills training and ensure that operational experience is shared with students , and military ethos is upheld . The programme actually consists of 2 separate projects termed Package 1 and Package 2 . Package 1 involves provision of training for engineering and communications , while Package 2 was to provide training for logistics , security , policing and administration . The Preferred Bidder . In January 2007 , the Secretary of State for Defence announced that the Metrix consortium had been awarded Preferred Bidder status for Package 1 , and Provisional Preferred Bidder status for Package 2 . By January 2008 , however , the Government had decided that the Metrix Consortium is not able to offer an affordable and acceptable Package 2 solution and , therefore , alternative approaches would be considered . Package 1 . Metrix ' s bid includes the provision of a new Defence Technical College ( DTC ) which will be located at St Athan . The overall investment is considered to be greater than that for the London Olympics . The development will be complementary to the Welsh Assembly Government ' s aspirations to create an Aerospace Centre of Excellence at St Athan . The construction programme for the future Defence Technical College is scheduled to commence in the autumn of 2010 and will cost an estimated £700m and will create 1500 jobs . Package 2 . A separate project team has been established at Upavon , operating under the auspices of Director General Army Recruiting & Training ( DG ART ) , to determine the best way forward for Package 2 training and infrastructure .
Max Schultz Korvettenkapitän Max Konrad Felix Schultz ( 3 December 1874 - 23 January 1917 ) was a German naval officer killed during World War I . His ship , the torpedo boat " V69 " was badly damaged in action with Royal Navy forces on 23 January 1917 . The German destroyer " Z3 " was named " Max Schultz " in his honour .