naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Allen H . Turnage Allen Hal Turnage ( January 3 , 1891 – October 22 , 1971 ) was a United States Marine Corps General who earned the Navy Cross and the Distinguished Service Medal while leading the 3rd Marine Division on Bougainville and Guam in World War II . Biography . General Turnage was born on January 3 , 1891 , in Farmville , North Carolina . He attended the University of North Carolina before entering the Marine Corps as a second lieutenant on November 17 , 1913 . Following instruction for 17 months at the Marine Officers ' School , Norfolk , Virginia , he joined the First Brigade in Haiti in 1915 and participated in expeditions against hostile Cacos in Northern Haiti , then was assigned to duty with the Haitian Constabulary until August 1918 . Almost immediately , he was sent to France where he served as Commanding Officer , Machine Gun Battalion , 5th Marine Brigade . Following World War I , he was an instructor at the Marine Officers ' School , Quantico ; served with the Gendarmerie d ' Haiti again from 1922 to 1925 ; and completed the Field Officers ' Course at Quantico . Later , between two tours of duty at Headquarters Marine Corps , he was assigned sea duty on the staff of Battleship Divisions Four and Three . In 1935 , General Turnage was appointed Director of the Marine Officers ' Basic School at the Philadelphia Navy Yard , following which he served with the 1st Battalion , 5th Marines , as Battalion Commander and Regimental Executive Officer , respectively . Ordered overseas in 1939 , he served as Commanding Officer of Marine Forces in North China , and Commanding Officer of the Marine Detachment , American Embassy , Peiping . He returned to Headquarters Marine Corps in April 1941 , and was serving as Director of the Division of Plans and Policies when World War II broke out . In June 1942 , the general was ordered to Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune , North Carolina , to take command of the Base and its Training Center which included organization and training of two Regimental Combat Teams for the 3rd Marine Division . That October , he joined the newly formed 3rd Marine Division as Assistant Division Commander , becoming Commanding General on Guadalcanal in September 1943 . He then led the Division in the landing at Empress Augusta Bay , Bougainville , 1943 , and in the recapture of Guam , 1944 . After two years with the 3rd Division , in September 1944 General Turnage was assigned to Headquarters Marine Corps as Director of Personnel , and , later , as Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps . In May 1946 , his alma mater , the University of North Carolina , awarded him the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws . His final assignment was as Commanding General , Fleet Marine Force , Pacific . General Turnage retired from active duty on January 1 , 1948 , and was advanced to four - star rank on retirement by reason of having been specially commended for heroism in combat . Awards and decorations . General Turnage ' s awards include : Navy Cross citation . TURNAGE , ALLEN H . Major General , U . S . Marine Corps Commanding General , 3d Marine Division Date of Action : November 1 – 27 , 1943 Citation :
Ten Year Rule The Ten Year Rule was a British government guideline , first adopted in August 1919 , that the armed forces should draft their estimates " on the assumption that the British Empire would not be engaged in any great war during the next ten years " . In 1928 Churchill , as Chancellor of the Exchequer , successfully urged the Cabinet to make the rule self - perpetuating and hence it was in force unless specifically countermanded . In 1931 the Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald wanted to abolish the Ten Year Rule because he thought it unjustified based on the international situation . This was bitterly opposed by the Foreign Secretary Arthur Henderson who succeeded in keeping the rule . There were cuts in defence spending as a result of this rule , with defence spending going down from £766 million in 1919 – 20 , to £189 million in 1921 – 22 , to £102 million in 1932 . In April 1931 the First Sea Lord , Sir Frederick Field , claimed in a report to the Committee of Imperial Defence that the Royal Navy had declined not only in relative strength compared to other Great Powers but " owing to the operation of the “ ten - year - decision ” and the clamant need for economy , our absolute strength also has . . . been so diminished as to render the fleet incapable , in the event of war , of efficiently affording protection to our trade " . Field also claimed that the navy was below the standard required for keeping open Britain ' s sea communications during wartime and that if the navy moved to the East to protect the Empire there would not be enough ships to protect the British Isles and its trade from attack and that no port in the entire British Empire was " adequately defended " . The Ten Year Rule was abandoned by the Cabinet on the 23rd of March , 1932 , but this decision was countered with : " . . . this must not be taken to justify an expanding expenditure by the Defence Services without regard to the very serious financial and economic situation " which the country was in . A group of retired admirals have called the planned decade long gap between the retirement of the Ark Royal and the coming into service of the Queen Elizabeth class aircraft carrier s a new ' 10 - year rule ' .
HMS Salmon ( 1895 ) HMS " Salmon " was a Salmon class destroyer which served with the Royal Navy . She was launched in 1895 , served in home waters and was sold off in 1911 . References . The British Destroyer by Captain T . D . Manning . Putnam and Co . 1961
8th Cavalry Division ( German Empire ) The 8th Cavalry Division ( " 8 . Kavallerie - Division " ) was a unit of the German Army in World War I . The division was formed on mobilization of the German Army in August 1914 . The division was dissolved in April 1918 . The majority of the Division was drawn from the Kingdom of Saxony . Combat chronicle . Initially assigned to III Cavalry Corps preceding 6th Army on the Western Front until 30 August 1914 , then to the Eastern Front . Arrived too late for the Battle of Tannenberg but in time for the Battle of the Masurian Lakes . Dismounted in 1917 and dissolved on 9 April 1918 . A more detailed combat chronicle can be found at the German - language version of this article . Order of Battle on mobilisation . On formation , in August 1914 , the component units of the division were : See : Table of Organisation and Equipment
451st Flying Training Squadron The 451st Flying Training Squadron is an active United States Air Force unit . Its assigned to the 479th Flying Training Group , stationed at NAS Pensacola , Florida . History . Established as a B - 26 Marauder medium bomber squadron in mid - 1942 ; trained under Third Air Force in Florida . Deployed to European Theater of Operations ( ETO ) , being assigned to VIII Bomber Command 3d Bombardment Wing in England . Engaged in attacks on enemy targets in France and the Low Countries ; being reassigned to IX Bomber Command in 1943 with the establishment of Ninth Air Force in England . Also supported VIII Bomber Command strategic bombardment raids in Occupied Europe and Nazi Germany , attacking enemy airfields to disrupt interceptor attacks on heavy bomber formations and destroy enemy interceptor aircraft on the ground before they could be launched . After D - Day deployed to Advanced Landing Ground s in France and later Belgium . Provided tactical air support and bombardment of enemy strong points and military targets to disrupt resistance to Allied ground forces advancing from the French invasion beaches and the ensuing offensives on the continent ; 1944 - 1945 . Attacked enemy forces as part of the Western Allied invasion of Germany , 1945 and continued offensive tactical operations in support of ground forces until German capitulation in May 1945 . Became part of the United States Air Forces in Europe army of occupation in Germany during 1945 . Demobilized in place and personnel returned to the United States in the fall of 1945 ; squadron inactivated as a paper unit in December 1945 . Reactivated as a reserve air training command squadron ; assigned and performed advanced flight training for air cadets , 1947 - 1949 . Inactivated due to funding restrictions . Assigned to Tactical Air Command and reactivated in 1954 flying F - 86 Sabre s ; later F - 100 Super Sabre s as a fighter - day squadron . Inactivated in 1957 due to funding restrictions . Reactivated in 1972 as an Air Training Command navigator training squadron ; flew T - 29 ; later T - 43 navigation classroom aircraft . As of 2 Oct 2009 , the 451st FTS trains Combat Systems Officer s ( CSOs ) utilizing 21 modified T - 1A Jayhawk aircraft .
2nd Brigade , Polish Legions Brigade II of the Polish Legions ( ) , also known as the Iron ( " Żelazna " ) or Carpathian ( " Karpacka " ) Brigade , a unit of Austro - Hungarian Army , manned by Austrian Poles , part of the Polish Legions in World War I , that existed from 1914 or 1915 till 1918 . History . The unit was formed in mid - December 1914 ( or March 1915 , sources vary ) , as part of the Polish Legions in World War I . The Brigade was first commanded by an Austrian officer , Ferdynand Küttner , and from 14 July 1916 by a Polish officer , Józef Haller de Hallenburg . In 1917 most of the Brigade followed Haller and unlike the I Brigade and III Brigade , which followed Józef Piłsudski , it swore an oath during the Oath crisis . It eventually formed the bulk of the Polish Auxiliary Corps ( although several sources indicated it remained a distinct unit , under the name of the Second Brigade , till March 1918 ) . After the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk , the Brigade rebelled against the Austro - Hungarians , joining other Polish units and fighting for the cause of Polish independence . In March 1918 the Brigade was combined with the Polish II Corps in Russia ( of the former Russian Army , now also rebelling against the Russians ) . It was the only First World War Polish formation that fought against all three partitioners of Poland ( Austria , Germany and Russia ) . Battles . Major battles fought by the Second Brigade included : Organization . The Second Brigade comprised 3 infantry regiments ( the 2nd , 3rd and , before it was moved to the III Brigade , 4th ) , a cavalry regiment ( the 2nd ) , as well as support units ( ex . an artillery battalion ) .
Nurmsi Airfield Nurmsi Airfield ( ICAO : EENI ; ) was a soviet air base in Estonia located 10 km east of Paide in Nurmsi . It was a former attack deployment base and was listed on a 1974 U . S . Department of Defense Global Navigation Chart No . 3 as having jet facilities . At the end of the Cold War the airfield was converted into farmland . Very little of the airfield establishment remains today .
Château de Lusignan The Château de Lusignan ( in Lusignan , Vienne " département " , France ) was the seat of the Lusignan family , Poitevin Marcher Lords , who distinguished themselves in the First Crusade and held the crowns of two Crusader kingdom s , the Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Kingdom of Cyprus , and even claimed the title King of Armenia . Lusignan was constructed in the region of Poitou , occupying a natural strongpoint : a narrow promontory that overlooked steep valleys on either side . It was already so impressive in the 12th century that a legend developed to the effect that its founder had faery aid , in the guise of the water spirit Melusine , who built it and its church through her arts , as a gift for her husband Raymondin . Lusignan at its height , just as it was in the early 15th century , is illustrated in the " Très Riches Heures " of Jean , duc de Berri , for whom it was a favorite residence until his death in 1416 . It rises in the background of the miniature for the month of March ( " see illustration " ) , clearly shown in perspective , with its barbican tower at the left , the clock tower — with the exterior chute of the garderobe to its right — and the " Tour Poitevine " on the right , above which the gilded dragon flies , the protective spirit of Marc Lacombe . After the duc de Berri ' s death , Lusignan became briefly the property of John , Dauphin ( died May 1417 ) and then passed to his brother , Charles , the future Charles VII . First the village , then the town of Lusignan , grew up beneath the castle gates , along the slope ; it formed a further " enceinte " ( surrounding fortification ) when it too was later enclosed by walls . Lusignan remained a strategically important place in Poitou , in the heart of France : during the French Wars of Religion , about 1574 , a plan was made of the castle ' s defenses ; it is in the Bibliothèque Nationale , Paris . In the following century Lusignan was reinforced in the modern manner by Louis XIV ' s military architect , Vauban . Thus it was a natural structure to be used as a prison . Later it housed a school . The château was long used as a local quarry of pre - cut stone before it was razed by the comte de Blossac in the 19th century , to make a pleasure ground for the town of Lusignan . What remains today are largely parts of the foundations , some built into steep hillside , part of the keep , the base of the " Tour Poitevine " , cisterns and cellars , and remains of a subterranean passage that probably once led to the church .
151st ( Central Alberta ) Battalion , CEF The 151st ( Central Alberta ) Battalion , CEF , was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War . Based in Camp Sarcee near Calgary , Alberta , the unit began recruiting in late 1915 in Strathcona , Battle River , and Red Deer . After sailing to England in October 1916 , the battalion was absorbed into the 9th , 11th , and 21st Reserve Battalions on October 13 , 1916 . The 151st ( Central Alberta ) Battalion , CEF , had one officer commanding : Lieutenant - Colonel J . W . Arnott . Perpetuation of the 151st Battalion was assigned to the Alberta Regiment in 1920 . When that regiment split in two in 1924 , the North Alberta Regiment carried on the perpetuation . The North Albertas disbanded in 1936 .
2003 Jordanian embassy bombing in Baghdad The 2003 Jordanian embassy bombing in Baghdad was the detonation of a truck bomb outside of the Jordanian embassy in Iraq on August 7 , 2003 . The powerful blast killed 17 and injured at least 40 . Witnesses in the area reported that the suspects parked their vehicle outside of the embassy , and left . A short time later the vehicle exploded . All of the casualties in the attack happened outside the embassy , and all were identified as being Iraqi . Inside the embassy there were only a few slight injuries reported , because the embassy was surrounded by a concrete wall which protected it from the bombing . This attack was the first one where insurgents used a car bomb . Just a week later the first suicide attack was carried out by the insurgency in the attack on the UN headquarters in Baghdad .
Jagdfliegerführer Ostmark Jagdfliegerführer Ostmark ( Fighter Leader Austria ) was formed September 6 , 1943 in Vienna , subordinated to 7 . Jagd - Division . The headquarter was located at Wien - Kobenzl . The unit was redesignated 8 . Jagd - Division on June 15 , 1944 .
Treaty of Pipton The Treaty of Pipton was signed on 22 June 1265 during the Second Barons ' War and concluded an alliance between Simon de Montfort and the Welsh prince Llywelyn the Last . The treaty , signed at Pipton , Powys , came after Simon de Montfort ' s defeat of English King Henry III at the Battle of Lewes in 1264 . The king and his son Prince Edward were captured . Llywelyn began negotiations with de Montfort , and in 1265 offered him the sum of 30 , 000 marks in exchange for a permanent peace , in which Llywelyn was acknowledged as the Prince of Wales . The treaty established an alliance between Llywelyn and de Montfort , an alliance cemented by the widower Prince agreeing to a betrothal between himself and de Montfort ' s only daughter Eleanor but the favourable terms primarily that the fealty of all the Princes , Lords and Chieftains of Wales be recognised as belonging to Llywelyn by right of sovereignty indicated de Montfort ' s desperate need for a counter to the power of the English Marcher Lords .
USS Commodore Read ( 1857 ) USS " Commodore Read " ( 1857 ) was a former ferry acquired by the Union Navy for use during the American Civil War . Because of her shallow draft , she was useful for patrols in rivers and streams . And , because of her ferryboat structure , she was useful as a gun platform or for carrying passengers or prisoners . " Commodore Read " — formerly the ferryboat " Atlantic " — was built in 1857 and purchased by the Navy at New York on 19 August 1863 ; fitted out at New York Navy Yard ; and commissioned on 8 September 1863 , Acting Master E . S . Turner in command . The ship was named in honor of Commodore George C . Read . American Civil War service . Assigned to duty with the Potomac Flotilla , she put to sea on 12 September 1863 , arriving at Washington Navy Yard three days later . The ship was constantly employed in the rivers and creeks of Virginia , on picket and patrol duty ; transporting troops and prisoners of war ; towing vessels ; capturing and destroying enemy boats and other property ; and engaging in frequent action with Confederate cavalry , shore batteries , and ships . A typical operation . Typical of her service was an expedition to Fredericksburg , Virginia from 6 – 8 March 1865 , when she joined , , and to cooperate with the Army in the destruction of Hamilton ' s Crossing . The expedition , commanded by Colonel Roberts on board " Commodore Read " , destroyed the railroad depot and bridge , 28 loaded railway cars , an army wagon train , miles of railroad track , and telegraph equipment , as well as capturing 30 prisoners , tobacco , bales of cotton , 28 mules , and mail . Decommissioning . Arriving at the Washington Navy Yard on 30 May , " Commodore Read " was sold there on 20 July .
Robert L . Chidlaw - Roberts Captain Robert Leslie Chidlaw - Roberts MC ( 9 May 1896 – 1 June 1989 ) was a British World War I flying ace credited with ten aerial victories . Chidlaw - Roberts joined the Royal Flying Corps in 1915 . His first aerial duty was six months spent as an observer / gunner with 2 Squadron . He then underwent pilot training , and served in 18 Squadron from 18 May to 4 December 1916 as a Royal Aircraft Factory FE . 2 b pilot . Honors and awards . Text of citation for the Military Cross ( MC ) Lt . ( T . / Capt . ) Robert Leslie Chidlaw - Roberts , Hants . R . and R . F . C . For conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty . He constantly attacked superior numbers of enemy aeroplanes . On one occasion he repeatedly attacked five enemy machines , driving among them and attacking each in turn at short ranges . On three other occasions he brought down enemy machines . He showed great skill and courage . References . " Pusher Aces of World War 1 " . Jon Guttman , Harry Dempsey . Osprey Pub Co , 2009 . ISBN 1 - 84603 - 417 - 5 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84603 - 417 - 6 .
Hosokawa Ujitsuna In 1543 , Ujitsuna raised his armies in revenge for Takakuni who was killed by Hosokawa Harumoto . He was at a great disadvantage at first , because Harumoto had great powers . However , Miyoshi Nagayoshi who was the retainer of Harumoto betrayed Harumoto and took sides with Ujitsuna . In 1549 , at last , Ujitsuna pulled off expelling Harumoto to Ōmi Province . In 1552 , Ujitsuna marched his armies along with Nagayoshi , and appointed to Kanrei . However , a puppet of Nagayoshi , Ujitsuna didn ' t have any powers . After that , Ujitsuna was given Yodo castle at Settsu province and monitored by Nagayoshi . In 1564 , he died in despair and hopelessness .
E . Henry Knoche Enno Henry Knoche ( KNOCK - ee ) ( January 14 , 1925 in Charleston , West Virginia - July 9 , 2010 ) was a deputy director of the CIA and acting Director of Central Intelligence . Knoche attended Mt . Lebanon School District , where he played basketball and tennis , winning a Western Pennsylvania Interscholastic Athletic League doubles championship . In 1942 , he enrolled in Washington & Jefferson College , playing baseball and the freshman basketball team . He then enlisted in the United States Navy to serve in World War II in 1943 . Later , he attended Bethany College , again playing basketball and leading the team in scoring . He then attended University of Colorado , where he led his basketball team to the 1946 NCAA Men ' s Division I Basketball Tournament and played baseball . Following his discharge from the military , he returned to W & J to complete his degree , graduating in 1947 . He then played for 2 years in the professional National Industrial Basketball League , leading his team in scoring both years . He was drafted by the failing Pittsburgh Ironmen in the 1947 BAA Draft . When his contract was then sold to the New York Knicks , Knoche demanded $ 2 , 500 to play for the team , a demand that was not met . He served in the United States Navy as a Navy intelligence officer , in World War II , and the Korean War . He joined the CIA in 1953 as an analyst ; he was fluent is Russian and the Fuzhou dialect . During the Cuban missile crisis , he briefed President John F . Kennedy . Even though he lacked the typical CIA resume , as having never served in operational capacity or in the clandestine operation s , he was steadily promoted through the agency ' s ranks . On July 7 , 1976 he became deputy director , serving under director George H . W . Bush . In that position , he was responsible for day - to - day agency operations . Upon Bush ' s resignation from the CIA with the inauguration of Jimmy Carter on January 20 , 1977 , Knoche became acting director . That day , he briefed Carter on the agency ' s ongoing clandestine operations . On January 21 , 1977 , he met with president Jimmy Carter , and delivered photo intelligence from Aerospace Data Facility East . His term as acting director ended when Stansfield Turner was confirmed as director of the CIA on March 9 , 1977 . He retired on August 1 , 1977 . He was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal . He married Angie Papoulas in 1947 ; they had five sons
Spencer B . Horn Captain Spencer Bertram Horn ( 18 April 1895 – 18 October 1969 ) was a World War I flying ace credited with thirteen aerial victories . Horn was the youngest of seven children born to Penelope Elizabeth Belt and William Austin Horn . His six older siblings were born in Australia , but Horn ' s parents sailed back to England and landed the day before Horn was born . Horn began his military service in the Dragoon Guards , but transferred to the Royal Flying Corps . His first assignment after training was to 60 Squadron , from April to November 1917 ; his Flight Commander was Billy Bishop . Horn scored his first two victories while flying a Nieuport fighter for 60 Squadron on the second and sixth of May 1917 . The squadron upgraded to Royal Aircraft Factory SE . 5 as . On this new mount , Horn and William Molesworth set an Albatros D . III afire on 5 August 1917 . When Bishop transferred out of the squadron to form and command 85 Squadron , Horn took his place as C Flight Commander . Horn went on to run his string to six by 5 September 1917 . He then went to instructor duty at Ayr with the Home Establishment . He thus had over an eight - month lapse before he began scoring again as a Flight Commander in 85 Squadron ; Bishop had him transferred in March 1918 . Beginning on 30 May 1918 and ongoing until 17 September 1918 , he reeled off seven more wins . His final tally was seven enemy planes destroyed , six driven down out of control . Spencer Horn did not remain with the Royal Air Force , but instead returned to Army service . He retired as a Lieutenant Colonel . He died at Aldbourne , England on 18 October 1969 . Honors and awards . Lt . Spencer Bertram Horn , D . G . and R . F . C . For conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty . He has destroyed several hostile machines and driven down others out of control . On one occasion he attacked alone four enemy aircraft , shooting one down completely out of control . He has twice cooperated with an infantry attack , diving to a very low altitude . He has shown great skill and gallantry on all occasions .