naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Raid on Cartagena ( 1697 ) The Raid on Cartagena was a successful attack by the French on the fortified city of Cartagena , Colombia , on May 6 , 1697 , as part of the War of the Grand Alliance . By 1695 , the French Navy had declined to the point that it could no longer face the English and Dutch in an open sea battle and therefore had switched to privateer ing - – " guerre de course " . Bernard Desjean , Baron de Pointis , active in the Caribbean from the beginning of the war , was able to convince King Louis XIV of France to let him try a daring attack on the richest city of the region , Cartagena , in present - day Colombia . He received command of a fleet of seven capital ships , three frigate s , and some smaller vessels . The squadron left from Brest , France , on January 7 , 1697 , and arrived at Saint - Domingue in the West Indies on March 3 . Pointis requested assistance from governor Jean du Casse , who gave his support only reluctantly , as he preferred an attack on Portbelo . One month later , a fleet with 1 , 200 soldiers and 650 buccaneer s appeared before Cartagena . The renowned Spanish defences were not what they had once been , and Pointis conquered both fortresses which defended Cartagena relatively easily , losing only sixty men . Between May 6 and 24 , the French plundered the city , accumulating loot valued at ten to twenty million livres . Pointis then set sail directly for France , cheating his buccaneer allies of their promised share of the loot . Outraged , the buccaneers returned and plundered the city once more , this time untempered by the French regular soldiers , in an orgy of rape , extortion and murder . Aftermath . On his return voyage to France , Pointis managed to avoid the English admiral John Nevell , whose squadron had been diverted from Cadiz , Spain , to pursue the French privateer . After a three - day chase , Nevell had captured only one ship . Unfortunately for him , this was a hospital ship infested with yellow fever , which now spread through the English and Dutch fleets . The disease killed 1 , 300 English sailors , six captains , and Admiral Nevell himself ; only one captain in the Dutch fleet survived . The French did not escape unscathed , as yellow fever spread through their fleet , too , killing hundreds of sailors . However , Pointis made it back to France and gave Louis XIV his share of two million livres . The rest of the loot made Pointis an immensely rich man . He published " Relation de l ' expédition de Carthagène faite par les François en 1697 " in Amsterdam the next year .
8 - pounder long gun The 8 - pounder long gun was a light calibre piece of artillery mounted on French warships of the Age of sail . They were used as main guns on light ships of the early 19th century , and on the quarterdeck and forecastle of ships of the line . They were similar in design to the Canon de 8 Gribeauval . Usage . The 8 - pounder was the heaviest of the light guns . Its light weight allowed it to be mounted on the upper gun posts of ships of the line , where the timber of the deck was too light to support larger guns ; furthermore , it could be mounted relatively high without jeopardy to the stability of the ship , and could be installed at will at different positions . This made it useful as a chase gun , since its load packed enough power to damage the rigging of a fleeing enemy ( if used as a bow chaser ) or of a pursuing enemy ( when used as a stern chaser ) .
Naval militia A naval militia in the United States is a reserve military organization administered under the authority of a state government . It is often composed of Navy , Marine Corps , and Coast Guard reservists , retirees and volunteers . They are distinguishable from the U . S . Coast Guard Auxiliary , which is a federally chartered component of the U . S . Coast Guard and falls under the command of the Commandant of the Coast Guard through the Chief Director of the Auxiliary , and the United States Maritime Service and United States Merchant Marine both of which are federal maritime services . Under Title 10 of the United States Code , naval militias are treated differently from maritime state defense force units not primarily composed of reservists from the sea services . Naval militias are considered parts of the organized militia under federal law and thus members have a slightly different status . Naval militias , though they are state armed forces , may receive federal supplies and use Navy or Marine Corps facilities available to Naval Reserve or Marine Corps Reserve units subject to certain restrictions . Seamen and state marines belonging to naval militias may be enlisted or commissioned into the federal sea services at the rank they are qualified for , provided the service secretary agrees .
Fort Tiracol Fort Tiracol , sometimes known as Terekhol Fort , is a fort in Goa , India . Located on the northern tip of Goa at the mouth of the Tiracol River , Fort Tiracol is reached by a ferry from Querim , 42 km North of Panaji . The name probably originated from the Marathi " tir - khol " meaning " steep river - bank " . The fort was originally built by Maharaja Khem Sawant Bhonsle , the Raja of Sawantwadi , in the 17th century . The site chosen was a hillock on the Northern ( right ) bank of the river , which gave a commanding view of the Arabian sea . The Bhonsles of Sawantwadi kept a sizeable fleet of native vessels which sheltered in the Tiracol River . The fort initially consisted of 12 guns , a barrack and a chapel . In 1746 , the Portuguese under the 44th Viceroy of Goa , Pedro Miguel de Almeida Portugal e Vasconcelos , conde de Assumar , marquis de Alorna , waged war against the Raja of Sawantwadi . On 16 November 1746 , de Almeida brought the Portuguese fleet up to the River Kaisuva , waged a fierce maritime engagement against the naval forces of the Raja of Sawantwadi in which the Portuguese defeated the Sawantwadi forces utterly . Several skirmishes on land followed and Fort Tiracol was finally surrendered on 23 November 1746 to the Portuguese . The fort became an important part of Portuguese maritime defences ; being extensively revamped in 1764 . It remained in Portuguese control till December 1961 when the last of Portuguese territorial positions in the subcontinent were forcibly annexed by India . On 17 February 1819 , following the defeat of the Marathas , a treaty was signed by Raja " Bhonsle Khaima Sawunt " of " Sawunt Warree " who recognised British suzerainty . This treaty effectively abolished the strategic importance of the fort , as it became an enclave in territory controlled by British allies . During the Portuguese Civil War , the fort served as a rebel stronghold during an uprising in 1825 against the Portuguese led by Dr . Bernardo Peres da Silva , the first Goan born Viceroy of Goa . It was greatly damaged but the fort and the chapel were later rebuilt . A ruthless Commandant , " Tiger - killer " da Cunha entered the fort and ordered the beheading of the entire garrison and the placing of the heads on stakes . Fort Tiracol was a symbolic location where freedom fighters from Goa demonstrated from time to time . On 15 August 1954 , Satyagrahis protesting Portuguese rule entered Goa from three different directions - one of which was from the North to Fort Tiracol , which was occupied and flew the Indian flag for a day before they were captured and imprisoned . A Church for the Holy Trinity was constructed in the fort courtyard by de Almeida after its capture . This later became the century old Church of St . Anthony . Now , in a state of ruins , Fort Tiracol has been converted into a hotel , the Fort Tiracol Heritage . The church is not open to the general public except on certain occasions , such as the annual feast that is usually held in May .
161st Ohio Infantry The 161st Ohio Volunteer Infantry ( or 161st OVI ) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War . Service . The 161st Ohio Infantry was organized at Camp Chase in Columbus , Ohio and mustered in May 9 , 1864 for 100 days service under the command of Colonel Oliver P . Taylor . The regiment left Ohio for Cumberland , Maryland , May 9 , and served duty there until May 28 . Attached to Reserve Division , Department of West Virginia . Moved to Martinsburg , West Virginia , May 28 , and assigned to 1st Brigade , 1st Division , Department of West Virginia . Five companies were detached June 4 and assigned to duty in charge of supply trains for Hunter ' s Army . Hunter ' s Raid on Lynchburg June 6 – 25 . Retreat to Martinsburg June 19 – 25 . Moved to Beverly June 28 , then to Webster June 30 , and to Martinsburg July 2 . Operations about Harpers Ferry July 4 – 7 . Defense of Maryland Heights July 6 – 7 . Duty in the defenses of Maryland Heights until August 25 . The 161st Ohio Infantry mustered out of service September 2 , 1864 . Ohio National Guard . Over 35 , 000 Ohio National Guardsmen were federalized and organized into regiments for 100 days service in May 1864 . Shipped to the Eastern Theater , they were designed to be placed in " safe " rear areas to protect railroads and supply points , thereby freeing regular troops for Lt . Gen . Ulysses S . Grant ’ s push on the Confederate capital of Richmond , Virginia . As events transpired , many units found themselves in combat , stationed in the path of Confederate Gen . Jubal Early ’ s veteran Army of the Valley during its famed Valley Campaigns of 1864 . Ohio Guard units met the battle - tested foe head on and helped blunt the Confederate offensive thereby saving Washington , D . C . from capture . Ohio National Guard units participated in the battles of Monacacy , Fort Stevens , Harpers Ferry , and in the siege of Petersburg . Casualties . The regiment lost 14 men during service ; 1 enlisted man killed , 1 officer and 12 enlisted men due to disease .
Jeffrey Harbeson Jeffrey Harbeson is an officer in the United States Navy . He is notable for being denied a visa to visit Russia due to concerns his appointment as a commandant of Joint Task Force Guantanamo , the organization that runs the Guantanamo Bay detention camp s required him to oversee human rights abuses . In June 2010 Rear Admiral Harbeson replaced Rear Admiral Thomas H . Copeman III . Harbeson was previously assigned to the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations in Washington . Secretary of Defense Gates nominated Harbeson and 41 other Captain s for promotion to Rear Admiral in June 2009 . Earlier in his career he had commanded Destroyer Squadron 50 , and the USS John S . McCain ( DDG - 56 ) in Japan . In 1994 , when he was a Lieutenant Commander , he attend the Navy War College , where he wrote a paper entitled : " " The Vicksburg campaign - - Command and control of a successful joint operation " " . Harbeson joined the Navy in 1982 , after completing a degree at the University of Maryland . After his term at Guantanamo Harbeson became a staff officer for the Joint Chiefs of Staff — the Deputy Director for politico - military affairs for Europe , NATO and Russia . In January 2013 Russia declined to issue Harbeson a visa , claiming he oversaw human rights abuses while commanding Joint Task Force Guantanamo . The Russian actions were described as a reaction to the passage by the US Congress of the Magnitsky Act . Magnitsky was a Russian attorney who died in Russian custody in 2009 . He was described in the USA as being an innocent man , who was arrested after trying to use the Russian legal system to pursue corrupt Russian officials . The Magnitsky Act authorized US officials to publish the names , and to bar from admission to the USA , any Russian officials who had played a role in Magnitsky ' s arrest , interrogation , or long detention without trial . It was the position of Russian President Vladimir Putin that the USA was hypocritical to accuse Russia of human rights abuses , given its own record of detainee abuse . Harbeson was one of approximately 60 American officials barred from admission to Russia . On April 13 , 2013 , Harbeson was on a list released by the Russian Federation of Americans banned from entering the country over their alleged human rights violation s . The list was a direct response to the so - called Magnitsky list revealed by the United States the day before .
120 Krh / 40 120 Krh / 40 is a 120 mm mortar developed by Finnish Tampella ( now Patria Vammas ) . Use in Sweden . The " 120 Krh / 40 " was exported to Sweden between 1941 and 1944 and later produced under license in Sweden . A total of 219 was exported by Tampella . Swedish military knew them as " 12 cm granatkastare m / 41 " and has continued to serve as the standard heavy mortar of the Swedish Army .
Hans - Jürgen Burmester Hans - Jürgen Burmester ( 11 June 1916 – 22 September 1998 ) was a highly decorated Major in the Wehrmacht during World War II and an Oberst in the Bundeswehr . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . Hans - Jürgen Burmester was captured by American troops in 1945 . He joined the Bundeswehr in 1956 , retiring in 1974 .
MATS / 2 mine The MATS / 2 is a scatterable Italian circular plastic cased minimum metal blast resistant anti - tank blast mine . It uses a pneumatic fuse which is resistant to shock and blast similar to the fuse fitted to the TS - 50 . The mines plastic case is water proof , and the mine can be scattered from a helicopter traveling at up to 200 km / h using the Tecnovar DAT dispensing system . A secondary fuse well is provided in the base for the fitting of anti - handling devices . The mines manufacturer claims the mine is capable of disabling any armoured vehicle . The mine is no longer in production , but is in service with the Italian army .
USS Skill ( MSO - 471 ) USS " Skill " ( MSO - 471 ) was an acquired by the U . S . Navy for the task of removing mines that had been placed in the water to prevent the safe passage of ships . " Skill " was the second U . S . Navy vessel of that name . It was an ocean minesweeper , laid down by Luders Marine Construction Co . , Stamford , Connecticut , on 17 August 1953 under the designation " AM - 471 " ; redesignated " MSO - 471 " on 7 February 1955 ; launched on 3 April 1955 ; sponsored by Mrs . John C . Niedermair ; and commissioned on 7 November 1955 , Lt . Robert A . Latka in command . Atlantic Ocean operations . " Skill " conducted shakedown training off the Atlantic coast before reporting for duty with the Mine Force , Atlantic Fleet , at Charleston , South Carolina , on 19 December 1955 . During her 15 years of active service with the Navy , the minesweeper served with the Atlantic and 6th Fleet s . She operated out of Charleston throughout her career , when not deployed to the Mediterranean . " Skill " operated with the 6th Fleet in the " middle sea " in 1956 , 1957 , 1958 , 1960 , 1962 , 1964 , 1966 , and 1968 . " Skill " participated in the recovery effort of the 1966 Palomares B - 52 crash in early 1966 . In late May 1968 , during the return voyage from her last Mediterranean deployment , " Skill " participated in the unsuccessful search for the nuclear submarine , . Decommissioning . " Skill " spent all of 1969 around Charleston , South Carolina , and most of it at the Detyens Shipyard being repaired . " Skill " was finally decommissioned and placed in reserve in October 1970 . She was berthed at Beaumont , Texas , as a unit of the Atlantic Reserve Fleet until sold for scrap by the Defense Reutilization and Marketing Service on 1 April 1979 .
Prize Cases Prize Cases ( 1863 ) – 67 U . S . 635 – was a case argued before the Supreme Court of the United States in 1862 during the American Civil War . The Supreme Court ' s decision declared constitutional the blockade of the Southern ports ordered by President Abraham Lincoln . The opinion in the case was written by Supreme Court Justice Robert Cooper Grier . Background . Facing the secession of several states from the Union and the possibility of open hostilities , Abraham Lincoln did not ask Congress to declare war on the Confederate States of America as he believed this would be tantamount to recognizing the Confederacy as a nation . Instead , Lincoln instituted a naval blockade which had interesting legal ramifications because nations do not blockade their own ports ; rather they close them . By ordering a blockade , Lincoln essentially declared the Confederacy to be belligerent s instead of insurrection ists . The Confederate States were mostly agrarian , and almost all of their machined and manufactured goods were imported . At the beginning of the war there was only one significant steel mill and manufactory in the South , the Tredegar Iron Works in Richmond , Virginia . Moreover , the southern economy depended on the export of cotton , tobacco and other crops . The blockade of the South resulted in the capture of dozens of American and foreign ships , both those attempting to run the highly efficient blockade and smuggle goods and munitions to the South as well as those attempting to smuggle exports from the South . Decision . The question before the court dealt with the seized ships . In admiralty , a ship captured during war may be kept as a prize . If there was no formal war , then capturing ships and impounding them is piracy . The Court looked to international law , and concluded that " it is not necessary to constitute war , that both parties should be acknowledged as independent nations or sovereign States . " The Court further stated that the President , as commander - in - chief of the armed forces , had the authority to proclaim a blockade as a method of waging war . The Court noted that Congress , in 1861 , had adopted a law ratifying and approving the President ' s proclamation as well as other actions taken to prosecute the war , but did not declare whether such Congressional approval was necessary to legitimize the blockade . Dissent by Justice Nelson . The dissenting opinion by the Court acknowledges that the President is not provided the authority to declare war . The power to declare war lies with Congress . The Civil War did not exist until it was declared so by Congress . Lincoln ordered the blockade " before " Congress had declared a war . As such , Nelson and the minority believed that the blockade was unconstitutional . They further contend that even had Lincoln been granted the authority for the blockade , he would need to provide the neutral parties with a proper notice of seizure . Conclusion . The Supreme Court found the actions of President Lincoln constitutional .
No . 85 Expeditionary Logistics Wing RAF No . 85 Expeditionary Logistics Wing , RAF is based at RAF Wittering , England . It is made up of several ground transport and logistics handling squadrons , whose role is to establish air and sea ports of disemarkation and the associated supply chain all the way to the front line squadrons . No 85 ( EL ) Wg , with an establishment of approximately 660 personnel , comprises four air combat service support units : No 1 Expeditionary Logistics Squadron , No 2 Mechanical Transport Squadron , No 3 Mobile Catering Squadron and the Joint Aircraft Recovery and Transportation Squadron ( JARTS ) . The wing played a major role in the RAF deployment in the run - up to and during Operation Telic .
14th Rhode Island Heavy Artillery ( Colored ) 14th Rhode Island Heavy Artillery ( Colored ) was an African American artillery regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War . Service . The 14th Rhode Island Heavy Artillery ( Colored ) was organized in Providence , Rhode Island and mustered in August 28 , 1863 for three years service . The regiment served unattached , XIII Corps , Department of the Gulf , to May 1864 ( 1st Battalion ) . Defenses of New Orleans , Department of the Gulf , to October 1865 . The 14th Rhode Island Heavy Artillery ( Colored ) officially ceased to exist when the designation of the regiment was first changed to 8th U . S . Colored Heavy Artillery April 4 , 1864 , and later to 11th U . S . Colored Heavy Artillery May 21 , 1864 . The 11th U . S . Colored Heavy Artillery mustered out of service October 2 , 1865 at New Orleans , Louisiana . Detailed service . The units of the regiment were originally trained on organized on Dutch Island in Narragansett Bay . There were three battalions formed . The 1st and 3rd Battalions served together at Camp Parapet in New Orleans . The 2nd Battalion was stationed at English Turn in Plaquemine near New Orleans . 1st Battalion moved to New Orleans , Louisiana , December 19 – 30 , 1863 , then to Pass Cavallo , Texas , December 31 , 1863 – January 8 , 1864 . 1st Battalion assigned to garrison duty at Fort Esperanza , Matagorda Island , Texas , until May 19 , 1864 . Moved to Camp Parapet , New Orleans , La . , May 19 – 23 ; joined 3rd Battalion and served duty there until July 1864 . Ordered to Port Hudson , Louisiana and garrison duty there until April 1865 . Duty at Brashear City and New Orleans until October 1865 . 2nd Battalion moved to New Orleans January 8 - February 3 , 1864 . Duty in the Defenses of New Orleans at English Turn and at Plaquemine until October 1865 . Expedition from Brashear City to Ratliff ' s Plantation May 14 – 16 , 1865 ( detachment ) . Action at Indian Village , Plaquemine Parish , August 6 , 1864 in which three soldiers were captured and later executed by insurgent forces . 3rd Battalion moved to New Orleans , April 3 – 15 , and duty at Camp Parapet until October 1865 . As the regiment served in two different locations it never assembled as a whole until after it had been mustered out of service . The regiment ' s commander , Colonel J . Hale Sypher , served on court martial duty throughout the regiment ' s service and never exercised operational control over the regiment . The de facto commander of the regiment was Lieutenant Colonel Nelson Viall , who was noted for his concern for the well being of his soldiers . Viall has previously served as colonel of the 2nd Rhode Island Infantry but accepted a reduction in rank to serve with the 14th Rhode Island . After the war he served as the warden of the state prison .