naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Tang campaigns against Karasahr The Tang campaigns against Karasahr , known as Yanqi in Chinese sources , were two military campaigns sent by the Tang Dynasty emperor Taizong against the Tarim Basin kingdom of Karasahr in Xinjiang , a vassal of the Western Turkic Khaganate . The first campaign in 644 was led by the Tang commander Guoxiao Ke , protectorate - general of the Anxi Protectorate in western China , who defeated the oasis state and a Western Turk army at the conquest of Karasahr and installed a Tang loyalist as ruler . The second campaign in 648 was led by the Tang general Ashina She ' er , who re - established Chinese control over the kingdom after the Chinese puppet ruler was overthrown . Background . Karasahr , a kingdom in the Tarim Basin , became a tributary state of Tang China in 632 . In 632 , the nearby oasis states Kashgar and Khotan surrendered to Chinese suzerainty , as did the kingdom of Yarkand in 635 . Karasahr was influenced by Persian culture , Buddhism , and the Greco - Buddhist culture of Afghanistan . The rulers of Karasahr grew uneasy as the Chinese expanded into Central Asia . After the conquest of the city of Turfan , center of the kingdom of Gaochang , the Chinese army stationed nearby was seen as a direct threat . Campaign . Karasahr ended its tributary relationship with the Tang Dynasty and formed an alliance with the Western Turkic Khaganate . The state of Kucha , although technically a Tang suzerain , aided Karasahr ' s rebellion in 644 . Fearing Tang military ambitions , Kucha also ended its status as a Chinese tributary state . The Tang emperor responded by sending an army led by commander Guoxiao Ke , protectorate - general of the Anxi Protectorate , against the kingdom . Guo planned a surprise attack , marching towards the city from the Yulduz , and attacked the kingdom at dawn . The oasis state fell in 644 and the king was captured . The Western Turks sent troops to assist Karasahr , but they were defeated by the Tang forces . A puppet king loyal to the Tang Dynasty , Long Lipozhun , a brother of the former king , was installed as ruler . Karasahr was re - established as a vassal and the region was brought under Tang control . Usurpation and defeat . The Tang loyalist king was ousted by his cousin in a revolt . Karasahr also received support from the Western Turks . The Tang general Ashina She ' er , a member of the Turkic Ashina royal family , was sent to Karasahr in 648 to remove the usurper and bring the region back under Tang control . Tang forces defeated Karasahr and the usurper was executed . A new Tang loyalist was installed as ruler of Karasahr . Aftermath . A Tang military garrison was installed in the kingdom as one of the Four Garrisons of Anxi , created to secure Tang hegemony of the Tarim Basin in southern Xinjiang . The conquest of Karasahr , along with the conquest of Kucha , ended the influence of Indo - European culture in Central Asia . The Tang campaign against the states of the Western Regions brought the majority of the Tarim Basin under Chinese control . Following the fall of Karasahr , Ashina She ' er led his forces in a campaign against the state of Kucha .
4th Infantry Brigade ( Canada ) The 4th Infantry Brigade ( Canada ) was a First World War Canadian Army brigade . It was part of the 2nd Canadian Division . World War I History . The formation of the 2nd Canadian Division began in May 1915 in Britain following the arrival of a large contingent of soldiers from Canada . The Division remained in Great Britain only a short time before embarking for France in September 1915 . Under the command of Major - General R . E . W . Turner , its members spent a long and bitterly cold winter in a Belgian section of the front between Ploegsteert Wood and Saint - Eloi , south of Ypres . Infantry units as well as artillery units of the 2nd Canadian Division served in both France and Flanders until Armistice Day .
Máté Zalka Máté Zalka ( April 23 , 1896 , Tunyogmatolcs , Hungary - June 11 , 1937 , Huesca , Spain ) was a Hungarian writer and revolutionary . His real name was Béla Frankl . He attended Polgári Iskola ( high school ) in Mátészalka , which was later renamed in his honor . ( The name was later rechanged after the fall of the Communist regime ) . When he was 18 , Zalka lied about his age in order to volunteer in the Hungarian Army . Officer of hussars Zalka fought in Italy which later became the subject of his novel " Doberdó " . He went to battle on the Russian front in 1917 and ended up in a Russian prisoner of war camp , where he was influenced by Communism . In February 1918 , during the Russian Civil War , Zalka formed an international group of Red Guards in Khabarovsk which mainly comprised ex - prisoner Hungarians , and participated in the punitive operations in Siberia against the White formations ; with posse heated from Zalka extraordinary brutality . His squadron atrocities does not confront them inferior that of Ataman Semionov ) . At the end of World War I , Zalka chose to stay in Russia instead of returning to Hungary . Zalka met his Russian future wife Vera . They had one daughter , who later died due to complications from the accident at Chernobyl . In 1920 , Zalka fought against Poland in the Battle of Kiev . From 1921 - 23 , he was commander of a regiment of cavalry of the VCK GPU , the Soviet Communist Party Secret Service , that fought in Crimea and Ukraine , and was involved in the elimination of teams NI Makhno and other Atamanov Ukraine . And the fact that this movement enjoys widespread support of local people , many of the actions resulted in punitive operations against civilians . At some point , he fought in the Turkish War of Independence under the assumed name of Lukács Tábornok ( General Lukács ) . While he was in the prisoner of war camp , he organized the prisoners´ theatre . He was director of the " Theatre of Revolution " ( now called " Mayakovsky Theatre " ) in Moscow ( 1925 – 1928 ) . In 1936 , he moved to Spain , where in November 1936 he joined the International Brigades to fight in the Spanish Civil War . Under the assumed name of Pavol Lukács and with the rank of General , he commanded initially the XII International Brigade and then the 45th Division . In 1937 , his car was hit by artillery fire and he was killed near Huesca . Zalka is mentioned in a number of works of Hemingway . His remains were originally buried in the south of Spain but decades after his death , Zalka ' s nephew ( who also fought in the Spanish war ) was invited by the Spanish royal family to a ceremony celebrating the end of the civil war . At this point , he was able to carry Zalka ' s remains to Hungary where they were buried in a military cemetery in Budapest along with other high - ranking Hungarian military officers . References . This article was initially written by his niece , daughter of his sister Paula Frankl . She remains in possession of several original documents written by her Uncle Bela and has recorded his history for personal reasons over the years .
USS Lignite ( IX - 162 ) USS " Lignite " ( IX - 162 ) , a designated an unclassified miscellaneous vessel , was the only ship of the United States Navy to be named for lignite . Her keel was laid down on 8 December 1943 by Barrett & Hilp , Belair Shipyard , San Francisco , California , under a Maritime Commission contract ( T . B7 - D1 - Barge ) . She was launched on 26 February 1944 sponsored by Miss Catherine Barrett , converted for use as a United States Army and United States Marine Corps stores barge by Barrett & Hilp , acquired by the Navy on 26 September 1944 , and placed in service at San Francisco the same day . Service history . Assigned to Service Force , Pacific Fleet , " Lignite " served as a general stores and issue barge at advance bases in the Philippines and Okinawa . She continued this duty throughout the remainder of World War II . While serving at Okinawa after the war , the barge was grounded at Buckner Bay on 9 October 1945 by Typhoon Louise , one of the most violent storms ever to strike Okinawa . " Lignite " , was refloated on 16 October , towed to Hong Kong in March 1946 , and towed to Subic Bay , Luzon , in May . She was placed out of service at Subic Bay on 6 August and returned to the War Shipping Administration the following day . Her name was struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 28 August . Awards . " Lignite " received one battle star for World War II service .
5th Virginia Infantry Battalion The 5th Battalion , Virginia Infantry , also known as the Archer ’ s Battalion , was raised in Virginia for service in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War and , served as infantry . It fought mostly with the Army of Northern Virginia . The battalion completed its organization at Richmond , Virginia , in May 1861 . Its six companies were raised in the counties of Brunswick , Dinwiddie , Prince George , Henrico , and Greensville . The unit served as heavy artillery along the James River before being attached to General Armistead ' s Brigade . During June 1862 , it contained 213 men , was active in the Seven Days ' Battles , then disbanded in September . Many of its members transferred to the 53rd Virginia Infantry regiment . The field officers were Lieutenant Colonel F . H . Archer , and Majors William R . Foster and John P . Wilson , Jr .
Johann Zemsky Johann Raimund Zemsky ( 11 April 1909 – 28 August 1942 ) was a highly decorated Major in the Luftwaffe during World War II , and one of only 882 recipients of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross and its higher grade Oak Leaves was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . Johann Zemsky was killed on 28 August 1942 after being shot down during the Battle of Stalingrad . He was posthumously awarded the Oak Leaves to his Knight ' s Cross on 3 September 1942 .
Battle of Ringmere Norse sagas recorded a battle at " Hringmaraheior " ; " Old English Hringmere - hūō " , modern name Ringmere Heath . The sack of Thetford occurred in 1004 . Sigvat records the victory of King Ethelred , allied with Saint Olaf , over the Danes under Sweyn Forkbeard during the latters campaigns in England . The Battle site was located in lands under the control of Ulfketel , Thane of East Anglia , at a site once thought to be near Wretham , but now thought to be at Rymer in Suffolk . The Anglo - Saxon Chronicle reports that Ulfketel / Ulfcytel and the " councillors in East Anglia " attempted to buy a truce with Swein , but that the Danes broke the truce and marched to Thetford where a part of the East Anglian fyrd engaged them . The Danes managed to escape . The Battle of Ringmere was fought in 1010 ; John of Worcester records that the Danes defeated the Saxons . Over a three - month period the Danes wasted East Anglia , burning Thetford and Cambridge .
S1G reactor The S1G reactor is a naval reactor used by the United States Navy to provide electricity generation and propulsion on warship s . The S1G designation stands for : This nuclear reactor was constructed by General Electric as a prototype for the USS " Seawolf " ( SSN - 575 ) submarine . It was a liquid metal cooled reactor using pure sodium to cool the core instead of water , because the higher temperature of liquid sodium ( compared to pressurized water ) enabled the production of more superheated steam in the steam generators . This resulted in a more efficient thermal cycle , yielding more shaft horsepower for a given reactor size . The reactor design had problems because of limited operating temperature constraints . The major disadvantage of this concept was the ignition of sodium when exposed to air . S1G was used for testing and training . Eventually a sodium leak resulted in a fire , and the facility was shut down . In the meantime , the S1W and S2W pressurized water reactors , conceived for the USS " Nautilus " ( SSN - 571 ) , had demonstrated their superior reliability . The S1G reactor facility and its Horton Sphere were later reused for the D1G prototype destroyer reactor .
Hermann Buchner ( SS officer ) Hermann Buchner was a Sturmbannführer ( Major ) , in the Waffen SS during World War II who was awarded the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross , which was awarded to recognize extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership by Nazi Germany during World War II . He was also one of only 631 men awarded the very rare Close Combat Clasp in Gold . Early Life and SS Career . Hermann Buchner was born Jan . 16 , 1917 . He attended college to be a pharmacist , and eventually joined the Waffen - SS . He enlisted in the SS on October 4 . 1937 , at the rank of SS - Anwarter . He was promoted to SS - Sturmman on 20 . December , 1937 . He attended officer candidate school , but dropped out once , and barely passed his second attempt . Totenkopf , Demjansk and Russia . After graduation , he was assigned to SS - Totenkopf - Infanterie - Regiment 1 . He served as an adjutant to 3 . Battalion through the campaigns in France , and saw combat , winning the Iron Cross 2 Class . In the early parts of Operation Barbarossa he was involved in heavy close combat fighting . During the Demjansk encirclement he was again in close combat , and was wounded by shrapnel , but returned to his unit . He was awarded the Demjansk shield . He also recorded many days of close combat or " melee days . " When he earned the Knight ' s Cross he was the 3 . Battalion Kommandeur . He led an infantry attack on a heavily defended position without any heavy armor or artillery support . He not only succeeded , but took comparatively minimal casualties , and hundreds of Russian prisoners . He was also awarded the Tank Destruction Badge , German Cross in Gold , the Wound Badge in Gold and the rare Close Combat Clasp in Gold ! Fate . He was one of few men in the entire German army to be awarded every single bravery medal . He was also the 4th member of the German armed forces to win the prestigious Close Combat Clasp in Gold , eventually recording over 60 " melee days " or days spent in close combat . In July and August 1943 alone , he recorded 20 days of melee . He was killed in action , West of Warsaw in November 1944 , when he was hit in the back by shrapnel . Although he did poorly in his officer classes , he was still promoted quickly , and ended the war as a Major , or SS - Sturmbannfuhrer . He also was one of few SS Knight ' s Cross Winners who never joined the Nazi Party , and apposed many of Hitler ' s policies . His quick climb up the ladder is truly a testament to his excellent service with SS - Division " Totenkopf "
Chremonidean War The Chremonidean War ( Χρεμωνίδειος πόλεμος ) ( 267 BC - 261 BC ) was fought by a coalition of Greek city - states against Macedonian domination . The origins of the war lie in the continuing desire of many Greek states , most notably Athens and Sparta , for a restoration of their former independence along with the Ptolemaic desire to stir up discontent within the sphere of influence of its Macedonian rival . Ptolemy Philadelphus ' s ambitions in the Aegean were threatened by Antigonus Gonatas ' s fleet , so he carefully built up an anti - Macedonian coalition in Greece . He especially concentrated on courting Athens , by supplying her with grain . The anti - Macedonian faction in Athens , led by the stoic Chremonides , took power and proceeded to declare war on Macedon ( possibly as early as the autumn of 268 BC ) . The first year of the conflict saw only minor confrontations , though they generally ended favorably for the anti - Macedonian coalition . Although after the indecisive campaign season of 266 BC , the war began to turn against the Greek city - states , and in 265 BC Antigonus was able to win a decisive and crushing victory outside Corinth in which the Spartan King Areus I fell . With their primary ally defeated and too militarily weak to confront the Antigonids alone , the Athenians could do little but wait behind their walls and hope the Ptolemies could send aid before the inevitable siege . Unfortunately for them however , Philadelphus would not be ready to mount a major expedition until after Athens had already been starved into surrender in either 262 BC or 261 BC . In the end it did not matter since when the Egyptians finally tried to send aid and reinforcements to Athens , their fleet was defeated off Cos ( probably in 261 BC ) . This action called the Battle of Cos also features in the narrative of the second of the Syrian Wars with a strong alternative date of 258 BC . After the fall of Athens , she lost her last pre - Hellenistic vestiges of independence and was garrisoned by Macedonian troops until 229 BC .
Hugh Logan Hugh Logan ( November 22 , 1834 – 1903 ) was a Captain of the Afterguard in the Union Navy and a Medal of Honor recipient for his actions in the American Civil War . Medal of Honor citation . Rank and organization : Captain of the Afterguard , U . S . Navy . Born : 1834 , Ireland . Accredited to : Massachusetts . G . O . No . : 59 , June 22 , 1865 . Citation : On board the U . S . S . Rhode Island which was engaged in rescuing men from the stricken Monitor in Mobile Bay , on December 30 , 1862 . After the Monitor sprang a leak and went down , Logan courageously risked his life in a gallant attempt to rescue members of the crew . Although sacrificing his life during the hazardous operation , he had made every effort possible to save the lives of his fellow men .
Marjorie Sterrett Battleship Fund Award The Marjorie Sterrett Battleship Fund Award is presented annually by the U . S . Navy ' s Chief of Naval Operations to one ship in the U . S . Atlantic Fleet and one in the U . S . Pacific Fleet . A list of winners appears at the end of this article . Generally the recipient is the ship with the highest score in the fleet ' s annual competitions for Battle Efficiency Award s , and is therefore often thought of as the fleet ' s most battle - ready ship . This isn ' t strictly correct , because it has been the policy to rotate eligibility for the award annually among the various type commands ( aircraft carrier s , submarine s , amphibious ship s , etc . ) . The award includes a small monetary stipend ( about $ 1500 in 2004 ) . Commanding officers receiving the award must put the money into the ship ' s recreation fund , where it can be spent on athletic equipment , prizes for athletic or marksmanship competitions , recreation room furniture , dances , parties , and similar recreational activities . History . The Marjorie Sterrett Battleship Fund was established in 1917 by the Tribune Association . It was initiated by a contribution which accompanied the following letter , printed on February 4 , 1916 : The letter was written during the buildup to America ' s entry into World War I , and it generated a huge response . Former president Theodore Roosevelt responded immediately with a handwritten letter and a dollar contribution ; within a few days he met with Marjorie in Manhattan . The Tribune printed the name of every contributor , and newspapers across the country reprinted Marjorie ' s letter and received additional donations . Ultimately 200 , 000 dimes were collected , each typically in the name of a child or a contributor ' s yet - to - be born grandchild . The money was offered to the Navy , but Secretary Josephus Daniels at first rejected it , citing legal prohibitions . A law was soon enacted allowing the Navy Department to accept the money , and by early 1918 the $ 20 , 000 had been transferred to the government . Prior to World War II , income from the fund was used to pay prizes annually to turret and gun crews making the highest scores in short - range battle practice , and to submarine crews making the highest scores in torpedo firing . Since the end of World War II , the Navy has emphasized readiness and fitness of the ship rather than competition between individual departments . List of Post - WWII Winners . 1948 was the first post - World War II year in which awards were made . Awards were discontinued in 1951 due to the Korean War , and were not reinstated until 1958 .
Action at Kalmas The Action at Kalmas was a battle between the British Army and a group of guerrilla fighters in Afghanistan in 1916 . On 26 September 1916 an action took place at Kalmas , thirty miles north of Nasratabad Sipi , between a small British detachment and some gun - runners moving a convoy of arms towards Afghanistan . 2nd - Lt B . W . Wahl , with 23 sowar s of the 23rd Light Cavalry and 36 levies , surprised and attacked the gun - runners . The whole convoy was captured , four of its escort being killed and one taken prisoner . However , Lt Wahl and one sowar of the 23rd Light Cavalry were killed in the cavalry charge which opened the action .
Hasdrubal the Boetharch Hasdrubal the Boetharch was a Carthaginian general during the Third Punic War . Little is known about him . " Boetharch " is a Carthaginian office , the exact function of which is unclear , and is not to be confused with the Greek Boeotarch . Hasdrubal led the Carthaginian forces at the Siege of Carthage in 146 BC . Their defeat by Scipio Aemilianus , a Consul of the Roman Republic , brought the war to a close . Hasdrubal ' s military skill was not to be doubted , as his army had been well trained and equipped . His work at defending Carthage cost the Romans a difficult campaign to suppress the defenders . His tactical skills , however , were dwarfed by his contemporaries Masinissa and Scipio . Hasdrubal had a wife and two sons , who , according to Polybius , threw themselves into a burning temple when they witnessed their army ' s defeat . Hasdrubal had surrendered himself to the Romans prior to his family ' s deaths , an act possibly provoking their suicide . He was taken to Rome and displayed during Scipio ' s triumph , but later allowed to live in peace in Italy . This may be the same general Hasdrubal who was defeated near the town of Tunes ( now Tunis ) by the Numidian king , Masinissa , just after war was declared ( 149 BC ) .
47th Virginia Infantry The 47th Virginia Volunteer Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment raised in Virginia for service in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War . It fought mostly with the Army of Northern Virginia and was a unit in A . P . Hill ' s Light Division . The 47th Virginia was formed in June 1861 , with men recruited in Caroline , Middlesex , Essex , and Stafford counties . One company , Company H , was recruited in Maryland and known as Zarvona ' s Zouaves . The unit served under the command of Generals Pettigrew , Field , Heth , H . H . Walker , and Barton . It fought with the Army of Northern Virginia from Seven Pines to Cold Harbor , then was active in the trenches of Petersburg and around Appomattox . This regiment totalled 444 effectives in April , 1862 , and sustained 34 casualties of the 156 engaged at Frayser ' s Farm . It reported 29 casualties at Second Manassas , 45 at Fredericksburg , and 45 at Chancellorsville . Twenty - three percent of the 209 in action at Gettysburg were disabled . During February 1865 , the 47th and 55th Regiments were consolidated , but only 2 sergeants of the 47th surrendered on April 9 . The field officers were Colonels Robert M . Mayo and George W . Richardson ; Lieutenant Colonels James D . Bruce , William J . Greene , and John W . Lyell ; and Majors Charles J . Green and Edward P . Taylor .