naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Dassault Mystère The Dassault MD . 452 Mystère is a 1950s French fighter - bomber . Development . After the success of the Ouragan , Dassault was working on a more advanced machine based on it , which would take to the air in early 1951 as the MD . 452 Mystère I . The first prototype Mystère I was essentially an Ouragan with a 30 - degree swept wing and modified tail surfaces . Two further prototypes followed , powered by the Rolls - Royce Tay 250 centrifugal - flow turbojet , an improved version of the Rolls - Royce Nene , built under license by Hispano - Suiza , and rated at thrust . These three Mystère I prototypes led to two Mystère IIA prototypes , powered by the Tay and armed with four Hispano cannon ; and then four Mystère IIB prototypes , which traded the four cannon for two DEFA revolver - type cannon . A Mystère IIA was the first French aircraft to break Mach 1 in controlled flight ( in a dive ) , on 28 October 1951 . The eleven pre - production machines that followed were designated Mystère IIC , nine of which were fitted with the SNECMA Atar 101C axial - flow turbojet , rated at thrust , while two were experimentally fitted with the afterburning Atar 101F , with afterburning thrust of . Operational history . The French Air Force ordered 150 Mystère IICs , with the first production machine flying in June 1954 , and delivered in October of that year . The production aircraft featured the twin DEFA cannon , an Atar 101D turbojet with thrust , increased tail sweep , and revised intake trunking and internal fuel tank arrangement . Top speed was at low level . Details of external stores are unclear , but a reasonable assumption would be that they were similar to those of Ouragan . The last Mystère IIC was delivered in 1957 , by which time the type was already being relegated to advanced training duties . Aircraft design was moving at a breakneck pace in the 1950s and even as the Mystère IIC was becoming operational , the better Dassault Mystère IVA was flying . The Mystère IIC was very much an interim type , though it did persist in the training role until 1963 . There were no foreign buyers for the Mystère II . As noted , the Israelis wanted to buy 24 but changed their minds and bought Mystère IVAs instead . It appears that the Mystère II was never used in combat . < / div >
Friedrich - Wilhelm von Loeper Friedrich - Wilhelm von Loeper ( 3 August 1888 – 7 October 1983 ) was a highly decorated Generalleutnant in the Wehrmacht during World War II . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . Friedrich - Wilhelm von Loeper retired from active service in February 1945 , but was still taken prisoner by Allied troops in May 1945 and was released in 1947 .
Treaty of Tientsin Several documents known as the " Treaty of Tien - tsin " were signed in Tianjin ( Tientsin ) in June 1858 , ending the first part of the Second Opium War ( 1856 – 1860 ) . The Second French Empire , United Kingdom , Russian Empire , and the United States were the parties involved . These treaties opened more Chinese ports ( see Treaty of Nanking ) to the foreigners , permitted foreign legations in the Chinese [ [ Capital capital Beijing , allowed Christian missionary activity , and legalized the import of opium . They were ratified by the [ [ Tongzhi Emperor | Emperor of China ] ] in the [ [ Convention of Peking ] ] in 1860 , after the end of the war . Dates . 1200 - 1500 Terms . Definitions . The Treaties of Tientsin uses several words that have somewhat ambiguous meanings . For example the words “ settlement ” and “ concession ” can often be confused . The term “ settlement ” refers to a parcel of land leased to a foreign power and is composed of both foreign and national peoples ; locally elected foreigners govern them . The term “ [ [ Concession ( territory ) | concession ] ] ” refers to a long - term lease of land to a foreign power where the foreign nation has complete control of the land ; it is governed by consular representation . American involvement . Following the pattern set by the great powers of Europe , the [ [ United States ] ] took on a protectionist stance , built up its navy , and tried to create a mercantile empire . The United States was one of the leading signing “ treaty powers ” in China , forcing open a total of 23 foreign concessions from the Chinese government . While it is often noted that the United States did not control any settlements in China , they shared British land grants and were actually invited to take land in Shanghai but refused because the land was thought to be disadvantageous . External links . [ [ Category : Unequal treaties ] ] [ [ Category : China – United Kingdom relations ] ] [ [ Category : History of the United States ( 1849 – 65 ) ] ] [ [ Category : 1858 in China ] ] [ [ Category : 1858 treaties ] ] [ [ Category : 1860 treaties ] ] [ [ Category : Treaties of the Second French Empire ] ] [ [ Category : Treaties of the United States ] ] [ [ Category : Treaties of the Russian Empire ] ] [ [ Category : Treaties of the United Kingdom ( 1801 – 1922 ) ] ] [ [ Category : Treaties of the Qing Dynasty ] ] [ [ Category : China – France relations ] ] [ [ Category : China – United States relations ] ] [ [ Category : China – Russia relations ] ]
Charles Titus Charles Titus ( January 1 , 1838 - March 26 , 1921 ) was an American soldier who received the Medal of Honor for valor during the American Civil War . Biography . Titus served in the American Civil War in the 1st New Jersey Cavalry for the Union Army . He received the Medal of Honor on July 3 , 1865 for his actions at the Battle of Sayler ' s Creek . Medal of Honor citation . Citation : Was among the first to check the enemy ' s countercharge .
G . B . Pegram George Braxton Pegram ( October 24 , 1876 – August 12 , 1958 ) was an American physicist who played a key role in the technical administration of the Manhattan Project . Life . Pegram was born in Trinity , North Carolina , and was one of the five children of William Howell Pegram . He was also professor of chemistry at Trinity College ( now Duke University ) , and Emma , daughter of Rev . Braxton Craven , the college ' s president . His upbringing in the academic atmosphere of the campus left him with an appetite for careful methodical work and an inherent diplomacy . Pegram graduated from Trinity in 1895 and taught high school before becoming a teaching assistant in physics at Columbia University in 1900 . He was to spend the rest of his working life at Columbia , taking his doctorate in 1903 and becoming a full professor in 1918 . His administrative career began as early as 1913 when he became the department ' s executive officer . By 1918 , he was Dean of the Faculty of Applied Sciences but he resigned in 1930 to relaunch his research activities , performing many meticulous measurements on the properties of neutrons with John R . Dunning . Returning to administration in 1936 , as Dean and Chair of Columbia ' s physics department , Pegram was instrumental in bringing Enrico Fermi to the US to escape the Fascist regime of his native Italy . In 1940 he brokered a meeting between Fermi and the US Navy at which the prospect of an atomic bomb was raised with the military for the first time . Following Marcus Oliphant ' s mission to the USA in August 1941 to alert the Americans to the feasibility of an atomic bomb , in autumn 1941 Pegram and Urey led a diplomatic mission to the United Kingdom to establish co - operation on development of the atomic bomb . Pegram and his colleague Harold C . Urey soon found themselves on Vannevar Bush ' s S - 1 Uranium Committee coordinating all technical research . Thereafter Columbia physics department was home to many of the key technologies required for the bomb project . Pegram died in Swarthmore , Pennsylvania .
RM Poole Royal Marines Base Poole ( RM Poole ) is a British naval base in Poole , England and is the centre for the Royal Marines and Royal Navy amphibious and riverine activities . History . The base was built in 1942 with the creation of Royal Air Force Hamworthy . In 1944 , control of the site was handed over to the Royal Navy for use as a naval establishment . The site was known as HMS Turtle and was used for training personnel for the D - Day landings . In May 1944 , the site was closed but a small number of personnel were retained for basic maintenance of the base . The site was re - opened and taken over by the Royal Marines in 1954 and became known as the Amphibious School , Royal Marines . In 1956 , it was expanded and was renamed the Joint Service Amphibious Warfare Centre ( JSAWC ) Sometime in the early 1960s , it was renamed Amphibious Training Unit Royal Marines ( ATURM ) The Technical Training Wing was moved from Eastney to Poole in 1973 and the base became Royal Marines Poole . October 2001 saw the formation of 1 Assault Group Royal Marines who are responsible for landing craft training .
Jaswant Singh Marwah Lieutenant Colonel Jaswant Singh Marwah ( born 21 January 1921 ) is an Indian journalist and author , and the father of General Joginder Jaswant Singh , the first Sikh Chief of Army Staff of the Indian Army . He was a former Special Duty Officer in the Archaeological Survey of India , and served in the Indian Army ' s Electrical Mechanical Engineering branch from 1943 to 1973 . He is also a veteran of the Second World War . He was awarded the Nehru Award in 1981 and 1984 , by the Vice President of India and the President of India respectively . In 1987 he was awarded the Journalism Award by the Indian Ministry of Communications . Marwah has written and published nine books , with a new manuscript under print . All his published books have been sent to over 100 universities in India , and other educational establishments by the Government of India , Punjabi Academy and Hindi Academy .
PAF Base Minhas Minhas Airbase or Kamra Airbase is a PAF Airbase located at Kamra , Attock District , Punjab , Pakistan . It was named in the honour of Pilot Officer Rashid Minhas , who was awarded the Nishan - e - Haider for valor in the Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 . Militant Attacks . On 10 December 2007 a school bus carrying children during the morning rush was attacked by a suicide bomber , injuring seven . It was a PAF employees bus and the attack took place near the Fauji gate outside the Pakistan Aeronautical Complex in Kamra on the Attock - Kamra road . On 18 January 2008 , terrorists fired four rockets at short intervals . One landed on the roof of senior NCO ' s mess , and two inside the Mirage Rebuild Factory in the Pakistan Aeronautical Complex , although no casualties were reported . The base has two fighter squadrons , and played an important role during Soviet - Afghan war . On 16 August 2012 , nine Tehrik - e - Taliban fighters assaulted PAF Base Minhas at around two in the morning . After a pitched battle , all nine were killed while two Pakistani security officials was also killed . The base commander was reported wounded in the attack as well . The militants also destroyed one Saab 2000 Erieye plane . References .
Destroyer tender A destroyer tender is a ship designed to provide maintenance support to a flotilla of destroyer s or other small warship s . The use of this class has faded from its peak in the first half of the 20th century as the roles of small combatants have evolved ( in conjunction with technological advances in propulsion reliability and efficiency ) . Due to the increased size and automation of modern destroyer s , tenders are no longer as necessary as they once were . In the United States Navy , the last destroyer tender class was the " Yellowstone " - class Destroyer Tender .
Point Andalusia The Point Andalusia ( German : " Planquadrat Andalusien " ) was a set , secret , location in the Southern Atlantic Ocean , used by warships of the German " Kriegsmarine " during the Second World War . History . The location was used by German warships to re - supply during operation in the Southern Atlantic Ocean against allied merchant ships . The location was at 15° S 18° W . It was an important supply point used by a variety of German ships during the war .
Francisco Montes de Oca y Saucedo Francisco Montes de Oca y Saucedo ( January 27 , 1837 – March 14 , 1885 ) was a Mexican politician and military surgeon with the rank of General Brigadier Médico Cirujano ( Brigadier General MC ) . Life . Francisco Montes was born in Mexico City . He was the son of Alejandro Montes de Oca , a military officer killed in the Battle of Buena Vista in February 1847 , and his wife Guadalupe Saucedo . Montes attended the Colegio de San Juan de Letrán and afterwards courses of physics and botany at the Escuela Nacional de Medicina ( currently Faculty of Medicine of the UNAM ) . In 1856 he began his studies of medicine . He had several assignments in civilian clinics . He took part in the battles during the Reform War ( 1858 – 1861 ) , and in the Battle of Tacubaya , where he was given thanks by an order from General Santos Degollado . He worked during the French intervention in Mexico ( 1861 – 1867 ) . In 1863 he married Lucía Durán . From 1861 he worked as prosector and was director of anatomic works . In the rank of a Colonel ( MC ) he worked as director of the medical hospital in Mexico City from 1867 to 1876 and from 1878 to 1885 . In 1874 he became Professor of Clinical Surgery at the Escuela Nacional de Medicina . In 1880 he founded " Escuela Práctica Médico - Militar " ( predecessor of the Escuela Constitucionalista Médico Militar ) of which he was the primary leader . In 1982 he was promoted to the rank of General Brigadier ( MC ) . During the battle of May 5 in Puebla , he attended the soldiers ( French and Mexican ) . During the Second Battle of Puebla in 1863 invented the acromioclavicular amputation ( more simple than the Larrey ) , invented in the same time that Le Fort ( French Surgical ) the raquet amputation from the tig election . Wrote the medical news in " Annales de la Sociedad Larrey " , where he caught every experience about the military war in the Mexico from the second time of the 19th century . He insisted on the use of the Licour the Lebarranque since 1861 , started in Mexico the pre listerial age with infection mortality in 1872 from 0 % . Montes was also a liberal thinking politician . In 1882 he became Member of Parliament and in 1884 Senator . He died after suffering from a Pneumonia in Apan , Hidalgo .
Naselle Air Force Station Naselle Air Force Station ( ADC ID : P - 57 , NORAD ID : Z - 57 ) is a closed United States Air Force General Surveillance Radar station . It is located north of Naselle , Washington . It was closed by the Air Force in 1966 . History . Naselle Air Force Station was one of twenty - eight stations built as part of the second segment of the Air Defense Command permanent radar network . Prompted by the start of the Korean War , on July 11 , 1950 , the Secretary of the Air Force asked the Secretary of Defense for approval to expedite construction of the permanent network . Receiving the Defense Secretary ’ s approval on July 21 , the Air Force directed the Corps of Engineers to proceed with construction at the site . The radars being located on a mountain peak about 4 miles north of Naselle , Washington ; the station and support facilities being located at the base of the mountain . Some of the original buildings still stand and are part of Naselle Youth Camp , a state operated forestry camp for juvenile inmates . The 759th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron ( AC & W Sq ) was assigned to Naselle AFS on 27 November 1950 . The squadron began operating AN / FPS - 3 long - range search and AN / FPS - 5 height - finder radars , which allowed for the closing of the temporary " Lashup " sites at Fort Stevens , OR ( L - 36 ) , and Pacific Beach , WA ( L - 35 ) , which had been operated beginning in September 1950 . Initially the station functioned as a Ground - Control Intercept ( GCI ) and warning station . As a GCI station , the squadron ' s role was to guide interceptor aircraft toward unidentified intruders picked up on the unit ' s radar scopes . In 1955 an AN / FPS - 8 search radar was placed on the site , and subsequently converted to and redesignated as an AN / GPS - 3 . In 1958 the 759th AC & W Sq began operating an AN / FPS - 20 search radar , as well as AN / FPS - 6 and AN / FPS - 6A height - finder radars . In 1962 the AN / FPS - 20 was upgraded to become an AN / FPS - 67 radar . In February 1960 Naselle AFS joined the Semi Automatic Ground Environment ( SAGE ) system , feeding data to DC - 12 at McChord AFB , Washington . After joining , the squadron was redesignated as the 759th Radar Squadron ( SAGE ) on 1 April . The radar squadron provided information 24 / 7 the SAGE Direction Center where it was analyzed to determine range , direction altitude speed and whether or not aircraft were friendly or hostile . On 31 July 1963 , the site was redesignated as NORAD ID Z - 57 . In 1965 an AN / FPS - 26 A height - finder was added to the site . The AN / FPS - 6A was retired in early 1966 . Naselle Air Force Station was closed on 30 June 1966 due to budget reductions , and the squadron was inactivated . Today , the radar site is now a commercial transmitter site . The original Air Force station facilities ( Lashup site ) have been incorporated into the Fort Stevens Historic Site , the latter converted into Washington State operated Naselle Youth Camp .
Siege of Rhodes ( 1480 ) In 1480 the small Knights Hospitaller garrison of Rhodes withstood an attack of the Ottoman Empire . Preparation . In 1470 , the island of Tilos ( located between Rhodes and another island , Kos ) was evacuated to Rhodes because they were susceptible to attacks from the Ottoman Empire . In 1475 , the island of Chalki ( 6 km west of Rhodes , smallest inhabited island of the Dodecanese ) was also evacuated to Rhodes for the same reason . Attack . On 23 May 1480 an Ottoman fleet of 160 ships appeared before Rhodes , at the gulf of Trianda , along with an army of 70 , 000 men under the command of Gedik Ahmed Pasha or Mesih Pasha . The Knights Hospitaller garrison was led by Grand Master Pierre d ' Aubusson . The Knights were reinforced from France by 500 knights and 2 , 000 soldiers under d ' Aubusson ' s brother Antoine . The Ottomans first strategic goal was to capture the Tower of St Nicholas , which was the knights key - point in the defence of the two harbours : the commercial , Mandraki , and the one to the east bay of Akandia . The Turkish artillery kept up an unbroken bombardment and on 9 June the infantry made a series of attacks . Grand Master d ' Aubusson himself sped to the aid of the garrison and after a fierce struggle the enemy was repelled . Shortly after came a second attack on the tower , this time on the eastern sector of the wall towards the bay of Akandia , which was the battle station of the " tongue " of Italy and was quite weak . During the bombardment from the Turkish artillery , the Knights and the people meanwhile dug a new moat on the inside of the wall at this point and constructed a new internal fortification . Once again the Knights reacted valiantly and decisively and after a bitter battle with many casualties on both sides , the danger was once more averted . The last act of the drama was played out in the Jewish quarter of the city . At dawn on 27 July the Turks launched a vigorous offensive and their vanguard of around 2 , 500 janissaries managed to take the tower of Italy and enter the city . A frenzied struggle ensued . The grand master , wounded in five places , directed the battle and fought with lance in hand . After three hours of fighting the enemy were decimated and the exhausted survivors began to withdraw . The Knights´ counter - attack caused the Turks to beat a disorderly retreat , dragging along with them the Vizier and commander - in - chief . The Hospitallers reached as far as his tent and took , along with other booty , the holy standard of Islam . On that day between three and four thousand Turks were slain . On August 17 , 1480 , the Ottoman fleet gave up their attempt to capture Rhodes . < br > Sultan Mehmed II was furious and would have attacked the island again , but his death in 1481 put a stop to the attempt . In 1521 - 22 the Ottomans besieged Rhodes once again and captured the city and island .
Battle of Usagre In the Battle of Usagre on 25 May 1811 , Anglo - Allied cavalry commanded by Major - General William Lumley routed a French cavalry force led by Major - General Marie Victor Latour - Maubourg at the village of Usagre in the Peninsular War . Background . A week after the very bloody Battle of Albuera , Marshal Nicolas Soult sent Latour - Maubourg ' s cavalry to discover the position of Marshal William Carr Beresford ' s Allied army . On 25 May , the French cavalry came upon a line of Portuguese cavalry vedettes on a ridge behind the village of Usagre . Lumley posted the bulk of his forces behind the ridge , out of sight . Forces . Lumley force included Colonel George de Grey ' s brigade ( 3rd " Prince of Wales " Dragoon Guards , 4th " Queen ' s Own " Dragoons ) , the 13th Light Dragoons , Portuguese cavalry under Colonel Loftus William Otway ( 1st and 7th Dragoons , plus elements of the 5th and 8th ) and some Spanish cavalry led by Penne Villemur . There were 980 British , 1 , 000 Portuguese and 300 Spanish troopers present , plus Lefebure ' s RHA battery . Latour - Maubourg led two dragoon brigades under Brigadier - General Bron ( 4th , 20th and 26th Dragoons ) and Brigadier - General Bouvier des Éclaz ( 14th , 17th and 27th Dragoons ) . He sent four regiments of light cavalry under Brigadier - General Briche on a wide flanking manoeuvre . The French had about 3 , 500 horsemen . Confident in his numerical superiority , Latour - Maubourg pressed ahead . Battle . Lumley ignored the French flanking force because he knew that they would not arrive in time . He let the 4th and 20th Dragoons of Bron ' s brigade pass through Usagre , cross the bridge and form up on the other side . As the 26th Dragoons began crossing the span , Lumley attacked . He brought up his cavalry and sent six British squadrons , supported by six Portuguese squadrons on their right , against the two deployed French regiments . The French horsemen were defeated and thrown back on the 26th Dragoons , who were still jammed on the bridge . With the British cavalry all around them and their retreat blocked , the French dragoons were cut to pieces . Latour - Maubourg ' s only recourse was to dismount the first regiment of Bouvier des Eclat ' s brigade and use the dragoons to hold the houses near the bridge . At last , the remnants of Bron ' s regiments fought their way back , covered by carbine fire from the village . Results . The French lost 250 killed or wounded , plus 78 captured , mostly from the 4th and 20th Dragoons . The British only lost 20 troopers killed or wounded .