naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Canadian Efficiency Decoration The Canadian Efficiency Decoration ( ED ) was a Canadian military award given to officers of the Non - Permanent Active Militia , RCAF Auxiliary and Reserve who completed twenty years of meritorious military service . Similar Efficiency Decoration s were also awarded by other Commonwealth countries . A bar was issued for an additional 20 years of meritorious service . Approximately 3 , 700 medals were issued . Time spent in war service counted double towards the 20 year requirement and time spent in the ranks counted as half . The award was superseded by the Air Efficiency Award for members of the RCAF Auxiliary and Reserve in 1942 . Eligible members who entered the Canadian Forces before 1 September 1939 continued to be eligible for award of the Canadian Efficiency Decoration and bars to the decoration . Members who had joined after that time were eligible for the Canadian Forces Decoration , which superseded the Canadian Efficiency Decoration , on its establishment in 1949 .
Battle of Cabala The Battle of Cabala was fought in Sicily between Carthage and Syracuse . Syracuse was victorious . It is uncertain in what year it was fought and could have occurred in any year from 378 BCE to 375 BCE . The exact location of Cabala is also unknown . Dionysius I commanded the Syracusian forces while Mago commanded the Carthaginians . Diodorus states that Mago was killed and the Carthaginians lost 10 , 000 dead and a further 5000 were taken prisoners .
Ettore Perrone di San Martino Ettore Perrone conte di San Martino ( Turin , January 12 , 1789 – March 29 , 1849 ) was an Italian politician and military leader . French Military Service . He enlisted as a volunteer soldier , in the infantry in 1806 , in the " Legion du Midi " . He graduated from Saint - Cyr in 1806 , and left the following year as second lieutenant of infantry , participating in the campaigns of 1807 and 1809 . He was wounded at Battle of Wagram , earning the Legion of Honor . From 1810 to 1811 , he was in Spain as a lieutenant in the Young Guard . On June 24 , 1811 he joined the Grenadiers of the Old Guard . Although injured , he left for the Russian campaign using crutches . Promoted to Captain of Infantry , he fought at Lützen and Bautzen in May 1813 and was wounded with the bayonet , three times at the Battle of Montmirail . On March 15 , 1814 , Napoleon appointed him commander of the 24th Infantry Battalion of the line . During the Hundred Days , he was appointed Adjutant to General Gérard . Italian Unification . He was arrested on March 3 , 1821 at the border , returning from Paris . He was involved in the Piedmont insurrection of 1821 , was condemned to death but fled to France , where he joined the army and reached the rank of General . On February 2 , 1833 , during his exile in France , he married Jenny de Fay de La Tour - Maubourg , the granddaughter of the Marquis de La Fayette . Henry Clay attended the wedding . Italian Military Service . In 1848 he was invited by the provisional government of Milan to join the Army of Lombardy . He became prime minister of the Kingdom of Sardinia from 11 October to 16 December 1848 . He declined to send representatives to Giuseppe Montanelli ' s proposed Italian assembly . He was mortally wounded at the Battle of Novara in the Piedmont , Italy , on 22 March 1849 , where , as a Lieutenant - Général , he commanded the left division . The barracks " Perrone " , constructed between the 1850 - 1852 , was dedicated to him . Currently the entire complex is used for the orientation center , of the University of the Piemonte . Family . His sister Caroline married Just Pons Florimond marquis de La Tour - Maubourg , in 1837 . Hector Perrone di San - Martino married Jenny de Fay de La Tour Maubourg , daughter of Juste - Charles de Fay de La Tour - Maubourg , and Anastasie de Lafayette Jenny and comte Hector Perrone di San - Martino had two sons , Paolo Luigi , comte Perrone di San Martino ( 1834 – 1897 ) , and Roberto Perrone di San Martino ( 1836 – 1900 ) , and a daughter , Louise Perrone Di San Martino ( 1 October 1838 - 14 November 1880 ) , who married the comte Félix Rignon ( 1829 – 1914 ) . Louise and Félix Rignon had two children , Édouard Rignon ( 1861 – 1932 ) , and Maria Rignon ( 1858 – 1950 ) . His great - great - granddaughter is Paola Ruffo di Calabria , Queen of the Belgians .
Paul Newgarden Major General Paul Woolever Newgarden ( 24 February 1892 - 14 July 1944 ) was an American general during World War II . Prior to his death he commanded the 10th Armored Division ( United States ) . The 10th Armored Division " Tigers ” played a key role in several engagements during World War II . While Major General William H . H . Morris took the " Tigers " into battle , Newgarden was the first to command and train them . Newgarden died in a plane crash over Chattanooga , Tennessee while returning to Fort Knox . Commands . 1936 - 1940 Assistant Chief of Staff ( G - 3 ) , VI Corps 1941 - 1942 Commanding Officer 41st Armored Infantry Regiment 1942 - 1942 Commanding Officer Combat Command A , 2nd Armored Division 1942 - 1944 Commanding General 10th Armored Division References . 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 10th Armored Division web page
302 Squadron ( Portugal ) The 302 Squadron " " Falcões " " / " " Águias Reais " " ( " Esquadra 302 " ) is an attack and air defense squadron of the Portuguese Air Force ( PoAF ) disbanded in 1996 . Roles and missions . The Attack Squadron 302 " " Falcões " " had as its primary mission the tactical air support for maritime operations ( TASMO ) , and has its secondary missions air defense and air interdiction ( AI ) . During the Cold War , the 302 Sqn . had the mission to ensure the defense of the North Atlantic Ocean to ensure and support NATO ' s ability to rearm and resupply Europe during times of war . History . Activated in July 1981 under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Vitor Rodrigues da Silva , the 302 Squadron " " Falcões " " adopted and continued the tradition of the then - disbanded 201 Squadron and of the former PoAF " " Falcões " " squadrons . On December 24 , 1981 , the 302 Sqn . started to operate the first delivered A - 7P Corsair II . With the reactivation of 201 Squadron " " Falcões " " in 1993 , the nickname of the 302 Sqn . was changed to " " Águias Reais " " ( Royal Eagles ) . In 1996 the squadron was disbanded and its human and aircraft resources were integrated with its sister squadron , 304 Squadron " " Magníficos " " , until that squadron ' s retirement in 1999 .
Friedrich Lindenberg Friedrich Lindenberg ( 12 July 1914 – 31 May 1995 ) was a highly decorated Major in the Wehrmacht during World War II . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross , and was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . He was also awarded the very rare Close Combat Clasp in Gold , one of only 631 awarded .
USS Mervine ( DD - 322 ) The first USS " Mervine " ( DD - 322 ) was a " Clemson " - class destroyer in the United States Navy following World War I . She was named for Rear Admiral William Mervine . History . " Mervine " was laid down at the Union Plant , Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corporation , San Francisco , California , 28 April 1919 ; launched 11 August 1919 ; sponsored by Miss Eileen D . McCarthy ; and commissioned 28 February 1921 , Commander C . E . Battle , Jr . , in command . " Mervine " , built on the west coast , joined the Pacific Fleet at San Diego , California after shakedown to remain a unit of that fleet ’ s destroyer force for her entire career . With few interruptions she operated off the west coast for most of that 9 - year period . Her participation in Fleet Problems I ( 1923 ) and II , III , and IV ( 1924 ) took her to the Panama Canal Zone and the Caribbean , while others , VI ( 1926 ) , VII ( 1928 ) , and IX ( 1929 ) , saw her in maneuvers off Central America and near Hawaii . Crossing the Pacific only twice in her career , she completed a good will trip to Samoa and Australia in the summer of 1925 ( 1 July to 26 September ) . On 18 September 1929 she entered San Diego for the last time . Decommissioned 4 June 1930 , she was towed to Mare Island on the 14th for scrapping and struck from the Naval Register 3 November 1930 . See for other ships of this name .
Michael A . Donaldson Michael Aloysius Donaldson ( January 16 , 1884 – April 12 , 1970 ) was a United States Army sergeant and a recipient of the United States military ' s highest decoration , the Medal of Honor , for his actions in France during World War I . Medal of Honor citation . Rank and organization : Sergeant , U . S . Army , Company I , 165th Infantry Regiment , 42d Division . Place and date : At Sommerance - Landres - et St . Georges Road , France , 14 October 1918 . Entered service at : Haverstraw , N . Y . Born : 1884 , Haverstraw , N . Y . G . O . No . : 9 , W . D . , 1923 : Citation : The advance of his regiment having been checked by intense machinegun fire of the enemy , who were entrenched on the crest of a hill before Landres - et St . Georges , his company retired to a sunken road to reorganize their position , leaving several of their number wounded near the enemy lines . Of his own volition , in broad daylight and under direct observation of the enemy and with utter disregard for his own safety , he advanced to the crest of the hill , rescued one of his wounded comrades , and returned under withering fire to his own lines , repeating his splendidly heroic act until he had brought in all the men , 6 in number .
Casing ( submarine ) The casing of a submarine is a light metal structure , usually incorporating a deck , built - up and - over the upper surface of the vessel ' s pressure hull . The pressure hull of a submarine is usually cylindrical and possesses a low freeboard when in the water , which makes walking on the hull when on the surface dangerous in high seas or rough weather . The casing provides a flat , safer , platform for personnel to walk on . The casing is outside of the pressure hull and free - flooding so is usually perforated with numerous holes , allowing water to enter and trapped air to escape easily , destroying any buoyancy contributed by the casing and allowing the submarine to submerge with as little delay as possible . Casings have become superfluous since the end of World War II as the flow of water through the numerous flood - holes creates noise that may be detected by an enemy using passive sonar , as well as causing hydrodynamic drag .
Breda 38 The Breda 38 was an Italian tank - pattern machine gun used in World War II . It was able to fit on the available tanks : the Fiat L6 / 40 , the Fiat M11 / 39 , and the Fiat M13 / 40 . It was also adapted as infantry machine gun . Development . The Italians have also adapted it for use as an infantry machine gun . For this purpose the gun is mounted on a machine - gun tripod by means of an adapter , and is fitted with a temporary rear sight on the right of the body and a temporary front sight on the right of the barrel at the muzzle . These temporary open sights take the place of the optical sight used when the gun is tank - mounted . Design details . The gun is air - cooled , gas - operated , and magazine - fed , and has a quick - change barrel . Its operational features are simple , and it is extremely easy to field - strip or disassemble completely . The barrel is sufficiently heavy ( 9⅞ pounds ) to enable it to fire a large number of rounds in quick succession without overheating .
Battle of Sylhet The Battle of Sylhet was a major battle fought between the advancing Mitro Bahini and the Pakistani defences at Sylhet during the 1971 Indo - Pak War . The battle took place 7 December and 15 December and was the Indian Army ' s first heliborne operation .
500th Fighter - Bomber Squadron The 500th Fighter - Bomber Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit . Its last assignment was with the 85th Fighter - Bomber Group stationed at Harris Neck Army Airfield , Georgia . It was inactivated on 1 May 1944 . History . Operations history . Participated in air - ground maneuvers , October 1942 — April 1943 , and afterward served as a replacement training unit until 1 May 1944
180th Ohio Infantry The 180th Ohio Volunteer Infantry ( or 180th OVI ) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War . Service . The 180th Ohio Infantry was organized at Camp Chase in Columbus , Ohio September through October 1864 and mustered in for one year service under the command of Colonel Willard Warner . The regiment was attached to 3rd Brigade , Defenses of Nashville & Chattanooga Railroad , Department of the Cumberland , to January 1865 . 1st Brigade , 1st Division , XXIII Army Corps , Army of the Ohio , and Department of North Carolina , to July 1865 . The 180th Ohio Infantry mustered out of service July 12 , 1865 at Charlotte , North Carolina . Detailed service . Left Ohio for Nashville , Tenn . , October 15 . Moved from Nashville to Decherd , Tenn . , October 1864 , and performed guard duty on line of the Nashville & Chattanooga Railroad , Right Wing at Decherd , Left Wing at Elk River Bridge , until January 1863 . Moved to Nashville , Tenn . , January 6 ; then moved as supply train guard to Columbia , Tenn . , January 10 . Returned to Nashville and moved to Washington , D . C . ; then to North Carolina January 16 - February 25 . Campaign of the Carolinas March 1 - April 26 . Advance on Kinston and Goldsboro March 6 – 21 . Battle of Wyse Fork March 8 – 10 . Occupation of Kinston March 14 . Occupation of Goldsboro March 21 . Advance on Raleigh April 10 – 14 . Occupation of Raleigh April 14 . Bennett ' s House April 26 . Surrender of Johnston and his army . Duty at Raleigh , Greensboro and Charlotte , N . C . , until July . Casualties . The regiment lost a total of 91 men during service ; 1 officer and 5 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded , 1 officer and 84 enlisted men due to disease .
Flower - class sloop The Flower class comprised five sub - classes of sloops built under the Emergency War Programme for the Royal Navy during World War I , all of which were named after various flowers . They were popularly known as the " herbaceous borders " . The " Flowers " were designed to be built at merchant shipyards , to ease the pressure on yards specializing in warships . The initial three groups were the first purpose - built Fleet mine - sweeper s , built with triple hulls at the bow to give extra protection against loss from mine damage when working . When submarine attacks on British merchant ships became a serious menace after 1916 , the existing " Flower " - class minesweepers were transferred to convoy escort duty , and fitted with depth charges as well as 4 . 7 - inch naval guns . The latter two groups , the " Aubretias " and " Anchusas " , were designed as submarine decoys , or Q - ship s , with hidden guns and a distinctive " merchant marine " appearance . These " Warship - Qs " were thus the first purpose - built anti - submarine fighting ships , and their successor types were the anti - submarine sloops of the second world war , which evolved into the modern ASW Frigate during the 1939 - 45 Battle of the Atlantic . The five sub - classes were : Fleet minesweepers : Submarine decoys ( " Warship - Qs " ) : Some 112 " Flowers " in total were built for the Royal Navy , and a further eight for the French " Marine Militaire " . Of these , 17 RN and one French " Flowers " were sunk . Some members of the class served as Empire patrol vessels throughout the world during the peacetime years between the wars , but almost all were disposed of by the Second world war . This allowed the majority of the class names to be revived in WW2 for the new , smaller Flower - class corvette s . Two members of the final " Anchusa " group , and ( renamed in 1922 ) , survived to be moored on the River Thames for use as Drill Ships by the RNVR until 1988 , a total of seventy years in RN service . was sold and preserved , and is now one of the last three surviving warships of the Royal Navy built during the First World War , ( along with the 1914 Light cruiser in Belfast , and the 1915 Monitor in Portsmouth dockyard ) .
Fort de Salses The Fort de Salses ( also called Forteresse de Salses ) is a Catalan fortress in the " commune " of Salses - le - Château , situated in the French " département " of Pyrénées - Orientales . It is clearly visible from the A9 autoroute and it is possible to visit from the motorway rest area . Built by the Spaniards at the end of the 15th century , the fortress guarded the former frontier between Spain and France . Its layout and architecture , innovative for the time , present a rare example of the transition between medieval castle and the fortresses of the modern period . < br > The fort was captured by the French in 1642 , and remained French since the Treaty of the Pyrenees . Fort de Salses is listed as a " monument historique " by the French Ministry of Culture , and is operated by the " Centre des monuments nationaux " . The fortress receives 100 , 000 visitors a year . During the Spanish Civil War , the fort was used as refuge . See also . List of castles in France
Demarcation line ( France ) The French Demarcation line , or the green line , was the boundary between the free zone ( " la zone libre " - became the Southern Zone in November 1942 ) and the zone occupied by the German Army ( " la zone occupée " - became the Northern Zone in November 1942 ) . It was fixed at the Armistice of June 22 , 1940 after the fall of France . In German , the line is known as the Demarktionslinie , often contracted to Dema - Linie . This demarcation line was also called the green line because it was marked green on the joint map produced at the Armistice Convention . The line . Covering nearly 1 , 200 km , the demarcation line crossed thirteen department s : Basses - Pyrénées ( Pyrénées - Atlantiques since 1969 ) , Landes , Gironde , Dordogne , Charente , Vienne , Indre - et - Loire , Loir - et - Cher , Cher , Allier , Saône - et - Loire , Jura and Ain . Out of a total of 90 departments , the German Army occupied 42 entirely , 13 partially , while 35 were not occupied . The line spanned from the Swiss to the Spanish border . Marshal Philippe Pétain ' s regime did not know the exact route of the line until the end of 1941 . In practice , the occupiers regularly modified the route at the request of local authorities . Goal of the line . The goal of the demarcation line was to distinctly separate and to create a border between the occupied and non - occupied zones of France . Three - fourths of the wheat and coal production in France occurred in the occupied zone , as well as nearly all the steel , textile and sugar production . While not formally part of occupied Europe , the non - occupied was heavily reliant on Germany . It was only possible to cross the line legally by obtaining an identity card ( Ausweis ) or a free - movement card ( Passierschein ) from the occupation authorities after many formalities . The Vichy Regime did not offer permanent free - movement cards ; only Pierre Laval had this privilege . Administrative organization . The French bureaucracy had to be reorganized . For example , gendarmeries were created in the non - occupied parts of divided regions . The disorganization of the country was amplified by other demarcation lines : la Northeast Zone , the line which isolated Alsace and Moselle ( annexed on October 18 , 1947 ) from the restricted zone .
Dornier Do 635 The Dornier Do 635 was a World War II Long - range reconnaissance aircraft proposed by Dornier Flugzeugwerke , as two Dornier Do 335 fuselages joined by a common centre wing section . Design and developments . In 1944 , Junkers helped Dornier with work on the Do 335 Zwilling or Dornier Do 635 . A meeting was arranged between Junkers and Heinkel engineers , after the meeting , they began work on the project , called 1075 01 - 21 . The designer , Professor Heinrich Hertel , planned for test flight in late 1945 . At the end of 1944 , the Germans reviewed aircraft designs with the Japanese military , among other projects the Do 635 impressed the Japanese military by its capabilities and design . This design consisted of two Do 335 fuselages joined by 2 wings and also having 2 Rb 50 cameras in the port fuselage to take aerial photos . Armament was confined to the provision for five target marker bombs . The main wheels were common with Ju 352 wheels . It was also intended that two Walter Rocket Assisted Take Off units would be fitted . In early 1945 , a wind - tunnel model was tested , and a cockpits mock - up was constructed , but in February 1945 , due to the desperate war situation , the project was cancelled .
Benjamin F . Hardaway Benjamin Franklin Hardaway ( July 17 , 1865 – July 9 , 1955 ) was a First Lieutenant serving in the United States Army during the Spanish – American War who received the Medal of Honor for bravery . Biography . Hardaway was born July 17 , 1865 in Benleyville , Kentucky and after entering the army in 1886 worked his way up to the rank of Sergeant while in Company C , 17th U . S . Infantry . On July 31 , 1891 he was promoted to the rank of second lieutenant and then to first lieutenant April 26 , 1898 before being sent to fight in the Spanish – American War with the 17th U . S . Infantry . While his unit was fighting at El Caney , Cuba July 1 , 1898 he received the Medal of Honor for assisting in the rescue of wounded while under heavy fire from the enemy . He received his medal on June 21 , 1899 . He remained in the army after the war and was promoted to the rank of captain February 2 , 1901 and eventually achieved the rank of colonel before his death . He died July 9 , 1955 and is buried in Arlington National Cemetery Arlington , Virginia July 15 , 1955 . His grave can be found in section 2 , lot 1044 - 1 . Medal of Honor citation . Rank and organization : First Lieutenant , 17th U . S . Infantry . Place and date : At El Caney , Cuba , 1 July 1898 . Entered service at : _ _ _ _ _ _ . Birth : Benleyville , Ky . Date of issue : 21 June 1899 . Citation : Gallantly assisted in the rescue of the wounded from in front of the lines and under heavy fire from the enemy .
James Beane Lieutenant James Dudley Beane was a World War I flying ace credited with six aerial victories . Biography . He was born on 20 January 1896 . Beane attended Concord High School . He was employed in Boston before joining the Ambulance Service . He spent a year ' s duty on the Verdun front , from July 1916 though July 1917 . He volunteered for aviation and trained with the Lafayette Escadrille . He was then assigned to Escadrille 69 . In February 1918 , he took a commission with American aviation but maintained his status with Escadrille 69 for a while . He then transferred into the 22nd Aero Squadron . Between 26 September and 29 October 18 , he scored six aerial victories , though he shared one with Arthur Raymond Brooks and Clinton Jones , and another with Remington Vernam . He was killed in action on 30 October 1918 . References . " American Aces of World War 1 " Harry Dempsey . Osprey Publishing , 2001 . ISBN 1 - 84176 - 375 - 6 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84176 - 375 - 0 .
Climatic Research Laboratory The Climatic Research Laboratory ( CRL ) was a U . S . Army military clothing and equipment test site formerly located at Lawrence , Massachusetts from 1943 to 1954 . The lab tested textile and insulating materials and was capable of simulating climatic conditions throughout the world ( e . g . , desert , rain forest , tundra , mountain ) . A " Jungle Room " was maintained for thermal physiological testing on human volunteers . Field trials were conducted by the lab at sites such as the Dolly Copp Test Site at the foot of Mount Washington , New Hampshire . The CRL was relocated to Natick , Massachusetts in 1954 under the new name of the Environmental Protection Research Division ( EPRD ) of the U . S . Army ’ s Quartermaster Research and Engineering Command . The EPRD in turn was merged with elements of the Armored Medical Research Laboratory ( AMRL ) ( originally at Fort Knox , Kentucky ) in 1961 to constitute what is now the U . S . Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine ( USARIEM ) at Natick .