naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Nero Decree The Nero Decree ( ) was issued by Adolf Hitler on March 19 , 1945 ordering the destruction of German infrastructure to prevent their use by Allied forces as they penetrated deep within Germany . It was officially titled Demolitions on Reich Territory Decree ( " Befehl betreffend Zerstörungsmaßnahmen im Reichsgebiet " ) and has subsequently become known as the Nero Decree , after the Roman Emperor Nero , who supposedly engineered the Great Fire of Rome in 64 AD . Background . By 1945 , the German situation was desperate . Most of the conquered territories had been liberated or recaptured , the Ardennes Offensive had failed , and Allied armies were advancing on Germany proper from both the East and the West . However , Adolf Hitler was not willing to lay down arms and accept the unconditional surrender . If he couldn ' t have Germany , he would bring it down with him . This was not the first time Hitler had tried to destroy infrastructure before it could be taken . Shortly before the Liberation of Paris , Hitler ordered explosives to be placed around important landmarks , such as the Eiffel Tower , and key transportation hubs . If the Allies came near the city , the military governor , Dietrich von Choltitz was to detonate these bombs , leaving Paris " lying in complete debris . " Von Choltitz , however , did not carry out the order and surrendered to the Allies . The Decree . Its most pertinent section reads as follows : Actions . The decree was in vain . The responsibility for carrying it out fell on Albert Speer , Hitler ' s Minister of Armaments and War Production . Speer was appalled by the order and lost faith in the dictator . Just as von Choltitz had several months earlier , Speer deliberately failed to carry out the order . Upon receiving it , he requested to be given exclusive power to implement the plan , instead using his power to convince the generals and " Gauleiters " to ignore the order . Hitler remained unaware of this until the very end of the war , when Speer admitted to him that he deliberately disobeyed . Hitler , then confined to his bunker in Berlin , was angry with his minister , but there was little he could do at that point . Hitler committed suicide on April 30 , 1945 , 42 days after issuing the order . Shortly afterwards , on May 7 , 1945 , General Alfred Jodl signed the German military surrender , and on May 23 Speer was arrested on the orders of U . S . General Dwight D . Eisenhower , together with the rest of the provisional German government led by Admiral Karl Dönitz , Hitler ' s successor as head of state .
RAF Fairwood Common RAF Fairwood Common was a World War II aerodrome located at Fairwood Common on the Gower Peninsula to the west of Swansea . It is now the location of Swansea Airport . History . RAF Station Fairwood Common was built on what was originally common land during World War II . The aerodrome was declared operational on 15 June 1941 after taking nearly a year to develop . Built as a day and night fighter station elements of the first day fighter squadron arrived on 14 June 1941 ( 79 Squadron equipped with Hawker Hurricane Mk . II aircraft ) . On 17 June 1941 the first night fighter squadron arrived ( a flight of 600 Squadron equipped with Bristol Beaufighter Mk . II aircraft ) and by the end of June 1941 a second Hurricane equipped day fighter squadron arrived ( 317 Squadron ) . The aerodrome became a 10 Group RAF Fighter Command Sector Station within a few months of opening , taking on the responsibility of the air defence for the whole of South and West Wales and the protection of convoys in the Bristol and St George ' s Channels . On 23 January 1942 , 615 Squadron ( County of Surrey Squadron ) Auxiliary Air Force , arrived from Angle aerodrome , equipped with Hawker Hurricane aircraft . They operated until 17 March when the squadron moved by train to Liverpool Docks and boarded the Johan van Oldenbarnevelt . On 20 March the ship moved to the Clyde and then , filled with Army and RAF personnel , on 23 March it sailed in convoy to India . The aerodrome fulfilled a variety of military roles during World War II , following which it was decommissioned by the RAF in 1949 . During the period 15 June 1941 to 31 March 1947 over 66 squadrons / flights operated from the aerodrome . Renamed Fairwood Common , the aerodrome became the home of Swansea and District Flying Club and School and they hosted a number of air shows , air races and motor sports events from 1950 to 1955 . In 1957 the County Borough of Swansea took over the aerodrome and on 1 June 1957 Swansea Airport was officially opened by Group Captain Douglas R S Bader , CBE , DSO and Bar , DFC and Bar . The airport was developed for commercial usage by Cambrian Airways Ltd on behalf of the local council . The IATA code for Swansea Airport is SWS , the ICOA code is EGFH . 21 SQUADRONS by Leslie Hunt References . SWANSEA AT WAR - A Pictorial Account 1939 - 1945 by Nigel Arthur , published in 1988 ISBN 0 - 948 - 946 - 148 SWANSEA SINCE 1900 - Ninety Years of Photographs by Nigel Arthur , published in 1988 ISBN 0 - 948946 - 20 - 2 THE MILITARY AIRFIELDS OF BRITAIN - Wales and the West Midlands by Ken Delve , published in 2007 ISBN 978 1 86126 917 1
HMS Adventure ( 1646 ) Adventure was a 34 - gun fourth - rate frigate of the English Royal Navy , built by Peter Pett II at Woolwich and launched in 1646 . The term ' frigate ' during the period of this ship referred to a method of construction , rather than a role which did not develop until the following century . By 1677 her armament had been increased to 40 guns . " Adventure " was rebuilt as a 44 - gun fourth rate at Chatham Dockyard in 1691 . She was captured by the French off Martinique , in the West Indies on 1 March 1709 .
Panagoda Cantonment Panagoda Cantonment is a cantonment located in the western Western Province of Sri Lanka . It serves as the regimental headquarters of many regiments of the Sri Lanka Army and is an arsenal . The 11 Division of the Sri Lanka Army is based at the Panagoda cantonment . It also houses one of the main Military Hospital s operated by the Sri Lanka Army Medical Corps .
Biordo Michelotti Biordo Michelotti ( 1352 – March 10 , 1398 ) was an Italian condottiero , who was lord of Perugia and commander - in - chief of the Republic of Florence . Born in Perugia , he was a pupil of Alberico da Barbiano . He fought for the Visconti of Milan and later become " capitano generale " of Florence . In 1392 numerous minor fiefs in the Perugine territory , including Assisi , Nocera , Orvieto , Deruta and Todi , fearing to lose their independence as part of the Papal States , gave themselves to Michelotti in exchange of military protection . The following year turmoils in Perugia brought power to the " Ruspanti " ( " Rough " ) party against the " Beccherini " , who were of noble origin . The latter were exiled while a commission of 25 asked Michelotti to lead the new government . He therefore became " Signore " of the city . Five year later , however , Michelotti was assassinated in his residence by killers sent by Francesco Guidalotti , Abbot of San Pietro . The Seigniory , whose influence had quickly extended to much of what is now Umbria region , disappeared . Biordo ' s younger brother , Ceccolino , returned in Perugia together with Biordo ' s followers in the aftermath of the city ' s passage under Gian Galeazzo Visconti in 1400 . He was however killed by the famous condottiero Braccio da Montone , who had been exiled by Biordo .
Bombing of Cabra The Bombing of Cabra was a Republican air attack which took place in Cabra , Córdoba , Andalusia on 7 November 1938 , during the Spanish Civil War . The air raid left 107 people killed , and more than 200 wounded . Background . . Throughout 1938 , the Spanish Republican Air Force " ( Fuerza Aerea de la República Española ) " or " FARE " carried out air bombings against the Nationalists held cities ( among them Seville and Valladolid ) in retaliation for the bombing of the republican held cities ( among them Barcelona , Alicante and Granollers ) . The bombing . On 7 November 1938 , three bombers Tupolev SB of the " FARE " , bombed the town of Cabra , in the province of Cordoba . One of the bombs ( 200 kilograms ) fell in the city market , killing dozens of civilians . The aircraft dropped six tons of bombs . Most of the bombs fell in the city market and the working class districts . There were between 101 and 107 civilians dead and 200 wounded . Aftermath . The bombing of Cabra was the deadliest bombing carried out by the Republican air force during the war .
Treaty of Tempe The Treaty of Tempe ended the Second Macedonian War ( 200 BC – 196 BC ) between the Roman Republic and Philip V of Macedon . Rome won the decisive Battle of Cynoscephalae in 197 BC , and by the Treaty of Tempe , 196 BC , they forced Philip to give up Macedonia ' s possessions in Greece and Asia , and pay a war indemnity of 1000 talents .
John Williams ( Salem , New York ) John Williams ( September , 1752 – July 22 , 1806 ) was an American physician and politician from Salem , New York . Early life . Williams was born in Barnstaple , England in September 1752 ; received a liberal education ; studied medicine and surgery in St . Thomas ' Hospital , London ; served for one year as surgeon ’ s mate on an English man - of - war ; immigrated to America in 1773 and settled in New Perth , Charlotte County ( now Salem , Washington County ) , N . Y . ; engaged in an extensive medical practice . Career . Williams was a member of the New York Provincial Congress in 1775 , to which body he was reelected and served until its dissolution in 1777 . He was appointed surgeon of the State forces in 1775 . Williams was a colonel of the Charlotte County Regiment in 1776 and retained command throughout the Revolutionary War . He was a member of the New York State Senate from 1777 to 1779 when he was expelled for the act of defrauding fellow soldiers of their earned wages . He was a member of the New York State Assembly in 1781 and 1782 , and again a member of the State senate from 1782 to 1794 . Williams was appointed a member of the first board of regents of the University of the State of New York in 1784 . He served as brigadier general of militia in 1786 . Williams was a delegate to the State ratification convention in 1788 . He was a member of the Council of Appointment in 1789 . In March 1789 , Williams received a small number of votes running as a Democratic - Republican in the 5th District for Congress , but was defeated by Federalist Peter Silvester . In January 1793 , Williams ran again as a Democratic - Republican for Congress , this time in the 9th District to which Washington County had been re - districted , but was defeated by Federalist James Gordon . In December 1794 , Williams was elected as a Democratic - Republican to the 4th , and in December 1796 was re - elected as a Federalist to the 5th United States Congress , serving from March 4 , 1795 to March 3 , 1799 . In April 1798 , he ran for re - election as a Federalist in the 7th District to which Washington County had been re - districted , but was defeated by Democratic - Republican John Thompson . In April 1802 , he ran for election again as a Federalist in the 12th District to which Washington County had been re - districted , but was defeated by Democratic - Republican David Thomas . He was a large landholder ; a promoter and director of a company organized to build the Erie Canal as a private enterprise , the project later being taken over and completed by the State , and a judge of the county court . Williams died in Salem , N . Y . , July 22 , 1806 ; his interment is at Salem Cemetery . References . [ has wrong party affiliation for first term ]
AN / FPS - 117 The AN / FPS - 117 is a phased array , 3 - dimensional air search radar . It is produced by Lockheed Martin . The system is a low power , long range ( 200 - 250 nautical miles ) , L - band pencil beam , solid - state transmitter and beacon interrogator search radar . System design includes a redundant architecture with computer software remote controlled and monitored operations to minimize manning requirements . The AN / FPS - 117 is in use as part of the American - Canadian North Warning System of radars stretching across North America from Alaska , USA to Labrador , Canada . This North Warning System is designed to provide long - range detection and coverage for drug interdiction support and tactical command and control . Implementation of the North Warning System has resulted in a reduction in Operations and Maintenance ( O & M ) spending by up to 50 % compared to previous systems . Due to extreme northern locations of these radars , the physics of radiowave propagation in the 1215 - 1400 MHz frequency range is even more critical for target detection requirements . The Air Force and the FAA also operate a limited number of AN / FPS - 117 radars within the continental United States . The AN / FPS - 117 radar is capable of randomly hopping among 18 channels in the 1215 - 1400 MHz band . In 2011 , Lockheed Martin was awarded a contract to upgrade the radars to extend their operational lives through 2025 . It is in operation in several other countries including Australia , Belgium , Brazil , Croatia , Denmark , Estonia , Germany , Hungary , Iceland , Iraq , Italy , Jordan , Kuwait , Latvia , Pakistan , Romania , Saudi Arabia , Singapore , South Korea , Taiwan , Thailand and the United Kingdom . The RRP - 117 version is a model which is being supplied to Germany with an offset input from Siemens in fixed - site applications . The transportable version is called AN / TPS - 77 . It is similar to the AN / TPS - 59 .
Basil Maclear Basil Maclear ( 1881 – 1915 ) was an Irish rugby international . He won eleven caps between 1905 and 1907 . He was the grandson of Sir Thomas Maclear , Her Majesty ' s Astronomer in Cape Town , South Africa and son of Captain Henry Maclear , an Officer in The Buffs . He was later sent to Fermoy in County Cork by the British Army . Like fellow international Ernest Deane , Maclear was killed in action during the First World War , serving as a captain with the Royal Dublin Fusiliers at the Second Battle of Ypres . His remains were not recovered and his name is recorded on the Menin Gate memorial nearby . Career . He won his first cap against England on 11 February 1905 in a game against Wales . He scored four tries and three conversions during his eleven international games for Ireland . In the match against New Zealand on their 1905 tour , he was captain of Munster , who ended up losing 33 - 0 .
Bite the cartridge Refusing to " bite the cartridge " was a turn of phrase used by the British in India of native Indian soldiers ( sepoy s ) who had mutinied in 1857 . It derives from the act of biting open a paper cartridge containing gunpowder and musket ball in order to load contemporary rifle s , especially the new Pattern 1853 Enfield rife musket . The phrase is thought by some to have later spawned the more familiar idiom " bite the bullet " . One of the alleged causes of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 were rumours that the grease on these cartridges designed to keep them dry was , variously , pork or beef fat ( pork being abhorrent to Muslims , cows being sacred to Hindus ) , thus their refusal to bite them .
James C . Binnicker Chief Master Sergeant James C . Binnicker ( born July 23 , 1938 ) was the ninth appointed Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force ( CMSAF ) — the highest non - commissioned officer position in the United States Air Force . Biography . James Binnicker was born in Orangeburg , South Carolina , where he graduated from Aiken High School in 1956 . Air Force career . He entered the Air Force in August 1957 . His first assignment was to the 96th Air Refueling Squadron , Altus Air Force Base , Oklahoma , as a life support specialist . His early years include tours in base and wing operations in Hawaii , North Dakota , Georgia , North Carolina , Vietnam , and Taiwan . He served as the Senior Enlisted Advisor for 12th Air Force , Headquarters Pacific Air Forces ( PACAF ) , and Headquarters Tactical Air Command ( TAC ) . He also represented the Air Force as Senior Enlisted Advisor on the President ' s Commission on Military Compensation . In February 1985 , Chief Binnicker was selected for the 33 - year extended tenure program . Binnicker served as the Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force from July 1 , 1986 to July 1990 . Post - military career . Since March 2000 , Binnicker has been the president and CEO of the Air Force Enlisted Village ( AFEV ) , a non - profit charity located in Fort Walton Beach , Florida , that provides a home for the surviving spouses of enlisted military personnel . Binnicker has been a member of the AFEV Board of Directors since 1992 .
Battle of Oliwa The naval Battle of Oliwa , also Battle of Oliva or Battle of Gdańsk Roadstead , took place on 28 November 1627 during the Polish - Swedish War slightly north of the port of Danzig ( Gdańsk ) near the village of Oliva ( Oliwa ) . It was the largest naval battle fought by the Polish royal navy , and resulted in the defeat of a small Swedish squadron . The Swedes had a long tradition of seamanship and maintained a strong navy , and were able to land troops from the Swedish mainland at will along the south Baltic shore . They were also able to blockade Poland ' s ports , the most important of which was Danzig , maintaining a stranglehold on Polish trade . On 28 November 1627 , a small , newly formed Polish fleet emerged from Danzig to engage the Swedish blockading squadron . The Polish ships were more numerous : numbering ten in all , but were mostly small , and only four galleon s had full combat value . The Polish vessels were commanded by Admiral Arend Dickmann in the galleon " Sankt Georg " ( " Święty Jerzy " ) . The Swedish squadron numbered six vessels , under Nils Stiernsköld in his flagship the " Tigern " . The Polish vessels had a larger complement of marines on board than the Swedish ships , and this in large part determined the tactics employed in the action . The Polish ships anchored off the Danzig roadstead , while the Swedish squadron sailed southwards from the Hel Peninsula . The Poles weighed anchor and suddenly rushed towards the Swedes squadron , much to their surprise . The battle split into two main encounters . The Polish flagship , " Sankt Georg " , supported by a smaller vessel , " Meerweib " ( " Panna Wodna " ) , attacked the Swedish flagship , " Tigern " . The Polish ships came alongside the " Tigern " , and Polish marines boarded , overwhelmed the Swedes and captured the vessel . Meanwhile the Polish vice - admiral ' s ship , the small galleon " Meerman " ( " Wodnik " ) attacked the larger " Solen " ( " The Sun " ) . The captain of the " Solen " blew his ship up rather than allowing it to be captured . The four surviving Swedish ships quickly headed towards the open sea and managed to escape pursuit . Both admirals were killed in the battle . The Polish court used the victory to its maximum in its propaganda . A popular saying had it that on that day " the sun went down at noon " , referring to the scuttling of one of the Swedish ships , the " Solen " . Polish ships < br > Swedish ships
819 Naval Air Squadron 819 Naval Air Squadron was a Royal Navy aircraft squadron before and during World War II . Along with No . 815 Squadron , it performed the successful night attack on the Italian fleet at Taranto on 11 November 1940 . The attack was performed with Swordfish torpedo bombers from the aircraft carrier " Illustrious " . More recently , 819 operated SAR Sea Kings from HMS Gannet at Prestwick Airport References . Jackson , Robert , " The Encyclopedia of Military Aircraft , " Parragon Books , Ltd . 2006 ISBN 1 - 4054 - 2465 - 6
Grebbe line The Grebbe Line ( Dutch : " Grebbelinie " ) was a forward defence line of the Dutch Water Line , based on inundation . The Grebbe Line ran from the " Grebbeberg " in Rhenen northwards until the IJsselmeer . Early history and first decommissioning . The Grebbe Line was first established in 1745 as a line of defense to protect the Netherlands from invading armies . If an invasion was imminent , parts of the area between Spakenburg and the Grebbeberg were to be flooded . Until World War II it was never actually used for this purpose ; an attempt was made in 1794 to establish a defensive line against the invading French army under General Charles Pichegru , but the joint English - Dutch army abandoned the line when the French troops approached . Throughout the 19th century the Grebbe line was maintained as a defensive line . However since no attacks appeared likely it was deemed less necessary to maintain the costly fortifications , and in 1926 a large part of the fortifications was decommissioned . World War II . In 1939 the disused line was once again fortified against a German attack on the Netherlands , but due to cost and skills issues ( soldiers were used as labourers ) the earthworks were not well - constructed . In the 1939 plans the line would fulfill its ancient task as a forward line of defensive . However , in February 1940 , the new Dutch commander in chief General Henri Winkelman decided to make the Grebbe line the main defensive line in the central sector of the Dutch defences . The Grebbe Line was deemed less useful as the modern German field artillery could reach the main cities Utrecht and Amsterdam from their positions opposing the defences . Meanwhile , the Germans were aware of the line and its configuration . Before the war German spies had visited the zoo at Rhenen using its lookout tower to map the defences there . When the Germans attacked in May 1940 , the Dutch army managed to defend the Grebbe line for three consecutive days , much to the surprise of the Germans . The Battle of the Grebbeberg saw the fiercest fighting , during which 420 Dutch and approximately 250 German soldiers were killed . Directly after the cessation of hostilities a war cemetery was established at the Grebbeberg location by the German authorities . The Grebbe line was permanently decommissioned by the Dutch Government in 1951 . Pantherstellung . During the war the Germans made use of the Grebbe line to create their own defence line called the Pantherstellung . On 26 October 1944 General Walter Model initiated the building of the Pantherstellung . At that time it was clear that the enemy would not enter from the west but from the south . The Germans wanted to protect the Holland region because of the V - 2 rocket attacks on London . The Germans didn ' t want to lose the ability to fire the rockets and wanted to prevent the Allies from reaching the IJsselmeer . The Germans had to make some changes to the design , because the threat was expected from the south . From Veenendaal to Amersfoort the defence line had the same configuration as the Grebbe line . See also . Dutch waterlines Other