naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Robert Murphy Mayo Robert Murphy Mayo ( April 28 , 1836 – March 29 , 1896 ) was a U . S . Representative from Virginia . Biography . Born in Hague , Virginia , Mayo attended private schools and The College of William and Mary , Williamsburg , Virginia . He was graduated from Virginia Military Institute at Lexington , Virginia in 1858 . He served as an instructor in mathematics at Mount Pleasant Military Academy , Sing Sing ( now Ossining ) , New York , and later at Virginia Military Institute . He studied law at Lexington Law School in 1858 and 1859 . Mayo served throughout the Civil War in the Confederate States Army , first as major and later as colonel of the 47th Regiment of Virginia . He was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Hague , VA , in 1865 . He then served as a member of the Virginia House of Delegates in 1881 , 1882 , and 1885 – 1888 . Mayo was presented credentials as a Readjuster Member - elect to the Forty - eighth United States Congress and served from March 4 , 1883 , to March 20 , 1884 , when he was succeeded by George T . Garrison , who contested the election . He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection . He resumed the practice of law upon returning to Virginia . He died in Hague , Virginia on March 29 , 1896 and was interred in Yeocomico Cemetery , Tucker Hill , Virginia .
Pauldron A pauldron ( sometimes spelled " pouldron " or " powldron " ) is a component of plate armor , which evolved from spaulders in the 15th century . As with spaulders , pauldrons cover the shoulder area . Pauldrons tend to be larger than spaulders , covering the armpit , and sometimes parts of the back and chest . A pauldron typically consists of a single large dome - shaped piece to cover the shoulder ( the " cop " ) with multiple lames attached to it to defend the arm and upper shoulder . On armour designed for mounted combat , whether in the tournament or the field , the pauldrons would usually be asymmetrical , with one pauldron sporting a cut - away to make room for a lance rest .
RS - 82 ( rocket family ) RS - 82 and RS - 132 ( Reaktivny Snaryad ; Russian : Реактивный Снаряд ; rocket - powered projectile ) were unguided rocket s used by Soviet military aircraft in World War II . Development . Design work on RS - 82 and RS - 132 rockets began in the early 1930s , by a team led by Georgy Langemak , and including Vladimir Artemiev , Boris Petropavlovsky , Yuriy Pobedonostsev , and others . The 82 mm ( 3 . 2 in ) and 132 mm ( 5 . 2 in ) diameters were chosen because the standard smokeless gunpowder charge used at the time was 24 mm ( 0 . 94 in ) in diameter and seven of these charges fit into an 82 mm cylinder . First test - firing was done in November 1929 . In 1937 , aerodynamically efficient RO - 82 rail launchers were designed for mounting these weapons on the aircraft . Operational history . Following the pioneering use of Le Prieur rocket s in the use of air - launched rocket armament in World War I , done since 1916 on the Western Front , and that had been first done for the Central Powers in WW I by Rudolf Nebel from Halberstadt D . II biplanes of the " Luftstreitkräfte " during the first half of 1916 , the earliest known use by the Soviet Air Force of aircraft - launched unguided anti - aircraft rockets in combat against heavier - than - air aircraft took place in August 1939 , during the Battle of Khalkhin Gol . A group of Polikarpov I - 16 fighters under command of Captain N . Zvonarev were using RS - 82 rockets against Japanese aircraft , shooting down 16 fighters and 3 bombers in total . Six Tupolev SB bombers also used RS - 132 for ground attack during the Winter War . RS - 82 and RS - 132 officially entered service in 1940 . Like most unguided rockets , RS suffered from poor accuracy . Early testing demonstrated that , when fired from 500 m ( 1 , 640 ft ) , a mere 1 . 1 % of 186 fired RS - 82 hit a single tank and 3 . 7 % hit a column of tanks . RS - 132 accuracy was even worse , with no hits scored in 134 firings during one test . Combat accuracy was even worse , since the rockets were typically fired from even greater distances . To further complicate the matters , RS - 82 required a direct hit to disable light German armor , with near - misses causing no damage . RS - 132 could defeat medium German armor with a direct hit but caused almost no damage to light or medium armor with a near - miss . Best results were usually attained when firing in salvos against large ground targets . Almost every Soviet military aircraft of World War II was known to carry RS - 82 and RS - 132 , often using field - made launchers . Some Ilyushin Il - 2 were field - modified to carry up to 24 rockets although the added drag and the weight made this arrangement impractical . RS - derived M - 8 and M - 13 rockets were used by the famous Katyusha rocket artillery .
16th Motorised Division Pistoia The 16th Motorised Division Pistoia was an motorised infantry division of the Italian Army during World War II . It was mobilized in June 1940 as an infantry division and was sent to the French border and held in reserve for the Italian First Army . In October 1941 , it was motorised and sent to Libya in July 1942 . It was destroyed defending the Mareth Line May 1943 . It was reforming in northern Italy in September 1943 when it was disbanded by the Germans .
German submarine U - 16 ( 1936 ) German submarine " U - 16 " was a Type IIB U - boat of the Nazi " Kriegsmarine " that served during World War II . It was launched on April 28 , 1936 , under the command of Heinz Beduhn , with a crew of 23 . Its last of four commanders was Horst Wellner . From September 2 , 1939 , until October 25 , 1939 , " U - 16 " took part in the laying of mines in open water in and around the English Channel , to hamper allied shipping . On September 28 , 1939 , " U - 16 " sank the Swedish 3 , 378 ton " Nyland " . The 57 ton French " Sainte Claire " was sunk by one of the mines laid by " U - 16 " on November 21 , 1939 . Fate . On October 25 , 1939 , " U - 16 " was transiting the Dover Strait when it was attacked by and . Trying to avoid the depth charges from both ships , " U - 16 " ran aground on the Goodwin Sands , an area that was notorious for both sides . " U - 16 " was lost with all hands ; other U - Boats were subsequently obliged to take the significantly longer route north of Scotland to the Western Approaches and the north Atlantic .
Condor Legion The Legion Condor was the name given to the intervention force that mostly air Nazi Germany sent to assist General Franco in Spanish Civil War . History . Adolf Hitler at the suggestion of the Head of Luftwaffe Hermann Göring secretly offered to Franco air support and his army . The main objective was to test the German Air Force in a conventional war This support consisted of both logistic support , troop transport , groceries , etc . . as in actions in support of attack by fighter planes and bombers ( like the famous bombardment in Guernica ) , tanks and artillery . The German intervention in Spanish Civil War improved the quality of their war equipment and repair the defects of its air force , preparing the world for the onslaught that Hitler planned . On November 11 , 1936 the first 697 men arrived at the Legion Condor Seville . Adolf Hitler supplied the Spanish Nationalists with men and weapons , but this was a new and special group : the head of German intelligence , Wilhelm Canaris , Had agreed with General Franco that the quota would be mostly air . Present in almost all fronts , the dreaded Legion Condor came to meet 5000 airmen , hundreds of soldiers , units of tanks , armored vehicles , artillery and motorized infantry elite . In April 1937 , air strikes were multiplying ever more deadly and the Legion had already experienced in Oviedo the Carpet Bombing method . After his mission , in May 1939 , days after ( June 6 ) the Condor Legion was honored at Berlin : 15 . 000 German soldiers marched from Spain to great acclaim . Months later , WWII broke out , and the men were specially prepared for her . Air units ( 136 aircraft overall ) :
Edward Rossiter Colonel Sir Edward Rossiter ( 1618 – 1669 ) was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons at various times between 1646 and 1660 . He fought in the Parliamentary army in the English Civil War Rossieter was the son of Richard Rossiter of Somerby by Bigby , Lincolnshire and his wife Elizabeth Bourchier , daughter of Sir John Bourchier of Beningbrough , Yorkshire . He was educated at Kirton and Beverley grammar school and was a student of Sidney Sussex College , Cambridge in 1636 . He was a soldier in the Parliamentarian army and fought alongside Oliver Cromwell at the Battle of Naseby in 1645 . In 1646 he was elected Member of Parliament for Great Grimsby as a recruiter to the Long Parliament . He was elected MP for Lincolnshire in 1654 for the First Protectorate Parliament , in 1656 for the Second Protectorate Parliament and in 1659 for the Third Protectorate Parliament . In 1660 he was re - elected MP for Lincolnshire in the Convention Parliament . Rossiter married Lady Arabella Holles , daughter of John Holles , 2nd Earl of Clare .
Pradeep Chauhan Vice Admiral Pradeep Chauhan is the commandant of the Indian Naval Academy at Ezhimala . His previous posting was as the Assistant Chief of Naval Staff , Foreign Cooperation , Strategic Threats and Transformation He is an alumnus of India ’ s premier National Defence Academy at Khadavasala , the Defence Services Staff College at Wellington , the Naval War College at Karanja in Mumbai and the prestigious National Defence College , India at New Delhi . Chauhan has over 35 years of rich and varied experience in the Indian Navy . In his seagoing career , he has been singularly privileged to have held command of the Indian Navy ’ s frontline surface - combatants on four occasions . He has been instrumental in the conceptualisation and proving of tactics - of - war for the Indian Navy and has been the principal director in the Directorate of Naval Operations at Naval Headquarters , New Delhi . Upon his promotion as a rear admiral in 2005 , he was tasked with setting up a new and vibrant organisational structure at New Delhi that has given a great fillip to both Naval Foreign Cooperation as well as Intelligence . He was promoted to the rank of vice admiral in 2009 and took over as the Chief of Staff of the Western Naval Command in August 2009 . He is a recipient of the Vishisht Seva Medal and the Ati Vishisht Seva Medal .
Confederate Civil Service The Confederate Civil Service was the civil service of the Confederate States of America , a separatist political entity that existed between 1861 and 1865 . History . The Civil Service was created by the Provisional Government meeting on February 4 , 1861 , copying the same basic pattern as the previous United States federal government . The imbalance between the Union and the Confederation led to a " total war " setting for the Confederates , with all resources dedicated towards the war . This included conscription , radical taxation and the seizure of goods , and as such the Treasury and War departments were heavily expanded during the War to cope with the work . Of the 70 , 000 - odd employees of the Confederate Civil Service over the course of the war , 57 , 124 worked for the Department of War . The Department employed large numbers of African - Americans , children and women , and without these they would have been unable to deal with the war work . The Civil Service ceased to exist in 1865 , when the Confederacy was dissolved . Departments . There were six departments : The Confederate government set up , with strong rights for internal states , did not permit the existence of a Department of the Interior , but other than that the layout is almost standard for a nineteenth - century government . The Department of State was tasked with " King Cotton diplomacy " - earning friends for the Confederation who would provide them with guns , cotton and other important wartime materials . The Department was relatively unsuccessful , and thus employed only a small number of civilians - around thirty . The Treasury Department was modelled around the previous , federal office , with a Comptroller , Auditor , Register , Treasurer , and Assistant Secretary . Additional sub - departments were created during the war , including the Office of the Second Auditor to audit accounts of the War Department , a War Tax Office , the Treasury Note Bureau and the Produce Loan Office . The Department included customs collection , although with the decline of Southern trade this was a small area . The Department of War controlled conscription , the production of munitions , the collection of food and the construction of additional mining and munition - production facilities . These were considered an entirely war - related thing , and were delegated to the Department with no civilian involvement . The South had not previously contained many munitions factories , forcing the Department to start from scratch , and by 1863 the Department was running seventeen arsenals and depots . The Department of Justice was run by the Southern Attorney General , and as well as the duties of a Federal Attorney General also supervised the costs of the courts , the Patent Office and the Printing Bureau . Provisions were made for multiple courts , including a Supreme Court , which never actually met .
Draug - class destroyer The " Draug " class was the first multi - vessel class of destroyers built for the Royal Norwegian Navy , the first destroyer to be built for the RNoN being the " Valkyrjen " , commissioned 17 May 1896 . As the single " Valkyrjen " was not enough to fulfil the need for destroyers , the " Draug " class was ordered and built in the years 1908 - 1913 . " Draug " was the lead ship , commissioned in 1910 , followed by " Troll " in 1912 and " Garm " in 1913 . " Garm " was also the first turbine engined vessel in Norway . Equipped with two Germania steam turbines , she consumed enormous amounts of coal . Characteristics . They were fast vessels for their day , reaching speeds of up to 26 . 5 knots . The " Draug " class vessels carried six quick - firing gun s to combat enemy torpedo boat s , as well as three trainable torpedo tube s to attack larger vessels . The class was named after the Draugr - a sinister , malevolent being of Nordic origin and often connected with mariners and the sea . Fates . All three ships were kept in commission until the Second World War , although they were mothballed years before 1939 . As war became imminent , the three ships were returned to active service , " Troll " and " Garm " on 28 August , " Draug " on 5 September 1939 . As all three ships were in poor condition , it took much time and work before they could be declared operational . After mobilisation , the " Draug " class vessels were considered fit only for escort and guard service . On 8 April 1940 , as the German invasion of Norway was imminent , the three " Draug " class ships were posted to the 2nd Naval District in south - and mid - western Norway . " Draug " was based at Haugesund , " Garm " at Bergen and " Troll " at Måløy . While " Draug " escaped to the United Kingdom on 9 April 1940 , " Garm " was sunk by German bombers at the village of Bjordal in the Sognefjord 26 April 1940 and " Troll " was captured at anchor in Florø by the advancing German forces on 18 May 1940 . " Draug " served as an escort vessel on the east coast of Britain until she was scrapped in 1944 .
USS Nansemond ( ID - 1395 ) The second USS " Nansemond " ( ID - 1395 ) , formerly of the Hamburg - American Line , was built in 1896 by Hartland & Wolff , Belfast , Northern Ireland , and seized by USSB in 1917 . " Nansemond " served in the Army Cargo and Transport Service throughout the war before being transferred to the United States Navy and commissioned 20 January 1919 at Hoboken , N . J . , Lt . Comdr . W . MacLeod , USNRF , in command . Assigned to NOTS , " Nansemond " departed New York on 4 February laden with Army supplies . She arrived St . Nazaire on 16 February , discharged her cargo , and sailed on 26 February for home carrying returning troops of the AEF , arriving Newport News on 11 March 1919 . During the next four months " Nansemond " continued in the Transport Service returning troops and convalescents of the AEF , making one turnabout run in thirty - two days . Upon returning to New York in August she decommissioned on the 25th and returned to United States Shipping Board . She was scrapped in 1924 .
Achievement Medal for Civilian Service The Department of the Army Achievement Medal for Civilian Service is awarded for noteworthy achievements that are of a lesser degree than those recognized by the Commander ' s Award for Civilian Service . It was approved by the Army Chief of Staff , on 24 August 1987 . It is the fifth highest award in the Department of the Army Honorary Awards scheme for Department of the Army employees , ranking just below the Commander ' s Award for Civilian Service . It consists of a medal , lapel pin , and certificate . Criteria . Any commander Lieutenant Colonel and above , or civilian equivalent , may approve this award . A nomination normally covers either a period of sustained superior service or a level of achievement sufficient to warrant this recognition . This medal is comparable to the Army Achievement Medal . All Department of the Army civilian employees paid from appropriated and non - appropriated funds and indirect - hire foreign nationals are eligible for consideration . Eligibility should be determined by measuring contributions against the following examples of achievement :
517th Strategic Fighter Squadron The 517th Strategic Fighter Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit . Its last assignment was with the 407th Strategic Fighter Wing stationed at Great Falls AFB , Montana . It was inactivated on 1 July 1957 . History . Operations history . Combat in Northern Pacific , Aleutians , July – August 1943 . Training for combat and later replacement training 1943 - 1944 . SAC Strategic Fighter Escort , 1954 – 1957
Unfriendly Friendly Unfriendly Friendly is a term used mainly in military forces , especially cadet or training corps to denote forces who are acting as an opposing force , but played by friendly forces . The term is used mainly because many policies in cadet forces command that the cadets and some organisations do not have enemies or unfriendly forces to fight them , and thus doctrine also says that on official documents or radio transmissions that they are referred to as ' unfriendly friendlies ' . Although this is enforced in a formal matter in many military cadet units , informally most cadets will call them ' Enemies ' or some other name . Many cadet units have their own in - joke terms for an unfriendly force , normally stemming from some joke about a fellow cadet member who is of a foreign nationality . Most of these terms are the names given to forces fighting or forces that had fought against that units nation , such as Vietcong , Al - Qaeda , Nazi and Imperial Japan , especially for countries as part of the Allies in the second world war . The same goes for friendly forces , a squad or group of cadets that excel as a small group inside their unit or company at certain skills such as stealth and evasion , may be termed as a member of an allied elite force . For example , a squad of five cadets who are extremely competent at stealth tactics may be referred to as the SAS or Commandos , whilst a squad that ( in the proper military ) has many good marksmen may be coined as a Sniper squad whilst not being actual marksmen . This varies from country to country , corps to corps , and battalion to battalion , many having their own terms for friendly , unfriendly and specialist squads .
Walther arms Carl Walther GmbH Sportwaffen or Walther is a German arms manufacturer . For more than 100 years , Walther made major breakthroughs in the development of pistol s . Some are legendary , like the PPK and the P99 – both pistols carried by the fictional character James Bond – and the P38 , the standard - issue sidearm of the German military in World War II . Pronunciation of the name " Walther " . In German , " w " sounds like / v / and " th " sounds like / t / . However , it is common for English speakers not familiar with German phonology to pronounce the " w " and " th " in the usual English manner . ( As for the " - er " ending , both German and English have several typical variations , depending on the speaker ' s regional accent . ) Pronounce Walther : ' Vull ' as in " hull " - then ' ter ' as in Walter . History . The firm was founded in 1886 by Carl Walther in Zella - Mehlis , in what was then Hesse but is today Thuringia . The company originally manufactured hunting and target rifles . It was not until 1908 that , under the initiative of Fritz Walther , the oldest son of Carl Walther , they began to make pistols . Models 1 through 5 and 7 through 9 were in calibers 6 . 35 and 7 . 65 . The Model 6 was Walther ' s first attempt at a 9mm Luger pistol . It used blowback rather than a locked breech and proved unsuccessful , with only around 1 , 000 made . Its rarity has made it highly sought after on the collectors market . In 1929 they began to make the popular " police pistols " or PP models . This was followed in 1931 by the first of the PPKs ( " Polizeipistole , Kurz " ) . Both PP and PPKs were manufactured in . 22 Long Rifle , . 32 ACP ( the most common caliber ) , . 380 ACP and a very small number in . 25 ACP . The PP models were the first mass - produced pistols with stamped parts , but the overall increase in dependability and high quality of production with lower relative manufacturing costs made them the best option to replace the P - 08 Luger . In 1938 the German Reich awarded the contract for that replacement to Walther for the 9mm P38 with a weight of 960 g . From 1942 until 1945 , the company used slave labour at the Neuengamme concentration camp , and operated its own factory at the camp . With his factory destroyed by World War II and Zella - Mehlis in Soviet - occupied East Germany , Walther was reduced to just a collection of designs and patents . But Fritz Walther started anew and began manufacturing in Ulm , West Germany in 1953 . The company resumed production of the P38 ( renamed the P1 ) in 1957 in order to equip the new West German Army , the Bundeswehr , with sidearms . When Fritz Walther died in December 1966 , his son , Karl - Heinz , took over the company , which then concentrated on the sports sector and the introduction of new technologies . In 1993 the Walther firm was acquired by Umarex of Arnsberg , who continued to manufacture under the Walther name in Ulm and Arnsberg . Products . Knives . Walther makes a long line of tactical knives .
Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Complex 6 Launch Complex 6 ( LC - 6 ) at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station , Florida is a launch site used by Redstone and Jupiter series rockets and missiles . It is on the south end of Cape Canaveral , close to Launch Complex 5 , with which it shared a blockhouse . With LC - 5 , it was the location of the first tests of the mobile launch concept designed by Kurt H . Debus . This concept was revised and improved and eventually used at LC - 39 for the Saturn V and Space Shuttle . LC - 6 was deactivated in 1961 . The blockhouse and a square concrete pad are the only parts of the complex that remain intact , although the mobile service tower was under restoration as of 2011 . The complex is part of the " Cape Canaveral : Then and Now " tour , available from the Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex .