naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Germantown order of battle The Battle of Germantown on 4 October 1777 pitted a 9 , 000 - man British army under General William Howe , 5th Viscount Howe against an 11 , 000 - strong American army commanded by Major General George Washington . After an initial advance , the American reserve allowed itself to be diverted by 120 English soldiers holding out in the Benjamin Chew House . A heavy morning fog disoriented the American assault columns and led to a friendly fire incident between elements of Major General John Sullivan ' s right column and Major General Nathanael Greene ' s left column . At about this time , the American attack lost impetus and both columns retreated . Meanwhile , two wide flanking columns numbering 3 , 000 American militia had little effect on the outcome . American losses was numbered at 673 soldiers killed and wounded plus 400 captured , while the British suffered 520 casualties . British Army order of battle . General Sir William Howe ( 9 , 000 ) Picket . Brigadier General Sir William Erskine Right Wing . General Sir William Howe Left Wing . Lieutenant General Wilhelm von Knyphausen British and Hessian officers . < br > American Army order of battle . Major General George Washington ( 8 , 000 regulars , 3 , 000 militia , 200 cavalry ) Right Wing Militia . Brigadier General John Armstrong , Sr . ( 1 , 500 ) Left Wing Militia . Brigadier General William Smallwood ( 1 , 500 ) Right Wing Continentals . Major General John Sullivan Left Wing Continentals . Major General Nathanael Greene Reserve . Major General William Alexander , Lord Stirling ( 1 , 200 ) American officers . < br >
Michael Cross Group Captain Michael Cross OBE RAFR is the former Chief of Staff of the Air Cadet Organisation . He retired from the post in 2006 . Trek to the South Pole . On 17 January 2003 Mike Cross , aged 60 , became the eldest person to travel to the South Pole and , along with his son William Cross , became the first diabetes sufferer to reach the South Pole . Michael and his son William are also the first father and son team to make the journey .
Charles d ' Abancour Charles Xavier Joseph de Franque Ville d ' Abancour ( 4 July 1758 – 9 September 1792 ) was a French statesman , minister to Louis XVI . Biography . D ' Abancourt was born in Douai , and was the nephew of Charles Alexandre de Calonne . He was Louis XVI ' s last minister of war ( July 1792 ) , and organised the defence of the Tuileries Palace during the 10th of August attack . Ordered by the Legislative Assembly to send away the Swiss Guard s , he refused , and was arrested for treason to the nation and sent to Orléans to be tried . At the end of August the Assembly ordered Abancourt and the other prisoners at Orléans to be transferred to Paris with an escort commanded by Claude Fournier " l ' Americain " . At Versailles , they learned of the September Massacres in Paris . Abancourt and his fellow - prisoners were murdered in cold blood in massacres on 9 September 1792 at Versailles , and Fournier was unjustly charged with complicity in the crime .
Battle of Baitag Bogd The Pei - ta - shan Incident or Battle of Baitag Bogd Mountain ( ; ; alternatively " Baitak Bogdo incident " ) was a border conflict between the Republic of China and the Mongolian People ' s Republic . The Mongolian People ' s Republic became involved in a border dispute with the Republic of China , as Chinese Muslim Hui cavalry regiment was sent by the Chinese government to attack Mongol and Soviet positions . There had always been a Xinjiang police station manned by a Chinese police force with Chinese sentry posts before and after 1945 . As Commander of the First Cavalry Division , Salar Muslim Major - General Han Youwen was sent to Beitashan by the Kuomintang military command to reinforce Ma Xizhen with a company of troops , approximately three months before the fighting broke out . At Pei - ta - shan , Major General Han Youwen was in command of all the Muslim cavalry defending against Soviet and Mongol forces . Han Youwen ( Han Yu - wen ) said " that he believed the border should be about 40 miles to the north of the mountains " to A . Doak Barnett , an American reporter . Chinese Muslim and Turkic Kazakh forces working for the Chinese Kuomintang , battled Soviet and Mongol troops . In June 1947 the Mongols and the Soviets launched an attack against the Kazakhs , driving them back to the Chinese side . However , fighting continued for another year , 13 clashes taking place between 5 June 1947 and July 1948 . Mongolia invaded Xinjiang with the intention to assist Li Rihan , the pro - Soviet Special Commissioner , to gain control of Xinjiang , over Special Commissioner Us Man ( Osman ) who was pro - ROC . The Chinese defence ministry spokesman announced that Outer Mongolian soldiers were captured at Pei - ta - shan , and stated that troops were resisting near Pei - ta - shan . Elite Qinghai Chinese Muslim cavalry were sent by the Chinese Kuomintang to destroy the Mongols and the Soviets in 1947 . In early June 1947 , Pei - ta - shan was re - taken by Chinese troops , who continued to fight against Soviet and Mongolian bomber planes ; China ' s Legislative Yuan demanded stronger policies against the Soviet Union in response to the Mongol invasion . The bombs started dropping from Mongol and Soviet planes on 5 June . The Chinese General Ma Xizhen and the Kazakh Osman Batur fought against the Mongol troops and airplanes throughout June as fierce fighting erupted . The MPR used a battalion size force and had Soviet air support on June 1947 . The Mongolians repeatedly probed the Chinese lines . The border constantly shifted around the area . In January 1948 , Chinese Cavalry , numbering 700 tried to cross the border into Khobdo and battled against Mongolian border posts , but never managed to penetrate through them . Osman continued to fight against the Uyghur forces of the Yili regime in north Ashan after being defeated by the Soviet forces .
List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Battle of Iwo Jima The Battle of Iwo Jima took place in February and March 1945 during World War II and was marked by some of the fiercest fighting of the war . The American invasion , known as Operation Detachment , was charged with capturing the airfields on Iwo Jima . The Imperial Japanese Army positions on the island were heavily fortified , with vast bunkers , hidden artillery , and 18 kilometers ( 11 mi ) of tunnels . The battle was the first American attack on the Japanese Home Islands , and the Imperial soldiers defended their positions tenaciously . Of the 21 , 000 Japanese soldiers present at the beginning of the battle , over 20 , 000 were killed and only 216 taken prisoner . During the 2 - month - long battle , 27 U . S . military personnel were awarded the Medal of Honor for their actions . Of the 27 medals awarded , 22 were presented to Marines and five were presented to United States Navy sailors ( four of whom were Hospital Corpsman ; see below ) ; this is over 25 % of the 82 Medals of Honor awarded to Marines in the entirety of World War II . The Medal of Honor was created during the American Civil War and is the highest military decoration presented by the United States government to a member of its armed forces . The recipient must have distinguished themselves at the risk of their own life above and beyond the call of duty in action against an enemy of the United States . Due to the nature of this medal , it is commonly presented posthumously .
Heinz Strüning Heinz Strüning ( 13 January 1912 – 24 December 1944 ) was a German Luftwaffe fighter ace and recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves ( ) during World War II . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross and its higher grade Oak Leaves was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . Strüning shot down 56 aircraft in 280 missions . All of his victories were recorded at night . He was shot down and killed in action on Christmas Eve , 24 December 1944 . Career . Strüning was born on 13 January 1912 in Bergisch - Gladbach and joined the Luftwaffe in 1935 . He was posted as an Unteroffizier to 5 . / Zerstörergeschwader 26 " Horst Wessel " ( ZG 26 — 26th Destroyer Wing ) on 2 August 1939 . When World War II broke out , he flew several ground attack missions during the campaign in Poland . His Staffel was then transferred to serve with Kampfgeschwader 30 supporting German troops defending the bridgehead of Narvik in Norway . Strüning was then transferred to the " Nachtjagd " arriving in July 1940 to 1 . / NJG 2 . With this unit , Fw . Strüning made 66 intruder missions over England at night , and gained his first victory on the night of 23 November 1940 . At the end of 1941 he had 9 claims in total . In November 1941 , he was transferred to 7 . / NJG 2 . With this unit , Strüning gained 15 victories until mid - September 1942 . He received the Deutsches Kreuz in Gold in July 1942 , after his 19th claim . In mid September 1942 he was promoted to Leutnant and awarded the Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes in October 1942 . From November 1942 , Strüning served with NJG 2 in the Mediterranean from bases in Sicily , until April 1943 . Strüning is then transferred to 2 . / NJG 1 in May 1943 . On 1 June he shot down three RAF Lancaster . Promoted to Oberleutnant and appointed Staffelkapitän of 3 . / NJG 1 , Strüning co ordinated the introduction of the new Heinkel He 219 " Uhu " . With this aircraft , Strüning downed three bombers on the night of 1 August 1943 . By April 1944 , Strüning had accumulated 15 night victories and on 20 July 1944 , was awarded the Eichenlaub Shortly after , he was appointed to take command of 9 . / NJG 1 . At about 6 pm on the evening of 24 December 1944 his Messerschmitt Bf 110 G - 4 ( " Werknummer " 740 162 — factory number ) G9 + CT was shot down by 10 - kill ace F / L R . D . Doleman and F / L D . C . Bunch of No . 157 Squadron RAF in a Royal Air Force Mosquito Intruder while he tried to attack a Lancaster bomber over Cologne . He bailed out but struck the tail of his plane and fell to his death . His body was found two months after his death . During his career , Hauptmann Heinz Strüning had made 280 combat missions ( 250 at night ) , and claimed 56 victories at night ( including two Mosquitoes ) . Notes . For a list of Luftwaffe night fighter aces see " List of German World War II night fighter aces " .
140th Ohio Infantry The 140th Ohio Volunteer Infantry ( or 140th OVI ) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War . Service . The 140th Ohio Infantry was organized in Gallipolis , Ohio and mustered in May 10 , 1864 for 100 days service under the command of Colonel Robert B . Wilson . The regiment left Ohio for Charleston , West Virginia , May 10 . Assigned to duty as garrison at Charleston and on guard duty along the Kanawha and Gauley Rivers until September . The 140th Ohio Infantry mustered out of service September 3 , 1864 at Gallipolis . Ohio National Guard . Over 35 , 000 Ohio National Guardsmen were federalized and organized into regiments for 100 days service in May 1864 . Shipped to the Eastern Theater , they were designed to be placed in " safe " rear areas to protect railroads and supply points , thereby freeing regular troops for Lt . Gen . Ulysses S . Grant ’ s push on the Confederate capital of Richmond , Virginia . As events transpired , many units found themselves in combat , stationed in the path of Confederate Gen . Jubal Early ’ s veteran Army of the Valley during its famed Valley Campaigns of 1864 . Ohio Guard units met the battle - tested foe head on and helped blunt the Confederate offensive thereby saving Washington , D . C . from capture . Ohio National Guard units participated in the battles of Monacacy , Fort Stevens , Harpers Ferry , and in the siege of Petersburg . Casualties . The regiment lost 2 enlisted men during service , both due to disease .
Fort Ellice Fort Ellice was a Hudson ' s Bay Company trading post built in 1831 in Rupert ' s Land near the junction of the Assiniboine and Qu ' Appelle rivers . The fort was located in what is now west - central Manitoba , Canada , just east of that province ' s border with Saskatchewan . It was an important fort , as it was a major stopping point on the Carlton Trail , which ran from the Red River Colony to Fort Edmonton . ( The section leading from Upper Fort Garry to this district was commonly known as the Fort Ellice Trail . ) A second more elaborate structure was built in 1862 by the HBC but its economic life was short - lived as the Company relinquished control of Rupert ' s Land with the 1870 Deed of Surrender . This deed transferred many HBC rights to the new Canadian national government . The fort had one more important role to play in history ; it acted as a staging point for part of the North - West Mounted Police ( NWMP ) force that started at Fort Dufferin and headed west in 1874 to establish law and order in the future provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan . The fort acted as an NWMP post beginning in 1875 . The fort was named after Edward Ellice , a British merchant and an investor in the Hudson ' s Bay Company . Fort Ellice in turn gave its name to the Rural Municipality of Ellice in west - central Manitoba and to Ellice Avenue , a major arterial road in Winnipeg .
USS Loggerhead ( SS - 374 ) USS " Loggerhead " ( SS - 374 / AGSS - 374 ) , a " Balao " - class submarine , was a ship of the United States Navy named for the loggerhead , " Caretta caretta " , a very large , carnivorous sea turtle common in the warmer parts of the $ 3 , $ 3 , and Indian Oceans . " Loggerhead " ( SS - 374 ) was laid down on 1 April 1944 by Manitowoc Shipbuilding Co . , Manitowoc , Wisc . ; launched 13 August 1944 ; sponsored by Mrs . Barbara Fox ; and commissioned on 9 February 1945 , Commander Ralph M . Metcalf in command . " Loggerhead " emerged from the Manitowoc River into Lake Michigan on 1 March 1945 and headed via Chicago to Lockport , Ill . , where she entered a floating drydock and was towed down the Mississippi River . She arrived at New Orleans 7 March and departed 5 days later transiting the Panama Canal and arriving at Pearl Harbor on 8 April . " Loggerhead " ’ s first war patrol started 15 May when she departed Hawaii and headed via Saipan for the Luzon Straits and the South China Sea . Patrolling along the east coast of Hainan Island , she sighted an enemy hospital ship 11 June and allowed it to pass unharmed . Three days later , " Loggerhead " bombarded a suspected radar installation at Gap Rock south of Hong Kong , causing severe damage to the tower . Much time was devoted to lifeguard duty during this patrol . Changing patrol areas and briefly stopping at Subic Bay 1 July for fuel , the submarine headed for an assigned lifeguard station south of Hong Kong . She stopped numerous native boats , questioned their crews , and learned that the Japanese were commandeering all native boats in the ports which they controlled . On 13 July the submarine fired five torpedoes at enemy ships in Semarang Roadstead . The next day , the submarine headed for Australia , transiting Lombok Strait s between Bali and Lombok Island during daylight on 14 July . While " Loggerhead " passed between these islands , the enemy shore batteries surprised her with hot fire . Evading the bursts of the Japanese shells through skillful maneuvers , " Loggerhead " escaped undamaged . She arrived at Fremantle on 19 July . The end of hostilities on 15 August found " Loggerhead " two days out of Fremantle heading for the Gulf of Siam on her second war patrol . She put in Subic Bay on 22 August , departed for the United States 31 August via Pearl Harbor , and arrived at San Francisco 22 September 1945 . " Loggerhead " was decommissioned at Mare Island Navy Yard 16 June 1946 and was placed in the Pacific Reserve Fleet . In December 1962 she was reclassified an auxiliary submarine , AGSS - 374 , and towed to Portland , Oregon , where she served as a reserve training submarine until 30 June 1967 when she was relieved by auxiliary submarine . Struck from the Naval Vessel Register on the same date , " Loggerhead " was sold for scrap in early 1969 .
Order of the Iron Helmet On 18 March 1814 Elector Wilhelm I of Hesse - Kassel ( or Hesse - Cassel ) founded the Order of the Iron Helmet ( ) . Maximilian Gritzner describes the model and the statutes of the order as " influenced by the example of the Iron Cross " .
Adarga The adarga was a hard leather shield used originally by the Moors of Spain , its name derived from the Arabic " al - daraqa " ( " shield " ) . An important center of manufacture of the adarga was the city of Fes , Morocco . The adarga was typically made from the hide of the antelope ( probably the Arabian Oryx ) and was extremely resistant to the blows of sword , lance and arrow , but other kinds of leather were used as well . Inside , in the center , was a pair of leather grips held in the hand or strapped to the forearm with a small cushion beneath to absorb impact . Originally the adarga was round , then heart shaped , then finally it took the form of a pair of overlapping ellipse s or ovals , measuring 69 – 80 cm . ( 27 - 32 in . ) in the long axis . Two or more layers of hide were glued and sewn together to make the adarga both rigid and elastic , and often decorated with incised and gilt ornaments , Moorish inscriptions , and metal applique s and borders . The adarga was a traditional defense employed by the Moorish light horseman who used it along with the lance . Throughout the 14th and 15th centuries the adarga was also used by Spanish Christian soldiers including their own light cavalry ( " la jineta " ) some of whom adopted Moorish fighting patterns . The adarga was in widespread use in Europe until the 16th century and the progress of firearm s . The adarga continued to be used until the early 19th - Century by soldado de cuera in New Spain . These adargas were often decorated with the Spanish coat - of - arms . Some impressive examples of the adarga are preserved in the Royal Armoury of the Royal Palace of Madrid , while one unique example is made from a large tortoise shell , taken at the Battle of Vienna in 1683 from the Turks , and is preserved in the armory of the Mons Clara Monastery at Częstochowa , Poland . The majority of surviving adargas are highly ornamental with painted decoration and were used by Spanish nobles in tournament cavalry combat , particularly in the " juego de las cañas " ( " game of canes " ) , a sport of the 16th and 17th centuries involving teams of horsemen who hurled javelin s made of cane at one another that had to be dodged or deflected with the adarga , imitating past battles against the Moors .
German submarine U - 400 German submarine " U - 400 " was a Type VIIC U - boat of the German Navy ( " Kriegsmarine " ) during World War II . The submarine was laid down on 18 November 1942 at the Howaldtswerke yard in Kiel as ' werk ' 32 , launched on 8 January 1944 and commissioned on 18 March under the command of " Kapitänleutnant " Horst Creutz . Service history . After training with the 5th U - boat Flotilla , " U - 400 " was attached to the 11th U - boat Flotilla for front - line service on 1 November 1944 . The U - boat sailed from Horten in Norway for her first war patrol on 15 November 1944 , and headed for the waters off Land ' s End . Despite repeated requests for reports by the German U - boat Command , none were received . The U - boat was eventually listed as " missing " at the end of January 1945 . After the war , the Allies attributed the loss of " U - 400 " to a depth charge attack by the frigate on 17 December 1944 , about 30 miles south - east of Kinsale , Ireland . Discovery . The wreck of " U - 400 " was finally identified by nautical archaeologist Innes McCartney and historian Axel Niestle in 2006 , about north - west of Padstow , Cornwall , at position close to the wrecks of two other U - boats , and . All three submarines were sunk in the Bristol Channel by a deep - trap minefield . The U - boat sunk by " Nyasaland " is now believed to have been . Previously recorded fate . " U - 400 " was noted as sunk in mid - December 1944 in the British minefield ' HX A1 ' off the Cornish coast .
Oman – Zanzibar war The Oman - Zanzibar war was a 1784 conflict between Oman and Zanzibar . It was the first time they had fought since 1779 . Zanzibar was a colony of Oman . Zanzibar hated Oman and rebelled . Oman had to retake Zanzibar by force , capturing it in a short war in 1784 .
Adrian von Bubenberg Adrian von Bubenberg ( born 1434 in Bern ; died August 1479 in Bern ) was a Bernese knight , general and mayor ( " Schultheiss " ) of Bern in 1468 - 1469 , 1473 - 1474 and 1477 - 1479 . In Switzerland , he is remembered as the hero of the Battle of Murten . Adrian von Bubenberg was born as the son of Heinrich IV . von Bubenberg , Schultheiss of Bern and lord of Spiez , whom he succeeded in 1465 . He was knighted in 1466 during a pilgrimage to Jerusalem at the Holy Sepulchre . In April 1476 he was appointed commander of Murten . There , he resisted a twelve - day siege by the troops of Charles , Duke of Burgundy , until he was relieved by Swiss forces - and Charles decisively beaten - on June 22 . Numerous times before and after the Burgundy wars , he led Bernese negotiations with other cantons of the old Swiss Confederacy and foreign powers including Savoy , Burgundy , France and the Holy Roman Empire . Von Bubenberg was buried in the choir of the Berner Münster , the Cathedral of Bern . Ever having been short of funds in spite of being the head of Berne ' s preeminent noble house , von Bubenberg was posthumously banned for his debts in 1481 , but the government resisted Pope Sixtus IV ' s demand that he be exhumed and dishonourably buried because of this . After his death , numerous literary and historical works , including Diebold Schilling the Elder ' s illustrated chronicles , have portrayed Adrian von Bubenberg as the ideal selfless knight and patriotic statesman . In 1897 , Bern honoured the man who was instrumental in saving Switzerland from defeat with a bronze statue on " Bubenberg Square " in the centre of town . On the pedestal , two of his quotes are engraved :
Otakar Batlička Otakar Batlička ( born 12 March 1895 in Prague , Czech Republic [ then part of the Kingdom of Bohemia in Austria - Hungary < nowiki > ] < / nowiki > ; died on 13 February 1942 in the Mauthausen - Gusen concentration camp ) was a Czech adventurer , journalist , ham ( amateur ) radio operator , and member of the Czech - based Nazi resistance group Obrana Národa ( English : " Defense of the Nation " ) during World War II . In his early adult years , he traveled around the world . His travels became the basis for the semi - autobiographical adventure stories for young people , which he published in the magazines " Mladý hlasatel " ( English : " Young Announcer " ) and " Vpřed " ( English : " Forward " ) . In his stories , he described his experiences , which he supplemented with stories of people he met . After the Nazi occupation of Czechoslovakia and the subsequent establishment of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia , he became a member of the Obrana Národa , for which his proficiency as a radio operator gained him connections with London . After his arrest , he was eventually imprisoned in the Mauthausen - Gusen concentration camp , where he was murdered . His youth is the basis for the fictional series " Batličkovských legend " ( English : " Batličkavian Legends " ) . Life . Batlička was born in Prague and died in the Mauthausen - Gusen concentration camp .
Italian submarine Comandante Faà di Bruno Comandante Faà di Bruno , also referred to by its shortened name " Faà di Bruno " , was an built for the Italian Royal Navy ( ) and was active during World War II . It was sunk in November 1940 by a combined effort from the destroyers of the Royal Canadian Navy , and , of the Royal Navy after attacking a convoy they were defending .