naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Sham Shui Po Barracks Sham Shui Po Barracks was a British Army facility built in the 1920s in the Sham Shui Po area of Kowloon , Hong Kong . The base was bounded by Fuk Wa Street to the east by Yen Chow Street and to the west by Tonkin Street and Camp Street . The buildings on one side were known as Hankow Barracks , and the other Nanking Barracks . There was a large parade ground . Smaller buildings were later added , and the large Jubilee Buildings were constructed as married quarters . During World War II , the Imperial Japanese Army used it as a POW camp for British , Indian and Canadian soldiers . This was the main POW Camp in Hong Kong , operating from before the British surrendered the Colony , to the Japanese surrender . By the latter date , it was the only POW facility operating in Hong Kong , bar the hospital at the Central British School ( now King George V School ) . Many POWs died here , especially in the diphtheria epidemic of 1942 , and all shipments of POWs to Japan left from Sham Shui Po ' s Bamboo Pier . In the late 1970s and early 1980s the camp was used to house Vietnamese refugees . The camp was re - developed for housing in the early 1990s . None of the former military structures exists and only plaques commemorating the POW camp remain , together with maple trees commemorating the Canadians held here . These can be found at Sham Shui Po Park , also part of the former base .
RAF Luqa Royal Air Force Luqa was a flying station and location of RAF Mediterranean Command headquarters of the Royal Air Force on the island of Malta during World War II . Particularly during the Siege of Malta from 1941 to 1943 , RAF Luqa was a very important base for British Commonwealth forces fighting against Italy and Germany for naval control of the Mediterranean and for ground control of North Africa . Air combat over and near Malta was some of the most ferocious of the war , and a series of airfields were built on the small , rocky island : at Luqa , Ta ' Qali , and Hal Far , plus satellite fields at Safi , Qrendi and on Malta ' s second island of Gozo . After the war , Luqa remained an important RAF base , serving during the Suez Crisis of 1956 , but also served as Malta ' s main civilian airport . Nowadays , the location has been developed into the main entry point of the modern , independent country of Malta , under the name Malta International Airport . It is sometimes still referred to as " Luqa Airport " or " Valletta Airport " . The RAF left in 1979 following a British government decision not to renew the lease on the station from the Maltese . The payments demanded were several times the previous payments under the previous lease . It is also possible that the Avro Vulcan crash over the village of Żabbar led to the Maltese decision to effectively get the RAF to leave by raising the proposed lease payments to what was known to be a level unacceptable to the British . A website exists for anyone that served at any of the British bases in Malta . It is called RAF Luqa Remembered , although it has expanded to include more than Luqa , and the URL is http : / / raf - luqa . weebly . com
Columbia XJL The Columbia XJL was a large single - engined amphibian aircraft , designed by Grumman Aircraft but built by the Columbia Aircraft Corp . It was intended to replace the Grumman J2F Duck but the type did not reach production status . Development . The Grumman J2F Duck biplane amphibian had successfully served the United States Navy ( USN ) in quantity from late 1934 onwards . The final 330 examples were built in 1941 / 42 under sub - contract by the Columbia Aircraft Corp , retaining the J2F - 6 designation . At the end of World War II , Grumman completed a major re - design of the aircraft for the USN as a Wright R - 1820 - 56 powered monoplane amphibian . The new design was turned over to the Columbia Aircraft Corporation for development and construction so that Grumman could focus on the production of fighter aircraft for the USN . The aircraft strongly resembles the J2F Duck , except for its monoplane layout , and has been referred to as a " single - winged Duck " . It is , however , a completely new design . Production . The USN ordered three XJL - 1 experimental aircraft from Columbia , with the first being used for destructive strength testing on the ground . The remaining two airframes , assigned USN BuAer Nos 31399 and 31400 , were delivered to the USNs test establishment at Patuxent River Naval Air Station Maryland for evaluation in 1946 . Operational history . The two aircraft tested at Patuxent River were found to have repeated structural failures of various components and testing was abandoned on 21 September 1948 . The aircraft were deleted from the USN inventory in February 1949 . No further orders were placed for production of the JL design .
Triangular division A triangular division is a designation given to the way divisions are organized . In a triangular organization , the division ' s main body is composed of three regimental maneuver elements . These regiments may be controlled by a brigade headquarters ( more typical in World War I ) or directly subordinated to the division commander . By contrast , in a square division , there were typically two brigades of two regiments . Other structures are possible , such as a pentomic division , where the division commander controls five maneuver elements , which was used in the United States Army in the late 1950s , and regiments were replaced by combined arms battlegroups . United States Army divisions were square divisions until the beginning of World War II . During that war , infantry divisions were typically triangular , with the division controlling three infantry regiments . Armored divisions were also triangular , but typically organized into combined arms " combat commands " ( denoted Combat Command A , Combat Command B , and Combat Command Reserve ) . After World War II , this structure was retained until the " Pentomic Era " described above . In the 1960s , United States Army divisions were reorganized as triangular divisions , but with the division controlling three combined arms brigades . Combined arms doctrine has all but eliminated regimental purpose , and regiments generally exist only as traditional designations . In the first decade of the 21st century , the United States Army began another reorganization , giving the division four brigades and placing more emphasis on the brigade as the main tactical element , with the division acting more like a corps headquarters , parceling out support units to the brigades . Most European armies reorganized their divisions as triangular divisions during World War I , and retained that structure since . Many European armies now place greater emphasis on the brigade and in some cases , such as the Portuguese and the Belgian armies , have eliminated the division entirely as a tactical unit . Soviet Army divisions during World War II were generally triangular , with three subordinate regiments . Post - war reforms led to a four - regiment division , with three regiments of one arm ( tank or motorized infantry ) and the fourth of the other arm . In combat operations , however , the fourth regiment could be divided among the other three to create three combined arms formations essentially the same as a brigade . This structure has for the most part been retained in the Russian Army . See , for example , the organization of the 2nd Guards Tamanskaya Motor Rifle Division . Imperial Japanese Army and National Revolutionary Army Divisions were organized as square division s prior to 1938 when they began to form triangular divisions during the Second Sino - Japanese War .
HMS Hibernia ( 1804 ) HMS " Hibernia " was a 110 - gun first rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy . She was launched at Plymouth dockyard on 17 November 1804 , and was the only ship built to her draught , designed by Sir John Henslow . Between 1807 and 1808 , " Hibernia " , under the command of Sir William Sidney Smith , led the British escort of the Portuguese Royal Family during the transfer of the Portuguese Court to Brazil . " Hibernia " was flagship of the British Mediterranean Fleet from 1816 until 1855 , when she became the flagship for the Royal Navy ' s base at Malta and stationed in Grand Harbour . She remained in this role until she was sold in 1902 . After the Napoleonic Wars ended in 1815 , HMS " Hibernia " was used in the service of the British Empire in other ways , such as to transport convicts to the colony of New South Wales . In 1818 - 1819 , for example , the ship carried 160 male convicts to Sydney from Portsmouth sailing on 20 November and arriving 18 June . Also on board as passengers were the first Minister of St James ' Church , Sydney , Richard Hill and his wife . The ten - day court - martial of the surviving officers and crewmen of the battleship HMS " Victoria " for the loss of their ship in a 22 June 1893 collision with the battleship HMS " Camperdown " was held on " Hibernia " s deck . The proceedings began on 17 July 1893 . After being sold in 1902 , " Hibernia " was scrapped for timber which was used to fire bakeries in Malta , leading to an outbreak of lead poisoning on the island . Her figurehead is in the Maritime Museum at Vittoriosa , Malta .
Sknyliv air show disaster The Sknyliv air show disaster occurred on Saturday July 27 , 2002 , when a Ukrainian Air Force Sukhoi Su - 27 of the Ukrainian Falcons crashed during an aerobatics presentation at Sknyliv airfield near Lviv , Ukraine . 77 people were killed and 543 injured , 100 of whom were hospitalised . It is the worst air show accident in history . Accident . Over 10 , 000 spectators attended the air show , staged to commemorate the 60th anniversary of the Ukrainian Air Force ' s 14th Air Corps . At 12 : 52pm , the Su - 27 aircraft – flown by two experienced pilots – entered a rolling maneuver with a downward trajectory at low altitude ; having rolled upright once more the aircraft was still descending rapidly and the left wing dropped shortly before the aircraft hit the ground , at which point the crew initiated ejection . The aircraft flattened out initially , skidding over the ground towards stationary aircraft , striking a glancing blow against the nose of an Il - 76 transport aircraft before beginning to explode and cartwheel into the crowd of spectators . Both pilots survived with minor injuries . 77 spectators were killed , including 19 children ( though initial reports put the number of dead at 85 ) . Another 100 were hospitalized for head injuries , burn s , and bone fracture s . Other injuries were less severe and did not require hospitalization : a total of 543 people were injured during the incident . Following the disaster , the pilots stated that the flightmap they had received differed from the actual layout . On the flight data recorder , one pilot asks , " And where are our spectators ? " Others have suggested that the pilots were slow to react to automated warnings issued by the flight computer . Aftermath . Ukrainian president Leonid Kuchma publicly blamed the military for the disaster and dismissed the head of the air force , Volodymyr Strelnykov . The defense minister Volodymyr Shkidchenko sent in his resignation , but it was rejected by Kuchma . On June 24 , 2005 , a military court sentenced pilot Volodymyr Toponar and co - pilot Yuriy Yegorov to fourteen and eight years in prison , respectively . The court found the two pilots and three other military officials guilty of failing to follow orders , negligence and violating flight rules . Two of the three officials were sentenced to up to six years in prison , and the last official received up to four years . In addition , Toponar was ordered to pay 7 . 2 million hryvnia ( $ 1 . 42 million ; €1 . 18 million ) in compensation to the families , and Yegorov another 2 . 5 million hryvnia . The crew ' s main flight trainer was acquitted for lack of evidence . While the pilots were assigned the majority of the blame , which included accusations of attempting maneuvers that they were not experienced with , Toponar had requested an additional training flight at the airfield where the display was to be performed ; this request was denied . After the verdict was announced , Toponar said he planned to appeal , insisting the crash was due to technical problems and a faulty flight plan .
Archie R . Clemins Archie Ray Clemins ( born November 18 , 1943 ) is a retired United States Navy four star admiral who served as Commander in Chief , United States Pacific Fleet ( CINCPACFLT ) from 1996 to 1999 . Military career . Clemins was born in Mount Vernon , Illinois and graduated from the University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign with a Bachelor of Science degree in electrical engineering . He was commissioned upon graduation and entered the Naval Nuclear Power program , serving aboard ballistic missile submarines . He returned to the University of Illinois for a master ’ s degree . Before being promoted to flag rank in 1991 , Clemins commanded the USS Pogy ( SSN - 647 ) . As an admiral he commanded Pacific Fleet Training Command in San Diego , California and the Seventh Fleet in Yokosuka , Japan . His final assignment was Commander in Chief of the United States Pacific Fleet . He retired from active duty on December 1 , 1999 and settled with his wife , Marilyn , in Boise , Idaho . Post military career . After retiring from the navy , he established Caribou Technologies , Inc . , and became co - owner of TableRock International LLC , both consulting firms for technology and business development . He was the 2002 recipient of the Naval Order of the United States Distinguished Sea Service Award . Clemins recommended Australia as a location for new military testing sites to be used by both the Australian Defence Force and the US military as a result of disappearing sites in America . Speaking to The West Australian , he stated " You have to have places to drop bombs , you have to have places to shoot live weapons , places to fly planes over that make noise , places where you can actually test and exercise your capabilities . I think Australia in the future is going to be one of the places we ' d like to exercise with the Australians , as well as with the US Navy . You now have some of the finest ranges in the Western Pacific which we cannot get anywhere else . " Later the US military would indeed use Australia as a military exercising camp in the form of Exercise Talisman Sabre , which is held every 2 years since 2001 in about July .
Confederate Monument in Georgetown The Confederate Monument in Georgetown is within the Georgetown Cemetery of Georgetown , Kentucky . It is an unpolished granite obelisk that is twenty feet tall , surrounded by the graves of eighteen former Confederate soldiers . The various reliefs upon the obelisk include crossed cannons , crossed muskets , a drum , and flags . It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 17 , 1997 as part of the Civil War Monuments of Kentucky Multiple Property Submission . The dedication of the monument took place in June 1888 . The Ladies Monument Association , in association with the women of Scott County , Kentucky , was responsible for the attainment of the funds necessary to erect the monument . They had eighteen fallen Confederates , from graves around the county , reinterred around the monument , in a manner similar to other such monuments in Kentucky . Two of these were victims of Stephen G . Burbridge ' s Order 59 , which called for the murder of four Confederate prisoners of war whenever one Union civilian was killed . The dedication was presided by Dr . John A . Lewis , with a parade preceding the dedication containing thousands from around the state of Kentucky . Scott County had provided 1 , 000 troops for the Confederacy , while only providing 118 men to the Union Army . George Johnson , the first of two Confederate governors of Kentucky , is also buried within the cemetery . He fell due to a stray bullet at the Battle of Shiloh . The Georgetown Cemetery , while not on the National Register itself , is nevertheless historic , noted for its Victorian era monuments . It was established in 1850 , but its were finalized in 1860 . There are many graves which date back prior to this time ; they were moved to the cemetery after its foundation . Aside from the aforementioned George Johnson , two other Kentucky governors , Joseph Desha and James F . Robinson , are buried within the cemetery .
T - 60 tank The T - 60 scout tank was a light tank produced by the Soviet Union from 1941 to 1942 . In this time over 6 , 292 were built . The tank was designed to replace the obsolete T - 38 amphibious scout tank . Design . Nicholas Astrov ' s design team at Moscow Factory No . 37 was assigned the task of designing amphibious and non - amphibious scout tanks in 1938 . They produced the T - 30A and T - 30B prototypes . The former was to be manufactured as the T - 40 amphibious tank starting in 1940 . It also led to the T - 40S ( " sukhoputniy " , " dry - land " version ) , a heavier tank prototype which was considered too complex to manufacture . The T - 30B prototype , sharing the T - 40 ' s chassis but simpler in construction and with heavier armour , was accepted as the T - 60 scout tank , and began production in July 1941 , just after the German invasion . Although at first intended to carry a 12 . 7 mm machine gun like the T - 40 , the armament was later upgraded to the 20 mm TNSh cannon , a tank version of the ShVAK , on the advisement of the Chairman of the Council of Ministers , V . A . Malyshev . This weapon could penetrate 15 mm of perpendicular armour at 500 m range which proved inadequate against the newer uparmored German tank designs thus attempts were made in 1942 to re - arm the T - 60 with the 37 mm ZIS - 19 cannon but were abandoned due to the Soviet Union ' s shortage of 37 mm ammunition . The T - 60 was also used in the design of the experimental T - 90 antiaircraft tank . This project switched to the T - 70 light tank , and was finally cancelled without any production . Gliding tank . One T - 60 was converted into a glider in 1942 and was designed to be towed by a Petlyakov Pe - 8 or Tupolev TB - 3 bomber and was to be used to provide partisan forces with light armour . The tank was lightened for air use by removing armament , ammunition , headlights and leaving a very limited amount of fuel . Even with the modifications the TB - 3 bomber had to ditch the glider due to the T - 60 ' s poor aerodynamics during its only flight to avoid crashing . The T - 60 landed on a field near the airdrome and after dropping the glider wings and tail returned to its base . Due to lack of sufficiently powerful aircraft to tow it the project was canceled and never resumed . Romanian TACAM T - 60 . The Romanians modified 34 captured T - 60s into TACAM T - 60 tank destroyer s in 1943 . Most , if not all , of these were confiscated by the Soviets after Romania defected to the Allies in August 1944 .
No . 1 Wing RAF Number 1 Wing of the Royal Air Force was a wing of aircraft squadrons which was originally established as the First Wing of the Royal Flying Corps . World War I . By November 1914 the Flying Corps had significantly expanded and it was felt necessary to create organizational units which would control collections of squadrons . Accordingly , the First Wing and the Second Wing were established . These two wings came into existence on 29 November 1914 and were the earliest RFC numbered wings to be formed . The wing ' s first commander was Hugh Trenchard who had been appointed a few days earlier . The 1st Wing was assigned to the support of the 1st Army in France . The wing saw action on the Western Front , including at the Battle of Aubers Ridge . . It was stood down on 5 March 1919 . Inter - war activity . During the years between the First and Second World War s , No . 1 Wing was re - established and disestablished several times for several purposes . Only two months after its disbandment , the wing was re - established at Yatesbury on 15 May 1919 . The wing was subsequently disbanded and was not re - established for the second time until 1 January 1926 which it acted as an Army Co - operation unit , controlling No . 4 Squadron and No . 13 Squadron whilst itself being subordinate to 7 Group RAF . This establishment was short - lived and the wing was stood down on 12 April 1926 . The next period of the wing ' s existence came in 1937 . On 23 September 1937 the wing was re - created , this time controlling No . 209 Squadron and No . 210 Squadron which acted in the general reconnaissance role during the Spanish Civil War . Specifically , the wing was part of an Anglo - French force charged with countering submarine attacks on neutral shipping . The wing was disestablished later that year on 15 December 1937 . World War II . No . 1 Wing was re - established once more just before the outbreak of World War II .
Drawbridge A drawbridge or draw - bridge is a type of movable bridge typically associated with the entrance of a castle surrounded by a moat . In some forms of English , including American English , the word " drawbridge " commonly refers to all types of movable bridges , such as bascule bridge s , vertical - lift bridge s and swing bridge s , but this article concerns the narrower , more historical definition of the term . Castle draw - bridges . Medieval castle s were usually defended by a ditch or moat , crossed by wooden bridge . In early castles the bridge might be designed to be destroyed or removed in the event of an attack , but drawbridges became very common . A typical arrangement would have the drawbridge immediately outside a gatehouse , consisting of a wooden deck with one edge hinged or pivoting at the gatehouse threshold , so that in the raised position the bridge would be flush against the gate , forming an additional barrier to entry . It would be backed by one or more portcullis es and gates . Access to the bridge could be resisted with missiles from machicolations above or arrow slits in flanking towers . The bridge would be raised or lowered using ropes or chains attached to a windlass in a chamber in the gatehouse above the gate - passage . Only a very light bridge could be raised in this way without any form of counterweight , so some form of bascule arrangement is normally found . The bridge may extend into the gate - passage beyond the pivot point , either over a pit into which the internal portion can swing ( providing a further obstacle to attack ) , or in the form of counterweighted beams that drop into slots in the floor . The raising chains could themselves be attached to counterweights ; in some cases a portcullis provides the weight , as at Alnwick . By the 14th century a bascule arrangement was provided by lifting arms ( called " gaffs " ) above and parallel to the bridge deck whose ends were linked by chains to the lifting end of the bridge ; in the raised position the gaffs would fit into slots in the gatehouse wall ( " rainures " ) which can often still be seen , as at Herstmonceux Castle . Inside the castle the gaffs were extended to bear counterweights , or might form the side - timbers of a stout gate which would be against the roof of the gate - passage when the drawbridge was down , but would close against the gate - arch as the bridge was raised . In France , working drawbridges survive at a number of châteaux , including the Château du Plessis - Bourré . In England , two working drawbridges remain in regular use at Helmingham Hall , which dates from the early sixteenth century . Turning bridge . A bridge pivoted on central trunnion s is called a " turning bridge " , and may or may not have the raising chains characteristic of a drawbridge . The inner end carried counterweights enabling it to sink into a pit in the gate - passage , and when horizontal the bridge would often be supported by stout pegs inserted through the side walls . This was a clumsy arrangement , and many turning bridges were replaced with more advanced drawbridges .