naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Battle of Llandeilo Fawr The Battle of Llandeilo Fawr was a battle that took place during the conquest of Wales by Edward I , at Llandeilo between an English army led by Gilbert de Clare , 6th Earl of Hertford and a south Welsh army . Background . During the 1282 Welsh war , Edward I had a plan to strike his armies into Wales on three fronts in order to surround the armies of Llywelyn ap Gruffydd and destroy them . Edward sent Gilbert de Clare and his army to subdue and hold down the southern areas of Wales while other armies would invade other parts of the principality . The battle . Gilbert de Clare with an army of around 1600 infantry and 100 cavalrymen had successfully captured Carreg Cennen Castle from the Welsh . Following their victory , the men sacked the castle , and on the 17th of June they headed back to the nearby English settlement - Dinefwr Castle to stash the spoils . However along the way de Clare and his men were ambushed by Welsh troops , and much of the army was destroyed . Aftermath . The battle was a great victory for the Welsh . English expansion into south Wales was halted for a few weeks and Edward ' s plans of an attack on multiple fronts was somewhat spoiled . Among the dead was the son of William de Valence , 1st Earl of Pembroke . Following the defeat , Edward relieved de Clare of his command and replaced him with de Valence who was now determined following the death of his son .
Unit 100 Unit 100 ( ) was an Imperial Japanese Army facility officially called the Kwantung Army Warhorse Disease Prevention Shop that focused on the development of biological weapon s during World War II . It was operated by the Kempeitai , the Japan ese military police . It was located in Mokotan , Manchukuo a village just south of the city of Changchun . Mission . The main purpose of Unit 100 was to conduct research about diseases originating from animals . As most armies were still heavily dependent on horses , the Imperial Japanese Army hoped to find ways to kill them and therefore to weaken military power . Furthermore , they hoped to spread disease via animal carriers . To this end , former members claim that experiments were also conducted with human beings . In practice , Unit 731 was the group tasked with developing biological weapons against humans . Although smaller than Unit 731 , Unit 100 was still a large organization . Its annual bacteria production capacity was projected to reach 1 , 000 kg of anthrax , 500 kg of glanders , and 100 kg of red rust ( fungus ) . They never reached this goal , however , because of equipment shortages . Senior Sgt . Kazuo Mitomo described some of Unit 100 ' s human experiments : " I put as much as a gram of heroin into some porridge and gave this porridge to an arrested Chinese citizen who ate it ; about 20 minutes later he lost consciousness and remained in that state until he died 15 - 16 hours later . We knew that such a dose of heroin is fatal , but it did not make any difference to us whether he died or lived . On some of the prisoners I experimented 5 - 6 times , testing the action of Korean bindweed , bactal and castor oil seeds . One of the prisoners of Russian nationality became so exhausted from the experiments that no more could be performed on him , and Matsui ordered me to kill that Russian by giving him an injection of potassium cyanide . After the injection , the man died at once . Bodies were buried in the unit ' s cattle cemetery . " Unit chief Yujiro Wakamatsu ordered Hirazakura to purchase hundreds of cattle and put them to pasture along the Soviet border north - east of Hailar , ready to be infected by airborne dispersion . It was hoped that in the event of a Soviet invasion these infected livestock would mingle with local herds to cause epidemics and to destroy food supplies . Biological warfare agents . The following potential agents were tested :
VMF - 452 Marine Fighting Squadron 452 ( VMF - 452 ) was a fighter squadron of the United States Marine Corps that was commissioned and fought during World War II . Known as the “ Sky Raiders ” , they flew the F4U Corsair , and the Grumman TBF Avenger , fell under the command of Marine Carrier Group 5 ( MCVG - 5 ) and fought in the Battle of Okinawa . The squadron is best known for being aboard the USS Franklin ( CV - 13 ) when she was severely damaged by Japanese kamikaze planes of the coast of Okinawa on March 19 , 1945 . VMF - 452 was deactivated on December 31 , 1949 and has remained in an inactive status since . History . VMF - 452 was commissioned at Marine Corps Air Station Mojave , California . On February 7 , 1945 , the squadron departed San Francisco on board the aircraft carrier USS Franklin ( CV - 13 ) . From there they sailed to Pearl Harbor and then moved west to join up with Task Force 58 which was heading to support the invasion of Okinawa . On March 18 they flew their first combat missions against airfields on Kyūshū Island . The following day , the Franklin was attacked by a Japanese Yokosuka D4Y Judy dive bomber . Both of its two 500 - pound bombs stuck the Franklin . 33 members of VMF - 452were killed in the ensuing devastation and the squadron was no longer combat effective . They transferred to the USS Bunker Hill and set sail for the United States . Upon returning to the California , the squadron was sent to Marine Corps Air Station El Centro to refit and rearm in April 1945 . They remained there until the end of the war . Unit awards . A unit citation or commendation is an award bestowed upon an organization for the action cited . Members of the unit who participated in said actions are allowed to wear on their uniforms the awarded unit citation . VMF - 452 was presented with the following awards :
Battle of Lode Battle of Lode was a battle fought during the Livonian War , between Sweden and Russia at January 23 , 1573 . The battle was won by the Swedes . Battle . At 23 January a Swedish army of 700 infantry and 600 cavalry under command of Clas Åkesson Tott clashed with an Russian army of 16 , 000 men under the command of Simeon Bekbulatovich , by the village of Koluvere , just outside Lode . Swedish commander Tott , gave orders to his cavalry to engage the Russians . Despite being heavily outnumbered they managed to tear up their formations and break in , but was later forced to retreat over the mighty numbers . Tott , However , used this opportunity to strike with his infantry and cavalry once more and after a while the whole Russian force was scattered and fled . The Swedish cavalry persecuted and cut down many Russians on their rout . It is said the Russian force lost about 7 , 000 men during the battle , which , most likely is of exaggerated numbers – however , they were probably heavy . The Swedish casualties were light . Tott returned to Reval with all their artillery , hundreds of horses and a big amount of sleds the Russians left during their rout . The Russian Czar , Ivan IV later began peace negotiations and sent a letter to Johan III king of Sweden . But due to the previous mistreated negotiations he doubted the Russians will to make peace .
Fort Southwick Fort Southwick is one of the forts found on Portsdown Hill , which overlooks the naval base of Portsmouth in the county of Hampshire , England . It is the highest fort on the hill , and holds the water storage tanks for the other forts , supplying them via a brick lined aqueduct . Construction was started in 1861 and completed by 1870 . It was designed to house a large complement of men ( about 220 ) in a crescent - shaped barrack block . Its north projection has one full caponier to defend the dry ditch , and has two smaller demi - caponiers at the corners . A small musket ry gallery crosses the ditch at the south - west angle to cover a minor branch of the ditch . Mortar batteries of five mortars each can be found set into the rampart behind the demi caponiers . In 1893 the fort was armed with a total of 23 guns : A central spiral staircase from the surface gives access to four main tunnels running radially outward from it at uneven angles . These tunnels lead to the barrack block and caponiers , and past the magazine . During the Second World War , Underground Headquarters or UGHQ , the communications " nerve centre " for Operation Overlord , was in a secret network of tunnels excavated between February and December 1942 by 172 Tunnelling Company of the Royal Engineers 100 ft ( 30 m ) underneath Fort Southwick , well out of reach of any bombs of the era . The call sign of this base was ' MIN ' . Although disarmed in 1906 , the fort was retained by the military as a barracks , and also used to train soldiers how to capture and hold a fort . It became a demobilisation centre for three years after the First World War . The fort was part of the Admiralty Research Establishment until 2002 , when all operational use of the fort ceased . It was sold by the Ministry of Defence in July 2003 to the " Fort Southwick Company Limited " , who intend to convert the barrack block into luxury apartments .
Type 99 155 mm self - propelled howitzer The is a self - propelled howitzer of the Japanese Ground Self - Defense Force , which was developed as successor of the Type 75 155 mm Self - propelled howitzer . Overview . Research and development was started from 1985 as a successor for the older Type 75 self - propelled 155 mm howitzer . Mitsubishi Heavy Industries , Ltd . was the primary contractor , and developed the main gun and the turret . The Type 99 uses a modified chassis from the Mitsubishi Type 89 IFV , lengthened with an additional road wheel . The Type 99 uses a 52 caliber barrel compared to the 39 caliber barrel on the Type 75 self - propelled howitzer . Secondary armament of the Type 99 consists of a roof - mounted 12 . 7 - mm machine gun , fitted with a shield . Armor of the Type 99 provides protection against small arms fire and artillery shell splinters . Vehicle is powered by a diesel engine , developing 600 horsepower . A traveling lock is provided at the front of the hull . It folds back onto the glacis plate when not in use . The Type 99 self - propelled howitzer is resupplied from the Type 99 ammunition resupply vehicle .
Al - Qaeda : Casting a Shadow of Terror Al - Qaeda : Casting a Shadow of Terror ( ISBN 1 - 85043 - 396 - 8 ) is a 2003 book by Jason Burke about the history and goals of Osama bin Laden ' s Al - Qaeda and a loose amalgam of related groups . Using first - hand descriptions of terrorist camps , Burke attempts to illustrate that the west ' s misunderstanding of the diversity of modern Islamic militancy undermines the response to terrorism . The author asserts that the United States ' focus on Al - Qaida is ultimately a waste of time , saying that the west must instead " win the hearts and minds " of the Islamic world to effectively counter terrorism . Published by I . B . Tauris ( November 13 , 2004 ) in Hardcover ( 304 pages ) Jason Burke also wrote the book " Al - Qaeda : The True Story of Radical Islam " ( ISBN 1 - 85043 - 666 - 5 ) .
Lesotho Defence Force The Lesotho Defence Force ( LDF ) is the army and Air Wing of Lesotho . There is no conscription in Lesotho . Of 400 , 457 ( 2005 est . ) males age 18 - 49 , the CIA estimates 162 , 857 are fit for military service . Military expenditures : $ 32 . 3 million ( 2004 ) 2 . 3 % ( 2004 ) of GDP . The Lesotho Government in 1999 began an open debate on the future structure , size , and role of the armed forces , especially considering the Lesotho Defence Force ' s ( LDF ) history of intervening in political affairs . In 2001 , under an agreement with India , an Indian Army Training Team ( IATT ) started training the LDF . By 2011 , it is widely perceived that the LDF is well on its way to becoming a professional and apolitical force . Indeed , there has been no instance since the arrival of the IATT when the LDF has interfered with the political process . It also won approbation when , on 22 April 2009 , its soldiers beat back a mercenary attack on the Prime Minister ' s residence . The Security Advisers from India have been Brigadiers Jasbir Singh , Budhwar , Ranvir Yadav , Neeraj Bali and AK Das . Currently Brigadier Dhanoa is holding that charge . The Force currently has a strength of approximately 3100 . It has a fair representation of female soldiers . All commissioned officers have to first serve in the ranks for at least three years . It is led by a three - star General , Lt Gen Tlali Kamoli , 46 . Lesotho Defence Force air wing . The Lesotho air wing was an originally a 1978 offshoot of the parliamentary police mobile unit began operations with two Shorts Skyvans twin turboprop STOL transports , a leased Cessna A152 Areobat , two MBB BO 105 helicopters and a Westland built Bell 47G converted to solely turboshaft power . Two Mil Mi - 2 twin turbine helicopters were donated by Libya in 1983 but were retired by 1986 . Deliveries of one Bell and three Augusta - Bell AB 412 helicopters were delayed in 1983 to 1986 because of South Africa ' s influence . This changed when a 1986 military coup resulted in new security agreements with Pretoria being signed . In the mid - 1980s the air wing was renamed the Lesotho Defence Force . In 1989 the skyvans were replaced by two CASA C . 212 light turboprop transports ; one immediately crashed , requiring a third to be delivered in 1992 . A fifth Bell 412 ( an EP model ) was delivered in May 1998 to replace one written off in January 1998 .
Adolf Bischoff Adolf Bischoff ( 16 August 1922 – 2 July 1944 ) was a highly decorated Unteroffizier in the Wehrmacht during World War II . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . Adolf Bischoff was listed as missing in action as of 2 July 1944 near Stołpce , Belarus .
Battle of Narungombe The Battle of Narungombe was fought between the German Empire and Portugal during the East African Campaign of World War I . The battle honour " Narungombe " has been granted to the Ghana Regiment , King ' s African Rifles and the South African 7th and 8th Infantry Regiment .
Operation Lost During World War II , Operation Lost was a reactive seven - man Special Air Service operation inserted into Brittany alongside Operation Dingson on 22 – 23 June 1944 . The team , drawn from officers and men of 37 Military Mission and the SAS Brigade , was originally inserted to discover what had happened to the Dingson base after it had been attacked and dispersed by German led rear area security troops . These SAS operations trained and armed local fighters and harassed the defenders as they tried to react to the Overlord landings . The Lost team was active from 23 June to 18 July . The team was commanded by Major Oswald A . J . Cary - Elwes , ( A career soldier who subsequently rose to the rank of Lieutenant - Colonel ) who was asked to join the SAS by its first Commanding Officer David Stirling . Stirling and Cary - Elwes were friends . The Lost team was given instructions to search for and re - organise irregular French resistance forces formerly in touch with the French SAS , but which had been attacked and dispersed into woodland . This was one of several tasks under the overall leadership of the one - armed Free French Colonel , later member of Parliament , Pierre Bourgoin ( 1907 - 1970 ) , the CO of 4eme BIA ( Bataillon de l ' Infanterie de l ' Air ) or 2eme RCP ( Regiment de Chasseurs Parachutistes ) , which was known , colloquially , to the British as ' 4 SAS ' . Cary - Elwes and his batman were eventually exfiltrated by sea from northern Brittany on July 1944 , on an escape line maintained by MI9 , a now - defunct branch of the British War Office Directorate of Intelligence , at this period closely integrated with the Special Operations Executive ( SOE ) and the Secret Intelligence Service ( SIS ) who had joint control of the branch and knew it as P15 .
63rd Indian Infantry Brigade The 63rd Indian Infantry Brigade was an Infantry formation of the Indian Army during World War II . It was formed in January 1942 , at Jhansi in India and assigned to the 23rd Indian Infantry Division . In March 1942 , it was re assigned to the 17th Indian Infantry Division with whom it remained for the rest of the war apart from in May 1942 , when it was attached to the 39th Indian Infantry Division .
George T . Alexander Staff Sergeant George T . Alexander Jr . ( August 5 , 1971 – October 22 , 2005 ) was the 2 , 000th American soldier killed in combat in Iraq since the beginning of the 2003 Invasion of Iraq , according to the Associated Press . Alexander , an African - American , died October 22 , 2005 at the Brooke Army Medical Center in San Antonio , Texas after being treated for injuries sustained five days earlier , when an improvised explosive device detonated near his M2 Bradley in the city of Samarra . A 1989 graduate of Chilton County High School , Alexander spent two years working as a construction labourer before joining the military as Desert Storm began . At the time of his death , he was serving his third tour of duty in Iraq , assigned to the 1st Battalion , 15th Infantry Regiment , 3rd Brigade , 3rd Infantry Division , of Fort Benning , Georgia . He is survived by his wife Fina , and two children Jsai and Alexandria . His body was buried at the Agee Memorial Garden in Clanton , Alabama . Media Attention . The United States media noted this death above many others , as it was the 2 , 000th since the start of active combat , a number generally recognized as significant . Articles ran on such sites as CNN . com featuring the soldier . In contrast , the Pentagon downplayed the death — Lt . Col . Steven Boylan , a spokesman for the U . S . military in Iraq , told the Associated Press that " the 2 , 000 service members killed in Iraq supporting Operation Iraqi Freedom is not a milestone , it is an artificial mark on the wall set by individuals or groups with specific agendas and ulterior motives . " Alexander ' s death sparked Senators and Congressmen to debate the merits of the war again , something that had not been done in months , with Senators such as Dick Durbin making statements on the war . Peace activists cast the 2 , 000th combat death as a milestone in what they believe to be an unnecessary and unwinnable war . Immediately following the report of his death , six hundred anti - war protests and candlelight vigil s were held in the United States on October 26 , 2005 .
Newnham Castle Newnham Castle was a medieval castle in the village of Newnham , Kent , England . History . Newnham Castle was built by the Normans , probably by Fulk de Newenham in the mid - 12th century during the civil war known as the Anarchy . The castle was located on a scarp to the north of the village and comprised a motte and bailey design . It had a stone keep approximately by , with thick walls , with unusual curved corners . Once built , a mound was piled up around the tower to produce the motte , in a similar fashion to that seen at Farnham .
Operation Crosstie Operation Crosstie was a series of 48 nuclear tests mostly conducted in Nevada during 1967 and 1968 . These tests followed the Latchkey series and preceded Bowline . The blast designated Gasbuggy involved an underground detonation , intended to stimulate production of natural gas by cracking the rock in the underground formation of its deposit . The test was a double - failure , as not only the production did not increase as much as expected , but the customers also refused to buy gas contaminated with traces of radioisotopes . However , the detonation happened mostly as desired . Buggy was a Plowshare test designed to excavate a channel . It was a simultaneous detonation of 5 devices , placed apart and below the surface that resulted in a channel wide , 900 feet long , and deep The Faultless test was a " calibration test " conducted in a mine cavity 3 , 200 feet beneath the Hot Creek Valley near Tonopah , Nevada , with a yield of around 1 megatons . This test was conducted to see if the land was fit for testing a 5 megaton thermonuclear warhead for the Spartan Missile , however the " calibration test " failed and was sardonically named Faultless , because of the large degree of faulting that could be seen in the roads and highways throughout the region following the test . As a result of this failed test , it was decided that the land was unfit for multimegaton nuclear tests , so a calibration test was conducted at Amchitka Island , Alaska , in the fall of 1969 during Operation Mandrel . The individual tests of this series were :
Naval Air Station Oakland Naval Air Station Oakland is a former military airport located south of the central business district of Oakland , a city in Alameda County , California , United States . After its closure in the 1940s , it was reopened as Oakland International Airport . History . In 1943 , the U . S . Armed Forces took over Oakland Airport and transformed it into an airlift base for military flights to the Pacific islands , ordering all scheduled service to move to San Francisco International Airport . After the war , airlines slowly returned to Oakland : Western Airlines began flights in 1946 , and was followed by American Airlines , TWA , United and Pacific Southwest Airlines ( PSA ) .
Chilean ironclad Blanco Encalada Blanco Encalada was an armored frigate built by Earle ' s Shipbuilding Co . in England for the Chilean Navy in 1875 . She was nicknamed " El Blanco " . She participated actively in the War of the Pacific , her most important action being the capture of the Peruvian monitor " Huáscar " during the battle of Angamos . " Blanco " formed part of the congressional forces that brought down President José Manuel Balmaceda in the 1891 Chilean Civil War . She was sunk during that conflict on 23 April 1891 , becoming the first warship to be sunk by a self - propelled torpedo . References . Much of this article was translated from .