naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Code of the United States Fighting Force The Code of the U . S . Fighting Force is a code of conduct that is an " ethical guide " and a United States Department of Defense directive consisting of six articles to members of the United States Armed Forces , addressing how American military personnel in combat should act when they must " evade capture , resist while a prisoner or escape from the enemy . " It is considered an important part of U . S . military doctrine but is not formal military law in the manner of the Uniform Code of Military Justice and public international law ( such as the Geneva Conventions ) . History . Colonel Franklin Brooke Nihart , USMC , worked at Marine Corps headquarters throughout the summer of 1955 , outlined his ideas in longhand and the Code of Conduct was established with the issuance of by President Dwight D . Eisenhower on 17 August 1955 , after the Korean War . It has been modified twice — once in 1977 by President Jimmy Carter in , and most recently in President Ronald Reagan ' s of March 1988 , which amended the code to make it gender - neutral . Notably , the code prohibits surrender except when " all reasonable means of resistance [ are ] exhausted and . . . certain death the only alternative , " enjoins captured Americans to " resist by all means available " and " make every effort to escape and aid others , " and bars the acceptance of parole or special favors from enemies . The code also outlines proper conduct for American prisoners of war , reaffirms that under the Geneva Conventions prisoners of war should give " name , rank , service number , and date of birth " and requires that under interrogation captured military personnel should " evade answering further questions to the utmost of my ability . "
Emil Roßmann Emil Roßmann ( 23 April 1920 – 20 January 2003 ) was a highly decorated Oberleutnant der Reserve in the Wehrmacht during World War II , and a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership .
46th Army ( Soviet Union ) The 46th Army was a Soviet Red Army field army during World War II . The army was formed on 1 August 1941 by order of the commander of the Transcaucasian Military District , dated 23 July 1941 based on the headquarters of the 3rd Rifle Corps . History . 1941 . On 23 August the army was assigned the task of defending the border between Turkey from the Black Sea to the mountains of Uch - Tapalyar and the coast of the Black Sea to the are of Poti - Sukhumi . On 1 September 1941 the army comprised the 4th , 9th , 47th Mountain , and the 224th Rifle Division s , the 51st Fortified Region ( УР ) , the 457 , 647th Corps Artillery Regiments ( кап ) , 547 гап of the Reserve of the Supreme High Command ( RVGK ) , 151 , 365 , 388 озад , plus the 27th Fighter Aviation Division . 1942 . In June 1942 the army was assigned to cover the passes through the Caucasus Mountains from Mamison to Belorechenskoye . On 15 August 1942 the army defended the central passes against German attacks . The army participated in the liberation of Maikop and in February 1943 the city Krasnodar . 1943 . In 24 August 1943 the army participated in the Donbass Strategic Offensive and crossed the Dnieper River . On 5 October 1943 the army fought a defensive battle to retain bridgeheads across the Dnieper River . On 25 October the army along with the 8th Guards Army participated in the Krivoy Rog Offensive . 1944 . In 1944 the army participated in the liberation of Right - bank Ukraine and participated in the Nikopol - Krivoy Rog Offensive # 30 January - 29 February # , the Bereznegovatoye - Snigirevka Offensive 6 – 18 March , and Odessa Offensive 26 Marh - 14 April 1944 . In August and September 1944 the army participated in the Jassy – Kishinev Offensive offensive into Romania and Bulgaria . In October the Debrecen Offensive Operation in Hungary took place . From late October 1944 to February 1945 the army was involved in the Budapest Offensive . 1945 . From mid March to Mid April the army participated in the Vienna Offensive . The army ended the war with its participation in the Prague Offensive . From July to September , the army was relocated to the Odessa Military District and on 25 September 1945 the army was disbanded .
HMCS Caribou ( S12 ) HMCS " Caribou " ( S12 ) was an armed yacht that served in the Royal Canadian Navy ( RCN ) . Initially carrying the pennant number S12 and later Z25 , she was launched in 1928 in Bay City , Michigan and was commissioned into the RCN on 27 May 1940 . She was paid off on 20 July 1945 .
Lothar Debes SS - Gruppenführer und Generalleutnant der Waffen - SS Lothar Debes ( June 21 , 1890 - July 14 , 1960 ) was German , Heer and Waffen - SS , officer who served in both World War I and World War II . In World War II , Debes commanded the " 6 . SS - Gebirgs - Division Nord " and the " 10 . SS - Panzer - Division Frundsberg " .
Kosmos 1785 Kosmos 1785 ( meaning " Cosmos 1785 " ) is a Soviet US - K missile early warning satellite which was launched in 1986 as part of the Soviet military ' s Oko programme . The satellite is designed to identify missile launches using optical telescopes and infrared sensors . Kosmos 1785 was launched from Site 41 / 1 at Plesetsk Cosmodrome in the Russian SSR . A Molniya - M carrier rocket with a 2BL upper stage was used to perform the launch , which took place at 09 : 29 UTC on 15 October 1986 . The launch successfully placed the satellite into a molniya orbit . It subsequently received its Kosmos designation , and the international designator 1986 - 078A . The United States Space Command assigned it the Satellite Catalog Number 17031 . It re - entered the Earth ' s atmosphere on 28 February 2002 .
Robert Colli Robert Colli ( 27 June 1898 – 22 July 1980 ) was a highly decorated Oberst in the Wehrmacht during World War II . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership .
USS Wilmington ( CL - 111 ) USS " Wilmington " ( CL - 111 ) was a planned ship which was scrapped prior to completion . She was the third ship to be scheduled to be named for Wilmington , Delaware . " Wilmington " was to be a United States Navy light cruiser . She was laid down 5 March 1945 by William Cramp and Sons , but with the end of World War II , construction was suspended 12 August 1945 and the hulk subsequently scrapped .
Argyrokastro Castle Argyrokastro ( , " silver castle " ) is a castle in the region of the Peloponnese , Greece . It is located in mountainous Arcadia , near the village of Magouliana , at an elevation of 1 , 450 m . It is also known as the " Gortyniako dynamari " ( , " Gortynia n stronghold " ) . The castle was erected during the Frankish rule by the Villehardouin dynasty of the Principality of Achaea , and served as their summer retreat .
517th Air Defense Group The 517th Air Defense Group is a disbanded United States Air Force organization . Its last assignment was with the 4711th Air Defense Wing at Ethan Allen Air Force Base , Vermont . It was inactivated on 18 August 1955 . The group was originally activated as a support unit for a bombardment group group at the end of World War II in Italy and then redeployed to the Caribbean , where it supported units redeploying from Europe until it was inactivated in 1945 . The group was activated once again in 1953 , when ADC established it as the headquarters for a dispersed fighter - interceptor squadron and the medical , maintenance , and administrative squadrons supporting it . It was replaced in 1955 when ADC transferred its mission , equipment , and personnel to the 14th Fighter Group in a project that replaced air defense groups commanding fighter squadrons with fighter groups with distinguished records during World War II . History . World War II . The group was activated as the 517th Air Service Group in Italy in early 1945 , shortly before the end of World War II . as part of a reorganization of Army Air Forces ( AAF ) support groups in which the AAF replaced Service Groups that included personnel from other branches of the Army and supported two combat groups with Air Service Groups including only Air Corps units . Designed to support a single combat group . Its 943rd Air Engineering Squadron was to provide maintenance that was beyond the capability of the combat group , its 767th Air Materiel Squadron to handle all supply matters , and its Headquarters & Base Services Squadron to provide other support . Together with the 518th Air Service Group , it supported the 464th and 465th Bombardment Group s at Pantanella Airfield ( the unit histories are contradictory concerning whether the 517th supported the 464th or 465th group ) . The group relocated to Trinidad and provided support to combat units redeploying from Europe to the United States . It was disbanded in 1948 . Cold War . During the Cold War , the group was reconstituted , redesignated as the 517th Air Defense Group , and activated at Ethan Allan AFB in 1953 with responsibility for air defense of upper New England . It was assigned the 37th Fighter - Interceptor Squadron ( FIS ) , which was already stationed at Ethan Allan AFB , and flying World War II era F - 51 Mustang s as its operational component . The 37th FIS had been assigned directly to the 4711th Defense Wing . The group replaced the 75th Air Base Squadron as USAF host organization at the base . It was assigned three squadron s to perform its support responsibilities . The 37th FIS converted to airborne intercept radar equipped and HVAR rocket armed North American F - 86 Sabre s in June 1953 . The group was inactivated in 1955 and replaced by the 14th Fighter Group ( Air Defense ) as result of Air Defense Command ' s Project Arrow , which was designed to bring back on the active list the fighter units which had compiled memorable records in the two world wars . The group was disbanded once again in 1984 . Lineage . Components . Operational Squadron Support Units References . Bibliography . Further Reading
USS Home ( 1862 ) USS " Home " ( 1862 ) was a large steamship purchased by the Union Navy during the American Civil War . She was placed into service as a hospital ship assigned to support the fleet blockading the ports of the Confederate States of America . However , on occasion , she was ordered to serve as a blockader and was provided with the necessary deck guns for that purpose . Constructed at Brooklyn , New York , in 1862 as " Key West " . " Home " — a screw steamer — was built as Key West in 1862 at the Brooklyn Navy Yard , New York . She was purchased by the Navy at New York on 14 August 1863 , commissioned on 21 August 1863 , Acting Master W . H . Garfield commanding , and name changed to " Home " . Assigned to the South Atlantic Blockade . Assigned to the South Atlantic Blockading Squadron , " Home " sailed after commissioning for Charleston , South Carolina , towing monitor . Designated as a " rest ship " . " Home " was assigned by Rear Admiral John A . Dahlgren as a rest ship , to which the exhausted crews of the steaming monitors could retire after the fierce bombardments of early September . Designated as a blockader and as a hospital ship . She remained off Charleston with periodic trips to Port Royal , South Carolina for repairs until July 1864 , when she was assigned to act as a hospital ship inside the bar at Charleston . While serving as a combination blockader - hospital ship , her medical department was composed of Surgeons William Nicholas Pindell and Nelson Ingram , and the Surgeon Steward Frank Cook . Multi - tasking lightship and reconnaissance duties . She continued her combination blockader - hospital ship service until mid - 1865 , when she took up lightship duties in the harbor . During this period , " Home " also sent members of her crew ashore on boat expeditions in the Charleston area , notably on 5 March 1865 , when an important reconnaissance of Charleston harbor obstructions was effected . Post - war deactivation and subsequent career . " Home " returned to New York City in August 1865 and decommissioned on 24 August 1865 . Redocumented " Key West " , she returned to merchant service ; she was stranded and lost off Cape Hatteras on 12 October 1870 .
692d Intelligence , Surveillance and Reconnaissance Group The United States Air Force ' s 692d Intelligence , Surveillance and Reconnaissance Group is an intelligence unit located at Hickam AFB , Hawaii , performing operations as part of the Kunia Regional Security Operations Center ( KRSOC ) . Mission . The mission of the 692d Intelligence , Surveillance & Reconnaissance Group is to execute national and tactical ISR operations and missions providing predictive , actionable intelligence for warfighting forces , combatant commanders and national authorities .
182nd Battalion ( Ontario County ) , CEF The 182nd Battalion ( Ontario County ) , CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War . Based in Whitby , Ontario , the unit began recruiting during the winter of 1915 / 16 in Ontario County , Ontario . After sailing to England in May 1917 , the battalion was absorbed into the 18th Reserve Battalion on May 14 , 1917 . The 182nd Battalion ( Ontario County ) , CEF had one Officer Commanding : Lieut - Col . A . A . Cockburn . The 182nd Battalion ( Ontario County ) , CEF , is perpetuated by The Ontario Regiment ( RCAC ) . References . Meek , John F . " Over the Top ! The Canadian Infantry in the First World War . " Orangeville , Ont . : The Author , 1971 .
Battles of the Russo - Turkish War ( 1877 – 1878 ) Chronological listing of the battles of the Battles of the Russo - Turkish War ( 1877 – 1878 ) List of Battles . " Key : ( R ) – Russian victory ; ( O ) – Ottoman victory ; ( I ) – Inconclusive "
Alfrēds Riekstiņš Alfrēds Riekstiņš ( January 30 , 1913 - September 11 , 1952 ) was a soldier of the Latvian Legion who later collaborated with British Intelligence to fight the Soviet Union . Riekstiņš was born in Matkule , Tukuma County , Latvia . Occupation and war . On June 17 , 1940 , the Soviet Union commenced the occupation of Latvia . This was followed in June 1941 by Nazi Germany ' s occupation , part of its invasion of the Soviet Union . In 1942 , like tens of thousands of Latvian citizens who " volunteered " and were illegally drafted into Germany ' s military to fight the Soviets , Alfrēds Riekstiņš enlisted in the 24th Talsu Battalion of Self Defense ( Schutzmannschaften ) . On January 23 , 1943 , following Hitler ' s verbal " permission and order " ( written order of February 10 , 1943 ) to form the Latvian SS Volunteer Legion , Reichsführer - SS Heinrich Himmler ordered the conversion of the 2nd SS Infantry ( Motorised ) Brigade into the Latvian SS Volunteer Brigade . On April 18 , 1943 , the 24th Battalion of Self Defense was withdrawn from the front line in the vicinity of St . Petersburg , Russia , and was subsequently renamed the 1st Battalion of the 2nd " Imanta " Latvian SS Volunteer Regiment , subordinated to the 2nd Latvian SS Volunteer Brigade . In 1945 , Riekstiņš was in Latvia , serving with the 19th SS - Fusiliers Battalion of 19th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS ( Latvian 2nd ) , defending Courland bridgehead , which surrendered only after the capitulation of Germany . He was promoted to Corporal ( Waffen - Unterscharführer der SS ) on April 22 , 1945 , and awarded the Knights Cross ( Ritterkreuz ) . The Latvian Legion ' s attachment to the SS , unit designations and ranks were considered a formality . Latvian and Estonian soldiers like Alfrēds Riekstiņš and Alfons Rebane , regardless of whether they volunteered or were drafted , were not members of the Nazi Party . Post - war . After the capitulation of Army Group Courland , on May 9 , 1945 , Riekstiņš , instead of surrendering to the Soviets , escaped by boat to Sweden , settling in Göteborg . Riekstiņš sought to return to Latvia to fight for the resistance against the Soviet annexation of Latvia and , at the beginning of the 1950s , was recruited by the British Secret Intelligence Service ( MI6 ) . Having completed training in Germany , Riekstiņš and two other agents were parachuted into Latvia on August 30 , 1952 . Betrayed by the Soviet " Cambridge Five " spy ring in Britain , Riekstiņš found his hiding place surrounded by NKVD soldiers less than two weeks later . Riekstiņš fired all of his ammunition , then committed suicide by swallowing his cyanide capsule on September 11 , 1952 . On September 12 , 1992 , the 40th anniversary of his death , a commemorative stone was erected at the place of his death ; his final resting place remains unknown to this day , though it is probable that his body was dumped in a mass grave .
HMS Elizabeth ( 1679 ) HMS " Elizabeth " was a 70 - gun third rate ship of the line of the English Royal Navy , launched at Deptford in 1679 . " Elizabeth " was rebuilt as another 70 - gun third rate at Portsmouth Dockyard in 1704 , but was captured later that year .
Nikolai Ruzsky Nikolai Vladimirovich Ruzsky ( ) ( – October 18 , 1918 ) , was a Russian general of World War I . Career . His military career prior to the outbreak of World War I in August 1914 took him to both the Russo - Turkish War ( 1877 – 1878 ) and the Russo - Japanese War , where he was Chief of Staff to the Second Manchurian Army . In between he served as Deputy Chief of Staff of the Kiev Military District ( 1896 - 1902 ) . He was influenced by General Mikhail Ivanovich Dragomirov . In August 1914 he was in command of the Third Army , and was soon involved in the Battle of Galicia . He was given command over the Northwest Front in September 1914 . His greatest achievement during the war was his part in the defence of Lodz in November 1914 . He was given command of Sixth Army in March 1915 and of the Northern Front in the winter of 1916 , but he was replaced by Alexei Kuropatkin in February 1916 because of his excessive caution and indecision . He later was reinstated by the Tsar in July . Following the February Revolution of 1917 he resigned his command and went south to the Caucasus , where he joined other Tsarist generals . Captured by the Bolsheviks on September 11 , 1918 , in Essentuki , he was executed along with the last remaining loyal officers and generals in Pyatigorsk .
Rotating bolt Rotating bolt is a method of locking used in firearms . Johann Nicolaus von Dreyse developed first rotating bolt the " Dreyse needle gun " in 1836 . The Dreyse locked using the bolt handle rather than lugs on the bolt head like Mauser M 98 or M16 . The first rotating bolt rifle with two lugs on the bolt head was the Lebel Model 1886 rifle . Ferdinand Ritter von Mannlicher , who had earlier developed non - rotating bolt straight - pull rifle , developed the Steyr - Mannlicher M1895 , a straight - pull rifle with rotating bolt , which was issued to the Austro - Hungarian Army . Mannlicher then developed the Mannlicher 1900 rifle which had a rotating bolt and was operated by a gas piston . This was an inspiration for later gas operated , semi - automatic or selective fire firearms ( such as the M1 , M14 , M16 , the L85A1 / A2 and the AK - 47 / 74 ) in which the bolt , upon contact with the breech , rotates and locks into place , being held in place by lugs attached to the breech or barrel extension . Upon closing , the bolt passes through the slots cut in the front of the barrel extension , and then rotates ; at this point it is locked in place . The bolt remains locked until the action is cycled , either manually by the operator , or mechanically by the gas created by discharging the rifle pushing on the operating rod or bolt carrier , which then rotates the bolt and unlocks it from the breech so that it can be withdrawn in order to extract and eject the spent casing , and chamber a new round . The gas port , which meters a portion of the combustion gases into the action in order to cycle the weapon , is typically located either midway down the barrel or near the muzzle of the weapon . In this way it functions as a delay , ensuring that the bolt remains locked until chamber pressure has subsided to a safe level . Rotating bolts are found in gas - operated , recoil - operated , bolt action , lever - action and pump - action weapon designs . Another form of delayed blowback which the bolt head rotates as the firing pin strikes locking the chamber until the gas pressure reaches a safe level to extract . As the firing pin retracts , the bolt head turns anti - clockwise unlocking the breech .
Daniel Moszkowicz Daniel Moszkowicz aka " Dawid Chone " and " Jerzy " ( born 1905 in Warsaw - 1943 in Białystok , Poland ) was a merchant , non - commissioned reserve officer of the Polish Army , communist and the co - leader of the Białystok Ghetto Uprising . He was member of the Communist Party of Poland . During the German occupation of Poland he worked as a cobbler and baker in the ghetto of Białystok and was member of the Antyfaszystowska Organizacja Bojowa . ( Anti - Fascist Military Organization ) . He was co - leader of the resistance during the first German attempt of liquidation of the ghetto in Białystok in January and February 1943 . He also co - leading the Białystok Ghetto Uprising in August 1943 . Moszkowicz believed to have committed suicide surrounded by German troops .
Detlev Graf von Garnier - Turawa Detlev Graf von Garnier - Turawa ( 24 September 1906 – 27 June 1944 ) was a highly decorated Hauptmann der Reserve in the Wehrmacht during World War II . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . Detlev Graf von Garnier - Turawa was killed on 27 June 1944 near Babins , Russia .
Yisrael Amir Lt . Col . Yisrael Amir ( Hebrew : ישראל עמיר ; c . 1903 – November 1 , 2002 ) was the first commander of the Israeli Air Force . Amir was born in Russia , moving to the British Mandate of Palestine in 1923 . Amir then began his military career by joining the newly created Haganah , a Jewish paramilitary group . Following Israel ' s declaration of statehood on May 14 , 1948 , the Israel Defense Forces was formed from the Haganah and Jewish Brigade . The air wing of the Haganah , Sherut Avir , was reorganized as the Israeli Air Force , and Amir was appointed its first commander by Prime Minister David Ben - Gurion on May 16 . Sherut Avir had operated a small collection of aged and non - military aircraft , so the greatest problem facing the new air force was the procurement of modern military airplanes . Amir immediately secured an order of several Messerschmitt fighters and US B - 17 Flying Fortress which were ferried to Israel through in Czechoslovakia . Amir retired from his military career in 1969 .
Varan PMX - 80 The Varan PMX - 80 was a semi - automatic pistol of South African origin . The PMX - 80 was manufactured due to the arms embargo on the - then apartheid South African government . The PMX - 80 is chambered in 9x19mm Parabellum and is fed from a grip inserted magazine . References . http : / / weapons . wikia . com / wiki / Varan _ PMX - 80
Charles the Deaf Charles the Deaf ( ) from the House of Bjelbo was the jarl of Sweden during 1216 – 1220 . His father was magnate Bengt Snivil . He was the brother of Magnus Minnesköld and jarl Birger Brosa and father of jarl Ulf Fase . Charles died at the Battle of Lihula in Estonia August 8 , 1220 . The seal of Charles , discovered in the early 1990s , is dated to the end of the 12th century and thus the oldest preserved personal object in Swedish history . Personal seals were normally broken to pieces at the death of the owner in order to prevent later abuse , and the intact seal of Charles is therefore unique . The Swedish Museum of National Antiquities bought it in 2001 for SEK 800 , 000 .