naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
116th Panzer Division ( Wehrmacht ) The 116th " Panzer " Division , also known as the " Windhund ( Greyhound ) Division " , was a German panzer division that saw combat during World War II . It was constituted in the Rhineland and Westphalia areas of western Germany in March 1944 from the remnants of the 16th " Panzergrenadier Division " , and the 179th Reserve " Panzer Division " . The 16th had been badly mauled after combat on the Eastern Front near Stalingrad , and the 179th was a second - line formation that had been on occupational duty in France since 1943 . In 1944 , it participated in opposing the Normandy Landings and was trapped in the Falaise Pocket following Operation " Cobra " . Along with the 2nd SS " Panzer Division " , it was responsible for holding the pocket open to allow German troops to escape . It managed to escape , although with only 600 infantry and 12 tanks intact . In October , it fought against American forces in the Battle of Aachen , with the town falling to the Americans on 21 October . It was moved to Holland for refitting and was soon fighting in the area of the recently completed Operation " Market Garden " offensive ( 17 – 25 September ) with the 10th " SS Panzer Division " against the British . On 8 November , the division repulsed an attack from the US 28th Infantry Division in the Hürtgen Forest during the larger Battle of Hürtgen Forest , recapturing the town of Schmidt , thus providing the name to the 28th of the " Bloody Bucket Division " . The 116th then participated in the failed " Wacht am Rhein " Operation in the Ardennes , where it participated in the middle spearhead and later held the Allies at bay for other units to retreat , before being withdrawn over the Rhine in March . It then opposed the 9th US Army ' s advance across the Rhine , thus stopping the planned Allied breakthrough as well as opposing Operation " Varsity " ' s airborne landings . With 2 , 800 men and 10 tanks against 50 , 000 Allied troops and supporting tanks , the division held off the US 30th , the US 35th , the US 84th , the 4th Canadian and the US 8th Armored Divisions . On 18 April 1945 , the majority of the division was forced to surrender to the 9th US Army , having been trapped in the Ruhr Pocket . It was described by the Commander of the 9th Army to New York Times reporter John MacCormac , in March 1945 , as " the famed and best German Panzer Division " , and was listed as the same in an article on 27 – 28 March . Remnants of the division continued to fight in the Harz mountains until 30 April , only surrendering after all of their resources had been exhausted . The 116th Panzer Division participated in the following battles : Normandy , Arnhem , Aachen , the Hürtgen Forest , the Ardennes Offensive , the Reichswald and the Ruhr Pocket . References . The Essential Tank Identification Guide - - - Wehrmacht Panzer Divisions 1939 - 1945 Authors : Jorge Rosado and Chris Bishop Published by Amber books Ltd . ISBN 1 - 904687 - 46 - 6 2 - Panzer En Normandie : Histoire Des Équipages De Char De La 116 . Panzerdivision ( juillet - août 1944 ) Frédéric Deprun , YSEC Éditions , 2011 ( ISBN 978 - 2 - 84673 - 135 - 5 )
SS Empire Cobbett Empire Cobbett was a 9 , 811 GRT tanker which was built in 1942 by Furness Shipbuilding Co Ltd , Haverton Hill - on - Tees for the Ministry of War Transport ( MoWT ) . In 1946 she was sold into merchant service and renamed San Wilfrido . She was scrapped in 1959 . Description . The ship was built by Furness Shipbuilding Co Ltd , Haverton Hill - on - Tees , as yard number 350 . She was launched on 19 November 1942 and completed in December 1942 . She was long , with a beam of and a depth of . She had a GRT of 9 , 811 and a NRT of 5 , 779 . The ship was propelled by a triple expansion steam engine , which had cylinders of , and diameter by stroke . The engine was built by Richardsons , Westgart & Co Ltd , Hartlepool . History . " Empire Cobbett " was built for the MoWT , who placed her under the management of Eagle Oil and Shipping Company Ltd , Middlesbrough . Her port of registry was Middlesbrough . The Code Letters BFFN and United Kingdom Official Number 164861 were allocated . " Empire Cobbett " was a member of a number of convoys during the Second World War . Convoy HX 249 sailed from New York City on 23 July 1943 and reached Liverpool on 6 August . " Empire Cobbett " was bound for Avonmouth , Somerset . Convoy HX 255 departed New York on 2 September 1943 and arrived at Liverpool on 16 September . " Empire Cobbett " was bound for Stanlow Refinery , Ellesmere Port . Convoy HX 313 departed New York on 10 October 1944 and arrived at Liverpool on 24 October 1944 . " Empire Cobbett " was due to have joined this convoy , bound for Milford Haven , Pembrokeshire . In 1946 " Empire Cobbett " was sold to Eagle Oil & Shipping Co Ltd , London , who renamed her " San Wilfrido " and changed her port of registry to London . Her name came from an earlier , which had been launched for Eagle Oil in 1914 and sunk by a mine that same year . She served until 1959 , arriving on 10 November at Hong Kong for scrapping .
David Maltby Squadron Leader David John Hatfeild Maltby RAF ( 10 May 1920 - 15 September 1943 ) was a British Royal Air Force pilot , service No . 60335 . Maltby ' s maternal uncle was the First World War RFC pilot Aubrey Hatfeild MBE . Born on 10 May 1920 in Baldslow , outside Hastings , Sussex , Maltby was at Marlborough College between 1934 and 1936 . In 1938 he began training as a mining engineer in Trenton , South Yorkshire , but resigned at the outbreak of war . He volunteered to join the Royal Air Force ( RAF ) and was called up on 20 June 1940 . Maltby began his operational career with No . 106 Squadron RAF in June 1941 , flying the Handley Page Hampden on five operations . By the end of the month he was transferred to No . 97 Squadron , flying first Hampdens , then Avro Manchesters and finally Avro Lancasters . He completed his tour in June 1942 , and was awarded the DFC . He then spent six months commanding an Air Bomber Training Section in No . 1485 Target Towing and Gunnery Flight , before returning to active service with No . 97 Squadron in March 1943 . He was given a new crew , most of whom had only just finished training . On 25 March 1943 , he and his crew were transferred to 617 Squadron , along with Flt Lt Joseph McCarthy and Flt Lt Les Munro and their crews . Maltby flew in the 617 Squadron Dams raid of 1943 . He flew Avro Lancaster J - Johnny , flying as part of the first wave that attacked the Möhne Dam . The first three aircraft to attack the dam ( Guy Gibson flying in G - George , Hopgood in M - Mother and Harold Brownlow Martin in P - Popsie ) all missed the target . The next , A - Apple ( flown by Dinghy Young ) hit the dam and caused a small breach ; but as this was not apparent from the air , J - Johnny also attacked , scored a hit , causing a large breach . For his part in Operation Chastise , Maltby was awarded a DSO Maltby was killed a few months later during Operation Garlic , a failed attempt at a low level raid on the Dortmund - Ems Canal . His aircraft crashed into the North Sea while returning to base after the mission had been cancelled due to fog over the target . His body was recovered and he was buried in the churchyard of St Andrew ' s Church , Wickhambreaux , Kent . In the 1955 film " The Dam Busters " , Maltby was played by George Baker .
Shibata Katsutoyo Shibata Katsuie was his uncle , and Katsutoyo was adopted . The meeting in Kiyosu Castle was held after Oda Nobunaga died . As the result of that , Katsuie got Nagahama Castle at Ōmi Province and let Katsutoyo defend it . However , Katsuie favored his other adopted son , Shibata Katsumasa , and disfavored Katutoyo . In addition , Katsutoyo was on bad terms with Sakuma Morimasa . Because of that , he changed sides to Hashiba Hideyoshi . He sent retainers as his proxies to the Battle of Shizugatake in 1583 since he was ill . Kastutoyo died from a disease soon after the battle .
Timeline of World War II ( 1944 ) This is a timeline of events that occurred during 1944 in World War II . October 1944 . US Navy carriers attack Formosa ( Taiwan ) . < br > : The Second Quebec Conference ( " Octagon " ) . President Roosevelt and Churchill discuss military cooperation in the Pacific , and the division of Germany . < br > : United States XXIII Corps Arrives in European Theater .
2004 Avtury raid The Avtury raid took place on 12 – 13 July 2004 , when a large group of Chechen militants assaulted the Chechen village of Avtury . The attack . After entering the village , separatist guerillas first blocked all entrances to the village and then attacked and seized the buildings of the security forces , inflicting heavy casualties on the defenders . A dozen members of pro - Moscow Chechen police and militia forces who had run out of ammunition were captured at dawn in their base . A car was also ambushed on the road to Avtury and all its passengers were killed . As the rebels retreated and the government reinforcements arrived , the fighting reportedly continued in the forest outside the village later on the second day . According to the government sources , at least 18 pro - Moscow fighters and 15 rebels died in the village ( 20 according to Ramzan Kadyrov ) . Initially it was claimed eight rebels were killed , and only one body was found at the site according to Memorial . The government declined to disclose the republican and federal losses during the fighting outside of Avtury . The separatists said they lost five men killed and two missing , while the Russian losses were estimated as at least 45 to 50 killed ( including 15 - 20 commandos during a fight in the forest near Avtury ) and dozens wounded .
XI Corps ( United States ) XI Corps was a corps of the United States Army in World War II and the Korean War . It embarked for the Pacific theater in March 1944 and was assigned to the Alamo Force after arriving at Finschhafen , New Guinea . The Corps fought in New Guinea , Luzon , and the southern Philippines . After the Japanese surrender , the Corps moved to occupation duty in and around Yokohama , Japan .
Caligae Caligae ( Latin ; singular " caliga " ) are heavy - soled hob - nailed military boots known for being issued to Roman legion ary soldiers and auxiliaries throughout the Roman Republic and Empire . Worn by all ranks up to and including centurions , no other shoes in history are as symbolic of the expansion of an empire as the famed caligae . The caligae can resemble modern sandals but were actually marching boots . Sandals proper were not worn outside by the Romans , rather they were regarded as indoor footwear , sometimes even carried by slaves to be changed into for such things as banquets . Design . The open design of caligae allowed for the free passage of air to the feet and , unlike modern military boots , was specifically designed so as to reduce the likelihood of blisters forming during forced marches , as well as other disabling foot conditions like tinea or trench foot . Socks were not normally worn with caligae , although in colder climates such as Britain , woolen socks were used . Caligae were constructed from three leather layers of which the top formed the outer shell . They were laced up the center of the foot and onto the top of the ankle . Additionally , iron hobnail s were hammered into the soles , to provide the caligae with reinforcement and traction . Shoes outside the military . Various other types of leather footwear were worn within the Roman empire . The carbatina was a sandal made from one piece of leather with a soft sole and openwork upper fastened by a lace . A soccus was a sole without hobnails and a separate leather upper . A calceus was a hobnailed footwear secured by laces . A solea was a simple sandal with a thong between the toes and a hobnailed sole . Women wore sandals similar to those of men , but they were of softer , finer leather . Winter shoes were usually cork - soled . Sometimes the soles were thickened to provide the imitation of height .
Edward Maddin Edward Maddin ( born May 15 , 1852 , date of death unknown ) was a United States Navy sailor and a recipient of the United States military ' s highest decoration , the Medal of Honor . Biography . Born on May 15 , 1852 , in Newfoundland , Maddin joined the Navy from Massachusetts . By January 9 , 1876 , he was serving as an ordinary seaman on the . On that morning , while " Franklin " was at Lisbon , Portugal , Landsman Henry O . Neil fell from the ship ' s lower boom into the water and was swept away by a strong tidal current . Maddin and another sailor , Seaman John Handran , jumped overboard and kept Neil afloat until a boat could be sent to their assistance . For this action , both Maddin and Handran were awarded the Medal of Honor a month later , on February 15 . Maddin ' s official Medal of Honor citation reads : Serving on board the U . S . S . " Franklin " at Lisbon , Portugal , 9 January 1876 . Displaying gallant conduct , Maddin jumped overboard and rescued one of the crew of that vessel from drowning .
Zhu Ling ( Three Kingdoms ) Zhu Ling ( died 223 ) was a vassal and military general of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of Chinese history . Zhu was born in Qinghe ( present Qinghe County , Xingtai , Hebei ) . He started to serve in the private army of the warlord Yuan Shao , and was later sent to aid Cao Cao ' s army when Cao was attacking Tao Qian . He was impressed with Cao and decided to follow him . Therefore , he did not return to Yuan Shao but stayed with Cao . His army followed his decision and stayed with him . However , Cao Cao did not like Zhu , as he used to serve Yuan Shao . Therefore , he never paid any attention to him and put him under the army of Yu Jin . Zhu did not show any disappointment or anger about Cao ' s treatment to him ; on the contrary , he was known to be a fierce vassal and was listed among the best vassal in Cao ' s army . After Cao Cao ' s death , his son , Cao Pi recognized his great effort . He was peered as the Marquis of Gaotang .
Laterculus In late antiquity or the early medieval period , a laterculus is an inscribed tile , stone or terracotta tablet used for publishing certain kinds of information in list or calendar form . The term thus came to be used for the content represented by such an inscription , most often a list , register , or table , regardless of the medium in which it was published . A list of soldiers in a Roman military unit , such as of those recruited or discharged in a given year , may be called a laterculus , an example of which is found in an inscription from Vindonissa . The equivalent Greek term is " plinthos " ( πλίνθος ; see plinth for the architectural use ) . A common type of laterculus was the computus , a table that calculates the date of Easter , and so " laterculus " will often be equivalent to " fasti " . Isidore of Seville said that a calendar cycle should be called a laterculus " because it has the years put in order by rows , " that is , in a table . List of laterculi . Notable laterculi include :
Thomas Clifford , 8th Baron de Clifford Thomas Clifford , 8th Baron de Clifford , also 8th Lord of Skipton ( 25 March 1414 – 22 May 1455 ) , was the elder son of John , 7th Baron de Clifford , and Elizabeth Percy , daughter of Henry " Hotspur " Percy and Elizabeth Mortimer . Family . Thomas Clifford was born 25 March 1414 , the elder son and heir of John , Lord de Clifford by Elizabeth Percy , daughter of Henry ' Hotspur ' Percy and Elizabeth Mortimer , daughter of Edmund Mortimer , 3rd Earl of March . He had a younger brother , Henry Clifford , and two sisters , Mary and Blanche . The Clifford family was seated at Skipton from 1310 to 1676 . Career . Clifford inherited the barony and the title of High Sheriff of Westmorland at the age of seven upon his father ' s death at the Siege of Meaux on 13 March 1422 . He made proof of age in 1435 / 6 . In 1435 Clifford campaigned with the Duke of Bedford in France , and about 1439 led the English forces which defended Pontoise against Charles VII of France . In 1450 / 51 he was sent as an embassy for King James III of Scotland . Clifford was slain fighting on the Lancastrian side at the First Battle of St Albans on 22 May 1455 , the first battle in the Wars of the Roses , and was buried at St Alban ' s Abbey . He was succeeded by his elder son , John , 9th Baron de Clifford . Marriage and issue . After March 1424 Clifford married Joan Dacre , the daughter of Thomas , 6th Baron Dacre of Gilsland , by Philippa , daughter of Ralph Neville , 1st Earl of Westmorland , by whom he had four sons and five daughters : Shakespeare and Thomas Clifford . According to Shakespeare ' s , " Henry VI , Part 3 " following Hall ' s Chronicle and Holinshed ' s Chronicles , it was Thomas Clifford ' s son and heir , John Clifford , 9th Baron de Clifford , who slew , in cold blood after the Battle of Wakefield , the young Edmund , Earl of Rutland , son of Richard , 3rd Duke of York , cutting off his head and sending it crowned with paper to Henry VI ' s wife , Margaret of Anjou , although later authorities state that Lord Rutland had been slain during the battle .
AN / TRC - 80 The AN / TRC - 80 Radio Terminal Set was a United States Army communications system that provided line - of - sight or tropospheric scatter voice and teletypewriter communications between Pershing missile firing units and higher headquarters . Commonly known as the " Track 80 " , it was built by Collins Radio and first delivered in 1960 . It provided five voice and one FSK teletypewriter channels . The voice channels were not secure , but teletypewriter channel could be secured by using the KW - 7 Electronic Teletypewriter Security Equipment . The frequency range was 4 . 4 – 5 . 0 GHz with a power output of 1 kW . It used the AS - 1270 / TRC - 80 8 Foot Parabolic Antenna , an inflatable dish antenna that was stored in a recessed space in the roof of the shelter . The TRC - 80 shelter was carried on an M474 tracked vehicle with Pershing I ; with Pershing 1a it was carried on the Ford M656 tractor by the U . S . Army and on a 5 ton MAN tractor by the Luftwaffe . With the introduction of Pershing II , the TRC - 80 was replaced by a satellite communications system .
Italian submarine Iride The Italian submarine " Iride " was a 600 - Serie " Perla " - class submarine , serving with the Regia Marina during World War II . She was originally armed with six 21 inch torpedo tubes , 12 torpedoes , one 100 mm ( 3 . 9 in ) deck gun and room for up to four 13 . 2 mm machine guns . During the course of the war , " Iride " was converted to carry human torpedo es , which were stowed in cylinders mounted on her deck . History . She was laid down on 3 September 1935 in the Odero - Terni - Orlando Navy Yard , Muggiani ( La Spezia ) and completed on 30 July 1936 , being delivered to the Regia Marina on 6 November that year . " Iride " almost torpedoed the destroyer HMS " Havock " on 31 August 1937 , during the Spanish Civil War . The British ship replied with depth charges , damage on both sides was avoided , although " in the wardrooms of the Fleet , wild stories circulated of Neapolitan dentists being kept busy repairing Italian submariners teeth broken in the depth - charge explosions " . On 22 August 1940 , in preparation for a human torpedo attack on the port of Alexandria in Egypt , " Iride " was performing a test in the Gulf of Bomba , Cyrenaica with four human torpedoes when three Fairey Swordfish torpedo bomber s from the aircraft carrier HMS " Eagle " attacked and sank the submarine and two other ships in shallow water . Sent in response to a sighting of the submarine tender , they approached at sea level after a flight of several hours from a North African airfield . The aircraft caught the " Iride " together with the depot ship " Monte Gargano " and the torpedo boat " Calypso " at anchor . The flight leader , Captain Oliver Patch , Royal Marines , sank the " Iride " , while John Wellham and Lieutenant Neville Cheesman attacked the others . The action resulted in the sinking of two ships . A few crew members were rescued with the support of the human torpedo operators ; most died in the sinking . John Wellham , low on fuel and wounded , returned to his desert base and was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross ( DSC ) . Patch received the Distinguished Service Order , while Cheesman , Sub - Lieutenant Frederick Stovin - Bradford and Acting Sub - Lieutenant Gordon Woodley also received the DSC , and Petty Officer Alfred Marsh the Distinguished Service Medal . Patch and Wellham would later fly in the attack on Italian fleet at Taranto harbour .
Battle of Pancorbo ( 1808 ) The Battle of Pancorbo ( or Zornoza ) was one of the opening engagements in Napoleon ' s invasion of Spain . Background . On October 31 , 1808 , Marshal François Lefebvre bloodied the Army of Galicia under Lieutenant General Joaquín Blake but failed to encircle or destroy it , upsetting both the Emperor and the French strategic situation . Under Napoleon ' s guidance , the French had made meticulous preparations to annihilate Blake ' s position and thereby crush the left wing of the Spanish front that stretched from Cantabria to the Mediterranean Sea . Owing to friction with the Spanish authorities and a lack of coordination by the Central Junta , Blake , for his part , had no confidence in the Spanish deployment and could do little but conduct a cautious advance in the direction of Bilbao . Forces . Lefebvre ' s IV Corps included three infantry divisions and 36 cannon . Major - General Horace Sébastiani ' s 1st Division contained the 28th Light and 75th Line ( 3 battalions ) and the 32nd and 58th Line ( 2 bns . ) . Maj - Gen Leval ' s 2nd Division was made up of the Dutch brigade and 2 bns . each of the 2nd Nassau , 4th Baden and Hesse - Darmstadt " Gross - und - Erbprinz " Regiments , and the Paris National Guard and Frankfurt battalions . Maj - Gen Eugene - Casimir Villatte ' s 3rd Division included 3 bns . each of the 27th Light , 63rd , 94th and 95th Line . Blake ' s Army of Galicia contained three infantry divisions , a vanguard and a reserve . General Figueroa commanded the 1st Division ( 4 , 000 ) , Gen Riquelme the 3rd Division ( 4 , 800 ) , Gen Carbajal the 4th Division ( 3 , 500 ) , Gen Mendizabal ( 2 , 900 ) the Vanguard and Gen Mahy the Reserve ( 3 , 000 ) . Only six of Blake ' s guns came into action . Battle . On October 31 , Lefebvre disobeyed Napoleon ' s orders and launched his IV Corps into a premature attack against Blake at Pancorbo . Blake was deeply disturbed by the appearance of French forces and took immediate measures to withdraw his troops and guns . The Spanish infantry , fighting without artillery support , was swiftly thrown back but escaped in good order . Casualties . Lefebvre lost 200 casualties and Blake 600 . Although the French had managed something of a tactical victory , the battle was a definite strategic blunder : Blake escaped the French trap and conducted a crafty withdrawal , checked his pursuers at Valmaseda , and was not caught until November 10 . Ultimately , however , the overwhelming strength of Napoleon ' s Grande Armée allowed the French to sweep past the tottering Spanish defences and capture Madrid by year ' s end .
Airman ' s Cross The Airman ' s Cross ( ) is an important military decoration of the Kingdom of the Netherlands created in 1941 . The cross is meant for those Dutch military , who displayed during one of more flights in an aircraft , initiative , courage and perseverance against the enemy or during hostile actions . The cross is also awarded to allied pilots , whose actions or performances in the air were of high importance for the Netherlands . Till 2007 in total of 735 Airman ' s Crosses are awarded , most recently to a F - 16 pilot , Air Force Major M . Duivesteijn . This because of his " exceptional courage and perseverance " at a flight above former Yugoslavia within the framework of NATO Operation Allied Force in 1999 . Well - known recipient are also Erik Hazelhoff Roelfzema , the " Soldier of Orange " , and Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands . The Airman ' s Cross is the fifth highest military decoration still being awarded for bravery and has precedence after the Cross of Merit .