naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Operation Badlands Operation Badlands was part of the Iraq War that began in 2003 . Operation Badlands began on 12 April 2005 , Iraqi Security Force s ( ISF ) and United States Marines with 1st Battalion , 6th Marine Regiment , together with supporting mechanized elements from Regimental Combat Team - 8 , moved to secure the town of Saqlawiyah , 5 miles northwest of the city of Fallujah , and establish a base of operations there . As part of the operation , ISF personnel and Marines from Company A , conducted security and stability operations designed to root out insurgent activity and illegal weapons caches . The troops also worked with civil affairs Marines to help rebuild the community , determining what facilities , such as water pumps and power stations , need to be replaced or restored . No US or Iraqi casualties or deaths were reported during the operation .
Roderick McLeod Lieutenant General Sir Roderick William McLeod GBE KCB ( 1905 – 1980 ) was a British Army General who achieved high office in the 1950s . Military career . Educated at Wellington College and the Royal Military Academy , Woolwich McLeod was commissioned into the Royal Artillery in 1925 . He saw service during the Khajuri Plains operations on the North West Frontier of India between 1930 and 1932 . He served in World War II and was Commanding Officer 1st Airlanding Light Regiment Royal Artillery in North Africa and Sicily in 1943 moving on to be Deputy Commander 1st Parachute Brigade later that year . He was then made the first Commander of the Special Air Service Brigade from 1944 to 1945 . After the War he became Director of Military Operations in India between 1945 and 1947 . He was appointed Assistant Commandant at the Staff College in 1948 and then Commander Royal Artillery for 7th Armoured Division , which was then part of British Army of the Rhine in 1950 . He went on to be Director of Military Operations at the War Office in 1951 and then General Officer Commanding 6th Armoured Division in 1955 . He was made Chief Army Instructor at the Imperial Defence College in 1957 and Deputy Chief of the Defence Staff at the Ministry of Defence later that year . He became Commander of British Forces in Hong Kong in 1960 . He was also General Officer Commanding - in - Chief for Eastern Command from 1962 ; during his time at Eastern Command he chaired the McLeod Reorganisation of Army Logistics Committee which recommended re - organisation of the Logistic Services of the British Army : this led to the formation of the Royal Corps of Transport in 1965 . He retired in 1965 . He lived at Woking in Surrey and from 1966 to his death was Chairman of the Hockering Residents ' Association . References .
Dohna Feud The Dohna Feud ( ) was a 14th - century dispute between the burgraves of Dohna , who resided in the Eastern Ore Mountains of Central Europe , on the one hand and Saxon nobleman , John of Körbitz ( " Hans von Körbitz " ) and the Meißen Margrave William I on the other . The feud lasted from 1385 to 1402 .
1st Battalion of Native Cavalry , California Volunteers The 1st Battalion of Native Cavalry , California Volunteers was a cavalry battalion in the Union Army during the American Civil War . Recruits were largely drawn from the Californio population ( colloquially known as " Native Californians " ) , though its ranks included Yaqui and Mission Indians as well as immigrants from Mexico , Latin America and Europe ( particularly France ) . In addition to its ethnic makeup , the Battalion is also considered unusual for being one of the few lancer units in the United States Army . The Battalion spent its entire term of service in California and Arizona Territory . Service in Arizona . After a grueling march across the Mojave and Sonoran Deserts , the Battalion arrived at their new duty station , Fort Mason , near the settlement of Calabazas on the border in August , 1865 . They were joined there by Companies D , E , and G of the 7th Regiment California Volunteer Infantry . From there , the Battalion was to act against the Apaches as well as patrol the International Line against incursions by the forces of the Mexican Empire and its French allies . The neighboring Mexican State of Sonora had recently fallen to Imperial forces ( as part of the French Intervention ) , forcing Governor Ignacio Pesqueira to flee northward and take up temporary residence at Calabazas . Service at Fort Mason was generally considered miserable . Because of its somewhat swampy ( by Arizona standards ) location on the banks of the Santa Cruz River , the men suffered from an epidemic which at one point rendered over half of them too sick for duty and led to 8 deaths , including two of the Battalion ' s officers . The post suffered from supply problems as well . These conditions caused construction of permanent buildings at the post to slow to a halt , leaving the men to live in tents and temporary brush shelters during their service there and generally curtailing , for a time , operations against the Apaches . These difficulties did not preclude all active service , however , from time to time , the Battalion was able to organize patrols and scouts . Notably , shortly after their arrival at Fort Mason , Captain Pico led a detachment across the border to Magdalena , Sonora in an unsuccessful effort to recover deserters being held by Imperialist forces there . Likewise , in November , 1865 , in response to a cross - border incursion at the settlement of San Rafael by Col . Refugio Tanori and some 350 Opata militia loyal to the Imperialists , a force of Native Cavalrymen pursued the raiders as far south as Ímuris , Sonora . Finally , the Battalion participated in a campaign against the Apaches from December 1865 to January 1866 which took them as far east as the Chiricahua Mountains and as far south as Fronteras , Sonora . The Battalion left Arizona in February , 1866 and were mustered out in California the following March at Drum Barracks , and Company C in April in San Francisco .
USS Fowler ( DE - 222 ) USS " Fowler " ( DE - 222 ) , a of the United States Navy , was named in honor of Lieutenant ( junior grade ) Robert L . Fowler ( 1919 - 1942 ) , who was killed in action , while serving aboard the destroyer during the Battle of Cape Esperance on the night of 11 – 12 October 1942 . He was posthumously awarded the Navy Cross . " Fowler " was launched on 3 July 1943 by Philadelphia Navy Yard ; sponsored by Mrs . Robert L . Fowler , III , widow of Lieutenant ( junior grade ) Fowler ; and commissioned on 15 March 1944 , Lieutenant Commander G . S . Forde , United States Naval Reserve , in command . Service history . Between 22 May 1944 and 15 May 1945 , " Fowler " made six voyages to escort convoys from New York , Norfolk , and Boston to ports in northern Africa , guarding men and supplies destined for the operations in Italy and southern France . The fifth such voyage , between 1 February and 16 March 1945 , was marked by the presence of submarine s both outward and homeward bound . On 17 February , west of Gibraltar , two of the merchantmen were torpedoed , but both were brought safely into Gibraltar , one after " Fowler " had stood by to screen while a tug came out to help . Two days out of Oran homeward bound on 28 February , " Fowler " picked up a sound contact , and made an urgent attack which brought debris to the surface . A second attack , made in coordination with a French escort , was believed to have sunk , however , as this submarine was subsequently found off the coast of New Jersey , what , if anything , was attacked remains unknown . In June 1945 , " Fowler " began serving as a target and escort to submarines training out of New London , Connecticut , then in September , arrived at Miami , Florida , to serve as schoolship for the Naval Training Center . Her final duty , in November , was as plane guard for the escort carrier in Chesapeake Bay . " Fowler " arrived at Green Cove Springs , Florida on 10 January 1946 , and there was decommissioned and placed in reserve on 28 June 1946 . " Fowler " was struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 1 July 1965 , and sold for scrapping on 29 December 1966 . Awards . " Fowler " received one battle star for World War II service .
Fritz Dinger Fritz Dinger ( 20 August 1915 – 27 July 1943 ) was a German Luftwaffe ace and recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross during World War II . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . Fritz Dinger was killed on 27 July 1943 during an Allied bombing raid of Scalea , Italy . Dinger was credited with 67 victories in 600 + missions .
Michigan in the American Civil War Michigan made a substantial contribution to the Union during the American Civil War . While the state itself was far removed from the combat theaters of the war , Michigan supplied a large number of troops and several generals , including George Armstrong Custer . When , at the beginning of the war , Michigan was asked to supply no more than four regiment s , Governor Austin Blair sent seven . Upon the arrival of Michigan ' s 1st volunteers President Abraham Lincoln was prompted to remark , " Thank God for Michigan . " . Military contribution . More than 90 , 000 Michigan men , nearly a quarter of the state ' s male population in 1860 , served in the war . In addition to the approximately 600 men who joined the Union Navy , Michigan raised 34 regiments of infantry volunteers , one regiment of sharpshooter s , eleven cavalry regiments , one engineer regiment , and numerous small independent units . Among the more celebrated units was the 24th Michigan Volunteer Infantry , which , as a part of the famed Iron Brigade , suffered considerable losses at the Battle of Gettysburg while defending McPherson ' s Ridge . George Armstrong Custer ' s " Michigan Wolverine " Cavalry effectively battled J . E . B . Stuart at Gettysburg on the East Cavalry Field . Several Union generals hailed from Michigan , including : Custer , Elon J . Farnsworth , Byron Root Pierce , Orlando Metcalfe Poe , Israel Bush Richardson , and Orlando B . Willcox . Casualties . 14 , 753 Michigan soldiers died in service , roughly 1 of every 6 who served . 4 , 448 of these deaths were combat deaths while the majority , over 9000 , were from disease , a constant fear in crowded army camps with poor food , sanitation and exposure issues and pre - modern medicine . This put Michigan ' s loss at sixth highest among the Union states ( the non - state U . S . Colored Troops losses also exceeded Michigan ' s ) . Homefront . Michigan actively participated in the American Civil War sending thousands of volunteers . A study of the cities of Grand Rapids and Niles shows an overwhelming surge of nationalism in 1861 , whipping up enthusiasm for the war in all segments of society , and all political , religious , ethnic , and occupational groups . However by 1862 the casualties were mounting and the war was increasingly focused on freeing the slaves in addition to preserving the Union . Copperhead Democrats called the war a failure , and it became more and more a partisan Republican effort . Michigan voters in remained evenly split between the parties in the presidential election of 1864 .
7 . 5 cm Gebirgsgeschütz 36 The 7 . 5 cm " Gebirgsgeschütz " 36 ( 7 . 5 cm GebG 36 ) was a German mountain gun used during World War II . At least 1 , 193 were built between 1938 and 1945 . It was the standard light gun of the German mountain divisions , both Army and " Waffen - SS " , during World War II . Development and description . The " 7 . 5 cm GebG 36 " was designed by Rheinmetall to meet an Army requirement for a 7 . 5 cm howitzer to serve in the mountain divisions ( " Gebirgs Divisionen " ) and replace the World War I - era mountain guns still in service like the Austro - Hungarian " 7 . 5 cm Gebirgskanone 15 " . Production began in 1938 although exactly how many were produced that year is unknown . Some 1 , 193 were built between 1939 – 45 . The design of the " 7 . 5 cm GebG 36 " was relatively conventional in regard to the gun itself , with its standard German horizontal sliding breech block and muzzle brake . To maximize its ability to fire at high - angles , it was given rear trunnions to lengthen the distance between the breech and the ground although springs became necessary to balance the muzzle preponderance . Furthermore , it used the a variable recoil system that shortened the recoil as the elevation increased . The breech was uncommonly massive as it incorporated a transport joint to allow it to be separated from the barrel . The spades at the end of the split trail legs were removable . Generally it used light - alloy disc wheels with rubber rims , but early guns had wooden - spoked wheels . No shield was fitted to save weight . It could be towed in one load or broken down into eight pack - loads to be carried by mule or horse . It weighed . Because of its lightness the " 7 . 5 cm GebG 36 " would jump when fired at low angles as the recoil forces would force the gun ' s trail spades to act as a fulcrum and lever the wheels upwards . In fact Charge 5 , the largest propellant increment , was forbidden to be fired at angles under 15° because the gun would jump excessively . Firing at higher angles was perfectly safe as the ground absorbed any residual recoil forces not absorbed by the recoil system . Ammunition . The " 7 . 5 cm GebG 36 " fired a wide variety of ammunition , with the notable exception of a conventional armor - piercing shell . It used instead a unique hollow - charge armor - piercing shell that weighed with a maximum range of . It had its own high - explosive shell , but could also fire that used by the " 7 . 5 cm FK 18 " as well . When the situation demanded , it could fire a colored smoke shell . It used four increments of propellant which were added together to reach the desired range . A fifth charge could be used which replaced all the other charges for targets at the limit of the gun ' s range . While this range was respectable for a light gun , the 7 . 5 cm calibre soon proved too small for the demands of World War II . Organization . The guns were organized into batteries of four guns each with two or three batteries per battalion . A mountain artillery regiment ( " Gebirgs - Artillerie Regiment " ) would have anywhere from one to three battalions equipped with the " 7 . 5 cm GebG 36 " .
2nd Regiment Wisconsin Volunteer Cavalry The 2nd Regiment Wisconsin Volunteer Cavalry was a cavalry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War . Service . The 2nd Wisconsin Cavalry was organized at Milwaukee , Wisconsin between December 30 , 1861 and March 10 , 1862 . The regiment was mustered out of Federal service at Austin , Texas on November 15 , 1865 , and disbanded at Madison , Wisconsin on December 14 , 1865 . Total strength and casualties . The 2nd Wisconsin Cavalry initially recruited 1 , 127 officers and men . An additional 998 men were recruited as replacements , for a total of 2 , 125 men . The regiment suffered 24 enlisted men killed or died from wounds in action , and 4 officers and 284 enlisted men who died of disease , for a total of 312 fatalities .
Donald Erwin Wilson Donald Erwin Wilson was a Rear Admiral in the United States Navy . Biography . Wilson was born in Taylor County , Wisconsin . He graduated with a M . D . in Management from San Diego State University in 1955 . Wilson would marry Leanna Draper and have three children . He died on February 3 , 2002 and is buried at Arlington National Cemetery . Career . After joining the Navy , Wilson was assigned to Miramar Naval Air Station . During the Vietnam War , he was stationed in Saigon . Later he would serve in the office of the Assistant Secretary of the Navy ( Installations and Logistics ) . In 1977 , he was given command of the Navy Supply Corps School . He served his final assignment at Fort Wadsworth . Wilson retired in 1987 . Awards he received include the Navy Distinguished Service Medal , the Bronze Star Medal with valor device , the Meritorious Service Medal , and the Vietnam Gallantry Cross .
William F . Lukes William F . Lukes ( February 19 , 1847 , Niederbergdorf , " or may " Nieder Berzdorf / Dolní Pertoltice , " Bezirk Saaz " , northern Bohemia – December 13 , 1923 , Los Angeles ) was a United States Navy sailor and a recipient of America ' s highest military decoration — the Medal of Honor — for his actions in the 1871 Korean Expedition . Biography . William F . Lukes enlisted in the U . S . Navy from Tianjin , China and served as a Landsman onboard in Company D as part of the Korean Expedition . On June 11 , 1871 , during the capture of the Han River forts on Ganghwa Island , the leader of the American attack , Lieutenant Hugh McKee , was mortally wounded . Landsman Lukes and two other sailors , Seth Allen and Thomas Murphy , attempted to rescue Lt . McKee but encountered heavy resistance . In the course of the ensuing hand - to - hand fight , Allen and Murphy were killed . Lukes suffered a severe cut to the head but continued to fight ; he survived the engagement . For his actions on that occasion , Lukes was awarded the Medal of Honor . Before leaving the Navy , William Lukes obtained the rank of Seaman . He died at the age of 76 and is buried in Los Angeles National Cemetery , Los Angeles , California . / Medal of Honor citation . Rank and organization : Landsman , U . S . Navy . Born : 1846 , Bohemia . Enlisted at : Tientsin , China . G . O . No . : 180 , October 10 , 1872 . Citation : Served with Company D during the capture of the Korean forts , 9 and 10 June 1871 . Fighting the enemy inside the fort , Lukes received a severe cut over the head .
No . 138 Squadron RAF No . 138 Squadron RAF was a squadron of the Royal Air Force that served in a variety of roles during its career , last disbanded in 1962 . It was the first ' V - bomber ' squadron of the RAF , flying the Vickers Valiant between 1955 and 1962 . History . Formation in World War I as fighter squadron . No . 138 Squadron RAF was originally to be formed as a fighter unit on 1 May 1918 , but formation was suspended until officially formed on 30 September 1918 as a fighter - reconnaissance squadron at Chingford , and was disbanded there on 1 February 1919 . Special Duties in World War II . During World War II , it was reformed in 1941 , from No . 1419 Flight , as No . 138 ( Special Duties ) Squadron . It was based initially at RAF Stradishall , then at RAF Tempsford , and was tasked with dropping agents and equipment of the Special Operations Executive inside occupied territory . Between 1 April 1943 and November of 1943 it included Polish Special Duties Flight , as a Flight C . It carried out this role until March 1945 when it was reassigned to Bomber Command , operating under No . 3 Group . It was disbanded on 1 September 1950 . V - Bomber squadron post - war . On 1 January 1955 the squadron was reformed as the first squadron to be equipped with the Vickers Valiant strategic nuclear bomber , based at RAF Gaydon and later moving to RAF Wittering . It flew them from Malta during the Suez Crisis of October 1956 , and was finally disbanded on 1 April 1962 .
Mariana and Palau Islands campaign The Mariana and Palau Islands campaign , also known as Operation Forager , was an offensive launched by United States forces against Imperial Japanese forces in the Mariana Islands and Palau in the Pacific Ocean between June and November , 1944 during the Pacific War . The United States offensive , under the overall command of Chester Nimitz , followed the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign and was intended to neutralize Japanese bases in the central Pacific , support the Allied drive to retake the Philippines , and provide bases for a strategic bombing campaign against Japan . Beginning the offensive , United States Marine Corps and United States Army forces , with support from the United States Navy , executed landings on Saipan in June , 1944 . In response , the Imperial Japanese Navy ' s combined fleet sortied to attack the U . S . Navy fleet supporting the landings . In the resulting aircraft carrier Battle of the Philippine Sea ( the so - called “ Great Marianas Turkey Shoot ” ) on 19 – 20 June , the Japanese naval forces were decisively defeated with heavy and irreplaceable losses to their carrier - borne and land - based aircraft . Only a few of the twenty - four thousand Japanese defenders on the island were captured ; large numbers of local civilians threw themselves and their children off high cliffs rather than be captured . Thereafter , U . S . forces executed landings on Guam and Tinian in July , 1944 . After heavy fighting , Saipan was secured in July and Guam and Tinian in August , 1944 . The U . S . then constructed airfields on Saipan and Tinian where B - 29 s were based to conduct strategic bombing missions against the Japanese mainland until the end of World War II , including the nuclear attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki . In the meantime , in order to secure the flank for U . S . forces preparing to attack Japanese forces in the Philippines , in September , 1944 , U . S . Marine and Army forces landed on the islands of Peleliu and Angaur in Palau . After heavy and intense combat on Peleliu , the island was finally secured by U . S . forces in November , 1944 . Following their landings in the Mariana and Palau Islands , Allied forces continued their ultimately successful campaign against Japan by landing in the Philippines in October , 1944 and the Volcano and Ryukyu Islands beginning in January , 1945 .
Hired armed cutter Duchess of Cumberland At least three hired armed cutters named Duchess of Cumberland have served the Royal Navy . First " Duchess of Cumberland " . The first " Duchess of Cumberland " served in 1783 . Second " Duchess of Cumberland " . The second " Duchess of Cumberland " was a cutter of eight guns and 65 tons burthen ( bm ) . She served from 2 April 1793 to 27 October 1800 . Third " Duchess of Cumberland " . The third " Duchess of Cumberland " was a cutter of six 3 - pounder guns and 65 tons burthen ( bm ) . She served from 17 June 1803 to 5 January 1805 . She was under the command of Lieutenant John Sibrell ( or Sybrille ) .
1977 Yokohama F - 4 crash The occurred on 27 September 1977 , in Yokohama , Japan . In the crash , a United States Marine Corps RF - 4B - 41 - MC , BuNo " 157344 " , c / n 3717 , ' RF611 ' , of VMFP - 2 , a ( reconnaissance variant of the McDonnell Douglas F - 4 Phantom II ) flown by a United States Marine Corps crew based at nearby Naval Air Facility Atsugi , en route to USS " Midway " in Sagami Bay , suffered a mechanical malfunction , the port engine caught fire , and crashed into a residential neighborhood . The crash killed two boys , ages 1 and 3 , and injured seven others , several seriously . The two - man crew of the aircraft , Capt . J . E . Miller , of Mendota , Illinois , and 1st Lt . D . R . Durbin , of Natchitoches , Louisiana , ejected and were not seriously injured . The crash , which occurred near present - day Eda Station , destroyed several houses . The two young boys initially survived the crash into their home , but died later from severe burns . The boys ' mother was also severely burned . Due to the fear that she would be adversely affected during her recovery by the shock , she was not told until 29 January 1979 , that her sons had died . The mother died in 1982 , aged 31 , from complications related to her injuries .