naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
5th Jäger Division ( Wehrmacht ) The German 5th Infantry Division ( ) was formed in October 1934 and mobilized on 25 August 1939 . The division ' s troops were garrisoned in Konstanz , Ulm , and Freiburg . When formed , the division consisted of the 1st , 2nd , and 3rd battalions of the 14th , 56th , and 75th Infantry Regiments , the 1st , 2nd , and 3rd Battalions of the 5th Artillery Regiment , the 1st battalion of the 41st Artillery Regiment , and assorted 5th Division support units . The division sat out the Invasion of Poland on the western front and first saw battle with the Second Army during the Campaign for France in 1940 . Thereafter the division was engaged in occupation duties in France until March 1941 . In April 1941 , the division was sent to East Prussia and then took part in the invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941 , fighting in the vicinity of Vyazma until the end of the year , when the division was pulled back to France for a two - month refit . In 1942 , the division returned to the eastern front , took part in the fighting around Demyansk in March and April 1942 and fought in the area of Staraja Russa until the close of 1943 . In July 1942 , the division was reorganized as a Jäger division and renamed the 5 . Jäger - Division . The division retreated through the areas of Vitebsk , Kovel , and Narev during 1944 . In early 1945 , the division fought in the vicinities of Neustettin and Dramburg , with its last battles fought around Freienwalde near the Oder River during the Battle of Berlin in April 1945 . The division surrendered to the Red Army at Wittenberge . Background . The main purpose of the German Jäger Divisions was to fight in adverse terrain where smaller , coordinated units were more facilely combat capable than the brute force offered by the standard infantry divisions . The Jäger divisions were more heavily equipped than mountain division , but not as well armed as a larger infantry division . In the early stages of the war , they were the interface divisions fighting in rough terrain and foothills as well as urban areas , between the mountains and the plains . The Jägers ( means " hunters " in German ) relied on a high degree of training , and slightly superior communications , as well as their not inconsiderable artillery support . In the middle stages of the war , as the standard infantry divisions were down sized , the Jäger model with two infantry regiments came to dominate the standard tables of organization . In 1943 , Adolf Hitler declared that all infantry divisions were now Grenadier Divisions except for his elite Jäger and Mountain Jaeger divisions .
List of Ohio Civil War units During the American Civil War , nearly 320 , 000 Ohioans served in the Union Army , more than any other Northern state except New York and Pennsylvania . Of these , 5 , 092 were free blacks . Ohio had the highest percentage of population enlisted in the military of any state . Sixty percent of all the men between the ages of 18 and 45 were in the service . Ohio mustered 230 regiment s of infantry and cavalry , as well as 25 light artillery batteries and 5 independent companies of sharpshooter s . Total casualties among these units numbered 35 , 475 men , more than 10 % of all the Buckeyes in uniform during the war . There were 6 , 835 men killed in action , including 402 officers .
Japanese destroyer Hagikaze Hagikaze was a of the Imperial Japanese Navy . Participating at the Battle of Midway , the heavily damaged was scuttled by her two torpedoes , " Kaga " being fatally damaged by US aircraft of during the battle . On 7 August 1943 , " Hagikaze " was sunk between Kolombangara and Vella Lavella ( ) during the Battle of Vella Gulf , by torpedoes and gunfire from the US destroyers , , and , with 178 killed .
Battle of Uji ( 1180 ) The first battle of Uji is famous and important for having opened the Genpei War . In early 1180 , Prince Mochihito , the Minamoto Clan ' s favored claimant to the Imperial Throne , was chased by Taira forces to the Mii - dera , a temple just outside Kyoto . Due to the interference of a Mii - dera monk with Taira sympathies , the Minamoto army arrived too late to help defend the temple . Minamoto no Yorimasa led Prince Mochihito , along with the Minamoto army and a number of warrior monks from Mii - dera , south towards Nara . They crossed the Uji River , just outside the Byōdō - in , and tore up the planks of the bridge behind them to prevent the Taira following them . Three warrior monks in particular are named in the " Heike Monogatari " : Gochi - in no Tajima , Tsutsui Jōmyō Meishū , and Ichirai Hōshi . These three , along with the other monks of Mii - dera , fought with bow and arrow , a variety of swords and daggers , and naginata . However , the Taira forces began to ford the river , and caught up with the Minamoto . Yorimasa tried to help the Prince get away , but was struck with an arrow . He committed " seppuku " , setting a ritual precedent of committing suicide rather than surrendering , which would be honored up into World War II . This is the first known historical incident of this form of seppuku . The Prince was captured and killed shortly afterwards by the Taira warriors .
Atlantic Storm Atlantic Storm was a ministerial exercise simulating the top - level response to a bioterror incident . The simulation operated on January 14 , 2005 in Washington , D . C . and was created in part to reveal the current international state of preparedness and possible political and public health issues that might evolve from such a crisis . In the scenario , smallpox was released in the following major cities in a covert attack : Istanbul , Rotterdam , Warsaw , Frankfurt , New York , and Los Angeles . Cases were initially reported in Germany , Turkey , Sweden , and the Netherlands , but the pathogen was exported to other nations within hours . Specifically , the 51 cases confirmed in these four nations grew to 3 , 320 cases with transatlantic spread after no more than 4 . 5 hours . This rapid spread of disease forced the attending representatives to grapple with a quickly escalating crisis and revealed difficult tensions between domestic politics and international relations . The scenario was propelled by continual briefings by “ Summit Staff ” , breaking news segments from the “ Global News Network ” , and private updates for representatives from their “ national advisors ” . The project was sponsored by the Alfred P . Sloan Foundation , the German Marshall Fund of the United States , and the Nuclear Threat Initiative . Organization efforts were provided by the Center for Biosecurity of UPMC , the Center for Transatlantic Relations of Johns Hopkins University , and the Transatlantic Biosecurity Network .
Sadae Inoue Biography . Inoue was born in Kumamoto prefecture as the third son of a local police officer ; however , he listed his official residence as Kochi prefecture . He attended military preparatory schools and was a graduate of the 20th class of the Imperial Japanese Army Academy in 1908 . He was assigned to the IJA 44th Infantry Regiment , and served during Japan ' s Siberian Intervention against Bolshevik forces in eastern Russia . With the start of the Second Sino - Japanese War , Inoue was commander of the IJA 5th Infantry Regiment . After having risen steadily through the ranks , Inoue was commissioned as a major general in March 1939 and became commander of the IJA 33rd Division . In 1941 , he was attached to the headquarters staff of the Taiwan Army of Japan . Inoue was promoted to lieutenant general in 1942 , and from 1942 – 1943 , was commanding general of the IJA 69th Division , stationed in Shanxi province , China . He assumed command of the IJA 14th Division in 1943 , which was based in Manchukuo . However , as the war situation in the Pacific War continued to deteriorate against the Japanese , the 14th Division was reassigned to the Southern Expeditionary Army Group , and was personally tasked with the defense of Palau by General Hideki Tōjō . Both Inoue and Tojo knew that the 14th Division would not be able to hold the island group against the numerically superior Allied forces , but the Japanese government felt that it was critical to defend the islands to the death , which would result in a Pyrrhic victory for the Allies and would serve to discourage further invasions of the Japanese South Pacific Mandate . Two major battles were fought in Palau under Inoue ' s command : the Battle of Anguar and the Battle of Peleliu . Both were among the costliest of the war in terms of number of casualties on both sides , as Inoue deviated from previous Japanese tactics , eschewing banzai charge s and making the best use of terrain and artificial fortifications in an attempt to create a war of attrition . After the war , Inoue was arrested by the American occupation authorities and deported to Guam , where he was tried for Class B and Class C war crimes and condemned to death in 1949 for negligence of command responsibility in permitting subordinates to execute three downed American airmen captured in Palau . His sentence was commuted to life imprisonment in 1951 , and he was released in 1953 . Inoue died in Japan in 1961 .
Walter Draeger Walter F . Draeger Jr . was a Captain in the United States Air Force during the Vietnam War . He was posthumously awarded the Air Force Cross . His award citation reads : Draeger was born Walter Frank Draeger , Jr . on September 1 , 1933 . His official residence was listed as Deerfield , Wisconsin .
William Job Maillard Staff Surgeon William Job Maillard VC ( 10 March 1863 – 10 September 1903 ) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . Details . Born in the village of Banwell , Somerset , Maillard was educated at Kingswood School in Bath , Dunheved College in Launceston and Guy ' s Hospital , London . He joined the Royal Navy in 1889 first serving in HMS " Blake " . Maillard was 35 years old , and a in the Royal Navy during the 1898 Occupation of Crete when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC . On 6 September 1898 at Candia , Crete , Greece , two parties of men from HMS " Hazard " went to the assistance of the Customs House Garrison which was being besieged . Later , when medical help was called for , Surgeon Maillard , who had disembarked and reached a place of safety , went back through a deluge of bullets in an attempt to rescue one of the seamen who was wounded and had fallen back into the boat . He was , however , almost dead and it was impossible for the surgeon to lift him , as the boat was drifting . He returned to his post unhurt , but his clothes were riddled with bullet s . He was the first and only naval medical officer to win VC . He later achieved the rank of staff surgeon . The medal is displayed in the Lord Ashcroft Gallery in the Imperial War Museum in London .
HMS Eagle ( 1774 ) HMS " Eagle " was a 64 - gun third rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy , launched on 2 May 1774 at Rotherhithe . On 7 September 1776 , the experimental American submarine " Turtle " , under the guidance of army volunteer Sergeant Ezra Lee , attacked HMS " Eagle " , which was moored off what is today called Liberty Island , but was unable to bore through the hull . When Lee attempted another spot in the hull , he lost the ship , and eventually abandoned the attempt . " Eagle " went on to take part in the Battle of Cuddalore in 1783 . " Eagle " was on harbour service from 1790 , and was broken up in 1812 .
12 cm Minenwerfer M 15 The 12 cm Minenwerfer M 15 ( Trench mortar ) was a medium mortar used by Austria - Hungary in World War I . It was designed by the Army ' s own " Technisches und Administratives Militär - Komitee " ( TMK ) as an enlarged 9 cm Minenwerfer M 14 in 1915 . The War Ministry decided to order 50 from the TMK , but the latter preferred only to produce 10 and switch the remaining 40 to the 14 cm Minenwerfer M 15 , but no response was made by the Ministry . The TMZ placed an order for the 10 mortars from Teudloff & Dittrich in Vienna at the end of 1915 . A follow on order for another hundred was canceled in February 1916 .
701st Tactical Air Support Squadron The 701st Tactical Air Support Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit . It was last assigned to the 601st Tactical Air Control Wing at Bergstrom AFB , Texas , where it was inactivated on 31 January 1980 . During World War II the squadron was active as the 401st Bombardment Squadron and served in combat in the European Theater of Operations . It was awarded two Distinguished Unit Citation s for combat in Germany . History . The squadron was established as the 11th Reconnaissance Squadron , a B - 17 Flying Fortress heavy bombardment squadron in early 1942 . Shortly after activation , the squadron was redesignated the 401st Bombardment Squadron ( Heavy ) . It trained under Third Air Force in the southeastern United States with final training under Second Air Force in Washington . The squadrond deployed with its parent group to the European Theater of Operations ( ETO ) , where it became part of VIII Bomber Command in England , being one of the first heavy bomb squadrons arriving in England . The 401st flew combat missions over Nazi Germany and Occupied Europe until the German capitulation in May 1945 . Most personnel were demobilized in England immediately after the end of the war in Europe , The squadron returned to the United States with a small headquarters staff and was planned to be re - equipped and remanned as a B - 29 Superfortress squadron . The Japanese capitulation canceled plans to deploy to the Pacific and the 401st was inactivated in the United States during November 1945 . In 1967 , the 701st Tactical Air Support Squadron activated at Bergstrom AFB to provide light airlift and forward control support for the Tactical Air Control System ( TACS ) , the deployable command and control system of Tactical Air Command under the control of Twelfth Air Force . It continued this mission , maintaining readiness to deploy and participating in exercise s for the next thirteen years until inactivating early in 1980 . In 1985 , the United States Air Force consolidated these squadron s into a single unit , but the unit has remained inactive since consolidation . Lineage . 401st Bombardment Squadron 701st Tactical Air Support Squadron
Samuel McGowan ( general ) Samuel McGowan ( October 19 , 1819 – August 9 , 1897 ) was a general from South Carolina in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War . He commanded a brigade in A . P . Hill ' s famous " Light Division " and was wounded several times . Ezra Warner ' s book , " Generals in Gray " , claims that " McGowan ' s career and reputation were not excelled by any other brigade commander in the Army of Northern Virginia . " Biography . Born in the Laurens District of South Carolina , McGowan attended and graduated from South Carolina College in 1841 , where he was a member of the Clariosophic Society . Subsequently , he studied law in Abbeville and was admitted to the bar . Prior to the Civil War , McGowan practiced law and served in state politics . He also served in the Mexican - American War with the Palmetto Rifles . He was commended for his gallantry near Mexico City and rose to the rank of staff captain . At the First Battle of Bull Run , McGowan served on the staff of General Milledge Bonham . In 1862 , McGowan was appointed as Colonel of the 14th South Carolina Infantry . This regiment was assigned to Maxcy Gregg ' s brigade in A . P . Hill ' s Light Division . After Gregg was killed in the Battle of Fredericksburg , McGowan was promoted to brigadier general ( to rank from January 17 , 1863 ) and took command of the Light Division ' s South Carolina brigade . Except for when wounded , McGowan commanded this brigade for the rest of the war , surrendering with it at Appomattox Court House . McGowan was wounded four times during the Civil War . The first occurrence was at Cold Harbor during the Seven Days Battles on June 27 , 1862 , where he was bruised in the right side by canister . The second wound happened at Second Manassas when McGowan was hit in the thigh . McGowan suffered his worst wound at Chancellorsville . A Minié ball severely injured McGowan ' s leg below the knee . Although he kept the leg , it was not until February 1864 that he was able to return to field command . McGowan received his final wound at Spotsylvania where he was hit and suffered a minor wound to the forearm . Returning to Abbeville after the war ended , McGowan was elected to Congress as a member of the Conservative Party of South Carolina , but refused his seat . He became a leader in the fight against " carpetbagger " rule in the state legislature . In 1879 , McGowan was elected to the South Carolina supreme court as an associate justice . He held the position until 1893 . General McGowan died in Abbeville and was buried there in Long Cane Cemetery .
Fort du Replaton The Fort du Replaton is a fortification of the Séré de Rivières system in Modane , France . The fort was built to provide artillery cover for the French end of the Fréjus Rail Tunnel away horizontally . It is connected to Modane by an aerial tram , which continues on from Replaton to the Fort du Sapey on a much higher eminence . The Fort du Replaton was built between 1884 and 1892 using an arrangement that anticipated the later Maginot Line fortifications , and resembles Fort Saint Michel near Toul . It cost approximately 2 million francs . Unlike a Maginot fortification , Replaton was enclosed by a perimeter wall and had surface barracks . The original armament consisted of two 95mm and two 155mm guns along a communicating gallery on the rock behind . The fort received concrete reinforcement in the early 1900s . A renovation project in 1930 added 75mm guns in place of the 95mm weapons . The fort was fired upon in 1940 and 1944 . It is presently the property of the Association de la Traversée es Alpes . It is not presently open to the public , but is in a good state of preservation . Redoute du Replaton . A smaller fortification occupies the eastern extremity of the small plateau , about above Modane . It was armed with a single 95mm gun .
Messerschmitt Bf 109 The Messerschmitt BF - 109 was the Germany Air Force backbone in the second world war Description . Messerschmitt Bf 109 aka Me 109 - Was a German fighter that had a production of over 33 , 000 units , one of most produced aircrafts in history . There was demand for a modern fighter aircraft for Air Force ( " Luftwaffe " ) which developed in secret . Its construction began in 1934 under the direction of Willy Messerschmitt then in the Bavarian Aircraft Factory ( " Bayerischen Flugzeugwerken " - Hence the acronym Bf ) In Augsburg - Haunstetten , Germany . The first flight took place in May 1935 , The Bf 109 was put to the test the first time in Spanish Civil War of 1937 until WWII . All fighter units were equipped with this aircraft and many kept getting permanent improvements by the end of the war . Its creator Willy Messerschmitt during the war split the original company and founded his own ( with the initials of the company being me ) , so there are those who argue that the versions from " F " in front have to be called the Me 109 , although this name never has been an officer . Also acquired numerous other air forces planes of this model , for example , Finland , Croatia , Romania , Hungary and Switzerland and ironically , the main fighter also served Nazi Germany after the war , other air forces as the Israeli Air Force in the early wars against the Arabs . The Bf 109 also served in addition to its primary task of hunting as fighter - bomber , and night fighter aircraft recognition . It was a very successful airplane , the target of criticism and admiration and respect , piloted by some of the biggest aces Germany as Erich Hartmann , The black demon of Ukraine 352 victories , Werner Molders 115 victories . Operators . Bulgaria Nazi Germany Italy The Italian Social Republic Japan
Other Ranks Other Ranks ( ORs ) in the British Army , Royal Marines and Royal Air Force ( and in the armies and air forces of many other Commonwealth countries ) are those personnel who are not commissioned officer s . In the Royal Navy , these personnel are called rating s . The term is sometimes considered to exclude Warrant Officer s and occasionally also excludes non - commissioned officer s ( NCOs ) . British India . In British India , a distinction was made between British Other Ranks ( BORs ) and Indian Other Ranks ( IORs ) .
Air battle over Niš The air battle over Niš occurred on 7 November 1944 over Niš , in Serbia , between the Air Forces of the U . S . and USSR in World War II . This was the only direct military confrontation between the U . S . and the USSR in the history of these two countries , and is considered top secret in both Moscow and Washington , D . C . After the successful joint offensive in October 1944 and the expulsion of German forces to the north , the military unit of the Red Army had been ordered to follow in their steps . On 7 November , a long column of vehicles belonging to 6th Guards Rifle Corps of the Red Army was moving from Niš towards Belgrade , with orders to reinforce the southern wing of the Hungarian front . Suddenly , at about 10 AM , from southeast over the Jastrebac mountain , three groups of American P - 38 Lightning fighter planes arrived and the first group immediately started to strafe the leading vehicles , destroying several , with 31 killed and 37 wounded . The commander of the corps , General G . P , Kotov was also killed in this attack . While the second group of US P - 38 planes were starting their attack , the commander of the 17th Air Army , General Sudec , who was at the Niš airbase at the time , issued an order for immediate takeoff to the pilots on duty flying Yakovlev Yak - 3 fighters from 659th Regiment of 288th Air Division based at Niš . The American planes shifted their fire to the Soviet fighters which were taking off in spite of clearly visible large red star markings on their wings . One of the Yak - 3 ' s was destroyed right away . The P - 38s then climbed to about 500m and formed a defensive circle above the city of Niš itself waiting to see how will this uncertain situation be resolved . According to aeronautical engineer Dragoslav Dimić who as a child was among the gathered inhabitants of Niš , the remaining Soviet fighters flew over the old city fortress at an altitude of only 20m and attacked the Lightnings from below in a steep climb . One Lightning burst into flames and fell to the ground nearr the airstrip of the Niš airbase . The Yaks flew through the circling Lightnings and attacked them again , this time from above . One of the Yaks was hit by American fire and fell to the ground . Soon the battle was joined by a second group of Yaks led by a famous Soviet fighter ace Captain Koldunov , who took off from another airbase near Niš . The ' tangle of death ' that formed in the air moved westward across the city with the sound of machine gun and cannon fire . 9 Soviet Yak - 3 and an unidentified number of US P - 38 fighters participated in the battle which lasted for about another 15 minutes . According to American author Glenn Bows , 4 Yaks and 2 Lightnings were lost , while Russian sources state that 3 Yaks and 4 P - 38 ' s have been destroyed . Joko Drecun , a partisan officer who was based at Niš airport at the time wrote in his diary that Americans lost 7 and Soviet 3 planes . The real numbers will be known only after the official documents from Russian and US archives about this event are declassified .