naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
List of Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross recipients of the Schnellboot service The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross ( German : " Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes " ) and its variants were the highest award in the military of the Third Reich . Recipients are grouped by grades of the Knight ' s Cross . During World War II , 23 German sailors and officers of the " Schnellboot " ( Fast Attack Craft ) service , which was a part of the " Kriegsmarine " , received the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross . Of these , 8 officers received the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves ( " Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub " ) . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross and its higher grades were based on four separate enactments . The first enactment " Reichsgesetzblatt I S . 1573 " of 1 September 1939 instituted the Iron Cross and the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross . As the war progressed , some of the recipients distinguished themselves further and a higher grade , the Oak Leaves to Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross , was instituted . The Oak Leaves , as they were commonly referred to , were based on the enactment " Reichsgesetzblatt I S . 849 " of 3 June 1940 . In 1941 , two higher grades of the Knight ' s Cross were instituted . The enactment " Reichsgesetzblatt I S . 613 " of 28 September 1941 introduced the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords and the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves , Swords and Diamonds . At the end of 1944 the final grade , the Knight ' s Cross with Golden Oak Leaves , Swords and Diamonds ( " Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit goldenem Eichenlaub , Schwertern und Brillanten " ) , based on the enactment " Reichsgesetzblatt 1945 I S . 11 " of 29 December 1944 , concluded the variants of the Knight ' s Cross . The " Oberkommando der Wehrmacht " kept separate Knight ' s Cross lists , one for each of the three military branches , " Heer " ( Army ) , " Kriegsmarine " ( Navy ) , " Luftwaffe " ( Air force ) and for the " Waffen - SS " . Within each of these lists a unique sequential number was assigned to each recipient . The same numbering paradigm was applied to the higher grades of the Knight ' s Cross , one list per grade . Knight ' s Cross with Oak Leaves . The Knight ' s Cross with Oak Leaves was based on the enactment " Reichsgesetzblatt I S . 849 " of 3 June 1940 . The last officially announced number for the Oak Leaves was 843 . Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross is based on the enactment " Reichsgesetzblatt I S . 1573 " of 1 September 1939 " Verordnung über die Erneuerung des Eisernen Kreuzes " ( Regulation of the renewing of the Iron Cross ) .
National Coordinating Committee to End the War in Vietnam The National Coordinating Committee to End the War in Vietnam was a group that became an umbrella anti - Vietnam war group . Members of this group convinced Senator Eugene McCarthy to run in the primaries against Lyndon B . Johnson as an anti - war primary candidate .
English ship Mary Willoughby Mary Willoughby was a ship of the Royal Navy . She was appears in the navy list s from 1535 , during the reign of Henry VIII . She was named after Maria Willoughby , a lady - in - waiting and close friend of Catherine of Aragon . The ship was taken by the Scots in 1536 and joined the Royal Scots Navy , The English recaptured her in 1547 . The ship was rebuilt in 1551 , increasing in size from 140 bm to 160 bm . Scottish service . The " Mary Willoughby " was used by James V in his voyages to the Isles . The ship had major re - fit between November 1539 and June 1540 , by Florence Cornetoun costing £2566 - 18s - 8d Scots . Cardinal Beaton paid £6 for painting her in July 1541 . In December 1542 , the " Mary Willoughby " , the " Salamander " and the " Lion " blockaded a London merchant ship called the " Antony of Bruges " in a creek on the coast of Brittany . The " Willoughby " fired on the " Anthony " , and the crew abandoned ship . The French authority at " Poldavy Haven " accepted a Scottish warrant shown to them by its Captain , named Kerr . War of the Rough Wooing . An English spy Thomas Forster saw the " Mary Willoughby " " coming in " at Leith in July 1545 with six other ships bringing wine , brass field guns and arquebus es from France . They had passed by the Irish seas . In March 1547 the " Mary Willoughby " and another Scottish ship , reportedly the " Great Spaniard " of 200 tons , were blockading the New Haven by Dieppe . William Patten believed that the " Mary Willoughby " was captured on the Forth near Blackness Castle by Edward Clinton on 15 September 1547 . Later English service . The armaments of the " Mary Willoughby " were listed in an inventory of 1 January 1548 . The cannon included ; a serpentine ; 3 port pieces ; 4 slings ; a quarter sling ; 9 double bases and 4 single bases ; and a hagbut . Handarms included 12 bills , 7 moorish pikes , and three spears . There were 146 crew with 14 gunners . After re - construction in 1551 , in August 1557 the ship was one of a fleet of 12 that unsuccessfully assaulted the town of Kirkwall on Orkney , landing troops and six field guns on Orkney to attack the castle of Kirkwall , St . Magnus Cathedral and the Bishop ' s Palace . Seven other ships of the fleet were royal , which included the " New Bark " , the " Minion " , " Henry " , " Solomon " , " Bull " , " Tiger " , " Greyhound " , and " Gabriel " . Veteran ships of the Kirkwall raid came to the aid of the Scottish Protestants at the Siege of Leith in January 1560 , including the " Willoughby " , all under the command of Willam Winter . The " Mary Willoughby " was sold in 1573 .
Fort de Champigny Fort de Champigny was built following the Franco - Prussian War to defend Paris . Located to the southeast of Paris in Chennevières - sur - Marne , the fort was part of an outer ring of fortifications built in response to improvements in the range and effectiveness of artillery since the construction of the Thiers fortifications of the 1840s . It was built in accordance with improved principles of fortification developed for the Séré de Rivières system . The Fort de Champigny was built between 1878 and 1880 on an area of eight hectares at a location that had been used by the Prussia ns to bombard Paris in the 1870 war . The site controlled movement on the Paris - Troyes railway line at Champigny - sur - Marne . The four - sided fort is surrounded by a ditch and a counterscarp . The fort encloses a paved court surrounded by quarters for 388 men . Water was supplied by cisterns . The fort was initially armed with 34 guns . The fort was modernized in 1911 , with additional fortifications in concrete , including two observation turrets in the fort ' s caponier s with machine guns . In 1914 the fort contained no more than ten guns on the rampart and ten on the caponiers . During the First World War the fort fired on the Plateau d ' Avron with ten guns of 12 and 15 cm caliber . In 1939 and 1940 the fort was used for anti - aircraft artillery . The fort ' s caserne was burned in July 1944 . The Fort de Champigny was taken out of military service in 1965 . It was placed on the Supplemental Inventory of the Monuments Historiques in 1979 . It has been under restoration since 1984 , and is to serve as a youth center .
BLU - 43 Dragontooth BLU - 43 / B and BLU - 44 / B ( Bomb Live Unit ) " Dragontooth " were air - dropped cluster - type land mine s used by the United States during the Vietnam War . It is chemically activated and has a relatively low explosive content , typically maiming rather than killing . Overview . The Dragontooth was designed during the Vietnam War as part of a number of programs design to prevent infiltration into South Vietnam . Dragontooth was one of a number of airborne land mines tested , being popular because they could be used to deny access to large areas to foot traffic . Its area denial qualities were exemplified in the fact that the explosive content of any individual mine was readily capable of killing the victim , being powerful enough to remove a person ' s foot , but potentially incapable of even flattening the tire of a truck passing over it . The use of Dragontooth mines in Vietnam went largely unnoticed , likely as a product of its essentially classified usage primarily in Laos as part of Operation Igloo White . Production of the system had ceased by 1970 , and it was predicted that existing stocks would be exhausted by the end of 1971 . In stark contrast to the lack of public commentary on the Dragontooth system , the subsequent Soviet analogue , the PFM - 1 , spurred a lot of controversy after being used in Afghanistan during the Soviet intervention in Afghanistan , being a key element leading to the International Campaign to Ban Landmines . Design . The mine itself is made out of plastic , and is hydraulically activated and contact / pressure detonated . The color of the plastic varied and could be olive drab , tan , brown , or camouflaged , and had no painted or molded markings . Each mine contained a small amount of liquid nitromethane / nitroethane explosive and was designed with a shape that would cause it to spiral down to the ground , removing the need for a parachute . A chemical self - neutralization system was used in the mines , rendering the main explosive content inert after a period of time after activation . The two major variants , the BLU - 43 / B and BLU - 44 / B , differ only in the process by which they were thus " sterilized . " However the reliability of the mechanism was largely unknown , and the detonator and booster charge could still present a hazard . The complete Dragontooth system involved the loading of either the BLU - 43 / B or BLU - 44 / B ( or its variant BLU - 44A / B ) into complete cluster munitions . A total of 120 BLU - 43 / B fit into a single CDU - 2 / B cluster adapter , forty of which were then loaded into a SUU - 13 / A cluster dispenser to form the complete CBU - 28 / A cluster munition . An identical number of BLU - 44 / B mines loaded into an identical number of CDU - 3 / B adapters fitted to the SUU - 13 / A dispenser formed the complete CBU - 37 / A . The SUU - 13 / A was a cluster dispenser that remained attached to the aircraft , dispensing cluster adapters of mines as the aircraft flew forward , unlike cluster bombs , which are released from an aircraft and then dispense their submunitions .
Gerhard Fischer ( soldier ) Gerhard Fischer ( born 4 December 1915 ) was a highly decorated Major in the Wehrmacht during World War II . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership .
Loch Doon Castle Loch Doon Castle , also known as Balloch Castle , was a castle that was located on an island within Loch Doon , Scotland . The castle was dismantled and rebuilt on the side of the loch after the loch water level was raised in the 1930s for a hydro electric scheme . A castle was built in the late 13th century on an island in Loch Doon , the castle consisting of an eleven - sided curtain wall . The castle was in the hands of the Earls of Carrick in the 13th century . During the Scottish Wars of Independence it was held by the governor Sir Gilbert de Carrick ( Gille Brighde ) who surrendered it to the English . It was soon recovered by the forces of King Robert I of Scotland . The castle fell later to the English and was recaptured in 1314 . The castle was besieged in 1335 . During the 15th century , the castle was in the hands of the Kennedy family . The castle was taken from them by William Douglas , 8th Earl of Douglas after a siege in 1446 . Having been given back to the Kennedy family , the castle was again taken from them by William Crauford of Lefnoris in 1511 . The castle was destroyed in the 16th century by King James V of Scotland as part of a general policy of reducing the power of the barons of Galloway .
Adaptability and Partnership : Issues for the Strategic Defence Review Adaptability and Partnership : Issues for the Strategic Defence Review is an government of the United Kingdom green paper released on 2 February 2010 . The publication sets out the framework for Strategic Defence Review ( SDR ) which seeks to provide guidance for UK ' s options for the future shape of Britain ' s armed forces . Background . The Green Paper on the Strategic Defence Review ( SDR ) posing fundamental questions for the next government after this year ’ s 2010 general election on how it will restructure the armed forces , given the pressure on the UK public finances . This British policy document is the product of consultation within the Defence community headed by former Secretary of State for Defence and Secretary General of NATO George Robertson . It has been informed by “ members of the Defence Advisory Forum , including opposition politicians , former military personnel and academics . ” Key elements . " Adaptability and Partnership : Issues for the Strategic Defence Review " was based around assumptions threats to UK ' s national security have changed dramatically and that British military must also prepare for the threats of the future . Following 1998 Green Paper , the publication analyses “ the wide range of potential threats to the UK , including terrorism , nuclear states , cyberwarfare , resource scarcity and climate change . ” It also reflects on the lessons learned in Iraq and Afghanistan . The Green Paper concludes that in order to effectively employ the Armed Forces in support of wider efforts to prevent conflict and strengthen international stability , they must become “ more flexible and adaptable , and better able to respond quickly as and when new threats emerge . ” For the first time , Government admits that UK can not defend itselves inside - or on - its borders alone . The Armed Forces ' role must be complemented by close relationships - even “ further integration ” - with those of key allies and partners in Europe ( especially France ) as well as the US . An “ integrated civil - military approach including defence , diplomatic and development efforts ” is recommended . Severals propositions have suggested : Reception . In the wake of the release of the Green Paper Labour MP and member of the Defence Select Committee Linda Gilroy visited a French corvette docked at HMNB Devonport and said “ I ' ll be interested to learn more about the French Navy , particularly how they make use of larger numbers of smaller and more basic frigates and what lessons we can learn for own next generation frigate programme . ”
USS Koka ( AT - 31 ) USS Koka ( AT - 31 ) was a in the service of the United States Navy . Previously named " Oconee " , she was renamed " Koka " on 24 February 1919 . She was launched 11 July 1919 by the Puget Sound Naval Shipyard , and commissioned 18 February 1920 , Lt . ( j . g . ) J . C . Bauman , Jr . in command . Assigned to the 11th Naval District , " Koka " sailed from Puget Sound to San Diego , California in March 1920 , and spent the next 17 years performing various tug and target - towing services out of San Diego . On 20 March 1934 she had the honor of towing out of San Diego on the homeward leg of " Constitution " ' s 1930s tour of the United States . On 7 December 1937 " Koka " ran aground off San Clemente Island and was officially decommissioned the same day . She was declared unsalvageable and abandoned as a wreck on 22 January 1938 . Her name was struck from the Naval Register on 2 March 1938 . The wreck of the " Koka " lies in of water in Northwest Harbor , San Clemente Island .
Ouvrage La Béole Ouvrage La Béole is a lesser work ( " petit ouvrage " ) of the Maginot Line ' s Alpine extension , the Alpine Line . The ouvrage consists of one entry block and two observation blocks at an altitude of . The " ouvrage " consists of two entry blocks and one observation block facing Italy . The " ouvrage " was manned by 94 soldiers in 1940 , under the command of Sub - Lieutenant Caillard . Additional blocks were planned but not built . The " ouvrage " was never provided with electricity . Three more blocks were planned but not built .
George Curtis ( Union spy ) George Curtis was a resident of New York at the beginning of the Civil War and joined a New York infantry regiment . He then became a Pinkerton agent , and a Union spy . He was selected in 1862 to obtain information from Richmond . He made his way to the Confederate capital as a contraband merchant selling gun caps , ammunition , and the much needed quinine . The day after reaching Virginia he was taken to the Confederate lines and to an audience with Major General A . P . Hill . General Hill gave him a pass to go on to Richmond and also asked Curtis if he would carry some dispatches as well . Curtis gladly agreed to carry out his request . When Curtis reached Richmond he was introduced to Confederate Secretary of War Judah Benjamin where he negotiated for the delivery of his contraband goods and received a pass to move in and out of Richmond freely . Throughout the war Curtis was asked to , and did , carry dispatches to Confederate General John B . Magruder . But before they reached General Magruder they were taken by Mr . Bangs , Pinkerton ' s supervisor for field agents . There they were copied before continuing on to General Magruder . Curtis was never suspected for a spy , he was never arrested . He worked as a contraband merchant for the duration of the war , never once was he suspected of carrying important information to the Union forces .
2nd Fighter Corps ( Germany ) II . Jagdkorps ( 2nd Fighter Corps ) was formed September 15 , 1943 in Chantilly from Höherer Jagdfliegerführer West . II . Jagdkorps was subordinated to Luftflotte 3 , and from September 26 , 1944 on to Luftwaffenkommando West . On January 26 , 1945 the Corps was disbanded , and used to form the 14 . Flieger - Divisionen and 15 . Flieger - Divisionen . The headquarter was located at Chantilly and from August 1944 in Rochefort , from September 10 , 1944 at Flammersfeld near Koblenz .
Withlacoochee Army Airfield Withlacoochee Army Airfield and Withlacoochee Bombing & Gunnery Range , was a World War II United States Army Air Forces airfield , located east of Lacoochee , Florida . The airfield closed in 1945 and is now abandoned . History . The airfield was built about 1942 as part of the construction of Army Airfields in the Orlando area . It was built as an auxiliary to the Bushnell Army Airfield and Zephyrhills Army Airfield . Its primary mission was to support Chemical Weapons testing in the Bushnell area and as an emergency airfield for the Army Air Force School of Applied Tactics fighter training school at Orlando Army Airbase . In 1943 the Dugway Proving Ground , Utah , Mobile Chemical Warfare Service ( CWS ) Unit arrived at Bushnell AAF to begin experiments on both persistent and non - persistent chemical agents , setting up the Chemical Warfare Service Experimental Station . The Withlacoochee airfield was used by the CWS Unit as a landing strip for the planes used in the field trials at Withlacoochee Bombing & Gunnery Range . Several military herbicides for defoliation and crop destruction were tested at the airfield . After World War II ended , the airstrip was abandoned and apparently has not been used ever since . Withlachoochee AAF has been the subject of several cleanup efforts aimed at removing any remaining traces of the chemical weapons previously tested at the site under the U . S . Army Corps of Engineers Formerly Used Defense Sites ( FUDS ) program .
Yusuf ibn ' Abd al - Rahman al - Fihri Yusuf ibn ' Abd al - Rahman al - Fihri ( ) was an Umayyad governor of Narbonne in Septimania and governor of al - Andalus from 747 to 756 , ruling independently following the collapse of the Umayyad Caliphate in 750 . He was a descendant of ' Uqbah , the founder of al - Qayrāwan . Governor in Narbonne . After the Battle of Poitiers , Yusuf ibn Abd al - Rahman was appointed governor of Narbonne according to the Chronicle of Moissac , where he was in command of military operations . During four years he is said to have raided and pillaged the Lower Rhone , and in 735 he took Arles . Infight and Berber revolt . Between 716 and 756 , al - Andalus was ruled by governors sent from Damascus or appointed on the recommendation of the Umayyad regional governors of Ifriqiya to which it belonged administratively . Like many of his predecessors Yusuf struggled to control infighting between the majority Berber population and the Arabs and also had to deal with perennial feuding between Syrian and Yemeni Arab tribes comprising his forces . Governor of al - Andalus . After the instability of the Berber Revolt in al - Andalus , an arrangement was concluded between different Arab factions to alternate in office . However , after taking over and completing his term , he refused to give up the reigns of power , ruling unchallenged for 9 years . After becoming ruler , al - Fihri conducted a census , as part of which Bishop Hostegesis prepared a list of tax and jizya payers . The bishop then made annual visits to makes sure the taxes were collected properly . Arrival of Abd al - Rahman I and downfall . Yusuf had just broken a revolt attempt in Zaragoza ( 755 ) when he led a campaign against the Basques of Pamplona in 755 but the detachment sent was annihilated . This was the moment chosen by Abd ar - Rahman I , who had fled Syria some years before to escape from the Abbasids , to disembark on the southern coast of present - day Spain . He went on to capture important southern strongholds such as Malaga and Seville . After failing to compromise a deal with Abd - ar - Rahman I by which the Umayyad survivor would succeed him , Yusuf al - Fihri was defeated at the Battle of Musarah just outside Córdoba in May 756 by Abd ar - Rahman I , who thus became the first independent Emir of Córdoba .
Marion Case Cheek Admiral Marion Case Cheek , USN ( R ) ( October 18 , 1888 – June 20 , 1969 ) was a Rear Admiral in the United States Navy Reserve . During World War II , he served as an intelligence officer in the Pacific . After retiring from the Navy , he worked for the Central Intelligence Agency . Biography . Cheek graduated from the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis in 1911 . World War II . As a lieutenant commander at the outbreak of World War II , in September 1942 he received the Navy Cross " For distinguished service in the line of his profession as Intelligence Officer of the Sixteenth Naval District in the city of Manila " during which he volunteered for a number of assignments which brought him under enemy fire . He was sent to Corregidor and later to Australia along with a million pesos of Philippine government funds . Promoted to commander , he became part of Admiral William F . Halsey ' s Third Fleet staff and part of its unofficial " Dirty Tricks Department , " which also included Rear Admiral Robert Bostwick Carney , Commander Harold Stassen , Captain Ralph E . Wilson , Captain Leonard J . Dow , and Commander Horace D . Moulton . During his time with the Third Fleet he was awarded the Legion of Merit twice , and the Bronze Star . He was promoted to captain on August 1 , 1943 Captain Cheek returned to his role in the reserves as a commander after the war , but was promoted to captain on July 25 , 1949 , with relative precedence to his previous promotion to captain , and rear admiral on November 10 , 1949 . Post - war career . He went to work for the Central Intelligence Agency where he received the Intelligence Medal of Merit for his service . He retired from government service in 1958 . He is buried at San Francisco National Cemetery .