naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
EWR VJ 101 The EWR VJ 101 was an experimental German jet fighter VTOL tiltjet aircraft . VJ stood for " " Versuchsjäger " " , ( German for " Experimental Fighter " ) . It was to be the basis for a successor to the F - 104 G Starfighter , but was cancelled in 1968 after a five - year test program . The VJ 101 was one of the first V / STOL designs to have the potential for eventual Mach 2 flight . Design and development . Heinkel and Messerschmitt had developed designs to meet the requirements of VTOL flight and by 1959 , the two companies , along with Bölkow , had created a joint venture company called EWR , to build the VJ 101 C . The new proposal merged the characteristics of earlier Bölkow , Heinkel and Messerschmitt designs into a sleek , streamlined platform . The VJ 101 was similar in appearance to the Bell XF - 109 , both with rotating engines in nacelles at the wingtips . In addition to the wingtip engines , two further lift jet s were installed in the fuselage to supplement the main engines in hovering flight . In order to test the concept , EWR built a test rig called the " Wippe " ( seesaw ) in early 1960 . The simple device incorporated a rudimentary cockpit on a horizontal beam with a " lift " engine mounted vertically at the centre for preliminary single - axis tests of the control system . A later " hover rig " was built that had the skeletal fuselage of the VJ 101C with three Rolls - Royce RB108 engines installed in the approximate positions they would occupy in the final flying version . The small engines each had 2 , 100 lbf ( 9 . 3 kN ) thrust , enough to lift the test rig . After initial testing in May 1961 from a telescopic column , the new rig was able to " fly " in free flight in March 1962 . Additional tests with a cloth " skin " simulating fuselage and wings proved to be successful ( showing satisfactory control in all seasons and weather conditions ) . Testing and evaluation . Two prototypes were built : X - 1 and X - 2 . On 10 April 1963 , the X - 1 made its first hovering flight . The first transition from hovering flight to horizontal flight took place on 20 September 1963 . The VJ 101C X - 1 flew 40 aerodynamic flights , 24 hover flights and 14 full transitions . During these tests the sound barrier was broken , for the first time by a vertical take - off aircraft , but on 14 September 1964 a defect in the autopilot caused a crash . On July 29 , 1964 the VJ 101 C flew at Mach 1 . 04 without use of an afterburner . The second prototype X2 with a new autopilot made a successful transition on 22 October 1965 . The tests were subsequently continued with X - 2 , which in contrast to X - 1 had afterburners . However the project was cancelled in 1968 . The proposed VJ 101 D Mach 2 interceptor was never built . VJ 101 C X 2 hangs today in the Deutsches Museum in Munich . Although the VJ 101C did not proceed to production status , other projects including the Mirage IIIV , Hawker P . 1154 ( a supersonic parallel to what would become the Hawker Siddeley Harrier ) and the much later F - 35 Lightning II showed the promise of VTOL fighters .
John Moore ( physician ) John Moore , MD ( August 18 , 1826 – March 18 , 1907 ) was a leading United States Army physician during the American Civil War who rose to become Surgeon General of the Army in the late 1880s . Early life and medical training . Moore was born in Bloomington , Indiana . He attended Indiana State University and graduated in 1845 . He had graduated from the Medical College of Ohio in Cincinnati in 1844 . He scored first place in the internship examination at the Commercial Hospital and Lunatic Asylum of Ohio ( chartered in 1821 ) , the hospital whose attending physicians were members of the MCO faculty . He served during 1845 – 46 , and then filled in when another intern had to leave the following mid - year . He took further medical courses at the University of Louisville Medical Department in 1848 – 49 and at the medical department of the University of the City of New York in 1849 – 50 , graduating later that same year . After one year internship in Bellevue Hospital and two years with the New York Dispensary , Moore entered the Army as assistant surgeon in 1853 . He served in Fort Myers , Florida , and then in a fort in Boston Harbor before going to the Utah Territory frontier as a surgeon during the Utah War in 1857 . He was promoted to the rank of captain in 1858 . Civil War . When the Civil War broke out in 1861 , Dr . Moore was attached to the Cincinnati Marine Hospital , which became the Military Hospital of Cincinnati , that was opened in May 1861 . He was promoted to surgeon in 1862 . In Cincinnati , he was assigned to previously unstable hospital situations . Then he was assigned to the Army of the Potomac and served as divisional chief surgeon at the battles of Antietam and Fredericksburg . He was promoted to Medical Director of the V Corps and served in that role at the Battle of Chancellorsville . In June 1863 he became Medical Director of the Army of the Tennessee and later accompanied Maj . Gen . William T . Sherman on his famous " March to the Sea " and through the Carolinas . In 1865 he received the brevet rank of colonel and was mustered out of the volunteer army with the close of the war . Postbellum career . Dr . Moore stayed in the regular army following the Civil War and served in a variety of medical posts , spending over a decade on assignment in New York City . In 1883 he was made Assistant Medical Purveyor with the rank of colonel . In 1886 he was appointed Surgeon General with the rank of brigadier general . He held this post until 1890 , when he was succeeded by Jedediah Hyde Baxter . Moore was retired for age in 1900 and lived the rest of his life in Washington , D . C . , where he died at the age of 82 of an interstitial nephritis . Moore is buried in Arlington National Cemetery .
Yevgeni Nikolayevich Andreyev Yevgeni ( Eugene ) Nikolayevich Andreyev ( ; September 4 , 1926 – February 9 , 2000 ) was a colonel in the Soviet Air Force . Andreyev set an official record for the longest distance free - fall parachute jump on 1 November 1962 , which the " Guinness Book of Records " put at 24 , 500 meters ( 80 , 380 feet ) . The record was previously held by Joseph Kittinger , whose jump was for a longer distance , but was stabilized by a drogue parachute . Andreyev was awarded the Hero of the Soviet Union for his feat . The free fall distance record stood for nearly 50 years until broken by Felix Baumgartner in 2012 . Early life and career . Andreyev was born in Novosibirsk . He became an airborne troops lieutenant in 1955 and started parachute testing since then . He carried out eight high altitude parachute jumps in total . Andreyev was severely injured in 1959 and had to be decommissioned from the military . He managed to continue his service , despite the damaged leg being shorter than the other one . Volga Balloon . On 1 November 1962 , Andreyev and Pyotr Dolgov ascended from Volsk , near Saratov . Andreyev jumped from the capsule at 25 , 460 m ( 83 , 523 ft ) and free fell 24 , 500 m ( 80 , 380 ft ) before successfully deploying his parachute . Dolgov remained in the capsule and ascended to 28 , 640 m ( 93 , 970 ft ) . Dolgov was primarily testing an experimental pressure suit , and would have deployed a drogue chute like Kittinger ' s earlier jump . As he exited the gondola , he struck his helmet and cracked the visor , leading to depressurization and his death . Andreyev was a Master of Sports in the former USSR , and holder of FAI Sporting Licence # 3812 .
Eleazar López Contreras José Eleazar López Contreras ( 5 May 1883 – 2 January 1973 ) was President of Venezuela ( 1935 – 1941 ) . López was a general and one of Juan Vicente Gómez ' s collaborators , serving as his War Minister from 1931 . In 1939 , Contreras accepted in Venezuela the ships " Koenigstein " and " Caribia " which fled from Germany , having Jews on board . ,
Chatta Singh Chatta Singh VC ( 1886 – 28 March 1961 ) was an Indian recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . Details . He was approx . 29 years old , and a Sepoy in the 9th Bhopal Infantry , Indian Army during the First World War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC . On 13 January 1916 during the Battle of the Wadi , Mesopotamia , Sepoy Chatta Singh left cover to assist his commanding officer , who was lying wounded and helpless in the open . The citation for the Victoria Cross read : He later achieved the rank of Havildar . A contemporary copy of the Victoria Cross , which is believed to have been presented to Sepoy Chatta Singh ' in the field ' on 8 March 1916 , was sold by Dix Noonan Web on 22 September 2006 . Chatta Singh ' s original award was gazetted on 21 June 1916 .
Sea Shadow ( IX - 529 ) " Sea Shadow " ( IX - 529 ) was an experimental stealth ship built by Lockheed for the United States Navy to determine how a low radar profile might be achieved and to test high stability hull configurations which have been used in oceanographic ships . Development . " Sea Shadow " was built in 1984 to examine the application of stealth technology on naval vessels . She was used in secret until a public debut in 1993 . In addition , the ship was designed to test the use of automation to enable the reduction of crew size . The ship was created by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency ( DARPA ) , the U . S . Navy and Lockheed . " Sea Shadow " was developed at Lockheed ' s Redwood City , California , facility , inside the Hughes Mining Barge ( HMB - 1 ) , which functioned as a floating drydock during construction and testing . Overview . " Sea Shadow " had a SWATH hull design . Below the water were submerged twin hulls , each with a propeller , aft stabilizer , and inboard hydrofoil . The portion of the ship above water was connected to the hulls via the two angled struts . The SWATH design helped the ship remain stable even in very rough water of up to sea state 6 ( wave height of 18 feet ( 5 . 5 m ) or " very rough " sea ) . The shape of the superstructure was sometimes compared to the casemate of the ironclad ram of the American Civil War . " Sea Shadow " was built in Redwood City , California . The T - AGOS 19 - and - 23 - class oceanographic ships have inherited the stabilizer and canard method to help perform their stability - sensitive surveillance missions . " Sea Shadow " had only 12 bunks aboard , one small microwave oven , a refrigerator and table . She was never intended to be mission capable and was never commissioned , although she is listed in the Naval Vessel Register . " Sea Shadow " was revealed to the public in 1993 , and was housed at the San Diego Naval Station until September 2006 , when she was relocated with the Hughes Mining Barge to the Suisun Bay Reserve Fleet in Benicia , California . Until 2006 , " Sea Shadow " and the HMB - 1 were maintained and operated by Lockheed Martin for the U . S . Navy . The vessels were available for donation to a maritime museum . In 2006 , the U . S Navy began to try to sell " Sea Shadow " to the highest bidder ; after the initial offering met with a lack of interest , it was listed for dismantling sale on gsaauctions . gov . The U . S . Government required that the buyer not sail the ship and is required to scrap the ship . The ship was finally sold in 2012 . " Sea Shadow " was totally dismantled in 2012 by Bay Ship .
Firangi ( sword ) The firangi ( ; derived from the Arabic term ( al - faranji ) for a Western European [ a " Frank " ] ) , ( Marathi : फिरंगाना ) was an Indian sword type which used blades manufactured in Western Europe and imported by the Portuguese , or made locally in imitation of European blades . Physical characteristics . The firangi sword characteristically had a long , , straight blade of either broadsword ( two edged ) or backsword ( single edged ) form . The blade often incorporated one or two fullers ( grooves ) and had a spear - tip shaped point . The sword could be used to both cut and thrust . Examples with narrow rapier blades have survived , though in small numbers . The hilt was of the type sometimes called the " Indian basket - hilt " and was identical to that of another Indian straight - bladed sword the khanda . The hilt afforded a substantial amount of protection for the hand and had a prominent spike projecting from the pommel which could be grasped , resulting in a two - handed capability for the sword . Like other contemporary Indian swords the hilt of the " firangi " was usually of iron and the tang of the blade was attached to the hilt using a very strong resin , additionally , the hilt to blade connection was reinforced by projections from the hilt onto either face of the forte of the blade which were riveted together though a hole passing through the blade . The finest examples of this type of sword can have extensive gold " " koftigari " " decoration to both hilt and blade . Use . Because of its length the firangi is usually regarded as primarily a cavalry weapon . Illustrations suggest a 16th century date for the development of the sword , though early examples appear to have had simpler cross - guard hilts , similar to those of the talwar . The sword has been especially associated with the Marathas , who were famed for their cavalry . However , the firangi was widely used by the Mughals and those peoples who came under their rule , including Sikhs and Rajputs . Images of Mughal potentates holding firangis , or accompanied by retainers carrying their masters ' firangis , suggest that the sword became a symbol of martial virtue and power . Photographs of Indian officers of Hodson ' s Horse ( an irregular cavalry unit raised by the British ) show that the " firangi " was still in active use at the time of the Indian Mutiny in 1857 - 58 .
USS LST - 507 USS LST - 507 a built for the United States Navy during World War II . She was sunk by a German torpedo attack in April 1944 during Exercise Tiger . LST - 507 was laid down on 8 September 1943 at Jeffersonville , Indiana , by the Jeffersonville Boat & Machine Co . ; launched on 16 November 1943 ; sponsored by Mrs . Raymond C . Fuller ; and commissioned on 10 January 1944 . Sinking . " Exercise Tiger " was a pre - invasion exercise carried out off the coast of Southern England in April 1944 . After having taken on its complement of personnel and vehicles at Brixham , the LST joined the end of a convoy at Torquay . Just after 0200 , whilst circling Lyme Bay , the convoy was attacked by a group of German E - boat s . LST - 507 was the first to be hit by a torpedo at 0203 , and had to be abandoned by 0230 . It partially floated till dawn and then the bow was sunk by fire from a British destroyer . It was the only LST ( out of the three hit , of which two sank ) to go up in flames . 424 US army and navy personnel were killed on board , out of the total of 749 US personnel who died during Exercise Tiger . Units on board . The army units were : 478th Amphibious Truck Company , 557th Quartermaster Railhead Company , 33rd Chemical Company , 440th Engineer Company , 1605th Engineer Map Depot Detachment , 175th Signal Repair Company , 3206th Quartermaster Service Company and 3891st Quartermaster Truck Company . There were two 1 / 4 ton trucks , one 3 / 4 ton truck , thirteen 2½ ton trucks , and 22 DUKW s . Wreck . The wreck of the LST now lies at a depth of 50 meters at . It is popular as a location for wreck diving .
Squadron of Evolution The Squadron of Evolution — sometimes referred to as the " White Squadron " — was a transitional unit in the United States Navy , during the late 19th century . Composed of the protected cruiser s , , , and dispatch boats , and . Rear Admiral John G . Walker served as its Commander with the USS Chicago as his flagship . Having both full rigged masts and steam engines , it was influential in the beginning of steel shipbuilding in the United States . In 1891 , the White Squadron commenced a tour of the Great Lakes that was commemorated in an album by Woolson Spice Co . At that time , the White Squadron consisted of the USS Philadelphia ( C - 4 ) under the command of Captain Frederick Rodgers , the USS Charleston ( C - 2 ) under the command of Captain George C . Remey , USS Baltimore ( C - 3 ) under the command of Captain Winfield S . Schley , the USS Boston ( 1884 ) under the command of Captain Gilbert C . Wise , the USS Vesuvius ( 1888 ) under the command of Lieutenant Seaton Schroeder , the USS Cushing ( TB - 1 ) under the command of Lieutenant Cameron McR . Winslow , the USS Petrel ( PG - 2 ) under the command of Lieutenant - Commander M . R . S . McKenzie , the USS Atlanta ( 1884 ) under the command of Captain John W . Philip , and the USS Chicago ( 1885 ) under the command of Captain Joseph N . Miller . Some of the ships had other squadron assignments , prior to the 1891 cruise .
Wounded Personnel Medal The Wounded Personnel Medal is awarded to members of and civilians employed by the Armed Forces of the Philippines who are injured or killed in combat with the enemy . Design . Medal . The medal is in the form of a cross in gold . Superimposed in the center of a cross is a disc where a relief head of Gen Gregorio del Pilar is placed facing front . The wreath made of light green laurel leaves superimposed the cross . The cross signifies the risk of life while in combat ; the disc with the head of General Del Pilar is for achievements that resulted in the wounding of an awardee by an armed enemy ; the wreath symbolizes honor for such endeavor ; and the green color stands for nobility and devotion to duty . Ribbon . The ribbon is white with purple stripe in the center .
Sangoulé Lamizana Major General Aboubakar Sangoulé Lamizana ( January 31 , 1916 – 26 May 2005 ) was the second president of Upper Volta ( since 1984 renamed Burkina Faso ) , in power from January 3 , 1966 to November 25 , 1980 . He held the additional position of Prime Minister from February 8 , 1974 to July 7 , 1978 . After Upper Volta achieved complete independence from the French Union in 1960 , opposition parties either merged with the governing party , " Union démocratique voltaïque " ( UDV ) , or were banned , transforming Upper Volta into a single party state , headed by Maurice Yaméogo as President . Yaméogo ' s one - party regime elicited much unrest ; student strikes and mass demonstrations by students , labor unions , and civil servants . Yaméogo was forced to resign after a general strike on January 3 , 1966 , giving power to General Sangoulé Lamizana on the demonstrators ' demand . Lamizana served as nominal head of a " provisional military government " until a new Constitution , ratified on June 14 , 1970 , provided for a four - year transition to fully civilian elected leadership ; he was also foreign minister from 1966 to 1967 . Elections under the new Constitution delivered a clear majority of the assembly to the UDV . In the early 1970s the effect of a five - year drought and increasing desertification in the Sahel brought the threat of famine to several nations including Upper Volta . The resulting economic dislocation encouraged factionalism in the government , headed by Gérard Ouédraogo , the prime minister who had been appointed by Lamizana . Again military intervention and dissolution of the assembly brought Lamizana back in control , essentially now as dictator . Lamizana ' s regime had international recognition , with the President invited to White House dinners and private visits with U . S . President Richard Nixon . His personal party following was styled the National Movement for Renewal , although that became a short - lived formation . A new Constitution was written and approved in 1977 , and Lamizana was reelected in open elections in 1978 : this election is generally considered as being among the most democratic ever held in West Africa . Later Lamizana joined UDV . With the support of unions and civil groups , Col . Saye Zerbo overthrew President Lamizana in a bloodless military coup in November 1980 .
Conquest of the Nanda Empire The conquest of the Nanda Empire under Dhana Nanda by a small state , somewhere in north western India under Chandragupta Maurya in the 4th century BC led to the establishment of the Maurya Empire . Little is known of the conflict . Nanda strength . The Nanda Empire was a strong nation based in Magadha and containing many of the kingdoms in the Ganges basin . Its armies were huge , its leaders terrifying . It was a fear for the invading Macedonians of Alexander the Great , a fear leading to a mutiny which ultimately lead to the return of the Macedonian army from the banks of the modern river Beas . Its strength was challenged by the Kingdom of Chandragupta Maurya located in north western India . Under Chandragupta Maurya , it supplanted the long - established and powerful Nanda Empire . Nanda Army strength in the east was 200 , 000 infantry , 80 , 000 cavalry , 8 , 000 chariot s , and 6 , 000 war elephant s . The forces of Chandragupta remain unknown along with the exact details of the conflict . War . It is unlikely that a small state could have annexed an empire through a war of outright conquest , thus it is likely that Chandragupta ' s campaign against the Nanda was probably laid out by using popular guerrilla tactics . After the death of Dhana Nanda , the Nanda Empire was conquered by Chandragupta Maurya . Chandragupta ' s forces besieged the city of Pataliputra in 320 BC ( now Patna ) . His troops drew a noose gradually tighter around the city until the overwhelmingly superior Nanda Army was defeated . The war brought an end to the Nanda Dynasty and established the Maurya Empire with Chandragupta Maurya as its leader . Aftermath . Chandragupta eventually expanded his empire to southern India and warred with the Seleucid Empire over control over all of north western India and parts of Persia . The Maurya Empire eventually became the most extensive empire in India seen up to the date of when he abdicated .
Demilitarized zone A demilitarized zone , or DMZ , is an area in which treaties or agreements between nations , military powers or contending groups forbid military installations , activities or personnel . A DMZ often lies along an established frontier or boundary between two or more military powers or alliances . A DMZ may sometimes form a " de facto " international border — for example , the 38th parallel between North and South Korea . Other examples of demilitarized zones are a area between Iraq and Kuwait , Antarctica ( preserved for scientific exploration and study ) and outer space ( space more than from the earth ' s surface ) . Many demilitarized zones are considered neutral territory because neither side is allowed to control it , even for non - combat administration . Some zones remain demilitarized after an agreement has awarded control to a state which ( under the DMZ terms ) had originally ceded its right to maintain military forces in the disputed territory . It is also possible for powers to agree on the demilitarization of a zone without formally settling their respective territorial claims , enabling the dispute to be resolved by peaceful means such as diplomatic dialogue or an international court . Several demilitarized zones have also unintentionally become wildlife preserve s because their land is unsafe for construction or less exposed to human disturbances ( including hunting ) . Examples include the Korean Demilitarized Zone , the Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone , the Bến Hải River , the Hien Luong Bridge and the Green Line in Cyprus .