naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Treaty of Tolentino The Treaty of Tolentino was a peace treaty between Revolutionary France and the Papal States , signed on February 19 , 1797 and imposing terms of surrender on the Papal side . The signatories for France were the French Directory ' s Ambassador to the Holy See , François Cacault , and the rising General Napoleon Bonaparte and opposite them four representatives of Pius VI ' s Curia . It was part of the events following the invasion of Italy in the early stages of the French Revolutionary Wars . Having defeated the Austrians at the Battle of Mantua , and at Arcola Bridge in the Battle of Rivoli , Napoleon had no more enemies in northern Italy and was able to devote himself to the Papal States . Following nine months of negotiations between France and the Papal States , in February 1797 9 , 000 French soldiers invaded the Papal Romagna Region , leaving the Pope no choice but to accept the French terms . Terms . The treaty added 15 million lire to the indemnity of 21 millions exacted from the Papal States at the precedent armistice signed at Bologna - 36 millions in all . In addition , the papal city of Avignon and its territory , the Comtat Venaissin , which had been occupied by French forces at an early stage of the Revolution , were formally ceded to France - putting a definite end to half a millennium of Papal rule . The Romagna region - as noted , already invaded by the French - was also ceded by the Papal States and included in the newly created Cisalpine Republic . The treaty also formalized the confiscation of artistic treasures from the Vatican . Over a hundred paintings and other works of art were to go to the Louvre in Paris . The French commissioners reserved the right to enter any building , public , religious or private , to make their choice and assessment of what was to be taken to France . This part of the treaty was extended to apply to all of Italy in 1798 by treaties with other Italian states . Other conditions imposed on the Papal States included a compensation to the family of the journalist Hugh de Basseville , killed by a crowd in Rome for having allegedly " insulted the Pope " , and giving consent to the stationing of French troops in Ancona until the end of the war . [ 2 ] Criticism . Of the French terms , the confiscation of artistic works - or , as many considered it , theft and plunder - came under criticism and its legitimacy questioned . Among the fiercest opponents was Quatremère de Quincy who in 1796 wrote a pamphlet , " Letters in Miranda " , in which he affirmed the strong relationship between a work of art and the place in which it was intended , asserting that " eradicating the context in which the work was created irreparably impairs its legibility " . Of the confiscated works of art , a bronze statue by Giunio Bruto remains in Paris . However , most of the works were restored after Napoleon ' s fall , and Bruto ' s main works are now located in Vatican Gardens in Rome .
José Domingo Molina Gómez José Domingo Molina Gómez ( 1896 – 1969 ) was the Commander and Chief of the Argentine Army who appears to have temporarily taken " the reins of Government " on September 19 , 1955 . This was following the Revolución Libertadora which had begun on September 16 , 1955 . Eduardo Lonardi would eventually be recognized as the " de facto " President of Argentina on September 23 , 1955 . Biography . Born in San Fernando del Valle de Catamarca on September 26 , 1896 , was the son of Daniel Molina Avellaneda and Melitona Gómez . In his early career , José Domingo married Delina del Carmen Botana in Choya , Santiago del Estero . He was appointed as Director General of the National Gendarmerie Argentina from 1945 to 1947 . He was then appointed as the Commander and Chief of the Argentine Army . The Revolución Libertadora began on September 16 , 1955 . On September 19 , 1955 President Juan Perón wrote what appeared to be a resignation letter . A military junta composed of general José Domingo Molina and other military officers , was created with Molina at " the reins of Government " . The next morning Perón asked for asylum in Paraguay , leaving the government in the hands of the military junta . Eduardo Lonardi would eventually be recognized as the " de facto " President of Argentina on September 23 , 1955 . On October 3 , 1955 Molina was arrested by Eduardo Lonardi and later released . He died in Buenos Aires in 1969 .
Canadian conscription plebiscite , 1942 A plebiscite on conscription was held in Canada on 27 April 1942 . It was held in response to the Conservative Party lobbying Mackenzie King to introduce compulsory military service , the government having previously promised not to introduce conscription in 1940 . The result was 66 % voting in favour , with Quebec being the only province to have a majority voting against . Because of Quebec ' s majority against it , Mackenzie King did not introduce conscription immediately in hopes of good electoral performance in the province . Results . By province . ! colspan = " 5 " | Canadian conscription plebiscite , 1942 ! rowspan = " 2 " style = " text - align : left ; " | Jurisdiction ! colspan = " 2 " | Yes ! colspan = " 2 " | No ! Votes ! ! % ! ! Votes ! ! % ! style = " text - align : left ; " | Total civilian vote ! ! 2 , 670 , 088 ! ! ! ! 1 , 547 , 724 ! ! 36 . 7 ! style = " text - align : left ; " | Canada ! ! 2 , 921 , 206 ! ! ! ! 1 , 608 , 609 ! ! 35 . 5 " The referendum was held in all 245 electoral districts , which covered all nine provinces and one of the two territories . Residents in the Northwest Territories did not have a vote , as their area was not organized as an electoral district . "
45th Cavalry Regiment The 45th Cavalry Regiment is an Indian Army armoured unit . It was first created during World War II and was active from 1941 to 1946 . It was raised in April 1941 at Meerut , ( originally from Sikhs & Pathans from the 13th Lancers , Scinde Horse & Guides Cavalry ) , and equipped with Stuart Tanks . They served in Burma as part of 50th Indian Tank Brigade , entered Burma in December 1944 in the Arakan , returning in March 1945 to India to upgrade to Sherman ’ s but were disbanded in April 1946 . It was reformed in 1965 and is currently stationed in Pathankot ( Mamoon Cantt ) India . The unit took part in the Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 in East Pakistan ( now independent Bangladesh ) , under the command of 9th Infantry Division . The regiment was then equipped with Russian PT - 76 amphibious light battle tanks and fought in the Battles of Garibpur , Kushtia and Jessore . In peacetime , the regiment was based at Kanchrapara in the 24 Parganas district of West Bengal , in its amphibious role , although " C " Squadron was re - equipped with T - 55 Main Battle Tanks . In due course , the aging warhorses , the PT - 76 tanks , were phased out and the 45th Cavalry Regiment was finally fully reequiped and subsequently converted all its squadrons to the up - gunned version of the T - 55 MBT .
2037 Bomber The 2037 Bomber is the unofficial name given to a heavy strategic bomber planned by the United States Air Force . It is projected to enter service in 2037 as a stealthy , supersonic , long - range , heavy - payload , possibly unmanned aircraft to potentially replace the B - 52 Stratofortress , which entered service in 1955 and is scheduled to be retired in 2040 . Development . With the ending of B - 2 production in the early 1990s , the U . S . Air Force was left with a gap in its bomber development . A new bomber would be needed in the 2037 time frame to replace retiring B - 52s and B - 1 s according to the Air Force ' s Bomber Roadmap , released in 1999 . This was considered too long to wait , as the Air Force needed an interim bomber before the 2030s . This left the aircraft proposed for 2037 as more of a heavy bomber than a medium bomber .
Task Force Danbi Task Force Danbi ( 단비부대 ) is the South Korean military mission to Haiti for earthquake relief in the aftermath of the 12 January 2010 earthquake . This became South Korea ' s sixth UN Peacekeeping Mission . The mission is expected to last until 31 December 2010 . Name . The name " Danbi " ( 단비 ) was chosen after a competition of 8 days . Danbi means " long awaited rain " , or " sweet rain after a long drought " . It won over the other two suggested names , " 희망 " , " 서애 " . Mission timeline . On 13 January 2010 , a 25 member military rescue team was sent as part of a 41 member Korean rescue squad to Haiti . On 18 January 2010 , the South Korean government announces a Peacekeeping Mission ( PKO ) to help Haiti . On 5 February 2010 , the UN announced that the South Korean military engineering teams would be deployed to Léogâne . On 9 February 2010 , South Korea ' s National Assembly gave unanimous assent to the military mission to Haiti . On 10 February 2010 , the first group of 30 troops left for Haiti . As of 18 February 2010 , the force has started constructing a hospital . On 23 February 2010 , the announced that it would provided the Korean military task force with 400 portable toilets . On 27 February 2010 , 190 PKO personnel were sent to Haiti . On 28 February 2010 , the entire force had arrived in Léogâne . As of 8 March 2010 , the name 단비 ( Danbi ) had been chosen for the mission . Reactions . Koreans have criticized their own government over the slow response , and small and poorly equipped initial response to the earthquake .
Terasca Terasca , or Terrier - ASROC - Cajun , was an American three - stage sounding rocket developed and launched by the United States Navy . Derived from a combination of the Terrier , ASROC and Cajun rockets , three launches were attempted during 1959 , but only one was successful . Design and development . The Terrier - ASROC - Cajun ( " Terasca " ) rocket was developed during early 1959 by the Naval Ordnance Test Station , located at China Lake , California , to fill a U . S . Navy requirement for a three - stage sounding rocket , intended to launch experimental payloads for conducting high - altitude research . The rocket utilised a combination of existing missiles in its construction ; the first stage was a Terrier surface - to - air missile ; an ASROC anti - submarine rocket made up the second stage , while a Cajun sounding rocket was utilised as a third stage . The Terrier first stage produced thrust , while the ASROC second stage provided , and the third - stage Cajun motor had a thrust rated at . The theoretical apogee for Terasca was ; it could carry a scientific payload of up to . Operational history . Three launch attempts of the Terasca missile were made from the launch facility at Vandenberg Air Force Base during 1959 , utilising the Western Launch and Test Range . The first launch attempt took place on May 1 ; this launch was a failure . A second launch attempt on June 26 , however , was successful , with the rocket reaching an apogee of . A third launch , attempted on August 12 , however , was also a failure ; following the third launch , the Terasca program came to a close .
USS Vigor ( AMc - 110 ) USS " Vigor " ( AMc - 110 ) was an " Accentor " - class coastal minesweeper acquired by the U . S . Navy for the dangerous task of removing mines from minefields laid in the water to prevent ships from passing . " Vigor " , a wooden - hulled , coastal minesweeper , was laid down on 6 August 1941 at Rockland , Maine , by the Snow Shipyard , Inc . ; launched on 19 January 1942 ; sponsored by Mrs . Lawrence Carver ; and placed in service at the Boston Navy Yard on 4 May 1942 . World War II service . Following fitting out , " Vigor " departed Boston , Massachusetts , on 6 May and headed for the Virginia Capes . Proceeding via Tompkinsville , New York , the coastal minesweeper arrived at Yorktown , Virginia , on 20 May for training at the Mine Warfare School . Upon completion of her exercises in the Tidewater area , " Vigor " operated off the eastern seaboard between Newport , Rhode Island , and Norfolk , Virginia . - - with her home yard at New York — for the remainder of the Atlantic war . Sailing from Norfolk , bound for Charleston , South Carolina , the warship arrived at the latter port on 8 August 1945 . Subsequently placed out of service at Charleston on 31 October 1945 and laid up in reserve in the Wando River , " Vigor " was declared surplus and made available for disposal by the Maritime Commission ' s War Shipping Administration . Struck from the Navy list on 16 November 1945 , the erstwhile minecraft was sold on 13 November 1946 .
Indonesian Marine Corps The Indonesian Marine Corps ( , KorMar ) is the Indonesian Navy ' s ground troops . It was created on 15 November 1945 , and is the country ' s main amphibious warfare force and quick reaction force against enemy invasion . History . Kormar has been active in various military operations in Indonesia . One of the largest amphibious military operations would have been Operation Jayawijaya in which thousands of marines were planned to land on Biak in 1963 as a part of the Trikora Campaign to take West Irian from Dutch control . The operation was aborted as a consequence deals preceding the New York Agreement . In 1999 a plan was proposed to expand the Kormar from its strength of 13 , 000 troops . Based on this plan , every Kormar ' s base would have three combat brigade s : the Infantry , Cavalry , and Artillery and would be supported by one Combat Support Regiment and one Administration Support Regiment . The expansion will create three Kormar bases : Surabaya for Eastern area command , Jakarta for Central area command , and Rate Island in Lampung for Western area command . Now the Indonesian Marine Corps has an estimated 29 , 000 troops in two Marine Forces ( PASMARs ) and one independent infantry marine regiment , when combined equal to one over - strength infantry division , which includes its own sizable mechanized amphibious and artillery units . Following a reorganisation introduced in March 2001 , the corps consisted of the 1st Marine Corps Group ( 1 , 3 , 5 Battalions ) at Surabaya , and the Independent Marine Corps Brigade ( 2 , 4 , 6 , Battalions ) at Jakarta . ( JDW 11 April 2001 ) . The 8th Bn was formed in January 2004 and the 9th Bn was due to be formed in April 2004 . They were planned to be part of a new group that would include the 7th Bn and support elements . ( JDW 18 February 2004 , p . 18 ) The same Jane ' s Defence Weekly story ( Robert Karniol , ' Indonesia Reinforces Marines ' ) said the Marine Corps leadership is reported to have ambitions for the service to expand to at least two full divisions . However it was reported that the army was opposed , ' perhaps reflecting it ' s leadership ' s concern over influence . ' Organization . 2 Marine Forces plus one independent brigade ( forming as part of Ten Year Defence Plan 2004 - 13 ) Marine Commandos . Officially known as Battalion Intai Amfibi ( Taifib ) , ( Amphibious Recon Battalion ) formerly the " Kompi Intai Para Amphibi " ( KIPAM ) , they were officially formed on 18 March 1961 as marine commandos . Set at battalion strength it was first used in the Irian Jaya in April 1962 . Starting from November 1971 it was called Batalyon Intai Amphibi ( Yon Taifib ) or Amphibious Recon Battalion . All applicants must be active marine soldiers who have served for at least 2 years and are willing to undergo seven months of grueling selection and commando training course . Training includes one month of airborne training course . Today , one battalion is stationed in Jakarta and Surabaya marine bases each , while the remainder is stationed at the Amphibious Recon Battalion training facility at Surabaya .
Simulation - based acquisition The Director for Test Systems Engineering and Evaluation ( DTSE & E ) , which was disestablished by US Secretary of Defense on 7 June 1999 and part of its functions are now with the Director , Operational Test and Evaluation ( DOT & E ) , commissioned in 1995 a one year study completed in 1996 to assess the effectiveness of the use of M & S in the weapon systems acquisition and support processes . The DTSE & E study developed a new approach to acquisition which is called simulation - based acquisition ( SBA ) . Ellen M . Purdy , action officer within Office of the Assistant Secretary of the Army for Research , Development and Acquisition ( ASA - RDA ) , was one of several people who analyzed Dr . Sanders ' strategy and realized the significant effect such an approach would have on acquisition .
Battle of Arkinholm The Battle of Arkinholm was fought on May 1 , 1455 , at Arkinholm near Langholm in Scotland , during the reign of King James II of Scotland . Although a small action , involving only a few hundred troops , it was the decisive battle in a civil war between the king and the Black Douglases , the most powerful aristocratic family in the country . As the king ' s supporters won it was a significant step in the struggle to establish a relatively strong centralised monarchy in Scotland during the Late Middle Ages . The Black Douglases had already suffered some losses before the battle . The king ' s supporters had taken their castle at Abercorn , and some allies such as the Hamiltons had defected . The head of the family , James Douglas , 9th Earl of Douglas , had gone to England to rally support , but his three younger brothers were at the battle . There is some uncertainty about the leadership of the royal army . By some accounts it was led by George Douglas , 4th Earl of Angus , head of the Red Douglas family , a senior aristocrat , and third cousin to the Earl of Douglas . However other accounts describe it as a force of local Border families , Johnstone s , Maxwell s , and Scott s , who had previously been dominated by the Black Douglases but now rebelled against them , led by the Laird John Johnstone of Johnstone in Annandale , who succeeded his father 1455 . Of the three Douglas brothers : Archibald Douglas , Earl of Moray was killed in the battle and his head presented to the king , Hugh Douglas , Earl of Ormonde was captured and executed shortly afterwards , and John Douglas , Lord of Balvenie escaped to England . Shortly after the battle the Black Douglases were attainted , the last few castles held by them fell , and they ceased to be a serious force in Scotland . Aftermath . After the battle the Douglas , Earl of Angus ( Red Douglas ) was awarded the Douglas Lordship of the Black Douglas , along with the original possessions of his ancestors in Douglasdale .
USS Owaissa ( SP - 659 ) USS " Owaissa " ( SP - 659 ) was a United States Navy patrol vessel in commission from 1917 to 1919 . " Owaissa " was built as the private motorboat " Marie " by the New York Yacht , Launch & Engine Company at Morris Heights in the Bronx , New York , in 1912 . She later was renamed " Owaissa " . On 11 July 1917 , the U . S . Navy acquired " Owaissa " under a free lease from her owner , E . B . Dickerson , for use as a section patrol boat during World War I . She was commissioned as USS " Owaissa " ( SP - 659 ) on 6 November 1917 . Assigned to the 1st Naval District in northern New England , " Owaissa " carried out patrol duties for the rest of World War I . She initially patrolled around Woods Hole , Massachusetts , speaking to various vessels to determine their identities . She spent the summer of 1918 on outward patrol , working with the patrol boats USS " Patrol No . 6 " ( SP - 54 ) , USS " Rhebal " ( SP - 1195 ) , and USS " Felicia " ( SP - 642 ) , the submarine chaser , and a patrol boat with the section patrol number SP - 50 of which no records have been found . In August 1918 " Owaissa " began to patrol Vineyard Sound . In December 1918 , " Owaissa " proceeded to Newport , Rhode Island , then moved on to the New York Yacht Club dock . After decommissioning at the Material Section Dock , she was returned to Dickerson on 3 January 1919 .
Skoda Model 1928 Gun The Skoda Model 1928 Gun was a Czechoslovak long - range , dual - purpose cannon designed for the attack of static fortifications and coastal defence duties . About 20 were bought by Yugoslavia and possibly more by Romania , although this latter has not been confirmed from Romanian sources . Guns captured by Nazi Germany after the Invasion of Yugoslavia were used by the Heer as the 15 cm Kanone 403 ( j ) . It was tested by the Czechs as the 15 cm kanon NOa , but was not purchased . The gun was mounted on a metal firing platform to give it 360° traverse . It was transported in three loads .
Aguadulce Army Airfield Aguadulce Army Airfield ( also known as Airdrome Aguadulce ) is a former United States Army Air Forces World War II airfield in Panama used as part of the defense of the Panama Canal . It was closed on 1 March 1948 . Established on 1 April 1941 , Aguadulce Airfield ' s mission was to defend the Panama Canal . Most of its operational history was that of an auxiliary airfield , hosting fighter squadrons . Training of South American air force personnel was also conducted at the field . Wartime units assigned were : With the end of World War II Aguadulce was reduced in scope , with only a skeleton staff . It was closed on 1 March 1948 due to budget reductions . For several years , it was used as a civil airport , but was later closed ; today the airfield is abandoned , with the runway still visible but in poor condition .
German submarine U - 344 German submarine " U - 344 " was a Type VIIC U - boat of the Nazi German " Kriegsmarine " during World War II . She was a member of two wolfpack s . She was on her third patrol when she was sunk by a British aircraft in August 1944 . She sank one warship . Service history . The submarine was laid down on 7 May 1941 at the Nordseewerke yard at Emden as ' werk ' 216 , launched on 29 January 1943 and commissioned on 26 March under the command of " Kapitänleutnant " Ulrich Pietsch . " U - 342 " served with the 8th U - boat Flotilla , for training and the 3rd flotilla for operations from 1 April 1944 . She was reassigned to the 11th flotilla on 1 June 1944 . 1st patrol . " U - 344 " had sailed from Kiel in Germany to Flekkefjord ( west of Kristiansand ) and then Bergen in Norway in April and May 1944 , but her first patrol began when she departed Bergen on 20 May and followed the Norwegian coastline . She arrived at Narvik on the 27th . 2nd patrol . Her second foray involved criss - crossing the Norwegian Sea . At one point she passed east of Jan Mayen Island . She arrived at Bogenbucht ( west of Narvik ) on 8 July 1944 . 3rd patrol and loss . Having departed Bogenbucht on 3 August 1944 , she sank the British sloop HMS " Kite " in the Barents Sea on the 21st . Of 226 crew , nine men survived the icy water . The next day , a British Fairey Swordfish of 825 Naval Air Squadron from HMS " Vindex " , dropped a pattern of depth charge s on the U - boat . Fifty men died in the sinking ; there were no survivors . Previously recorded fate . " U - 344 " was thought to have been sunk on 24 August 1944 in the Barents Sea off the North Cape by British warships : i . e . the sloop s HMS " Mermaid " and " Peacock " , the frigate " Loch Dunvegan " and the destroyer " Keppel " . " U - 354 " was the victim .
While England Slept While England Slept is a 1938 non - fiction book written by Winston Churchill . It highlighted the United Kingdom ' s lack of military preparation to face the threat of Nazi Germany ' s expansion . It attacked the current policies of the UK government , led by his fellow Conservative Neville Chamberlain . It had the effect of galvanising many of his supporters , and built up public opposition to the Munich Agreement . John F . Kennedy was inspired by the book ' s title when publishing his thesis , which he wrote during his senior year at Harvard University , and in which he examined the reasons for the UK ' s lack of preparation . Originally titled " " Appeasement in Munich " , " it was titled " " Why England Slept " " upon its 1940 publication .