naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Edwin Campion Vaughan Edwin Stephen Campion Vaughan MC ( 30 November 1897 – 8 June 1931 ) was a British Army officer in the First World War whose diary later became a well - known book . Early life . He was born at Forest Gate of a large Roman Catholic family and educated at the Jesuit College of St . Ignatius , Stamford Hill . First World War . In 1915 , he joined the Artists Rifles Officers ' Training Corps and was trained at Hare Hall camp , Gidea Park , Essex , at the same time as the poets Wilfred Owen and Edward Thomas , but there is no record of them having ever met . Vaughan was then commissioned into the Royal Warwickshire Regiment on 19 June 1916 as a Second Lieutenant and sailed for France in January 1917 . A fellow officer named Syd Pepper , who had seen action during the Battle of the Somme in 1916 , had convinced Vaughan to join the 1 / 8th battalion of the regiment and he acquired the sole remaining vacancy . During the Battle of Passchendaele ( also known as the Third Battle of Ypres ) in August and September 1917 he kept a diary of his experiences with trench warfare . He was temporary Captain of his Company for a very short time ( a few hours ) while his commanding officer was wounded , until a new Company commander came up to the line . Vaughan was promoted to permanent rank of Captain in October 1917 and he later fought in the Italian campaign . In 1918 he returned to France where as a result of his actions in capturing the a bridge over the Sambre Canal , Vaughan was decorated with the Military Cross . Post War . After the war , he tried to settle down in a civilian life , without much success . In 1920 he transferred to a Territorial Army battalion of the Essex Regiment . In 1922 he was commissioned into the Royal Air Force , qualifying as a pilot . He achieved the rank of Flight Lieutenant in 1928 , but was retired due to ill health . He died in hospital in 1931 , the victim of a doctor ' s error in the administration of drugs , accidentally given cocaine instead of Procaine ( Novocaine ) . He left a widow and four children . Diary . After E . C . Vaughan ’ s death in 1931 , one of his brothers hid the diary away in a cupboard , which is where it was found four decades later . The diary was published in 1981 . Writing in the " Wall Street Journal " in 2006 , James J . Cramer cites " Some Desperate Glory " as one of the five best books on war : “ Vaughan describes the screams of the wounded who had sought refuge in the freshly gouged holes only to find themselves slowly drowning as rain fell and the water level rose . A relentlessly stark account of the war ' s bloodiest , most futile battle . ” Vaughan ended his diary on 28 August , reflecting on the futility of Ypres with : " So this was the end of ' D ' Company . Feeling sick and lonely , I returned to my tent to write out my casualty report ; but instead I sat on the floor and drank whisky after whisky as I gazed into a black and empty future . "
Unit 516 Unit 516 ( 第五一六部隊 ) was a top secret Japanese chemical weapon s facility , operated by the Kempeitai , in Qiqihar , Manchukuo . The name Unit 516 was a code name ( Tsūshōgō ) of the Unit . It was officially called the Kwantung Army Chemical Weapons Section and operated underneath Unit 731 . An estimated 700 , 000 ( Japanese estimation ) to 2 , 000 , 000 ( Chinese estimation ) Japanese - produced chemical weapons were buried in China . Until 1995 , Japan had refused to acknowledge that it dumped chemical weapons in the Yen River in Manchuria , leaving huge amounts behind . Chemical weapons . At the end of World War II , the Imperial Japanese Army buried some of their chemical weapons in China , but most were confiscated by Soviet Red Army , the People ' s Liberation Army and the Kuomintang Army , along with other weapons . The Soviet Union later handed over these weapons to China ( ROC ) , who then buried them . Japanese chemical weapons were later found mixed with Soviet and Chinese chemical weapons . The Japanese National Institute for Defense Studies has a record of Japanese weapons confiscated by Kuomintang Army along with a list of the types of chemical weapons . No confiscation records about ROC / Russia have been found . However , no country has records about the locations of the buried chemical weapons . China has started gathering these abandoned weapons for destruction and burial , and they are currently buried in remote Dunhua County , in Haerbaling , Jilin ( 吉林 ) province . The Chemical Weapons Convention . One of the focuses of the Chemical Weapons Convention was to assign responsibility for the destruction of old chemical weapons in China . The Convention was signed in 1993 and according to it , all chemical weapons created after 1925 must be destroyed by the originating - country . Under the convention , Japan is building a factory in China to destroy chemical weapons .
SOG Specialty Knives SOG Specialty Knives , Inc . ( commonly known as SOG ) is a U . S . knife and tool manufacturing company famous for their reproduction SOG Knife from the Vietnam era . SOG currently manufactures a variety of knives other than the original military inspired designs , many designed for everyday carry ( EDC ) . The company produces a line of multi - tool s History . The company was founded in 1986 by Spencer and Gloria Frazer and was inspired in its choice of name by the Joint Services Special Operations unit known as the Military Assistance Command , Vietnam Studies and Observations Group ( MACV - SOG ) who developed their own knife during the War in Vietnam . SOG Bowie . Making changes to the original design of the MACV SOG Fighter , like resin - impregnating the leather handle , utilizing thicker stock and new grind lines , Spencer and Gloria launched their product and company with a one - page , black and white ad in Soldier of Fortune Magazine of the S1 Bowie , a replica of the SOG Knife used by the SOG groups operating in South - East Asia . They also produced the SCUBA / Demo knife , which is a replica of one of the rarest military knives to date ( only 1 of the original 39 knives produced has survived till this day ) . Knives such as these and many of the SOG models produced prior to the shift of production from Seki , Japan to Taiwan are considered to be the best knives SOG had ever made . A second " maritime " version of the Bowie was made utilizing a black micarta handle and stainless steel blade known as the Trident . It was decorated with the US Navy SEAL emblem as opposed to the Special Forces Crest found on the Bowie . SEAL 2000 . SOG manufactures a knife used by the United States Navy SEALs dubbed the SEAL 2000 . The SOG SEAL 2000 is a 7 " bladed fixed blade knife with a rubber handle that was designed for the US Navy SEAL Knife trials in 1992 . Two SOG " Seal 2000 " knives were used in the 2001 Dartmouth College murders . Scabbards left at the scene were crucial in tracing the killers . Use Today . SOG Specialty Knives manufactures an array of tools available for military personnel and casual outdoor users . SOG also makes several other military style knives including a tactical switchblade which is only available to military / law enforcement personnel . SOG has developed fixed blade knives for survival and outdoors such as the Tech Bowie as well as folding knives , many of which feature assisted opening technology such as the Aegis , Twitch and Trident . SOG also manufactures multi - tool s including the Paratool , PowerLock , and PowerAssist . Many of SOG ' s folding knives and multi - tools are made or assembled in the USA , with the higher priced folders and fixed blades being made in Seki , Japan . Some of SOG ' s lesser priced tools , such as the Fusion line are manufactured in Taiwan or China .
William Anderson ( Pennsylvania ) William Anderson ( 1762 – December 16 , 1829 ) was a member of the U . S . House of Representatives from Pennsylvania . William Anderson was born in Accomack County , Virginia , in 1762 . Married to Elizabeth Dixon . During the Revolutionary War , he joined the Continental Army at the age of fifteen and served until the end of the war . He was a major on the staff of General Lafayette and distinguished himself at Germantown and Yorktown . He was engaged in the hotel business as landlord of the Columbia House in Chester , Pennsylvania , in 1796 . He served as county auditor in 1804 and county director of the poor in 1805 . He was a Jeffersonian democrat and held many public offices . Anderson was elected as a Democratic - Republican to the Eleventh , Twelfth , and Thirteenth Congresses . He was elected to the Fifteenth Congress . He was appointed an associate judge of the county court on January 5 , 1826 , and resigned in 1828 to become an inspector of customs in Philadelphia . He served until his death in Chester in 1829 . Interment in Old St . Paul ’ s Cemetery .
4620th Air Defense Wing The 4620th Air Defense Wing ( Air Def Wg ) is a discontinued wing of the United States Air Force . Its last assignment was with Air Defense Command ( ADC ) at Santa Monica , California , where it was discontinued in 1961 . The wing was organized in 1955 to insure that the Semi - Automatic Ground Environment ( SAGE ) air defense system , was compatible with ADC ' s operational requirements . It also performed operational testing and training on SAGE and earlier systems . Once SAGE started to become operational , the need for the wing no longer existed and it was discontinued , although one of its subordinate groups continued the SAGE training mission until 1962 . History . The 4620th Air Defense Wing was established to implement the Semi - Automatic Ground Environment ( SAGE ) air defense system , a system of analog computer - equipped direction centers that could process information from ground radar s , picket ship s and ground observers onto a generated radar scope to create a composite picture of the emerging air battle . The wing was responsible to insure that SAGE computer systems were based on approved operational concepts for air defense and provided guidance to operational units concerning the implementation , installation , testing , and utilization of SAGE computer programs . Until December 1958 , the wing also provided training on the existing manual air defense control systems that were being replaced by SAGE . The 4620th was originally located with MIT ' s Lincoln Laboratories , which had developed the SAGE system , to permit close coordination with the organization developing SAGE . In 1957 , the 4620th Air Defense Group was organized at Richards - Gebaur AFB , MO to manage programming and training for the SAGE system and was assigned to the wing . The wing moved to Santa Monica , CA in 1958 . Anticipating the wing move to Santa Monica , the 4620th Group was reassigned directly to ADC . On 15 September the 4620th Group was renumbered as the 4606th Air Defense Group , and continued with that designation until discontinued on 25 June 1962 . The wing prepared the operational employment plan for integration of IM - 99 Bomarc surface - to - air missile s into the SAGE system . Preceded by extensive planning and testing of almost three years , the first SAGE air defense sector ( New York ) became operational on June 26 , 1958 . The first SAGE division ( New York ) became operational on January 1 , 1959 . As the SAGE system was becoming fully operational in 1961 , the 4620th Wing had completed its mission and was discontinued . References . Bibliography . Further Reading
Fort Umpqua Fort Umpqua was a trading post built by the Hudson ' s Bay Company in the company ' s Columbia District ( or Oregon Country ) , in what is now the U . S . state of Oregon . It was first established in 1832 and moved and rebuilt in 1836 . Fort Umpqua was first established in 1832 at the confluence of Calapooya Creek and the Umpqua River . In 1836 it was moved and rebuilt on the south bank of the Umpqua River near the mouth of Elk Creek , at present - day Elkton , Oregon . The fort was intended to serve company ' s fur trade operations along the Umpqua River , Rogue River , and Klamath River . The United States Exploring Expedition under Charles Wilkes visited Fort Umpqua in 1841 . On November 15 , 1851 , a fire destroyed Fort Umpqua . In 1854 the post was closed for good . Second Fort Umpqua . Another Fort Umpqua was established later , in 1856 at the end of the 1855 – 1856 Rogue River War . It was located on the north bank of the Umpqua River about two miles from its mouth , near Gardiner , Oregon . Its structures including a blockhouse and barracks was built from salvaged material from Fort Orford . Troops from the District of California continued to be stationed here until conflict with Native American tribes subsided . The fort was abandoned in 1862 . The old blockhouse and soldiers ' barracks were later moved into town as a memorial . The USGS lists two historic locations , attributed to Lewis , A . and Lewis L . McArthur in " Oregon Geographic Names " .
Air Force Legal Operations Agency The Air Force Legal Operations Agency ( AFLOA ) includes all senior defense counsel , senior trial counsel , and appellate defense and government counsel in the Air Force , as well as all Air Force civil litigators defending the Air Force against civil law suits claiming damages and seeking other remedies in contracts , environmental , labor , and tort litigation . The agency includes numerous field support centers to include Tort Claim , Environmental Law , Labor Law , Commercial Litigation , Contract Law , Medical Law , and Accident Investigation Board . It also includes the utility litigation team , the Medical Cost Reimbursement program , and the Air Force Claims Service Center . The agency also includes the Judge Advocate General ’ s school and the Information Systems Directorate . This provides information technology services to worldwide Air Force legal offices and provides federal legal information technology through Federal Legal Information Technology and electronics services to legal offices throughout the Department of Defense . AFLOA has offices worldwide at more than 76 locations and consists of 426 military and civilian attorney s and 405 military and civilian paralegal s and support personnel .
John S . Lanning John S . Lanning ( August 29 , 1843 – April 13 , 1907 ) was a Union Navy sailor and a Medal of Honor recipient for his actions in the American Civil War . He served under the name John S . Lann . Born on August 29 , 1843 , in Rochester , New York , Lanning joined the Navy from that state . By March 5 , 1865 , he was serving as a landsman on the . On that day and the next , he accompanied a Union Army force during the Battle of Natural Bridge near St . Marks , Florida . He helped transport and fire a naval howitzer throughout the engagement despite heavy Confederate fire . For this action , he was awarded the Medal of Honor three months later , on June 22 , 1865 . The medal was issued under the name he had enlisted with , John S . Lann . He was one of six sailors to receive the medal for manning artillery pieces during the battle , the others being Seaman John Mack , Seaman George Pyne , Ordinary Seaman Charles Read , Coxswain George Schutt , and Seaman Thomas Smith . Lanning ' s official Medal of Honor citation reads : As landsman on board the U . S . S . " Magnolia " , St . Marks , Fla . , 5 and 6 March , Lann served with the Army in charge of Navy howitzers during the attack on St . Marks and throughout this fierce engagement made remarkable efforts in assisting transport of the gun . His coolness and determination in standing by his gun while under the fire of the enemy were a credit to the service to which he belonged .
Estnische Schutzmannschafts Abteilung 33 Estnische Schutzmannschafts Abteilung 33 was an Estonian unit of the German Ordnungspolizei in World War II . It was formed in Tartu and Viljandi during the winter 1941 - 1942 . Battalion had a brass band , but it was taken to the 36th Estonian Police Battalion in 1942 . In the January 1942 , the battalion was taken to the Leningrad front without training . In the spring of 1942 the battalion was reinforced with 200 men . In December 1942 the battalion returned to Estonia and it was given holidays in Pärnu . After it the battalion was taken to Tartu , where it was disbanded . Volunteers went to the Estonian Legion , other men were sent to Police Battalion 32 , 35 or 287 . At the same time a new battalion was formed with the same number . It consisted men from Selbstschutz ( former Forest Brothers ) companies of Valga , Antsla , Võru and Petseri . Battalion was divided into three companies : Battalion ' s size was now 381 men . It was used as a guard under the German 11th Infantry Division . Despite that battalion ' s role was only guard , it was installed in the January 1944 to the positions near Mehikoorma ashore of Peipsi lake . It participated in February in defeating of Russian landing in Meerapalu region . At June 1944 the battalion was taken to rear and disbanded , the men were sent to battalions 37 , 38 and 40 .
Vickers E . F . B . 8 The Vickers E . F . B . 8 was a prototype British twin - engined fighter of the First World War . It was abandoned after only one aircraft was built , single - engined fighters being considered to have superior manoeuvrability . Development and design . In autumn 1915 , as well as the big , cannon armed , Vickers E . F . B . 7 , Vickers were working on the design of a second twin - engined fighter , the E . F . B . 8 ( Experimental Fighting Biplane No . 8 ) . This design , which was assigned to Rex Pierson was for a smaller , machine gun armed fighter . With twice the power of Vickers ' single - engined pusher Vickers F . B . 5 Gunbus , which , while possessing an effective armament , was far too slow , the E . F . B . 8 was hoped to have adequate performance . Like the E . F . B . 7 , the E . F . B . 8 was a two - bay biplane with a steel - tube structure with plywood and fabic covering , and powered by two tractor Gnome Monosoupape rotary engines mounted between the wings . It was however , much more compact , with a wingspan less and 500 lb ( 230 kg ) lighter . The gunner , armed with a single Lewis gun was sat in the nose , while the pilot again like the E . F . B . 7 . sat under the trailing edge of the wings , remote from the gunner and hindering co - operation between them in battle . The E . F . B . 8 flew in November 1915 , demonstrating good performance , being the fastest twin - engined aircraft of 1915 , although not as good as expected . It was not considered manoeuvrable enough for use as a fighter , and with the prospect of better performing single - engined fighters with synchronised guns , was rejected for production . The experience designing it proved useful to Pierson , however , when two years later , he came to develop the Vickers Vimy bomber , much larger but of similar layout .
Frank Schuchart Frank Schuchart served in the United States Army during World War I . He was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross for his actions on August 30 , 1918 and November 8 , 1918 , the latter of which took place during the Meuse - Argonne Offensive . His award citation reads : " The President of the United States of America , authorized by Act of Congress , July 9 , 1918 , takes pleasure in presenting the Distinguished Service Cross to Private Frank Schuchart ( ASN : 2057101 ) , United States Army , for extraordinary heroism in action while serving with Company L , 128th Infantry Regiment , 32d Division , A . E . F . , near Juvigny , France , 30 August 1918 , and in the Argonne Forest , France , 8 November 1918 . During the attack near Juvigny , Private Schuchart , while acting as runner , repeatedly exposed himself to severe enemy artillery and machine - gun fire . After the attack he voluntarily joined in the work of clearing the field of wounded under heavy enemy fire . On 8 November while carrying an important message he was severely wounded in the left leg . He stopped in a shell hole , dressed the wound himself , proceeded to deliver the message and did not report for treatment . " Schuchart was born in Liberty , Wisconsin . His home of record was Belmont , Wisconsin .
Charron - Girardot - Voigt 1902 The Charron - Girardot - Voigt 1902 was a French armoured car ( French : " Automitrailleuse blindée " ) developed in 1902 by the company Charron Girardot & Voigt . It was equipped with a Hotchkiss machine gun , and with 7 mm armour for the gunner . The first fully armoured car was designed by the Georgian engineer Mikheil Nakashidze . His design for a machine gun armed vehicle with 4 - 8mm of armour , combat weight of 3 , 000 kg , and a road speed of 50 km / hour was accepted by the Russian War Ministry for service with the Russian Army . However , as no Russian plant was considered capable of producing the vehicle , manufacture was subcontracted to the French company Charron , Girardot , and Voigt . The new machine was presented at the " Salon de l ' Automobile et du cycle " in Brussels , starting 8 March 1902 .
German submarine U - 179 German submarine " U - 179 " was a Type IXD2 U - boat of the Nazi German " Kriegsmarine " built for service during World War II . Ordered on 28 May 1940 , the U - boat was laid down on 15 January 1941 at the AG Weser yard in Bremen as ' werk ' 1019 , launched on 18 November , and commissioned on 7 March 1942 , under the command of " Korvettenkapitän " Ernst Sobe . 1st patrol and loss . " U - 178 " sailed from Kiel on 8 September 1942 into the Atlantic , passing north of Scotland and then turned southwest through the ' gap ' between Iceland and the Faroe Islands . She headed south for the waters around Cape Town . She made her only kill on 8 October , sinking the unescorted . All but one of the 99 crewmen survived . The survivors managed to recover a cat from the wreckage after the sinking . The boat was sunk by depth charge s from the British destroyer HMS " Active " west southwest of Cape Town in South Africa on 8 October 1942 . Sixty - one men died , there were no survivors .
Åke Henriksson Tott Åke Henriksson Tott ( or Achatius Tott ) ( 1598 – 1640 ) was a Swedish soldier and politician . He was born in Lohja to Princess Sigrid of Sweden . He was appointed Privy Councilor in 1630 , and Field Marshal in 1631 . In the Thirty Years ' War ( 1618 – 1648 ) , he commanded troops at the Battle of Grubin , in 1627 and the Battle of Breitenfeld , in 1631 . King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden is said to have called him " the snow plow , who is going to clear the path for the rest " . He married Sigrid Bielke ( 1607 – 1634 ) , and fathered Clas Åkesson Tott the younger , and Åke Henrik Åkesson Tott .