naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Volkov - Yartsev VYa - 23 Volkov - Yartsev VYa - 23 ( Волков - Ярцев ВЯ - 23 ) is a autocannon used on Soviet aircraft during World War II . Development . In 1940 , A . A . Volkov and S . A . Yartsev created an autocannon called TKB - 201 for the new 23 mm round . It was intended to be the primary weapon of the Ilyushin Il - 2 ground attack aircraft . The original intention was to create a gun capable of penetrating German tank armour . Due to unavailability of Il - 2 , the first airborne testing was performed using a German Messerschmitt Bf 110 heavy fighter . After testing on Il - 2 in 1941 , TKB - 201 was accepted into service as VYa - 23 . A total of 64 , 655 VYa - 23 were built . Description . The VYa - 23 is a gas - operated belt - fed autocannon with a rate of fire of 600 rounds per minute - a high rate of fire for the caliber at the time . The gun was 2 . 140 metres long , and weighed 68 kg . Its main disadvantages are powerful recoil and very abrupt functioning of the firing and reloading mechanisms which decreased service life and often caused jamming that could not be fixed in mid - air . According to an US intelligence report , the VYa - 23 used an upscaled version of the Berezin UB mechanism . Ammunition . A powerful new 23x152B cartridge was specifically developed for the VYa . The same caliber was later used also in the post - war towed ZU - 23 and self - propelled ZSU - 23 - 4 23mm AA guns . The later AA guns ammo differs in loading and primer however , and are thus not interchangeable with the post - war AA gun ammunition . The ammunition is externally easily recognizable : VYa ammunition has brass cases , while post - war AA ammunition has steel cases . The ammunition for VYa consisted of fragmentation - incendiary , fragmentation - incendiary - tracer , and armor piercing - incendiary rounds . The total weight and filling of HE rounds were more than twice that of the 20 mm ammunition used by the ShVAK and Berezin B - 20 cannons . The armor - piercing round could penetrate 25 mm ( 1 in ) of armor at 400 m ( 1 , 300 ft ) . The main characteristics of VYa ammunition according to Christian Koll ' s Russian Ammunition site are listed in the table below : Production . A total of 64 , 655 VYa - 23 were produced . Soviet archives give the following known production numbers by year : Service . The VYa - 23 cannon was mounted on Il - 2 and Il - 10 ground attack aircraft on Yak - 9 fighter aircraft and on the experimental Mikoyan - Gurevich DIS long range fighter aircraft . In spite of the large round , the VYa - 23 proved to be a disappointment in its intended anti - tank role . Light German tanks could be defeated from the side or rear only , with front armor of all tanks impervious . Medium tanks could be defeated if hit into the top of the turret or the engine compartment from under 400 m ( 1 , 300 ft ) in a greater than 40 - degree dive — a very difficult maneuvre in Il - 2 even under the most ideal conditions compounded by the difficulty of aiming at a small target . See also . Related developments : Similar weapons :
SS Empire Arnold Empire Arnold was a 7 , 045 ton cargo ship which was built in 1942 for the Ministry of War Transport . Launched in March and completed in May , she was torpedoed by " U - 155 on 4 August 1942 . History . " Empire Arnold " was built by William Gray & Co . Ltd . , West Hartlepool . She was yard number 1127 and launched on 6 March 1942 and completed in May 1942 . " Empire Arnold " was built for the Ministry of War Transport and managed by Sir R Ropner & Co Ltd . " Empire Arnold " was a member of Convoy ON 99 , which sailed from Liverpool on 29 May 1942 and arrived in Boston on 12 June . " Empire Arnold " was in ballast for this journey . On 11 June , " Empire Arnold " lost the convoy in thick fog at 05 : 30 , regaining the convoy at 17 : 00 . Sinking . On 4 August 1942 , " Empire Arnold " was a member of Convoy EF 6 , which was sailing from New York via Trinidad and Cape Town and then through the Suez Canal to Alexandria . She was carrying 10 , 000 tons of cargo including aircraft and tank s . At 16 : 15 hrs CET , " Empire Arnold " was torpedoed and sunk at in the Atlantic off the South American coast ( ) by " U - 155 " , captained by Adolf Piening . Nine crew members were killed and the captain , Frederick Tate , was taken prisoner . The 49 surviving crew members and two passengers were rescued by the Norwegian ship SS " Dalvanger " . They were landed in Georgetown , British Guiana on 14 August . Tate was landed at Lorient on 15 September and interned at Milag Nord POW camp , Westertimke . During his time as a POW , Tate was a signatory to a document praising the Pilots of the Panama Canal system for their efficiency , courtesy and reliability in assisting ships passing through the canal . Those lost on " Empire Arnold " are commemorated at the Tower Hill Memorial , London . Official number and code letters . Official Numbers were a forerunner to IMO Numbers . " Empire Arnold " had the UK Official Number 168939 and used the Code Letters BDSV .
Hail and Farewell Hail and Farewell ( a translation of " ave atque vale " , last words of the poem Catullus 101 ) is a traditional military event whereby those coming to and departing from an organization are celebrated . This may coincide with a change in command , be scheduled on an annual basis , or be prompted by any momentous organizational change . It is a time to honor those who have departed the unit and thank them for their service . At the same time it is a welcome to those who are joining and introduces them to the special history and traditions of their new organization . This celebration builds organizational camaraderie and esprit de corps . It supports a sense of continuity through change . United States . For the United States Army , a Hail and Farewell is most often celebrated at a formal dining in when there is a change in command . This provides the unit with a formal setting in which to welcome the new commander and honor the old commander . Some units may elect a less formal Dining Out in which family member and other non - military guests are encouraged to take place in the unit change . There are no official requirements outlined by the United States Army to have a Hail and Farewell celebration . It is up to each unit to carry out this tradition as they see fit . The United States Navy , on the other hand , has specified that by custom the ship ' s officers must give a formal dinner when their new captain arrives . There may also be a formal dinner for the departing captain and these may be combined into one formal Hail and Farewell dinner .
USS Fortitude ( AMc - 81 ) USS " Fortitude " ( AMc - 81 ) was an " Accentor " - class coastal minesweeper acquired by the U . S . Navy for the task of removing mines from minefields laid in the water to prevent ships from passing . World War II service . " Fortitude " was constructed as an " Accentor " class coastal minesweeper just prior to World War II . She was assigned as USS " Fortitude " ( AMc - 81 ) on 17 May 1941 . Reclassified as a dive tender . However , on 20 April 1942 , prior to completion as a coastal minesweeper , she was reclassified USS " YDT - 2 " , a dive tender , and the name “ " Fortitude " ” was canceled . Deactivation . No data available . Fate unknown .
9th Communication Battalion 9th Communication Battalion ( 9th Comm ) is a communications battalion in the United States Marine Corps . It is part of the I Marine Expeditionary Force ( I MEF ) and is headquartered at Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton , California . History . Early years . 9th Communication Battalion was activated 1 June 1966 at the Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center Twentynine Palms , California . They were assigned to Force Troops , Fleet Marine Force Pacific in July 1967 . The unit was reduced to zero strength and deactivated 15 October 1974 . The Communication Support Company was activated 16 October 1974 but quickly deactivated 30 November 1976 1980s & 1990s . 1 December 1982 : Communication Company ( Reinforced ) , 9th Communication Battalion redesignated at Camp Pendleton , California , as the 9th Communication Battalion , Fleet Marine Force January 1984 : Reassigned to I Marine Amphibious Force 5 February 1988 : I Marine Amphibious Force redesignated as I Marine Expeditionary Force July 1989 : Reassigned to 1st Surveillance , Reconnaissance , and Intelligence Group , I Marine Expeditionary Force August 1990 - March 1991 : Operation Desert Shield and Desert Storm , Southwest Asia December 1992 - April 1993 : Operation Restore Hope , Somalia Reassigned during June 1998 to I Marine Expeditionary Force Headquarters Group Global War on Terror . 9th Comm has made four , year long deployments in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom OIF . They deployed to Kuwait in late 2002 and subsequently took part in the 2003 invasion of Iraq . After that they have spent year long deployments for OIF during 2004 , 2006 and 2008 . Unit awards . A unit citation or commendation is an award bestowed upon an organization for the action cited . Members of the unit who participated in said actions are allowed to wear on their uniforms the awarded unit citation . 9th Comm has been presented with the following awards :
Josephus S . Cecil Josephus Samuel Cecil ( January 11 , 1878 to August 20 , 1940 ) was a United States Army officer who received the Medal of Honor for his actions during the Philippine - American War . Cecil was a Mustang who had previously served as an non - commissioned officer during the Spanish - American War . He retired with the rank of Colonel . Medal of Honor citation . Rank and Organization : First Lieutenant , 19th U . S . Infantry . Place and Date : At Bud - Dajo , Jolo , Philippine Islands , March 7 , 1906 . Entered Service At : New River , Tenn . Birth : New River , Tenn . Date of Issue : Unknown . Citation : While at the head of the column about to assault the first cotta under a superior fire at short range personally carried to a sheltered position a wounded man and the body of one who was killed beside him .
Alexander Boswell ( British Army officer ) Lieutenant General Sir Alexander Crawford Simpson Boswell ( born 1928 ) is a former British Army officer . He joined the Army as junior officer in the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders shortly after the Second World War , and after a series of regimental and staff postings was second - in - command of his battalion during the Indonesia – Malaysia confrontation . He later commanded a battalion , then an infantry brigade , before taking command of 2nd Armoured Division in 1978 . He was later the General Officer Commanding in Scotland and Lieutenant Governor of Guernsey before retiring in 1990 . Military career . After an education at Merchiston Castle School and the Royal Military Academy , Sandhurst , Boswell was commissioned into the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders in 1948 . He remained with his regiment until 1959 , when he attended the Staff College , Camberley , and on completion of the course in 1960 was posted to the Berlin Brigade as a military assistant to the commanding officer . In 1962 he returned to his battalion as a company commander , later second - in - command , and was mentioned in despatches for his services in Borneo during the Indonesia – Malaysia confrontation . Following Borneo he spent four years on the staff of the Staff College , Camberley , before rejoining his battalion in 1968 as the commanding officer , a posting he held until 1971 . He then served on the general staff for a year before taking up the command of 39th Infantry Brigade in 1972 . 39th Brigade was one of the units permanently stationed in Northern Ireland during the Troubles , and for his work there Boswell was appointed CBE in 1974 . In 1974 he was appointed chief of staff to I ( British ) Corps in Germany , then posted to Canada , before becoming General Officer Commanding 2nd Armoured Division in 1978 . He held divisional command until 1980 , when he was appointed Director of the Territorial Army and of Cadets . In 1982 he was appointed the General Officer Commanding in Scotland and Governor of Edinburgh Castle , then in 1985 Lieutenant Governor of Guernsey , before retiring in 1990 . From 1972 to 1982 he was the ceremonial colonel of the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders , and from 1982 to 1986 the colonel commandant of the Scottish Division . In 1993 he was appointed a deputy lieutenant for East Lothian . Notes .
Kurt Bajorat Kurt Bajorat ( 2 December 1922 – 15 January 1945 ) was a highly decorated Unteroffizier in the Wehrmacht during World War II . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . Kurt Bajorat was killed on 15 January 1945 in Katenau - Ebenrode during the East Prussian Offensive .
USS Pinckney ( DDG - 91 ) USS " Pinckney " ( DDG - 91 ) is an " Arleigh Burke " - class destroyer in the United States Navy . She is named for Cook First Class William Pinckney ( 1915 – 1975 ) , who received the Navy Cross for his courageous rescue of a fellow crewmember on board " Enterprise " ( CV - 6 ) during the Battle of Santa Cruz . " Pinckney " was laid down on 16 July 2001 by Ingalls Shipbuilding , at Pascagoula , Mississippi ; launched on 26 June 2002 ; and commissioned on 29 May 2004 at Naval Construction Battalion Center Port Hueneme . As of 2010 , " Pinckney " is commanded by Commander Matthew M . McGonigle , homeported at NS San Diego , and assigned to Destroyer Squadron 23 . Ship history . USS " Pinckney " made her maiden deployment September 2005 . During this deployment , she made port visits to Guam , Singapore , Australia , Fiji and Hawaii . During this deployment , " Pinckney " became the first ever guided - missile destroyer to refuel and replenish the Mark Five ( MK V ) high - performance combatant craft . She returned home after five months underway on 24 February 2006 . On 16 February 2007 , " Pinckney " was awarded the 2006 Battle " E " award . " Pinckney " departed San Diego on 2 April 2007 along with for a 6 month deployment . She returned home on 30 September 2007 .
Benicia Arsenal The Benicia Arsenal ( 1851 – 1964 ) and Benicia Barracks ( 1852 – 66 ) were part of a large military reservation located next to Suisun Bay in Benicia , California . For over 100 years , the arsenal was the primary US Army Ordnance facility for the West Coast of the United States . In 1847 a parcel of land adjoining the Benicia city limits on the east was acquired for a military reserve . First occupation of the post was on April 9 , 1849 , when two companies of the 2nd Infantry Regiment set up camp to establish Benicia Barracks , which also housed the 3rd Artillery Regiment . In 1851 , after the urging of General Persifor F . Smith , the first Ordnance Supply Depot in the West was established in Benicia . In 1852 it was designated Benicia Arsenal . Notable military personnel who were stationed there during this time include Ulysses Grant , Edward Ord , and Joseph Hooker , among others . The grounds of the Benicia Arsenal are also famous for stabling the Army ' s one and only Camel Corps . The short - lived Camel Corps was disbanded in 1863 , but the Camel Barns , built in 1855 , remain and are now the Benicia Historical Museum . The Benicia Arsenal was a staging area during the Civil War for Union troops from the West , and the installation remained a garrisoned post until 1898 when troops were assigned to duty in the Philippines during the Spanish - American War . During World War I , the Benicia Arsenal gave ordnance support to all large Army installations in the Western States as well as supplying Ordnance material to American expeditionary forces in Siberia . In the 24 hours following the Pearl Harbor bombing , 125 separate truck convoys were loaded and dispatched from the Benicia Arsenal , leaving its stock of ammunition , small arms , and high explosives completely exhausted . Throughout the war , the arsenal supplied ports with weapons , artillery , parts , supplies , and tools . In addition , the arsenal overhauled 14 , 343 pairs of binoculars , manufactured 180 , 000 small items for tanks and weapons , and repaired approximately 70 , 000 watches . However , the arsenal is most famous for supplying munitions to Lieutenant Colonel Jimmy Doolittle for the first bombing raid on Tokyo on April 18 , 1942 , launched from the USS " Hornet " . Prior to 1940 , the arsenal employed 85 civilian employees ; by October 1942 , the payroll had reached 4 , 545 . The labor shortage in 1944 forced the arsenal commander to put 250 Italian and 400 German prisoners of war to work , alongside 150 juveniles from the California Youth Authority . Women comprised nearly half the civilian employee force . During the Korean War , the number of civilians reached an all - time high of 6 , 700 workers . The Benicia Arsenal was deactivated in 1963 , and the facility was closed in 1964 . The arsenal has been redeveloped as work and sales space for artists and artisans . Medal of Honor recipient John H . Foley is buried in the arsenal ' s cemetery .
Rumpler C . VIII The Rumpler C . VIII was a German single - engine biplane advanced trainer manufactured by Rumpler Flugzeugwerke , in Berlin Johannisthal in 1917 . Design and development . The C . VIII variant was developed with the intention of providing an operational trainer for aircrews nearing the end of their training with particular emphasis on the observers ' curriculum of gunnery , observation , radio and photography . The aircraft was close to standards applicable to full military operation but could also be operated economically . Operational history . A strategic need for improved and intensified training in connection with an ultimate offensive on the Western Front in March 1918 existed . To facilitate this higher standard of training , the C . VIII was introduced towards the end of 1917 with the Flieger Ersatz Abteilungen , i . e . Flying Training Units . aircraft . The aircraft remained in Finnish Air Force use until 1924 .
Battle of Dinwiddie Court House The Battle of Dinwiddie Court House was a minor engagement in the Appomattox Campaign of the American Civil War that was the immediate prelude to the Battle of Five Forks . Background . On March 29 , 1865 , with the Cavalry Corps and the II and V Corps of the Army of the Potomac , Maj . Gen . Philip Sheridan undertook a flank march to turn Gen . Robert E . Lee ' s Petersburg defenses . A steady downpour turned the roads to mud , slowing the advance . Battle . On March 31 , Maj . Gen . W . H . F . " Rooney " Lee ' s cavalry and Maj . Gen . George Pickett ' s infantry division met the Union vanguard north and northwest of Dinwiddie Court House and drove it back , collapsing the Union lines into a tight perimeter around the village , and temporarily stalling Sheridan ' s movement . With Union infantry approaching from the east , Pickett withdrew before daybreak to entrench at the vital road junction at Five Forks . Lee ordered Pickett to hold this intersection at all hazard . Preservation . The Dinwiddie County Court House was listed on the U . S . National Register of Historic Places in 1973 .
Johann - Heinrich Eckhardt Johann - Heinrich Eckhardt ( 3 December 1896 – 15 May 1945 ) was a highly decorated Generalleutnant in the Wehrmacht during World War II . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross and its higher grade Oak Leaves was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . Johann - Heinrich Eckhardt was captured by American troops on 8 May 1945 and died in custody on 15 May 1945 .
Imperial Japanese rations Imperial Japanese rations were the field ration s issued by Imperial Japan in World War II , and which reflected the culture of the Japanese military . Ration s had to be stout , durable , simple , sturdy and had to survive without refrigeration for long periods of time . Typically each ration was served in the field in tin boxes , and cooked near the battlefield . The rations issued by the Imperial Japanese Government , usually consisted of rice with barley , meat or fish , vegetables , pickled vegetables , umeboshi , shoyu sauce , miso or bean paste , and green tea . A typical field ration would have 1½ cups of rice , with barley . The reason why rice was issued with barley was to combat nutritional deficiencies such as beriberi . Typically ¼ cup of canned tuna , or sausages , and / or squid would be cooked from either captured locations or hunting in the nearby area . Preserved foods from Japan typically were issued sparingly . Other foods issued : 1 ¼ cups of canned cabbage , coconut , sweet potato , burdock , lotus root , taro , bean sprout s , peaches , mandarin orange s , lychee or beans . 3 teaspoons of pickled radish ( typically daikon ) , pickled cucumber , umeboshi , scallion s and ginger added flavor to the rations . Sometimes less than an ounce of dried seaweed , was issued for making sushi in the field , or beer and / or sake was issued to help boost morale .
Sharps Rifle Manufacturing Company Sharps Rifle Manufacturing Company was the manufacturer of Sharps Rifle . It was organized by Samuel Robbins and Richard S . Lawrence as a holding company in Hartford , Connecticut on October 9 , 1851 with $ 100 , 000 in capital . John C . Palmer was president , Christian Sharps an engineer , and Richard S . Lawrence as master armorer and superintendent . Samuel Robbins and Richard Lawrence each acquired 250 shares — approximately 13 % of the company . History . Christian Sharps ( 1810 - 1874 ) , patented his rifle in 1848 . The first contract for 5 , 000 rifles was in 1850 and manufacturing started in 1851 . The Model 1851 " box - lock " was developed Christian Sharps , Rollin White , and Richard Lawrence at Robbins & Lawrence of Windsor , VT . The second contract for 15 , 000 rifles was so large that no suitable land was available in Windsor , VT . The holding company advanced Robbins & Lawrence $ 40 , 000 to purchase of land in Hartford , CT and to erect a brick factory building . Christian Sharps left the Company in 1853 . He later formed a partnership with William Hankins in 1862 , known as Sharps & Hankins . In 1855 , manufacturing was moved to Hartford and continued until 1876 . Operations were then moved to Bridgeport , Connecticut . In 1872 , Sharps introduced the . 50 - 90 Sharps hunting cartridge . Hugo Borchardt designed the last rifle made by the company , the Sharps - Borchardt Model 1878 . The Sharps Rifle Co . closed down in 1881 . Reproductions of the paper cartridge Sharps 1863 Rifle , the metallic cartridge 1874 Sharps Rifle , and Sharps - Borchardt Model 1878 are manufactured today . They are used in hunting and target shooting . A number of companies , among them Shiloh Rifle Manufacturing Company and C . Sharps Arms Inc . , both of Big Timber , Montana , and the Italian gunmaker Davide Pedersoli & Co . of Brescia , offer a line of Sharps reproductions .
Muzzle ( firearms ) The muzzle of a firearm is the end of the barrel from which the projectile will exit . Precise machining of the muzzle is crucial to accuracy , because it is the last point of contact between the barrel and the projectile . If gaps exist between the muzzle and the projectile , escaping propellant gases may spread unevenly and deflect the projectile from its intended path ( see transitional ballistics ) . In the case of rifled weapons , the contour of a muzzle is designed to keep the rifling safe from damage , so it is commonly recessed or protected by a convex " crown " . When firing a gun , a flash is often seen at the muzzle ( known as a muzzle flash ) and is produced by the hot gases escaping the barrel . The size of the flash depends on various factors such as barrel length , type and amount of powder , etc . Flash suppressor s are attached to the muzzle of the weapon to diminish these effects .