naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Zero Option The " Zero Option " was the name given to an American proposal for the withdrawal of all Soviet and United States intermediate - range nuclear missiles from Europe . This term was subsequently expanded to describe the vision of eliminating all nuclear weapons everywhere . Reagan ' s initial proposal and reactions . U . S . President Ronald Reagan proposed this plan on 18 November 1981 . He offered not to proceed with the deployment of Pershing II and cruise missile s – previously announced on 12 November 1979 and due to begin in 1983 – if the Soviet Union would remove its SS - 4 , SS - 5 and SS - 20 missiles targeted on Western Europe . European and American anti - nuclear activists denounced the Zero Option as designed to be rejected so that the U . S . could deploy the new missiles without condemnation by critics there and abroad . Reagan ' s proposal came to widespread public attention especially in German , where the translated term " Nullösung " was chosen as Word of the Year 1981 by the " Gesellschaft für deutsche Sprache " . Following the coming to power of Mikhail Gorbachev , however , nuclear arms control negotiations were resumed , and the Zero Option constituted the basis of the Intermediate - Range Nuclear Forces Treaty , agreed in principle in September 1987 and signed on 8 December that year . Later similar disarmament concepts . Reagan ' s vision toward elimination of nuclear weapons went far beyond the goals of the INF treaty . On January 16 , 1984 , he delivered a speech saying : The final total of Soviet and United States nuclear missiles , eliminated under the terms of the INF Treaty by the end of May 1991 , was 2 , 692 . The fulfilment of this multilateral agreement , which removed both intermediate - and shorter - range nuclear forces from Europe ( the " Double - Zero " deal ) , was widely seen as a key step towards ending the Cold War . 21st Century Effort . The push for total nuclear weapons abolition was promoted again by U . S . President Barack Obama in a speech given on April 4 , 2009 , in Prague , where he announced . . . Obama went on in that speech to state :
Emory Speer Emory Speer ( September 3 , 1848 – December 13 , 1918 ) was an American politician , soldier and lawyer . Biography . Speer was born in Culloden , Georgia , and joined the Confederate Army during the Civil War at the age of sixteen , serving in the Fifth Kentucky Regiment , Lewis brigade , during the last two years of the war . After the war , Speer attended the University of Georgia in Athens where his father , Dr . Eustace W . Speer , had once been a faculty member . The younger Speer was a member of the Demosthenian Literary Society and a Charter Member of the Eta Chapter of the Chi Phi Fraternity . He earned his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1869 and read law to gain admittance to the state bar that same year and became a practicing lawyer in Athens . From 1873 until 1876 , Speer was the solicitor general of Georgia . His first campaign for the U . S . House of Representatives in 1876 was unsuccessful ; however , he won election to the House in 1878 as an independent Democrat and again in 1880 as an independent before losing his re - election bid in 1882 . After his congressional service , Speer became the United States Attorney for the northern district of Georgia from 1883 until 1885 . He was nominated by President Chester A . Arthur on January 19 , 1885 , to serve as a district judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Georgia , to a seat vacated by John Erskine . Speer was confirmed by the United States Senate , and received his commission , on February 18 , 1885 . During his district judgeship , Speer also served as the Dean of Mercer University ' s School of Law , now known as Walter F . George School of Law in Macon , Georgia , from 1893 until his death in 1918 . He died in Macon , and was also buried in Riverside Cemetery in that same city .
François Joseph Lefebvre François Joseph Lefebvre , First Duc de Dantzig ( 25 October 1755 – 14 September 1820 ) was a French military commander during the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars and one of the original eighteen Marshals of the Empire created by Napoleon . Early life . Lefebvre was from Rouffach , Alsace , the son of a Hussar . He enlisted in French army at the age of 18 and like his close friend , Michel Ordener , he embraced the French Revolution . In 1783 he married Cathérine Hübscher with whom he had 14 children , although none living to survive him ( his last son died in 1812 in battle ) . Revolutionary Wars . In 1789 he was a Sergeant in the Gardes Françaises , and like most of the regiment , he joined the revolution . Promoted to Brigadier General in 1793 , he took part in the Battle of Fleurus ( 24 June 1794 ) . After General Louis Lazare Hoche ' s death he commanded the Army of Sambre - et - Meuse ( September 1797 ) . He then commanded the vanguard of the Army of the Danube under Jourdan in March 1799 , although for the first week of the campaign he was incapacitated with ringworm and Dominique Vandamme replaced him temporarily . He was later injured at the Battle of Ostrach where the Advance Guard bore the brunt of the early fighting . In November 1799 , Lefebvre commanded the Paris troops and reluctantly agreed to support Napoleon Bonaparte in his " coup d ' état " . In the year 1800 , Bonaparte appointed him senator . Napoleonic Wars . Napoleon made him a Marshal of the Empire in 1804 . Lefebvre commanded a division of the Old Guard in the German campaign of 1805 . At the Battle of Jena - Auerstedt , on 14 October 1806 , Lefebvre commanded the infantry of the Imperial Guard . He besieged and took Danzig in 1807 , which won him the title of Duc de Danzig ( Duke of Danzig ) . In 1808 Lefebvre took part in the Peninsula War . In 1809 he commanded the Bavarian army at the battles of Eckmühl and Wagram . Defeated by Tyrolean patriot Andreas Hofer in the same year , he was replaced . He commanded the Old Guard in the French invasion of Russia ( 1812 ) and in the German ( 1813 ) and French campaigns ( 1814 ) of the War of the Sixth Coalition . He voted for the Emperor ' s deposition at the Senate and during the First Restoration he was made Peer of France by Louis XVIII ( 4 June 1814 ) , but rallied to Napoleon during the Hundred Days . After the war . He was excluded from the during the Second Restoration . However , he retained his rank of marshal . Louis XVIII restored his peerage on 5 March 1819 . He died in 1820 and was buried near André Masséna at the Père - Lachaise Cemetery , Paris . He never forgot the hard work that brought him rank and wealth . When a friend expressed envy of his estate , Lefebvre said " Come down in the courtyard , and I ' ll have ten shots at you with a musket at 30 paces . If I miss , the whole estate is yours . " The friend naturally declined this offer , and Lefebvre then added , " I had a thousand bullets shot at me from much closer range before I got all this . "
Augustus Charles Hobart - Hampden Augustus Charles Hobart - Hampden ( 1 April 1822 – 19 June 1886 ) was an English naval captain and Ottoman admiral ( hence widely known as Hobart Pasha ) . Biography . Hobart - Hampden was born in Leicestershire , the third son of the 6th Earl of Buckinghamshire . In 1835 he entered the Royal Navy and served as a midshipman on the coast of Brazil in the suppression of the slave trade , displaying much gallantry in the operations . In 1855 he took part , as captain of in the Baltic Expedition , and was actively engaged at Bomarsund and Åbo . In 1862 he retired from the navy with the rank of post - captain ; but his love of adventure led him , during the American Civil War , to take the command of a blockade runner . He had the good fortune to run the blockade eighteen times , conveying war material to Charleston and returning with a cargo of cotton . In 1867 Hobart entered the Ottoman service , and was immediately nominated to the command of that fleet , with the rank of " Bahriye Livasi " ( rear - admiral ) . In this capacity he performed splendid service in helping to suppress the insurrection in Crete , and was rewarded by the Sultan with the title of Pasha ( 1869 ) . In 1874 Hobart , whose name had , on representations made by Greece , been removed from the British Navy List , was reinstated ; his restoration did not , however , last long , for on the outbreak of the Russo - Turkish war he again entered Ottoman service . In command of the Ottoman squadron he completely dominated the Black Sea , blockading the ports of South Russia and the mouths of the Danube , and paralysing the action of the Russian fleet . On the conclusion of peace Hobart still remained in the Ottoman service , and in 1881 was appointed Mushir , or marshal , being the first Christian to hold that high office . His achievements as a blockade - runner , his blockade of Crete , and his handling of the Ottoman fleet against the torpedo - lined coasts of Russia , showed him to be a daring , resourceful , and skilful commander , worthy to be ranked among the illustrious names of British naval heroes . He died at Milan on 19 June 1886 . See his " Sketches of My Life " ( 1886 ) , which must , however , be used with caution , since it contains many proved inaccuracies .
Battle of Petra The Battle of Petra was the final battle fought in the Greek War of Independence . Background . By the summer of 1829 , the Peloponnese , parts of Central Greece and several islands had been liberated by Greek revolutionary forces . A peace treaty between the High Porte and the revolutionaries was imminent but it became apparent that the soon to be created Greek state would be limited to whatever lands had been liberated during the war . In August , Aslan Bey and Osman Aga set off from Athens with a force of 7 , 000 men to fight the Russians in Thrace . The Greek Army under Dimitrios Ypsilantis ( a tactical , organized force by now ) awaited them at Petra , a town at a narrow passage in Boeotia between Livadeia and Thebes . On September 12 , 1829 the two armies engaged in battle . The Greeks , after a hail of gunfire , charged with swords and drove the Ottoman army into a disorderly retreat . The rest of the Ottoman army , now in danger of being surrounded , also retreated . The Greeks suffered very light casualties ( 10 dead and 12 wounded ) while the Ottomans lost several hundred men . Aftermath . In order to follow his orders to march into Thrace , Osman Aga signed a truce the following day with the Greeks . According to the truce , the Ottomans would surrender all lands from Livadeia to the Spercheios River in exchange for safe passage out of Central Greece . This battle was significant as it was the first time the Greeks had fought victoriously as a regular army . It also marked the first time that Ottoman Empire and Greeks had negotiated on the field of battle . The battle of Petra was the last of the Greek War of Independence . Dimitrios Ypsilantis ended the war started by his brother , Alexandros Ypsilantis , when he crossed the Prut River eight and a half years earlier .
David Fay David Fay ( December 13 , 1761 — June 5 , 1827 ) was a Vermont Judge and militia officer who served on the Vermont Supreme Court and as Adjutant General of the Vermont Militia . Early life . David Fay was born in Hardwick , Massachusetts on December 13 , 1761 . His father Stephen Fay , owner of Bennington ’ s Catamount Tavern and one of the founders of Vermont , relocated the family to Bennington in 1766 . David Fay served in the Vermont Militia as a fifer during the American Revolution , and took part in the Battle of Bennington as a member of Captain Samuel Robinson ’ s Company . Career . Fay was a farmer and surveyor . He later studied law , and attained admission to the bar in 1794 . A Democratic - Republican , he served as Bennington County State ’ s Attorney from 1797 to 1801 , and was a member of the state Council of Censors from 1799 to 1806 . From 1801 to 1809 Fay served as United States Attorney for Vermont . In 1809 Fay was appointed to the Vermont Supreme Court , and he served until 1813 . From 1817 to 1821 he was a member of the Vermont Governor ’ s Council , and he served as Bennington County ’ s Judge of Probate from 1819 to 1820 . Military service . Following the Revolution , Fay continued his service in the militia . He attained the rank of Major in the early 1790s and was a Colonel by the late 1790s . In 1795 he was appointed Adjutant General of the Vermont Militia with the rank of Major General . He held this position until 1822 . During the War of 1812 Fay coordinated the activities of the Vermont Militia , including units dispatched to provide security on the Vermont - Canada border and units which took part in the defense of Plattsburgh . Death and burial . Fay died in Bennington on June 5 , 1827 and was buried in the Old Bennington Cemetery .
877th Bombardment Squadron The 877th Bombardment Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit . It was last assigned to the 499th Bombardment Group . It was inactivated at March Field , California on 16 February 1946 . History . Activated in November 1943 as one of the initial B - 29 Superfortress Very Heavy bombardment squadrons . Trained in Kansas with early model B - 29s , with frequent delays in training due to modifications of the aircraft correcting production deficiencies . When training was completed moved to Isely Field , Saipan , in the Mariana Islands of the Central Pacific Area in January 1945 and assigned to XXI Bomber Command , Twentieth Air Force . It ' s mission was the strategic bombardment of the Japanese Home Islands and the destruction of its war - making capability . Flew " shakedown " missions against Japanese targets on Moen Island , Truk , and other points in the Carolines and Marianas . The squadron conducted combat missions over Japan participating in wide area firebombing attacks , but the first ten day blitz resulting in the Army Air Forces running out of incendiary bombs . Until then the squadron flew conventional strategic bombing missions using high explosive bombs . The squadron continued attacking urban areas with incendiary raids until the end of the war in August 1945 , attacking major Japanese cities , causing massive destruction of urbanized areas . Also conducted raids against strategic objectives , bombing aircraft factories , chemical plants , oil refineries , and other targets in Japan . The squadron flew its last combat missions on 14 August when hostilities ended . Afterwards , its B 29s carried relief supplies to Allied prisoner of war camps in Japan and Manchuria Squadron was largely de - mobilized on Saipan during the fall of 1945 . Was reoganized as part of continental Air Forces , Fourth Air Force at March Field , California in November 1945 , being manned and equipped with low - hour B - 29s returned from the Central Pacific . It later was transferred to the new Strategic Air Command on 21 March 1946 , being one of SAC ' s initial bombardment squadrons . Demobilization , however , was in full swing and the unit turned in its aircraft and was inactivated on 31 March 1946 .
34th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment The 34th Regiment Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War . Service . The 34th Wisconsin was organized at Madison , Wisconsin and mustered into Federal service December , 1862 . The regiment was mustered out on September 8 , 1863 , in the course of disciplinary action against various members of the regiment , including the regiment commander , Fritz Anneke . Anneke , a famous Forty - Eighter of German origin , had been a former Prussian officer and artillery commander during the 1849 revolutionary war in Palatinate and Baden , Germany . Carl Schurz , who was later U . S . general , secretary of the Interior and U . S . senator , had been his adjunct officer during that campaign , and his wife Mathilde Franziska Anneke , the famous abolitionist and feminist activist , served as ordnance officer in that campaign . Emil Anneke , the first Michigan Auditor General of the Republican Party , was his brother . Although Anneke was arrested and later dismissed from military service , he was probably innocent and a victim of blackmail . Most of his friends from the German 1849 campaign served as generals in the Union , for example Carl Schurz , August Willich , Ludwig Blenker , and Franz Sigel . Fritz Anneke later tried to be re - admitted to military service , also supported by his brother Emil , but did not succeed . Casualties . The 34th Wisconsin suffered 1 officers and 18 enlisted men who died of disease , for a total of 19 fatalities .
John Mackenzie ( VC ) Major John Mackenzie VC DCM ( 22 November 1871 – 17 May 1915 ) was a Scottish recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . Details . Mackenzie was 29 years old , and a sergeant in the 2nd Battalion , The Seaforth Highlanders ( Ross - shire Buffs , Duke of Albany ' s ) , British Army , employed West African Field Force during the Third Ashanti Expedition when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC . On 6 June 1900 at Dompoassi , Ashanti ( now Ghana ) , Sergeant Mackenzie , after working two Maxim gun s under heavy fire and being wounded while doing so , volunteered to clear the stockade of the enemy . This he did , most gallantly , leading the charge himself and driving the enemy headlong into the bush . Further information . John Mackenzie was commissioned as second lieutenant in the Black Watch in 1900 and became a captain in the Royal Scots on 22 January 1904 . During this time he also served on attachment with the Northern Nigeria Regiment . He was mentioned in dispatches for his work during the Aro Expedition ; also in 1906 when he was staff officer of the Munster Field Force and once more during the Kano - Sokoto Expedition . He was promoted to major during World War I and was commanding officer of the 2nd Battalion of the Bedfordshire Regiment , where at Festubert in the Battle of Loos , on 17 May 1915 , when leading his men , he was killed just after he had left the jumping off trench . Major Mackenzie is buried in the Guards Cemetery , Windy Corner , Cuinchy , in Northern France . His Victoria Cross is displayed at the Regimental Museum of Queens Own Highlanders , Fort George , Inverness - shire , Scotland . His pipe banner is located in the Royal Scots Museum at Edinburgh Castle .
Château de Bouvées The Château de Bouvées is a ruined castle in the " commune " of Labrihe in the Gers " département " of France . The castle was built between 1530 and 1560 by Monseigneur de Saint - Julien , bishop of Aire - sur - Adour , on the ruins of an earlier structure . At the time of the French Revolution , it was sold as a national asset . The building consisted of three wings enclosing an inner courtyard , flanked in the corners by round towers . Only the east and south parts remain , the agricultural buildings attached to the ancient walls reproducing the earlier layout . Of the towers , all that remain are that in the south - east and traces of the south - west . The pigeon loft was built on the base of a tower . A demolished wall near the chapel reveals the former gatehouse which led into the courtyard . The chapel still has sculptures and two mullioned windows decorated with mouldings . Attached is a round tower standing on a base with four floors . A vaulted cellar gave surveillance of the surrounding area by spy holes . Inside are 15th and 18th century chimneys , earthenware paving , beamed ceilings and visible joists The castle is privately owned . It has been listed since 1990 as a " monument historique " by the French Ministry of Culture .
HMS Exeter ( 1680 ) HMS " Exeter " was a 70 - gun third rate ship of the line of the English Royal Navy , built by contract of 20 February 1678 by Henry Johnson at Blackwall Yard and launched in March 1680 . She was involved in the Battle of Beachy Head against France in 1690 . However , the ship suffered damage from an explosion the next year and was hulked in 1691 . She was broken up at Portsmouth in 1717 .
Robert Poore Robert Montagu Poore DSO , CIE ( 20 March 1866 in Dublin , Ireland – 14 July 1938 in Boscombe , Bournemouth , England ) was a cricketer and British army officer who , whilst serving in South Africa in 1896 , played in three Tests for the South African cricket team . Much of his cricket was played when he held the rank of Major , but he eventually became a Brigadier - General . " Of all the people in the history of the game , " wrote Leo Cooper in an introduction to AA Thomson ' s " Odd Men In " , " he seems to stand for the Eccentric Ideal . " In 1899 , Poore became the most fertile run - scorer in all of England , hitting 1 , 399 runs ( including seven hundreds ) between 12 June and 12 August at an average of 116 . 58 . Against Somerset he made 304 not out and with fellow Army officer Captain Wynyard shared in a stand of over 400 for the sixth wicket – still the highest for that wicket in county cricket . In 21 innings over the course of the entire season , Poore managed 1 , 551 runs at 91 . 23 , a record for an English season not broken until Don Bradman averaged 98 . 66 in 1930 . Poore was rewarded with selection as a " Wisden Cricketer of the Year " . After 1899 , Poore returned to South Africa to fight in the Boer War . A broken arm caused him to miss most of 1902 after he was back in England but he showed he retained his former skill with a superb innings of 62 not out against Hugh Trumble on a sticky wicket and it was hoped Major Poore would be available again in 1903 . However , he went to India during that summer and when he finally returned to Hampshire in the middle of 1904 to great expectations Poore was exceptionally disappointing . Although there were few difficult pitches in the nine games he played , he averaged under twenty and only once ( on a bad wicket against Sussex ) did he show the skill that allowed him to dominate bowlers in 1899 . In 1905 he again could not play at all , but he rejoined the team against Derbyshire in 1906 and in two matches scored 232 runs including 129 against Sussex , but another injury ended his season and as it turned out , his county career . In spite of his impressive success , Poore was not yet overly enamoured with the game , which he had learnt not through classical coaching but the perusal of textbooks ; certainly , it was not the only field in which his prodigious talents lay : he was a first - rate swordsman , shot and polo player , and once won the West of India lawn tennis championship . Not until , as a subaltern , he visited India with the 7th Hussars did he realise his love for cricket , a love that he sustained all through his life . Poore remained a dangerous batsman in club games right up to his mid - fifties , and played first - class cricket in India as late as 1913 . Notes . city
Gilbert of Assailly Gilbert of Assailly ( died 1183 ) was Grand Master of the Knights Hospitallers from 1162 / 3 to 1170 , when he resigned or was deposed . During his time at the head of the Hospitallers , they purchased the land for Castle Belvoir , at Kawkab al - Hawa , north of Beit She ' an , and otherwise expanded their fortifications . Gilbert also began regulating the constitution of the order . His is principally remembered for his militant attitude to the invasion of Egypt , proposed by Amalric I of Jerusalem . The 1168 expedition turned out disastrously , and Gilbert ' s position became untenable .
Schütte - Lanz D . III The Schütte - Lanz D . III was a German fighter prototype during World War I . It participated in the first " Idflieg " D competition at Adlershof , Germany in January and February 1918 . It was a conventional single - bay staggered biplane with N - type interplane struts . Of wooden construction with fabric skinning , the D . III revealed an unspectacular performance and production was never continued . Specifications . Data from : Green and Swanborough ( 1994 ) p . 520