naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Agent Purple Agent Purple is the code name for a powerful herbicide and defoliant used by the U . S . military in their Herbicidal Warfare program during the Vietnam War . The name comes from the purple stripe painted on the barrels to identify the contents . It was one of the so - called " Rainbow Herbicides " that included the more infamous Agent Orange . Agent Purple and Orange were also used to clear brush in Canada . Agent Purple was chemically similar to the better - known Agent Orange , both of them were consisting of a mixture of the herbicides 2 , 4 - D and 2 , 4 , 5 - T and in both cases the 2 , 4 - D and 2 , 4 , 5 - T constituted equal shares of the Agent . The difference was in the form of 2 , 4 , 5 - T . While all the 2 , 4 , 5 - T in Agent Orange was n - butyl ester 2 , 4 , 5 - T in Agent Purple the 2 , 4 , 5 - T was itself mixture of its two salt forms : 60 % n - butyl ester 2 , 4 , 5 - T , and 40 % isobutyl ester 2 , 4 , 5 - T . The Agent Purple had then the following composition : 50 % n - butyl ester 2 , 4 - D , 30 % n - butyl ester 2 , 4 , 5 - T , and 20 % isobutyl ester 2 , 4 , 5 - T . Even prior to Operation Ranch Hand ( 1962 - 1971 ) it was known that 2 , 4 , 5 - T , and thus Agents Purple , Pink , Green and Orange , were contaminated with tetrachlorodibenzodioxin ( TCDD ) , an extremely toxic and persistent by - product formed during synthesis . Dioxin - levels varied considerably from batch to batch , and even within the same batch ; generally , agents produced earlier , such as Purple and Pink suffered from higher levels of contamination . A 2003 " Nature " paper by Stellman et al . , which re - apprised the average TCDD content of Agent Orange from the 3 ppm that USAF had reported to a level of 13 ppm , also estimated that Agent Purple may have had 32 . 8 ppm of TCDD on average . A sample of Agent Purple archived at Eglin Air Force Base had an even higher content of 45 ppm TCDD . Agent Purple was used only in the earliest stages of the spraying program , between 1962 and 1965 as well as in earlier tests conducted by the US military outside of Vietnam . About 500 , 000 gallons were sprayed in Vietnam total . ( ~ 1 . 9 million liters ) . When the need to clear brush around CFB Gagetown in Canada arose , quantities of Agent Purple and Agent Orange were also sprayed there in a testing program during 1966 and 1967 .
Globe KD6G Firefly The Globe KD6G Firefly was an American target drone , built by the Globe Aircraft Corporation for operation by the United States Navy during the 1950s and early 1960s . Design and development . The design of the KD6G was based on the earlier Globe KD2G Firefly target drone , featuring a mid - wing configuration with a twin - fin empennage , but instead of a pulsejet powerplant as in the KD2G the KD6G was fitted with a single piston engine in a tractor configuration . Launched via catapult , the KD6G was radio - control led during flight , and , if it was not shot down in the course of its mission , would be recovered via parachute . Operational history . First flying in prototype form in 1951 , the KD6G proved successful and was ordered into production in two forms , the KD6G - 1 with a McCullough O - 100 engine , and the KD6G - 2 with a Kiekhaefer V - 105 powerplant . Used extensively by the United States Navy during the 1950s in the gunnery training role , the KD6G - 2 was redesignated in 1963 in the new unified missile sequence , becoming the MQM - 40A before being retired soon thereafter . Survivors . A KD6G - 2 is on display at the Pima Air & Space Museum ; another is at the Planes of Fame Air Museum .
Nikolay Pukhov Nikolay Pavlovich Pukhov ( January 25 , 1895 n . s . - March 28 , 1958 ) - Soviet military commander during World War II , Colonel General . He was the first commander of the 8th Tank Army and served as commander of the Odessa Military District , 1948 - 1951 and the North Caucasus Military District , 1953 - 1953 . During the war he received the highest number of 1 - rank awards for the exceptional direction of combat operations : three times Order of Suvorov , twice Order of Kutuzov , and Order of Bogdan Khmelnitsky . He was also a Gold Star Hero of the Soviet Union ( № 1799 ) , four times Order of Lenin and three times Order of the Red Banner .
James Armstrong ( Commodore ) Commodore James Armstrong ( 17 January 1794 – 27 August 1868 ) was an officer in the United States Navy . Armstrong joined the United States Navy as a midshipman in 1809 and served on the sloop - of - war when it was seized by the British in 1814 during the War of 1812 . Promoted to commodore and given command of the East India Squadron in 1855 , Armstrong served aboard the squadron ' s flagship , during the Second Opium War . Following the battle of the Pearl Forts , Armstrong ' s health began to fail and he returned to the United States . In 1860 Armstrong was given command of the Pensacola Navy Yard . On January 12 , 1861 , two days after Florida voted to secede from the Union he surrendered the facility to the secessionists . Armstrong was born in Shelbyville , Kentucky . He died in Salem , Massachusetts at the age of 74 and is buried in the Harmony Grove Cemetery .
USS Wild Cat ( 1822 ) USS " Wildcat " was a two masted schooner displacing 48 tons and was part of a naval fleet , the " West Indies Squadron " , that sailed to the Caribbean to subdue the occurrence of pirate raids on merchant ships that had increased to almost 3 , 000 by the early 1820s . She was armed with three guns and had a crew of 31 . " Wildcat " was commanded by Lieutenant Legare ' who sailed her to Washington with a dispatch regarding the disposition of the squadron and other matters concerning the war against piracy in the Caribbean . On 28 October 1824 " Wildcat " was lost in a gale with all hands while sailing between Cuba and Thompson ' s Island , West Indies . Approximately 31 drowned .
Nagao Tamekage Serving as Deputy ( " shugo - dai " ) to Fusayoshi , shugo of Echigo Province , Tamekage led his lord ' s Yamanouchi Uesugi forces to victory against the Ōgigayatsu Uesugi in a series of conflicts from 1500 - 1505 . However , one of a number of " nari - agari mono " ( 成り上がり者 ) , or " upstarts " of this period , Tamekage sought to usurp his lord , and battled with Uesugi forces a number of times in the first decade of the 16th century . He ultimately laid siege to Uesugi Fusayoshi in 1507 , at Matsunoyama in Echigo Province , and Fusayoshi was killed . Tamekage then went on to pursue a number of campaigns of his own , gathering territory and power . In 1510 , Tamekage plotted with Jinbo Nagakiyo in an attempt to overtake the Jinbo clan from within , using his status as shugo - dai to bring Nagakiyo to his side . Nagakiyo then brought his brother Jinbo Nagatsuna into the plot , which revolved around overthrowing Jinbo Yoshimune and allying with the Uesugi . The plot stretched longer than a year , and Tamekage ' s patience grew thin . It is believed that Tamekage " arranged " for correspondence between himself and the brothers to be discovered by an ally of Yoshimune , which would lead to their executions , perhaps a quicker route to weakening the Jinbo than the possibly ill - conceived plot with Nagakiyo . The Jinbo brothers were executed , and the Jinbo weakened . Tamekage then engaged Uesugi Akisada , and defeated him as well , with the help of Hōjō Sōun , another growing power in the region . Within a few years , Nagao and Hōjō brought about the complete collapse of the Uesugi clan . It was said that he was ultimately defeated himself , and killed in the 1536 battle of Sendanno , fighting against the Ikkō - ikki of Kaga Province , however , the " Senran - ki " records him stepping down in favor of his third son and becoming a monk in 1540 .
General Electric J31 The General Electric J31 was the first working jet engine produced in the United States and also the first jet engine to be produced in quantity there . Design and development . The J31 was essentially a production version of the prototype Whittle W . 1 that had been sent to the US after the Tizard Mission successes . General Electric ' s extensive experience in turbocharger production made them the natural choice for producing the engine , which they initially referred to as the I - 16 , I - A referring to the original prototype . The United States Army Air Forces later decided to standardize all their jet engine naming , at which point the I - 16 became the J31 . Like the W . 1 , the I - 16 produced 1 , 650 pounds force ( 7 . 3 kN ) of thrust and weighed about 850 lb . Production started for the P - 59 Airacomet in 1943 , and by the time the lines shut down in 1945 , a total of 241 had been built . GE also used the basic design to produce the much larger I - 40 with 4 , 000 lbf , but this design was passed on to Allison as the J33 , much to GE ' s chagrin and another derivative of the J31 , the General Electric I - 20 , given the military designation J39 , was ordered but later cancelled .
Soviet submarine K - 8 K - 8 was a November class submarine of the Soviet Northern Fleet that sank in the Bay of Biscay with its nuclear weapons on board on April 12 , 1970 . A fire on April 8 had disabled the submarine and it was being towed in rough seas . 52 crewmen were killed attempting the salvage the boat when it sank . Accidents . 1960 Loss of coolant . On 13 October 1960 , while operating in the Barents Sea , " K - 8 " suffered a ruptured steam generator tube , causing a loss - of - coolant accident . While the crew jury - rigged a system to supply emergency cooling water to the reactor , preventing a reactor core meltdown , large amounts of radioactive gas leaked out which contaminated the entire vessel . The gas radiation levels could not be determined because instrumentation could not measure such large scales . Three of the crew suffered visible radiation injuries , and many crewmen were exposed to doses of up to 1 . 8 – 2 Sv ( 180 – 200 rem ) . 1970 Bay of Biscay fire . During the large - scale " Ocean - 70 " naval exercise , K - 8 suffered fires in two compartments simultaneously on 8 April 1970 . Due to short circuits that took place in III and VII compartments simultaneously at a depth of 120 m , a fire spread through the air - conditioning system . Both nuclear reactors were shut down . The captain ordered his entire crew to abandon ship but was countermanded once a towing vessel arrived . 52 crewmen , including the commander , Captain 2nd Rank Vsevolod Borisovich Bessonov , re - boarded the surfaced submarine that was to be towed . This was the first loss of a Soviet nuclear - powered submarine , which sank in rough seas as it was being towed in the Bay of Biscay of the North Atlantic Ocean . All hands on board died due to CO2 poisoning and the flooding of the surfaced submarine during 80 hours of damage control in stormy conditions . 73 crewmen survived . K - 8 sank with four nuclear torpedoes out of total 24 on board to a depth of 4 , 680 m approximately 490 km northwest of Spain .
Aspar Flavius Ardabur Aspar ( c . 400471 ) was an Eastern Roman patrician and magister militum ( " master of soldiers " ) of Alanic - Gothic descent . As the general of a Germanic army in Roman service , Aspar exerted a great influence on the Eastern Roman Emperors for half a century , from the 420s to his death in 471 , over Theodosius II , Marcian and Leo I , who , in the end , had him killed . His death led to the ending of the Germanic doination of Eastern Roman policy . Biography . Aspar was born the son of the magister Ardaburius , and was of Alanic - Gothic descent . The name Aspar ( originally Aspwar or Aspidar ) in Iranian languages means " Horse - master " or " Horse - rider " . Aspar played a crucial role in his father ' s expedition in 424 to defeat the Western usurper , Joannes of Ravenna , and to install Galla Placidia and her son , Valentinian III , in his place . He also helped to negotiate a peace treaty with Geiseric after the Vandal invasion of Africa . Aspar attained the consulship in 434 after campaigning in Africa . However , Aspar could not become emperor because of his Arian religion . Instead , he played the role of kingmaker with his subordinate , Marcian , who became emperor by marrying Theodosius II ' s sister Pulcheria . On 27 January 457 Marcian died , and the political and military characters of the Eastern court took eleven days to choose a successor . Despite the presence of a strong candidate to the purple , the " magister militum " and Marcian ' s son - in - law Anthemius , the choice was quite different . Aspar , who in this occasion was probably offered the throne by the senate but refused , could have chosen his own son Ardabur , but instead selected an obscure tribune of one of his military units , Leo I . In 470 , in an episode of the struggle for power between Aspar and the Isaurian general Zeno , Aspar persuaded the emperor to appoint his second son , Julius Patricius , as " caesar " and give him in marriage his daughter Leontia . However , as for the clergy and people of Constantinople an Arian was not eligible to become an emperor , at the news of the appointment riots broke out in the city hippodrome , led by the head of the Sleepless Monks , Marcellus : Aspar and Leo had to promise to the bishops that Patricius would convert to Orthodoxy before becoming emperor , and only after the conversion he would have married Leontia . In 471 an imperial conspiracy organized by Leo I and the Isaurians caused the death of Aspar and of his elder son Ardabur : it is possible that Patricius died on this occasion , although some sources report that he recovered from his wounds . His death led to the ending of the Germanic domination of Eastern Roman policy . Aspar was the teacher of Theodoric the Great , who later became King of the Ostrogoths . Aspar had another son , Ermanaric , with the sister of Theodoric Strabo . Aspar ' s wife was an Ostrogoth , as the Ostrogoth King Theodoric was her nephew . A cistern attributed to him still exists today in Istanbul .
Nguyen Xuan Ngai Dr . Nguyễn Xuân Ngãi was born in South Vietnam . He is a Vietnamese American and serves as the Vice - Chairman of the People ' s Action Party of Vietnam . Biography . He had served in the Army of the Republic of Vietnam ( ARVN ) as a young Medical Officer at Nguyen Van Hoc Hospital in Saigon . During the Fall of Saigon , he was a Medical Officer . He chose to remain and protect his patients at the hospital in Saigon instead of trying to move to the US like others . On April 30 , 1975 , he was imprisoned by the Communist Vietnamese government for three years and was released . He secretly left Vietnam and immigrated to the United States . In 2002 , he was invited by the Vietnamese government Public Health Ministry , to teach Vietnamese doctors the techniques of angioplasty and angiogram s . Dr . Nguyen Xuan Ngai ' s work was praised within the medical field in Vietnam and was reported by media networks throughout Vietnam . This alarmed the Vietnamese Communist when news spread throughout the media that Dr . Nguyen Xuan Ngai was also involved with an opposition organization known as the People ' s Action Party of Vietnam . On March 1 , 2002 , Communist Police arrived at his hotel in Saigon and seized his passport , visa and airplane ticket . He was accused of having tried to overthrow the Vietnamese Communist government , a crime that can carry the death penalty . There was an outcry by the Vietnamese Community in the United States and after one week he was eventually released and allowed to return to the United States .
H . G . Pound H . G . Pound ( officially , Pounds Shipowners and Shipbreakers Limited ) is the name of the founder of a British merchant firm in Portsmouth , UK . The firm , founded in 1864 , diversified into shipbreaking after World War I and has accumulated over the years vast quantities of military equipment awaiting scrapping . Of particular note is its collection of World War II military equipment , especially tank s and other motor vehicles . In the 1970s and 1980s much of this equipment found its way into the hands of various museums and collectors . References . " After the Battle " , issue no . 37 , Plaistow Press , London , UK , 1982
Firos ( artillery ) The Firos ( FIROS ) was an Italian field rocket system developed during the Cold War . The 122 mm rockets were mounted on an armoured 6x6 truck ( lorry ) for mobility . The Firos vehicles were mounted with forty 122 mm long range rockets . The 122 mm rocket was designed as a surface to surface rocket . The first version developed was the Firos - 25 , some 125 of which were exported to the United Arab Emirates in the 1980s . The more powerful Firos - 30 , with a range of over 30 km , were built in the late 1980s , and enterred into service with the Italian Army in 1987 . The Firos were similar to the Russian BM - 21 Grad in that they both used 122 mm rockets in groups of forty , although they differed considerably in command and control systems and base vehicle .
141st Air Control Squadron The 141st Air Control Squadron ( ACS ) is a unit of the Puerto Rico Air National Guard . It is a mobile radar command , control and communications element of the United States Air Force Theater Air Control System located at Rafael Hernandez Airport formerly Ramey Air Force Base in Aguadilla , Puerto Rico . The unit can be tasked by the Control and Reporting Center ( CRC ) to perform the following tasks : Battle management , weapons , surveillance , identification , and data link management . It also , can be assigned to deploy and operate directly subordinate to Air Operation Center . These activities include : Establishing long and short haul communication , providing continuous surveillance , assisting in air rescue operations , providing aircraft control and advisory services , establishing and maintaining data links , gathering and forwarding intelligence products , providing classification of airborne objects , and providing threat warnings to forward , lateral , and subordinate users including Army air defense units . In addition , the 141st ACS has been directly tasked to support the DoD Counterdrug Operations in the Caribbean , Central , and South America Region .
Hassan Djamous Hassan Djamous ( died 1989 ) was a Commander in Chief of the Chadian Army and a cousin of current Chadian President Idriss Déby . The Hassan Djamous International Airport is named after him . He led Chadian forces during the Chadian - Libyan conflict , such as the victory in the Battle of Maaten al - Sarra . Djamous was killed on orders of Hissène Habré , a former President , who suspected him of plotting a coup d ' état along with his cousin , Déby , and Mahamat Itno , Minister of the Interior ; Déby was the only one of the three who survived .
Fort de l ' Île Sainte - Hélène The Fort de l ' Île Sainte - Hélène , a historic site on Saint Helen ' s Island that belongs to the city of Montreal , Quebec , was constructed in the early 1820s as an arsenal in the defensive chain of forts built to protect Canada from a threat of American invasion . Although not heavily fortified , it served an important purpose as the central artillery depot for all forts west . These included Fort Henry and Fort Lennox . The red stone used to build the Fort is a breccia quarried on the island , which is situated in the St . Lawrence River between the island of Montreal and the south shore . The Levis Tower , contrary to popular belief , was not part of the fortifications on the island . It was built in the 1930s to house a water tower . History of the Fort . After the British Army left the fort for ruin , it became part of the City of Montreal . In the 1930s , it was restored as part of a job creation project during the Great Depression . During the Second World War , it was used as an internment camp for Italian Canadians . During the summer months the Fort houses two reconstituted 18th century regiments , The Olde 78th Fraser Highlanders , and Les Compagnies Franches de la Marine . Today the Fort is also home the David M . Stewart Museum , an institution founded in 1955 to collect , store and display historical artefacts from Canada ' s colonial past , particularly that of New France . The museum collections include artefacts dating from the 16th century through to the 19th century . Both the Fort and the museum are open year - round . David M . Stewart Museum . The museum , housed inside the garrison features a permanent exhibition and an annual one , usually opened in the spring months . During the summer months , the museum plays host to reconstituted 18th century regiments that perform daily military maneuvers . The regiments , the Olde 78th Fraser Highlanders and Les Compagnies Franches de la Marine perform daily musket drills , fife and drum and bagpipe shows . The noon day gun salute is a tradition that was originally undertaken by British troops stationed at the fort . It use was to act as a form of synchronization for the city . The cannon fire signaled noon solar time . This tradition had been continued by museum staff dressed in the regimental dress of the Royal Artillery until the museum underwent renovations ; it is uncertain whether the tradition will return . Prior to the renovations , an encampment had also been set up next to the parade square simulating 18th century colonial life in New France . Bread was baked in a wood - fired oven daily as well as children ' s crafts and games were set up to give a hands - on approach to education of life during the 18th century . The encampment , as the noon day gun , may not return as a result of regulations of Parc Jean Drapeau rules against fires such as those used by the baker in the encampment .
Friedrich Raaf Friedrich Raaf ( 25 May 1920 – 14 March 2002 ) was a highly decorated Leutnant der Reserves in the Wehrmacht during World War II . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership .
Action at Bronkhorstspruit The Action at Bronkhorstspruit was one of the first serious clashes of the First Boer War . It was a skirmish between a British army column and a group of Boers , fought by the Bronkhorstspruit River , a few miles east of the town of Bronkhorstspruit , Transvaal on 20 December 1880 . A column of British soldiers consisting of six officers and 246 men of the 94th Regiment , as well as 12 men of the Army Service Corps and four of the Army Hospital Corps , were marching on a road to Pretoria , when at least 250 Boers appeared to the left of the column . Making use of the limited cover , the Boers crept to within 200 yards of the British . Lt . Col . Philip Robert Anstruther parleyed with a Boer envoy , who had brought a request from the Transvaal government to turn back . Anstruther refused , but before he could move his column into skirmish formation the Boers opened fire at 12 : 30 pm . Within fifteen minutes most of the officers were killed or wounded , and the horses and oxen pulling the covered wagons at the front and rear of the column were killed , preventing any movement . Shocked by the sudden and aggressive nature of the attack , Lt . Col . Anstruther gave the order to surrender . In a battle lasting just fifteen minutes , 156 British soldiers were killed or wounded , with the rest taken prisoner . Reported Boer casualties were only two killed and five wounded . Anstruther was himself wounded during the fight and died on the 26th of December following the amputation of one of his legs .