naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Hanseatic Cross The Hanseatic Cross ( " Hanseatenkreuz " ) was a decoration of the three Hanseatic city - states of Bremen , Hamburg and Lübeck , who were members of the German Empire during World War I . Each republic established its own version of the cross , but the design and award criteria were similar for each . Establishment and criteria . The Hanseatic Cross was jointly instituted by agreement of the senates of the three cities , with each senate ratifying the award on different days . The Lübeck version was established first , on August 21 , 1915 . The Hamburg version followed on September 10 and the Bremen version on September 14 . The cross was awarded for merit in war , and could be awarded to civilians as well as military personnel . When awarded for bravery or combat merit , it was the three cities ' equivalent of the Prussian Iron Cross . The Bremen Hanseatic Cross was awarded approximately 20 , 000 times . There were approximately 50 , 000 awards of the Hanseatic Cross of Hamburg , the largest Hanseatic city . Lübeck was the smallest of the Hanseatic cities , and its Hanseatic Cross was awarded approximately 8 - 10 , 000 times . The roll for the Lübeck Hanseatic Cross have been transcribed by an international team of phaleristic researchers from Germany , Belgium and the Netherlands . The complete roll was expected to be available by fall 2008 / spring 2009 . Description . The Hanseatic Cross came in only one class , a cross worn from a ribbon on the left chest . The cross was a red - enameled silver cross pattée which bore the arms of the relevant city - state on the center medallion . The reverse was identical for all three versions and the center medallion bore the phrase " Für Verdienst im Kriege " ( " for merit in war " ) and the date " 1914 " . Notable recipients . Bremen Hamburg Lübeck Two medals All three
4th / 7th Royal Dragoon Guards The 4th / 7th Royal Dragoon Guards was a cavalry regiment of the British Army from 1922 to 1992 . It was formed in India in 1922 by the amalgamation of the 4th Royal Irish Dragoon Guards and 7th Dragoon Guards ( Princess Royal ' s ) , as the 4th / 7th Dragoon Guards ; it gained the distinction Royal in 1935 . It returned to the UK in 1929 , mechanised in 1938 , and transferred to the Royal Armoured Corps in 1939 prior to the outbreak of war . In 1939 , equipped with Vickers Mk . VI light tanks , it deployed to France with the British Expeditionary Force , as the reconnaissance regiment of the 2nd Infantry Division under I Corps . It participated in the Battle of France , fighting in northern France and Belgium , and evacuated from Dunkirk in Operation Dynamo . The personnel of the regiment landed in England on 3 June 1940 , having abandoned their vehicles . After re - equipping with Beaverette armoured cars , the regiment was posted to the 1st Armoured Reconnaissance Brigade and then , in December 1940 , to the 27th Armoured Brigade , part of 9th Armoured Division , equipped with Covenanter tanks . At this time , a small group of personnel was detached to form the cadre of a new regiment , the 22nd Dragoons . In 1943 , the regiment joined 79th Armoured Division , equipping with amphibious Valentine tanks , and later re - equipping with M4 Sherman DD tank s . Under the 8th Armoured Brigade , the regiment landed on King Green , Gold Beach , at 0720 on 6 June 1944 as part of the Operation Overlord landings , supporting the 50th ( Northumbrian ) Infantry Division . The regiment later participated in the battle for the Falaise pocket , and as part of the armoured forces in Operation Market Garden - the regiment pushing as far as Driel , on the south bank of the Rhine a couple of miles from Arnhem . Among other notable achievements , it was the first armoured unit to cross the Seine . The regiment ended the war in Bremerhaven , and a year later was deployed to Palestine for a tour of duty lasting from 1946 - 1948 . The regiment was then deployed to Libya , rotated back to England in 1952 , and then to Germany in 1954 as part of 7th Armoured Division . The regiment then rotated regularly between England and Germany , with two squadrons deployed to Aden in 1965 and a squadron to Cyprus in 1966 as part of the UN forces . There was also a two - year tour in Omagh in Northern Ireland , from 1966 to 1968 , following which the regiment returned to rotation between the UK and Germany . Following the reduction of forces at the end of the Cold War , the Options for Change proposal amalgamated the 4th / 7th Royal Dragoon Guards with the 5th Royal Inniskilling Dragoon Guards , to form the new Royal Dragoon Guards regiment .
Second Sumatran expedition The second Sumatran expedition was a punitive expedition by the United States Navy against inhabitants of the island of Sumatra . After Malay warrior s or pirates had massacred the crew of the American merchant ship " Eclipse " , an expedition of two American warships landed a force that defeated the Malays in two short engagements . Background . In August 1838 , the American trading vessel " Eclipse " was visiting the village of Trobongan , on Sumatra , when 24 Malays approached . The ship ' s second mate allowed the Malays to board after they relieved themselves of their weapons . A few moments later the Americans returned the Malays their weapons as a sign of friendship . The Malays , now rearmed with knives and other bladed weapons , attacked the crew . First they killed the second mate and then one by one the remaining men . Some of the American sailor s jumped overboard but the Malays hunted them down and killed them . This was the second of such incidents . The massacre of the crew of the merchant ship " Friendship " by Malays had given rise to the first Sumatran expedition in 1832 . News of the massacre reached Commodore George C . Read in December 1838 while he was sailing off Ceylon in command of the East India Squadron . Immediately Commodore Read in the frigate set sail southeast for Sumatra , together with the frigate . " Columbia " and " John Adams " were in the process of circumnavigating the globe in conjunction with , though not part of , the United States Exploring Expedition of 1838 to 1842 . Coincidentally , the expedition to Sumatra required no detour . " Columbia " held almost 500 men on average and mounted 50 guns during the expedition . " John Adams " carried about 220 men and officers with 30 guns . Expedition . The expedition arrived off southern Sumatra on 1 January 1839 . The two American vessels first headed for Quallah Battoo . Once they had arrived , the two U . S . Navy vessels formed a line of battle just in range of five earth and wooden forts that protected the village and opened fire . Over an hour later all of the forts were destroyed or in shambles . The chief of the village surrendered and agreed never again to attack American ships . With this Commodore Read set sail for Muckie , the next American objective . " Columbia " and " John Adams " arrived off Muckie the following day . The Americans landed a force of 360 officers , marine s and sailors , all under the command of Commander T . W . Wyman of the navy . Wyman ' s men attacked Muckie , while " Columbia " and " John Adams " provided covering fire with their cannon . Although most of the inhabitants fled their village upon the outbreak of fighting , some of the Malay men attempted to resist the attack but were overwhelmed . Within a short time Muckie was in flames . The landing party then returned to their ships and sailed away . The punitive expedition ended after the Muckie engagement and Commodore Read continued his cruise around the world . The second Sumatran expedition achieved what the first expedition had not . Never again did Malays plunder an American merchant ship . Casualties are absent from records .
Joaquín Mosquera Joaquín Mariano de Mosquera y Arboleda ( 14 December 1787 – 4 April 1878 ) was a Neogranadine statesman and a Founding Father of Colombia and served as the 6th and 4th President of Gran Colombia , and as the 3rd Vice President of the Republic of New Granada . During the administration of President Simón Bolívar , he was named as the 1st Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the nascent states of Peru , the United Provinces of South America , and Chile with the purpose of creating unity amongst the South American nations .
Battle of St . Kitts ( 1629 ) The Battle of St . Kitts or St . Cristopher was a successful Spanish expedition that seized the islands of Saint Kitts and Nevis from the English and French during the Anglo - Spanish War ( 1625 – 1630 ) . Background . By the year 1629 , the colony had grown sufficiently to be regarded as a threat to the Spanish West Indies . English settlers had been recruited to the number of nearly 3 , 000 , and guns and ammunition had been sent over . Orders were given to the commander of the outward bound Spanish fleet " Armada de Sotavento " to Mexico to clear out the heavily armed English and French colonies . Raid . The Spanish expedition , under the command of Admiral Fadrique de Toledo , dropped anchor at Nevis Island and captured and destroyed several English ships anchored there . Spanish soldiers were then sent ashore to destroy the few newly built structures and capture the settlers . When Nevis was seized by the Spanish forces , the planters were deserted by their servants , who swam out to the Spanish ships to cries of " Liberty , joyfull Liberty , " peferring collaboration with the Spanish than to the subjection of tyrannical English masters . On 7 September 1629 , the Spanish expedition moved on to the sister island Saint Kitts and burned the entire settlement . Aftermath . By the terms of surrender , the Spanish allotted shipping to carry some 700 of the colonists back to England . But other colonists , variously estimated at 200 to 400 , evaded capture by taking to the hills and woods . After an agreement between the Spanish and English crowns , the Spanish departed in 1630 , handing the island to England . The fugitives returned to their plantations to form the nucleus of a new phase of colonization .
Château de Kérouzéré The Château de Kérouzéré is a 15th - century Breton castle ( or manor - house ) in the " commune " of Sibiril in the Finistère " département " of France . The castle was built in granite in the first half of the 15th century for Jean and Yves de Kérouzéré , seneschal of Morlaix , and followers of the dukes of Brittany . Visible from the sea , Kérouzéré was dangerously exposed and was particularly vulnerable to English attacks . As such the duke permitted him to erect a single tower of more than twenty - four feet in width with crenellations and ditches . This construction caused a major controversy with the neighboring seigneur of Kermorvan . As a result , from 1466 the building was always unfinished and , in 1468 , François II had to grant a second authorization for its completion . The original tower is the part of the manor - house located to the west of the current entry ( the window of the chapel sits above it ) . It was besieged in 1590 during the French Wars of Religion and seriously damaged as the southeast tower was destroyed . It was rebuilt around 1600 . There are four superimposed halls : the lowest hall is on the right of the entry and the upper - hall , arranged in the roof , gives access to the covered wall - walk . The kitchen , the common rooms and the private quarters , above , are directed towards the west . There were originally four corner towers ; the moat , of which vestiges remained until the last century , has been filled in . The interior of the manor - house still has some 17th century wall paintings . The roof of the northwest tower was restored at the end of the 19th century . It has been listed since 1883 as a " monument historique " by the French Ministry of Culture . Today visitors to the castle can still see the armoury , chapel , stairs , wall - walk and the watchman ' s tower with a view over the sea . There is also a 15th - century dovecote still standing on the grounds .
Echelon Barracks Echelon Barracks was a former military barracks situated in Colombo fort , Colombo . Build during the late nineteenth century as headquarters of the British Army Garrison of Ceylon , it was occupied by the newly formed Ceylon Army , following independence . It was made up of a two - storey barrack blocks , with wide verandahs , formed a square around a parade ground large enough for several football and hockey pitches . This parade ground gained the name Echelon Square adjoining the then old Parliament ( present Presidential Secretariat ) . Till 1963 it was the regimental headquarters of the Ceylon Artillery and house the Ministry of Defence until the building were demolished to make way for commercial buildings in fort during the late 1970s and early 1980s . The 1st Reconnaissance Squadron was form here . At present the World Trade Centre , Colombo stands in the Echelon Square , along with the head office of the Bank of Ceylon , Colombo Hilton and Hotel Galadari .
Fort DeRussy ( Washington , D . C . ) Fort DeRussy was an American Civil War - era fortification constructed in 1861 on a hilltop along the west bank of Rock Creek within Washington , D . C . , as part of the defenses of the national capital . The fort provided support during the nearby Battle of Fort Stevens ( July 11 – 12 , 1864 ) , contributing a large amount of cannon fire in the course of that battle ; the fort ' s 100 - pounder Parrott rifle was particularly effective then . Today , the grounds of the fort are administered by the U . S . National Park Service as part of Rock Creek Park in the northern portion of the District of Columbia . The fort ' s parapet and dry moat are in a good state of preservation , remnants of powder magazines are still visible , and lines of infantry trenches that protected the fort are still present near the fort . The site , now heavily wooded , is easily reached by a trail from the west bank of the creek north of Military Road , so - called because it connected the ring of defensive installations around the capital .
Sutler A sutler or victualer is a civilian merchant who sells provisions to an army in the field , in camp or in quarters . The sutler sold wares from the back of a wagon or a temporary tent , allowing him to travel along with an army or to remote military outposts . Sutler ' s wagons were associated with the military while chuck wagon s served a similar purpose for civilian wagon trains and outposts . Origin of the term . The word , like numerous other naval and military terms , came into English from Dutch , where it appears as " soetelaar " or " zoetelaar " . It meant originally " one who does dirty work , a drudge , a scullion " , and derives from " zoetelen " ( to foul , sully ; modern Dutch " bezoedelen " ) , a word cognate with " suds " ( hot soapy water ) , " seethe " ( to boil ) and " sodden " . Role in supplying troops . These merchants often followed the armies of the American Revolution and the American Civil War to try to sell their merchandise to the soldiers . Generally , the sutlers built their stores within the limits of an army post or just off the defense line , and first needed to receive a license from the Commander prior to construction ; they were , by extension , also subject to his regulations . Sutlers , frequently the only local suppliers of non - military goods , often developed monopolies on simple commodities like tobacco , coffee , or sugar and rose to powerful stature . Since government - issued coinage was scarce during the Civil War , sutlers often conducted transactions using a particular type of Civil War token known as a sutler token . Sutlers played a major role in the recreation of army men between 1865 and 1890 . Sutlers ' stores outside of military posts were usually also open to non - military travelers and offered gambling , drinking , and prostitution . In modern use the term sutler is often used to describe businesses that provide period uniforms and supplies to reenactors , especially to reenactors of the American Civil War . These businesses will often play the part of historical sutlers while selling their modern - day goods at reenactments .
Rand Araskog Rand Vincent Araskog ( born October 31 , 1931 ) is a prominent U . S . businessman and an ex - CEO of ITT Corporation . Araskog is of Scandinavian origin ; his grandfather emigrated from Sweden to Minnesota . Rand Araskog was elected as a valedictorian in his school and went on to West Point where he studied until 1953 , majoring in Soviet studies , as a result , he is fluent in Russian . Later , he studied at Harvard University . He started his career in the Pentagon and was sent to work in Europe . Upon his arrival back to U . S . , he left the Pentagon and joined Honeywell in 1960 as marketing director . In 1966 he joined ITT and was promoted to CEO in 1979 , succeeding ( after the 18 - month presidency of Lyman C . Hamilton ) the famous Harold Geneen . Araskog retired from ITT in 1998 . Araskog was named an Officer in the French Legion of Honor in 1987 . He has also been awarded the Order of Merit of the Republic of Italy by the President of Italy and the Order General Bernardo O ' Higgins by the president of Chile . He was awarded an honorary doctorate of humane letters by Hofstra University in 1990 . Currently , he is a self - employed as a private investor as principal in RVA Investments and on the Board of Directors of the Palm Beach Civic Association .
USS Kermanshah ( ID - 1473 ) USS " Kermanshah " ( ID - 1473 ) was a cargo ship that served in the United States Navy from 1918 to 1919 . " Kermanshah " was built as the commercial cargo ship SS " Himalaia " in 1910 at Newcastle upon Tyne , England , by the Northumberland Shipbuilding Company for an Austro - Hungarian shipping firm . In August 1914 , when the outbreak of World War I made the seas unsafe for Central Powers ' shipping , " Himalaia " took refuge at New York City in the neutral United States and was laid up there . When the United States entered the war on the side of the Allies in April 1917 , the United States Government seized Central Powers ships in American ports , " Himalaia " among them . The Kerr Navigation Company of New York City bought " Himalaia " , renamed her SS " Kermanshah " , after the Iranian city of Kermanshah , and placed her in commercial service under the American flag . The U . S . Navy acquired " Kermanshah " from Kerr Navigation for World War I service on 1 August 1918 , assigned her the naval registry Identification Number ( Id . No . ) 1473 , and commissioned her on 3 August 1918 at New York City as USS " Kermanshah " with Lieutenant Commander S . W . Hickey , USNRF , in command . " Kermanshah " departed New York on 17 August 1918 in convoy for Bordeaux , France , with a cargo of general United States Army supplies . Arriving at Bordeaux on 3 September 1918 , she returned to New York City on 24 September 1918 . Departing New York once again on 12 October 1918 , she made a second round - trip voyage to Bordeaux , returning to New York in November 1918 . In December 1918 , she departed New York on a yoyage to Quiberon and Nantes , France , completing this voyage by returning to New York on 13 February 1919 from Nantes with a cargo of munitions . " Kermanshah " was decommissioned on 5 March 1919 and transferred to the United States Shipping Board the same day for return to the Kerr Navigation Company . The ship reentered commercial service as SS " Kermanshah " . She was renamed SS " Oceana " in 1922 , SS " Nymphe " in 1927 , and SS " Kalliopi " in 1928 . During World War II , " Kalliopi " was torpedo ed and sunk by the German submarine " U - 402 " in the North Atlantic Ocean on 7 February 1943 .
Expedition of Qatan The Expedition of Katan , was the first Raid on the Banu Asad bin Khuzaymah tribe , which occurred directly after the Battle of Hamra al - Asad in the year 4 A . H of the Islamic calendar . The expedition was ordered by Muhammad after he received intelligence that some members of the Banu Asad bin Khuzaymah were planning to attack Medina . Background . Banu Asad ibn Khuzaymah tribe ( not to be confused with the Banu Asad tribe ) , were the residents of Katan , in the vicinity of Fayd , was a powerful tribe connected with the Quraysh . They resided near the hill of Katan in Nejd . Muhammad , purportedly , received intelligence reports that they were planning a raid on Medina . So he dispatched a force of 150 men under the leadership of Abu Salama ` Abd Allah ibn ` Abd al - Asad to make a sudden attack on this tribe . On the first day of Muharram . Raid . When the Muslims arrived at the site the tribe members fled and the Muslims found three herdsmen with a large herd of camels and goats . Then the booty , along with the three captives , was brought to Medina . As per Islamic rule on plunder , all the movable booty must be taken out and removed from the site of plunder . It is unlawful , according to Islamic rule , not to take possession of infidel wealth after a successful plunder . On the rule on Ghanimah , ( plunder ) , the Dictionary of Islam writes , " If the Imam , or the leader of the Muslim army , conquers a country by force of arms , he is at liberty to leave the land in possession of the original proprietors , provided they pay tribute , or he may divide it amongst the Muslims ; but with regard to movable property , it is unlawful for him to leave it in possession of the infidels , but he must bring it away with the army and divide it amongst the soldiers " . For this reason , the goats were taken back to Medina ( as they are movable objects ) . Abu Salamah had an inflammation from a previous wound , and he died . The 2nd raid of the Banu Asad tribe took place almost 3 years later . Islamic sources . Biographical literature . This event is mentioned in Ibn Sa ’ d ' s biography of Muhammad . The Muslim jurist Ibn Qayyim Al - Jawziyya also mentions the event in his biography of Muhammad , Zad al - Ma ' ad . Modern secondary sources which mention this , include the award winning book , Ar - Raheeq Al - Makhtum ( The Sealed Nectar ) Hadith literature . , , and all mention that Muhammad sent some Muslims on a Military expedition to Nejd . This is where the raid took place .
Action of 18 September 1639 This battle took place between 17 and 19 September 1639 when a Dutch squadron under Admiral Maarten Tromp and Admiral Witte Corneliszoon de With , met with a much larger but poorly led Spanish fleet under Antonio D ' Oquendo , consisting of 40 to 45 men – of – war and 40 to 50 transport vessels filled with some 13 , 000 Spanish soldiers who were being transported to Dunkirk . Tromp with 12 ships spotted the Spanish fleet on the 16th , but waited for de With to arrive with five more ships before attacking . Despite his numerical inferiority Tromp got the upper hand in a running fight which lasted into the night . The next day , Zeeland Commodore Joost Banckert , arrived to reinforce the Dutch with 12 more ships . Fighting continued until the Dutch ran out of gunpowder when D ' Oquendo retreated to the roadstead of the Downs hoping on English protection which would eventually lead to the Battle of the Downs , where D ' Oquendo was decisively defeated and this marked the end of Spanish seapower . This fight is notable because Tromp used the line of battle for the first time .