naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
59th Ordnance Brigade The 59th Ordnance Brigade was a military unit of the United States Army . The brigade had more than 6 , 500 soldiers . It was responsible for delivering , maintaining and supervising the weapons of mass destruction ( " special ammo " ) for forces of the allied NATO - countries . History . The " 71st Ordnance Battalion " was activated in Germany in 1955 . 1959 it was formed into the " AWSCOM " . On 24 March 1962 it was renamed into " 59th Ordnance Brigade " . In October 1972 the SASCOM was overtaken . The Brigade got the addition SASCOM in its name . In June 1992 the Brigade was deactivated after it had removed a lot of nuclear weapons from Europe . It was reactivated in Redstone Arsenal , Alabama , 1994 . Overview . In June 1976 the Brigade ' s units were situated at many locations in Western Germany and The Netherlands : :
Siege of Nicomedia Introduction . From 1299 , the newly founded Turkic state of the Ottomans had been slowly but surely capturing territory from the Byzantine Greeks . The loss of Nicaea was the beginning of a series of Ottoman expansion that lead to final dissolution of the Byzantine empire and its scattered Greek successor states . Siege . Following the Byzantine defeat at Nicaea in 1331 , the loss of Nicomedia was only a matter of time for the Byzantines . The Byzantine emperor attempted to bribe the Ottoman leader Orkhan , but in 1337 , Nicomedia was attacked and fell to the Ottomans . The Byzantine empire did not recover from this defeat ; the last Anatolian stronghold of Byzantium had fallen , except Philadelphia , was surrounded by the Germiyanids till 1396 . Aftermath . Following the loss of Nicomedia , the situation of the Byzantine empire remained untenable . Unlike the Byzantine empire at 1096 , the Byzantine empire now possessed very little land , save a few cities in the peloponese . With its Serbian and Bolgarian neighbours pressing against its frontiers from the west and the Ottomans dismantling their hold on the east , the double - headed eagle of Constantinople was now truly looking in both directions at danger .
Tegart ' s wall Tegart ' s Wall was a barbed wire fence erected in May – June 1938 by British Mandatory authorities on the northern border of Palestine in order to keep militants from infiltrating from Syria and Lebanon to join the 1936 – 1939 Arab revolt in Palestine . It was described as an " ingenious solution for handling terrorism in Palestine . " History . The wall , an early separation barrier , was built on the orders of Charles Tegart , adviser to the Palestine Government on the suppression of terrorism . In his first report , Tegart wrote that the border could not be defended along most of its length under the prevailing topographical conditions . The barrier was strung along the entire Palestine frontier at a cost of $ 450 , 000 . It included a nine - foot barbed wire fence between Palestine and French - mandated Lebanon and Syria on the north and northeast . Before the fence was completed , " a band of Arab terrorists swooped down on a section of the fence . . . ripped it up and carted it across the frontier into Lebanon . " Five Tegart fort s and twenty pillboxes were built along the route of the fence . Nevertheless , the infiltrators easily overcame the fence and evaded mobile patrols along the frontier road . The barrier , which impeded both legal and illegal trade , angered local inhabitants on both sides of the border because it bisected pastures and private property . After the rebellion was suppressed in 1939 , the wall was dismantled .
Michael Kelly Lawler Michael Kelly Lawler ( November 16 , 1814 – July 26 , 1882 ) was an officer in the United States Army in both the Mexican War and the Civil War . In the latter conflict , as a brigadier general he commanded a brigade of infantry in the Western Theater and served in several battles . Early life and career . Born in County Kildare , Ireland , in November , 1814 , Lawler and his parents , John Lawler and Elizabeth Kelly , moved to the United States four years later and settled initially in Frederick County , Maryland . In 1819 , they moved to rural Gallatin County , Illinois . On the 20th day of December , 1837 he married Elizabeth Crenshaw . He received an appointment as a captain in the Mexican War and was asked by Governor Thomas Ford to organize a company of riflemen . He served in the campaign to take Matamoros , Tamaulipas . He then returned to his farm in Illinois , where he was residing at the outbreak of the Civil War . He established a thriving mercantile business , dealing in hardware , dry goods , and shoes . He studied law , passed his bar exam , and used his legal license to help the claims of Mexican War veterans . Civil War service . In May 1861 he recruited the 18th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment , and was appointed as its first colonel . His time in command of the regiment in Kentucky and Tennessee was controversial and an " ordeal . " He was suffered a wound during the Battle of Fort Donelson . In November 1862 he was commissioned as a brigadier general , and commanded a brigade in the Second Division of the XIII Corps . He fought with distinction in the Vicksburg Campaign in 1863 . He led his men in the battles of Port Gibson , Champion ' s Hill , and Big Black River Bridge . Following the surrender of Jackson , Mississippi , the XIII Corps was split up and divided among other operations in the Western Theater . For the rest of the war , General Lawler served as commander of the 1st Division , XIII Corps in Louisiana in the Department of the Gulf , taking command of the division during the disastrous Red River Campaign and leading it on an expedition in June 1864 to secure a crossing of the Atchafalaya River used by Confederate forces . In the omnibus promotions at the end of the Civil War , Lawler received a promotion for distinguished service to major general in the Union army backdated from March 13 , 1865 . Post - bellum and later career . After mustering out of the army in 1866 , Lawler returned home and resumed his legal practice and farming near Shawneetown , Illinois . He died in the summer 1882 and is buried in the Lawler Family Cemetery near Equality , Illinois , at the rear of the Old Slave House property . A memorial to Michael K . Lawler stands in Equality , Illinois . He also was honored with a marble bust in Vicksburg National Military Park in Vicksburg , Mississippi . Chicago named a street after Gen . Michael Lawler , The Civil War hero . Lawler Ave . , location : 5034 West , running from 400 to 5500N and from 4300 to 6500 South
Vosper Thornycroft MK9 The MK9 Corvette was ordered by the Nigerian Navy in April 1975 as follow - ons to the smaller Vosper Thornycroft MK3 , which was confusedly grouped under the same Hippo class designation , both ships being named after the word for hippopotamus in local languages . The two ships were built by Vosper Thornycroft . Laid down in October 1975 , NNS " Erinomi " was launched on 20 January 1977 and commissioned on 29 January 1980 . She was given the pennant number F83 . She stopped making patrols in 1993 due to constant breakdowns . In 1994 - 1995 she underwent a refit at Lagos which at least made her seaworthy again , but with some systems off - line . The " Erinomi " participated in a December 1995 naval exercise ; she rarely left port thereafter until 1997 , when minor repairs allowed her to again undertake patrols , but by 2007 the ship was again non - operational . Her sister ship , the NNS " Enyimiri " , was commenced in February 1977 , launched on 9 February 1978 and commissioned on 2 May 1980 . She was given the pennant number F84 . She had ceased patrols in 1992 and by 1996 was in extremely bad shape . In 2000 a major repair effort allowed her to leave port again , although with most sensors and some weapons nonfunctional . In December 2004 , the " Enyimiri " suffered a massive explosion resulting in crew fatalities and severe damage to the ship . She was decommissioned on 22 December 2004 .
USS Rivalen ( SP - 63 ) USS " Rivalen " ( SP - 63 ) was an armed motorboat that served in the United States Navy as a patrol vessel from 1917 to 1919 . " Rivalen " was built as a private wooden motorboat of the same name in 1917 by George Lawley & Son at Neponset , Massachusetts . The U . S . Navy acquired her for World War I service as a patrol vessel on a lease from her owner , W . Harry Brown of Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , on 17 April 1917 and took delivery of her at the Boston Navy Yard at Boston , Massachusetts , on 29 June 1917 . Her Petty Officer in Charge , Coxswain James R , Hanham , reported aboard on 17 November 1917 , and the Navy finally commissioned her as USS " Rivalen " ( SP - 63 ) on 12 May 1918 . " Rivalen " entered service as a patrol boat at Boston Harbor in May 1918 , but the Navy soon found her unsuited for naval service and laid her up in July 1918 . She then was inactive until returned to her owner on 5 May 1919 . Again in private use from 1919 , " Rivalen " was sold to a new owner and renamed " Tremont " in 1921 . She disappeared from yacht registers in the early 1930s .
Dealtry Charles Part Lieutenant - Colonel Sir Dealtry Charles Part ( 28 February 1882 – 9 February 1961 ) was sheriff and Lord Lieutenant of Bedfordshire and an owner of race horses . He was the son of Charles Part and Isabella Mackintosh ( of Mackintosh ) . He was educated at Harrow School and was commissioned into the militia battalion of the Queen ' s Own Cameron Highlanders in 1899 . He was promoted Lieutenant in 1901 . He was commissioned into the regular 21st Lancers in 1902 and was promoted Lieutenant in 1907 and Captain in 1911 . He retired before the First World War , but was employed in the Remount Service from 1915 and ended the war as a lieutenant - colonel . He was High Sheriff of Bedfordshire in 1926 and Lord Lieutenant of the County from 1943 to 1957 . He lived at Houghton Hall , Houghton Regis Bedfordshire , and was Joint Master of the Hertfordshire Hounds . He also owned Morvich in Sutherland . In 1938 his horse , Morse Code , ridden by D Morgan , won the Cheltenham Gold Cup . He was knighted in 1957 . His first wife was Edith Christie - Miller and after her death in 1957 he married Avice Myrtilla Long . His funeral at Aldenham parish church in 1961 was conducted by the Bishop of Bedford . References . Times Obituary February 1961
Morale , Welfare and Recreation Morale , Welfare and Recreation , abbreviated MWR , is a network of support and leisure services ( see AAFES ) designed for use by U . S . soldiers ( active , Reserve , and Guard ) , their families , civilian employees , military retirees and other eligible participants . Roughly 67 % of AAFES earnings are paid to MWR programs . Organization . Each branch of the United States Armed Forces has a branch of MWR . MWR provides free and discounted recreation to military personnel and their families . Although the facilities provided vary from base to base , the types of services , facilities and programs provided can include fitness centers , pools , marinas , bowling centers , golf courses , restaurants , conference centers , catering , programs for single sailors with special events , access to internet , movies and video games . As of 2009 , MWR is known as FMWR - Family and Morale , Welfare and Recreation . FMWR also offers accredited family child care and youth and school aged services at many installations . Army . The United States Army ’ s MWR , the Family and Morale , Welfare and Recreation Command . The United States Army ' s Family and MWR Programs is a military organization whose primary mission is to provide the United States Army with programs that fulfill and support the Army Family Covenant . The organization strives to provide soldiers and their families with " the same quality of life afforded the society they protect . " Marines . The United States Marines ’ MWR program , Marine Corps Community Services . Navy . The United States Navy has MWR in most areas where there are Navy personnel stationed in the United States , internationally , and in the fleet . Many of their programs are operated by " non - appropriated funds , " or by the proceeds that they earn rather than by tax dollars . Air Force . The United States Air Force ’ s MWR agency , the Air Force Services agency . Coast Guard . United States Coast Guard MWR .
Bridgnorth Castle Bridgnorth Castle is a castle in the town of Bridgnorth , Shropshire beside the River Severn . Details . The castle was founded in 1101 by Robert de Belleme , the son of the French Earl , Roger de Montgomery , who succeeded his father to become the Earl of Shrewsbury . Its principal feature , a square great tower , was built during the reign of Henry II . During the Civil War , Bridgnorth was one of the Midlands ' main Royalist strongholds and in 1642 many Royalist troops were garrisoned there . In 1646 , Cromwell ’ s Roundheads arrived with orders to take Bridgnorth for the Parliamentarians from the garrison led by Sir Robert Howard . Following a three - week siege , Cromwell was successful and he ordered that the castle be demolished . By 1647 little of the structure remained . The Parliamentarians left it much as it is today , the stone from the castle being taken and used to repair the town ' s damaged buildings . Parts of the great tower still remain , but because of the damage caused during the Civil War , it now leans at an angle of 15 degrees , 4 times the lean of the leaning tower of Pisa . The castle grounds were excavated over 3 days by Time Team , clarifying the layout of the castle and the history of its construction .
Opha Mae Johnson Opha May Johnson ( 2 Feb 1900 – Jan 1976 ) was the first woman to enlist in the United States Marine Corps . She joined the Marine Corps Reserve in 1918 . Military service . She became the first woman to enlist in the Marine Corps on August 13 , 1918 , when she joined the Marine Corps Reserve during World War I . Johnson was the first of 305 women to enlist in the United States Marine Corps Women ' s Reserve that day .
Zastava M84 The Zastava M84 is a general - purpose machine gun developed and manufactured by then - Yugoslav Zastava Arms company . It is gas - operated , air - cooled , belt - fed and fully automatic shoulder fired weapon . The M84 is almost a direct copy of the Soviet PK machine gun , the sole difference being in stock , which is not hollowed like on the original and is made out of a different wood type . Variants . M84 . The standard M84 is intended for infantry use , and is derived from the Russian - made PK machine gun . It differs from the PK - series in that it has a solid wooden stock and an unfluted barrel . It is also configured for tripod mounting ( like the PKS ) and comes with a scope mount ( like the PKMSN ) . M86 . The M86 variant is based on the PKT , and is designed to mount as a coaxial weapon on tank s and other combat vehicles . The stock , bipod , and iron sights are omitted from this version , and it includes a heavier barrel and electric trigger .
Operation Dawn 2 Operation Dawn 2 ( also known as Operation Valfajr - 2 ) was an Iranian operation during the eight - year long Iran – Iraq War . This operation opened a new front in northern Iraq / Iraqi Kurdistan also known as " the northern front " . Despite Turkish help , this region was Iraq ' s weak point during the war as the Kurds sided with Iran . Prelude . In the year leading up to the operation , fighting between Iraqi and Iranian forces drew to a stalemate on the southern front . Iranian forces repeatedly used human wave attacks in the southern marshlands , only to be repulsed by forces of the Iraqi Third Corps . However , the Iranian government managed to win favor of the Kurdish people in parts of northern Iraq , thus allowing the opportunity to take the war north . The main objective of the mission was the frontier town of Haj Omran , which was nestled on the border and surrounded by a mountainous terrain . Rebels of the Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iraq would prove a great asset to the advancing Iranians , given their knowledge of the terrain and the people . The battle . On July 22 , Iranian forces advanced from Piranshahr and were highly successful against the Iraqis , effectively seizing Haj Omran in the process . The Iranians and Kurdish guerrillas made use of elevated ridges to launch ambushes on Iraqi positions and convoys . In all , they seized roughly of Iraqi territory . Iraq responded with counteroffensive , launching an airborne assault and employing the use of poison gas for the first time in the entire war . The Iraqis hit Iranian troops on mountain tops near Haj Omran with mustard gas while their troops advanced in the slopes . The Iraqis were unfamiliar with the properties of poison gas and the agent descended back down to the exposed Iraqi troops . At the same time , the rugged terrain held up Iraqi tanks . The use of helicopter gunships was also hampered , since the Iranian and Kurdish fighters had better cover . These were the deciding factors that contributed to Iraq ' s loss of the battle .
Serafin Olarte Serafin Olarte ( died 1821 ) was a Totonac chief and general who led a revolt against Spanish rule during the Mexican War of Independence in ( then province ) Veracruz . His date of birth is unknown . Olarte first appeared in 1813 , when he gathered a force of 400 Totonacs and fought against the Spanish in the area near Papantla in the mountains of Coxquihui . From 1812 until end of 1820 the countryside of northern Veracruz was hotbed of rebel activity and guerrilla fighting . Previous rebellions occurred in 1735 , 1762 , 1764 , 1767 , and 1787 and as a result Paplanta ' s inhabitants had a reputation among the royalist forces as troublemakers . The Olarte family was one of the most important ones in the area around due to their participation in many local Totonac cabildos ( councils ) and ability to raise troops from the local indigenous population . Serafin 1814 met Ignacio Lopez Rayon in Zacatlan and formally joined the fight for Mexican independence . He was able to gather together diverse tribes and groups in an overall coalition , which made him one of the most successful commanders in the area . His force soon grew to several thousand warriors , and even though they were lightly armed compared to their opponents , he repulsed several attacks by the Spanish royalists and kept them from controlling the region . Olarte and Vicente Guerrero were the only independentist generals active during the low point of the war of independence after the execution of José María Morelos in 1815 . In 1816 he defended Tlaxcalantongo although eventually he was forced to retreat to Cerro el Blanco . In 1819 he tried to take Papantla but was unsuccessful and the Spanish burned the town in reprisal . With the Treaty of Cordoba in 1821 Mexico gained its independence from Spain . The same year however , Serafin Olarte was killed by Spanish troops in an ambush near Papantla . Serafin ' s son , Mariano Olarte fought alongside his father and then also led another rebellion in Veracruz in 1836 – 1838 . In December 1935 the name of the city of Papantla de Hidalgo was officially changed to that of Papantla de Olarte in his honor .
28 cm schwere Bruno Kanone ( E ) The 28 cm schwere Bruno Kanone ( E - Eisenbahnlafette ( railroad mounting ) ) , often abbreviated as " s . Br . K " , was a German railroad gun used during World War II in the invasion of France and on coast - defense duties in Occupied Norway for the rest of the war . Two were built using pre - World War I coast - defense guns during the 1930s . Design . As part of the re - armament program initiated by the Nazis after taking power in 1933 the Army High Command " ( Oberkommando des Heeres - OKH ) " ordered Krupp to begin work on new railroad artillery designs , but they would take a long time to develop . Krupp pointed out that it could deliver a number of railroad guns much more quickly using obsolete guns already on hand and modernizing their original World War I mountings for which it still had drawings available . OKH agreed and authorized Krupp in 1936 to begin design of a series of guns between for delivery by 1939 as the Emergency Program ( " Sofort - Programe " ) . Two aged " 28 cm Küsten Kanone L / 42 ( 42 caliber Coastal Cannon ) " guns seized from the Belgians on the outbreak of World War I had survived the war and were placed on new mounts that were shared by all of the 28 cm " Bruno " railroad guns . The gun could traverse only enough on the mount itself for fine corrections , coarser adjustments had to be made by turning the entire mount on the Vögele turntable . The turntable ( " Drehscheibe " ) consisted of a circular track with a pivot mount in the center for a platform on which the railroad gun itself was secured . A ramp was used to raise the railway gun to the level of the platform . The platform had rollers at each end which rested on the circular rail for 360° traverse . It had a capacity of , enough for most of the railroad guns in the German inventory . The gun could only be loaded at 0° elevation and so had to be re - aimed for each shot . Both guns were delivered by 1938 . It fired nose - and base - fused high - explosive shells with a ballistic cap ( " 28 cm Sprenggranate L / 4 . 4 m KZ m BdZ m Hb " ) filled with of TNT . Combat history . During the Battle of France " schwere Brunos " equipped " Railroad Artillery Battery ( Artillerie - Batterie ( E . ) 689 " for which the only known activity was firing on targets in southern Alsace from Lörrach between 14 and 17 June 1940 . The battery was later transferred to Nærbø , Norway for coast defense duties under the command of " Artillery Group Stavanger - South ( Artilleriegruppe Stavanger - Süd ) " , but was transferred to Fredrikstad when four ex - French railroad guns were transferred from Narvik in 1944 .
Sprint ( missile ) The Sprint was a two - stage , solid - fuel anti - ballistic missile , armed with a W66 enhanced radiation thermonuclear warhead . It was designed as the short - range high - speed counterpart to the longer - range LIM - 49 Spartan as part of the Sentinel program . Sentinel never became operational , but the technology was deployed briefly in a downsized version called the Safeguard program . The Sprint , like the Spartan , was in operational service for only a few months in the Safeguard program , from October 1975 to early 1976 . A combination of high costs , congressional opposition , and questionable efficacy resulted in a very short operational period . The " Sprint " accelerated at 100 " g " , reaching a speed of Mach 10 in 5 seconds . It was designed for close - in defense against incoming nuclear weapons . As the last line of defense it was to intercept the reentry vehicles that had not been destroyed by the Spartan , with which it was deployed . The conical Sprint was stored in and launched from a silo . To make the launch as quick as possible , the cover was blown off the silo by explosive charges , then the missile was ejected by an explosive - driven piston . As the missile cleared the silo , the first stage fired and the missile was tilted toward its target . The first stage was exhausted after only 1 . 2 seconds , but produced 2 , 900 kN ( 650 , 000 lbf ) of thrust . The second stage fired within 1 – 2 seconds of launch . Interception at an altitude of 1 , 500 m to 30 , 000 m took at most 15 seconds . The Sprint was controlled by ground - based radio command , which tracked the incoming reentry vehicles with phased - array radar and guided the missile to its target . The Sprint was armed with an enhanced radiation nuclear warhead with a yield reportedly of a few kilotons , though the exact number has not been declassified . The warhead was intended to destroy the incoming reentry vehicle primarily by neutron flux .