naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Gaius Pontius Gaius Pontius , sometimes called as Gavius Pontius or simply Pontius , was a Samnite commander during the Second Samnite War . He is most well known for his victory over the Roman legions at the Battle of the Caudine Forks in 321 BCE . He was eventually captured and executed by Fabius Maximus Rullianus . Early Command . Gaius Pontius was a Meddix , a Samnite position similar to a Roman Consul or Magistratus at the beginning of the Second Samnite War . He controlled a force of nearly 9 , 000 , including nearly 1000 cavalry men . With this force , he won a series of early victories , which included taking the towns of Canusium and Gnaitha , and defeating the army under the command of Cornelius Lentulus . The Samnites failed to take advantage of these victories , however , and the Romans continued to press into Samnite territory . Battle of the Caudine Forks . In 321 BCE , the Romans were moving into Samnium , and Pontius , who was encamped at Caudium , discovered that the army led by the Roman Consuls was near the town of Calatia . He devised a plan to trap the Roman army , and quickly sent ten shepherds to the Roman encampment . They told the Romans that the Samnite army was laying siege to the town of Luceria , in the region of Apulia . The Romans fell for his trap , and found themselves cornered by the Samnite army in a narrow pass . They were forced to surrender to Pontius . Aftermath . As recorded by Livy , Pontius was confused as to what should become of the Roman army which had surrendered to him . He sent a letter to his father , the Samnite statesman Herennius Pontius , and the reply was that he should free them all , and therefore make Rome an ally . Pontius did not like this idea , and sent another letter to his father , saying so . Herennius , in a seemingly hypocritical manner , told his son to execute the entire army , saying that it would destroy the threat of Rome for a long time . Pontius knew that the number of Romans were simply too large to have them all executed , so he sent for his father in person , and asked him if there was a middle road . Herennius advised his son not to take that road , as it would not only humiliate the Romans , but leave them with the means to carry out revenge . Pontius ended up ignoring his father ' s advice and forcing the Romans to walk under a yoke composed of Roman spear s . This was supreme humiliation , as it was seen as cowardly for a Roman soldier to lose his spear , and the army went back to Rome smarting but intact . Rome ' s revenge was swift , and ended up with the Samnites being soundly defeated , and Pontius being executed years after the battle . Legacy . During the Second Samnite War , the Romans adopted the manipular system of military organization , which the Pontius and the Samnites used throughout the conflict . Gaius Pontius may be an ancestor of Pontius Pilate , the Roman Prefect of the province of Judaea and judge at the trial of Jesus , thus being the ancestor of the Gens Pontia , who also gave Roman consuls Marcus Pontius Sabinus , Marcus Pontius Laelianus and . . . Pontius Proculus Pontianus .
78th Infantry Division ( Wehrmacht ) The 78th Infantry Division ( German : " 78 . Infanterie - Division " ) , later the 78th " Sturm " ( Assault ) Division , was a German infantry formation which fought during World War II . Unit history . The 78th Infantry Division was raised in August 1939 in Stuttgart , incorporating reservists from Baden - Württemberg ( its divisional symbol was a representation of Ulm Cathedral ) . It was stationed in France for occupation duties from the summer of 1940 through the spring of 1941 , and then transferred east to participate in Operation Barbarossa with Army Group Centre . The Division advanced from the Polish border to the gates of Moscow , being halted on 3 December 1941 by the Soviet defence as well as the bitter winter . By January 7 , 1942 the Division had been pushed back from Ruza to Gzhatsk where the Soviet winter offensive was halted . The Division then formed the South East flank of the Rzhev - Vyazma Salient . Late in 1942 it suffered heavy losses in the Rzhev battles . At the beginning of 1943 it was reorganised as the 78th " Sturm " Division ( a new divisional symbol , an armoured fist , being adopted , derived from the artificial hand of Götz von Berlichingen ) with additional adjustments to its strength and organisation over the next several months . Each of its three infantry regiments was redesignated as a " Sturm - Regiment " . The designation " Sturm " ( assault ) reflected the division ' s increased strength , which eventually included subordinate " Sturmgeschutz " ( assault gun ) " Heavy Mortar " and " Nebelwerfer " ( rocket launcher ) battalions and a tank destroyer unit equipped with " Marder II " s , as well as extra regimental artillery support . With its new organisation , the division took part in Operation Citadel as part of the XXIII Corps of the Ninth Army , being involved in the fighting at Ponyri . During the following Soviet Counteroffensive the division was first transferred from the Ninth Army to the Second Panzer Army in July , then again to the Fourth Army in September where the division was forced back to the Panther - Wotan line East of Orsha . During the June - July 1944 Soviet offensive against Army Group Centre , Operation Bagration , the division was assigned to defend the main Moscow - Minsk road and the town of Orsha . During the fighting the division was destroyed , having failed to break out of an encirclement east of Minsk on the night of 5 / 6 July . Surviving elements were taken over by the 565th Volksgrenadier Division . Later that month , the division was reconstituted as the 78th " Grenadier " Division , by renaming the 543rd Volksgrenadier Division then in the process of forming . In October 1944 it was renamed as 78th " Volksgrenadier " Division , and in early 1945 renamed again to 78th " Volks - Sturm " Division , being assigned to Army Group Centre . It was among the forces of the First Panzer Army pushed from Upper Silesia into Czechoslovakia , where its troops surrendered to the Soviets near Olomouc at the end of the war in May . Online sources . Note : These web references may require reference to other links to cover the unit ' s entire history .
HMS Cornwall ( 56 ) HMS " Cornwall " ( 56 ) was a County class heavy cruiser of the " Kent " subclass built for the Royal Navy in the mid - 1920s . She was built at Devonport Dockyard ( Plymouth , UK ) . History . In a single ship action of 8 May 1941 " Cornwall " sank the German commerce raider " Pinguin " but was hit in the stern . She returned to Durban for repairs , which were completed on 10 June 1941 . On 25 November 1941 , " Cornwall " intercepted the Vichy - French merchant " Surcouf " off the east coast of Somalia and brought her to Aden . The " Surcouf " was en route to Djibouti with food . In early April 1942 , " Cornwall " and her sister ship HMS " Dorsetshire " were detached from the fleet to escort the aircraft carrier HMS " Hermes " to Trincomalee on Ceylon for repairs . On 4 April , the Japanese carrier fleet was spotted , and the two cruisers left the harbour , and after a hurried refuelling at sea , set out for Addu Atoll shortly after midnight . On 5 April 1942 , the two cruisers were sighted by a spotter plane from the Japanese cruiser " Tone " about 200 miles ( 370 km ) southwest of Ceylon . As part of the engagement known as the Easter Sunday Raid , a wave of dive bombers led by Lieutenant Commander Egusa took off from Japanese carriers to attack the " Cornwall " and " Dorsetshire " , southwest of Ceylon , and sank the two ships . British losses were 424 men killed ; 1 , 120 survivors spent hours in the water .
Adair Air Force Station Adair Air Force Station is a closed United States Air Force station . It is located north - northeast of Corvallis , Oregon . It was closed in 1969 . History . Adair Air Force Station was established in 1957 on Camp Adair , established by the United States Army as a training facility during World War II . Initial construction by the Air Force on Camp Adair began in 1957 with the large , three story concrete Semi Automatic Ground Environment ( SAGE ) Direction Center , along with buildings for a barracks , dining hall , officer ' s quarters and open mess ' s . In addition a base exchange , dispensary , gymnasium , a headquarters building , supply facilities were constructed . 150 family housing units were also built for married personnel . The SAGE system was a network linking Air Force ( and later FAA ) General Surveillance Radar stations into a centralized center for Air Defense , intended to provide early warning and response for a Soviet nuclear attack . DC - 13 was activated on 1 September 1958 by the Portland Air Defense Sector ( PADS ) , under the 25th Air Division . DC - 13 with its AN / FSQ - 7 computer was transferred to the 26th Air Division on 1 April 1966 when the PADS was inactivated . In addition to the SAGE and station facilities , construction of a CIM - 10 Bomarc surface - to - air missile complex was begun in 1959 . Budget restrictions and other issues caused the cancellation of the Bomarc deployment when the deployment was cancelled in March 1960 after the facility was 50 % completed . SAGE operations continued until 30 September 1969 when technology advances allowed the Air Force to shut down many SAGE Data Centers . With the closure of DC - 13 , Adair AFS was closed . Today , Adair Air Force Station is a part of the city of Adair Village . The SAGE blockhouse remains , in private hands . The Bomarc site is now wooded and abandoned , some concrete pads intermixed in the woods .
USS PC - 1140 USS " PC - 1140 was a built for the United States Navy during World War II . She was later renamed Glenwood " ( PC - 1140 ) but never saw active service under that name . Career . " PC - 1140 " was laid down on 8 February 1943 at Defoe Shipbuilding Company in Bay City , Michigan . She was launched on 14 June , and was commissioned on 22 January 1944 under the command of Lieutenant F . H . Beardaley , Jr . After initial shakedown in Miami , Florida , " PC - 1140 " escorted convoy runs in the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean until early June 1944 , when she was sent for an overhaul in Norfolk , Virginia . In July she sailed for the Mediterranean , arriving in Bizerte , Tunisia on the 28th . She was assigned to patrol duties along the coast of Italy until 14 August when she was assigned to escort a convoy en route to the invasion of Southern France . She patrolled the assault area and ran convoy escort duty during the assault , returning to Naples , Italy on 17 August . For the remainder of World War II , she operated on patrol and escort duty between the Italian and French coasts . After VE Day , " PC - 1140 " returned to the United States , arriving in Key West , Florida on 14 June 1945 . She was scheduled for Pacific operations ; however the war came to a conclusion before her deployment . Instead she served in training exercises off the coast of Florida until 6 November 1946 when she returned to Norfolk . " PC - 1140 " was decommissioned in January 1947 and joined the Atlantic Reserve Fleet . While berthed at Green Cove Springs , Florida , she was given the name " Glenwood " , after the cities in Mills County , Iowa and Pope County , Minnesota on 15 February 1956 . Her name was struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 1 July 1960 and she was disposed of by Navy sale in March 1961 . " PC - 1140 " received one battle star for World War II service .
Iron Duke class battleship Following the British policy of naval design , this class was a refinement of predecessor King George V . His arms , however , was overshadowed by the new Queen Elizabeth class , which entered service in the same season . The Iron Duke was the flagship of the Alm . Jellicoe at Jutland , showing excellent performance
Soviet submarine K - 131 K - 131 was a Project 675 ( NATO reporting name Echo II class submarine ) of the Soviet Navy ' s Northern Fleet , it was also reclassified to Submarine K - 192 . Disaster . On 25 June 1989 , while under the command of Captain First Rank E . Selivanov , the boat suffered a catastrophic fire while on duty in the Norwegian Sea around the Kola Peninsula . A short - circuit in an electrical switchboard in the eighth compartment ignited the clothes of an electrical officer , and spread first to other equipment in that compartment , then into the seventh compartment . Before it was extinguished , the fire had killed thirteen men . Aid . The fire affected one of the two reactors , forcing the submarine to surface . Using its own freshwater supplies the temperature had been controlled from 150 °C to 108 °C , but by this time the Soviet freighter Konstantin Yuon had come and hooked up a pipe to help . All the cooling water had been turned to the ocean and its radioactive levels were unknown . The service ship Amur had then come to assist the submarine as it had a nuclear waste processing plant on board . However , the heavily contaminated water caused Amur ' s treatment plant to breakdown . How much waste leaked into the ocean has never been fully verified . Fate . The submarine was positioned in Ara Bay until 1994 when it was towed to the Navy yard in Shkval . To this day the reactors have not been able to be removed . Armaments , Specifications & Equipment . The Echo II Class was a nuclear - powered cruise - missile submarine , which could carry up to 8 anti - carrier missiles , designed to strike any aircraft - carrier borne nuclear threat . The missiles could be either conventional or nuclear and all 8 fired in as close as 20 minutes . The submarine would need to be surfaced and would feed the data to the missile while en route to its target . On top of its missile payload the k - 131 also had 6 533mm . torpedo tubes on the front side and 4 406mm . torpedo tubes at the rear . On top of these the K - 131 carried an array of electronics , radar and sonar . With a weight of 5 , 000 tons when surfaced and 6 , 000 tons when submerged the K - 131 was long , wide and on its draft . She was powered by 2 pressurized - water nuclear reactors giving 30 , 000 shp through 2 propellers , giving a speed of 20 - 23 knots . She was manned by about 90 crew members .
J . C . Julius Langbein Johann Christoph Julius Langbein ( September 22 , 1846 – January 28 , 1910 ) was an American lawyer and politician from New York . He was a drummer boy in the Union Army and a Medal of Honor recipient for his actions in the American Civil War . Life . Langbein joined the 9th New York Infantry from New York City in May 1861 , and left the regiment in 1863 . He was a Republican member of the New York State Assembly ( New York Co . , 21st D . ) in 1877 and 1879 . In November 1879 , he was elected Civil Justice of the 10th District . State Senator George F . Langbein ( 1842 – 1911 ) was his brother and law partner . Medal of Honor citation . Rank and organization : Musician , Company B , 9th New York Infantry . Place and date : At Camden , N . C . , April 19 , 1862 . Entered service at : New York , N . Y . Born : September 29 , 1846 , Germany . Date of issue : January 7 , 1895 . Citation : A drummer boy , 15 years of age , he voluntarily and under a heavy fire went to the aid of a wounded officer , procured medical assistance for him , and aided in carrying him to a place of safety .
Charles D . Copp Second Lieutenant Charles Dearborne Copp ( April 12 , 1840 to November 2 , 1912 ) was an American soldier who fought in the American Civil War . Copp received the country ' s highest award for bravery during combat , the Medal of Honor , for his action during the Battle of Fredericksburg in Virginia on 13 December 1862 . He was honored with the award on 28 June 1890 . Biography . Copp was born in Warren County , New Hampshire on 12 April 1840 . He enlisted into the 9th New Hampshire Infantry . He died on 2 November 1912 and his remains are interred at the Middle Cemetery in Massachusetts .
Robert D . Cherry Robert D . Cherry or Robert Cherry is a professor at Brooklyn College , with the Ph . D . in Economics from Kansas State University received in 1968 . His main areas of interest include race and gender earnings ' disparities in America , issues of poverty , low - income housing , tax reform to benefit working families , domestic relations , and immigration . These , and other similar subjects are featured in his latest social policy book published by NYU Press under the title , " Moving Working Families Forward : Third Way Policies That Work " . Cherry conducts studies of black and Latino students who graduate with degrees from less competitive colleges in the private sector . Robert Cherry has written extensively on the subject of discrimination and race , not to mention , the Holocaust in Poland . He is the author of " Rethinking Poles and Jews : Troubled Past , Brighter Future " , one of the first books to address the negative assumptions and anti - Polish bias in the Holocaust literature . The book , produced in collaboration with Annamaria Orla - Bukowska of Jagiellonian University in Kraków , was published in English as well as in Polish ; and described by Michael C . Steinlauf as " " a ray of light amidst the acrimonious and generally uninformed polemics " " , and " " a series of essays that pierce the stereotypes which have obscured historical reality " " ( Deborah Lipstadt , " Denying the Holocaust " ) .
Battle of Olney Bridge The Battle of Olney Bridge was a skirmish in the First English Civil War just outside the English town of Olney , Buckinghamshire on November 4 , 1643 , in which Royalist forces attacked the Parliamentarian forces holding Olney Bridge . The Parliamentarian forces held the bridge , and the remaining Royalists retreated . The bridge for which the battle is named remains to this day . A memorial to the dead can be found on the site .
William Burnham Woods William Burnham Woods ( August 3 , 1824 – May 14 , 1887 ) was an American jurist , politician , and soldier . Early life and career . Woods was born on August 3 , 1824 in Newark , Ohio . He was the older brother of Charles R . Woods , another future Civil War general . He attended college at both Western Reserve University and Yale University , graduating from Yale in 1845 . Upon his graduation he returned home to Newark and studied law , being admitted to the bar in 1847 and establishing a practice with his tutor . Woods , a loyal Democrat , was elected mayor of Newark in 1856 , and to the Ohio General Assembly in 1858 , being named Speaker of the House shortly thereafter . He opposed the Civil War but , not being a proponent of slavery , came to see the necessity of a Union victory . In 1862 he left the Ohio state house and joined the Union Army . Civil War service . He was appointed lieutenant colonel of the 76th Ohio Volunteer Infantry , which served in the Western Theater . He fought at the battles of Shiloh and Vicksburg , and was promoted to brigadier general . Woods commanded a brigade under William T . Sherman during the Atlanta Campaign and a division during Sherman ' s March to the Sea . During the Carolinas Campaign , he fought with distinction at the Battle of Bentonville . He was appointed a brevet major general in early 1865 . He left the Army in February 1866 . Postbellum career . At the end of the war , Woods stayed in the South , settling in Bentonville , Alabama , where he reopened his law practice and began farming cotton . In 1869 he was named by President Ulysses S . Grant as a circuit judge for the Fifth Circuit ( which preceded the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit ) . Woods sat on the Fifth Circuit for 11 years , before being named by Rutherford B . Hayes to the Supreme Court in December 1880 . He was the first person named to the high court from a Confederate state since 1853 , though , being a northerner and ( by that time ) a Republican , he was palatable to the Republican majority in the Senate . Woods was not a major contributor to the court , spending only six years on the bench . He remained on the court until his death in 1887 .
45th Detached Reconnaissance Regiment 45th Guards Separate Reconnaissance Regiment of VDV ( or " 45 - й полк специального назначения ВДВ " ) is a special reconnaissance and special operations unit within the Russian Airborne Troops , and based in Moscow . It was created in 1994 from the 901st Separate Landing Assault Battalion ( created in 1979 ) and 218th Separate Battalion for Special Operations of VDV , ( created in 1992 ) . The regiment has 690 men , 15 BTR - 80 , and 1 BTR - D ; the 218th Battalion is homebased in Sokolniki . The unit is part of the Russian Airborne Troops ( VDV ) and directly subordinated to VDV Headquarters . However it is also operationally subordinate to the GRU . The Regiment fought in the First and Second Chechen War s . In 1994 it fought for Dolinsky , Argun , and Grozny , sustaining casualties of 15 killed and 28 wounded . In June 2007 it was successfully inspected by the Commander - in - Chief of the VDV . In August , the 45th was involved in the 2008 South Ossetia War , where one battalion captured US - made Humvee s jointly with the 7th Airborne Guards Division , and another defended Tskhinvali .
Battle of Craig Cailloc The Battle of Craig Cailloch was a Scottish clan battle fought in 1441 between the Clan Cameron and Clan Mackintosh ( Chattan Confederation ) . According to the Cameron account the chief of Clan Mackintosh ' s son was wounded and his brother was killed .
Dagger - axe The dagger - axe ( ; sometimes confusingly translated " halberd " ) is a type of weapon that was in use from Shang dynasty until at least Han dynasty China . It consists of a dagger - shaped blade made of jade ( ceremonial ) , bronze , or later iron , mounted by the tang of the dagger to a perpendicular wooden shaft with a spear point . There is a variant type with a divided two - part head , consisting of the usual straight blade and a scythe - like blade . Though the weapon saw frequent use in ancient China , the use of the dagger - axe decreased dramatically after the Qin and Han dynasties . By the medieval Chinese dynasties , the use of the dagger - axe was almost nonexistent . The horizontally aligned blade could be attached to a spear to form a much more useful polearm . Generally , the Qin dynasty is noted as the most prolific user of the dagger - axe , with millions of these weapons produced . The use of the weapon involve thrusting the vertical spear head against the enemy ' s head as a feint . Then the user may cut the foe by pulling the scythe - like horizontal blade backwards . The cutting blade is angled optimally to behead the enemy . Normally only the head of a dagger - axe is found , with the haft absent due to either decomposition or mechanical removal . Although the jade examples do not appear to have been intended for use in actual combat , their morphology closely imitates that of the battle - ready bronze version , including a sharp central ridge which reinforces the blade . Some dagger - axe artifacts are small and curved , and could have been intended for use as pendant s . Dagger - axes appear to have seen use in combat , though most examples are ceremonial jade weapons found in the tombs of aristocrats . These examples are often found within the coffins themselves , possibly meant to serve as emblems of authority and power , or in some other ritualistic capacity . Sometimes they are found in a pit dug beneath a coffin , with a victim who was sacrificed to guard the tomb , where they presumably are intended to keep the spirit - guard armed . Dagger - axes were also experimental weapons of the Chinese , as this continued they were able to fuse their dagger - axe with the traditional spear to form a halberd .