naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Hisakazu Tanaka Biography . Tanaka was a native of Hyōgo Prefecture , and graduated from the 22nd class of the Imperial Japanese Army Academy in 1910 and from the 30th class of the Army Staff College in 1918 . He served in various bureaucratic staff positions within the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff from 1919 – 1920 , and was sent as a military attaché to the United States from 1923 - 1924 . After his return to Japan , he continued to serve in various staff positions , except for a brief stint as commander of the 1st Imperial Guards Regiment from 1935 - 1937 . He was promoted to major general at the end of 1937 , and briefly assigned as Chief of Staff of the Taiwan Army in 1938 . However , with the increase in military activity in China due to the Second Sino - Japanese War , Tanaka was quickly reassigned to become Chief of staff of the Southern Expeditionary Army in 1938 , and Chief of staff for the Japanese Twenty - First Army from 1938 - 1939 . Tanaka returned to Japan briefly from 1939 - 1940 to serve as Commandant of the Toyama Army Infantry School , but soon returned to the field as a lieutenant general and commander of the IJA 21st Division from 1940 - 1943 . He became commander in chief of the Japanese Twenty - Third Army in China from 1943 - 1945 . Concurrently , from 16 December 1944 to the end of the war he was Governor - General of Hong Kong during the Japanese occupation . At the end of the war , he was arrested by the American occupation authorities and tried before an American military tribunal held in Shanghai in 1946 for his role in the extrajudicial execution of Allied prisoners of war . He was found guilty and sentenced to death by hanging . However , he was then turned over to a Kuomintang military tribunal at Nanjing for war crimes in connection with his command responsibility for the IJA 23rd Army in China . Found guilty , he was executed by shooting in 1947 .
Superior Unit Award The Superior Unit Award is a decoration of the United States Army which is awarded in peacetime to any unit of the Army which displays outstanding meritorious performance of a difficult and challenging mission carried out under extraordinary circumstances . The Army Superior Unit Award was created in 1985 . The award is composed of a green and red ribbon , enclosed within a gold frame . Background : As part of the Army Cohesion and Stability Study ( ARCOST ) of 1980 , a proposal to adopt the Army Superior Unit Award was forwarded to Major Army Commands ( MACOM ) for comment on 18 March 1981 . This recommendation was based on the fact that present Army unit awards were for combat service only . While all MACOM \ and most of the Army Staff supported the proposal , the leadership elected not to approve the new award . In 1984 , the Vice Chief of Staff , Army , directed that a Peacetime Unit Award be developed and submitted for approval . In April 1985 , the Secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) approved the Army Superior Unit Award for meritorious unit performance of a uniquely difficult and challenging mission under extraordinary circumstances that involved the national interest . As a result of the strict criteria and lack of approving awards , the criteria were changed by SECARMY in July 1986 . This change deleted the words " unique " and " national interest " . Only two units were awarded the ASUA prior to the revision . The first ASUA was awarded to the 164th Military Police Company , 59th Ordnance Brigade , Miesau , West Germany , in May 1985 for its anti - terrorism work during NATO nuclear operations . The second went to the 3d Battalion , 502d Infantry , 101st Airborne Division . Nearly 200 of the 248 soldiers who were killed in the crash of Arrow Air Flight 1285 in Gander , Newfoundland , were from the battalion and were on their way home in December 1985 from duty with the Multinational Force and Observers in the Sinai Desert . " Source : United States Army ( 2009 ) " On 17 September 1991 , in a memorandum to the Secretary of the Army , The Adjutant General ( TAG ) requested approval to create a lapel pin to be worn by all members of units awarded the Army Superior Unit Award . This recommendation was based on the fact that the award was being presented to units with a significant number of civilians assigned and there was no visible means of recognizing them . This change permitted issue of an emblem to both military and civilian personnel . The Secretary of the Army approved the recommendation on 12 December 1991 . " Source : United States Army ( 2009 ) " The emblem is worn by all members of a cited organization and is considered an individual decoration for persons in connection with the cited acts and may be worn whether or not they continue as members of the organization . Other personnel may wear this decoration while serving with an organization to indicate the unit has been awarded the Army Superior Unit Award . " Source : United States Army ( 2009 ) "
German submarine U - 2331 German submarine " U - 2331 " was a Type XXIII U - boat built for the German " Kriegsmarine " during World War II and intended for service against allied shipping in coastal waters . She was a brand new , high - technology electric U - boat which was lost when only one month old in a bizarre training accident in the Baltic Sea . Built at Hamburg , she was constructed at speed , as she and her sisters were seen as war winning weapons and thus vitally important to the German war effort . Completed in September 1944 , " U - 2331 " was undergoing a fast - track working - up period in the Baltic under her commander Oblt . Hans - Walter Pahl under the observation of Klaus Vernier , a highly experienced U - boat commander and tactical expert . On 10 October , just 28 days after her completion , " U - 2331 " dived and failed to surface in the sea off the Hel Peninsula . Four of the reduced crew ( including the captain ) , escaped the sinking ship but 15 did not , including Vernier . The Kriegsmarine conducted an investigation into the loss , at which it was revealed that either the captain or Vernier had ordered the submarine to submerge whilst travelling in reverse , thus unbalancing the boat and causing it to sink uncontrollably . A handful of men on the conning tower survived as the boat sank under them . The wreck was raised and taken to Gotenhafen , but the time submerged underwater had irreparably damaged the boat ' s systems , and the remains were scrapped .
Amiot 354 The Amiot 354 was the latest in a series of fast , twin - engine bomber s which fought with the " Armée de l ' Air " in limited numbers during the Battle of France . Development . The Amiot 350 series originated in the same 1934 requirement as a rival to the Lioré et Olivier LeO 451 . Derived from the Amiot 341 mail plane , the Amiot 340 prototype was involved in a propaganda misinformation flight to Berlin in August 1938 to convince the Germans that the French employed modern bombers . Though 130 machines were ordered by the French government that year , production delays and ordered modifications ensured that September 1939 saw no delivered aircraft . Eventually , the ordered number of this very modern aircraft reached 830 , though ultimately only 80 machines were received by the Air Ministry . The main variant was the twin - tailed 351 ; however , due to various delays , the single - tailed 354 was accepted into service as an interim type . The Amiot 351 was planned to mount one 7 . 5 mm ( . 295 in ) MAC 1934 machine gun in nose and ventral positions and one 20 mm Hispano - Suiza HS . 404 cannon in the dorsal position . Due to technical problems with the armament installation , many aircraft went to operational units with only a light machine gun in the dorsal position . Operational history . In May 1940 , the Amiot 351 / 354 was in the process of equipping just two bomber " groupes " : GB 1 / 21 and GB II / 21 based at Avignon . Though 200 were in the final stages of construction , only 35 were ready for flight . This situation was exacerbated by the Amiot 351 / 354 being built in three factories , two of which were later bombed by the Germans . On 16 May 1940 , the Amiot 351 / 354 ' s carried out armed reconnaissance sorties over Maastricht in the Netherlands - the first operation conducted by planes of this type . By June , the Amiot 351 / 354 was also delivered for GB I / 34 and GB II / 34 , neither flying them in combat . At that time , all Amiot 351 / 354s were based on the northern front . Three had been lost in combat , 10 in training accidents . All aircraft were ordered to evacuate to Africa on 17 June , 37 surviving the trip . As their numbers were too few to engage the Italians , they planes were sent back to Metropolitan France and their " groupes " disbanded in August 1940 . Five Amiot 351 / 354s continued to be used as a mail plane after the Battle of France . Four Amiot 351 / 354 were commandeered by the " Luftwaffe " as transports , two found service in the 1 . / KG200 special service " geschwader " . Engines taken from these aircraft were later used on Messerschmitt Me 323 cargo transports . The Amiot 351 / 354 saw service with the " Armée de l ' Air " ( 80 ? )
Japanese submarine I - 15 I - 15 was a Japanese B1 type submarine . She was completed at Kure Navy Yard on September 30 , 1940 , whereupon she entered into service with the Imperial Japanese Navy . Her first and only commanding officer was Commander Nobuo Ishikawa . " I - 15 " operated off the north coast of Oahu during the raid on Pearl Harbor . Her second wartime patrol , in May and June 1942 , took her to the Aleutians , where she conducted reconnaissance of several islands . " I - 15 " s third and final patrol took place from August to November 1942 , when she operated in the Solomon Islands in the South Pacific , supporting the Japanese efforts to hold Guadalcanal . One source ( Morison ) suggests that " I - 15 " hit the battleship with a torpedo on September 15 , 1942 , but more recent authorities ( Hackett & Kingsepp ) maintain that the torpedo came from another submarine operating in the area , . On November 10 , 1942 , a U . S . ex - destroyer ( modified to a fast minesweeper ) , sank " I - 15 " in Cape Rechereche , San Cristobal , with all hands lost . Commander Ishikawa was promoted to the rank of Captain posthumously .
Fred Griffiths ( footballer ) Frederick John " Fred " Griffiths ( 13 September 1873 – 30 October 1917 ) was a Welsh association football player of the late 19th and early 20th centuries . A goalkeeper , he won two caps for the Welsh national team . He was killed in action during the First World War . Career . Born in Presteigne , Griffiths began his career with the Blackpool - based club South Shore . He went on to play for other Lancashire - based clubs Clitheroe , Blackpool and Stalybridge Rovers . On 3 February 1900 , while on the books of Blackpool , he made his debut for Wales in an international match against Scotland at Aberdeen and later in the year played against England , making him the first Blackpool player to win an international cap . He also played in " the Seasiders " first ever match at Bloomfield Road . He later moved south to join Millwall Athletic before moving across London to join Tottenham Hotspur , then playing in the Southern Football League . In 1901 Griffiths returned to Lancashire to join Preston North End of The Football League . He made ten league appearances for the club before once more returning to London to play for West Ham United in 1902 . He replaced William Biggar in goal after Biggar conceded five goals in a defeat to Wellingborough Town , and remained the club ' s first - choice goalkeeper for two seasons . In the summer of 1904 he joined New Brompton , where he spent two seasons , making over 50 first team appearances and serving as club captain . He next joined Middlesbrough but never played for the club ' s first team , before a final move to minor club Moore ' s Athletic of Shirebrook , where he also worked as a coalminer . Post - playing career . After retiring from playing , Griffiths trained local teams in Shirebrook before joining the British Army during World War I . He served with the 15th Battalion , Sherwood Foresters ( Notts and Derby Regiment ) , reaching the rank of serjeant . The unit had originally been raised as a bantam battalion in Nottingham in 1915 . By 1917 the battalion was part of 35th Division which was thrown into the Battle of Passchendaele in October 1917 . Griffiths was killed in action on 30 October 1917 , along with four others of his battalion ( another 15 were wounded that day ) .
Countermeasure A countermeasure is a measure or action taken to counter or offset another one . As a general concept it implies precision , and is any technological or tactical solution or system ( often for a military application ) designed to prevent an undesirable outcome in the process . The first known use of the term is in 1923 . Countermeasures can refer to the following disciplinary spectrum : Defense countermeasures are often subdivided into " active " and " passive " countermeasures . Active . " Active " countermeasures alter the electromagnetic , acoustic or other signature ( s ) of a target thereby altering the tracking and sensing behavior of an incoming threat ( e . g . , guided missile ) are designated soft - kill measures . Measures that physically counterattack an incoming threat thereby destroying / altering its payload / warhead in such a way that the intended effect on the target is majorly impeded are designated hard - kill measures . Both are further described in active protection system s . Passive . " Passive " countermeasures include :
Battle of Sena Gallica ( 82 BC ) The Battle of Sena Gálica was a battle that took place in April or May of 82 BC during the context of Sulla ' s Second Civil War in the area around present day Senigallia . The battle pitted the Optimates under the command of Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus , legatus of Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix against the Populares forces commanded by Gaius Marcius Censorinus who was in turn the legatus of Gnaeus Papirius Carbo . The battle resulted in a decisive Optimate victory . Immediately following the battle , the town was subjected to a brutal sacking by Sulla ' s victorious forces . Context . After signing the peace treaty at Dardanos , Sulla returned to Rome with the intention of confronting his other political opponents , the Populares . They were led by Gaius Marius the Younger and by Gnaeus Papirius Carbo . Sulla therefore invaded Italia in 83 BC , routing various Populares armies . Encamping for the winter , both sides made preparations to continue the fighting with the start of the Spring war season when the war became intensified and bloody .
CJ - 10 ( missile ) The CJ - 10 ( ) is a land attack cruise missile ( LACM ) currently in service with the Second Artillery Corps of the People ' s Republic of China . It is the first of the Changjian ( literally " long sword " ) series of long range land attack cruise missiles . The CJ - 10 debuted during the October 1 military parade in 2009 . Besides the land attack variant , a possible shore to ship variant has also been rumored to be in Chinese service . Many Taiwan and Hong Kong media sources believe that the weapon has been developed to counter the US Navy ' s Carrier battle group s , with the aim of a land based carrier destruction capability . The CJ - 10A is an air - launched variant with a range of 2 , 000 — 2 , 200 km , intended to arm the Xian H - 6K strategic nuclear bomber which can carry six of the missiles under its wings . Development . The YJ - 62 / CJ - 10 missile family is based on China ' s earlier land - based Hongniao cruise missile family . The new design also incorporates elements of the Soviet Kh - 55 cruise missiles . Moscow Defense Brief speculates that Ukraine may have had some role in the CJ - 10 project . China may also have acquired several American Tomahawk missile s from Pakistan and Afghanistan , after the missiles were fired in a failed attack on the Al Qaeda in 1998 . The knowledge from these missiles may have been used in the CJ - 10 / YJ - 62 project . The CJ - 10 family was developed from the DH - 10 cruise missile .
Mehmetçik Mehmetçik ( literally Little Mehmet ) is a general term used affectionately to refer soldiers of the Ottoman Army and Turkish Army . It is the Turkish equivalent of " Tommy Atkins " for the British Army , " Doughboy " or G . I . Joe of the United States Army , " Digger " of the Australian Army and the New Zealand Army or Johnny Reb for Confederate soldiers in the American Civil War . Although it is used for especially infantryman ( foot soldier ) , terms such like Piyade Mehmetçik ( Infantryman Little Mehmet ) and Süvari Mehmetçik ( Cavalryman Little Mehmet ) , Topçu Mehmetçik ( Artilleryman Little Mehmet ) have rarely been seen .
Battle of Mucellium The Battle of Mucellium was an engagement in 542 near Mugello , Italy , between Ostrogoths and Byzantines during the Gothic War . Having lifted a siege of Florence , the Ostrogoths led by Totila turned on the pursuing Byzantines , defeating their numerically superior force . Following his success against the Byzantines in the Battle of Faventia in spring 542 , Totila sent part of his troops to attack Florence . Justin , the Byzantine commander of Florence , had neglected to adequately provision the city against a siege , and hurriedly sent for aid to the other Byzantine commanders in the area : John , Bessas and Cyprian . They gathered their forces and came to the relief of Florence . At their approach , the Goths raised the siege and retreated north , to the region of Mucellium ( modern Mugello ) . The Byzantines pursued them , with John and his troops leading the chase and the rest of the army following behind . Suddenly , the Goths rushed upon John ' s men from the top of a hill . The Byzantines initially held , but soon a rumour spread that their general had fallen , and they broke and fled towards the oncoming main Byzantine force . Their panic however was caught by the latter as well , and the entire Byzantine army dispersed in disorder . The Goths took many captives , who were treated well and even induced to join the Gothic army , while the Byzantine generals fled to isolated strongholds ( Bessas to Spoleto , Justin back to Florence , Cyprian to Perugia and John to Rome ) , and henceforth failed to cooperate against the Goths .
CENTAG wartime structure in 1989 The Central Army Group ( CENTAG ) was a NATO military formation comprising four Army Corps from two NATO member nations . During the Cold War CENTAG was NATO ' s forward defence in the Southern half of the Federal Republic of Germany ( FRG ) . The NORTHERN half of the Federal Republic of Germany was defended by the four Army Corps of NATO ' s Northern Army Group ( NORTHAG ) . During war time CENTAG would command four frontline corps ( II German , III German , V US , VII US ) . Air support was provided by Fourth Allied Tactical Air Force . There were two additional French corps ( I Corps , II Corps ) associated with the Army Group . In 1966 , France had withdrawn from the NATO Command Structure , but still wished to take part in the defence of Western Europe . A series of secret US - French agreements made between NATOs Supreme Allied Commander Europe ( SACEUR ) and the French Chief of the Defence Staff detailed how French forces would reintegrate into the NATO Command Structure in case of war : at the outbreak of hostilities the French First Army would be placed directly under the command of Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe ( SHAPE ) , which would employ the three corps ' of First Army as needed . Three armored divisions of First Army were based within Germany and held yearly maneuvers with their allies to train for the moment French units would be committed to CENTAG . The complete war time structure of CENTAG in the fall of 1989 at the end of the Cold War follows below :
Gada ( mace ) The gada ( Sanskrit : गदा " gadā " , Malay : " gedak " ) is a blunt mace or club from South Asia . Made entirely of metal , it consists essentially of a spherical head mounted on a shaft , with a spike on the top . The handle is longer than most European or Chinese clubs . Outside India , the gada was also adopted in Maritime Southeast Asia , where it is still used in silat . The gada is the main weapon of the Hindu god Hanuman , an avatara of Shiva . As the god of strength , Hanuman is traditionally worshipped by wrestlers in South and Southeast Asia . Vishnu , one of the deities making up the Hindu trimurti , also carries a gada in one of his four hands . In the Mahabharata epic , the fighters Bhima , Duryodhana , Jarasandha , Balarama and others were said to be masters of the gada . Gada - yuddha . The martial art of wielding the gada is known as gada - yuddha . It can either be wielded singly or in pairs , and can be handled in twenty different ways . Various gada - yuddha techniques are mentioned in the Agni Purana and Mahabharata such as " aahat " ( आहत ) , " gomutra " ( गोमूत्र ) , " prabrita " ( प्रभृत ) , " kamalasan " ( कमलासन ) , " udarvagatra " ( ऊर्ध्वगत्र ) , " namita " ( नमित ) , " vamadakshina " ( वामदक्षिण ) , " aavrita " ( आवृत्त ) , " paraavrita " ( परावृत्त ) , " padodrita " ( पदोद्धृत ) , " avaplata " ( अवप्लत ) , " hansmarga " ( हंसमार्ग ) and " vibhag " ( विभाग ) . By means of gunpowder it could also be used as a projectile weapon of war . Its principal use was to strike the enemy either from a raised place or from both sides and strike terror into the enemy , especially of the gomutra array . Exercise equipment . The gada is one of the traditional pieces of training equipment in Hindu physical culture , and is common in the akhara of north India . Maces of various weights and heights are used depending on the strength and skill level of the practitioner . For training purposes , one or two wooden gada ( " mudgar " ) are swung behind the back in several different ways and is particularly useful for building grip strength and shoulder endurance . The Great Gama was known for excessive use of gada . Winners in a kushti contest are often awarded with a gada . Chi ' ishi , a karate conditioning equipment and its exercise pattern was inspired by the gada and mugdar . The war clubs were also inspired by gada .
Greek destroyer Nea Genea Nea Genea ( , " New Generation " ) served in the Royal Hellenic Navy from 1912 - 1919 . She was originally the German destroyer " V - 6 " . The ship , along with one of her six sister ships of V class destroyer s , " Keravnos " , was ordered from Germany . They were purchased before entering service in the German Navy , from the German shipyard Vulcan AG in Stettin , when the Balkan Wars were underway . Later , during World War I , Greece belatedly entered the war on the side of the Triple Entente and , due to Greece ' s neutrality the two Ex - German V Class ships were seized by the Allies in October , 1916 , taken over by the French in November and served in the French Navy from 1917 - 18 . By 1918 , they were back on escort duty under Greek colors , mainly in the Aegean Sea . " Nea Genea " was stricken in 1919 and scrapped in 1922 .
HMS Sunderland ( 1694 ) HMS " Sunderland " was a 60 - gun fourth rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy , launched at Southampton on 17 March 1694 . " Sunderland " was hulked in 1715 , and sunk as part of the foundation of a breakwater in 1737 .
Battle of Bileća The Battle of Bileća was fought on 27 August 1388 between Bosnian forces led by Duke Vlatko Vuković and the Ottoman s under the leadership of Lala Shahin Pasha . Vlatkos army numbered 7 , 000 fighters from Bosnia , and Shahin Pashas army numbered 18 , 000 fighters . It was the first facing of Turks at Rudine , the Bosnians , although fewer , finally fought near the town of Bileća and gave them a defeat , which delayed the Ottomans ' advances into Bosnia . Shahin Pasha escaped by fleeing , while the losses in the victorious ranks were insignificant . The Battle has left a great impression on the people of that era who engraved at the tomb of Duke Vlatko in Boljuni near Stolac the following inscription :