naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Battle of Krasnobród ( 1672 ) The Battle of Krasnobród took place on 5 and 6 October 1672 , during the Polish - Ottoman War . It was part of Jan III Sobieski ’ s autumn expedition , aimed at destruction of mounted Tatar units , which plundered southeastern provinces of the Kingdom of Poland . In early October 1676 , Hetman Jan Sobieski was stationed in Krasnystaw . On 5 October after finding out that several Tatar units were plundering the area of Zamosc , he decided to destroy them . The main Tatar forces camped near Krasnobrod , and in the night of October 5 / 6 , Sobieski began a 52 - kilometer march , which took place in a heavy rain . Early in the morning , Tatar camp was attacked by pro - Polish Cossacks , loyal to Mykhailo Khanenko . When news of the skirmish reached Sobieski , he decided to intervene , arriving at the site of the battle after 30 minutes . Polish forces joined the fighting , while Khanenko himself left Krasnobrod and headed to Zamosc . Several Tatar units were destroyed , and some 2 , 500 Polish civilians were captured by the invaders .
Werner Schulze Werner Schulze ( 15 January 1895 – 3 November 1966 ) was a highly decorated Generalmajor der Reserve in the Wehrmacht during World War II who commanded several divisions . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross and its higher grade Oak Leaves was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . Werner Schulze was captured by British troops in 1945 and was released in 1948 .
Battle of Cao Bằng The Battle of Cao Bằng was an ongoing campaign in northern Indochina during the First Indochina War , between the French Far East Expeditionary Corps and the Việt Minh , which began in October 1947 and culminated on September 3 , 1949 . Since the start of the conflict , Việt Minh troops had ambushed French convoys along the Vietnam – China border from the Gulf of Tonkin on a 147 - mile route to a French garrison at Cao Bằng , known as Route Colonial 4 , or RC4 . Repeated ambushes led to repeated French operations of increasing strength to reopen the road , including a costly mission by the Foreign Legion in February 1948 . On July 25 , 1948 , the Cao Bằng encampment was itself attacked and held out for three days with two companies defending against two battalions of Việt Minh . A further 28 ambushes took place in 1948 . In February 1949 , five Việt Minh battalions and mortar units took a French post at Lào Cai , and resumed ambushes through the monsoon season . On September 3 , 1949 , 100 vehicles left That Khe in a reinforced convoy which travelled a distance of through infantry screens . The French , reduced to one soldier per vehicle due to troop numbers , were ambushed by automatic fire . The first twenty trucks were halted , as were the final ten , and the middle of the convoy was cut down by shellfire . The following day , French troops reoccupied the surrounded hilltops , however only four French wounded were found alive . The campaign at Cao Bằng resulted in a change in convoy practices for the remainder of the war . Vehicles thereafter travelled from post to post in 10 - 12 vehicle convoys , through security screens of French troops and with aircraft observation . Through 1950 , supply convoys to Cao Bằng were discontinued in favour of air supply .
Side arm A side arm or sidearm is a weapon , usually a handgun but sometimes a dagger , knife or other melee weapon , which is worn on the body in a holster to permit immediate access and use . A side arm is typically required equipment for military personnel and sometimes carried by law enforcement personnel . Usually , uniformed personnel of these services wear their weapons openly , while plainclothes personnel have their side arms concealed under their clothes . A side arm may be carried alone , or as a back - up to a primary weapon such as a rifle or carbine . Most standing army also have service pistol s . Uses . In a military setting , machine pistols are issued as personal defense side arms to paratroopers , artillery crews , helicopter crews or tank crews . Government security service bodyguards for VIPs and heads of state who need a weapon that can be concealed under clothing may have a fully automatic machine pistol as a side arm . Historically in western armies , and in many contemporary armies , the issue of a side arm in the form of a service pistol is a clear sign of authority and is the mark of a commissioned officer or senior NCO . In the protocol of courtesy , the surrender of a commander ' s side arm is the final act in the general surrender of a unit . If no ill will is meant , and a strict interpretation of military courtesy is applied , a surrendering commander may be allowed to keep his side arm in order to exercise his right of command over his men . Similarly , many commanders on a local level have been anecdotally cited as having used the threat of their side arms to motivate troops , to varied effect . Other eras . The term may also refer to sword s and other mêlée weapons ( e . g . the rapier , the tantō and wakizashi , the arming sword and the side - sword are all considered sidearms for their respective eras of use ) ; the modern use of it usually pertains to pistol s and similar firearm s .
Seiichi Itō Biography . Early career . Born in Miike County Takada Town ( present day Miyama City , Fukuoka Prefecture ) , Itō graduated from the 39th class of the Imperial Japanese Naval Academy in 1911 . He was 15th in a class of 148 cadets , and served as midshipman on the cruiser and battleship . His rise through the ranks was regular and rapid : ensign on 1 December 1912 , sub - lieutenant on 1 December 1914 , and lieutenant on 1 December 1917 . Itō returned to the Naval Staff College in 1923 , graduating from the 21st class as a lieutenant commander . Itō visited the United States from May – December 1927 , and was promoted to commander on his return . He became captain on 1 December 1931 and was assigned as naval attaché to Manchukuo from March 1932 - November 1933 . Along with Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto , Itō , well aware of the disparity and resources and industrial strength between the United States and Japan , was an outspoken proponent of maintaining good relations with the United States . Later career . In November 1933 , Itō was given his first command as captain of the light cruiser . In November 1935 , he was re - assigned to command the newly commissioned heavy cruiser . In April 1936 , he was given command of the heavy cruiser . In December 1936 , Itō was assigned command of the battleship . On 15 November 1938 , Itō became a Rear Admiral and was appointed Chief of Staff to the IJN 2nd Fleet . The following year , he was named chief of the Navy Ministry ' s Personnel Bureau . After serving for two years , Itō commanded Cruiser Division 8 ( CruDiv 8 ) in November 1940 until his appointment as Chief of Staff of the Combined Fleet in April 1941 . In September of that year , Itō became Vice Chief of the Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff and was promoted to vice admiral a month later on 15 October 1941 . He held this post until December 1944 , whan he was placed in command of the IJN 2nd Fleet based on the Inland Sea . In early April 1945 , Ito commanded the last major offensive by the Imperial Japanese Navy when , he led the battleship on its final sortie accompanied by the light cruiser " Yahagi " and eight destroyers in Operation Ten - Go , which aimed to destroy US naval forces during the Battle of Okinawa . Itō initially opposed the mission , which he viewed as futile and wasteful , but ultimately relented , after being informed that the Emperor was expecting the Navy to mount some kind of attack . On April 7 , the Japanese ships were spotted heading for Okinawa and were subsequently attacked by several hundred American carrier aircraft . With no Japanese air support available , the " Yamato " and several of its escorts were overwhelmed and sunk by multiple bomb and torpedo hits . After ordering the mission cancelled and for the remaining escorts to rescue survivors , Itō chose to go down with the " Yamato " . Itō was posthumously promoted to full admiral . Ten days after his death , his only son died taking part in a " kamikaze " attack near Okinawa .
Capture of Cairo The Capture of Cairo refers to the capture of the capital of the Mamluk Sultanate in Egypt by the Ottoman Empire in 1517 . Background . The Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt was a Muslim dynasty in Egypt ( 1250 – 1517 ) . The Mamluks were not Egyptians . They constituted a class of privileged slaves of either Turkic or Circassian origin . After a coup in 1250 they began ruling in Egypt and they annexed Syria and Palestine to their realm . Initially the relations between Mamluk Sultanate and the Ottoman Empire in Turkey and Balkans were friendly . But during the last years of the 15th century , the competition to control south Turkey ( Çukurova ( Cilicia of the antiquity ) deteriorated the relations . Furthermore , during Ottoman - Safavid ( Persia ) war the Dulkadirids which was a Mamluk vassal supported Safavids . After the battle of Chaldiran in 1514 , Ottoman vizier ( later grand vizier ) Hadim Sinan Pasha retaliated by annexing Dulkadirid territory ( most of South East Anatolia ) to Ottoman realm . The war between the two great powers was inevitable . Ottoman Sultan Selim I ( the inflexible ) won two decisive battles Battle of Marj Dabiq in 1516 and Battle of Ridaniya in 1517 . Conquest of Cairo . After the batte of Ridaniya ( 23 January 1517 ) Selim encamped on the island of Vustaniye ( or Burac ) facing Cairo ( at ) , the capital . But he didn ' t enter Cairo . Because Tumanbay II the sultan of Mamluks as well as Kayıtbay another leader of Mamluks had managed to escape and Selim decided to concentrate on arresting the leaders before entering Cairo . Thus he sent only a vanguard regiment to Cairo on 26 January . Although the regiment was able to enter the capital without much fighting , the same night Tumanbay also secretly came to the capital . With the help of Cairo citizens he raided the Ottoman forces in the capital and began controlling Cairo . After hearing the news of Tumanbay ' s presence in Cairo , Selim sent his elite troops to the city . After several days ' fighting the Ottoman forces entered the city on 3 February 1517 . Selim entered the city and sent messages ( ) to other rulers about the conquest of Cairo . Nevertheless , the leaders of Mamluks were still on the loose . Aftermath . Tumanbay escaped from Cairo and tried to organize a new army composed of Egyptians together with what was left out of the Mamluk army . His army was no match for the Ottoman army . But he was planning to raid Selim ' s camp on Vustatiye island . However Selim heard about his plan and sent a force on Tumanbay to forestall his plans . After some small scale clashes Tumanbay was arrested on 26 March 1517 . Selim ' s initial decision was to send Mamluk notables to İstanbul . But after a while , he changed his decision . Tumanbay and the other notable Mamluks were executed on 13 April 1517 by a former Mamluk commander who had switched sides .
Friedrich - Karl Paul Friedrich - Karl Herrmann Otto Paul ( 31 January 1909 – 1 May 1998 ) was a Korvettenkapitän with the Kriegsmarine during World War II and a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross ( ) . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . He was credited with the sinking of .
Antigua and Barbuda Regiment The Antigua and Barbuda Regiment is the infantry unit and main fighting arm of the Antigua and Barbuda Defence Force . Previously known as the Rifle Company , it was formed in 1995 and consists of a single light infantry battalion , commanded by a Lieutenant Colonel and made up of four companies : The regiment has a number of roles - primarily it is responsible for maintaining the internal security of Antigua and Barbuda , which is linked to providing assistance to the police in maintaining law and order . However , it is also responsible for providing the Antiguan contingent to peacekeeping missions overseas , often in conjunction with other countries in the Eastern Caribbean . In its previous incarnation as the Rifle Company , the regiment participated in the invasion of Grenada alongside the Barbados Regiment and Jamaica Regiment in 1983 . In December 2004 , Baldwin Spencer , the Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda , announced that , as part of the reforms to the ABDF , the 1st Battalion , Antigua and Barbuda Regiment would convert from its current light infantry role into a marine role , enabling it to better support and serve the ABDF Coast Guard in its anti - drug and maritime security missions .
Archibald Douglas ( 1883 – 1960 ) Count Vilhelm Archibald Douglas ( 19 July 1883 , Stjärnorp Castle – 5 July 1960 ) , was a Swedish nobleman and soldier , who served as Chief of the Swedish Army from 1944 to 1948 . He was the second son of Count Ludvig Douglas , Minister of Foreign Affairs of Sweden , and Countess Anna Ehrensvärd . His eldest son , Count Carl Douglas - Stjernorp , was a diplomat and Royal Swedish Ambassador . Archibald ' s elder brother Robert , a nobleman in Germany , married dowager Queen Augusta Victoria of Portugal , widow of King Manoel II . Following his family ' s traditions , he was educated in the military , and he took part also voluntarily in many combat developments . Sweden did not wage any wars during his lifetime , so an actual combat and war situation had to be experienced elsewhere . As a relatively young man , Archibald Douglas participated as a volunteer in the Civil War of 1918 in Finland , and received in that country the rank of Lieutenant - General . After the Finnish adventure , he continued a steady career in Swedish land forces , despite Sweden being neutral all his career . His tasks were more like guard duties and maintaining defense capabilities . In 1930s and 1940s , Archibald held commands over large military districts , and as Chief of the Army ( 1944 – 48 ) . Douglas wrote biographical literature and biographies of Marshal of Finland Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim ( his Finnish contemporary ) , and Swedish Field Marshal Robert Douglas , Count of Skenninge , his ancestor . The ancestral Stjärnorp Castle , which his father had purchased back to the family some years before Archibald ' s birth , was designated as Archibald ' s family seat . Douglas died as a result of a car accident near Linköping in July 1960 .
Winds Code The “ Winds Code ” is a confused military intelligence episode relating to the Attack on Pearl Harbor , especially the advance - knowledge debate . The Winds Code was an instruction from Tokyo to the Japanese embassy in Washington on November 19 , 1941 . In case of an emergency leading to the interruption of regular communication channels , a coded message would be inserted into the daily Japanese international news broadcast . Concealed within the meteorological reports , and repeated twice , would be either “ East wind rain ” ( “ " Higashi no kaze ame " ” ) , “ West wind clear ” ( “ " Nishi no kaze hare " ” ) or “ North wind cloudy ” ( “ " Kitano kaze kumori " ” ) , the first indicating an imminent major breach with the United States , the second a break with the British ( including the invasion of Thailand ) , the third a break with the Soviet Union . This signal was intercepted and broken by US Intelligence ( by cryptographer Commander Laurance Safford based in Washington ) and , naturally , a close monitoring of the Japanese daily shortwave broadcast was instituted for the codes , dubbed the Winds Code by the Americans . That much is clear ; the problem is whether the code was ever transmitted or not . Amid all the other indicators of approaching conflict , it seems that the message was never sent , or at least never recorded at any higher level in the US command structure . Ralph Briggs , a USN radioman , stated he logged “ " Higashi no kaze ame " ” ( East wind rain ) on the morning of December 4 ; this was transmitted to the Fleet Intelligence Office at Pearl through the secure TWX line . Briggs was subsequently given a four day pass as a reward ( and was away in Cleveland on the 7th ) . At the FIO , Commander Laurance Safford states he reported this message to his superiors in Washington . At this point there is no further record of the message . Some eight other Army and Navy officers testified that they , too , had seen a winds execute message . But two of the men completely reversed their original testimony and the others turned out to have only vague recollections . None of the official inquiries took Safford ′ s statement as fact , the most generous reporting that he was “ misled ” and that his memory was faulty . It has been claimed that in the week after the attack there was significant document ‘ loss ’ at the Office of Naval Intelligence in Washington . Following the end of the War , Japanese officials advised General MacArthur that no Winds signal was ever sent relating to the United States . This is supported by the testimony of Commander Joseph Rochefort ( based in Naval HQ in Pearl Harbor ) . As events transpired , the Japanese had no need for a news broadcast code . Ordinary commercial communications were available to Japan right up to the December 7 attack .
102nd Infantry Division ( Wehrmacht ) The 102nd Infantry Division was a German formation during World War II . It served on the Eastern Front , fighting in the Rzhev salient and the Battle of Kursk . It met its end during the latter stages of the Soviet Red Army ' s East Prussian Offensive in 1945 . Organisation and history . The division was formed on 15 December 1940 in " Wehrkreis " II ( Mecklenburg / Pomerania ) , in the 12th mobilisation wave , using elements of the 8th Infantry Division and the 28th Infantry Division . The division fought on the Eastern Front , for much of its existence it was part of the Ninth Army assigned to Army Group Centre . On 25 November 1942 the Soviets simultaneously launched attacks against the eastern , western and northern flanks of the German Rzhev salient , known as Operation Mars . North of the Osuga River , the 102nd successfully repelled repeated assaults by 20 , 000 infantry and over 100 tanks of three Soviet 31st Army divisions ( The 31st Army led its attack with the 88th , 336th , and 239th Rifle Divisions , supported by the 332d and 145th Tank Brigades ) . Soviet infantry clad in winter white advanced in echelon , their ranks interspersed with supporting tanks . German artillery , machine guns , and small arms fire tore gaping holes in the ranks of the assaulting infantry as antitank weapons picked off the accompanying tanks . For three days and at a cost of more than half of their riflemen and most of their tanks , the Soviets hurled themselves in vain at the 102nd Division ' s prepared defenses . Faced with this determined resistance , the 31st Army ' s assault collapsed , and , despite Zhukov ' s and Konev ' s exhortations , it could not be revived . In 1943 it was involved in Operation Citadel ( the Battle of Kursk ) and its aftermath , losing much of its strength in a series of fierce defensive battles around Orel ; by October it was listed as assigned to the Second Army and reduced to " Kampfgruppe " level . The division had the following units under command in December 1943 : January 1944 found the division back with the Ninth Army , covering its southern flank in the Pripet Marshes . It avoided the disastrous encirclement and destruction of much of the Ninth Army around Bobruisk in late June during the Soviet Operation Bagration , and was then assigned back to the Second Army , holding a line of defence along the River Narew . The Soviet army ' s East Prussian Offensive , from 13 January 1945 onwards , broke the under - strength division , which was pushed north and trapped in the Heiligenbeil pocket , being reassigned to the Fourth Army . In February it held the perimeter near Mehlsack , before being assigned to defend Braunsberg until it fell on 20 March . A few troops broke through westwards and eventually surrendered to the Americans in Schleswig - Holstein : the other encircled divisional elements in the " kessel " ( cauldron ) were eventually taken over by the 28th Jäger Division , being involved in the final defence of the Kahlholzer Haken peninsula at Balga .
HMS Baleine HMS " Baleine " was a 32 - gun fifth - rate frigate of the Royal Navy . She had previously been the French East Indiaman " Baleine " , built at Lorient to a design by Antoine Groignard and launched on 24 May 1757 . She was cut out of Pondicherry during the Third Carnatic War by the boats of , part of Admiral Charles Stevens ' squadron . Stevens purchased her for service with the Royal Navy the following month . She was commissioned under Captain Philip Affleck in 1762 , and was under Captain Hyde Parker by 1764 . " Baleine " arrived back in Britain in August 1764 and was surveyed at Chatham Dockyard the following month . She was not recommissioned , and after being surveyed in April 1767 she was put up for sale . She was sold on 23 June 1767 for £365 and was broken up .
Pearce Bailey Pearce Bailey ( 1865 – 1922 ) was an American neurologist and psychiatrist , educated at Princeton and Columbia Universities . He became a consultant in several New York hospitals and with Collins and Frankel founded the Neurological Institute . He was also appointed an associate professor of neurology in Columbia . On the entry of the United States into World War I , he was appointed chief of the division of neurology and psychiatry in the United States army with the rank of colonel . He perfected a system for weeding out " mental defectives " which is said to have been used as a model by the Allies . His major literary efforts comprised a translation of Golobievski ' s " Atlas and Epitome of Diseases Caused by Accident ( 1900 ) and a monograph " Accident and Injury " ; Relation to the Nervous System " ( 1906 ) , which was later expanded into " Diseases of the Nervous System Resulting from Accident and Injury " , a valuable work for the medical world . At the time of his death , Bailey was chairman of the New York State Committee for Mental Defectives .
Force dispersal Force dispersal is the practice of spreading out soldiers and vehicles in an army . It is used to minimize the effects of collateral damage , such as from bombs and artillery , and increases the number of artillery rounds needed to neutralize or destroy a military force in proportion to the dispersal of the force . If a division doubles the area it takes up , it will double the number of artillery rounds needed to do the same damage to it . As more targets are spread out , more artillery and bombs are required to hit them all . It ' s also used on a squad level , notably in counter - insurgency , to minimize the effects of grenade s , land mine s , improvised explosive device s , explosive booby trap s , and to a lesser extent automatic gunfire . When individual soldiers are spaced apart , it ' s much more difficult for a single grenade to incapacitate them all . Force dispersal may also be used in urban guerrilla warfare and as a tactic by militia s to combat military intelligence instead of collateral damage . In this use , breaking up into covert cell s is meant to make it harder to eliminate the whole organization at once , and to reduce the damage when portions of it are discovered .