naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Siege of Prague ( 1742 ) The 1742 Siege of Prague was an extended blockade of the Bohemian capital during the War of the Austrian Succession . History . French forces first under the command of de Broglie were surrounded by a large Austrian army in June 1742 . A French relief column forced the Austrians to partially lift the siege in September , at which time de Broglie escaped from the besieged city , leaving it under the command of Belle - Isle . When the Austrians renewed the siege after halting the advance of the French relief , conditions in the city became quite difficult , but the Austrians failed to maintain a tight cordon around the city . On 16 December , Belle - Isle led 14 , 000 troops out of the city on a ten - day march to the French - held city of Cheb . In wintry conditions , Belle - Isle succeeded in fending off Austrian scouting parties until the army reached the Bohemian Forest four days later . The Austrian command did not learn of the French departure until 18 December , but believed they had successfully cut off all the routes of escape when Belle - Isle boldly led his army off the road and into the mountains . After a difficult crossing in which weather and disease took a marked toll on the French army , they reached Cheb on 26 December . The 6 , 000 men , mostly wounded and sick , that Belle - Isle left in Prague afterward successfully negotiated a withdrawal from the city with the honours of war .
Bush – Blair 2003 Iraq memo The Bush – Blair 2003 Iraq memo or Manning memo was a secret memo of a meeting between American President George W . Bush and British Prime Minister Tony Blair that took place on January 31 , 2003 in the White House . It purportedly showed that the Bush administration had already decided on the US invasion of Iraq at that point . The memo was written by Blair ' s chief foreign adviser at the time , David Manning , who participated at the meeting . It has become controversial for its content , which shows Bush floating the idea of painting a U - 2 spyplane in UN colors and letting it fly low over Iraq to provoke the then - leader Saddam Hussein to shoot it down , providing a pretext for America and Britain ' s subsequent invasion . It also shows George Bush and Tony Blair making a secret deal to carry out said invasion regardless of whether weapons of mass destruction were discovered by UN weapons inspectors , in direct contradiction with statements Blair made to Parliament afterwards that Saddam would be given a final chance to disarm . In the memo , Bush is paraphrased as saying : Bush said to Blair that he " thought it unlikely that there would be internecine warfare between the different religious and ethnic groups " in Iraq after the war . Five pages long and classified as " extremely sensitive " , the existence of the memo was first alleged by Philippe Sands in his book " Lawless World " . It was then obtained by American newspaper " The New York Times " , which confirmed its authenticity . UK Liberal Democrat leader Sir Menzies Campbell said , on the memo : " If these allegations are accurate , the Prime Minister and President Bush were determined to go to war with or without a second UN resolution , and Britain was signed up to do so by the end of January 2003 . "
Bathyscaphe Trieste II Trieste II ( DSV - 1 ) was the successor to " Trieste " — the United States Navy ' s first bathyscaphe purchased from its Swiss designers . The original " Trieste " design was heavily modified by the Naval Electronics Laboratory in San Diego , California and built at the Mare Island Naval Shipyard . " Trieste II " incorporated the original Terni , Italian - built sphere used in " Trieste " , after it was made redundant by the new high - pressure sphere cast by the German Krupp Steelworks . The " Trieste " sphere was suspended from an entirely new float , more seaworthy and streamlined than the original but operating on identical principles . Completed in early 1964 , " Trieste II " was placed on board USNS " Francis X . McGraw " ( T - AK241 ) and shipped , via the Panama Canal , to Boston . Commanded by Lt Comdr . John B . Mooney , Jr . , with co - pilot Lt . John H . Howland and Capt . Frank Andrews , " Trieste II " conducted dives in the vicinity of the loss site of — operations commenced by the first " Trieste " the year before . She recovered bits of wreckage , positively fixing the remains as that of the lost " Thresher " , in September 1964 . Between September 1965 and May 1966 , " Trieste II " again underwent extensive modification and conversion at Mare Island Naval Shipyard , but there is no clear record that she was ever operated in that new configuration , i . e . , the addition of skeg s or outriggers on both sides of the sphere . During that same time period work was under way on a third configuration of the bathyscaphe . This work resulted in yet a new appearance for the " Trieste II " , and included the installation of a new pressure sphere , designed for operation to . As the bathyscaphe continued her operations as test vehicle for the deep submergence program , she qualified four officers as " hydronauts " — the beginning of a burgeoning oceanographic operation . " Trieste II " ' s valuable experience in deep submergence operations has helped in the design and construction of other deep - diving submersibles which could be used in rescuing crews and recovering objects from submarines in distress below levels reachable by conventional methods . This unique craft was listed only as " equipment " in the Navy inventory until the autumn of 1969 . On 1 September 1969 , " Trieste II " was placed in service , with the hull number X - 1 . Reclassified as a deep submergence vehicle ( DSV ) on 1 June 1971 , " Trieste II " ( DSV - 1 ) continued her active service in the Pacific Fleet into 1980 . The Trieste class DSV were replaced by the Alvin class DSV , as exemplified by the famous Alvin ( DSV - 2 ) . The " Alvin " s are more capable , more maneuverable , less fragile , but also can not dive as deep , reaching only a maximum of 20 , 000 feet ( for the Sea Cliff ( DSV - 4 ) ) . " Trieste II " is now preserved as a museum ship at the Naval Undersea Museum , Keyport , Washington .
William N . Small William Newell Small ( born February 22 , 1927 ) was an admiral in the United States Navy . He was Vice Chief of Naval Operations ( VCNO ) from 1981 – 1983 and Commander in Chief , U . S . Naval Forces Europe / Commander in Chief , Allied Forces Southern Europe from 1983 to 1985 . He was a naval aviator who commanded Carrier Strike Group 3 from 1975 to 1976
1977 Army Cadets football team The 1977 Army Cadets represented the United States Military Academy during the 1977 college football season . They claimed the Commander - in - Chief Trophy for the second straight season . Schedule . Game notes . UMass . Army ' s win over UMass was the 500th in school history . Leamon Hall threw five touchdown passes , including three to freshman Mike Fahnstock . Villanova . Navy . Army finished with its first winning season since 1972 .
Gakona Landing Strip Gakona Landing Strip is an abandoned airfield located near Gakona in the U . S . state of Alaska . History . The strip was used by the United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) as an emergency landing field for aircraft assigned to Alaska during World War II . It was closed after the war .
John Chaldos John Chaldos ( ) was a Byzantine general from Chaldia . He served as military governor ( " strategos " ) of the Armeniac and Bucellarian theme s in Asia Minor , before being sent to Thessalonica as " doux " in 995 , in succession to Gregory Taronites . He was captured by the Bulgarians in the next year , and remained in Bulgarian captivity for 22 years , until the final Bulgarian surrender to Basil II in 1018 .
96th Flying Training Squadron The 96th Flying Training Squadron ( 96 FTS ) is part of the 340th Flying Training Group and is the Reserve associate to the 47th Flying Training Wing based at Laughlin Air Force Base , Texas . It operates T - 1 Jayhawk , T - 6 Texan II , and T - 38 Talon aircraft conducting flight training . History . The 96th flew combat missions in the European Theater of Operations and the Mediterranean Theater of Operations from , 25 December 1942 – 6 May 1945 . The squadron also conducted fighter escort and air defense from , 1947 – 1949 and air defense from , 1952 - 1957 . It has conducted jet pilot training from , 1973 – 1992 and Since April 1998 .
AO - 35 assault rifle The AO - 35 is a prototype assault rifle of Soviet origin . The weapon is an AK - 47 derivative using a laminated wood stock to decrease its weight . A 5 . 45 mm version existed ; it entered the 1968 trials for the new 5 . 45 mm assault rifle , but it was rejected ; ultimately the AK - 74 would be adopted for this role some years later .
Guy Sayer ( Royal Navy officer ) Vice - Admiral Sir Guy Sayer KBE CB DSC ( 1903 – 1985 ) was a senior Royal Navy officer who commanded the Reserve Fleet . Naval career . Sayer joined the Royal Navy in 1916 during World War I . He also served in World War II on staff of the Commander - in - Chief , The Nore from 1940 , as commanding officer of the destroyer HMS " Ludlow " from 1940 and on the naval staff at the Admiralty from 1943 . He was also appointed commander of Naval Assault Force ( A ) for Operation Zipper , the invasion of Malaya , in 1945 . He became Vice Controller and Director of Naval Equipment at the Admiralty in 1953 and Flag Officer , Home Fleet Training Squadron in 1956 . He was Flag Officer , Helicopter Group during Operation Musketeer , the assault on Port Said during the Suez crisis , in 1956 and became Admiral commanding the Reserve Fleet in 1958 before retiring in 1959 .
41st Battalion Iowa Volunteer Infantry The 41st Battalion Iowa Volunteer Infantry was an infantry battalion that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War . Service . The 41st Iowa Infantry was organized as Companies A , B , and C of the 14th Iowa Volunteer Infantry Regiment at Davenport , Iowa and mustered in for three years of Federal service on November 6 , 1861 . These three companies were immediately detached and sent to Fort Randall , Dakota Territory , arriving there on December 5 , 1861 . The companies were permanently detached from the 14th Iowa on September 18 , 1862 , where they remained until May 1863 . At one time , the state of Iowa intended to use these companies as the nucleus of a 41st Iowa Regiment , but this plan was abandoned . The battalion was transferred to the 7th Iowa Volunteer Cavalry Regiment in April 1863 . Total strength and casualties . A total of 293 men served in the 41st Iowa Battalion at one time or another during its existence . It suffered 2 enlisted men who died of disease , for a total of 2 fatalities .
Samuel Sherer Elder Samuel Sherer Elder ( died April 6 , 1885 ) was a career soldier in the United States Army , and a battery commander in the famed U . S . Horse Artillery Brigade . Biography . Born in Pennsylvania , Elder enlisted in the US Army in 1853 , and was assigned to Battery C , 2nd US Artillery . During his five - year enlistment , he worked his way up through the ranks from Private to First Sergeant . His enlistment ended in 1858 , and he did not re - enlist . With the outbreak of the American Civil War , he received a direct commission on March 23 , 1861 and was assigned to the 1st U . S . Artillery . Promoted to first lieutenant in the 4th US Artillery , May 14 , 1861 , Elder commanded Battery E , 4th U . S . Artillery , and served in the Eastern Theater with the Army of the Potomac . Elder was cited for gallantry and awarded a brevet promotion to captain for actions at Antietam , September 17 , 1862 . By 1863 , his battery was assigned to the U . S . Horse Artillery Brigade , where he served for most of the remainder of the war . He earned his permanent promotion to captain on August 1 , 1863 . Detached briefly in February 1864 , Elder was cited for gallantry at the Battle of Olustee , and was awarded the brevet promotion to major . Returning to the Horse Artillery , he was again cited for actions at Drewry ’ s Bluff , May 5 , 1864 , and was brevetted lieutenant colonel . He remained with the army after the war , and was promoted to major in the 2nd U . S . Artillery , June 30 , 1882 . He died April 6 , 1885 .
Hans von Lehwaldt Hans von Lehwald ( t ) ( 24 June 1685 – 16 November 1768 ) , also known as Johann von Lehwald ( t ) , was a Prussian " Generalfeldmarschall " who participated in the Silesian Wars of Frederick the Great . Life . Lehwaldt was born in Legitten near Labiau in the Duchy of Prussia . His mother Marie Esther came from an old Prussian family , the " Freiherrn " von der Trenck . In 1699 , Lehwaldt began his military service when he entered the battalion " Weiße Grenadier - Garde " ( Nr . 18 ) . He participated in the War of the Spanish Succession since 1702 and experienced his trial by fire in the September siege of Venlo . In spring 1704 , his battalion fought in the Battle of Blenheim , and Lehwaldt was promoted to " Fähnrich " on 16 September . From 29 September – 6 October he participated in the siege of Hagenau . King Frederick II of Prussia awarded Lehwaldt the Pour le Mérite in 1742 after the First Silesian War and the Order of the Black Eagle on 4 February 1744 . Lehwaldt defeated the Austrian forces of Georg Oliver von Wallis near Habelschwerdt on 14 February 1745 , during the Second Silesian War . Lehwaldt was promoted to " Generalfeldmarschall " on 22 January 1751 . Frederick the Great also awarded him a diamond - covered portrait of the king on a blue band . Wilhelm Dietrich von Buddenbrock and Friedrich Wilhelm von Dossow were the only other recipients of the medallion . As political tensions mounted in 1756 , Frederick sent Lehwaldt , the commander in East Prussia , one hundred officers ' patents to fill as he saw fit . Lehwaldt was in charge of the East Prussian defense against the Russian Empire upon the outbreak of the Seven Years ' War ( 1756 – 63 ) . The Russian field marshal Apraxin tried to encircle the Prussians with his larger army , which Lehwaldt was able to avoid . Apraxin began to march on Königsberg , as his troops lacked supplies and suffered attrition . Lehwaldt ' s 30 , 000 troops intercepted 80 , 000 Russians at Gross Jägersdorf , with Lehwaldt losing 4 , 600 casualties and Apraxin 7 , 000 . Although Lehwaldt withdrew his corps from the battle , the Russians were unable to follow upon the victory . Apraxin retreated from the province after hearing a false report that Empress Elizabeth of Russia had died . Von Lehwaldt then oversaw the Blockade of Stralsund , keeping Swedish forces pinned down on the Baltic Sea . Because of his poor health , Lehwaldt was transferred to Berlin , where he became governor of the city in 1759 . Lehwaldt and Seydlitz , both invalids , were unable to resist the capture and looting of relatively defenseless Berlin and Potsdam in October 1760 by 15 , 000 Austrians , 18 , 000 Russians , and 5 , 600 Cossacks . Lehwaldt died in Königsberg in 1768 and was buried in the Juditten Church .
Najin - class frigate The North Korean Najin - class frigate s are some of the largest vessels in the Korean People ' s Navy . Although they bear a striking resemblance to ex - Soviet Kola class frigate s , they are unrelated to any Russian or Chinese design . The class was originally fitted with a trainable triple 21 inch torpedo launcher , which was replaced in the mid - 1980s with fixed Styx missile launchers taken from Osa class missile boat s . The design is inherently dangerous , and even a minor missile failure would result in significant damage to the ship .
Avigdor Kahalani Brigadier - General ( Tat Aluf ) Avigdor Kahalani ( , born 16 June 1944 ) is a former Israeli soldier and politician . Background . Kahalani was born in Ness Ziona during the Mandate era . He studied at Tel Aviv University , gaining a B . A . in History , before going on to Haifa University , where he studied for an M . A . in Political Science . He also attended the Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth , Kansas , and graduated from the National Defense College . IDF career . Kahalani was a career officer in the IDF , achieving the rank of Brigadier General . Kahalani received the Medal of Distinguished Service for service during the Six Day War , where he was badly wounded when his Centurion tank caught fire . When the Yom Kippur War broke out in 1973 , Kahalani was a 29 - year - old lieutenant colonel and battalion commander . He served as commander of the Centurion - equipped 77th armored battalion / 7th Armored Brigade on the Golan Heights . Kahalani ' s battalion – along with other elements of the 7th Armored Brigade – engaged in fierce defensive fighting against a vastly superior Syrian mechanized force , consisting of more than 10 , 000 men and 1 , 200 tank s . The battle proved to be one of the turning points of the war . After the war , the valley where it took place was littered with hundreds of destroyed and abandoned Syrian tanks and was renamed " Emek Ha - Bacha " ( " The Valley of Tears " ) . For his actions during the war Kahalani received the the highest Israeli military decoration , the Medal of Valor . Political career . After leaving the IDF , Kahalani made his way into politics . He served as Deputy Mayor of Tel Aviv , and was elected to the Knesset as a member of the Labor Party in the 1992 election , he served on the Knesset Foreign Affairs and Defense and the Education and Culture Committees . He has been active in the Committee for the Rescue of Jews from Yemen and Chairman of the Golan Lobby in the Knesset . He is also chairman of the Friends of LIBI Foundation and president of the Israeli Association for Drug Rehabilitation . During the Knesset session , Kahalani broke away from the Labor Party and founded The Third Way with Emanuel Zisman . The new party won four seats in the 1996 elections , and joined Binyamin Netanyahu ' s coalition , with Kahalani made Minister of Internal Security . However , in the 1999 elections the party failed to cross the electoral threshold and Kahalani lost his seat . He later joined Likud , and was placed 43rd on the party ' s list for the 2003 elections , but missed out on a seat when the party won only 38 . Since November 2007 , Kahalani has been serving as chairman of the Organization for the Soldier .
USS Guilford ( APA - 112 ) USS " Guilford " ( APA - 112 ) was a built for the United States Navy during World War II . Named for Guilford County , North Carolina , she was the only U . S . Naval vessel to bear the name . " Guilford " was laid down ( date unknown ) as a Maritime Commission type ( C3 - S - A2 ) hull under Maritime Commission contract ( MCV hull 873 ) by the Ingalls Shipbuilding Corporation of Pascagoula , Mississippi ; launched on 14 July 1944 ; sponsored by Mrs . Thomas Lowry Bailey , wife of the Governor of the State ; converted to an attack transport by Waterman Steamship Corporation of Mobile , Alabama ; and commissioned there on 14 May 1945 with Captain E . R . Gardner in command . Service history . 1945 – 1946 . After shakedown in the Gulf of Mexico , " Guilford " sailed for Newport , Rhode Island . Arriving on 22 June 1945 she served as a training ship for pre - commissioning crews until 30 July . " Guilford " then took on board cargo and troops at Norfolk , Virginia and sailed for the Pacific via San Diego . After off - loading troops at Iwo Jima and in the Japanese home islands , " Guilford " was attached to " Operation Magic Carpet " on 18 October . In two round trips from San Diego to Guam , Saipan , Okinawa , and Japan , she transported over 5 , 000 veterans back to the United States for discharge as well as carrying out troops for the occupation of Japan . Returning to San Diego on 6 March 1946 from her final Pacific voyage , " Guilford " embarked passengers for the East Coast and sailed for Norfolk via the Panama Canal on 15 March . " Guilford " reached Norfolk on 31 March and decommissioned there on 29 May 1946 . She returned to the Maritime Commission on 31 May 1946 . In mercantile service , 1947 – 1973 . " Guilford " was sold in May 1947 to Pope and Talbot Lines , and was renamed SS " P & T Navigator . In 1963 she was resold to the American Foreign Steamship Company and renamed SS " American Oriole . The ship was scrapped in 1973 .
Doyle Clayton Barnes Doyle Clayton Barnes ( 5 April 1912 – c . 24 August 1942 ) was an American naval aviator during World War II . Navy career . Barnes was born in Oenaville , Texas . He enlisted in the Navy 20 October 1933 and was designated naval aviator 21 March 1942 . Awarded the Navy Cross . Ensign Barnes received the Navy Cross for his heroism during the Battle of Midway 4 June 1942 , when he intercepted a flight of Japanese aircraft and downed two torpedo planes . " Ensign Doyle " was reported missing in action 24 August 1942 , when his squadron , based on USS Enterprise ( CV - 6 ) engaged the enemy in the Battle of the Eastern Solomons . Namesake . The USS Doyle C . Barnes was named in his honor . She was launched 4 March 1944 by Consolidated Steel Corp . , Ltd . , Orange , Texas ; sponsored by Mrs . D . C . Barnes , widow of " Ensign Barnes " ; and commissioned 13 July 1944 , Lieutenant Commander J . P . Ingle , USNR , in command .
Museum of World War II in Gdańsk The Museum of the Second World War in Gdańsk is a planned museum in Gdańsk , Poland which is devoted to World War II . The opening is scheduled for 1 September 2014 . " Kwadrat " architectural team won in the architectural competition for the building of the Museum of the Second World War in Gdańsk . Management . Prof . Dr hab . Paweł Machcewicz is the Museum ’ s director , and Dr Janusz Marszalec and Dr hab . Piotr M . Majewski serve as his deputies . The Museum and Advisory Boards . Two mutually independent consultative bodies , the Museum Board and the Advisory Board , sustain the work of the Museum . Both include prominent historians from Poland , Britain , France , Germany , Russia and Israel , and museum specialists , journalists and veterans . The Museum Board is made up of : The Advisory Board consists of : Prof . Norman Davies has been serving as the chairman of the Advisory Board since June 2009 .