naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
En flûte En flûte ( French : " as a fluyt " ) is a French naval expression of the Age of Sail to designate a warship used as a transport , with a reduced armament . Some warship , ships of the line or frigate s , were occasionally used with a more of less limited artillery , by reducing the number and calibre of their guns . Since ships have a limited amount of cargo space , they may be armed " en flûte " to make room for other cargo , such as troops and ammunition . This reduces the ship ' s ability to defend herself if attacked . The term emerged from the French name for a type of ship - the cargo - carrying " flûte " used extensively as a mercantile ship or as a naval auxiliary vessel . In turn this derived from the Dutch name " fluyt " , probably the most common type of cargo - carrier during the seventeenth century - when in English usage it was commonly rendered as flyboat . This tactic was most relevant in the Age of Sail , when gun decks took up most of the space on a warship above the waterline . Reducing the artillery of a ship of the line or a frigate entailed a dramatic saving in space , since the removal of certain guns meant that their gunners ( and their equipment and provisions ) were not needed . The size of the crew of a sailing warship was determined primarily by the number of guns on the ship , sometimes over a hundred , as each gun needed a crew of several men , and it might be necessary to have all the guns in action simultaneously . The number of men required to fight on board the ship was far higher than the number needed simply to sail it . A typical ship of the line armed " en flûte " would have her armament cut down to a quarter of her maximum , and could accommodate over 1000 troops . For instance , leading up to the Seven Years ' War , the French sent three thousand troops to reinforce French Canada aboard a large squadron of ships - of - war . To make room for these troops , most of the ships were armed " en flûte " . As an opposite , a ship fitted with her entire completement of sailors , guns and ammunition was said to be armed " " en guerre " " ( French : readied for war ) .
Siege of Genoa ( 1746 ) The Siege of Genoa took place in 1746 during the War of the Austrian Succession when an Allied force of Austrians , Sardinians soldiers and British sailors besieged the capital of the Republic of Genoa . The city ultimately surrendered to commander Antoniotto Botta Adorno , after being abandoned by its principal allies France and Spain . The manner in which Austria had negotiated a separate surrender that didn ' t include Britain or Sardinia angered their allies , and for a while the British fleet under George Townshend were instructed by Arthur Villettes to continue their blockade of the city in protest until ordered to cease it by the Duke of Newcastle in London . Aftermath . The Austrians mistreated many of the inhabitants of Genoa , causing deep resentment . Following the departure of large numbers of the Austrians for an Allied campaign to invade southern France , the city rose on 7 December 1746 driving out the remainder of the garrison . An attempt to retake the city the following year failed .
USS L - 3 ( SS - 42 ) USS " L - 3 " ( SS - 42 ) was an " L " - class submarine of the United States Navy . Her keel was laid down on 18 April 1914 by the Fore River Shipbuilding Company in Quincy , Massachusetts . She was launched on 15 March 1915 sponsored by Mrs . Lew Morton Atkins , and commissioned on 22 April 1916 with Lieutenant ( junior grade ) D . J . Friedell in command . Service history . Assigned to the Atlantic Submarine Flotilla , " L - 3 " operated along the Atlantic coast from New England to Florida developing new techniques of undersea warfare , until April 1917 . Following the United States ' s entry into World War I , the submarine protected Allied shipping lanes to the European countries . Departing New London , Connecticut , on 27 November , " L - 3 " sailed for the Azores via Bermuda arriving Ponta Delgada on 13 January 1918 . One month later , she was dispatched to the British Isles for patrol duty out of Berehaven , Bantry Bay , Ireland , to protect Allied shipping losses from U - boat attacks . Remaining in British waters throughout the war , " L - 3 " departed the Isle of Portland , England , on 3 January 1919 for the United States , arriving Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , on 1 February . For the next two years , the submarine operated along the East Coast , performing experiments and developing submarine warfare tactics . " L - 3 " was placed in commission , in ordinary , on 1 June 1921 at Philadelphia , and returned to full commission on 26 January 1922 . After operations out of New London , Connecticut , for 14 months , the submarine arrived Norfolk , Virginia , on 21 April 1923 . " L - 3 " decommissioned at Hampton Roads , Virginia , on 11 June 1923 . She was scrapped , and her material was sold on 28 November 1933 in accordance with the London Naval Treaty .
Covey Crump Commander A . Covey - Crump , Royal Navy ( RN ) , a former Naval Assistant to the Chief of Naval Information , was responsible in the mid - 1950s for compiling a record of naval slang , abbreviations , legends and historical tit - bits . The first edition appeared on 17 May 1955 . The compilation , now continually updated , has led to the term " Covey Crump " itself entering into RN slang . Surgeon Captain Rick Jolly , who as a Surgeon Commander with the Commando Logistic Regiment commanded the field hospital at Ajax Bay during the Falklands War has produced his own dictionary of " Jackspeak " in aid of the South Atlantic Medal Association .
USS Pettit ( DE - 253 ) USS Pettit ( DE - 253 ) was an Edsall - class destroyer escort built for the U . S . Navy during World War II . She served in the Atlantic Ocean the Pacific Ocean and provided destroyer escort protection against submarine and air attack for Navy vessels and convoys . She was named in honor of Robert Lee Pettit who was awarded the Navy Cross posthumously . She was laid down 6 February 1943 by the Brown Shipbuilding Co . , Houston , Texas ; launched 28 April 1943 ; sponsored by Mrs . Robert Lee Pettit ; and commissioned 23 September 1943 , Lt . Commander William B . Ellis , USCG , in command . World War II North Atlantic operations . After Atlantic shakedown , " Pettit " reported for duty to Commander , Destroyers , Atlantic . Assigned to Destroyer Escort Division 20 in December 1943 , she operated out of Norfolk , Virginia , that month to train destroyer escort nucleus crews . Later in December she escorted a convoy from Norfolk to Casablanca , Morocco , where she arrived 2 January 1944 . She returned from this assignment to Brooklyn , New York , 24 January 1944 . When stationed in home waters , " Pettit " trained periodically at Montauk Point , New York , and Casco Bay , Maine . From February 1944 to June 1945 , she escorted trans - Atlantic convoys principally between Derry , Northern Ireland , and New York , New York . She also called at the ports of Cherbourg and Le Havre , France , and Plymouth , Liverpool , and Southampton , England . Transferred to the Pacific Fleet . After V - E Day , " Pettit " proceeded via Guantanamo Bay , Cuba , the Panama Canal , and San Diego , California , to Hawaii , arriving Pearl Harbor 25 July . She departed for Eniwetok , Marshall Islands , 27 August , and arrived there 3 September . From September into November 1945 , she searched for possible Allied survivors on islands in the southwest Pacific . In December 1945 she operated from Pearl Harbor on a weather patrol . Decommissioning . " Pettit " decommissioned 6 May 1946 and entered the Atlantic Reserve Fleet . Into 1970 she was berthed at Norfolk . On 30 September 1974 , she was sunk as target off Puerto Rico .
Simone Segouin Simone Segouin , also known by her " nom de guerre " Nicole Minet , ( born October 3 , 1925 Thivars , Eure - et - Loir ) was a French resistance fighter , in the Francs - Tireurs et Partisans group . She was present at the fall of Chartres , on August 23 , 1944 , and liberation of Paris . She was promoted to lieutenant , and awarded the Croix de guerre . A street in Courville - sur - Eure will be named for her .
Herward Braunegg Dr . Herward Braunegg ( 26 December 1917 – 16 December 1983 ) was a highly decorated Hauptmann in the Wehrmacht during World War II and Oberst der Reserve in the Bundesheer . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership .
Antoine de Loménie Antoine de Lomenie , lord of La Ville - aux - Clerics ( 1560 - 17 January 1638 Paris ) was a Secretary of the Navy under Louis XIII of 7 November 1613 to 10 August 1615 , and Ambassador Extraordinary of France to England . He was the son of Martial Lomenie , lord of Versailles 1572 and Jacqueline Pinault . He married on 1 October 1593 with Anne of Aubourg , lady Porcheux 1608 ; they had children :
Richard O ' Meara Richard O ' Meara is a retired Brigadier General in the United States Army . O ' Meara is a combat veteran of the War in Vietnam . Following his Vietnam service , he earned a law degree and joined the Judge Advocate General ' s Corps , U . S . Army . For two decades , while serving in the U . S . Army Reserve , O ’ Meara acted as senior partner in the litigation firm , O ’ Meara & Hight . He retired from the United States Army Reserves in 2002 , after 36 years of service . Following his retirement , he earned graduate degrees in History and International Relations and took up teaching posts at the Division of Global Affairs , Rutgers University - Newark , Richard Stockton College , Kean University and Monmouth University , where he teaches courses in Security Studies , Human Rights , International Law , and History . He holds a Research Fellowship at the Stockdale Center for Ethical Leadership , United States Naval Academy and continues to serve as Adjunct Faculty with the Defense Institute of International Legal Studies where he has taught rule of law , governance , and peacekeeping subjects in such diverse locations as El Salvador , Peru , Cambodia , Rwanda , Philippines , Chad , Sierra Leone , Guinea , Ukraine , Moldova , and Iraq . He is a qualified Emergency Medical Technician and served at the World Trade Center Site in the months after 9 / 11 . In July 2006 , General O ' Meara spoke about genocide and torture at the New Jersey Governor ' s School of Public Issues and the Future of New Jersey . Maritime Piracy in the 21st Century : A Short Course for U . S . Policy Makers ( Winter 2007 , Journal of Global Change and Governance ) Open letter to President Bush of September 7 , 2004 . On September 7 , 2004 O ' Meara and seven other retired officers wrote an open letter to President Bush expressing their concern over the number of allegations of abuse of prisoners in U . S . military custody . In it they wrote :
Manglabites The Manglabites or Manglavites ( , " manglabitai " ; sing . μαγ [ γ ] λαβίτης , " manglabitēs " ) were a corps of bodyguards in the Byzantine Empire . Their name derives from the term " manglabion " ( μαγγλάβιον , " cudgel " ) which was also used to designate the entire corps . The origin of the term itself is debated : one theory regards it as deriving from Arabic " mijlab " ( " whip " ) , while another from Latin " manus " ( " hand " ) and " clava " ( " cudgel " ) . The " manglabitai " first appear in the 9th century , when , along with the imperial " Hetaireia " , they were responsible for the personal safety of the emperor . Armed with swords , the " manglabitai " preceded him in ceremonies and were responsible for the unlocking of certain gates of the imperial palace every morning . The individual " manglabitēs " was of relatively lowly origin and status , often even illiterate , but their commander , known as " prōtomanglabitēs " ( πρωτομαγγλαβίτης , " first " manglabitēs " " ) or " epi tou manglabiou " ( , " in charge of the " manglabion " " ) , ranked high in the imperial hierarchy due to his proximity to the emperor . The " manglabitai " as an imperial bodyguard appear to have disappeared by the late 11th century , but there is sigillographic evidence for " " manglabitai " of the Great Church " ( i . e . the Patriarchate of Constantinople ) from the 11th through the 13th centuries . The perhaps most famous " manglabitēs " was the Norwegian king Harald Hardrada , who received the title in recognition of his services in the Varangian Guard in the 1030s .
Field post office A Field Post Office ( FPO ) is a post office set up during time of war or when a military unit is on manoeuvres . It is set up ' in the field ' , hence the name , however , FPOs may be on land or at sea . Their use pre - dates the introduction of postage stamps . History . FPOs have a long history . The first British FPO was in 1808 during the Peninsular War and in 1840 the British Army used a FPO during the first Chinese War . FPOs were also used extensively during the Crimean War . Terminology . In the United States a close equivalent is the Army Post Office s ( APOs ) , the Air Force Post Offices ( AFPOs ) and the Fleet Post Offices ( FPO in the U . S . ) . In Hungary the head FPO is known as the " tabori fopostahivatal " while a normal FPO is an " tabori postahivatal " . Equivalent terms are in use in most countries with Field Post Offices . Collecting . Field Post Offices have special cancels and their mail is eagerly collected by philatelists , but the cancels are sometimes anonymised so that the place of posting is not revealed and this presents collectors with a challenge .
VT - 1 reactor The VT - 1 reactor was the nuclear fission reactor used in a pair to power Soviet submarine K - 27 as part of the Soviet Navy ' s Project 645 Кит - ЖМТ . It is a liquid metal cooled reactor ( LMR ) , using highly enriched uranium - 235 fuel to produce 73 MW of power . K - 27 was a November class first generation nuclear submarine , and the only one of its class fitted with liquid metal cooled reactors . However the seven - member Alfa class were subsequently fitted with liquid metal cooled reactors .
Theodore Timby Theodore Ruggles Timby ( died c . 1909 ) is credited as the inventor of the revolving gun turret that was used on the USS Monitor , the ironclad warship that fought in the American Civil War . He was born in Dutchess County , New York on April 5 , 1822 . Early in life , at the age of 16 , he invented a method for raising ships out of the water for repairs by sinking a water - filled box beneath it , then forcing the water out through pumps in order to raise the ship . Throughout the 1840s , Timby perfected a revolving gun turret for use on land or water . He constructed a model and brought it to Washington but met with little success , as war was not imminent . However , with the outbreak of the Civil War , Timby brought his model to the Abraham Lincoln White House , and this time met with a much warmer reception . Meanwhile , a Swedish - born architect named John Ericsson had submitted a proposal to build an ironclad ship for the Union navy . The Monitor was built for $ 195 , 000 and was sold to the Union Navy for $ 270 , 000 . Timby received a 5 percent commission of $ 13 , 500 . Timby spent much of his life in Saratoga Springs , New York , having moved there in 1860 . He patented a wide variety of other inventions , such as a door sash , water wheel , paper cutter , needle case , and a globe clock that was sold in such numbers that some can be seen today on auction sites . There was an effort in the early 1900s to give credit to Timby for his turret invention . The " Washington Post " stated in 1909 shortly after his death that " John Ericsson has for years monopolized all of the credit for inventing and building the " Monitor " , but as a matter of fact he was joint inventor with Theodore Timby . "
SS Empire Balham Empire Balham was a 1 , 061 ton cargo ship which was built by G Brown & Co ( Marine ) Ltd , Greenock in 1944 for the Ministry of War Transport ( MoWT ) . She was sold to Queenship Navigation Ltd in 1946 and renamed Nordic Queen . In 1958 she was sold to the Maldavian National Shipping Corp ( Ceylon ) Ltd and renamed Maldive Star , serving for a further fourteen years until scrapped in 1967 . History . " Empire Balham " was built by G Brown & Co ( Marine ) Ltd , Greenock as yard number 232 . She was launched on 18 November 1944 and completed in December 1944 . She was initially operated under the management of British Channel Islands Shipping Co Ltd . War service . " Empire Balham " was a member of a number of convoys during the Second World War Convoy COC 173 sailed from Falmouth , on 22 May 1945 and arrived at Granville , Manche on 23 May . Postwar . In 1946 , " Empire Balham " was sold to Queenship Navigation Ltd , London and renamed " Nordic Queen " . In 1958 , " Nordic Queen " was sold to the Maldavian National Shipping Corp ( Ceylon ) Ltd , and renamed " Maldive Star " . In June 1959 , Ceylon sent a shipment of arms to the Maldives . Ibrahim Nasir led an expedition of hundreds of armed men aboard the " Maldive Star " to the Fua Mulaku and Huvadhu Atoll s during the Suvadive Rebellion of 1963 . " Maldive Star " served with Maldavian National for fourteen years . " Maldive Star " was scrapped in December 1972 at Gadani Beach , Karachi , Pakistan . Official number and code letters . Official Numbers were a forerunner to IMO Numbers . " Empire Balham " and " Nordic Queen " had the UK Official Number 169522 . " Empire Balham " used the Code Letters GDTL .
Siege of Kuragano The 1565 siege of Kuragano was one of many battles fought during Takeda Shingen ' s quest for power during Japan ' s Sengoku period . Kuragano castle , in Kōzuke Province , and held by Kuragano Naoyuki , withstood siege by Shingen in 1561 , but fell four years later .
11th Space Warning Squadron The 11th Space Warning Squadron ( 11 SWS ) is a United States Air Force missile warning squadron , located at Schriever AFB , Colorado . Mission . The mission of the 11th SWS is to provide " assured " theater missile warning to warfighters worldwide . History . The 11th SWS is the first operational unit using technological procedures developed following Desert Storm for the Air Force . Commanders in Saudi Arabia pinpointed a need for more timely and accurate information on incoming short - range ballistic missiles . The technology available was accurate enough , as each SCUD missile launched by Iraq was detected by Defense Support Program satellites , but wasn ' t intended for theater use . Commanders in Saudi Arabia needed information quicker , and with more precise targeting information for anti - missile batteries , such as the Patriot . To meet that need , the Air Force set up a research and development program called TALON SHIELD . The program was tasked to improve and enhance sensor processing from Defense Support Program ( DSP ) spacecraft to optimize space - based warning support for theater commanders . The first fruits of that study is the Attack and Launch Early Reporting to Theater , or ALERT , system . ALERT uses improved satellite data processing equipment and programs to speed up identifying when missiles anywhere in the world are launched . Improvements to the system have sped up this critical aspect of war fighting ten - fold . The TALON SHIELD system was declared Operational and the 11th Space Warning Squadron Constituted on 26 September 1994 . 11th SWS activated on 1 October 1994 . The 11th SWS uses infrared data from the constellation of Defense Support Program ( DSP ) satellites to warn deployed troops in theater of short - range missile launches , as well as significant other events around the globe . The 11th SWS formerly operated and maintained the Attack and Launch Early Reporting to Theater ( ALERT ) , system . That system provided continuous surveillance and early warning of theater missiles and other threats in direct support of theater warfighters worldwide . When the Mission Control Station was completed at Buckley Air Force Base late in 2001 , the 11th SWS was inactivated as part of the transition to the DSP follow - on , SBIRS . The 11th SWS was inactivated on 31 December 2002 . The 11 SWS was reactivated in 2007 . The 460th Operations Group , Detachment 1 , stood down and stood up as the 11th Space Warning Squadron on 3 December 2007 . Awards . The 11th Space Warning Squadron was awarded the Gen . Seth J . McKee Award for Best Space Warning Squadron during the 2009 Air Force Space Command Space Operations Awards on 1 June 2010 .
German destroyer Z27 Z27 was a built for the Kriegsmarine during World War II . Notes . She was sunk in the Bay of Biscay SW of Ushant along with the torpedo boats " T - 25 " and " T - 26 " on 28 December 1943 by the British cruiser s HMS " Glasgow " and HMS " Enterprise " . The submarine U - 618 picked up 21 survivors from Z - 27 , while U - 505 rescued 33 men from T - 25 , including the commander , Korvettenkapitän Wirich von Gortzen . The Irish merchantman MV " Kerlogue " also rescued 168 from all three .
List of countries by number of troops This is a list of countries sorted alphabetically by name , showing the number of their military troops , including reserve forces that can aid a depleted active military and / or paramilitary . These numbers are approximations ; military forces around the world are constantly changing in size . List . < div style = " clear : both " / > Notes . Bhutan currently maintains an imperial guard of about 1 , 000 men . There are currently 24 countries that do not maintain a military .
Acciaio - class submarine The Italian " Acciaio " class submarine ( also sometimes called " Platino " class ) was the fifth subclass of the 600 Series of coastal submarine s built by the Regia Marina . They were completed during the early 1940s and saw service in World War II . The " Acciaio ' s " were a development of the " Adua " and " Perla " designs , with some improvements , such as a lower conning tower to improve stability and reduce the silhouette . Of the 13 vessels in the class , six were built by CRDA at Monfalcone , four by OTO at Muggiano , and three by Tosi in Taranto , the three main Italian shipyards for submarines . They were single - hulled with side tanks , and built to a Bernardis design , though the Tosi vessels had more powerful engines ( at the expense of the two stern torpedo tubes , giving a surface speed of 14 . 7 knots . The word " Acciaio " means " Steel " , and all vessels in this class were named for metals and minerals . Of the 13 vessels completed 8 were lost in action , serving in the Mediterranean theatre of operations .
Cornelius Cronin Cornelius Cronin ( March 10 , 1838 – August 18 , 1912 ) was a sailor in the United States Navy who received the Medal of Honor for his actions during the American Civil War . Biography . Cornelius Cronin was born in Detroit , Michigan . He enlisted in the Navy on September 17 , 1858 . He received the Medal of Honor while serving on the for his " coolness and close attention to duty in looking out for signals and steering the ship in the action in Mobile Bay on the morning and forenoon of August 5 , 1864 " . Appointed mate of the on July 9 , 1866 , Cronin was warranted acting gunner on November 12 , 1875 , was transferred to the Retired List August 16 , 1898 , and continued to serve on board the and the , and at the New York Navy Yard until February 3 , 1908 . Chief Gunner Cronin died on August 18 , 1912 at Brooklyn , New York . Medal of Honor citation . Rank and organization : Chief Quartermaster , U . S . Navy . Born : 1836 , Michigan . Accredited to : Michigan . G . O . No . : 45 , 31 December 1864 . Citation : On board the U . S . S . Richmond in action at Mobile Bay on 5 August 1864 . Cool and vigilant at his station throughout the prolonged action , Cronin watched for signals and skillfully steered the ship as she trained her guns on Fort Morgan and on ships of the Confederacy despite extremely heavy return fire . He participated in the actions at Forts Jackson and St . Philip , with the Chalmette batteries , at the surrender of New Orleans , and in the attacks on batteries below Vicksburg . Namesake . During World War II , two destroyer escort s were named in his honor .