naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
USS Sea Gull ( 1818 ) Sea Gull was a steamship in the United States Navy . She was the second steamship of the United States Navy and the first to serve actively as a warship . " Sea Gull " was built as the river steamer " Enterprise " by the Connecticut Steam Boat Company , Hartford , Connecticut . She was launched in November 1818 and made her first trial run in July 1819 . She was purchased by the US Navy in December 1822 for use as a shallow water vessel operating against pirates along the coast of Cuba , and renamed " Sea Gull " . After the gunboat had been outfitted with sails , Lieutenant John C . Newton commanded her during her passage to Norfolk , Virginia where , on 14 February 1823 , Lieutenant William H . Watson assumed command . She then proceeded to Santo Domingo to join Commodore David Porter ' s West Indies Squadron . During May 1823 , she served as guard vessel at Thompson ' s Island . On 13 September 1823 , at Key West , Lt . Watson died , and Lt . Ralph Voorhees took command . In September 1823 , Porter returned to Washington in " Sea Gull " , arriving in 43 days . She underwent repairs at the Washington Navy Yard from 25 October to 30 December 1823 . She returned to the West Indies in February 1824 where , on 30 March , Lt . Voorhees reported the recapture of the schooner " Pacification " . During April and May , with Lt . Jesse Wilkinson in command , she participated in an expedition along the coast of Cuba in search of pirates . In June , Commodore Porter returned to Washington in " Sea Gull " , making the trip in nine days . In July 1824 , Lt . Isaac McKeever assumed command and returned to the West Indies whence " Sea Gull " patrolled until March 1825 . At this time , with the barge she joined the British frigate and two armed British schooner s in a raid on a pirate vessel . The operation resulted in the death of eight pirates and the capture of 19 . " Sea Gull " continued to operate with the squadron until July 1825 , when she was ordered to return to the east coast . She was subsequently surveyed , found unfit for further sea duty , and fitted out as a receiving ship at Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . There she served until she was sold in 1840 .
Weaponry of the Austro - Hungarian Empire Warships . Battleships . " Battleships " Cruisers . " Cruisers " Destroyers . " Destroyers " U - boats . " U - boats " Ironclads . " Ironclads " Ship of the line and frigates . " Ship of the Line and Frigates "
AK - 176 The AK - 176 is a Soviet naval gun mounted in an enclosed turret , that may be used against sea , coastal , and aerial targets , including low flying anti - ship missiles . The system is designed to arm small displacement ships and comprises the Gun Mount with a MR - 123 - 02 / 76 Fire Control Radar System . It has high survivability owing to autonomous use of the gun mount controlled from the optical sight in the absence of control from the radar system , as well as a capability for fire , if power supply is lost . Design . The gun is fed by 152 ready to fire rounds and has selectable rates of fire of 30 , 60 and 120 rounds per minute . The 120 r . p . m . rate is achieved by firing a burst of 75 , but afterwards the gun has to cool off for 30 minutes . The AK - 176 is effective against missiles , being able to shoot down AT - 2 Swatter ( simulating a Harpoon anti - ship missile ) , taking an average of 25 rounds per kill . In the late 1980s an upgraded version the AK - 176m , with a new fire control system MR - 123 - 02 , television targeting and a laser rangefinder , was introduced . This Gun , is still in production and is the primary medium - caliber artillery systems to all small Soviet ships and is widely exported . The equivalent NATO system is the Otobreda 76 mm . H / PJ - 26 . The 713th Institute ( also known as Zhengzhou Electrical Engineering Research Intitute ) of China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation ( CSIC ) of the People ' s Republic of China has developed a Chinese variant of AK - 176 , with Mr . Chen Dingfeng ( 陈汀峰 ) as the general designer . Design begun in 2000 and was completed in 2003 . The primary difference between this H / PJ - 26 and AK - 176 is that the Chinese variant adopts a stealthy turret design , and more composite material is used in the construction of the turret . In addition , ready rounds for the H / PJ - 26 are doubled to 150 rounds from the original 75 of the AK - 176 .
German submarine U - 961 German submarine " U - 961 " was a Type VIIC U - boat built during World War II . " U - 961 " was constructed at Hamburg during 1942 and 1943 , completing her working - up cruises in the Baltic Sea in the spring of 1944 . Due to extensive modifications and shortages of supplies during her construction and training , " U - 961 " took nearly two years to be ready for active service , an exceptionally long time . War patrol . " U - 961 " departed on her only war patrol on the 23 March 1944 , under the command of Kptlt . Klaus Fischer , a veteran submariner . After leaving Marviken at Kristiansand in Norway , " U - 961 " headed directly for the North Atlantic Ocean , the main battleground of the Battle of the Atlantic . By 1944 however , the region had become a U - boat graveyard , as drastic improvements in submarine detection and destruction had been made , both by surface shipping and by allied aircraft . The patrol lasted just seven days , ending suddenly and brutally during an attack on convoy JW 58 150 miles north of the Faroe Islands on the 29 March . As " U - 961 " approached the convoy , she was discovered underwater by the detection equipment on the convoy escort and immediately destroyed with depth charges . The boat never even managed to surface , sinking to the bottom with all 49 sailors on board .
Aeromarine 40 The Aeromarine 40F was an American two - seat flying - boat training aircraft produced for the US Navy and built by the Aeromarine Plane and Motor Company of Keyport , New Jersey . Fifty out of an original order for 200 were delivered before the end of World War I , with the remainder cancelled due to the armistice . The aircraft was a biplane with a pusher propeller . The pilot and instructor sat side by side . Related content . Related development : Aeromarine 41 developed from Aeromarine 40 . At least some of the Model 40s were later converted to Model 41s . Comparable aircraft :
KAB - 500KR The KAB - 500KR is an electro - optical TV - guided fire and forget bomb developed by the Soviet Air Force in the 1980s . It remains in service with the CIS and various export customers . The KAB - 500KR is analogous to the American GBU - 15 weapon . It uses a standard Soviet / Russian FAB - 500 general - purpose bomb , with a nominal weight of 500 kg ( 1 , 102 lb ) , as a warhead , adding a low - light television seeker and guidance fins to turn it into a guided , unpowered glide bomb . The bomb is 3 . 05 m ( 10 ft ) long and weighs 560 kg ( 1 , 234 lb ) , of which 380 kg ( 837 lb ) is a hardened , armor - piercing warhead capable of penetrating up to 1 . 5 m ( 4 ft 11 in ) of reinforced concrete . The weapon ' s seeker can lock onto a target at ranges of up to 15 to 17 km ( 9 . 4 to 10 . 6 miles ) , depending on visibility . The technology of KAB - 500KR is also used for larger bombs , such as KAB - 1500KR based on the 1500 kg class FAB - 1500 iron bomb .
Robert M . Blair Robert M . Blair ( 1836 – 1899 ) was a sailor in the U . S . Navy during the American Civil War . He received the Medal of Honor for his actions during the Second Battle of Fort Fisher on January 15 , 1865 . Military service . Blair volunteered for service in the U . S . Navy and was assigned to the Union side - wheel gunboat . His enlistment is credited to the state of Maine . On January 15 , 1865 , the North Carolina Confederate stronghold of Fort Fisher was taken by a combined Union storming party of sailors , marines , and soldiers under the command of Admiral David Dixon Porter and General Alfred Terry . Blair was exposed to enemy fire while serving on the deck of the Pontoosuc . Medal of Honor citation . The President of the United States of America , in the name of Congress , takes pleasure in presenting the Medal of Honor to Boatswain ' s Mate Robert M . Blair , United States Navy , for extraordinary heroism in action while serving on board the U . S . S . Pontoosuc during the capture of Fort Fisher and Wilmington , North Carolina , 24 December 1864 to 22 January 1865 . Carrying out his duties faithfully throughout this period , Boatswain ' s Mate Blair was recommended for gallantry and skill and for his cool courage while under the fire of the enemy throughout these actions . General Orders : War Department , General Orders No . 59 ( June 22 , 1865 ) Action Date : January 15 , 1865 Service : Navy Rank : Boatswain ’ s Mate Division : U . S . S . Pontoosuc
Armstrong Whitworth Starling The Armstrong Whitworth A . W . 14 Starling was a British single - engine biplane fighter developed for the Royal Air Force in the 1920s . It was unsuccessful , with the Bristol Bulldog being selected instead . Development . The A . W . 14 Starling was developed by Armstrong Whitworth in order to meet the requirements of Specification 28 / 24 , for a single - seat fighter capable of operating in day and night - time conditions to replace Armstrong Whitworth ' s earlier Siskin . It was a single - bay sesquiplane ( a biplane with the lower wing much smaller than the upper ) with staggered unequal span wings . The fuselage had a bolted steel - tube structure , while the wings had steel spars and wooden ribs and were fitted with ailerons on the upper wings only . The wings used the experimental RAF 30 aerofoil section , which is symmetrical , with zero camber . Armament was two synchronised . 303 in Vickers machine gun s . Two prototypes were ordered , with the first " J8027 " , powered by a 385 hp ( 287 kW ) Armstrong Siddeley Jaguar VII radial engine flying on 12 May 1927 . It proved to be underpowered with this engine , and was therefore re - engined with a 460 hp ( 340 kW ) Jaguar V engine . Performance was still unimpressive however , with the first prototype not exceeding speeds of 160 mph ( 260 km / h ) rather than the expected 180 mph ( 290 km / h ) , while low speed handling was poor . The prototype was evaluated against the later Specification F . 9 / 26 in February 1926 , but was rejected by the RAF , who instead selected the Bristol Bulldog . " J8027 " was returned to Armstrong Whitworth , who fitted it with new wings with Clark Y H aerofoil section and leading edge slots fitted on the upper wings . It was given the civil registration " G - AAHC " in May 1929 , and was shown at Olympia in London in July 1929 . It was cancelled from the register in December 1930 . The second prototype , " J8028 " was heavily redesigned , with a more streamlined fuselage and revised wings , which although retaining the Clark YH aerofoil section , had smaller lower wings . It was powered by a 525 hp ( 391 kW ) Armstrong Siddeley Panther II engine , first flying on 5 December 1929 . It was evaluated as both a land - based interceptor and as a naval fighter to meet the requirements of Specification N . 21 / 26 . While showing better performance than the first prototype , it too was unsuccessful , although it did carry out useful development work for the Armstrong Whitworth A . W . 16 .
Dutch Military Proficiency Badge The Dutch Military Proficiency Badge ( Dutch : " Militaire Lichamelijke Vaardigheid " or " MLV " ) is a military badge offered by the Royal Netherlands Army . Requirements . Completion of these requirements qualifies a candidate for the plain bronze badge . Aquatic option . In addition to the requirements for the badge , an aquatic option is available for the Dutch Military Proficiency Badge . Completion of the aquatic option is indicated with a blue enamel field on the badge . The requirements for the swimming option are :
Flecktarn Flecktarn ( German : " spotted camouflage " ; also known as Flecktarnmuster or Fleckentarn ) is a 3 - , 4 - , 5 - or 6 - color disruptive camouflage pattern , the most common being the five - color pattern , consisting of dark green , light green , black , red brown and green brown or tan depending on the manufacturer . The use of spots creates a " dithering " effect , which eliminates hard boundaries between the different colors in much the same way the squares in the newest digital camouflage patterns do . The pattern is designed for use in temperate woodland terrain . It has been adapted as desert camouflage by varying the colors . History . The German Army started experimenting with camouflage patterns before World War II , and some army units used " splinter " pattern camouflage . Waffen - SS combat units used various patterns from 1935 onwards . Many SS camouflages were designed by Prof . Johann Georg Otto Schick . None of the names of the German camouflage patterns are authentic , with the exception of " Leibermuster " . Modern " Flecktarn " . In 1976 , the " Bundeswehr " in Germany developed a number of prototype camouflage patterns , to be trialled as replacements for the solid olive - grey " moleskin " combat uniform . At least four distinct camouflage patterns were tested during " Bundeswehr Truppenversuch 76 " ( " Bundeswehr Troop Trial 76 " ) . One was called " Dots " or " Points " , and one was called " Ragged Leaf " or " Saw Tooth Edge " . Of the patterns tested , that which is today known as " Flecktarn " was selected for adoption . The word is a composite formed from the German words " Fleck " ( spot , blot , patch or pattern ) and " Tarnung " ( camouflage ) . The Bundeswehr kept its green combat dress throughout the 1980s , however . " Flecktarn " was only widely introduced in 1990 , after trials beginning in 1988 . In Germany , the " Flecktarn " camouflage pattern is used by all " Bundeswehr " service branches , the " Heer " ( army ) , the " Luftwaffe " ( air force ) , some " Marine " ( navy ) units and even the " Sanitätsdienst " ( medical service ) . It is also used by sniper s of the " Österreichisches Bundesheer " ( Federal Army of Austria ) and Belgian Air Force ground personnel and airborne infantry . France tested " Flecktarn " for use , but rejected it ; the Dutch army also tested and rejected it , allegedly because it was " too aggressive " . Flecktarn was seen as controversial because of its ( vague ) resemblance to the Waffen - SS " peas " and " oak leaves " patterns , which also used dots in various colors . " Flecktarn " is the basis for " Bundeswehr Wüstentarn " ( desert camouflage ) , Danish T / 78 camouflage and Danish M / 84 camouflage , including a desert variation of the Danish pattern . A variation of the " Flecktarn " camouflage is also used by the Russian Army and is called " Sever " ( Russian for " north " ) , sometimes also referred as Flectar - d . Other variations include Japan ' s Type II Camouflage ; Type 03 Plateau camouflage , used by the Chinese military in Tibet ; and an urban variation used by some police units in Poland .
Battle of Curuzú The Battle of Curuzu happened between September 1 and September 3 in 1866 in the context of Paraguayan War . After the first Battle of Tuiuti , won by the Allies on May 24 in 1866 , commander of the reserves Mitre took ten thousand men brought by the baron of Porto Alegre and decided to attack the batteries in the Curuzu Fort and Fort Curupaiti , south of the main stronghold of Humaitá on the shores of Paraguay River . On September 1 , at 7 : 30 in the morning the Brazilian squad , with battleship s " Bahia " , " Barroso " , " Lima Barros " , " Rio de Janeiro " and " Tamandaré " in front , facing the Curuzu fort , plus cannonry " Mage " in front of Palmar island , along with the wooden ships " Greenhalgh " , " Beberibe " , " Belmonte " , " Araguari " , " Ipiranga " , " Parnaíba " and " Ivaí " . The shootout between the fort and ships lasted four hours . Meanwhile the timber ships landed 800 soldiers in the Chaco , to destroy the base from which the Paraguayan launched fireships and fired artillery against the Brazilian warships . With nightfall the bombardment was stopped . The next day , at 14 : 00 , the battleship " Rio de Janeiro " hit two mines and sank immediately along with her commander Américo Brasílio Silvado and more than 50 sailors . An hour later the Baron de Porto Alegre , had already landed and gathered more than 8 , 000 men , infantry , cavalry , artillery and sappers in " Guardia del Palmar " . Despite having encountered resistance , they succeeded in repulsing the enemy and prepare for the next day ground attack . On September 3 , the fort , commanded by Colonel Jimenez , was stormed . The defenders relied on the advantage of the wetlands and bushes around the fort . The fort was conquered after a heavy bombardment , and the Paraguayan army was pursued until the vicinity of Curupaiti .
Georg - Robert Besslein Georg Robert Besslein was an Obersturmbannführer ( Senior Storm Unit Leader / Lieutenant Colonel ) in the Waffen SS during World War II . He was a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross , which was awarded to recognize extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership during World War II . Early life . Georg Robert Besslein was born on 14 December 1911 in Augsburg . He joined the Hitler Youth on 18 October 1931 and the NSDAP and the SS in 1933 . His first SS posting was to the 4th Company , SS Standarte 29 , but he trained with the German Army ' s II . Battalion , Infantry Regiment 19 which was stationed in Augsburg in the evenings . In November 1933 , he moved to Munich and attended a NCO s course with the Bavarian Police department until March 1934 . He was then sent to the SS - Junkerschule Bad Tölz in April . He graduated the following April and was promoted to Untersturmführer ( Second Lieutenant ) and was posted to command a platoon in the 13th ( Infantry Gun ) Company , SS Regiment " Deutschland " . He was later given command of a platoon in the 19th ( Machine Gun ) Company in November 1937 . In July 1938 , he was made the Adjutant of the Bavarian State Minister Gauleiter Wagner . He returned to the SS " Deutschland " in November 1938 , as the Adjutant of the III . Battalion . In 1939 , he took part in the invasion of Czechoslovakia , as the commander of the 13th Company , SS " Deutschland " . He was promoted to Hauptsturmführer ( Captain ) on the 1 September 1939 . World War II . The newly promoted Hauptsturmführer Besslein , took part in the Polish Campaign and was awarded the Iron Cross II class at the end of September . In February 1940 , he was posted onto the staff of the II . Battalion of the Artillery Reserve Regiment back again in Munich . He served with the Artillery Reserve during the Battle of France and in December 1940 , was posted to the Waffen SS Administration Department . In May 1941 he took part in the Invasion of the Balkans ( Operation Marita ) and in June returned to the SS - Junkerschule Bad Tölz as a staff instructor . In February 1942 , he was posted to the SS Infantry Reserve Battalion " Germania " as the commander of the Infantry Gun Company . Promoted to Sturmbannführer ( Storm Unit Leader / Major ) in January 1943 , he was given command of the SS Infantry Gun Reserve Battalion 1 , in April and in August took over command of the SS Panzergrenadier school . He remained at the SS Panzergrenadier school until taking over command of the SS Fortress Regiment 1 in January 1945 . As the Commander of the SS Fortress Regiment 1 , he was involved in the Siege of Breslau encircled by the Red Army for 82 days , the garrison held out until 6 May 1945 . During this time Besslein was awarded the Iron Cross I class and the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross ( April 30 , 1945 ) and also promoted to Obersturmbannführer ( Senior Storm Unit Leader / Lieutenant Colonel ) . Post war . Besslein surrendered with the rest of the Breslau garrison on the 6 May 1945 , he remained in Soviet captivity until October 1955 . Georg Robert Besslein died on 27 April 1993 in Heidelberg .
La Sebala Airfield La Sebala Airfield is an abandoned World War II military airfield in Tunisia , which was located about 1 km north of Cebalat ; 15 km north - northwest of Tunis . It was a temporary airfield constructed by Army Engineers using compacted earth for its runway , parking and dispersal areas , not designed for heavy aircraft or for long term use . The airfield was used by the United States Army Air Force Twelfth Air Force 52d Fighter Group between 21 May and 30 July 1943 , flying combat operations with P - 40 Warhawk s over Sicily and Italy , as well as taking part in the Pantelleria reduction . After the 52d moved to Boccadifalco on Sicily , the airfield was closed and dismantled . Today , there is traces of the airfield remaining on the landscape visible from aerial photography , but no buildings or physical features .
USS Tanguingui ( SP - 126 ) USS " Tanguingui " ( SP - 126 ) was an armed motor yacht that served in the United States Navy as a patrol vessel from 1917 to 1919 . " Tanguingui " was built as a civilian yacht in 1915 by the New York Yacht Launch and Engine Company at Morris Heights , New York . The U . S . Navy acquired " Tanguingui " under a free lease from her owner , Mr . J . C . McCoy of New York City , on 28 June 1917 for use as a patrol boat during World War I . She was commissioned on 31 October 1917 as USS " Tanguingui " ( SP - 126 ) . Assigned to the 7th Naval District , " Tanguingui " operated out of Key West , Florida , patrolling along the extreme southern coast of Florida to prevent incursions by German submarine s . Following the Armistice with Germany that ended the war on 11 November 1918 , she continued to serve the Navy until her main battery , small arms , and ammunition were removed on 6 February 1919 . " Tanguingui " s name was stricken from the Navy List on 7 April 1919 , and she was returned to her owner on 21 April 1919 .
Ancient Roman military clothing The legion s of the Roman Republic and Empire wore fairly standardised dress and armour . However the concept of uniforms was not part of their culture and there were considerable differences in detail . Armor was not standardized and even that produced in state factories varied according to the province of origin . Likewise the Romans had no concept of obsolescence . Provided it remained serviceable , soldiers were free to use armour handed down by family members , buy armour from soldiers who had completed their service or wear discontinued styles of armour if they preferred it to ( or could not afford ) the latest issue . Thus it was common for legions to wear a mix of various styles that could cover a considerable time period . Clothing may have been one of the most important aspects of a Roman Soldier ' s life , the majority of his time would have been spent in peace . In Germany before Arminius ' attack on Varus , Roman soldiers were building towns , and the German people were adapting to Roman ways . Fragments of surviving clothing and wall paintings indicate that the basic tunic of the Roman soldier was of red or undyed ( off - white ) wool . Senior commanders are known to have worn white cloaks and plumes . The centurions who made up the long serving backbone of the legions were distinguished by transverse crests on their helmets , chest ornaments corresponding to modern medals and the long cudgels that they carried . < nowiki > < / nowiki > Examples of items of Roman military personal armour included : Other garments and equipment included :