naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
M2 mortar The M2 Mortar is a smoothbore , muzzle loading , high - angle - of - fire weapon used by U . S . forces in World War II , the Korean War , and the Vietnam War for light infantry support . Description . The U . S . M2 60 mm mortar was developed from the heavier 81 mm M1 Mortar to provide a lighter - weight alternative to company - level fire support . The M2 attempted to bridge the gap between the 81 mm mortar and the hand grenade . Normally employed by the weapons platoon of a U . S . infantry company , the M2 is of the usual mortar pattern of the day . It consists of a smoothbore metal tube on a rectangular baseplate , supported by a simple bipod with the elevation and traverse mechanisms . The firing pin was fixed in the base cap of the tube , and the bomb was fired automatically when it dropped down the barrel . Though classed as a light mortar , the M2 had considerable range compared to the 50 mm and 60 mm mortars of most other nations , and its fixed - firing pin design allowed a high rate of fire by trained crews . History . During the late 1920s , the US Army began examining mortars to act as a light infantry support weapon . The War Department eventually settled on a 60 mm design from Edgar Brandt , a French ordnance engineer , and purchased a license to build the weapon . The model was standardized as the Mortar , 60 mm M2 . Testing took place in the late 1930s , and the first order for 1 , 500 M2 mortars was placed in January 1940 . The weapon was used throughout World War II by the U . S . Army and U . S . Marine Corps . It saw service again in the Korean War , and by French forces in counterinsurgency campaigns in Indochina and Algeria . During the Vietnam War , the M2 was again used by the U . S . Army and Marines , as well as by South Vietnamese forces . Chinese military forces also produced a version of the M2 called the Type 31 . Ammunition . The M2 Mortar could fire several types of ammunition .
Bold ( decoy ) Bold ( a term derived from kobold ) was a German sonar decoy , used by U - boat s during the Second World War from 1942 onwards . It consisted of a metal canister about in diameter filled with calcium hydride . It was launched by an ejector system colloquial ly referred to as " Pillenwerfer " ( English : " pill thrower " ) . When mixed with seawater , the calcium hydride produced large quantities of hydrogen which bubbled out of the container , creating a false sonar target . A valve opened and closed , holding the device at a depth of about . The device lasted 20 to 25 minutes . The Royal Navy called it SBT ( Submarine Bubble Target ) .
Alan S . Thompson Alan S . Thompson is a Vice Admiral in the United States Navy . He retired from the U . S . Navy in November 2011 as the Director of the Defense Logistics Agency . He was in this position since November 2008 . Thompson ' s previous assignments included duty as Commander of the Defense Supply Center in Columbus , Ohio . Director of the Defense Logistics Agency and Commander of the Naval Supply Systems Command . In addition he also served as Chief of Supply Corps . Alan S . Thompson
Tartar Guided Missile Fire Control System The Tartar Guided Missile Fire Control System is an air defense system developed by the United States Navy to defend warships from air attack . Since its introduction the system has been improved and sold to several United States allies . Description . The Tartar Guided Missile Fire Control System , or Mk 74 Guided Missile Fire Control System , or just " Tartar " , is a US - built medium - range anti - aircraft missile system . The French version used on Cassard class frigate s is composed by a vertical rotating magazine holding 40 missiles , a Mk 13 launcher , two AN / SPG - 51 C fire - control radar s and one DRBJ11 three - dimensional air search radar . Though the entire weapon system is commonly called Tartar , tracing back to its original linkage to the RIM - 24 Tartar missile , it utilizes medium - ranged RIM - 66 Standard missiles . Deployment . It was installed on numerous US Cruiser and destroyers in the 1960s through early 1990s such as the California class cruiser s , Virginia class cruiser s , Kidd class destroyer s and the Charles F . Adams class destroyer . It is also in use in other countries such as the Fleet escorters of the French Navy " Kersaint " , " Bouvet " , " Du Chayla " and " Dupetit - Thouars " , and is now in use on the " Cassard " and " Jean Bart " . RIM - 66B Standard . Starting in the middle 1960s a new family of guided missiles referred to as the Standard missiles were developed to replace the poor performing missiles used by existing fire control systems . The RIM - 66A / B Standard replaced the earlier RIM - 24C Tartar used by the system . The new missile made Tartar into a true medium ranged system . Besides having longer range than the RIM - 24 , the new missile was more accurate and reliable . New Threat Upgrade . Vessels of the California class cruiser s , Virginia class cruiser s and Kidd class destroyer s had their Tartar systems upgraded to modification 14 or 15 standard which enabled them to employ the Standard missile 2 as part of the New Threat Upgrade ( NTU ) program . The New Threat Upgrade equipped vessels could utilize the inertial guidance systems on the SM - 2 and time share illumination radars for semi - active homing in the terminal phase of the intercept , increasing the number of targets the Tartar system could attack at the same time . The New Threat Upgrade Tartar ships could function nearly as well as Aegis Combat System equipped vessels , except for dealing with saturation missile attacks . The NTU still requires the AN / SPG - 51 radar to acquire a lock on the target and illuminate it just before intercept .
Armoured Engineer Reconnaissance Vehicle The Armoured Engineer Reconnaissance Vehicle ( AERV ) is an Indian military engineering vehicle developed by Vehicle Research and Development Establishment , Ahmednagar jointly with Research and Development Establishment , Pune , in coordination with C - TEC , as per the QRs of the Indian Army for enabling the combat engineers to conduct recce operations . It is manufactured by Ordnance Factory Medak . The AERV is based on Sarath ' s hull ( License produced variant of Russian BMP - 2 ) and is designed to carry out terrestrial and riverbed survey to facilitate construction of assault bridges across water obstacles in both offensive and defensive operations in plains , desert and reverine terrain . It has no gun and is fitted with specialised equipment , including an echo - sounder , a water current meter , a laser range finder and GPS . On the left rear of the hull , a marking system with 40 rods is fitted . The AERVs have achieved limited series production and have entered service with the Corps of Engineers .
S . P . Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia OAO S . P . Korolyov Rocket and Space Corporation Energia ( Russian : , " Raketno - kosmicheskaya korporatsiya “ Energiya ” im . S . P . Korolyova " ) , also known as RSC Energia ( , RKK “ Energiya ” ) , is a Russia n manufacturer of spacecraft and space station components . The company is the prime developer and contractor of the Russian manned spaceflight program ; it also owns a majority of Sea Launch . Its name is derived from Sergei Korolyov , the first chief of its design bureau , and the Russian word for energy . Overview . Energia is the largest company of the Russian space industry and one of its key players . It is responsible for all operations involving manned spaceflight and is the lead developer of the Soyuz and Progress spacecraft , and the lead developer of the Russian end of the International Space Station . The company employs between 22 , 000 — 30 , 000 people . The enterprise has been awarded with 4 Orders of Lenin , Order of the October Revolution and Russian Federation President ' s Message of Thanks . In addition , 14 cosmonauts employed by the company have been awarded the title " Hero of the Russian Federation " . Structure . The company consists of the following subsidiaries and branches : In addition , the company possesses a developed social infrastructure . 38 % of the company ' s stock is owned by the Russian state . History . The company was founded on 16 May 1946 and has been known successively as : It is named after the first chief of its design bureau Sergei Korolyov ( 1946 – 1966 ) . His successors as chief designers were : Vasiliy Mishin ( 1966 – 1974 ) , Valentin Glushko ( 1974 – 1989 ) , Yuriy Semenov ( 1989 – 2005 ) , Nikolay Sevastyanov ( 2005 – 2007 ) . Its current President and Chief designer is Vitaliy Lopota . Korolev ' s design bureau was , beginning with the first artificial satellite Sputnik 1 and the first manned spaceflight of Vostok 1 , responsible for a major part of the Soviet space program . It was the main rival of OKB - 52 ( later known as TsKBM , then the design bureau of Vladimir Chelomei ) during the Soviet manned lunar programs and the Soviet space station program . OKB - 1 was among others responsible for the development of the manned Soyuz spacecraft and its Soyuz rocket , the N1 " Moon Shot " rocket , large parts of the Salyut space station program , the unmanned Progress resupply craft and designed the Energia rocket for the Buran space shuttle program . Since the early beginnings of the Luna programme it designed many space probes , among others of the Venera , Zond and Mars program . The company continues to dominate a large part of the Russian space program , and a considerable part of the World ' s space program , with its Soyuz rockets and spacecraft having become the only crewed spacecraft conducting regular flights and the exclusive crew transport vehicle for the International Space Station after the Space Shuttle retirement . Historic projects . Over the years the products of Energia and its predecessors included : IRBMs and ICBMs . Including meteorological rockets as their modifications .
Bandmaster A bandmaster is the leader and conductor of a band , usually a military band or marching band . British Armed Forces . In the British Armed Forces , a Bandmaster is always a Warrant Officer Class One , with a commissioned officer who leads a band being known as the Director of Music . Directors of Music are all former Bandmasters who have been commissioned . British Army line infantry and cavalry regiment al bands were led by Bandmasters until the reorganisation of bands and the creation of the Corps of Army Music in 1994 . The larger corps bands , as well as those of the Foot Guards and Household Cavalry , were known as Staff Bands , and were led by a commissioned Director of Music with a Bandmaster as his deputy . In 1994 the number of bands was reduced and all bands became Staff Bands . Bandmaster is an appointment held by a Warrant Officer Class 1 , who has the designation WO1 ( BM ) and wears a unique appointment badge of a crowned lyre in a wreath underneath the WO1 ' s badge ( the Royal Arms of the United Kingdom ) . The senior playing musician of the band is the Band Sergeant Major ( or Band Corporal Major in the Household Cavalry ) , a Warrant Officer Class 2 . Royal Marines Bands have been led by commissioned Directors of Music for many years . Bandmaster is an appointment which may be held by a Warrant Officer Class 1 ( WO1 BDMR ) , who is equivalent to an Army Bandmaster , or a Warrant Officer Class 2 ( WO2 BDMR ) . The Corps Bandmaster is the senior Bandmaster of the Royal Marines and the chief non - commissioned adviser to the Principal Director of Music , Royal Marines . Royal Air Force bands have also traditionally been led by commissioned Directors of Music . The Bandmaster is a Warrant Officer and fills the same position as the Army equivalent ( RAF WOs do not hold appointments as do those in the other services ) . The senior playing musician , the Band Sergeant , is a Flight Sergeant . The Salvation Army . Bandmaster is a non - commissioned ( or local ) officer rank in The Salvation Army . A Salvation Army bandmaster is responsible for the ministry of a Salvation Army band and tends to the musical and spiritual development of the bandsmen and women . The Bandmaster is assisted by a Deputy Bandmaster , a Band Secretary , Band Sergeant and Band Treasurer . These roles are also non - commissioned officer ranks . The band may also have a Band Colour Sergeant and a Band Librarian . All of these roles will normally be undertaken by volunteer Salvationist s who give their time and services free of charge . Charles Fry was the very first Salvation Army bandmaster . Cruise Ships . The term Bandmaster is also used in the cruising industry to describe the onboard Musical Director . On Princess Cruises for example the Bandmaster is responsible for musical direction for all onboard theatre shows with guest artists and for production shows , writing and arranging for the orchestras as well as band discipline .
9th Air Refueling Squadron The 9th Air Refueling Squadron ( 9th ARS ) was initially activated in 1951 , although its history can be traced back to the 9th Photographic Squadron of World War II . The 9th ARS has had many deployments to worldwide locations , and is still performing a global mission ( some to remote forward operating location ) , during wartime , humanitarian operations , and exercises . History . Established under First Air Force as a photo - reconnaissance squadron at Mitchell Field , New York . Operated over the Northeast United States flying reconnaissance missions over the Atlantic coast and Newfoundland shipping lanes , primarily operating early - model F - 4 ( P - 51B ) Mustangs . Deployed to the China - Burma - India Theater of Operations ( CBI ) during the summer of 1943 ; being assigned to Headquarters , Tenth Air Force . Flights of F - 5 ( P - 51D ) photo - reconnaissance aircraft operated over a wide area of Burma ; Thailand and China until the Japanese Capitulation in August 1945 obtaining aerial photos and reconnaissance of enemy positions and targets for heavy bomber attacks . Flew tactical reconnaissance missions to support United States and British ground forces in Burma . Returned to the United States during the fall of 1945 , inactivated in December . Unit transferred their mission to worldwide air refueling , and with a name change to the 9th Air Refueling Squadron , Medium , received KB - 29 tanker aircraft . They then began refueling operations from August 1951 to December 1965 , January 1970 to January 1982 , and from August 1982 through today , including support during the rescue of US nationals from Grenada in 1983 , support for deployments to Southwest Asia from 1990 to 1991 , and humanitarian airlift missions to Somalia in support of during 1992 – 1993 . On 19 September 1985 the 9th Air Refueling Squadron was consolidated with the 9th Photographic Reconnaissance Squadron , a unit that was last active 4 September 1945 . This action was directed by Department of the Air Force Letter DAF / MPM 662q Attachment 1 ( Active Units ) , 19 September 1985 . The Consolidated Unit will retain the Designation of 9th Air Refueling Squadron , Heavy " . Following the events of 9 / 11 supported Operation Noble Eagle . Starting in October 2001 and continuing present day deployed in support of Operation Enduring Freedom . Starting in March 2003 and continuing present day deployed in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom . Operations . The 9th ARS has a proud legacy of participation in Air Force Operations such as :
Traugott Herr Traugott Herr ( 16 September 1890 – 13 April 1976 ) was a German general of Panzer ( armoured ) troops who served during World War II . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords ( ) . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross and its higher grade Oak Leaves and Swords was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . Second World War . Herr , a colonel ( " Oberst " ) , commanded the 66th Infantry Regiment , part of the 13th Motorized Infantry Division , in Poland ( September 1939 to May 1940 ) and France ( May 1940 to October 1940 ) . In October 1940 the division was reformed in Vienna as 13th Panzer Division and was sent to Romania as a training unit . Herr was given command of 13th Rifle Brigade ( " 13 . Schutzen - Brigade " ) which controlled the division ' s two infantry regiments . In May 1941 the division returned to Germany to take part in Operation Barbarossa , the invasion of the Soviet Union . In December 1941 , Herr was given acting command of the division when Major - General ( " generalmajor " ) Walter Duvert fell ill . Herr ' s appointment was confirmed on 1 April 1942 along with promotion to major - general . On 25 September 1942 , still on the Eastern Front , Herr was seriously wounded and repatriated to Germany to recuperate . By June 1943 he had recovered and was appointed acting commander to form the headquarters of a new LXXVI Army Corps in the rank of lieutenant - general ( " generalleutnant " ) . The corps headquarters was re - designated LXXVI Panzer Corps the following month and in August was sent to Italy . His command was confirmed on 1 September along with promotion to general of amoured troops ( " general der panzertruppe " ) . Herr commanded the corps in the Italian Campaign with only minor breaks until 26 December 1944 . He also took command of 14th Army for a brief period from late November to mid - December 1944 . He then spent a short time in reserve before returning in mid - February 1945 to take command of 10th Army . The Allied final and decisive spring 1945 offensive in Italy opened in early April and Herr was captured by the British on 2 May 1945 . He was held captive until his repatriation in 1948 . Herr was born in Weferlingen in the Prussian Province of Saxony . He died in Achterwehr .
Vought O2U Corsair The Vought O2U Corsair was a 1920s biplane scout and observation aircraft . Made by Vought Corporation , the O2U was ordered by the United States Navy ( USN ) in 1927 . Powered by a 400 hp ( 298 kW ) Pratt & Whitney R - 1340 Wasp engine , it incorporated a steel - tube fuselage structure and a wood wing structure with fabric covering . Many were seaplane s or amphibians . Design and development . Two prototypes were ordered in 1926 and tested by the Navy Trial Board before the first production batches were ordered . In 1927 , a total of 291 O2Us were produced . The O2U - 2 , - 3 and - 4 were ordered in 1928 with minor changes . By 1930 they were being superseded by the O3U which was basically similar to the O2U - 4 , one variant of which was fitted with the Grumman float , and were manufactured until 1936 . A total of 289 were built . Many of them had cowled engines and some had enclosed cockpits . Operational history . The 600 - 690 hp ( 448 - 515 kW ) Pratt & Whitney R - 1690 - 42 Hornet engine was used to power Corsairs designated SU - 1 to SU - 4 . The change in designation reflected their role as scouts . A total of 289 SU designated aircraft were built for the USN . No less than 141 Corsairs were still serving with the US Navy and Marines when the US entered World War II . Export versions included the Corsair V - 65F , V - 66F and V - 80Fp for the Argentine Navy , the V - 80P for the Peruvian Air Force , and the V - 85G for Germany . China purchased Corsair variants V - 65C and V - 92C . Brazil purchased 36 aircraft V - 65B , some hydroplanes V - 66B and 15 V - 65F . In March 1929 , Mexico purchased 12 armed aircraft O2U - 2M versions with the Wasp engine to quell a military coup ; Mexico then built 31 more units under licence , and called them " Corsarios Azcárate " O2U - 4A . In 1937 , Mexico purchased 10 V - 99M equipped with the Pratt & Whitney R - 1340 - T1H - 1 550 hp Wasp engine , some of them may have been sent to Spain . China purchased the 42 export versions of O2U - 1 from 1929 – 1933 , and 21 export versions of O3U between 1933 – 1934 and they saw extensive bombing actions . The O2U - 1 versions participated in the Central Plains War and in the January 28 Incident against the Japan ese targets , while the O3U versions first participated in the Battle of Pingxingguan to support the Chinese ground forces , and later against the Japanese targets in Shanghai . Peru purchased two Vought OSUs which were designated UO - 1A . Later , in 1929 , 12 O2U - 1 were acquired . Used first as trainers , they saw action against APRA rebels in the northern areas of the country , and against Colombian ships and aircraft during the Colombia - Peru War . None were lost due to enemy fire , but several were destroyed due to accidents . Vought would use the " Corsair " name again for the F4U fighter in 1938 , and the LTV A - 7 Corsair II attack bomber in 1963 .
Regillus Regillus was an ancient lake of Latium , Italy , famous in the legendary history of Rome as the lake in the neighborhood of which occurred ( 496 B . C . ) the battle which finally decided the hegemony of Rome in Latium . During the battle , so runs the story , the dictator Postumius vowed a temple to Castor and Pollux , who were specially venerated in Tusculum , the chief city of the Latins ( it being a Roman usage to invoke the aid of the gods of the enemy ) , who appeared during the battle , and brought the news of the victory to Rome , watering their horses at the spring of Juturna , close to which their temple in the Forum was erected . There can be little doubt that the lake actually existed . Of the various identifications proposed , the best is that of Prof . L . Pareti , who finds it in a now dry crater lake ( Prataporci ) , drained by an emissarium , the date of which is uncertain , north of Frascati . Most of the other sites proposed are not , as Regillus should be , within the limits of the territory of Tusculum .
Glenblocker fort The term , Glenblocker fort , sometimes also called the Highland line fort is used to describe members of a line of Roman forts along the Highland Line in Scotland . The forts all share the common characteristic that they are close to the mouth of a glen ( a narrow valley ) or a strath ( a broad valley ) and can thus supervise traffic . All of the forts were originally built during the Flavian occupation in Scotland . The group consists of It is debatable , whether Cardean , Stracathro and Doune should be listed among these , as they are sited further away from their respective traffic corridors , but fulfill the same function . It has traditionally been thought that these forts were meant to prevent invasions out of the Scottish Highand into Roman held territory . This is ultimately probably their aim , but they were never meant to operate in isolation but in cooperation with the other forts on the Gask Ridge and along Strathmore , as only the legionary fortress of Inchtuthil with 5000 - 6000 soldiers would have been strong enough to deal with a major incursions . The smaller forts are more likely to serve as a disincentive to small scale raiding parties etc . ,
Staff Specialist Corps The Staff Specialist Corps is a combat service support branch of the United States Army . Currently it is used only by the United States Army Reserve and United States National Guard for unassigned officers . It was formerly the Staff and Administrative Reserve Section of the reserve forces .
Bronisław Krzywobłocki Bronisław Krzywobłocki ( June 19 , 1857 - October 25 , 1943 ) was a Polish military officer and a Colonel of the Polish Army . He served during the Polish - Bolshevik War of 1920 in a variety of posts , including as the commanding officer of the 46th Kresy Rifles Infantry Regiment .
Soltane Airfield Soltane Airfield is an abandoned World War II military airfield in Tunisia , which was located approximately 5 km southeast of Ain Soltane ( Sidi - Nsar - Allah ) ; about 170 km south - southwest of Tunis . It was a temporary airfield built by the United States Army Corps of Engineers , used by the United States Army Air Force Ninth Air Force during the Tunisian Campaign . It was used by the 57th Fighter Group , which flew P - 40 Warhawk s from the airfield between 21 March and 4 April 1943 . When the Americans moved out at the end of April 1943 , the airfield was dismantled and abandoned . Today the airfield ' s precise location is undetermined , as agricultural fields have obliterated its existence .