naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Battle of Alfambra The Battle of Alfambra took place near Alfambra between 5 and the 8 February 1938 , during the Spanish Civil War . This battle was a part of the Battle of Teruel . After , the conquest of Teruel by the Repubublican army , the Nationalists started a counteroffensive in order to reocuppy Teruel . On 5 February a huge nationalist force broke the republican lines in the north of the Teruel towards the Alfambra river , taking 7 , 000 republican prisoners and threatening the Republican forces in Teruel . Background . . After the conquest of Teruel by the Republican army on 7 January , the Nationalists started an offensive in order to conquest the high ground around Teruel on 17 January and occupied the heights of " La Muela " , nevertheless the Republican troops led by Hernandez Saravia and backed by the International Brigades , stopped the Nationalist offensive on 27 January . Then , the Nationalists concentrated an army of 100 , 000 men and 500 guns in the Sierra de Palomera in the north of Teruel , led by the general Juan Vigon , with three Army Corps ( Aranda ’ s Galicia corps , Yague ’ s Morocco corps and the Garcia Valiño ’ s Navarre Corp ) , the Italian CTV and Monasterio ’ s cavalry division . On the other hand , the republican defenses in this part of the front were weak , since most of the republican troops were concentrated in the city of Teruel and the republican troops in this part of the front had never seen action . The Republican army had one Army corps , the 13th army corps here . Battle of Alfambra . . On 5 February , launched a major offensive towards the Alfambra river , along a front of 30 kilometres . The attack started with a massive cavalry charge of the Monasterio ’ s division , the last great mounted charge in the western Europe . The three nationalists army corps , broke the Republican lines and advanced swiftly towards the Alfambra river . The Republican forces were surrounded by the nationalists or fled in disorder . By the 7 February the Nationalists had conquered and huge amounts of material ( munitions , weapons and ambulances ) , and aircraft ( twelve on 7 February alone ) . The Republicans had suffered 20 , 000 - 22 , 000 casualties , among them 7 , 000 prisoners . Aftermath . By the 20 February the republican communications to Valencia from Teruel were threatened by the Nationalists and Hernandez Saravia gave orders for withdrawal from the city , although the Republicans managed to form a defense line along the right bank of the Alfambra on 25 February .
Werner Stumpf Werner Stumpf ( 15 March 1917 – 13 October 1942 ) was a German Luftwaffe ace and recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross during World War II . Stumpf claimed 48 aerial victories , 2 over the Western Front , 23 over the Eastern Front and 23 over the Mediterranean Front . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . Career . Werner Stumpf joined the Luftwaffe in 1935 , he participated in the Battle of France and the Battle of Britain . During the Battle of Britain he claimed his first two victories . Stumpf then participated in Operation Barbarossa , during which he claimed another 23 victories . In late 1941 he participated in the Siege of Malta were he claimed 6 more victories . During the North African Campaign he added another 17 to his total . He was awarded the Knight ' s Cross to the Iron Cross on 13 August 1942 . On 13 October 1942 he was killed by anti - aircraft fire near El Alamein .
Kurt Stephani Kurt Stephani ( 15 August 1904 – 20 August 1944 ) was a highly decorated Major der Reserve in the Fallschirmjäger during World War II . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership .
Blechhammer The Blechhammer ( ) area was the location of Nazi Germany chemical plants , prisoner of war ( POW ) camps , and forced labor camps ( ) . Labor camp prisoners began arriving as early as June 17 , 1942 , and in July 1944 , 400 - 500 men were transferred from the Terezin family camp to Blechhammer . The mobile “ pocket furnace ” ( ) crematorium was at Sławięcice . ) and Bau und Arbeits Battalion ( BAB , ) 21 was a mile from the Blechhammer oil plants and was not far from Katowitz and Breslau . Blechhammer synthetic oil production began April 1 with 4000 prisoners . The " 7 Company " was the guard battalion for Blechhammer , and the 1945 Belsen Trial convicted Blechhammer staff members and .
Commemorative Medal for Armed Humanitarian Operations The Commemorative Medal for Armed Humanitarian Operations ( , ) is a military decoration of Belgium . It was established on 11 September 1987 and is awarded to military and civilian members of the Belgian Armed Forces who participated in armed humanitarian operations . Medal description . The medal is circular and struck from bronze , the obverse bears at its center a blue enamelled octagon with a yellow enamelled five - pointed star in the center . Along the outer circumference of the medal are thin enamelled lines of black , yellow and red surrounding the relief inscription " ARMED HUMANITARIAN OPERATIONS " in ) and in ( ) . The obverse of the medal is plain . The ribbon is azure blue , with three thin longitudinal in the national colours of Belgium , black , yellow and red . The ribbon is adorned with small bronze clasps bearing the names of the operations in which the recipient participated . Statute . The Commemorative Medal for Armed Humanitarian Operations is awarded to military and civilian members of the Belgian Armed Forces who participated in good standing in armed humanitarian operations . The list of the operations for which the medal is awarded is included in the Royal Decree creating the medal , it is amended on a regular basis . As for the Commemorative Medal for Foreign Operations or Missions , Belgium does not award different medals for each operation . If a person participated in more than one such operation , he or she will be awarded the Commemorative Medal for Armed Humanitarian Operations for each of these operations , each award represented by an additional clasp on the ribbon . The award of the medal is not automatic . In order to be awarded the medal , one who meets the award conditions has to request it . The medal is awarded by the Human Resources Department of the Belgian Armed Forces .
Audie Murphy honors and awards Audie Murphy was one of the most famous and decorated United States Army combat soldiers of World War II , serving from 1942 to 1945 . He received every American combat award for valor available at the time of his service , including the Medal of Honor . He also received recognitions from France and Belgium . After his war service ended , Murphy became an advocate of treatment for Post - traumatic stress disorder in veterans . The Audie L . Murphy Memorial Veterans Hospital in San Antonio and the Sergeant Audie Murphy Clubs ( SAMC ) on military bases honor his contributions . He joined the Texas National Guard in 1950 , transferring to reserve status in 1956 and remaining in the Guard until 1969 . He also had a civilian career as a film actor and songwriter . Recognitions he received both during his lifetime and posthumously are listed below . Murphy participated in campaigns in North Africa , Sicily , Italy , France and Germany , as denoted by his European - African - Middle Eastern Campaign Medal with one silver battle star ( denoting five campaigns ) , four bronze battle stars , plus a bronze arrowhead representing his two amphibious assault landings at Sicily and southern France . On February 25 , 1945 and March 3 , 1945 , he received two Silver Star s for further heroic actions . The French government awarded Murphy its Chevalier of the Legion of Honor and two Croix de guerre medals . He received the Croix de guerre 1940 Palm from Belgium . The National Guard assisted him in 1954 with replacements for his original medals which were no longer in his possession . Duplicates of his Medal of Honor and other medals can be viewed at Dallas Scottish Rite Temple museum . On November 10 , 1964 , Murphy requested his name be added to the United States Army ' s " Medal of Honor Roll " , and that he receive $ 100 per month pension money . Other honors . Sergeant Audie Murphy Club . In September , 1986 , the CSM George L . Horvath III , III Corps Commander LTG Crosbie E . Saint and several others established the Sergeant Audie Murphy Club at Fort Hood , Texas . The official club crest was designed by club co - founder Don Moore . Since 1994 , other units of the U . S . Army have established chapters of the Sergeant Audie Murphy Club ( SAMC ) as exclusive clubs to honor noncommissioned officers ( Corporal E - 4 through Sergeant First Class E - 7 ) who have acted in a manner consistent with the actions of Audie Murphy . In 2012 a bronze bust created by Mark and Jenelle Byrd for display in the Sgt . Audie Murphy Club Room in Snow Hall was unveiled at Fort Sill , Oklahoma . Freemasonry . In November , 2000 , Murphy was posthumously awarded the Scottish Rite Masonry 33rd Degree in Long Beach , California , presented to his widow Pamela . From 1955 until his death , Murphy was a member of numerous Scottish Rite lodges in California and Texas . The Murat Shriners of Indianapolis , Indiana provided the below timeline of Murphy ' s degrees and lodge associations .
Battle of Caporetto order of battle The Battle of Caporetto ( also known as the Twelfth Battle of the Isonzo or the Battle of Karfreit as it was known by the Central Powers ; ) , took place from 24 October to 19 November 1917 , near the town of Kobarid ( now in Slovenia ) , on the Austro - Italian front of World War I . The battle was named after the Italian name of the town of Kobarid ( known as " Karfreit " in German ) . Italian Army . Detailed Order of Battle . Italian 2nd Army ( Lieutenant General Luigi Capello ) In 1st line : In 2nd line : German and Austro - Hungarian Armies . Detailed Order of Battle . German 14th Army ( General der Infanterie Otto von Below ) Austro - Hungarian 2nd Isonzo Army ( part ) ( General der Infanterie Johann Ritter von Henriquez )
Mareșal tank destroyer The " Mareșal " ( Marshal ) tank destroyer was a Romania n armored fighting vehicle produced in limited numbers during the Second World War . History . Romania , a member of the Axis powers during World War II , had few modern fighting vehicles when the war began . Most were captured obsolete Allied vehicles , which were quickly destroyed by superior Soviet armor . After the German army provided armor replacement and modernization assistance to Romania , Romania began to receive 38t , Stug III , and Panzer IV tanks . The Romanian military began development of a modern armored fighting vehicle at the end of 1942 . The new design was of a contemporary appearance , having an enclosed fighting compartment , and it was armed with a captured Soviet 122 mm Putilov - Obluchov M1904 / 30 howitzer on a modified captured Soviet T - 60 undercarriage with special 4 - piece turtle - shaped armor similar to the Hetzer . Later prototypes incorporated the 76 mm divisional gun M1942 ( ZiS - 3 ) on a modified Czech TNHP undercarriage using German technical support , and Romanian built 75 mm anti - tank gun DT - UDR M1943 Resita on a widened T - 60 ( captured ) Soviet light tank chassis . Orders were placed for 1 , 000 vehicles ( from November 1944 ) , but development stopped when a coup d ' état led by King Michael of Romania overthrew Marshal Ion Antonescu , the Romanian leader , and the country switched sides . All prototypes were later confiscated by the Soviets which stopped any further work on the project . Specifications
Fiat - Revelli Modello 1935 The Fiat - Revelli 35 was a revised version of the Modello 1914 , which had equipped the Italian Army of the Great War . Overview . The Modello 14 seems to have begun the Italian fascination with over - complicated loading systems and the need for lubricating rounds to prevent jamming , which often had the opposite effect . The Modello 35 attempted to remove some of these flaws by opting for a more conventional belt feed and eliminating the oil pump . The opportunity was also taken to adopt the 8 mm round also found in the Breda . These modifications seemingly failed to improve the weapon to a great degree though , it was found that lubrication was still required , needing individual rounds to be greased or the oil pump to be re - fitted , which notably impaired reliability . Production ended in 1943 .
Transformation ( warfare ) Transformation is a buzzword popularized by Donald Rumsfeld referring to a " change of mindset that will allow the [ US ] military to harness the technological advances of the information age to gain a qualitative advantage over any potential foe . " Currently it is composed of three ideas . " The three key elements of transformation thus far are knowledge , speed and precision . Knowledge , in the sense of being able to use the technical means at our disposal to seek , to track and to find out what the enemy is all about ; speed : strategic speed , the ability to project forces over great distances very , very quickly ; and precision is the ability to strike the enemy with sort of surgical strikes to kill the enemy quickly . " Robert Scales Jr . , Battle Plan Under Fire , Transcripts " its key doctrine is ' network - centric warfare , ' a strategy that has friendly combatants networked together for a previously unknown degree of fighting effectiveness . " from Nova , Battle Plan Under Fire , Transformation Transformation - The creation of a force that is dominant across the full spectrum of military operations - persuasive in peace , decisive in war , preeminent in any form of conflict .
Naval Supply Systems Command The Naval Supply Systems Command ( NAVSUP ) is a command of the United States Navy . Headquartered in Mechanicsburg , Pennsylvania , the NAVSUP and Navy Supply Corps team deliver logistics and support to the Navy . Navy Systems Commands . The five Navy systems commands or " SYSCOMs " are :
Grumman X - 29 The X - 29A is a USAF / NASA technology demonstrator built to investigate the aerodynamic advantages of the forward - swept wing concept . Built upon the body of a modified F - 5E Tiger II with a single F404 - GE - 400 engine , forward - mounted canard wings , and redesigned air intakes , the X - 29 logged a total of 422 flights between models 1 and 2 and managed to achieve a maximum angle of attack of 67 degrees . It has the ability to reach a maximum speed of Mach 1 . 6 . Without advanced composites , lightweight airframe made of aluminum and titanium , and fly - by - wire controls , none of the plane ’ s accomplishments would have been possible as the aircraft is inherently unstable and the FSW adheres to stresses far greater than that of a conventional swept back wing planform . The program was conducted between 1984 and 1992 , and has been attributed by western sources as console to the design of the Russian - made Su - 47 Berkut . The X - 29 was not the first FSW , the first was made in 1944 by Junkers , called the Junkers Ju - 287 . Development . Two X - 29As were built by Grumman Aerospace Corporation of two airframes have Northrop F - 5A Freedom Fighter , after the proposal has been selected over competing one involving Fighting Falcon General Dynamics F - 16 . X - 29 design makes use of the fuselage and nose landing gear of F - 5As to the control surface of the main driving force and the landing gear of F - 16 . Advances in technology make the X - 29 design reasonable use of carbon - fiber composites . Grumman internal appointments for X - 29 " Grumman Model 712 " or " G - 712 " . . " The X - 29 first flew in 1984 out of Edwards AFB with Grumman ' s Chief Test Pilot Chuck Sewell in control . On December 13 , 1985 an X - 29 became the first jet wing and forward flight in supersonic in level flight . Junkers Ju 287 before the first jet - wing aircraft with forward - swept . NASA test events between the two X - 29s , continued from 1984 to 1991 . X - 29A showed very good control and maneuvering characteristics at an angle of attack of 45 ° . However , configurasi wings make it unstable and it can fly only with the corrections used ( take to 40 per second ) provided by the computerized flight control system . The system consists of three over the digital computer is supported by over three analog computers ; any three can fly it on their own , but the surplus allowed them to hold for an error . Each of the three would " vote " on their size , so that if the first vote so the malfunction can be detected . It has been estimated that the damage amount of the system as it is not possible as the mechanical damage in the arrangement of conventional aircraft . X - 29 was first exhibited at the National Museum of the United States Air Force at Wright - Patterson Air Force Base near Dayton , Ohio . Another of the show at Dryden Flight Research Center at Edwards Air Force Base . a model of its original size in a performance at the National Air and Space Museum National Mall building in Washington , DC .
London Air Defence Area The London Air Defence Area ( LADA ) was the name given to the organisation created to defend London from the increasing threat from enemy airships during World War I . Formed in September 1915 , it was commanded initially by Admiral Sir Percy Scott , a controversial figure , responsible for major advances in naval gunnery techniques , but also accused of insubordination and profiting from his inventions . Airfields . At the end of the war , the following airfields came under the direct control of LADA :
Battle of Ouithlacoochie The Battle of Ouithlacoochie , otherwise known as the Battle of Withlacoochee was a battle in the Second Seminole War fought on December 31 , 1835 , along the Withlacoochee River in Citrus County , Florida . Prelude . After the Dade Massacre , the Florida militia reached the Withlacoochee River , however an unexpected difficulty was found . The stream was deep and rapid , there was no bridge , and the only means of crossing was in a leaky canoe that would hold only four or five men . An effort was made to swim the horses over , but only two could be gotten across in that way . The crossing began at daylight , the regular soldiers going first , and at noon only 260 had crossed . They tried to make rafts , but there was no suitable wood . The men who could do so swam the river , and ammunition was carried over on a raft of tree logs . Battle . The regulars and a few of the volunteers had crossed , when the Indians began a severe and unexpected fire . General Call , having made a footbridge of logs , was trying to get his men across as fast as possible when the attack began . He now left them with orders to cross as rapidly as they could , and crossed in the canoe himself while the fight was at the worst . As many of the volunteers as could do so crossed during the fight , and by their gallant conduct helped largely to win the day , for they prevented the Indians from getting between the regular troops and the river , and so cutting them off .
Light cavalry Light cavalry comprises lightly armed and lightly armored troops mounted on horses , as opposed to heavy cavalry , where the riders ( and sometimes the horses ) are heavily armored . The missions of the light cavalry were primarily reconnaissance , screening , skirmishing , raiding , and most importantly , communications , and were usually armed with spear s , sword s , bow s and later carbine s . Light cavalry was used infrequently by the Greeks and Romans ( though Roman auxiliaries were often mounted ) , but were popular among the armies and hordes of Central Asia and Southwest Asia . The Arabs , Hungarians , Huns , Mongols , Turks , Parthians , and Persians were all adept light cavalrymen and horse archer s . With the decline of feudalism and knight hood in Europe , light cavalry became more prominent in the armies of the continent . Many were equipped with firearms , as their predecessors had been with bows . European examples of light cavalry included stradiot s , hobelar s , hussar s , chasseurs à cheval , cossacks , chevau - léger s and some dragoon s . Historical use . Armies of the ancient Roman - Germanic wars made use of light cavalry as patrolling squads , or armed scouts , and often had them in the front lines during regional battles . During the Punic Wars , one of Carthage ' s main advantages over Roman armies were its extensive use of Numidian light cavalry . Partly because of this , the Roman general Scipio Africanus recruited his own cavalry from Sicily before his invasion of Tunisia during the Second Punic War . Middle Ages . A variety of types of light cavalry were developed in medieval armies . Napoleonic era . Light cavalry played a key role in battles in the Napoleonic era . Early 20th century . As late as the early 1900s most European armies still retained a nominal division of mounted troops into light cavalry ( reconnaissance , scouting and screening ) , medium cavalry ( attack and defense of specific locations ) and heavy cavalry ( shock action on the battlefield ) . While colonial warfare had led to a blurring of these distinctions in the British army , tradition remained strong in the cavalry arm of some other nations . As an example , the Imperial German army maintained a marked difference between the sizes and weights of the men and horses allocated to the hussar regiments that made up its light cavalry and those of the other two categories . The early weeks of World War I saw light cavalry attempting to continue its long established function of being the " eyes and ears " of the respective main armies . However the advent of trench warfare and aircraft observation quickly rendered this role obsolete , except to a limited extent in Eastern Europe .
HMS Comet ( 1910 ) HMS " Comet " was an " Acorn class " destroyer of the Royal Navy that saw active service in the First World War . She was built under the 1909 – 1910 programme by Fairfield Shipbuilding & Engineering Company in Govan . She was launched on 23 June 1910 and lost after a collision while under tow on 6 August 1918 in the Mediterranean . Initially it was believed that she was torpedoed and sunk by an Austrian U - boat , but this was dismissed since no submarine claimed her sinking . The " Acorn " class marked a return to oil - firing as pioneered in the Tribal or F class of 1905 and of 1907 . This change allowed a generally smaller vessel than the " Beagles " even with an increase in armament . The " Comet " was built to an individual design by Fairfield Shipbuilding although the " Acorns " had a more - or - less uniform appearance , with three funnels , a tall , thin fore funnel , a short , thick central and a short narrow after stack . " Comet " had two 4 - inch guns on the fo ' c ' sle and on the quarterdeck . The 12 - pounder guns were amidships , one on each side between the first pair of funnels , and the torpedo tubes were abaft the funnels , mounted singly with a searchlight position between them .