naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Purple trades In the armed forces of Canada , the purple trades are occupations and careers – typically related to logistics or other support – that are not strongly linked to one of the Canadian Forces ' three major ' environments ' or ' elements ' : sea , land , or air . Purple trades may include – but are not limited to – those associated with logistics and administration , medicine , justice , and military police . Origin of the phrase . Following the amalgamation of Canada ' s military branches ( navy , army and air force ) into a single command structure in 1968 , all members of the unified Canadian Forces adopted a standard set of uniform styles and colours . In the 1980s , the Canadian Forces – while remaining fully unified – assigned each of its members to one of three ' environments ' : sea , land , or air . This assignment was based on the individual ' s trade ; pilots would be assigned to air , for example , while a grenadier would be assigned to land . Associated with each ' environment ' assignment would be a particular set of uniform styles and colours : collectively , the Distinct Environmental Uniform ( DEU ) . Individuals whose trades weren ' t directly and obviously linked to specific environments – doctors , purchasing clerks , military police , etc . – might find themselves assigned to any one of the three environments . A fighter aircraft wing might end up with a medic in navy black and a procurement clerk in army green . As working in the occupation is often barely different , if at all , from one element to another , soldiers , sailors and aircrew are often placed on the same service branch or trade - specific course . For example , Military Police course candidates consist of members of the Army , Navy and Air Force on one course .
Stalag XX - B Marienburg Stalag XXB or Stalag 20B Marienburg Danzig was a Nazi POW camp . Located near Marienburg , it was originally a hutted and tented camp with a double boundary fence and watchtowers . British , Poles and Serbs were held here in 1940 . An administration block including a hospital was erected in the latter part of 1940 , mainly by prisoner labour . By 1941 a theatre had been built . POWs were sent out to labour in nearby farms , sawmills , factories , goodsyards and cutting ice on the river Vistula .
SAHA ( Iran aviation ) SAHA Iran Aircraft Industries or IACI ( صها مخفف فارسی صنایع هواپیمایی ایران ) was established in 1961 mainly for major repair of fighter , passenger , and air support planes . Over time , SAHA became an important part of Iran ’ s aviation industry . In 1998 , Iranian scientists and experts started designing , engineering , and manufacturing complex engine parts , airplane parts , and manufacturing turbine engines like Toloue - 4 . SAHA is currently working on turbo prop engines called TV - 3 for IrAn - 140 planes . Accomplishments :
Royal Saudi Air Defense Royal Saudi Air Defence ( Arabic : الدفاع الجوي الملكي السعودي ) is the fourth branch of Saudi Armed Forces . It was a part of the Army until 1970 , when it was made independent by Field Marshal Khalid bin Sultan . The RSADF has its headquarters in Riyadh , there is also here an elaborate underground command facility that co - ordinates Saudi Arabia ' s advanced " Peace Shield " radar and air defence system - reputed to be the most advanced radar network in the world . Source :
Hinton Waldrist Castle Hinton Waldrist Castle was in Hinton Waldrist about north of Wantage ( ) . Hinton Waldrist spent most of its history in Berkshire until in 1974 it was transferred to Oxfordshire . The castle was originally a motte and bailey with a moat . The first castle was built of timber by the St . Valery family after the Norman conquest of England . In the Middle Ages the castle was rebuilt in stone when it belonged to the Bohuns , the Earls of Hereford . Mary de Bohun was brought up here and married Henry of Bolingbroke who became King Henry IV . Their son , Henry V , visited the castle often in his younger days . Only earthworks are visible today .
Warning shot A warning shot is a military and / or police term describing an intentionally harmless artillery shot or gunshot with intent to enact direct compliance and order to a hostile perpetrator or enemy force . It is recognized as signalling intended confrontations on land , sea , and air . As an analogy , " warning shot " can be said of any action of declaration , especially a demonstration of power , intended or perceived as a last warning before hostile measures . Uses . Nautical . During the 18th Century , a warning shot ( in nautical terms , often called a shot across the bow ) could be fired towards any ship whose " colours " ( nationality ) had to be ascertained . According to the law of the sea , a ship thus hailed had to fly her flag and confirm it with a gunshot . Warning shots may still be used in modern times to signal a vessel to stop or keep off and may be fired from other ships , boats , or aircraft . Aviation . Warning shots are also used in military aviation , to demand some action of an " enemy " aircraft ; the most common demand would be for the aircraft to change course . The ostensible justification for firing shots is that tracer rounds are very bright and would immediately gain the attention of a crew whose radio is non - functioning , or who might not have noticed radio transmissions . The objective of warning shots is to demonstrate the ability to shoot , and threaten the enemy that they will be shot down if they do not comply . Threat to shoot . On the ground , a warning shot from a pistol , revolver , rifle , or shotgun is fired into the air or a nearby object , or aimed so that the shot harmlessly passes by the one being warned . This is a sufficiently aggressive act to demand attention and alert onlookers that they might be shot if directions are not followed .
Fritz Cronman Fritz Cronman ( circa 1640 - circa 1680 ) was a Major for the Swedish Empire in the late 17th century , and the Swedish diplomat to the Tsardom of Russia from 1668 to 1669 . His extant diary and letters contain detailed information on the court of Ivan V of Russia . Biography . He was born in Swedish Livonia to Hans Detterman Croman . He participated in the border commission with Russia in Keksholm , but the negotiations ended when the Russian commissioners walked out on the talks . On September 26 , 1668 he was appointed as the Swedish diplomat to the Tsardom of Russia under Ivan V of Russia . On October 8 , 1668 he sailed to Finland and then traveled overland to Narva . On November 10 , 1668 he arrived at the Russian border at Orlina , where he was escorted to Novgorod . In his letter from Novgorod to the Swedish government he writes : " Russians inevitably must be impelled to such unusual " höflighetsbetygelser " either under pressure from the enemy side or from fear of his friends . " He arrived in Moscow on December 28 , 1668 . His Swedish entourage consisted of 35 people . While in Russia , he made a copy of the Godunov map , one of two extant copies , the original by Petr Ivanovich Godunov having not survived . He married Christina Ottiliana Börner and had a daughter , Charlotta Cronman , who married Henrik Gotthard von Buddenbrock ( 1648 - 1727 ) . Charlotta and Henrick had as their son , Henrik Magnus Buddenbrock .
Battle of Hopton Heath The Battle of Hopton Heath , in Staffordshire , was a battle of the First English Civil War , fought on Sunday 19 March 1643 between Parliamentarian forces led by Sir John Gell , 1st Baronet and Sir William Brereton and a Royalist force under Spencer Compton , 2nd Earl of Northampton . The battle ended at nightfall , the victory remaining a matter of opinion : the fact that the Parliamentarian Foot were still in position at nightfall when , as the Royalists themselves admitted , they drew back a little ; or the fact that next morning the Royalists occupied the field after the Parliamentarians retreated in the night . The Royalists had captured eight guns , but the Parliamentarians considered their killing of the enemy commander , the Earl of Northampton , of equal significance . Background . Gell had successfully taken the town of Lichfield in Staffordshire and was on his way with about 1 , 500 men and some artillery pieces to join Brereton in a projected attack on the town of Stafford . The battle . They met at Hopton Heath and were attacked there by the Royalists , whose force consisted of about 1 , 100 cavalry , 100 foot and artillery , including a large artillery piece called " Roaring Meg " . After an artillery barrage the Royalist cavalry charged the entrenched Parliamentarians , putting Gell ' s dragoons and his and Brereton ' s horse to flight . A second charge was repelled by Gell ' s musketeers and Northampton was unhorsed . He refused to surrender and was killed . Nighttime Withdrawals . During the night the Royalists retired towards Stafford to regroup , and the Parliamentarian troops withdrew towards Chartley , leaving a large part of Gell ' s artillery in Royalist hands . Brereton withdrew to Nantwich while Gell marched through Uttoxeter to Derby , taking Northampton ' s body with him . He attempted to ransom the Earl ' s body for the return of the captured artillery pieces , without success . The royalists further refused a request to refund Gell for the cost of embalming their leader ' s body , which was then buried at All Hallows church , Derby .
Lučko Anti - Terrorist Unit Anti - Terrorist Unit Lučko ( ) is an elite Anti - Terrorist Unit of the Croatian Police stationed in Lučko near Zagreb , the capital of Croatia . Like all police units in the country , it is under command of the Ministry of the Interior . History . The unit was established on September 7 , 1990 and was the first Croatian fighting unit in the Croatian War of Independence . It was also the only fighting unit of Croatian forces at the time . During the course of the Croatian War of Independence , only 13 officers were killed and 52 wounded in the unit of 350 members . Persons of note . Professional martial artist , Mirko " Cro Cop " Filipović , was a member of the Lučko Anti - Terrorist Unit for six years .
Edmund John Fowler Edmund John Fowler VC ( 1861 – 26 March 1926 ) born in Waterford was an Irish recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . He later achieved the rank of Colour - Sergeant . He died in Colchester , Essex , on 26 March 1926 . Details . He was around 18 years old , and a Private in the 2nd Battalion , 90th Regiment of Foot ( Perthshire Volunteers ) , British Army during the Zulu War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC . On 28 March 1879 at the Battle of Hlobane , South Africa , Private Fowler , with a captain and a lieutenant ( Henry Lysons ) dashed forward in advance of the party which had been ordered to dislodge the enemy from a commanding position in natural caves up the mountain . The path was so narrow that they had to advance in single file and the captain who arrived first at the mouth of the cave was instantly killed . The lieutenant and Private Fowler undismayed by the death of their leader , immediately sprang forward and cleared the enemy out of their stronghold . The medal . His Victoria Cross is displayed at the Cameronians Regimental Museum " ( Hamilton , Lanarkshire , Scotland ) " .
145th Ohio Infantry The 145th Ohio Volunteer Infantry ( or 145th OVI ) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War . Service . The 145th Ohio Infantry was organized at Camp Chase in Columbus , Ohio and mustered in May 12 , 1864 for 100 days service under the command of Colonel Henry Clay Ashwell . The regiment left Ohio for Washington , D . C . , May 12 . Attached to 1st Brigade , DeRussy ' s Division , XXII Corps , and assigned to garrison duty at Fort Whipple , Fort Woodbury , Fort Cass , Fort Tillinghast , and Fort Albany , Defenses of Washington , south of the Potomac River , until August . Repulse of Early ' s attack on Washington July 11 – 12 . The 145th Ohio Infantry mustered out of service August 20 , 1864 at Camp Chase . Ohio National Guard . Over 35 , 000 Ohio National Guardsmen were federalized and organized into regiments for 100 days service in May 1864 . Shipped to the Eastern Theater , they were designed to be placed in " safe " rear areas to protect railroads and supply points , thereby freeing regular troops for Lt . Gen . Ulysses S . Grant ’ s push on the Confederate capital of Richmond , Virginia . As events transpired , many units found themselves in combat , stationed in the path of Confederate Gen . Jubal Early ’ s veteran Army of the Valley during its famed Valley Campaigns of 1864 . Ohio Guard units met the battle - tested foe head on and helped blunt the Confederate offensive thereby saving Washington , D . C . from capture . Ohio National Guard units participated in the battles of Monacacy , Fort Stevens , Harpers Ferry , and in the siege of Petersburg . Casualties . The regiment lost 10 enlisted men during service , all due to disease .
Hans Reichardt Hans Reichardt ( 18 April 1904 – 2 February 1945 ) was a highly decorated Oberst in the Wehrmacht during World War II , and one of only 882 recipients of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross and its higher grade Oak Leaves was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . Hans Reichardt was killed on 2 February 1945 in Steinau an der Oder , during the Vistula - Oder Offensive . He was posthumously awarded the Oak Leaves to his Knight ' s Cross on 5 March 1945 .
Armeeoberkommando The Armeeoberkommando or AOK was the name of the German and Austro - Hungarian army commands , especially during the First and Second World War s . First World War . The army of the German Empire had so - called Army Inspectorates ( " Armee - Inspektionen " ) as command authorities above their army corps ( latterly numbered from I to VIII ) , which were renamed in the First World War to " Armeeoberkommandos " . In Austria - Hungary an " Armeeoberkommando " ( AOK ) - there was only one - was established in summer 1914 at the outbreak of the war and was the command centre for all land and naval forces within the double monarchy . It was led by the following commanders - in - chief ( " Armeeoberkommandanten " ) : Archduke Frederick ; from 2 December 1916 by Emperor Charles I himself ; on 3 November 1918 by Arthur Arz and from 4 – 11 November 1918 by Hermann Kövess . Its chiefs of general staff were : to 1 March 1917 , Field Marshal Conrad ; from 2 November 1918 , Arthur Arz . The AOK was stationed in Teschen in Austrian Silesia until 1916 , and then in Baden bei Wien . Second World War . In the Second World War an AOK ( usually commanded by colonel general , " Generaloberst " , or above ) led several army corps and had its own army troops , e . g . heavy artillery , sappers and other specialist troops that were subordinated to it depending on availability and task . The AOK was the command level between the army group and the army corps . Demands and allocation of logistic supplies usually went straight to the senior quartermaster ( " Oberquartiermeister " ) of the AOK ; the army group command was only involved in situations of crisis . The area of responsibility of an AOK was split into the operational area , which was further subdivided at corps and divisional level , and the army rear area , which was run by " Commander Rear Area " ( " Kommandanten rückwärtiges Gebiet " or " Korück " ) . In the course of the war in certain places as a stopgap alongside the AOKs there were also army divisions ( " Armeeabteilungen " ) and army group s . These were named after their respective commanders and , often , did not have the usual levels of command support . Organization of an AOK . The normal organization of an " Armeeoberkommando " in the Second World War was as follows :
Armin Erdmann Armin Erdmann ( 24 January 1913 – 21 July 1961 ) was a highly decorated Major in the Wehrmacht during World War II . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership .
Confederate - Union Veterans ' Monument in Morgantown The Confederate - Union Veterans ' Monument in front of the Butler County Courthouse in Morgantown , Kentucky , was built in the aftermath the Spanish - American War , which helped alleviate the bitterness both sides felt toward the other when it was dedicated to the sacrifice of veterans of both sides of the Civil War . It is one of only two monuments in Kentucky that reveres both sides , instead of only one , and funds to build it came from both sides . Butler County , Kentucky had mixed loyalties in the War , with both sides well supported by the county . The monument was dedicated on May 30 , 1907 . It has a life - sized zinc statue of a Union soldier with kepi hat , winter great coat , and rifle . It stands atop a twelve - foot pedestal , making the entire monument eighteen feet in height . Depictions of Ulysses S . Grant , Abraham Lincoln , and Joseph Wheeler are placed on three sides of the pedestal . On the various sides of the pedestal are the names of several citizens of Butler County who fought on both sides , some of which died during the War and some that were still living when the monument was built in 1907 . As a reflection of the joint effort made to build the statue , the monument refers to the conflict as the " War of 1861 - 5 " . Outside of two skirmishes outside of town , Morgantown / Butler County saw very little action during the War . On July 17 , 1997 , the Confederate - Union Veterans ' Monument was one of sixty different monuments related to the Civil War in Kentucky placed on the National Register of Historic Places , as part of the Civil War Monuments of Kentucky Multiple Property Submission . It is one of ten soldier monuments in the MPS that was placed on a courthouse lawn , out of 23 soldier monuments in total .
Circus offensive The codename Circus was given to operations of British Royal Air Force ( RAF ) during World War II where bomber s , heavily escorted by fighters , were sent over continental Europe to bring enemy fighters into combat . These were usually formations of 20 to 30 bombers escorted by up to 16 squadrons of escort fighters . Bomber formations of this size could not be ignored by the German Luftwaffe . At first medium bombers such as the Handley Page Hampden were used but even with heavy escort they were too vulnerable to flak and German fighters . They were replaced with Bristol Blenheim bombers but they fared no better . Heavy bombers such as the Shorts Stirling were a better fit , but after several missions bomber command needed them back . The Hurribomber , a fighter - bomber version of the Hawker Hurricane , was used with better results except that the small bomb load caused little damage . There were other codenames for similar missions .
First Confederate Congress The First Confederate Congress was the first regular term of the legislature of the Confederate States of America . Members of the First Confederate Congress were chosen in elections mostly held on 6 November 1861 . Sessions . The Provisional Confederate Congress fixed the date of the inaugural meeting of the First Confederate Congress . As a result , the two - year congressional term ran from 18 February 1862 until 18 February 1864 . All sessions of the First Confederate Congress met in the Confederacy ' s capital of Richmond , Virginia . Members . Senate . Confederate States Senators were elected by the state legislatures , or appointed by state Governors to fill casual vacancies until the legislature elected a new Senator . It was intended that one - third of the Senate would begin new six - year terms with each Congress after the first . Preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers , which indicate the cycle of their terms . In this Congress , all Senators were newly elected . Senators of Class 1 served a two - year term , expiring at the end of this Congress , requiring a new election for the 1864 - 1870 term . Class 2 Senators served what was intended to be a four - year term , due to end on the expiry of the next Congress in 1866 . Class 3 Senators were meant to serve a six - year term , due to expire at the end of the Third Confederate Congress in 1868 . As the Confederate Congress lasted less than four full years , the distinction between classes 2 and 3 was ultimately academic . The members of the classes were selected by the drawing of lots , which was done during the meeting of the Senate on February 21 , 1862 . Alabama Arkansas Florida Georgia Kentucky Louisiana Mississippi Missouri North Carolina South Carolina Tennessee Texas Virginia House of Representatives . X : Originally member of the Provisional Confederate Congress The names of members of the House of Representatives are preceded by their district numbers . Alabama Arkansas Florida Georgia Kentucky Louisiana Mississippi Missouri North Carolina South Carolina Tennessee Texas Virginia Delegates . Non voting members of the House of Representatives . Arizona Territory Cherokee Nation Choctaw Nation
Harald Riipalu Harald Riipalu ( born as Harald Reibach ) ( 13 February 1912 , St . Petersburg – 4 April 1961 , Heckmondwike , Great Britain ) was an Estonian military commander and one of four such commanders who earned the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross while serving with the German army during World War II . Early life . Harald Riipalu was born in Saint Petersburg where his family was lessee in a manor . When World War I began , their family moved to Estonia , Saare parish near Kääpa river . He had four sisters , one of whom died at the age of four . In 1920 , after the Estonian War of Independence , he attended a small local parish school . In 1926 he went to study in Hugo Treffner Gymnasium in Tartu . He graduated in 1932 , being among the best students in the school . From 1932 to 1933 , Riipalu studied at the Faculty of Law of University of Tartu . On 22 December 1935 he married Olvi Hain , with whom he would have a daughter the following year . Military career . In 1933 Riipalu started his military career , attending the Military Academy of Estonia , from which he graduated in 1935 . He served in Narva , and was then assigned in January 1940 to the Defence League Tartu Territorial Regiment , as a junior instructor . After the Soviet occupation of Estonia in 1940 , Riipalu was forcibly mobilized into the Russian Army 22nd Territorial Corps , serving until 1941 , at which time he defected to the German side to fight against the Soviet Union . He was initially held as a prisoner of war by the Germans until March 1942 . From 1942 to 1943 Riipalu was a platoon leader and company commander of the 36th Defence Battalion , and became commander of the battalion in November 1942 . From 1943 to 1945 , he served in the 3rd SS - Brigade and the 20th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS . He was the Commander of the 45th SS - Grenadier Regiment from April 1944 . On 23 August 1944 he was decorated with the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross for his actions in the Battle of Tannenberg Line and in the Battle of Auvere where Riipalu and his regiment drove back the assault of the Russian Army , which prevented the encirclement of Army Group Narva . The award was presented to him by Felix Steiner , the commander of III SS Panzer Corps . Post war . After Germany had lost the war , many former Estonian soldiers who had served in the 20th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS , including Riipalu , were hunted by the Soviet Union , but Riipalu managed to evade captivity . From 1945 to 1948 he lived in Denmark , and later lived in Great Britain . He suffered a heart failure and died in 1961 , at the age of 49 .