naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Italian cruiser Armando Diaz Armando Diaz was a light cruiser of the and the sister - ship of the . She served in the Regia Marina during World War II . She was built by OTO , La Spezia , and named after Armando Diaz , an Italian Field Marshal of World War I . She was launched on 29 April 1933 and served in the Mediterranean after her completion . From 1 September 1934 until February 1935 she made a cruise to Australia and New Zealand . During the Spanish Civil War she served in the western Mediterranean and was based at Palina and Melilla . In July 1940 , she was present at the Battle of Calabria , also called the battle of Punta Stilo . In October she took part in a mission to Albania , and in December she came under direct orders of Supermarina ( Naval Headquarters ) for special duties in connection with the protection of traffic to Albania from January 1941 . However , the following month an important supply convoy to Tripoli required her use for cover , in company with the light cruiser and some destroyers . In the course of this operation the ship was torpedoed and sunk by the British submarine off the island of Kerkennah in the early hours of 25 February .
USS Recruit ( 1917 ) USS " Recruit , also known as the Landship " Recruit , was a wooden mockup of a dreadnought battleship constructed by the United States Navy in Manhattan in New York City , as a recruiting tool and training ship during the First World War . Commissioned as if it were a normal vessel of the U . S . Navy and manned by a crew of trainee sailors , " Recruit " was located in Union Square from 1917 until the end of the war . In 1920 , with the reduced requirements for manning in the post - war Navy , " Recruit " was decommissioned , dismantled , and moved to Coney Island . " The New York Times " reported at the time that the " Landship " had helped the U . S . Navy recruit 25 , 000 men into the service — 625 times the size of her own crew , and enough to crew twenty - eight battleships . Description . Operating as the U . S . Navy ' s headquarters for recruiting in the New York City district , " Recruit " was a fully rigged battleship , and was operated as a commissioned ship of the U . S . Navy . Under the command of Acting Captain C . F . Pierce and with a complement of thirty - nine bluejackets from the Newport Training Station for crew , " Recruit " served as a training ship in addition to being a recruiting office . The Navy also offered public access and tours of the ship , allowing civilians to familiarize themselves with how a Navy warship was operated . The accommodations aboard " Recruit " included fore and aft examination rooms , full officer ' s quarters , a wireless station , a heating and ventilation system that was capable of changing the temperature of the air inside the ship ten times within the span of an hour , and cabins for the accommodation of the sailors of its crew . Two high cage mast s , a conning tower , and a single dummy smokestack matched " Recruit " ' s silhouette to the layout of seagoing U . S . battleships of the time . Three twin turrets contained a total of six wooden versions of guns , providing the ship ' s ' main battery ' . Ten wooden guns in casemate s represented the secondary anti - torpedo - boat weaponry of a battleship , while two replicas of one - pounder s completed the ship ' s ' armament ' . Events . Following its completion and commissioning , the Landship " Recruit " hosted a variety of different events and receptions intended to bring civilians aboard the ship , the first of which took place on the afternoon of 8 September 1917 . Some events were of a patriotic nature in keeping with the wartime spirit , including the presentation and unfurling of a recreated Betsy Ross American flag , while others were purely social events , including dances for New York ' s socialites . Fate . After spending over two years in Union Square , the Landship " Recruit " was decommissioned and dismantled for moving to Coney Island ' s Luna Park , where the Navy intended to maintain it as a recruiting depot following its success at its Union Square location . " Recruit " had its colors struck on 16 March 1920 , and preparations began for the move . However , the ultimate fate of " Recruit " after its move is undetermined .
VMSB - 243 Marine Scout Bombing Squadron 243 ( VMSB - 243 ) was a dive bomber squadron in the United States Marine Corps . The squadron , also known as the “ Flying Goldbricks ” , fought in World War II during the Battle of Bougainville and later in the Philippines campaign ( 1944 – 45 ) . They were deactivated shortly after the end of the war on September 25 , 1945 . History . VMSB - 243 was commissioned at Marine Corps Air Station Santa Barbara on June 1 , 1942 . On January 18 , 1943 the squadron departed San Diego for Marine Corps Air Station Ewa , Hawaii . Upon arrival at Ewa they were split into two echelons with one going to Johnston Atoll and the other to Palmyra Atoll . The squadron remained split until September 1943 when they returned to MCAS Ewa . On October 26 , 1943 the squadron departed for the South Pacific , The flying echelon of the squadron was based out of Munda ( Solomon Islands ) while the ground echelon was based at Efate . From here they attacked Ballale , Kahili and Kara in support of the Bougainville Campaign . In December 1943 the flight echelon joined the ground echelon on Efate where they remained until March 1944 . In June 1944 the squadron moved to Emirau . The squadron remained here until the end of the year when they began moving for the Philippines to take part in the campaign to retake the country . The squadron fought through the entire campaign as part of Marine Aircraft Group 32 and later MAGSZAM . The squadron ended World War II in the Philippines and deployed back to MCAS Santa Barbara in September 1945 and were decommissioned shortly after that . Unit awards . A unit citation or commendation is an award bestowed upon an organization for the action cited . Members of the unit who participated in said actions are allowed to wear on their uniforms the awarded unit citation . VMSB - 243 has been presented with the following awards :
Battle of Calatafimi The Battle of Calatafimi was fought on May 15 , 1860 between Giuseppe Garibaldi ' s volunteers and Hungarian veterans and the troops of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies at Calatafimi , Sicily , as part of the Expedition of the Thousand ( Italian : " I Mille " ) . Prelude . Four days prior to the battle , the " Mille " had landed at Marsala , on board the ships " Il Piemonte " and " Il Lombardo " . Francesco Crispi , among others , landed before the Mille on Sicily to raise support among the locals for the " Mille " . On May 14 , at Salemi , Garibaldi announced that he was assuming dictatorship over Sicily in the name of King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia . Battle . The Battle of Calatafimi took place on the hill Pianto Romano , near the namesake town . The battle was inconclusive , but served to boost the morale of the Mille and , at the same time , depress the Neopolitans , who , ill guided with their often corrupted officers , started to feel themselves abandoned . During the battle , Garibaldi is said to have uttered the famous battle cry " " Qui si fa l ' Italia o si muore " " ( " Here we make Italy , or we die " ) . Due to the battle , the ranks of the Mille enlarged to 1 , 200 with local men joining . With the help of a popular insurrection , on May 27 they laid siege to Palermo , the island ' s capital . The city was defended by some 16 , 000 men , but they were under the confused and timid direction of general Ferdinando Lanza , aged 75 . While two columns of Garibaldines attacked the external perimeter , part of the population , strengthened by 2 , 000 prisoners liberated from the local jails , rose against the garrison . When his troops were driven back from most of their positions , Lanza ordered them to bombard the city for three days , provoking the deaths of 600 civilians . By May 28 , Garibaldi controlled much of the city and declared the Bourbon authority deposed . The following day , a desperate Neapolitan counteroffensive was driven back , and Lanza asked for a truce . However , when a reinforcement party of well equipped and well trained troops arrived in the city , the situation became very serious for Garibaldi , who was saved only by Lanza ' s decision to surrender . Through the mediation of a British admiral , an armistice was signed and the Neapolitan fleet abandoned the port .
Gianmarco Bellini Gianmarco Bellini ( born September 15 , 1958 ) is an Italian Air Force officer who served with U . N . Coalition forces and was a prisoner of war during the First Gulf War . Career . Bellini enlisted in the Italian Air Force in 1977 and attended the Italian Accademia Aeronautica ( Air Force Academy ) . He was then trained as a pilot at Laughlin Air Force Base in the United States . He has a degree in Political Science from the Federico II University in Naples , and a Master ' s Degree in Strategic Studies from the Air War College at Air University , based at Maxwell Air Force Base in Alabama , United States . Gulf War . On the eve of the Operation Desert Storm the Italian government deployed eight Tornado Fighter - bombers on the Gulf Theatre of Operations . On January 16 , 1991 , coalition forces began concentrated air strike s on Iraqi military targets in Iraq and Kuwait . On January 18 , 1991 an Italian Tornado piloted by Major Gianmarco Bellini with Captain Maurizio Cocciolone as his navigator took off as part of a multi national 10 planes squadron . Bellini and Cocciolone were the only members of the squadron able to execute in - flight refueling , while the other 9 aircraft failed and had to abort the mission . The mission profile dictated that the operation could be performed even by a single plane , so Bellini and Cocciolone went on . Their plane was hit by Iraqi anti aircraft fire and they had to eject . They were captured by the Iraqi Republican Guard , even though their status was unknown at the time . While Cocciolone was shown on Iraqi television on January 20 , 1991 in a propaganda video , no news of Bellini was given initially , and he was feared to be a casualty . The two were kept separate for the whole time of their captivity . On March 3 , 1991 both officers were released . Bellini holds numerous military decorations including the silver Medal for Military Valor for his actions during the Operation Desert Storm . Bellini and Cocciolone were the only Italian Prisoners of War of the entire war . Later career . Bellini was later appointed commanding officer of the Ghedi air base .
German submarine U - 250 German submarine " U - 250 " was a Type VIIC U - boat of the Nazi German " Kriegsmarine " during World War II . The submarine was laid down on 9 January 1943 at the Friedrich Krupp Germaniawerft yard at Kiel as ' werk ' 684 . She was launched on 11 November 1943 and commissioned on 12 December under the command of " Kapitänleutnant " Werner - Karl Schmidt . In one patrol , she sank one ship . The boat was sunk by the Soviet submarine chaser " MO103 " in the Gulf of Finland ( Baltic ) in July 1944 . Service history . After training with the 5th U - boat Flotilla at Kiel , " U - 249 " transferred to the 8th flotilla on 1 July 1944 . Patrol , loss and capture . The boat ' s first and only patrol was preceded by a pair of short trips between Kiel in Germany , and Reval ( now Talinn in Estonia ) , and Grand Hotel ( Poland ) . " U - 250 " s first sortie proper started with her departure from Grand Hotel on 26 July 1944 . She sank the Soviet submarine chaser or patrol boat " M - 105 " on 26 July . This sinking resulted in a concerted response on the part of the Soviets . " M - 103 " made the kill ; dropping a pattern of depth charge s which opened a large hole in the U - boat ' s pressure hull . Only six men escaped the submarine , forty - six others did not ; the U - boat sank in the relatively shallow depth of . It was decided to raise " U - 250 " , despite her proximity to the German - held shore . Harassing artillery fire was met with a constant smokescreen while divers worked . The Soviets succeeded in raising the boat and taking her to Kronstadt in September 1944 where she was examined . She then served briefly in the Soviet navy as the " TS - 14 " before being broken up .
Obergefreiter Obergefreiter ( " abbr . " OGefr . ) is a rank of the German and Swiss militaries which dates from the 19th century . The rank was only used in the German army ' s heavy artillery branch ( " Fußartillerie " ) before 1919 and commonly established with the founding of the Reichswehr . Translated as " Senior Lance - Corporal " , in World War II the rank was normally given to soldiers who had command over small squads or to those soldiers who held the rank of " Gefreiter " and had performed a significant feat of achievement . An " Obergefreiter " was not considered a non - commissioned officer ( " Unteroffizier " ) . In today ' s Bundeswehr , every " Gefreiter " is normally promoted " Obergefreiter " after six months . The NATO - Code is OR - 3 which would make " Obergefreiter " the equivalent to Private / Airman / Seaman First Class in most forces or , e . g . , Lance Corporal in the Australian / New Zealand Forces . Like all enlisted personnel in the German Bundeswehr , soldiers of this rank have no military authority over lower ranking enlisted personnel ( for instance " Schütze " or " Gefreiter " ) , except given by a higher rank . In the Swiss Army the rank of Obergefreiter ( short : Obgfr ) was introduced after a long debate on 1 January 2004 . They are specialists , who take over tasks of responsibility or hold the position of a group commander . In the Bundeswehr the lower rank is Gefreiter while the next rank is Hauptgefreiter . The lower rank in the Swiss Army is also Gefreiter , the next rank is Korporal .
Ernst Rupp Ernst Johann Rupp ( 13 January 1892 – 30 May 1943 ) was a highly decorated Generalleutnant in the Wehrmacht during World War II who commanded the 97 . Jäger - Division . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . Ernst Rupp was killed on 30 May 1943 , near Krymsk , Russia during the defense of the Kuban bridgehead .
Franz Peter Oberleutnant Franz Peter ( 8 October 1896 – 1968 ) was an Austrian flying ace credited with six aerial victories in World War I . After World War I , Peter decided to join the Polish Air Force , encouraged by Stefan Stec , with whom he had served during the war . He fought during the Polish - Ukrainian War and Polish - Soviet War from 1919 , flying as a pilot of two - seater reconnaissance machines , in strafing and bombing missions . Between February and March 1920 he commanded the 6th Reconnaissance Escadre , near Ternopil . After wars , he settled in Poland , working in aerospace industry , especially in a field of engine designing .
Anglo - Malayan Defence Agreement The Anglo - Malayan Defence Agreement ( AMDA ) was set up in 1957 to provide a security umbrella for the newly independent Malaya . AMDA was a bilateral defence agreement . When Malaysia was created in 1963 , AMDA was renamed the Anglo - Malaysian Defence Agreement and continued to provide some measure of security to the new federation . AMDA was later replaced with FPDA .
Walter Mix Walter Mix ( 21 December 1917 – 17 November 2004 ) was a highly decorated Oberstleutnant der Reserve in the Wehrmacht during World War II . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross and its higher grade Oak Leaves was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership .
2nd Louisiana Regiment Infantry ( Union ) The 2nd Louisiana Regiment Infantry , also known after September 1863 as the 2nd Louisiana ( US ) Mounted Infantry , was a unit in the Union Army during the American Civil War . The regiment served in the Union Army XIX Corps in Louisiana throughout the war . Service . The regiment was organized in New Orleans in September 1862 and then moved to Baton Rouge in January 1863 . The unit participated in the Siege of Port Hudson beginning with action in May 1863 and culminating with the surrender of the Confederate garrison on July 9 , 1863 . The regiment fought in the Second Battle of Sabine Pass on September 8 , 1863 . The regiment was mounted in September 1863 . In 1864 , the regiment fought as part of the Cavalry Division in the Red River Campaign between March and May and then returned to New Orleans in August . The unit was in Baton Rouge or New Orleans until it mustered out on September 11 , 1865 .
USS Abele ( AN - 58 ) USS " Abele " ( AN - 58 ) was a net laying ship in the service of the United States Navy , named after a type of Asian ornamental tree . She was laid down on 8 January 1943 at New Bern , North Carolina , by the Barbour Boat Works ; launched on 19 August 1943 , sponsored by Mrs . G . B . Waters ; and commissioned at Morehead , North Carolina , on 2 June 1944 , with Lieutenant Commander J . H . Bloodworth in command . Service history . Following brief shakedown training out of Norfolk , Virginia and Boston , Massachusetts , the net laying ship sailed on 11 August for the Pacific Ocean . She made stops at Guantanamo Bay , Cuba , the Panama Canal Zone , Manzanillo , Mexico ; and San Diego . On 27 September , she reached Pearl Harbor and reported to Commander , Minecraft , Pacific Fleet , who assigned her to target towing and net defense duty . On 24 January 1945 , " Abele " left Pearl Harbor , bound for Iwo Jima . After sailing via Eniwetok and Guam with Task Group 51 . 5 , the ship arrived off Iwo Jima on 20 February and began laying a torpedo net . She remained in the area for eight days laying nets and fleet moorings before getting underway on the 28th and heading for Saipan to prepare for the upcoming Okinawa invasion . After a brief period spent in the Leyte Gulf staging area , " Abele " arrived off Kerama Retto on 26 March to begin laying net defenses . Although she was attacked by Japanese suicide boat s and aircraft during the next seven weeks , she suffered no damage . On 18 April , the ship assisted in the downing of one enemy aircraft . On 12 May , she sailed to Nagagusuku Wan , Okinawa , and assisted in laying five miles ( 8 km ) of heavy anti - torpedo nets across the harbor entrance . She also claimed credit for downing one Japanese " Val " on 11 June . " Abele " was ordered to Tinian on 5 August to recover the anti - torpedo net located there . Following the formal Japanese surrender early in September , the ship got underway to return to the west coast of the United States . She reached San Francisco in late November . " Abele " was decommissioned on 1 March 1946 , her name was struck from the Navy list on 28 March 1946 , and the vessel was transferred to the Maritime Commission for disposal on 7 May 1947 . " Abele " won one battle star for her World War II service . As of 2004 , no other ships in the United States Navy have borne this name . References .
Hector Daniel Brigadier Hector Cyril Daniel ( 1898 – 28 December 1953 ) was a South African military commander . He served in the Royal Air Force in World War I , becoming an ace with nine aerial victories , and joined the South African Air Force in 1923 . He was Director of Air and Technical Services , i . e . head of the SAAF , from 1937 until the outbreak of World War II in 1939 , when he was appointed Officer Commanding SAAF Headquarters . During the war , he was Inspector of the SAAF in 1940 , senior SAAF officer in East Africa from 1940 to 1941 , and Air Officer Commanding 24 Group from 1941 . Brigadier Daniel retired in 1953 . He died by his own hand . Military honors . Military Cross ( MC ) . T . / 2nd Lt . Hector Daniel , Gen . List and R . A . F . For conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty in numerous aerial encounters . On one occasion he completely destroyed three enemy aeroplanes on the same day . He has in addition crashed three others and sent down two out of control . He has always displayed the greatest skill , keenness and courage in aerial fighting , and his services have been of inestimable value to his patrol leader .
837th Bombardment Squadron The 837th Bombardment Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit . It was last assigned to the 487th Bombardment Group , stationed at Drew Field , Florida . It was inactivated on 7 November 1945 . History . Established in mid - 1943 as a B - 24 Liberator heavy bombardment squadron , assigned to II Bomber Command for training . Trained in Nebraska and New Mexico for overseas duty . Deployed to European Theater of Operations ( ETO ) , being assigned to VIII Bomber Command in England in April 1944 . Engaged in long - range strategic bombardment of enemy targets in Occupied Europe and Nazi Germany , attacking transportation , industrial , Oil Industry and other targets as directed . Also engaged in tactical bombardment of enemy forces in France in support of the Operation Overlord landings in Normandy , and the subsequent breakout at St - Lo in July 1944 . Changed equipment from B - 24 Liberators to B - 17 Flying Fortresses in July 1944 . Attacked enemy formations and armor during the Battle of the Bulge , January 1945 . Continued bombardment of strategic targets until the German Capitulation in May . Largely demobilized in England during the summer of 1945 ; small cadre of personnel reassembled at Drew Field , Florida in September as part of Third Air Force , Continental Air Forces . Japanese Capitulation and general demobilization of the AAF led to the squadron ' s inactivation in November .