naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Unterscharführer Unterscharführer ( ) was a paramilitary rank of the Nazi Party used by the " Schutzstaffel " ( SS ) between 1934 and 1945 . The SS rank was created after the Night of the Long Knives . That event caused an SS reorganization and the creation of new ranks to separate the SS from the " Sturmabteilung " ( SA ) . The insignia was a button pip centered on a collar patch opposite an SS unit insignia collar badge . The field grey SS uniform displayed the rank with silver collar piping and the shoulder boards of an " Unteroffizier " . Rank comparisons list the rank of " Unterscharführer " as equivalent to a corporal in other services , but that the rank held responsibilities of a sergeant in some other armies . Creation . The rank of " Unterscharführer " was created from the SA rank of " Scharführer " . After 1934 , an " SS - Unterscharführer " and " SA - Scharführer " were considered equivalent positions ; the rank of " SS - Unterscharführer " was junior to " SS - Scharführer " and senior to the rank of " SS - Rottenführer " . " Unterscharführer " was the first non - commissioned officer rank of the SS and was the equivalent of an " Unteroffizier " in the German " Wehrmacht " . " Unterscharführer " was the most common non - commissioned officer SS rank . Their duties were extensive throughout the SS . Uses . Allgemeine - SS . Within the General - SS an " Unterscharführer " typically commanded squad sized formations of seven to fifteen SS troopers . The rank was held commonly as a non - commissioned officer staff position and could be found in all of the Nazi security agencies , including the " Sicherheitsdienst " , and the " Einsatzgruppen " . " SS - Totenkopfverbände " . In the concentration camp service , " Unterscharführer " holders were often assigned the position of " Blockführer " , which was a supervisory position overseeing order within a prison barracks of a concentration camp . The position of " Blockführer " is of note in the Holocaust , as it was typically " Blockführer " in charge of various " Sonderkommando s " . " Waffen - SS " . The " Waffen - SS " use of " Unterscharführer " was as a junior squad commander , one of several attached to company and platoon sized formations . The rank was considered the equivalent to the first " Waffen - SS " officer candidate rank of " SS - Junker " . Promotion . Requirements of a battlefield non - commissioned " Unterscharführer " were higher than that expected of an " Unterscharführer " in the General SS . In the " Waffen - SS " , candidates were required to undergo a selection process before being promoted . During this time the aspirant was known as an " Unterführer - Anwärter " ( ) until passing the required evaluation , training and promotion board .
Timothy R . McVeigh Timothy R . McVeigh is a former United States Navy sailor , best known as the first person to win a court case under the U . S . military ' s " Don ' t ask , don ' t tell " policy . Early life . McVeigh spent 18 years in the Navy before retiring in 1998 . He earned four Good Conduct Medal s and the Navy Commendation Medal during his service . Case . In 1998 the Navy alleged that McVeigh had declared his homosexuality on his publicly available America Online e - mail account with screen name " boysrch " . The Navy contacted AOL , pretending to be a friend of McVeigh ' s , and requested the name behind the screen name " boysrch . " AOL confirmed that his profile indicated his marital status was " gay " . McVeigh challenged the Navy ' s decision to discharge him on the grounds that his AOL profile did not amount to a declaration of homosexuality , and furthermore that the Navy acted improperly by investigating the AOL account without a court order or a warrant . The Federal Court held that the government violated the Electronic Communications Privacy Act and issued a preliminary injunction preventing the government from discharging McVeigh . The Court also determined that the Navy violated its own " Don ' t Tell , Don ' t Pursue " policy . The case was settled in June 1998 . The Navy did not admit any wrongdoing . McVeigh was able to retire at the rank of Master Chief Petty Officer with full benefits and the Navy paid for his legal fees . In a separate settlement , AOL agreed to pay damages to McVeigh for having improperly disclosed his identity . McVeigh said he planned to retire to civilian life before Labor Day 1998 .
USS Norwich ( 1861 ) USS " Norwich " , a wooden , screw steamer built at Norwich , CT . , in 1861 , was purchased by the Union Navy at New York City 26 September 1861 from J . M . Huntington & Co . ; and commissioned at the New York Navy Yard 28 December 1861 , Lieutenant James M . Duncan in command . Service history . " Norwich " got underway 2 January 1862 for Port Royal , SC where she joined the South Atlantic Blockading Squadron . She was stationed off Savannah , GA and blockade d that important port during the following two months . On 10 March 1863 , she and escorted troop transport s up St . Johns River and shelled Confederate positions defending Jacksonville , Florida , clearing the way for Union Army landings . After destroying much of the city , Union forces evacuated the Jacksonville area late in the month . On 19 August , a boat expedition from " Norwich " and destroyed a Confederate signal station near Jacksonville . Early in February 1864 , Major General Quincy A . Gillmore advised Rear Admiral John A . Dahlgren of his intention " . . . to throw a force into Florida on the west bank of St . Johns River . " He requested the support of two or three naval gunboats for the operation . Dahlgren promptly detailed steamers and " Norwich " to convoy the Army troops to Jacksonville and ordered screw steamer and side wheelers and up the St . Johns . The Admiral himself went to Florida to take a personal hand in directing his forces to " . . . keep open the communications by the river and give any assistance to the troops which operations may need . " With the gunboats deployed according to Dahlgren ' s instructions , the soldiers , under Brigadier General Truman Seymour , landed at Jacksonville , moved inland , captured fieldpieces and took a large quantity of cotton . On 7 February , " Norwich " trapped blockade runner " St . Mary ' s " in Me Girt ' s Creek , above Jacksonville where she was scuttled and her cargo of cotton destroyed to prevent capture . A strong Confederate counterattack commenced on 20 February and compelled the Union troops to fall back on Jacksonville where the gunboats stood by to defend the city . Naval howitzer s were put ashore in battery , manned by seamen . Commander George Balch , senior naval officer present , reported : " I had abundant reasons to believe that to the naval force must our troops be indebted for protection against a greatly superior force flushed with victory . " Seymour expressed his appreciation for Balch ' s quick action " . . . at a moment when it appeared probable that the vigorous assistance of the force under your command would be necessary . " " Norwich " continued to perform blockade duty along the coast and in the rivers of Florida and Georgia through the end of the Civil War . She decommissioned at Philadelphia , PA 30 June 1865 and was sold at public auction there 10 August 1865 . Redocumented 14 October 1865 , as SS " Norwich " she remained in merchant service until lost at sea on 17 February 1873 .
Sōryū - class submarine The Sōryū " - class submarines ( 16SS " ) are diesel - electric submarines that entered service with the Japan Maritime Self - Defense Force in 2009 . The design is an evolution of the Oyashio class submarine , from which it can most easily be distinguished by its X - shaped tail planes . The " Sōryūs " have the largest displacement of any submarine used by post war Japan . The class are fitted with air - independent propulsion based on Kockums Stirling engine s license - built by Kawasaki Heavy Industries , allowing them to stay submerged for longer periods of time . Naming convention . Japanese submarines since World War II were named after ocean currents . The JMSDF changed its naming convention with the " Sōryū " and submarines will now be named after mythological creatures . " Sōryū " ( そうりゅう ) means blue dragon in Japanese and is named after the World War II carrier sunk during the Battle of Midway . Exports . Japan may offer " Sōryū " - class submarines to Australia to replace the Royal Australian Navy ' s Collins class submarine s .
Raid at Altenburg The raid at Altenburg on 28 September 1813 took place during the War of the Sixth Coalition ' s Allied autumn campaign in Saxony . The raid was carried out by the " Streifkorp " under the command of Saxon General Johann von Thielmann commanding seven regiment s of Cossacks , a squadron each of Saxon Hussars and Dragoons , and a detachment of " Saxon Freikorps " numbering about 1 , 500 cavalry . The objective of the raid was to attempt harassment of the French lines of communication 25 miles ( 45 km ) south of Leipzig shortly before the Battle of Leipzig . Thielmann completely surprised and rout ed a larger force of French cavalry , including Cavalry of the Imperial Guard and a small force of 2nd Baden Infantry Regiment ( Infanterie - Regiment No . 2 ‘ Markgraf Wilhelm ’ ) nominally under the command of Lefebvre - Desnouettes numbering some 6 , 500 . The French , completely surprised , broke and fled from Altenburg losing a third of their number ( 2 , 100 ) , in the process running over the Baden infantry which was taken prisoner despite attempting to resist . Thielmann ' s force lost about 200 in casualties .
Cranmore Castle Cranmore Castle is an Iron Age earthwork situated on a hillside above the Devon town of Tiverton in south - west England . Its National Grid reference is SS958118 . It is an English Heritage scheduled monument , and has been given a National Monument number of 34256 . The earthwork is widely described in guidebooks and histories as an Iron Age hill fort though more recent archaeological evaluations and histories , such as Mike Sampson ' s recently published work , point out that it is seems inefficient as a fortification , since it is overlooked from the south by the higher slope of Exeter Hill / Newtes Hill . The earthwork is also unusual in that the area it encloses slopes from to above sea level . This arrangement does however offer clear lines of sight to Cadbury Castle , Castle Close below Stoodleigh up the Exe Valley , Huntsham castle , Hembury fort and other significant hills and earthworks , suggesting that all were contemporary . It also manages to overlook the confluence of the rivers Lowman and Exe and the forded crossings on those rivers , which a higher position would not allow . The hillside that Cranmore Castle stands above is called Skrink Hills or Shrink Hills in various early histories of the area . and it is from here that Thomas Fairfax ' s artillery laid siege to Tiverton Castle . The promontory of land that links Cranmore to the edge of Newtes Hill is traversed by the old Exeter Road , which travels past the earthwork on its way from Tiverton to Exeter . The hill and road have latterly been known as Exeter Hill , and this road almost certainly follows the path of a prehistoric trackway . Current theories about the nature of the earthwork suggest that it might have been a winter enclosure for livestock or a market site , though the earthworks are very substantial for such applications and could even point to a tribal " oppidum " . Certainly the area would be large enough . The Ordnance Survey Map of Southern Britain in the Iron Age shows Cranmore as the largest Enclosure in Devon ( along with Hillsborough ) at over . During the Prayer Book Rebellion of 1549 Cranmore Castle became the site of a fierce battle fought between the two sides over whether a child should be baptised according to the ' new ' religion or the ' old ' . The battle took place near a small chapel that stood at one corner of the site , near the road . The chapel was demolished in the 17th century , and in 1687 bones and musket shot thought to be from the battle were discovered . The Etymology of the name Cranmore Castle is unclear . Cranmore is not a local name and does not fit with any local placenames . No record of Cranmore seems to exist in any early records . It is possible that the name is derived from the battle described above . The Archbishop at the time of the Prayer Book Rebellion was Thomas Cranmer so it is possible it derives from a variation of ' Cranmer Castle ' in reference to the battle fought there .
Hans Lobert John Bernard " Hans " Lobert ( October 18 , 1881 – September 14 , 1968 ) was an American infielder , coach , manager and scout in Major League Baseball . Lobert was born in Wilmington , Delaware . Like shortstop Honus Wagner , a teammate of Lobert ' s when he first came to the major leagues , the German - American Lobert earned the nickname " Hans " as a familiar form of Johannes , the German version of his given name , and was dubbed " Hans Number 2 " by Honus Wagner . Lobert batted . 274 for his career and played 14 seasons ( 1903 , 1905 – 17 ) with five National League clubs , including regular stints as a third baseman for the Cincinnati Reds ( 1906 – 10 ) and Philadelphia Phillies ( 1911 – 14 ) . He also played with the Pittsburgh Pirates ( 1903 ) , Chicago Cubs ( 1905 ) and New York Giants ( 1915 – 17 ) . During his career , Lobert was known as one of the fastest , if not the fastest , players in the game . He once raced a racehorse around the bases before a game , an event that he recounted in " The Glory of Their Times " . After managing in the minor leagues during the 1920s and early 1930s , Lobert became a coach for the Phillies from 1934 through 1941 . At 60 , he became one of the oldest rookie managers in baseball history when he was appointed skipper of the 1942 Phils , in the midst of the longest streak of futility in their history . Under Lobert , the club " improved " by losing only 109 games ( they had lost 111 under Doc Prothro in 1941 ) . Counting two losses as an interim manager in 1938 , Lobert ' s career managing record was 42 – 111 ( . 275 ) . After his one season at the Phillies ' helm , Lobert ' s career in uniform ended as a Cincinnati coach ( 1943 – 44 ) . He then became a scout for the Giants , serving until his death in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania at age 86 . He was an alumnus of Carnegie Mellon University . A 1953 film , " Big Leaguer " , set at a Giants training camp in Florida , was a fictional story , but starred Edward G . Robinson in the role of Hans Lobert .
Li Jiqian Li Jiqian ( Chinese : 李繼遷 ) ( 963 – 1004 ) resisted the Song empire and organized a rebellion in 984 . He created a successful alliance with the Liao empire for military support . Li Jiqian arranged a peace agreement with the Song emperor , but violated the treaty himself . To avoid costly military campaigns , Emperor Zhenzong of the Song dynasty granted Li Jiqian the " jiedushi " position over Dingnan , and recognized Li Jiqian ' s new empire of Xia . He supported the construction of irrigation canals that were crucial for the development of agriculture in the arid areas of Xia , especially around the capital Xingqing 興慶 ( modern Yinchuan 銀川 ) . Li Jiqian was father of Li Deming ( Chinese : 李德明 ) , and grandfather of Li Yuanhao ( Chinese : 李元昊 ) , the first emperor of the Western Xia Empire , and so was posthumously recognized as ' grand ancestor ' ( " taizu " 太祖 ) of the Western Xia royal family .
Battle of St - Dizier The first Battle of St - Dizier was fought on January 26 , 1814 , and resulted the victory of French under Napoleon Bonaparte against Russia ns under General Lanskoy . Napoleon and his troops had left Ligny the day before ; Lanskoy held St - Dizier with 800 dragoons , and he left the town to join Blücher . The second battle occurred on March 26 , 1814 and resulted the victory of French under Napoleon Bonaparte against Russians under General Ferdinand Wintzingerode . This was Napoleon ' s penultimate victory . Coming up on the right bank of the Aube River , Napoleon was informed by MacDonald that a large part of the Allied army was advancing on his rear guard . Napoleon chose to present his whole army for battle at St Dizier , but MacDonald ' s information was incorrect ; Napoleon found only a body of cavalry under the command of General Wintzingerode , whom Napoleon ' s troops quickly put to flight .
Mackay Trophy The Mackay Trophy is awarded yearly by the United States Air Force for the " most meritorious flight of the year " by an Air Force person , persons , or organization . The trophy is housed in the Smithsonian Institution ' s National Air and Space Museum . The award is administered by the U . S . National Aeronautic Association . The award was established on 27 January 1911 by Clarence Hungerford Mackay , who was then head of the Postal Telegraph - Cable Company and the Commercial Cable Company . Originally , aviators could compete for the trophy annually under rules made each year or the War Department could award the trophy for the most meritorious flight of the year . Awardees . The following is a list of awardees :
Liamine Zéroual Liamine Zéroual ( ; Berber : Lyamin Ẓerwal ; born 3 July 1941 ) was the fourth President of Algeria from 31 January 1994 to 27 April 1999 . Biography . He was born in Batna and joined the National Liberation Army in 1957 , at the age of 16 , to fight French rule of Algeria . After independence , he received training in Cairo , Moscow , and Paris . In 1975 , he took command of a military school in Batna , then in 1981 of the Cherchell Military Academy . He was then made commander of the Tamanrasset military region in 1982 , then the Moroccan border in 1984 , then Constantine in 1987 . He became a general in 1988 , then head of ground forces in 1989 . After disagreeing with President Chadli Bendjedid about proposals for army reorganisation , he quit in 1990 , and briefly became ambassador to Romania . However , after Bendjedid was deposed by the military coup of January 1992 , his career prospects became more promising . In July 1993 , he became Minister of Defense ; in January 1994 he was promoted to head of the High Council of State . In November 1995 , he was elected President , a post which he retained until the next elections . He was reputed to be politically dialoguist , supporting a partly negotiated solution to the Algerian Civil War . On December 25 , 1994 , Zéroual reluctantly allowed hijacked Air France Flight 8969 after 3 civilians , including a French embassy chef , were murdered by the four hijackers . Although some urged Zéroual to run in the 2009 presidential election , he said in a published statement on 14 January 2009 that he would not run , while also suggesting that it was not in the best interests of democracy for President Abdelaziz Bouteflika to run for a third term .
Vickers E . F . B . 7 The Vickers E . F . B . 7 was a prototype British fighter aircraft of the First World War . A twin - engined biplane , the E . F . B . 7 was unsuccessful , only a single example being built . Development and design . In August 1914 , following the outbreak of the First World War , the British pioneer aircraft designer Howard Flanders was hired by Vickers Limited as an aircraft designer , with his first job to design a fighting aircraft to carry a Vickers 1 pounder ( 37 mm ) cannon . ( This was not the well - known pom - pom , but a smaller and lighter long recoil cannon firing less powerful ammunition . ) Flanders produced a twin - engined development of his earlier Flanders B . 2 single - engined biplane , the E . F . B . 7 ( Experimental Fighting Biplane No . 7 ) . The E . F . B . 7 was a two - bay biplane with a steel - tube structure with plywood and fabic covering . It had unstaggered wings , with the upper wings of much greater ( i . e . 22 ft ( 6 . 7 m ) ) span than the lower ones . It was powered by two tractor Gnome Monosoupape rotary engines mounted between the wings . The gunner was sat in a large cockpit in the nose of the aircraft , with a rotating mount for the cannon and an armoured floor claimed to be bulletproof , while the pilot sat in a cockpit behind the wings , so that the pilot and gunner could not communicate . The E . F . B . 7 first flew in August 1915 , being passed to the Central Flying School for testing . Sometime early in its career , it was fitted with large cowlings to catch oil from the engines . An order for a further twelve aircraft was placed on 20 August 1915 , which were to have a modified fuselage allowing the pilot to sit closer to the gunner , and owing to a shortage of Monosoupapes , powered by two 80 hp ( 60 kW ) Renault 80 hp air - cooled V8 engines . The first prototype was modified to this form , becoming the E . F . B . 7A . Performance with these less powerful engines was much poorer , however , and the production orders were cancelled on 16 February 1916 before any more were completed .
Armed Forces Parliamentary Scheme The Armed Forces Parliamentary Scheme , abbreviated to AFPS , is a privately - run programme to give Member of Parliament in the United Kingdom experience of the armed forces . Its aim is to improve the quality of debate on military issues , and does this by exposing its members to first - hand experience of the service . It was founded in 1989 by Sir Neil Thorne , a former Conservative MP , for the benefit of members of both houses of Parliament and those of all parties . It is sponsored by three defence companies — BAE Systems , Rolls - Royce , and AgustaWestland — which each contribute £45 , 000 a year . In 2008 , Conservative MP Douglas Carswell was banned from the organisation after criticising the propriety of defence companies sponsoring it when he saw British soldiers under - equipped on the front line , prompting questions about the programme ' s independence . Sixteen MPs graduated from the AFPS in 2010 , and fifteen in 2009 . MPs that participate in the AFPS for a long time can receive medals and honorary titles .
Alfred Bruer Alfred Bruer ( 4 November 1897 – 12 February 1976 ) was a highly decorated Oberst in the Wehrmacht who briefly commanded the 21 . Panzer - Division . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . Alfred Bruer was captured by Allied troops following the fall of Tunisia in 1943 . He was released in 1947 .
Ouvrage Col de Garde Ouvrage Col de Garde is a lesser work ( " petit ouvrage " ) of the Maginot Line ' s Alpine extension , the Alpine Line , also called the Little Maginot Line . The ouvrage consists of two entry blocks , one infantry block and one observation block , slightly more than 1 km south of Sainte - Agnès . The " ouvrage " comprises four combat blocks at an altitude of , and was manned in 1940 by 115 men under the command of Lieutenant Juffet . Col de Garde was sited to control the Col de Garde road between Saint - Agnès and Menton , as well as protecting the southern flank of the Ouvrage Sainte - Agnès . The " ouvrage " is closed and locked and in a good state of repair , although covered by vegetation . The position overlooks Autoroute A8 at the Col de Garde tunnel . Description . Col de Garde is a compact site with two entries and a short set of rock - cut galleries with short branches for ammunition magazines , barracks and the " usine " .