naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Battle of Inverlochy ( 1431 ) The Battle of Inverlochy ( 1431 ) ( Scottish Gaelic : Blàr Inbhir Lochaidh ) was fought after Alexander of Islay ( " Alasdair Ìle , Rìgh Innse Gall " ) , Lord of the Isles and Earl of Ross , had been imprisoned by King James I . A force of Highlanders led by Donald Balloch , Alexander ' s cousin , defeated Royalist forces led by the Earls of Mar and Caithness at Inverlochy , near present - day Fort William . Over 1000 men were supposedly killed , among them the Earl of Caithness . Balloch then went on to ravage the country of Clan Cameron and Clan Chattan , who had been loyal to the king during the rebellion . King James himself soon after led an army into the Highlands , and the rebel forces disintegrated . With the murder of King James 6 years later , Alexander was liberated , and renewed the campaign of vengeance against the Royalist supporters .
Saxon ( vehicle ) The Saxon is an armoured personnel carrier used by the British Army and supplied in small numbers to various overseas organisations . It was developed by GKN Sankey , from earlier projects , AT 100 IS and AT104 , and is due to be replaced by the Future Rapid Effect System . It was first produced by Alvis plc . Design . The Saxon was intended to act as a cheap but efficient " battle - taxi " for units that would have to make long journeys from the UK to reinforce the BAOR . It was made as a relatively low cost armored personnel carrier based on a revised Bedford M series 4x4 truck chassis and other commercially available components . As a lightly armoured wheeled vehicle it is much faster - especially on roads - and easier to maintain than a tracked vehicle . Indeed , it shares many parts with commercial trucks , reducing the operating cost . It is armoured against small - arms fire and shell splinters , but is not intended to stand up to any anti - vehicle weaponry . The vehicle has a single machine gun for local air defence , and can carry up to ten men . The Saxon ' s hull is welded steel with V - shaped under - chassis plate to deflect mine detonations with seating provided in the rear for up to ten troops , although eight is a more comfortable load if all their equipment is included . There is an equipment stowage area on the hull roof . Some Saxon IS , or Saxon Patrol , vehicles were acquired for service in Northern Ireland , serving both as troop carriers and used in riots with extendible wings to be used as protective shields as well as being used as ambulances . These have various minor modifications compared to the normal version , such as searchlights and wire cutters , intended for internal security operations . History . The first operational Saxons were deployed in Germany in 1983 , to equip mechanised infantry battalions . The Saxon is now withdrawn from service in HM Armed Forces , but 147 are kept in storage . The Saxon has been deployed to places such as Bahrain , Brunei , Malaysia , Oman , Iraq and Afghanistan . Variants . The Saxon can be fitted out as :
Soviet submarine K - 64 " Delta IV " ( Project 667BDRM , Delfin ) 7 boats . K - 64 was a Russia n designation shared by the first Alfa Class Submarine and later by a Delta IV class submarine . The K - 64 Designation was first given to the first Alfa Class Submarine , laid down on June 2 , 1968 and launched on April 22 , 1969 . In 1972 , the submarine suffered a major reactor problem in the form of a leak of liquid metal coolant . The superheated metal solidified on contact with the colder outside air , freezing and damaging internal components of the reactor . She was removed from service and towed to Severodvinsk . At the dockyard , the damage to the reactor was deemed too extensive for repair and the decision was made to salvage as much as they could . K - 64 was split in half , its bow section ( including control spaces ) was taken to Leningrad and used for training new Soviet submariners . The K - 64 designation was again given to a Delta IV class submarine launched on February 2 , 1986 as the fourth ship of its class , entered in service in the Russian Northern Fleet . The sub was laid down in December 1982 and was built at Sevmash plant in Severodvinsk . This ship is still in active service .
The Cenotaph ( Hong Kong ) The Cenotaph ( Traditional Chinese : 和平紀念碑 ) , constructed in 1923 and located between Statue Square and the City Hall in Central , Hong Kong , commemorates the dead in the First and Second World War that served in Hong Kong in the Royal Navy , British Army and Royal Air Force . It is an almost exact replica of the Cenotaph on Whitehall in London , UK ( designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens and unveiled in 1920 ) , except that this one in Hong Kong has eight Chinese character s on it . History . The Cenotaph was unveiled on May 24 , 1923 ( Empire Day ) by the Governor Sir Reginald Edward Stubbs . At that time , it was located near the waterfront . Initially built to commemorate the dead of the First World War , the dates 1939 - 1945 were added later to honour victims of the Second World War , and the Chinese characters 英魂不朽浩氣長存 ( " May their martyred souls be immortal , and their noble spirits endure " ) were carved in the 1970s to commemorate those who lost their lives during the Japanese invasion . Liberation Day celebration . During British rule , after 1945 , Liberation Day celebration took place here on the last Monday in August to commemorate the Liberation of Hong Kong from Japanese occupation in 1945 . No official ceremonies have taken place here since 1997 . Unofficial delegations do mark events here , and the flag poles are occasionally dressed ( for example in the month of April , 2011 ) . But official ceremonies no longer take place as this date is no longer a general holiday in Hong Kong . Remembrance Day commemoration . The Remembrance Sunday observance in Hong Kong is marked by a multi - faith memorial service at the Cenotaph . The service is organised by the Royal British Legion ( HK & China Branch ) and the Hong Kong Ex - Servicemens Association and is attended by various Government officials , as well as representatives of various religions including the Anglican Church , the Roman Catholic Church , the Eastern Orthodox Church , the Buddhist community , the Taoist community , the Muslim community and the Sikh community . Although Hong Kong ceased to be part of the Commonwealth of Nations in 1997 , the memorial service still resembles those in many other Commonwealth countries . The service includes the sounding of " Last Post , " two minutes of silence , the sounding of " Reveille " , the laying of wreaths , prayers , and ends with a recitation of the " Ode of Remembrance " . The Hong Kong Police Force Pipe Band continues to perform their ceremonial duty at the service . ANZAC Day . There are commemorative events in front of the Cenotaph every year on Anzac Day . The events are held at dawn and are attended by the Consuls - General ( or the High Commissioners before 1997 ) of Australia and New Zealand . Flags . Prior to 1997 , the Royal Naval Ensign , Union Jack and colonial flag of Hong Kong flew at the Cenotaph . Since 1997 no flags are flown except on Remembrance Day , when the flags of Hong Kong , the People ' s Republic of China and Hong Kong Ex - Servicemens Association are present .
Heinz Kemethmüller Heinz Kemethmüller ( 26 June 1914 – 20 February 1984 ) was a German Luftwaffe ace and recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross during World War II . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . Career . Kemethmüller was born on 26 June 1914 in Nurnberg . He initially served as a " Feldwebel " with on the Eastern Front with 8 . / Jagdgeschwader 3 ( JG 3 — 3rd Fighter Wing ) , and received the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross on 2 October 1942 . He then transferred to Jagdgeschwader 26 ( JG 26 — 26th Fighter Wing ) , serving with and 7 . , 9 . & 4 . / JG 26 . On 4 February 1943 Kemethmüller was wounded in combat with Spitfires IXs of No . 331 Squadron RAF , his Focke - Wulf Fw 190 A - 4 being badly damaged . He was shot down and badly wounded on 4 November 1944 . During his career Heinz Kemethmüller flew 463 missions , and was credited with 89 aerial victories , 71 on the Eastern Front ( including 20 2 - engined bombers and 26 Ilyushin Il - 2 Stormovik Soviet ground attack aircraft ) He also claimed 18 over the Western Front , including three USAAF heavy bombers and 7 P - 47 fighters shot down . He died 20 February 1984 in Bonn .
W50 ( nuclear warhead ) The W - 50 or W50 thermonuclear warhead was a nuclear bomb used on the MGM - 31 Pershing intermediate range nuclear missile . There were two major variants produced ( Mod 1 , Mod 2 ) , in three yield options ( the Y1 with 60 kiloton yield , Y2 with 200 kiloton yield , and Y3 with 400 kiloton yield ) . All variants were in diameter and long , weighing . The W50 used the Tsetse primary design for its first fission stage , along with several mid and late 1950s designs . The W50 is thought to have been the source of the W78 warhead ' s fusion second stage design . The W50 was manufactured from 1963 through 1965 , with a total of 280 being produced . They were retired from service starting in 1973 with the last units retired in 1991 .
Meroka CIWS The Meroka CIWS is a Spanish Close - in weapon system developed and produced by the apanish firm " Fabrica de Artillería Bazán " . The Meroka uses twelve Oerlikon 20mm / 120 mounted in two rown of six guns each . The Meroka are equipped in the Principe de Asturias aircraft carrier , the Santa Maria Class frigates , the frigates of the Álvaro de Bazán and the frigates of the Baleares Class . The development of the Meroka CIWS began in 1970 and the Spanish navy adopted the system in 1975 . Description . This is a CIWS developed by the Spanish manufacturer Bazán ( now Fabrica de Artilleria Bazán - FABA ) using twelve Oerlikon 20 mm / 120 guns organized in two rows of six guns each . The barrels are slightly skewed in order to expand the lethal area . The original version of this weapon system used an off - mount radar for target search . This handed off to an on - mount Lockheed Electronics PVS - 2 Sharpshooter I - band radar which was designed to acquire targets at 5 , 000 m ( 5 , 500 yards ) , allow the CIWS to achieve first impact at 1 , 500 m ( 1 , 640 yards ) and destroy the target by 500 m ( 550 yards ) . An optronic system is provided for backup in a jamming environment and there is an off - boresight tracker to handle very - low flying targets . Later , an Israeli designed IR tracker was added . These mountings operate " open - loop , " in other words , they do not correct for observed errors in the firing solution . The current Model 2B has a more sophisticated fire control processor and a digital processor for system control . It also includes an Indra ( formerly ENOSA ) thermal imager . The Spanish Navy estimates that there is an 87 % probability of destroying an incoming missile with a single 12 - round burst .
Battle of Avignon The Battle of Avignon , in which Frankish forces led by Charles Martel beat the Umayyad garrison of Avignon and destroyed the stronghold , was contested in 737 . Contemporary view . Arabs had occupied the city of Avignon in 734 , after it had been surrendered to Yusuf ibn ' Abd al - Rahman al - Fihri , Umayyad governor of Narbonne , by Duke Maurontus of Provence . According to the " Continuations of Fredegar " , Maurontus probably invited Yusuf into the city after forming an alliance with him against Martel . The " Chronicle of Moissac " confirms that Yusuf ' s forces moved peacefully from Arab - held Septimania into Provence and entered Avignon without a fight . In reaction , Martel sent his brother Duke Childebrand south in 736 , accompanied by fellow dukes and counts . Childebrand laid siege to Avignon and held the field until his brother was ready to storm the city . Martel ' s forces used rope ladders and battering rams to attack the walls of Avignon , which was burned to the ground following its capture . The army then crossed the Rhône River into Septimania in order to lay siege to Narbonne . This battle was part of the campaigns of 736 - 737 during which Charles Martel for the second time kept invading Muslim armies from Al - Andalus occupying further territory beyond the Pyrenees . Unlike the invasion of 732 - 733 , the Arabs came this time by sea , and forced the Franks to come to them . Notable at these battles was the use of heavy cavalry in addition to Martel ' s vaunted veteran Frankish infantry . Though he had some catapults , the city of Avignon was largely taken by a simple , brutal , frontal assault using rams to smash through the gates , and ladders to scale the walls . Modern critical viewpoints . Anthony Santosuosso , an expert in the Dark Ages and Medieval Europe , has argued that these events were as important macrohistorically as Martel ' s victory at the Battle of Tours . The campaigns , which ended with the complete destruction of a large Arab force , attempting to relieve Narbonne , at the Battle of the River Berre in 737 , crushed any hope of expansion while the Umayyad Caliphate was still united , prior to the Battle of the Zab , at which the Umayyads were defeated by their Abbasid rivals . In Paul Fouracre ' s account , however , both the extent and the importance of Martel ' s victories are said to have been greatly exaggerated by Paul the Deacon and the " Continuations of Fredegar " in which Martel came to be depicted as the progenitor of later Frankish success and the Franks as " God ' s people " . Other historians point to Charles interests in the region , who in 736 had just occupied the Lyonnais and the Middle Rhone , and may have seen his newly conquered Burgundy in danger . At any rate , it seems apparent that the local magnates of Provence , ruling semi - autonomously , saw the impending danger coming from the north , and may have in turn called in the Muslim forces from bordering Septimania .
USS Severn ( 1918 ) The third USS " Severn " was United States Navy patrol vessel in commission from August – November 1918 . " Severn " was built as a civilian wooden - hulled motorboat of the same name . In August 1918 , the U . S . Navy acquired " Severn " on a free lease from the Maryland Conservation Commission to serve as a section patrol boat during World War I . Service history . Assigned to the 5th Naval District and under the command of Chief Master at Arms George A . Haddaway , " Severn " conducted patrols on the Chesapeake Bay in the West River - Galesville , Maryland , area for the rest of World War I . The Navy returned her to the Maryland Conservation Commission on 27 November 1918 .
218th ( Edmonton ) Battalion , CEF The 218th Battalion , CEF , was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War . Based in Edmonton , Alberta , the unit began recruiting in early 1916 in that city . After sailing to England in February 1917 , the battalion was transferred to the Canadian Railway Troops . The 218th Battalion , CEF , had one officer commanding : Lieutenant - Colonel J . K . " Peace River Jim " Cornwall . On October 11 , 1916 , soldiers from the 218th Battalion led an effort to overcome the local police in Calgary . " The city virtually is in the hands of the soldier mob . " Sergeant Morris " Two Gun " Cohen was implicated as a leader of the events during a series of trials held in the city ; however , he was acquitted after successfully defending himself in court . On February 8 , 1917 , after the unit was formally re - formed , soldiers from the former battalion rioted in Calgary after being ordered to depart immediately for Europe . They attacked 14 stores , restaurants and cafés throughout the city . The King ' s and Regimental Colour s of the 218th Battalion were deposited in All Saints ' Pro - Cathedral but were destroyed in a fire in 1919 . In 1921 , replicas of the colours were laid up in the rotunda of the Alberta Legislature Building in Edmonton .
Grand Army of the Republic Cemetery ( Portland ) The Grand Army of the Republic Cemetery is a cemetery for American Civil War veterans in the U . S . city of Portland , Oregon . It is located at S . W . Palatine Hill Road and S . W . Boones Ferry Road , next to River View Cemetery . Fourteen Union Civil War veterans , members of the Grand Army of the Republic , formed the Grand Army Cemetery Association and purchased the cemetery in 1882 . The Daughters of Union Veterans of the Civil War took over the management and administration of the cemetery at that time . Ownership of the cemetery eventually passed to the State of Oregon in 1961 then to Multnomah County , Oregon in 1971 . In 1996 ownership was granted to Metro Regional Parks and Greenspaces . The oldest marker is dated October 15 , 1889 . Salmon Brown , son of John Brown ( of the song " John Brown ' s Body " ) is buried here , as is Hartwell B . Compson , who received the Medal of Honor for heroism in the Civil War .
Hermann Preusker Hans Rudolf Hermann Preusker was a Major , the commander of the second battalion of 155 infantry regiment in the Imperial German army . He is notable for the destruction he brought to the Polish city of Kalisz during the Great War . He is known in Poland for his savage acts during this time . He ordered shooting the city with heavy artillery , as an act of revenge for the alleged attack of partisans , which in fact , never took place . Many civilians were rounded up and murdered on his command . Later on , he gave an order to burn the city - in consequence 95 % of the town was completely destroyed . Nearly all the houses within the borders of the mediaeval town were burnt to the ground . The only buildings which survived were the churches and public offices . A great number of citizens were shot . Kalisz , had had a population of 65 . 400 before the war , but had only 5 . 000 inhabitants after the August exodus . The city did not recover from these events for years afterwards .
Narberth Castle Narberth castle is a ruined Norman fortress in the town of Narberth , West Wales . It was first mentioned in 1116 and forms part of the Landsker Line . Origins . The current ruins are undoubtedly Norman and seem to date from the 13th century , having been built by Andrew Perrot . However the castle is mentioned in the Mabinogion ( ' Castell Arberth ' ) as the place where Rhiannon was imprisoned and forced to carry travellers through the gates as penance for killing her son . Although there is some controversy over the actual location of the castle in the Mabinogion ( there are at least 2 other earthworks nearby that are contenders , but neither are in good defensive positions compared to the site of this one ) , the Normans often built castles on top of earlier defensive structures and it is plausible that the original was obliterated . History . The castle ' s later history is rather uneventful - it never changed hands throughout the Glyndwr rebellion and was ' slighted ' after being taken by Oliver Cromwell in the English Civil War . Excavations have found more than 20 graves on the north side from the 12th - 13th Century , hinting that the area may have once been the site of a church . In the early part of the 20th Century , the annual town fair held a procession which ended in the castle , with dancing and music . In 2005 , the castle was opened again to the public after being taken over by the council and made safe . At the opening ceremony , the official documents confirming the ' twinning ' of Narberth and Ludlow were signed by the Towns ' Mayors . There was also a performance of a specially written adaptation by Derek Webb of the Mabinogion tale Culhwch and Olwen featuring many local children and a giant boar made by a local artist . Style . The castle has provided a good deal of building material for the surrounding houses and the remains are mostly single and double storey walls , with the barrel - vaulted kitchen cellars intact . No upper storey rooms are intact . There is an early engraving visible on an information board at Narbeth railway station ( and possible elsewhere in the town ) which shows now - vanished tall chimneys of a Flemish style that can still be seen at the well - preserved Manorbier Castle .
Dardanelles Gun The Dardanelles Gun ( " Şahi " in Turkish ) or Great Turkish Bombard is a 15th - century siege cannon , specifically a super - sized bombard , which saw action in the 1807 Dardanelles Operation . History . The Dardanelles Gun was cast in bronze in 1464 by Munir Ali with a weight of 16 . 8 t and a length of 518 cm , being capable of firing stone balls of up to 63 cm diameter . The powder chamber and the barrel are connected by the way of a screw mechanism , allowing easier transport of the unwieldy device . Such super - sized bombards had been employed in Western Europe siege warfare since the beginning of the 15th century , and were introduced to the Ottoman army in 1453 by the gunfounder Orban ( from Brasov , Kingdom of Hungary ) on the occasion of the Siege of Constantinople . Ali ' s piece is assumed to have followed closely the outline of these guns . Along with a number of other huge cannons , the Dardanelles Gun was still present for duty more than 350 years later in 1807 , when a Royal Navy force appeared and commenced the Dardanelles Operation . Turkish forces loaded the ancient relics with propellant and projectile s , then fired them at the British ships . The British squadron suffered 28 dead through this bombardment . In 1866 , on the occasion of a state visit , Sultan Abdülâziz gave the Dardanelles Gun to Queen Victoria as a present . It became a part of the Royal Armouries collection and was displayed to visitors at the Tower of London and was then moved to Fort Nelson , Hampshire , overlooking Portsmouth .
Vlastimil Picek Vlastimil Picek ( 25 October 1956 ) is the Minister of Defence of the Czech Republic . From 2007 to 2012 , he was the Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Czech Republic . He was the fourth person and the first member of Czech Air Force to serve at this position . He was appointed by President Václav Klaus and took office on 1 March 2007 . He was replaced by Major General Petr Pavel as from 1 July 2012 . On 18 September 2012 he was appointed the 1st Deputy Defence Minister . On 13 December 2012 , he was dismissed by then new minister Karolína Peake and on 21 December 2012 reinstalled by Prime Minister Petr Nečas , after Nečas dismissed Peake . In March , 2013 , he was appointed Minister of Defence . Personal background . Picek is divorced and has two sons . He enjoys tennis and skiing . He was a member of Communist Party of Czechoslovakia until 1990 . Education . He graduated from Military Technical Secondary School in Nové Mesto nad Váhom in 1975 . From 1976 to 1981 he studied at Military Academy in Brno . While studying at Military Academy , he attended two special courses , Internal study and internal study of intelligence . In 1993 , Picek finished his postgraduate degree from Czech Technical University in Prague and in 1997 he finished the follow - on academic course of the General Staff at the Military Academy in Brno .