naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
USS Wadsworth ( FFG - 9 ) USS " Wadsworth " ( FFG - 9 ) , third ship of the Oliver Hazard Perry class of guided - missile frigates , was named for Commodore Alexander S . Wadsworth ( 1790 – 1851 ) . Ordered from Todd Pacific Shipyards , San Pedro , CA on 27 February 1976 as part of the FY75 program , " Wadsworth " was laid down on 13 July 1977 , launched on 29 July 1978 , and commissioned on 2 April 1980 . Decommissioned on 28 June 2002 , " Wadsworth " was handed over to Poland the same day and commissioned as ORP " Generał Tadeusz Kościuszko " , after Tadeusz Kościuszko an American Revolutionary War hero in the United States and an independence hero in Poland . She was formally decommissioned from the US Navy on 23 July 2002 . " Wadsworth " portrayed the USS " Reuben James " in the 1990 film " The Hunt for Red October " .
Gary D . Solis Gary D . Solis ( born 1941 ) is a veteran of the U . S . Marine Corps and an Adjunct Professor of Law who teaches the laws of war at the Georgetown University Law Center . He is an expert on the laws of war . He attended San Diego State University ( B . A ) , the University of California , Davis School of Law ( J . D . ) , George Washington University Law School ( LL . M . ) , and the London School of Economics and Political Science ( Ph . D . ) . Before his academic career , Solis served two tours of duty during the Vietnam War in the United States Marine Corps . He is a former military judge advocate and Marine prosecutor . He previously taught on the LSE ' s law faculty for three years , and served on the faculty of the Department of Law at the United States Military Academy ( West Point ) . For six years he headed West Point ' s law of war program , in 2007 he was a Library of Congress scholar in residence , and he is on the teaching faculty of the International Institute of Humanitarian Law , in San Remo , Italy . Solis authored " Marines and Military Law in Vietnam " , as well as " Son Thang : An American War Crime " and " The Law of Armed Conflict : International Humanitarian Law in War " ( Cambridge University Press 2010 ) .
Frank Abbott ( dentist ) Frank Abbott ( September 5 , 1836 – April 20 , 1897 ) was president of the American Dental Association ( 1888 ) , president of the National Association of Dental Faculties ( 1895 ) , a renowned dentist , an author on dental subjects , and an inventor of dental instruments such as various types of chisels , pluggers , excavators and scalers , some of which are still in use in the 21st century . Background . Born to a transplanted English family , he attended local schools in York County , Maine and farmed in Shapleigh , Maine until the age of 16 , when he began to travel . Beginning in 1855 , he studied dentistry under Dr . J . E . Ostrander in Oneida , New York . At the age of 22 he opened his own dental practice in Johnstown , New York , and married Catherine Ann Cuyler , with whom he would have three children . Upon the outbreak of the American Civil War , he served as a lieutenant of the 115th New York Volunteer Infantry , and was captured at Harper ' s Ferry , West Virginia . He returned as a part of a prisoner exchange . Dental career . After the civil war he returned to his practice . A year later he matriculated as a medical student at the City University of New York . While there he was appointed as clinical lecturer in New York College of Dentistry ( 1866 ) , as Professor of Operative Dentistry ( 1868 ) and as dean , ( 1869 ) . From 1894 - 1895 he failed in attempts to have the trustees there establish a Chair of Pathology and Bacteriology ( with his son as incumbent ) and to have the $ 3 regents replace an act of incorporation of the college with a new regent - approved charter . Other subsequent initiatives of his also later failed . In addition to the invented dental instruments mentioned above , he also invented the first authomatic mallet with an effective back - action . He also collected rare American history prints .
Carioca Class Corvette The Class C Corvettes was a class of six mining ships built in Brazil just before the Second World War . During the conflict had been transformed into patrol corvettes , with the replacement of mines and installation of sonar . Escorted hundreds of vessels in convoys along the coast . The Corvette Camaquã got lost in the storm , when returning from escorting a convoy with the loss of 33 of its 117 crew .
Aircraft Research and Development Unit RAAF The Royal Australian Air Force ' s Aircraft Research and Development Unit ( ARDU ) was responsible for the test and evaluation of aircraft , weapons and navigation aids used by the RAAF . The ARDU was first established as the Special Duties and Performance Flight in 1941 . ARDU also operated the Woomera Test Facility located near Woomera , South Australia . In 2003 , ARDU was re - formed into the Aerospace Operational Support Group ( AOSG ) , incorporating several additional operational support roles including those relating to flight testing . ARDU is now located at RAAF Base Edinburgh in Adelaide , South Australia , and RAAF Base Amberley in Brisbane , Queensland . The squadrons are run by the RAAF but Australian Army personnel also work within the unit flying Black Hawk and Tiger helicopters .
Sacramentum ( oath ) In ancient Roman religion and law , the sacramentum was an oath or vow that rendered the swearer " sacer , " " given to the gods , " in the negative sense if he violated it . " Sacramentum " also referred to a thing that was pledged as a sacred bond , and consequently forfeit if the oath were violated . Both instances imply an underlying " sacratio " , act of consecration . The " sacramentum " differs from " iusiurandum " , which is more common in legal application , as for instance swearing an oath in court . A " sacramentum " establishes a direct relation between the person swearing ( or the thing pledged in the swearing of the oath ) and the gods ; the " iusiurandum " is an oath of good faith within the human community that is in accordance with " ius " as witnessed by the gods . " Sacramentum " is the origin of the English word " sacrament " , a transition in meaning pointed to by Apuleius ' s use of the word to refer to religious initiation . Legal usage . In Roman law , a thing given as a pledge or bond was a " sacramentum " . The " sacramentum legis actio " was a sum of money deposited in a legal procedure to affirm that both parties to the litigation were acting in good faith . If correct law and procedures had been followed , it could be assumed that the outcome was " iustum " , right or valid . The losing side had thus in effect committed perjury , and forfeited his " sacramentum " as a form of " piaculum " , an expiatory sacrifice ; the winner got his deposit back . The forfeited " sacramentum " was normally allotted by the state to the funding of " sacra publica " , public religious rites . Military oath . The " sacramentum militare " ( also as " militum " or " militiae " ) was the oath taken by soldiers in pledging their loyalty to the consul in the Republican era or later to the emperor . The " sacramentum " as pertaining to both the law and the military indicates the religious basis for these institutions . The " sacramentum " that renders the soldier " sacer " helps explain why he was subjected to harsher penalties , such as execution and corporal punishment , that were considered inappropriate for civilian citizens , at least under the Republic . In effect , he had put his life on deposit , a condition also of the fearsome " sacramentum " sworn by gladiator s . In the rare case of punishment by decimation , the surviving legionaries were often required to renew their oath , affirming the role of state " religio " as the foundation of Roman military discipline . By the 3rd century the " sacramentum " was administered annually , on 3 January , as attested by the calendar of state ritual discovered at Dura - Europos , the so - called " Feriale Duranum " , which dates to the reign of Severus Alexander ( 222 - 235 CE ) . In the later empire , the oath of loyalty created conflict for Christians serving in the military , and produced a number of soldier - martyrs . Tertullian condemned any Christian soldier ' s willingness to swear the " sacramentum " , since baptism was the only sacrament a Christian should observe .
Imperial Japanese Navy Armor Units This is a list of Imperial Japanese Navy armored units that were equipped with Type 89 Chi - Ro Medium Tank , Type 95 Ha - Go Light Tank , Type 97 Chi - Ha Medium Tank and the Type 2 Ka - Mi Amphibious Tank .
Flame - bladed sword A flame - bladed sword or wave - bladed sword has a characteristically undulating style of blade . The wave in the blade is often considered to contribute a flame - like quality to the appearance of a sword . While largely decorative , some attributes of the waved blade were useful in combat . The two most flame - bladed swords are rapier s or zweihänder s , although there have been other sword types with flame - blades . " Flambard " , " flammard " , and " Flammenschwert " . The two - handed flame - bladed sword is called flambard , flammard or by the German Flammenschwert ( literally " flame sword " ) . These swords are very similar to two - handed sword or " Zweihänder " . The only difference being the blade . Like other zweihänder they were used during the 16th century by the " Landsknecht s " , well - trained and experienced swordsmen , who were called " Doppelsöldner " ( double soldier ) because they received double pay . Flamberge . The term flamberge , meaning " flame blade " , is an undulating blade found on both long blades and rapier s . When parrying with such a sword , unpleasant vibrations may be transmitted into the attacker ' s blade . These vibrations caused the blades to slow contact with each other , as additional friction was encountered with each wave . The unusual cross section of the blade also would inflict wider wounds with a thrust , while still keeping the blade light . The term " flamberge " was misapplied to refer to two - handed swords and was used later to refer to cup hilt rapiers with a straight blade .
M416B1 The M416 , the last of the military 1 / 4 ton Jeep trailer s , can be distinguished from earlier 1 / 4 ton trailers by its squared fenders . There were two later versions , the M416A1 and the M416B1 . The M416B1 used the smaller 6 . 00 X 16 tires on M422 wheels because it was designed to be towed by the USMC M422 ' Mighty Mite ' instead of the M151 MUTT that towed the M416 ' s and M416A1 ' s . In addition to the smaller tires , the M416B1 also had lifting rings for airborne operations and jerry can mounts on each side . Approximately 2000 M416B1 trailers were built .
Gabriela Dudeková Gabriela Dudeková ( born 1968 in Hurbanovo ) is a Slovak historian . Dudeková lives and works in Bratislava , Nitra ( Slovakia ) and Houston , Texas , USA . She has a degree in history from the Comenius University in Bratislava ( 1991 ) . She completed her PhD degree in 2001 with the dissertation " Social policy of Hungary in late 19th and early 20th century and the social reform work of Georg Schulpe " . She prepared the Slovak part of the Comparative non - profit sector project of The Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore . Dudeková works in the Institute of Historical Studies of Slovak Academy of Sciences . She is an author of articles and papers , co - author and author of the books . She regularly contributes to the topics of her interest on the scientific conferences in Slovakia and other European countries . In 2005 , she was awarded the Moritz Csaky Award by the Austrian Academy of Sciences . She is the leader of VEGA project The opportunities for the professional and social accomplishment of women in the modern history . Her study concentrates on social policy of Hungary in 1868 – 1918 , situation of prisoners of war , propaganda and the life of civilians in World War I , social care and social situation in the area of Slovakia in the 19th century until 1918 , gender studies and history of feminism .
Georges Raymond Capitaine Georges Raymond was a World War I flying ace credited with five aerial victories . Raymond scored his first four victories flying a Spad VII , then switched to a Spad XIII for his fifth . He scored his first win on 25 September 1916 , his last on 26 February 1918 , and had two unconfirmed claims along the way . He was promoted to Capitaine in May , and rose to command the squadron . He surrendered command of Escadrille 3 on 3 September because he was incapacitated with pneumonia . He died in hospital on 4 October 1918 . References . " SPAD XII / XIII aces of World War I . " Jon Guttman . Osprey Publishing , 2002 . ISBN . 1841763160 , 9781841763163 .
USS Castle ( DD - 720 ) USS " Castle " ( DD - 720 ) was a planned United States Navy " Gearing " - class destroyer laid down during World War II but never completed . " Castle " was laid down on 11 July 1945 by the Federal Shipbuilding and Drydock Company at Newark , New Jersey . The end of World War II in August 1945 resulted in the termination of the contract for her construction on 11 December 1945 . Although the award of the contract was reinstated , work on " Castle " was suspended on 11 February 1946 . A little over five months later , on 18 July 1946 , the Commandant , 3rd Naval District , was authorized to accept " Castle " in an uncompleted state . Delivered as 60 . 3 % complete , " Castle " was slated for scrapping in a Congressional resolution approved on 23 August 1954 . Her name was stricken from the Naval Vessel Register on 2 November 1954 , and she was sold for scrapping on 29 August 1955 .
History of military nutrition Military nutrition has evolved over time . In the past , armies lived off the land , by pillaging food of the people whose land the army occupied , or requisitioning it . Often more soldiers died of disease that was exacerbated by malnutrition than from combat . " An army marches on its stomach " , said Napoleon Bonaparte , in the oft - quoted phrase . In response to the need for food for the Grand Army that invaded Russia under Napoleon , a French government reward prompted Nicolas Appert to invent " canning " , resulting in the first preserved food for armies ( military rations ) , that came as food stuffed into wine bottles and then boiled to preserve it . In the 19th century , British military tinned rations used tins that were sealed with lead solder . This led to cases of lead poisoning .
Brevet d ' état - major A Brevet d ' état - major ( French ; " Staff Officer Brevet " ) , commonly abbreviated to BEM , is a military distinction in France and Belgium which denotes that an officer has passed Staff College . Though it is usually only seen in French , it can be abbreviated to SBH in Dutch . France . In France , the distinction was awarded between 1870 and 1940 after passing a course at the then - " École Supérieure de Guerre " . Belgium . A BEM was awarded for studying a one - year course known as a " " Cycle d ’ études supérieures d ’ état - major " " at the then - " École de Guerre " , however , this was changed to a much more lengthy course and its bestowal only after being considered by a military panel .
Sylvester G . Hill Sylvester Gardner Hill was a colonel in the Union Army during the American Civil War . He served as a brigade commander during the Red River Campaign and Battle of Nashville where he was killed in action . He received a posthumous appointment as a brevet brigadier general . Early life . Sylvester Hill was born in East Greenwich , Rhode Island but moved to Ohio in 1840 . He settled in Cincinnati and was employed in the lumber business until 1849 . Hill took part on the California Gold Rush but failed to achieve any profit there . He traveled back eastward and settled in Muscatine , Iowa . Civil War . Hill was in Iowa when the Civil War began . Hill helped raise the 35th Iowa Volunteer Infantry Regiment , of which he was appointed colonel on September 18 , 1862 . For the first several months of its existence the 35th Iowa was on garrison duty in Illinois and Kentucky until being ordered to join the Army of the Tennessee besieging Vicksburg . After the siege of Vicksburg , Colonel Hill assumed command of the 3rd Brigade , 1st Division , XVI Corps ( Right Wing ) , a position he would maintain for much of the remainder of the war . Hill was wounded at the battles of Pleasant Hill and Yellow Bayou in 1864 . He returned to regimental command at the battle of Tupelo but was back in command of the 3rd Brigade during Price ' s Missouri Raid . Battle of Nashville . Hill ' s final engagement came in December 1864 at the battle of Nashville . On the first day of the battle Hill led his brigade against the Confederates on Montgomery Hill and was killed instantly from a gunshot to the head . He was posthumously given a brevet promotion to brigadier general for his service at Nashville .
Drago Lovrić Drago Lovrić ( born 2 December 1961 ) is Croatian general and Chief of General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Croatia . Biography . Lieutenant General Drago Lovrić was born on 2 December 1961 in Bosnia and Herzegovina , FPR Yugoslavia . He graduated from the Army Academy ( Air Defense Branch ) in 1983 . During his military career he carried out various command and staff duties . After the Academy , he was appointed as a platoon commander later as a company commander . In August 1991 , at the beginning of the Homeland War in Croatia , he joined the Croatian Armed Forces . He was appointed as a Staff Officer in the Zagreb Operational Zone and Zagreb Area Command , and subsequently commanded both the Tactical Group and the Air Defense Brigade . He was next appointed as the Chief of Staff of Gospić Area Command . In February 1995 , he became Deputy Commander of Gospić Area Command and in 1998 he was appointed Commander of the 1st Area Command . In October 1999 , than Brigadier General Lovrić became Deputy Head of the Operations Directorate of the Croatian Armed Forces General Staff . From October 2000 to February 2007 he took over as head of the branch . From September 2007 to February 2011 he was the Croatian Military Representative to NATO and the EU . On March 1 , 2011 , he was appointed Chief of General Staff of the Croatian Armed Forces . Lieutenant General Drago Lovrić holds Master of Science degrees in International Relations , from Zagreb University and National Resource Strategy , from the Industrial College of Armed Forces of the U . S . National Defense University in Washington , which he attended from May 2003 to November 2004 . In July 2012 , he earned his doctorate in the field of National Security . Having graduated from the Army Academy as a Second Lieutenant , he was promoted to First Lieutenant in 1984 , and to Captain in 1987 . After joining the Croatian Armed Forces , he was promoted to Major in 1992 , to Lieutenant Colonel in 1993 and to Colonel in 1995 . In 1996 , he was promoted to the rank of Staff Brigadier and Brigadier General in 2000 . In 2005 , he was promoted to Major General and in 2011 he was promoted to Lieutenant General . He has been decorated with the following Croatian military decorations : Homeland War Commemorative Decoration , Homeland War Commemorative Decoration for 5 and 10 years of distinguished service , Order of the Croatian Braid , Order of the Croatian Trefoil , Order of the Croatian Cross , Order of Ban Josip Jelačić and Order of Duke Domagoj with Neck Ribbon . He has also received a Medal for Participation in Operation “ Storm ” and a Medal for Daring Feat . Private life . He is married and has two children .
Collen Edward Melville Richards Collen Edward Melville Richards ( 1888 – 1971 ) was an officer in the British Army during World War I and World War II . Joining the East Lancashire Regiment in 1911 , Brigadier Richards commanded the 24th Gold Coast Brigade ( 12th African Division ) during the East African Campaign .
Thaman Gurung Thaman Gurung VC ( 2 October 1924 – 10 November 1944 ) was a Nepalese recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . Details . He was 20 years old , and a Rifleman in the 1st Battalion , 5th Royal Gurkha Rifles , in the Indian Army during World War II when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC . The citation in the London Gazette reads : On 10 November 1944 at Monte Pompegno , Italy , Rifleman Thaman Gurung was acting as one of two scouts to a fighting patrol . It was undoubtedly due to his superb gallantry that his platoon was able to withdraw from an extremely difficult position without many more casualties than were in fact incurred and that some very valuable information was obtained which resulted in the capture of the feature three days later . The rifleman ' s bravery cost him his life . The medal . His medals are not publicly held .
USS Vergana ( SP - 519 ) USS " Vergana " ( SP - 519 ) , later OYP - 519 , was a United States Navy patrol vessel in commission from 1917 to 1919 . " Vergana " was built in 1897 as a private steel - hulled , schooner - rigged steam yacht of the same name by T . S . Marvel at Newburgh , New York , for F . S . Flower of New York City . Flower later sold her to Wilbert Melville of Los Angeles , California , who in turn sold her to stationer and printer Charles H . Crocker in either late 1916 or early 1917 . By the time the United States entered World War I on 6 April 1917 , she was registered at San Francisco , California , and home - ported at Belvedere Cove , California . The U . S . Navy acquired " Vergana " from Crcoker in the spring of 1917 for use as a section patrol vessel during World War I . The date of her acquisition and delivery to the Navy are unclear ; according to her logbook , her first commanding officer , Ensign E . Dahlgren , USNRF , reported aboard on 16 April 1917 , but some sources state that she was not delivered to the Navy until 4 May 1917 . She was commissioned as USS " Vergana " ( SP - 519 ) on 10 July 1917 . " Vergana " performed harbor entrance patrol duty at San Francisco almost continually for the duration of World War I . She alternated on duty with the U . S . Navy patrol vessels and ( ex - USS " California " ) , and the tug both underway at the mouth of San Francisco Bay and stationary at guard duty beside a pier . Decommissioned at the Mare Island Navy Yard at Vallejo , California , on 16 January 1919 , " Vergana " apparently remained in reserve thereafter . When the U . S . Navy adopted its modern hull number system on 17 July 1920 , she was classified as an " old district patrol craft " and redesignated OYP - 519 . " Vergana " was ordered sold on 30 September 1921 . An initial sale , of that date , was never consummated , but on 25 February 1922 she was sold to Louis A . Fracchia of Oakland , California .
Military Liaison Element A Military Liaison Element ( MLE ) is small group of special forces personnel , sometimes just one or two at a time , attached to embassies in Africa , Southeast Asia , South America , or somewhere else where terrorists are thought to be operating , planning attacks , raising money or seeking safe haven , especially those teams in the United States . MLEs report to the local US combat commanders and Special Operations Command ( SOCOM ) and not to the local ambassador or CIA station chief . These units work to gather information on possible terror threats , but do not actively hunt down terrorists . In addition , MLEs are not undercover . SOCOM , under then Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld , first deployed MLEs in 2003 under the name " Operational Control Elements " a term changed in 2005 because it raised the hackles of regional commanders and ambassadors . MLEs were first introduced to the general public by a New York Times expose .
Military junta A junta or military junta ( or ) is a government led by a committee of military leaders . The term derives from the Spanish word " junta " meaning committee or meeting , specifically a board of directors . Sometimes it becomes a military dictatorship , though the terms are not synonymous .