naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Compulsory Military Training in New Zealand Compulsory military training ( CMT ) , a form of conscription , was used in New Zealand . Origins and world wars . CMT was introduced with the Defence Act of 1909 . It applied to all males from 14 to 21 years of age . There were increasing criticisms of CMT voiced in Parliament , but this declined upon the outbreak of World War I in 1914 , providing sufficient justification for CMT . In mid - war , conscription was introduced by the Military Services Bill ( 10 June 1916 ) . CMT was abolished in 1932 for economic reasons . In this period , high school students were subjected to a few periods each week of military training . The compulsory sections of the Defence Act were not invoked until nine months after the outbreak of World War II : under the National Service Emergency Regulations of 1940 , conscription was reintroduced . Anyone aged between 18 and 46 became liable to be called up by ballot . Post - war . 1949 Referendum . On 25 May 1949 , Prime Minister Peter Fraser announced that a referendum would be held on the future of CMT . The results on 3 August 1949 strongly approved reintroduction of CMT , with 77 . 9 % in favour and a turnout of 63 . 5 % . Post - referendum . Under the Compulsory Military Training Act of 1949 all males became liable for military service upon reaching 18 years of age , taking effect in 1950 . All men aged 18 and over were required to register with the Department of Labour and Employment , and apart from those exempted for medical or compassionate reasons , all had to undergo 14 weeks of intensive , full - time training , three years of part - time service , and six years in the Army Reserve . All trainees had the option of serving with the Royal New Zealand Navy , Royal New Zealand Air Force or the New Zealand Army . A total of 63 , 033 men were trained before CMT was abolished by the Labour Government in early 1958 . In 1960 National , under Keith Holyoake , was elected and CMT was reinstated in 1962 as ' National Service ' . Under the provisions of the National Service Act all males were required to register on their 20th birthday with the Department of Labour . Ballots , based upon dates of birth , were conducted to decide who would undertake compulsory service . Those selected were required to complete three months initial full - time training , followed by an annual commitment of three weeks part - time training for three years . ( Although New Zealand sent troops to the Vietnam war , all who served there were full - time professional volunteer soldiers . Conscripts were not sent , unlike Australians or Americans ) . In 1972 , Labour under Norman Kirk ended National Service as a result of a campaign of civil disobedience and lobbying by the Organisation to Halt Military Service A Radical Hippie movement ( " OHMS " , a pun on both resistance and " On Her Majesty ' s Service " , as OHMS was an abbreviation used on official envelopes ) . Since 1972 . Since 1972 there has been no conscription . There has been sporadic calls for its re - introduction , especially as a measure to reduce youth crime , but no political party has that as its policy .
George Boyd - Rochfort George Arthur Boyd - Rochfort VC DL ( 1 January 1880 – 7 August 1940 ) was an Irish recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . Early life . Boyd - Rochfort was born at Middleton Park House , County Westmeath , Ireland on 1 January 1880 . Military career . Boyd - Rochfort was 35 years old , and a second lieutenant in the Scots Guards , British Army , ( Special Reserve , attached to 1st Battalion ) during the First World War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC . " On 3 August 1915 between Cambrin and La Bassée , France , a German trench - mortar bomb landed on the side of the parapet of the communication trench in which Second Lieutenant Boyd - Rochfort was standing close to a small working party of his battalion . Instead of stepping back into safety he shouted to his men to look out , rushed at the bomb , seized it and hurled it over the parapet where it at once exploded . This combination of presence of mind and courage saved the lives of many of the working party . " Boyd - Rochfort later achieved the rank of captain . Later life . Boyd - Rochfort was a noted jockey and after the war become a racehorse trainer like his brother Cecil Boyd - Rochfort . He died at Dublin on 7 August 1940 . The Medal . His Victoria Cross is displayed at The Guards Regimental Headquarters ( Scots Guards RHQ ) in Wellington Barracks , London . References . Listed in order of publication year
Louis Vallin Louis Vallin ( 16 August 1770 , Dormans - 25 December 1854 , Paris ) was a French general . He was involved on the Royalist side in the French intervention in Spain . His name is inscribed in the 12th column on the Arc de Triomphe in Paris .
Cadet Corps Medal For 20 years efficient service in the school cadets organisation ( officers only ) . The medal became obsolete when the cadets were absorbed into the Commandos in 1967 . Prior to 1966 uniformed members serving in the South African Defence Force ’ s Cadet Corps were not rewarded for their long and loyal service to the organization by means of a medal award . This was because no such medal existed at the time in the range of awards available to the members of the uniformed services . This omission was corrected in 1966 with the institution of the Cadet Corps Medal . The Cadet Corps Medal was one of a few new medals introduced into the SADF during the mid sixties . These new medals were to supplement the 10 awards instituted in 1952 . The new medals were instituted to increase the range of possible awards for serving members . The Cadet Corps Medal officially came into existence on 19 August 1966 when it was published in the South African Government Gazette . The medal was to be awarded to officers serving with merit in the cadet corps . The officers had to serve a qualifying period of 20 years in the cadet corps to be eligible for the award . The service period did not have to be continuous . In respect of the Cadet Corps Medal ’ s place in the official order of precedence of SADF awards prior to 1975 – it was ranked below the John Chard Medal and above the Chief SADF Commendation Medal ( from 1974 ) . Before 1974 the medal was ranked above the Commandant General ’ s Medal . The first awards of the Cadet Corps Medal were promulgated on 24 November 1967 in South African Defence Force Order 134 / 67 . The Cadet Corps Medal was awarded annually after 1967 to deserving officers in the cadet corps until 1975 . In August 1976 the SADF took a decision that all officers serving in the cadet corps were to be transferred to either the citizen force or the commandos . The resulting implication was that the Cadet Corps Medal became unnecessary in the SADF ’ s range of awards as the officers were now eligible for the long and meritorious service awards of either the citizen force or the commandos , depending on in which force they served . The award of the Cadet Corps Medal was consequently discontinued after August 1976 . Although being discontinued as from August 1976 , a final award of the Cadet Corps Medal was promulgated in 1978 in South African Defence Force General Order 60 / 78 . In total the Cadet Corps Medal was awarded to 95 officers over a period of 12 years . Clasps to the Medal . On three occasions , twice in 1968 and once in 1971 clasps to the Cadet Corps Medal was awarded . Officers in the cadet corps became eligible for a clasp award on completing 30 years meritorious service in the cadet corps . The clasp consisted of a silver bar with a prancing springbok embossed in the centre of the bar .
Focke - Wulf 1000x1000x1000 Focke - Wulf 1000x1000x1000 , also known as Focke - Wulf Fw 239 , was a twin - jet bomber project for the Luftwaffe designed by the Focke - Wulf aircraft manufacturing company during the last years of the Third Reich . Their designation meant that these bombers would be able to carry a 1000 kg bomb load to a distance of 1000 km at a speed of 1000 km / h ( 2 , 200 lb for 620 miles at 620 mph ) . History . Focke - Wulf produced three different designs of the project that would have been powered by two Heinkel HeS 011 turbojet engines . The innovative looking series of jet bombers was designed by H . von Halem and D . Küchemann . The project was cancelled owing to the surrender of Nazi Germany . Variants . The Focke - Wulf 1000x1000x1000 project had three different variants . All of them were twin jet bombers that would be powered by two Heinkel - Hirth He S 011 turbojets . Fw 1000x1000x1000 A . Jet - powered bomber project that looked quite conventional . It had thin wings swept back at 35 degrees . Fw 1000x1000x1000 B . A flying wing design with a small fuselage containing the cockpit and the front undercarriage wheel . Fw 1000x1000x1000 C . A twin jet bomber project with a crew of three quite similar to the Fw 1000x1000x1000 A with a wingspan of 12 . 65 m and a length of 14 . 2 m .
Lean Bear Lean Bear ( Cheyenne name Awoninahku , 1813 – 1864 ) , alternatively translated as Starving Bear , was a Cheyenne peace chief . Early life . In , June 1851 , an Indian agent named Thomas Fitzpatrick had sent out runners to the tribes of the plains to meet at Fort Atkinson . Fitzpatrick had the goal in mind to convince the tribes to go to a peace council that was going to take place at Fort Laramie . While at the meeting at Fort Atkinson , the tribes in attendance were able to use the camp while trading with the troops . Lean Bear saw a ring on a white woman ' s hand , and having a fascination with jewelry , he grabbed her hand to get a better look . Her husband hit Lean Bear with his luggage and insisted that Fitzpatrick give him a beating . This enraged Lean Bear and he , being a young warrior , rode through the Cheyenne camp demanding an assault on the whites . The Cheyennes went to Agent Fitzpatrick and asked for something to make up for this insult . Fitzpatrick refused , but was later approached by the other tribes informing him that the Cheyenne were planning an attack . Upon learning this , Fitzpatrick had the General on location station dragoons near the Cheyenne side of the camp . This worried the Cheyennes . Later the whites presented a blanket prepared for Lean Bear , and the situation was resolved . Later life . In 1857 , Chief Lean Bear approached William Bent with concern about attacks on his people by Sumners troops along the Republican River . He then later became one of the principal signers in the Treaty of Fort Wise . While Lean Bear was the leader of a group of Cheyenne who were camped near Ash Creek in Kansas , he and his tribe were massacred by the Colorado miltia in 1864 . While Lean Bear and his tribe were holding a buffalo hunt on the Smoky Hill River , he rode down to meet the troops who had just arrived . On his chest , Lean Bear wore with pride his peace medal that he had received on his trip to Washington D . C . in 1862 , and in his hand held an official document , signed by President Abraham Lincoln , stating that he was peaceful and friendly with whites . They were unarmed , and Lean Bear approached the militia alone to show his peaceful intentions . The militia , under the command of Lieutenant George Eayre , approached their village . When they did so , Lean Bear and his fellow Cheyenne came forward to greet them . Eayre ' s troops had been ordered by Colonel John M . Chivington , to kill Indians on sight , and Eayre ordered his men to shoot Lean Bear . Lean Bear was shot off his horse , and was then shot repeatedly by the soldiers as he lay on the ground .
Victor H . Metcalf Victor Howard Metcalf ( October 10 , 1853 – February 20 , 1936 ) was an American politician ; he served in President Theodore Roosevelt ' s cabinet an Secretary of Commerce and Labor , and then as Secretary of the Navy . Biography . Born in Utica , New York , on October 10 , 1853 to William and Sarah P . ( Howard ) Metcalf . He attended the Utica public schools , Utica Free Academy , and Russell ' s Military Institute at New Haven , Connecticut . In 1872 , he entered Yale College where he was a member of the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity ( Phi chapter ) ; he left in his junior year to attend Yale Law School . He graduated in 1876 and was admitted to the Connecticut bar . In 1877 , he continued his legal education at Hamilton College , and was admitted to the New York bar . He practiced in Utica in 1877 , and then moved to Oakland , California in 1879 . His law practice in California handled real property and commercial cases . He married Emily Corinne Nicholson in 1881 ; they had two children . He was elected as a Republican to the 56th , 57th and 58th United States Congresses , serving from 1899 until 1904 . In congress he served on the Naval Affairs and the Ways and Means committees . Metcalf ' s legislation for reclamation of arid lands put him in touch with President Theodore Roosevelt . President Roosevelt appointed him , on July 1 , 1904 , Secretary of Commerce and Labor . As Secretary of Commerce Roosevelt sent Metcalf to San Francisco in 1905 as an intermediator between the San Francisco school board and 91 Japanese students who were refused from entering public schools . A compromise was reached where the students would be permitted into the public schools while Japan would stop issuing passports to laborers . He served until December 12 , 1906 , when he was appointed Secretary of the Navy . During his term , he oversaw the world cruise of the Great White Fleet . The pressures of office took a toll on his health and he resigned as navy secretary November 13 , 1908 . After leaving Roosevelt ' s Cabinet he returned to Oakland and resumed his practice of law , and engaged in the banking business . Little more than a month after his wife Emily died , Metcalf died in Oakland , February 20 , 1936 . He is buried at Mountain View Cemetery , Oakland , Calif . External links . Victor H . Metcalf was a brother of the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity ( Phi chapter ) .
USS Myrmidon ( ARL - 16 ) USS " Myrmidon " ( ARL - 16 ) was one of 39 " Achelous " - class landing craft repair ships built for the United States Navy during World War II . Named for the Myrmidons ( in Greek mythology , warriors of the fierce Thessalian tribe who accompanied King Achilles , their leader , to the Trojan War ) , she was the only U . S . Naval vessel to bear the name . Originally laid down as " LST - 948 " by Bethlehem Hingham Shipyard , Inc . of Hingham , Massachusetts 25 August 1944 ; named " Myrmidon " 11 September 1944 ; launched 28 September 1944 ; sponsored by Mrs . Marguerite Ross ; placed in reduced commission 19 October 1944 ; transferred to Jacksonville , Florida ; decommissioned there 10 November 1944 ; converted to " ARL 16 " by Merrill Stevens Shipyard , Jacksonville , Florida ; and commissioned 9 March 1945 with Lieutenant Edgar A . Simpson in command . Service history . After shakedown along the east coast , " Myrmidon " departed Norfolk , Virginia for the Pacific on 10 April . She reached San Diego late in the month ; then , after loading cargo at San Francisco , she steamed to Pearl Harbor on 19 May for duty with Amphibious Force , Pacific Fleet . Sailing in convoy 30 May , she steamed via the Marshall Islands to Iwo Jima where she arrived 22 June . During the closing weeks of fighting in the Pacific " Myrmidon " operated at Iwo Jima repairing , disbursing , and provisioning ships at that important American forward base . Following the Japanese surrender , she continued service and repair duties throughout the Pacific from the Marianas to Pearl Harbor . Late in 1946 she returned to the Gulf coast and was placed in a reduced service status in January 1947 . She decommissioned at Orange , Texas 7 July 1947 and entered the Atlantic Reserve Fleet . She remained berthed with ships of the Orange Group for more than a decade . Her name was struck from the Naval Vessel Register 1 April 1960 , and she was sold 21 December 1960 to River Equipment , Inc . of Memphis , Tennessee , and later resold to the Dravo Corporation , Neville Island , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 16 January 1961 . Resold to the Avondale Shipbuilding Corporation " c . " 1962 , her final fate is unknown .
Rokantiškės Castle Rokantiškės Castle ( ) ruins are in Naujoji Vilnia elderate of Vilnius , Lithuania . The castle was located east of Vilnius on a high hill near the Vilnia River . First castle was built in 12th century . In 16th century , it was rebuilt in the Renaissance style and has been the seat of the Olshanski family . Alexander Olshanski , Yuri Olshanski and the last family member Pawel Olshanski have lived there . After his death the castle was inherited by Bona Sforza and later passed to the Pac family . The Deputy Chancellor of Lithuania Stefan Pac was visited here by the King of Poland and Grand duke of Lithuania Władysław IV Vasa on July 15 , 1636 . The castle was burnt down by Cossacks on August 7 , 1655 during the Russo - Polish War and fell in ruins . Today there are the only visible medieval castle ruins in Vilnius .
Automatic revolver An automatic revolver ( more correctly , a semi - automatic revolver ) is a revolver that uses the energy of firing for cocking the hammer and revolving the cylinder , rather than using manual operations to perform these actions . Examples of genuine semi - automatic revolvers are rare , and the term is more often applied to break - open revolvers with automatic systems for ejecting spent casings on opening . Description . A standard revolver is a manually operated weapon , using the action of cocking the hammer to advance the cylinder in a single - action , or the action of pulling the trigger to advance the cylinder and cock the hammer in a double action . The idea behind an automatic revolver is to automate both actions , removing the need to manually cock the hammer between shots while retaining the lighter trigger pull of the single - action . This is accomplished by use of a reciprocating slide on the upper part of the frame , the motion of which is used to rotate the cylinder and cock the hammer in much the same way as is used in the majority of semi - automatic pistol designs .
Thomas Fleener Thomas Fleener is a military officer and lawyer . Fleener , a major in the United States Army Reserve , has been appointed to serve as a defense lawyer in the Guantanamo military commissions . He has been appointed to serve as the defense lawyer for Ali Hamza Ahmed Sulayman al Bahlul . In his civilian capacity , Major Fleener is an attorney in his own law firm in Wyoming . A former Federal Public Defender , MAJ Fleener continues to serve in the Reserves as a Judge Advocate with the 22d Legal Support Organization , Trial Defense Service , defending soldiers accused of misconduct . He is a member of the bars of Iowa and Wyoming . Prior to becoming a Federal Public Defender , Major Fleener served on active duty as an Army Judge Advocate for nearly eight years in both the United States and Europe . Prior to attending college and law school in Arkansas , Major Fleener also served on active duty as an enlisted soldier . Though Al Bahlul has consistently insisted that he wants to represent himself or be represented by a Yemeni attorney , the United States Defense Department ' s Office of Military Commissions ruled that military defense counsel must represent defendants according to military commission rules . Fleener understands Al Bahlul ' s wish to defend himself , agrees he should have that right , and said that forcing counsel upon the defendant " may give the appearance to the outside world that I am here not to serve as Mr . al Bahlul ' s attorney , rather simply to add some air of legitimacy to an otherwise wholly illegitimate process . " In his January 12 , 2006 diary entry Human Rights First observer Avi Cover quoted Fleener : " " For four years they wouldn ' t let detainees have lawyers ; now they ' re shoving one down his throat . " " Fleener and the question whether detainees should be able to represent themselves were featured in the October 2007 issue of the Yale Law Journal in an article by Matthew Bloom entitled : " I Did Not Come Here To Defend Myself " : Responding to War on Terror Detainees ' Attempts To Dismiss Counsel and Boycott the Trial . He was profiled in the August 2007 edition of GQ magazine in an article titled , “ The Defense Will Not Rest . ” After two years of appearances before the Guantanamo military commissions , Fleener returned to civilian practice , and in 2008 opened a private criminal defense law firm in Laramie , Wyoming . Fleener is a highly regarded and sought after guest lecturer .
USS Frolic ( 1892 ) The third USS " Frolic " was a United States Navy patrol yacht in commission in 1898 , from 1900 to 1906 , and from 1906 to 1907 . She served briefly during the Spanish - American War . Construction , acquisition , and commissioning . " Frolic " was built in 1892 by Globe Iron Works at Cleveland , Ohio , as the private yacht " Comanche " . The U . S . Navy purchased her on 28 May 1898 for service during the Spanish - American War and commissioned her as USS " Frolic " on 6 July 1898 with Commander E . H . Gheen in command . Service history . Spanish - American War . " Frolic " departed Portsmouth , New Hampshire , on 23 July 1898 with mail for ships of the North Atlantic Station on Spanish - American War duty off Cuba and Puerto Rico . The war ended in August 1898 while she was performing these duties . She arrived at Norfolk Navy Yard at Portsmouth , Virginia , on 17 September , and was decommissioned there on 27 September . Post - war . " Frolic " was recommissioned on 25 October 1900 . Assigned to the Asiatic Station , she cleared Hampton Roads , Virginia , on 30 December bound for the Mediterranean Sea , the Suez Canal , and finally Cavite on Luzon in the Philippine Islands , where she arrived on 24 April 1901 . Cooperating with the United States Army in the Philippine – American War , " Frolic " patrolled the southern Philippines , serving primarily off Samar . Several times during the next year , she aided ships in distress , and from October 1902 made hydrographic surveys . She performed a variety of other duties in establishing American control in the Philippines , including investigation of possible telegraph sites and transport duty . In February 1904 , " Frolic " added patrols and target practice in Chinese waters to her operating schedule at intervals . " Frolic " was decommissioned on 31 March 1906 . After repairs , was placed in reduced commission on 19 December 1906 for service as a yard craft at Cavite . " Frolic " was decommissioned for the last time on 31 July 1907 . Final disposition . On 21 May 1909 , " Frolic " was transferred to the United States Department of War for U . S . Army service in the Philippines .
El Monumento de la Recordación El Monumento de la Recordación ( English : " Monument of Remembrance " ) is a memorial monument and monolith erected in San Juan , Puerto Rico that honors Puerto Ricans who have fallen in combat in service of the United States armed forces . The monument was unveiled on May 19 , 1996 as a granite wall in semicircular shape engraved with the names of those Puerto Rican soldiers that have fallen in war . As of today the monument is etched with the names of more than 2 , 000 service members .