naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
French aircraft carrier Joffre Joffre was the planned lead ship of her class of aircraft carrier s for the French Navy . She was named in honour of Joseph Joffre . The ship was laid down in 1938 , but never launched . Description . After several experimentations on the aircraft carrier " Béarn " , the French Navy decided to have two full - fledged aircraft carrier s built as replacement . They were to be 18 , 000 tons ( Washington ) with a protection limited to the hull and comparable to that of a light cruiser . Armament was to include dual - purpose guns fore and aft of the island , and several light AA guns . The flight deck , which was offset to port to counterbalance the weight of the unusually large island , ran to the bows but stopped before the poop because one external lift was to be installed aft of the flight deck . The other lift was T - shaped and installed in front of the island . The ship had two superimposed hangars , the upper being 159x21m and the lower 70x16m . The ships were to operate an air group of around 40 planes , including 15 Dewoitine D - 790 fighters ( a navalised version of D - 520 ) and 25 Breguet 810 twin - engine attack planes ( a navalised version of the Br - 693 ) for level bombing , torpedo missions and scouting . History . " Joffre " was laid down on 26 November 1938 at the shipyards of AC de St . Nazaire Penhoët , but work was slowed by the start of World War II and ultimately halted in June 1940 when France fell to German invasion . At this time , the ship was 20 % complete . The assembled hull was later scrapped in the dock .
Fritz Bracht Fritz Bracht ( 18 January 1899 in Heiden , part of Lage near Detmold – 9 May 1945 in Bad Kudowa , now Kudowa Zdrój , Poland ) was the Nazi Gauleiter of Upper Silesia . After training as a gardener , Bracht performed military service beginning in 1917 , and was deployed at the front until the end of World War I . Thereafter , he found himself a prisoner of the British , until 1919 . On 1 April 1927 , Bracht joined the Nazi Party and was appointed leader of the NSDAP district of Sauerland in November 1928 . He held the same function as of 1 March 1931 in Altena . Elected to the Prussian Landtag for the Nazis in 1932 , he took on the post of acting Gauleiter of Silesia on 1 May 1935 . After Gauleiter Josef Wagner , in whose shadow Bracht had been standing for quite a while , fell out of favour with Adolf Hitler on 9 November 1941 and was removed from office and kicked out of the Party , Silesia was split into two Gau e , Upper and Lower Silesia , with Bracht taking an appointment as the new Gauleiter of the former . From February 1941 , he was moreover given the function of High President ( " Oberpräsident " ) of the Province of Upper Silesia , and in November 1942 the office of Reich Defence Commissar in his Gau . In 1944 , he was also promoted to SA Obergruppenführer . Within Bracht ' s jurisdiction was the extermination camp Auschwitz . Right before the Red Army marched into Germany , with capture and internment at Soviet hands looming , Bracht and his wife both committed suicide by poison ing themselves with potassium cyanide . Bracht had long been pushed into the background and dominated by his predecessor Josef Wagner , who in the years leading up to World War II had been much esteemed and very influential . In 1944 , when with war threatening , Bracht ordered that air defence facilities in his Gau be upgraded and made stronger , he could not prevail upon the Armament Ministry to do so .
USS Wistaria ( SP - 259 ) USS " Wistaria " ( SP - 259 ) was the proposed name and designation for a motorboat the United States Navy acquired in 1917 for use as a patrol vessel but never commissioned . " Wistaria " was built as a civilian motorboat of the same name by the Elco Company at Bayonne , New Jersey , sometime prior to the entry of the United States into World War I . The U . S . Navy acquired her from her owner , Mr . Clifton N . Jelliffe of New York City , on 7 May 1917 for World War I service as a patrol vessel and assigned her the section patrol number SP - 259 . However , she was found to be unsuitable for naval service and was never commissioned , though the Navy List briefly carried her name . She saw no active U . S . Navy service . The Navy returned " Wistaria " to Jelliffe on 10 December 1917 , and her name was struck from the Navy List .
Boeing Phantom Ray The Boeing Phantom Ray is an American demonstration stealth UCAV being developed by Boeing using company funds . The autonomous Phantom Ray is a flying wing around the size of a conventional fighter jet , and first flew in April 2011 . It will conduct a program of test flights involving surveillance , ground attack and autonomous aerial refueling missions . Design and development . The Phantom Ray project , called " Project Reblue " internally at Boeing , was first conceived in mid - 2007 , and started in earnest in June 2008 . The project was secret within the company , except for a small number of executives and engineers , until May 2009 . Developed by the Boeing Phantom Works , the Phantom Ray is based on the X - 45C prototype aircraft , which Boeing originally developed for the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency ( DARPA ) , the U . S . Air Force , and the U . S . Navy Joint - Unmanned Combat Air System ( J - UCAS ) program in 2002 . The Phantom Ray was not aimed at any particular military program or competition , although Boeing may use the design as an entry for the Navy ' s Unmanned Carrier - Launched Surveillance and Strike ( UCLASS ) program . The Phantom Ray was unveiled on May 10 , 2010 , in St . Louis , Missouri . In late November 2010 , low - speed taxi tests were carried out in St . Louis . The demonstrator aircraft is to perform ten test flights over six months , supporting missions such as intelligence , surveillance and reconnaissance ; suppression of enemy air defenses ; electronic attack ; hunter / killer ; and autonomous aerial refueling . Boeing anticipates that the Phantom Ray will be the first of a series of new prototype aircraft . The Phantom Ray was scheduled to make its maiden flight in December 2010 from NASA ' s Dryden Flight Research Center , but this was later rescheduled , and the aircraft first flew on April 27 , 2011 , from Edwards AFB , having been carried there by the Boeing 747 Shuttle Carrier Aircraft . Specifications . " Values for the X - 45 are marked with an asterisk ( * ) . "
German submarine U - 242 German submarine " U - 242 " was a Type VIIC U - boat of the Nazi German " Kriegsmarine " during World War II . The submarine was laid down on 30 September 1942 at the " Friedrich Krupp Germaniawerft " yard at Kiel as ' werk ' 676 , launched on 20 July 1943 and commissioned on 14 August under the command of " Oberleutnant " Karl - Wilhelm Pancke . After training with the 5th U - boat Flotilla at Kiel , she went to the 3rd flotilla to work operationally from 1 June 1944 . She then returned to the 5th flotilla on 6 July and moved to the 8th flotilla for operations on 1 August . She was reassigned to the 5th flotilla a third time from 16 February 1945 . In seven patrols , " U - 242 " sank two ships totalling 2 , 095 GRT and an auxiliary warship of 500 tons . She was sunk by a mine in the St . George ' s Channel in April 1945 . Operational career . 1st patrol . " U - 242 " s first patrol , like most of the others , was carried out in Norwegian and Baltic waters . She had already made the short voyage from Kiel to Stavanger in Norway in May 1944 ; her first patrol proper started from the Norwegian port and terminated in Bergen , also in Norway . She then spent some time shuttling between Bergen , Stavanger , Kristiansand , Kiel , Reval ( also known as Talinn in Estonia ) and Helsinki in Finland . 2nd patrol . The boat ' s second foray was similar to the first , a series of short ' jabs ' from Helsinki and Grand Hotel . 3rd patrol . " U - 242 " sank the Soviet barges " VRD - 96 Del ' fin " and the " KKO - 2 " on 25 August 1944 ; one day before returning to Helsinki . 4th , 5th and 6th patrols . More round - robin journeys were carried out , travelling between Paldiski ( known to the Germans as Baltisch Port ) , Windau in Latvia ( now known as Ventspils ) , Pillau ( Baltiysk ) , Danzig ( Gdansk in modern Poland ) , Horten in Norway and Kristiansand . It was during her fifth patrol that the Finnish ship , the " Rigel " , was sunk on 28 October 1944 by a mine laid by " U - 242 " on 21 September . 7th patrol and loss . For her seventh sortie , she was sent to the waters off southwest Britain . This was to prove her undoing . On 5 April 1945 , she struck a mine in the St . Georges Channel ( between southeast Ireland and Wales ) , off St . David ' s Head . Forty - four men died ; there were no survivors .
Jabal Druze State Jabal al - Druze ( ) was an autonomous state in the French Mandate of Syria from 1921 to 1936 , designed to function as a government for the local Druze population under French oversight . Nomenclature . On March 4 , 1922 , it was proclaimed as the State of Souaida , after the capital As - Suwayda , but in 1927 it was renamed Jabal al - Druze or Jabal Druze State . The name comes from the Jabal al - Druze mountain . History . The Druze state was formed on May 1 , 1921 , in former Ottoman territory , while other statelets were installed in other parts of the Syrian mandate ( e . g . the Alawite State in the Lattakia region ) . Jabal al - Druze was home to about 50 , 000 Druze . It was the first , and remains the only , autonomous entity to be populated and governed by Druze . The 1925 Syrian Revolution began in Jabal al - Druze under the leadership of Sultan al - Atrash , and quickly spread to Damascus and other non - Druze areas outside the Jabal al - Druze region . Protests against the division of Syrian territory into statelets were a main theme of Syrian anti - colonial nationalism , which eventually won the victory to reunite the entire French - mandated territory , except Lebanon ( which had become independent ) and Alexandretta , which was annexed to Turkey as the Hatay Province . As a result of nationalist pressure , under the Franco - Syrian Treaty of 1936 , Jabal al - Druze ceased to exist as an autonomous entity and was incorporated into Syria .
SS Saltfleet Saltfleet was a 1 , 051 GRT coaster which was built in 1944 by John Lewis & Sons Ltd , Aberdeen as Empire Cheyne . She was built for the Ministry of War Transport ( MoWT ) . In 1946 she was sold and renamed " Saltfleet " . In October 1951 , she ran aground at Reedness . Although salvage operations commenced in December 1951 , they were abandoned in October 1952 . Upon resumption of salvage in 1953 , it was found that " Saltfleet " had broken her back , and the ship was scrapped in two parts , that of the bow section in May 1954 while the stern section wasn ' t scrapped until October 1954 . Description . The ship was built by John Lewis & Sons Ltd , Aberdeen as yard number 182 . She was launched on 17 October 1944 and completed on 26 December 1944 . The ship was long , with a beam of and a depth of . She had a GRT of 1 , 051 and a NRT of 538 . The ship was propelled by a triple expansion steam engine which had cylinders of inches ( 57 cm ) , and diameter by stroke . History . " Empire Cheyne " was built for the MoWT . She was placed under the management of E P Atkinson & Sons , Goole . The Code Letters GDTW and United Kingdom Official Number 165270 were allocated . Her port of registry was Aberdeen . In 1946 , " Empire Cheyne " was sold to the Ouse Steamship Co Ltd , Goole and was renamed " Saltfleet " . Her port of registry was changed to Goole . She was remained under the management E P Atkinson & Sons Ltd . On 3 October 1951 , " Saltfleet " ran aground at Reedness , East Riding of Yorkshire while on a voyage from Goole to Poole with a cargo of coal . She rolled over onto her side the next day . Salvage operations commenced in December 1951 , but were abandoned on October 1952 . When salvage operations recommenced in May 1953 , it was discovered that " Saltfleet " had broken her back . In March 1954 , the wreck was cut in half . On 28 May 1954 , the bow section was raised and taken away to be scrapped . The stern section of " Saltfleet " was raised in September 1954 and floated up - river . It was scrapped in October 1954 .
Allied Works Council The Allied Works Council was an organisation set up to oversee and organise military construction works in Australia during World War II . Established in February 1942 , the Allied Works Council was responsible for carrying out any works required by the Allied Forces including providing any equipment , materials or workmen required to carry out these works . Edward Granville Theodore , a former Premier of Queensland ( 1919 – 25 ) and Federal Treasurer ( 1929 – 31 ) was appointed Director - General of the Council .
Arun Shridhar Vaidya General Arun Shridhar Vaidya , MVC ( Bar ) , AVSM ( 27 January 1926 Alibag – 10 August 1986 Pune ) was the 13th Chief of Army Staff ( CoAS ) of the Indian Army . Career . Lieutenant Colonel . In 1965 , the then Lieutenant Colonel Vaidya was in command of the Deccan Horse . During the time he was instrumental in saving the Command Trucks and fleeing Divisional Headquarters through his tanks through an encirclement by Pakistan Army ' s 6th Armoured Division at the Battle of Chawinda which resulted in destruction of Pakistan ' s 1st Armoured Division and heavy loss of Pakistani lives . For this he was awarded the Maha Vir Chakra . Brigadier . During the 1971 Indo - Pak conflict , the then Brigadier Vaidya was commander of an armored brigade in the Zafarwal sector on the western front . In the battle of Chakra and Dahira , the hostile terrain was combined with minefield s . He crossed through the minefield and moved forward . Thus the entire squadron was able to push through the lane and quickly deploy itself to meet the Pakistan Army ' s counter - attacks . During the Battle of Basantar or Battle of Barapind in the same conflict , Brigadier Vaidya displayed skill and leadership in getting his tanks through deep minefields . For this he was awarded a second Maha Vir Chakra ( known as the Bar to MVC ) . General ( CoAS ) . On 31 July 1983 General Vaidya became the 13th Chief Of Army Staff of the Indian Army . In 1984 , he planned Operation Blue Star to evict sikh militants hidden in Golden temple . Retirement . He retired on 31 January 1986 as India ' s most decorated soldier . He had completed over 40 years of service . Operation Blue Star . In 1984 , General Vaidya designed and supervised Operation Blue Star - a military operation ordered by Indira Gandhi , then Prime Minister of India , against Sikhs commanded by Shabeg Singh ( AVSM and PVSM ) under Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale , Chief of Damdami Taksal , in June 1984 at the Golden Temple complex . Assassination . General Vaidya retired and took residence in Pune , India . On 10 August 1986 he was shot to death while driving his car home from the market . According to the police , the assailants pulled up next to his car on motor scooters and fired eight or nine shots into the car . Vaidya reportedly died instantly of head and neck wounds . His bodyguard , who was also in the car , was wounded by four bullets in his back and thighs . According to Indian intelligence sources , Vaidya had been the number four assassination target on lists of Punjab extremists and he was one of several people killed in retaliation for Operation Blue Star . Following the assassination , the Khalistan Commando Force issued a statement declaring that Vaidya had been killed in retaliation for the Golden Temple operation . In 1989 , Sukhdev Singh Sukha and Harjinder Singh Jinda were sentenced to death for the killing . Despite admitting to the killing , they pled not - guilty , justifying their actions by stating that Vaidya was " guilty of a serious crime , the punishment for which could only be death " . The two were executed on 9 October 1992 , and the third was Ujagar Singh granted mercy .
Virginia Holocaust Museum The Virginia Holocaust Museum is a Virginia , United States , museum dedicated to depicting the Holocaust as experienced by its victims . A main part of the exhibition is about the family story of Holocaust survivor Jay M . Ipson . History . The museum was founded by Al Rosenbaum , Jay M . Ipson and Mark Fetter in 1997 . Rosenbaum created the sculpture of the menorah used in the museum ' s logo . The museum opened its doors at the current location ( 2000 E . Cary Street , Richmond , Virginia ) on Yom HaShoah in April 2003 . There are currently 28 exhibits , with more in the planning . In the first year of operation , over 10 , 000 visitors toured the museum . People came from almost every state in the U . S . , as well as countries in Europe , Asia and South America . The museum has hundreds of school groups visit the museum each year . Already more than 150 , 000 people have visited the Virginia Holocaust Museum , about 70 percent are students . On May 11 , 2010 Jay M . Ipson will be the first US - citizen to receive the Austrian Holocaust Memorial Award . Austrian Ambassador to the United States of America Dr . Christian Prosl will officially visit the Virginia Holocaust Museum and present this prestigious award . Exhibits . The first exhibit recreates the atmosphere of the Dachau concentration camp . Visitors can either walk through with a tour book or wear a head set and be guided by the voice of Holocaust survivor , Jay Ipson . Ipson was six years old when his family was taken to Kovno Ghetto , and he is now the Executive Director of the museum . The next exhibit is set in the city of Frankfurt , Germany , and features a radio announcement of " Kristallnacht " . Subsequently visitors come to a ghetto exhibit that they can " escape " from by crawling through a tunnel . This escape route recreates the actual experience of the Ipson family . Other exhibits include a cattle car , used for transporting Jews , a shower / gas chamber , a crematory , and an exhibition of the ship Exodus 1947 , the ship that helped launch the nation of Israel . Finally , there is a synagogue , which is a replica of the famous choral synagogue in Lithuania . In front of the museum is a freight car , which also serves as room of remembrance . This car was endowed to the museum within in project of a German school by a friend of Alex Lebenstein . In 2007 the Virginia Holocaust Museums celebrated the 10th anniversary . On Yom HaShoah in April 2008 Governor Tim Kaine opened the only originally rebuilt Nuremberg Courtroom ( " Palace of Justice " ) in the United States as new part of the Virginia Holocaust Museum . On November 9 , 2009 the documentation " Kristallnacht and Beyond " was showen to the public . The museum features tours , programs , lectures , films and other events , and many of the emphasized stories are about the experiences of Holocaust survivors that reside or had resided in Richmond . The museum is one of many organizations worldwide where young Austrians can serve their Austrian Holocaust Memorial Service ( Gedenkdienst ) .
Punji stick The Punji stick or Punji stake is a type of booby trap ped stake . It is a simple spike , made out of wood or bamboo , generally placed upright in the ground . Punji sticks are usually deployed in substantial numbers . Description . Punji sticks would be placed in areas likely to be passed through by enemy troops . The presence of punji sticks may be camouflage d by natural undergrowth , crops , grass , brush or similar materials . They were often incorporated into various types of traps ; for example , a camouflaged pit into which a man might fall ( it would then be a trou de loup ) . Sometimes a pit would be dug with punji sticks in the sides pointing " downward " at an angle . A soldier stepping into the pit would find it impossible to remove his leg without doing severe damage , and injuries might be incurred by the simple act of falling forward while one ' s leg is in a narrow , vertical , stake - lined pit . Such pits would require time and care to dig the soldier ' s leg out , immobilizing the unit longer than if the foot were simply pierced , in which case the victim could be evacuated by stretcher or fireman ' s carry if necessary . Punji sticks were sometimes deployed in the preparation of an ambush . In the preparation of these stakes , the stake itself would be sharpened and , in some cases , rubbed with toxic plants , frogs or even feces , to cause infections in the wounded enemy . Soldiers lying in wait for the enemy to pass would deploy punji sticks in the areas where the surprised enemy might be expected to take cover , thus , soldiers diving for cover would impale themselves . The point of penetration was usually in the foot or lower leg area . Punji sticks were not necessarily meant to kill the person who stepped on it ; rather , they were designed to wound the enemy and slow or halt his unit while the victim was evacuated to a medical facility . Vietnam War . In the Vietnam War , the Viet Cong would also use this method to force the wounded soldier to be transported by helicopter to a medical hospital for treatment , which was viewed as being more damaging to the enemy ' s cause than death . Punji sticks were also used in Vietnam to complement various defenses , such as barbed wire . Etymology . The term first appeared in the English language in 1870s , after the British Indian Army encountered the sticks in their border conflicts against the Kachin s of north east Burma ( and it is from their language that term is derived ) .
Camp Watson Camp Watson , was a military camp first established by Oregon Volunteers in 1864 , near Mitchell , Oregon , on Rock Creek , on the headwaters of John Day River . It was palisaded and had several log buildings built by the Volunteers to protect the Dalles to Canyon City wagon route from Snake Indians at the beginning of the Snake War . It was abandoned in 1869 following the end of the Snake War .
4th ( Westphalian ) Cuirassiers " von Driesen " The 4th ( Westphalian ) Cuirassiers “ von Driesen ” were a heavy cavalry regiment of the Royal Prussian Army . The regiment was formed in 1717 . The regiment fought in the Silesian Wars , the War of the Sixth Coalition , the Austro - Prussian War , the Franco - Prussian War and World War I . The regiment was disbanded in 1919 .
Gepard - class frigate The Russian Gepard ( " Cheetah " ) class frigate s ( Project 1166 . 1 ) were intended as successors to the earlier " Koni " , " Grisha " , and " Parchim " - class corvette s . The first unit of the class , " Yastreb " ( " Hawk " ) , was laid down at the Zelenodol ' sk Zavod shipyard at Tatarstan in 1991 . She was launched in July 1993 , after which she began fitting out ; fitting was nearly completed by late 1995 , when it was suspended due to lack of funds . Renamed " Tatarstan " , the ship was finally completed in July 2002 , and became the flagship of the Caspian Flotilla . She has two sister ships , the " Albatros " ( renamed Dagestan ) , and the " Burevestnik " ( " Storm Petrel " ) , which was still under construction . These vessels are capable of employing their weapons systems in conditions up to Sea State 5 . The hull and superstructure are constructed primarily of steel , with some aluminum - magnesium being used in the upper superstructure . They are equipped with fin stabilizers and twin rudders , and can use either gas turbines or diesel for propulsion in a CODOG configuration . Export models . The " Gepard " - class was designed from the outset as a lightweight , inexpensive export vessel . The Russians have offered five variants for foreign sale . The Vietnam People ' s Navy received in March and August 2011 two Gepard 3 . 9 class frigates ordered in 2006 , built in Russia at Tatarstan ' s Gorky Shipbuilding Plant . Vietnam was examining a purchase of two more , possibly built in Vietnam under license .