naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
First Servile War The First Servile War of 135 – 132 BC was an unsuccessful rebellion of slaves against the Roman Republic . The war was prompted by slave revolts in Enna on the island of Sicily . It was led by Eunus , a former slave claiming to be a prophet , and Cleon , a Cilician who became Eunus ' s military commander . After some minor battles won by the slaves , a larger Roman army arrived in Sicily and defeated the rebels . Origins . The uprising was mostly caused by great changes in the ownership of land in Sicily following the final expulsion of the Carthaginians during the Second Punic War . Speculators from Italy rushed into the island and bought up large tracts of land at a low price , or became the occupiers of estates which had belonged to Sicilians of the Carthaginian party and had been forfeited to Rome after the execution or flight of their owners . The Sicilians of the Roman party also became rich out of the distress of their countrymen . An over - abundance of slaves caused them to be ill - fed by their masters , and they soon began to provide for themselves by robbery . The poorer Sicilians were the sufferers . Several decades of increasing tension finally broke out into war . Servile War . The chief of the slaves had at one time two hundred thousand men and women as his followers , probably including children . He was a Syrian named Eunus , and he had been a prophet and conjurer among the slaves . While still a slave his master employed him as an entertainer at symposia . He would put on a sleight - of - hand magic show that included breathing fire . During the performance he kept up a patter — thought humorous by his listeners — saying that Sicilian society would experience a role - reversal , in which his aristocratic audience would be killed or enslaved and he would become king . To those who gave him tips he promised that they would be spared once he came into his kingdom . During the revolt he did spare the lives of at least some of those individuals . Little is known about Eunus ' s actual participation in the war . Only his enemies left accounts of him , and they gave credit for his victories to his general , a Cilician named Cleon . But Eunus must have been a man of considerable ability to have maintained his leadership position throughout the war and to have commanded the services of those said to have been his superiors . Cleon fell in battle , and Eunus was captured , but he died before he could be punished . The war lasted from 135 until 132 BC . It was the first of a series of three slave revolts against the Roman Republic ; the last and the most famous was led by Spartacus .
Battle of Montichiari The Battle of Montichiari ( May 1373 ) , is one of the most important episodes of the war waged by the papal league led by Gregory XI against the Visconti of Milan , preparing the return of the pope to Rome . The aim of the pope was to reduce the power of the Ducate of Milan , traditional leaders of the Ghibellines , a constant threat on the territories of the Papal States .
4604th Support Squadron The 4604th Support Squadron ( Texas Towers ) is an inactive United States Air Force unit . It was last assigned to the 26th Air Division , Aerospace Defense Command , stationed at Otis Air Force Base , Massachusetts . It was inactivated on 1 July 1963 . The mission of the squadron was to provide logistical support to the Texas Tower radar stations located offshore in the Atlantic Ocean . The squadron was activated as the 4604th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron on 8 October 1956 by the 26th AD at Otis AFB . It was re - designated as the 4604th Support Squadron ( Texas Towers ) on 1 December 1956 . The squadron operated helicopters for personnel transport to and from the towers and Otis Air Force Base . It also coordinated with the Military Sea Transport Service the use of the and two smaller vessels for carrying cargo such as fuel oil , aviation gasoline , food and other material . It also was capable of transporting up to 76 personnel when necessary to and from the port of New Bedford . With the end of the Texas Tower project , the squadron was discontinued on 1 July 1963 .
Michel Arnaud Michel Arnaud ( 17 November 1915 – 1 August 1990 ) was a French Army general that distinguished himself in World War II , and for this was decorated with the Ordre de la Libération and made " Grand Officier de la Légion d ' honneur " . Biography . Son of a pharmacist , Arnaud was born on November 17 , 1915 in Bourg - en - Bresse . After studying in Dijon in the Lyceum Carnot , he opted for the military career and went in 1935 to the École Spéciale Militaire de Saint - Cyr , the foremost French military academy . Arnaud had chosen to enter in the colonial infantry , and when Charles de Gaulle issued the Appeal of June 18 in 1940 for resistance against the Axis , he was a lieutenant stationed at Faya - Largeau in Chad and attached to the Régiment de Tirailleurs Sénégalais du Tchad ( RTST ) , and on 26 August sided with de Gaulle , like all soldiers of the RTST . He participated to Philippe Leclerc ' s offensive against Italian positions in Libya , but was badly wounded near Kufra on 8 February 1941 , and sent to hospital first at Yaoundé and then at Beirut . In January 1942 he entered in the staff of General Georges Catroux , head of the Free French Forces in the Middle East , and was promoted Captain in June . In 1943 he was again put under the orders of Leclerc , and under his command was to remain till the end of the war . For his old wound till 1 December 1944 ; having after asked to return to field duty , he was assigned to the Régiment du March de Tchad ( RMT ) , the new name of the RTST . After 1945 , Arnaud took part to the First Indochina War , and in the 1960s was promoted first Colonel and then Brigade General . In 1969 Arnaud returned to Chad as commander of Opération Bison , a military operation that had to contain the menace represented to the Chadian government by the FROLINAT rebels ; but tensions with the Chadian President brought to his replacement just a few months after his arrival . After that , Arnaud held several other positions , until he was made Corps General in 1974 . He died on 1 August 1990 at Frejus , and is buried at Grenoble .
USNS Richard E . Byrd ( T - AKE - 4 ) USNS " Richard E . Byrd " ( T - AKE - 4 ) is a " Lewis and Clark " - class dry cargo ship in the United States Navy . She is the second United States Navy ship to be named after polar explorer Rear Admiral Richard E . Byrd ( 1888 – 1957 ) . The contract to build her was awarded to National Steel and Shipbuilding Company ( NASSCO ) of San Diego , California , on 18 July 2003 . She was launched from the building ways into the San Diego Bay on the evening of 15 May 2007 ; Bolling Byrd Clarke , Admiral Byrd ' s eldest daughter , broke the ceremonial bottle of champagne on the ship ' s bow to start the launch amid fireworks and fanfare . Construction continued until the U . S . Navy accepted her on 14 November 2007 . Additional construction work continued until she was delivered to Military Sealift Command ( MSC ) for crewing and placed in service on 8 January 2008 . She completed a fitting - out period as well multiple operational inspections and trials , including a full INSURV inspection on 27 March 2008 . A final period of modifications and design alterations was completed during a 70 - day availability before full fleet introduction on 25 July 2008 . The ship joined the Pacific Fleet and predominantly operates in the Far East and Indian Ocean operation areas . In May 2009 , " Richard E . Byrd " was identified to conduct Pacific Partnership 2009 as a last minute replacement for the USS " Dubuque " ( LPD - 8 ) , which was sidelined due to an outbreak of H1N1 virus . Pacific Partnership 2009 visited American Samoa , Tonga , New Caledonia , Kiribati ( Tarawa ) , and the Marshall Islands from June to September . In the few weeks after being selected , the ship was outfitted with a quick - designed Reverse Osmosis Unit to make sufficient clean water while loitering in the remote waters and additional logistical items were brought aboard . " Byrd " embarked PHIBRON2 and staff , several NGOs , and allied partners during an at - sea transfer from USNS " Amelia Earhart " ( T - AKE - 6 ) . This embarkation swelled the crew size to over 300 persons , requiring a USCG waiver . After completing the mission , the ship offloaded the embarked crew and Reverse Osmosis Unit and returned normal duties . One of those duties included providing Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief efforts to Padang , Indonesia , in October 2009 . In March 2011 during Operation Tomodachi , " Richard E . Byrd " embarked SA - 330J Puma helicopters airlifted hundreds of pallets of relief supplies to Preble and landing dock ships USS Harpers Ferry and USS Tortuga . " Byrd " completed 16 underway replenishment evolutions , delivering 210 , 000 gallons ( 800 m³ ) of fuel to Tomodachi - support ships .
Bombing range A bombing range is an area used for testing explosive ordnance and practicing to accurately direct them to the target . Bombing ranges are used for munition s that either explode or produce too much destruction to use at a shooting range , such as kinetic energy penetrator s or very large caliber bullet s . Bombing ranges are usually used by highly organized military organizations . Terrorists and rebels are likely to test weapons where most convenient and not use a strictly defined area because the explosion s attract attention and long - term safety is not a consideration . Bombing ranges pose several hazards , even when not in use or closed . Unexploded ordnance is often the biggest threat . Once a bombing range has been permanently closed , they are sometimes cleared of unexploded ordnance so that the land can be put to other use or to reduce the chance of accidental detonation causing harm to people near the range , trespassers or authorized personnel . Cleanup or complete cleanup may be put off indefinitely depending on the cost , the danger to personnel clearing the area , the land ' s potential use , the likelihood of an explosion being triggered and the probability of someone being around to trigger or be harmed by an explosion . The wreckage can also be hazardous . Bomb fragments and other wreckage can cause lacerations and puncture wounds if not removed before the land is put to other uses , such as farming or recreation , or if it is handled by curious trespassers or untrained salvagers . The fragments , wreckage and residues may also contain toxic substances or be radioactive . Exposure can come from direct contact , but it can also come offsite by the air , from surface or groundwater contamination or by the uptake of toxin s by plants and animals consumed by humans . Which route of exposure is most likely depends on the type of substances present , the proximity of inhabited areas and whether unauthorized personnel trespass on the range . Developing nation s and those in an economic crisis often have a haphazard salvage industry involved in legal and illegal activities . In these areas , bombing ranges are scoured for salvageable metals . Unusual items , sometimes the most dangerous , are made into trinkets . The danger is greatly increased when the materials are melted down or worked by hand , exposing workers to toxic fumes or radiation .
Erwin Jay Boydston Erwin J . Boydston ( April 22 , 1875 - May 19 , 1957 ) was a private serving in the United States Marine Corps during the Boxer Rebellion who received the Medal of Honor for bravery . Biography . Boydston was born April 22 , 1875 in Bailey , Colorado , and after entering the marine corps he was sent as an Private to China to fight in the Boxer Rebellion . While fighting the enemy in Peking , China from July 21 - August 17 , 1900 he assisted in the erection of barricades under heavy enemy fire and for his action received the Medal of Honor . He died September 26 , 1957 in Honolulu , Hawaii and is buried there in National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific . His grave can be found in section G - 703 . Medal of Honor citation . Rank and organization : Private , U . S . Marine Corps . Born : 22 April 1875 , Deer Creek , Colo . Accredited to : California . G . O . No . : 55 , 19 July 1901 . Citation : In the presence of the enemy at Peking , China , 21 July to 17 August 1900 . Under a heavy fire from the enemy during this period , Boydston assisted in the erection of barricades .
Oliver Swann Air Vice Marshal Sir Oliver Swann KCB , CBE , RAF ( 18 November 1878 – 7 March 1948 ) , born Oliver Schwann , was a leading figure in the Royal Naval Air Service and senior commander in the Royal Air Force during the first half of the 20th century . Early naval aviation . In 1910 Schwann was selected to assist Captain Murray Sueter who was conducting pioneering naval aviation work with airships . Later , Schwann bought an Avro Type D landplane ( at his own expense with support from friends ) for £700 and fitted floats to it . Despite not having qualified as a pilot , Schwann managed to fly it off the water . Although Schwann crashed the aircraft , this was the first aircraft take off by a British pilot from salt water . In November 1912 , after Schwann had qualified as a pilot , he was appointed Assistant Director of the Air Department at the Admiralty , making him deputy to Murray Sueter . Over the next two years Sueter and Schwann worked to establish the Royal Naval Air Service . World War I . In 1914 , just prior to the outbreak of World War I , Schwann was promoted to captain and assigned to port duties . The following year he was appointed captain of the aircraft carrier HMS Campania , a former Cunard liner that had been converted to carry a dozen aircraft . Later in the war , Schwann served as Officer Commanding the Orkneys Division . In 1917 Oliver Schwann anglicized the spelling of his name to Swann . With the establishment of the Royal Air Force in early 1918 , Swann was transferred to the new service . He served as Deputy Chief of the Air Staff during the last months of the war and into 1919 . Inter - war years . In April 1919 Swann was appointed Air Officer Commanding the Mediterranean District and the following year his command was redesignated as the Mediterranean Group . On 1 June 1920 , Swann was posted to become Air Officer Commanding Egyptian Group . On his return to Great Britain in early 1923 , Swann became Director of Personnel . Later that year his post was retitled Air Member for Personnel when Swann became a member of the Air Council with responsibility for personnel matters . Swann did not spend long at home . On 27 November 1923 Swann was appointed Air Officer Commanding RAF Middle East . He held this post until late 1926 and he retired from the RAF in 1929 . World War II . During World War II , Swann was recalled to service as the Commandant of No . 1 School of Technical Training at RAF Halton . He retired from the RAF for the second time in July 1940 and afterwards worked as the Air Liaison Officer for the North Midland Region . Swann died only three years after the end of World War II on 7 March 1948 at his home in Littleton , Guildford .
300th Sustainment Brigade ( United States ) The 300th Sustainment Brigade is a Major Subordinate Command ( MSC ) of the 4th Expeditionary Sustainment Command ( ESC ) and one of only eight of its kind in the Army Reserve . This unit is one of the latest additions in the Army Transformation process for the 4th ESC , and manage a peacetime downtrace that has command and control of approximately 3 , 500 Army Reservists located throughout the Texas area , and its Soldiers support diverse missions that are logistical in nature . Mission . The 300th Sustainment Brigade mission is to plan , coordinate , synchronize , monitor , and control Logistics Operations within an assigned area of responsibility . The Brigade also coordinates Host Nation Support ( HNS ) and contracting , as well as providing support to joint , interagency , and multinational forces as directed . History . The 300th Sustainment Brigade ' s history began on June 26 , 1945 as the 300th Transportation Group . The unit activated on June 29 , 1945 in France , and was inactivated in France on November 22 , 1945 . The 300th was redesignated as the 300th Transportation Corps Service Group on December 2 , 1946 and allotted to the Organized Reserves . On December 12 , 1946 the unit was activated in Baltimore , Maryland . During that timeframe , the Organized Reserves became the Army Reserve on July 9 , 1952 . The unit inactivated on August 29 , and during inactivation was redesignated as the 300th Transportation Group on April 3 , 1959 . The unit changed locations several more times to include Fort George Meade , Maryland on November 1 , 1960 ; Andrew Air Force Base , Maryland on May 20 , 1964 ; and Butler , Pennsylvania on January 31 , 1968 . The 300th moved from Butler , Pennsylvania on September 18 , 2009 where it was redesignated and activated as the first Army Reserve Sustainment Command in the state of Texas . An activation ceremony was held on April 19 , 2008 in Grand Prairie at the Armed Forces Reserve Complex .
Thomas Gamble Pitcher Thomas Gamble Pitcher ( October 23 , 1824 – October 21 , 1895 ) was a career American soldier who served as the Superintendent of the United States Military Academy from 1866 until 1870 . Pitcher was born at Rockport , Indiana , a son of Judge John Pitcher , who loaned his law books to young Abraham Lincoln . He graduated from West Point in 1845 . During the Mexican War , he won the brevet rank of first lieutenant . He was promoted to captain in 1858 . During the Civil War , Pitcher participated in the defense of Harpers Ferry in June 1862 , where he and his men were among the thousands of Union soldiers who surrendered to Stonewall Jackson . After being released and exchanged , he served in the Virginia campaign until the battle of Cedar Mountain ( August 9 , 1862 ) , where he was severely wounded . He was then brevetted major in the regular army , and three months later was commissioned brigadier general of volunteers , but saw no further active service . On March 13 , 1865 , he was brevetted lieutenant colonel , colonel , and brigadier general in the regular army . On July 28 , 1866 , Pitcher was commissioned as the colonel of the 44th U . S . Infantry . From 1866 to 1870 he was superintendent of the United States Military Academy , and from 1870 until 1877 was superintendent of the New York Soldiers and Sailors Home . He is buried in Arlington National Cemetery , along with his sons , Lt . Col . John Pitcher ( also a West Point graduate , class of 1876 ) and Col . William L . Pitcher .
Citizens ' Military Training Camp Citizens ' Military Training Camps ( CMTC ) were military training programs of the United States . Held annually each summer during the years 1921 to 1940 , the CMTC camps differed from National Guard and Reserve s training in that the program allowed male citizens to obtain basic military training without an obligation to call - up for active duty . The CMTC were authorized by the National Defense Act of 1920 as a compromise that rejected universal military training . Plattsburgh camps . The CMTC was a continuation of the " Plattsburgh camps " , a volunteer pre - enlistment training program organized by private citizens before the U . S . entry into World War I . The camps were set up and funded by the Preparedness Movement , a group of influential pro - Allied Americans . They recognized that the standing U . S . Army was far too small to affect the war and would have to expand immensely if the U . S . went to war . The Movement established the camps to train additional potential Army officers during the summers of 1915 and 1916 . The largest and best known was near Plattsburgh , New York . 40 , 000 men ( all college graduates ) attended the Plattsburgh camp and other sites . They became physically fit , learned to march and shoot , and ultimately provided the cadre of a wartime officer corps . Enlistees were required to pay their own expenses . Suggestions by labor unions that talented working - class youth be invited to Plattsburgh were ignored . These camps were formalized under the Military Training Camps Association , which in 1917 launched a monthly magazine , " National Service " . ( In 1922 , the magazine was acquired by and folded into the " The American Army and Navy Journal , and Gazette of the Regular , National Guard and Reserve Forces " . ) CMTC . CMTC camps were a month in length and held at about 50 Army posts nationally . At their peak in 1928 and 1929 , about 40 , 000 men received training , but as a whole the camps were a disappointment at their multiplicity of stated goals , but particularly in the commissioning of Reserve officers . The program established that participants could receive a reserve commission as a second lieutenant by completing four successive summer courses ( titled Basic , White , Red , and Blue ) , but only 5 , 000 such commissions were awarded over the 20 - year history of the CMTC . Apparently , no records exist that document total participation , but it is estimated that 400 , 000 men had at least one summer of training . Among known participants were Harry S . Truman , Ronald Reagan , Robert Penn Warren , Walter S . McIlhenny , Chuck Yeager , and William Guarnere .
W76 The W76 is a United States thermonuclear warhead . It was manufactured from 1978 - 1987 , and is still in service . The W - 76 is carried inside a Mk - 4 re - entry vehicle . U . S . Trident I and Trident II Submarine Launched Ballistic Missile s may carry W76 warheads as one warhead option , along with W88 warheads in the Trident II . The dimensions of the W76 and Mk - 4 reentry vehicle which carries it are not known ; only the warhead ' s weight of 362 pounds ( 164 kg ) has been disclosed . The W76 has a yield of 100 ton . The upgraded W76 - 1 / Mk4A will be used in both American and British submarines . Extensions to the service lives for 800 of the warheads was approved by the US government in 2000 , then later increased to 2 , 000 . The project is scheduled for completion in 2018 . The warhead is currently the most numerous weapon in the US nuclear arsenal .
XM1156 Precision Guidance Kit The XM1156 Precision Guidance Kit is a U . S . Army program to develop a precision guidance system for existing 155 mm artillery shell s . The prime contractor is Alliant Techsystems and the industry team includes Interstate Electronics Corporation . Overview . In operation the PGK will screw into the nose of the projectile much like the existing fuze . However as well as the fuzing function it will provide a GPS guidance package and control surface s to correct the flight of the shell . This is analogous to the addition of a Joint Direct Attack Munition ( JDAM ) tail - kit to a dumb iron bomb , creating a precision guided munition . If the shell does not land within 150 meters of its target , it deactivates itself and does not explode . The system began production in 2009 , and was expected to be in service by 2010 . Fielding is now expected to begin in spring 2013 . Export . On 8 August 2013 , Australia requested the sale of 4 , 002 M1156 Precision Guidance Kits with training and associated equipment for $ 54 million .