naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Walter Bestmann Walter Bestmann was an Oberführer ( Senior Leader / Brigadier General ) in the Waffen SS during World War II who was awarded the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross . This was awarded to recognize extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership by Nazi Germany during World War II . Early life . Walter Bestmann was born on the 2 October 1907 in Luebeck . He was one of the early volunteers to join the SS ( SS service number 20 . 135 ) , NSDAP ( Party Number 307 , 449 ) and was selected to become an officer promoted to Untersturmführer ( Second Lieutenant ) in August 1933 . World War II . In September 1939 he was in command of the 4th ( MG ) ( Machine Gun ) Company , LSSAH ( Leibestandarte 1st Division SS - Adolf Hitler ) for the Polish Campaign and was then given command of the III . Battalion , 1st SS Infantry Regiment , in the newly formed SS " Totenkopf " Division for the Battle of France . He participated in the invasion of the Soviet Union ( Operation Barbarossa ) , in 1941 where he was awarded the Knight ' s Cross in September 1941 while in command of the 3rd SS Reconnaissance Battalion , SS " Totenkopf " . In September 1942 , Walter Bestmann was promoted to Sturmbannführer ( Storm Unit Leader / Major ) and given command of the 10th SS Panzer Regiment , 10th SS Panzer Division " Frundsberg " until September 1943 when he took over as the commander of the SS - Junkerschule at Klagenfurt until the end of the war . Post war . Walter Bestmann survived the war and died on the 17 June 1958 in Lübeck .
E . C . Singer E . C . Singer was an American engineer ( and the nephew of Isaac Singer , inventor of the sewing machine ) who worked on secret projects for the benefit of the Confederate States of America during the Civil War and who invented the spar torpedo . Singer ' s torpedo was a large explosive device mounted on the tip of a long spar . It was detonated by means of a trigger mechanism adapted from a rifle lock ( see flintlock mechanism for a similar device ) . The spring - loaded trigger was detonated by means of a long cord attached to the attacking vessel . The attacking vessel rammed its target , embedding the barbed torpedo in its hull , then backed off . When the attacker reached the limit of the trigger cord , the torpedo was detonated .
USS Rescue ( 1861 ) USS " Rescue " ( 1861 ) was a small ( 111 - ton ) steamer commissioned by the Union Navy during the American Civil War . She served the navy during the blockade of ports and waterways of the Confederate States of America as an gunship and dispatch boat . After the war ’ s end , " Rescue " continued to serve the Navy , but this time as a tugboat and as a fireboat . Fitted out in Philadelphia in 1861 . " Rescue " , built for the builders account in 1861 by Harlan and Hollingsworth , Wilmington , Delaware , was purchased for the Navy on 21 August 1861 ; fitted out at Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ; and ordered to join the Potomac Flotilla . Civil War service . Potomac River patrol . Under the command of Lt . H . S . Newcomb , " Rescue " joined the flotilla prior to mid - September and took up station near Alexandria , Virginia . By the 18th , she had shifted to the Mathias Point - Popes Creek area where she seized the schooner " Harford " and her cargo of wheat and tobacco . On 11 October , the gunboat , with and , captured and burned the schooner " Martha Washington " which had been awaiting Confederate troops in Quantico ( Dumfries ) Creek . Ten days later , she returned to Mathias Point to engage enemy batteries there . A week of courier duty followed ; and , on the 28th , she was detached from the Potomac Flotilla and ordered to the Rappahannock River for duty in the North Atlantic Blockading Squadron . Assigned to the North Atlantic blockade . On 6 November she captured and burned the schooner " Ada " at Corrotman Creek and , on the 8th , seized the ammunition storage ship " Urbana " . At midmonth she was ordered to Hampton Roads , Virginia , where she assumed tug and patrol duties which took her into 1862 . In October 1862 she moved up to Washington , D . C . for repairs , after which she got underway for Port Royal , South Carolina , and duty in Samuel Francis Du Pont ' s squadron , then blockading Charleston , South Carolina . " Rescue " arrived at Port Royal early in November . Through the summer of 1863 , she performed tug and patrol duties in the anchorage area and in September shifted to Charleston . In October she returned to Port Royal to continue tug and patrol duties there until June 1864 when she was ordered to Baltimore , Maryland , for repairs . On 2 September , she departed Baltimore and shortly thereafter resumed duty with the Potomac Flotilla . Stationed in the St . Mary ' s area , " Rescue " remained in the Potomac Flotilla through the end of the Civil War . Post - Civil War service . She then proceeded to Washington , D . C . , where for the next 24 years she served as a district craft , first as a tug , then as a fireboat . Declared unserviceable in 1889 , she was condemned and sold on 25 March 1891 .
South Atlantic Station The South Atlantic Station was a formation of the Royal Navy . It was formed from the former Cape of Good Hope Station . Although the South Atlantic and Pacific Station briefly existed in World War I , the South Atlantic Station had a more substantial existence during and after World War II having been created from the Africa Station . It covered the Atlantic Ocean south of a line drawn between the northern French West African ( now Mauritanian ) border and French Guiana and the Southern Ocean and Indian Ocean east of a line drawn south from the western entrance to the Magellan Strait and west of a line drawn south from the South African / Mozambican border . These responsibilities did not imply territorial claims but the navy would actively protect Britain ' s trading interests . The South Atlantic Station had bases at Freetown , Simonstown , and Port Stanley . It was absorbed into the Western Fleet in 1967 when that Command assumed responsibility for all ships " West of Suez " . HMS " Lynx " served as Admiral Talbot ' s flagship in the 1960s . She was the last ship remaining on the station and returned home after April 1967 and the abolishing of the CINCSASA post . Following 11 April 1967 a Senior British Naval Officer South Africa with the rank of Commodore remained , responsible to Commander - in - Chief Western Fleet , until February 1976 when the post was disestablished and HMS Afrikander closed . Commanders - in - Chief . Commanders - in - Chief have included : < br > Commander - in - Chief , South Atlantic and Pacific Commander - in - Chief , South Atlantic Commander - in - Chief , South Atlantic and South America
Tandem - charge A tandem - charge weapon is an explosive device or projectile that has two or more stages of detonation . It is effective against reactive armour , which is designed to protect an armoured vehicle ( mostly tanks ) against anti - tank munitions . The first stage of the weapon is typically a weak charge that either pierces the reactive armour of the target without detonating it leaving a channel through the reactive armour which the HEAT jet of the second warhead may pass unimpeded , or simply detonating the armourplate causing the timing of the counter - explosion to fail . The second detonation from the same projectile ( which defines it as a tandem charge ) attacks the same location as the first detonation where the reactive armour has been compromised . Since the regular armour plating is often the only defence remaining , the main charge ( second detonation ) has an increased likelihood of penetrating the armour . However , tandem - charges are useful only against ERA ( explosive reactive armour ) types of reactive armour , much less so against the non - explosive reactive armour ( NxRA ) types , since their inner liner is not explosive itself and thus not expended by the small forward warhead of tandem - charge attack . The PG - 7VR warhead for the RPG - 7 rocket launcher and the more modern RPG - 29 rocket are examples of tandem charges , but the technology is employed world - wide because they were designed in the Cold War era to counter the reactive armour that was a common feature on Soviet tanks . Examples of missiles that use tandem charges include the BGM - 71 TOW , FGM - 148 Javelin and the MBT LAW .
USS Scout ( SP - 114 ) The second USS " Scout " ( SP - 114 ) was an armed steamboat that served in the United States Navy as a patrol vessel in 1917 . " Scout " was built as a civilian pleasure craft in 1900 by the Herreshoff Manufacturing Company at Bristol , Rhode Island . The U . S . Navy acquired " Scout " from her owner , Mr . August Belmont of New York City , on 25 May 1917 for use as a patrol boat during World War I . She was commissioned on 25 June 1917 as USS " Scout " ( SP - 114 ) . Assigned to the 3rd Naval District , " Scout " served on patrol duty in the New York City area for five months . Apparently she was unsuitable for naval service , because the Navy returned her to her owner on 12 December 1917 .
German submarine U - 219 German submarine " U - 219 " was a Type XB submarine of the German " Kriegsmarine " during World War II . The U - boat was laid down on 31 May 1941 at the Germaniawerft yard at Kiel as ' werk ' 625 , launched on 6 October 1942 , and commissioned on 12 December 1942 under the command of " Korvettenkapitän " Walter Burghagen . Operational history . 1st patrol . It first ventured through the South Atlantic with the second " Monsun Gruppe " to the Indian Ocean in late 1943 , having first rounded the British Isles and headed in a southerly direction west of Ireland . Upon reaching Penang , this group of U - boats became part of 33rd U - boat Flotilla , which also comprised , , , , and . " U - 219 " s mission had been to lay mines off Cape Town and Colombo , but when the group ' s U - tanker was destroyed , " U - 219 " was required to take its place , refuelling the other submarines of the group at sea so they could return to Germany . Of this group , only " U - 510 " continued to Penang Island . " U - 219 " returned to France and was prepared for a transport mission at Bordeaux . 2nd patrol . On her next voyage east , " U - 219 " departed Bordeaux on 23 August 1944 with and , carrying two Japanese officers , and cargo which included uranium oxide , blueprints for advanced weapons and part of a consignment of twelve dismantled V - 2 rocket s for Japan shared with " U - 195 " . The boat was attacked five times by three Gruman Avenger s from the aircraft carrier USS " Tripoli " west southwest of the Cape Verde Islands on 28 September . One aircraft was shot down . Both " U - 219 " and " U - 195 " reached Batavia ( now Jakarta ) , in December 1944 . In Japanese service . Following Germany ' s surrender , " U - 219 " was seized by the Japanese at Djakarta on 8 May 1945 and on 15 July it was placed into service with the Imperial Japanese Navy as " I - 505 " . Eventually " U - 219 " , operating as " I - 505 " , was captured at Surabaya in August 1945 by the Royal Navy and scuttled in February 1946 by gunfire and depth charge s from the Dutch destroyer HMNS " Kortenser " at off the Sunda Strait .
Fort Laughlin Fort Laughlin was an Civil War redoubt , built in 1863 for the defense of Pittsburgh by the employees of Jones and Laughlin Iron Works , and named for James H . Laughlin . It was also known as " Fort McKinley " or " Fort Ormsby " . It was a circular earthwork on " Ormsby ' s Hill " , now part of Arlington Park on Arlington Avenue .
Morava Offensive The Morava Offensive Operation ( ) was undertaken by the Bulgarian First Army between 14 October 1915 and 9 November 1915 as part of the strategic offensive operation of Army Group Mackensen against Serbia in 1915 . Under the command of Lieutenant General Kliment Boyadzhiev the Bulgarians seized the fortified areas of Pirot , Niš and the valley of the river Morava . As a result the Serbian forces were compelled to retreat towards Kosovo . In the beginning due to the harsh weather and the tough terrain the Bulgarian advance was slow but despite the desperate resistance of the defenders , there was a Bulgarian breakthrough near Pirot in 10 days and the Serbs retreated to the Timok and the Bulgarian 1st Army chased them . The battle continued for 27 days and the Bulgarians penetrated up to 90 km deep into the enemy ' s territory . The Serbs lost 6 , 000 men ; 60 guns and huge amount of military equipment .
Neumi Leweni Neumi Leweni ( born 1957 ) is a Fijian Army officer and diplomat , who holds the rank of Lieutenant Colonel . He hails from the Lau Islands . He joined the Military in 1974 and by 2006 was one of two official spokesmen for the Military , the other being Lieutenant Colonel Orisi Rabukawaqa . In August 2007 , he resigned to take up a diplomatic post , as Military attaché to China . Mr Leweni has since rejoined the Military and is scheduled to return from his diplomatic posting in China to serve with the RFMF . Like other senior Military officers , Leweni was particularly outspoken in his opposition to certain policies and decisions of the Qarase government , including the early release from prison of persons convicted of offences relating to the Fiji coup of 2000 . He also took a vocal stand against the controversial Reconciliation , Tolerance , and Unity Bill , which proposed to establish a Commission to compensate victims and pardon perpetrators of the coup . This , said Leweni , would undermine the rule of law and the integrity of the Military , as the Army could then be required to readmit soldiers convicted of mutiny . As a spokesman , Leweni played a prominent role in the leadup and aftermath of the military coup of 5 December 2006 .
Serviola - class patrol boat The " Serviola " - class patrol boats were a series of patrol boats built in 1990 at the shipyard in Ferrol in the former Empresa Nacional Bazan ( now NAVANTIA ) for the Spanish Navy . They entered service in the Spanish Navy from October 1992 . Since then they have remained in the Galician port of Ferrol making most of their sailings along the Galician and Cantabrian coasts . They are designed to navigate at sea for long periods of time and sea conditions to rough seas without significant degradation of their capabilities . They have a flight deck that allows them to operate medium - sized helicopters , a sick bay with six beds and two rigid inflatable boats . There are currently four ships in service . On 3 May 2011 the Spanish patrol boat " Atalaya " entered waters around Gibraltar and ordered ships to leave the area . She met HMS " Scimitar " of the Royal Navy and left after about 90 minutes .
Council of Rotuma The Council of Rotuma is a municipal body on the island of Rotuma , a Fijian dependency . Owing to the unique character of Rotuma , the powers of this council are greater than those of other municipal bodies in Fiji and in some ways it approximates a legislative body , though it is in every way subordinate to the Parliament of Fiji . The Council consists of fourteen full members and three advisory members . Each of Rotuma ' s seven districts elects one representative to the Council ; the traditional Chief of each district is also a Council member " ex officio . " The advisory members , who have speaking rights but not voting rights , are the District Officer , the most senior Medical Officer , and the most senior Agricultural Officer , all of whom serve " ex officio " . The seven chiefs are chosen according to traditional custom . The election is usually for life , although the Fijian cabinet minister responsible for Rotuma may , at his or her own discretion , dismiss a chief and order the election of a new one . The seven elected representatives are elected for three year terms by resident Rotuman Islanders aged 21 and over . Candidacy is restricted to persons who are eligible to vote . The full members of the Council elect a Chairman from among themselves . In addition to his vote as a member of the Council , the Chairman has a casting vote in the event of a tie . The present Chairman is Terani Rigamoto . The Council is required to meet at least once every three months . The Chairman and nine other members constitute a quorum to do business . Special meetings may be called by the Chairman , on his own initiative or that of eight members of the Council . The Council has the following powers and responsibilities : Such regulations may provide for imprisonment of up to four months , or a fine of up to one hundred dollars , or both .
SM UB - 125 SM " UB - 125 " was a German Type UB III submarine or U - boat in the German Imperial Navy ( ) during World War I . She was commissioned into the German Imperial Navy on 18 May 1918 as SM " UB - 125 " . " UB - 125 " was surrendered 20 November 1918 in accordance with the requirements of the Armistice with Germany . Handed over to Japan , she served as " O 6 " in the Imperial Japanese Navy until 1921 when she was broken up in Kure . Construction . She was built by AG Weser of Bremen and following just under a year of construction , launched at Bremen on 16 April 1918 . " UB - 125 " was commissioned later the same year . Like all Type UB III submarines , " UB - 125 " carried 10 torpedoes and was armed with a deck gun . " UB - 125 " would carry a crew of up to 3 officer and 31 men and had a cruising range of . " UB - 125 " had a displacement of while surfaced and when submerged . Her engines enabled her to travel at when surfaced and when submerged .
339th Flight Test Squadron The 339th Flight Test Squadron is a United States Air Force unit based at Robins AFB , Georgia . It is part of the Warner Robins Air Logistics Center , with a mission to certify aircraft as worthy to return to service . The squadron is responsible for conducting flight tests on the C - 130 Hercules , the C - 5 Galaxy and F - 15 Eagle after program depot maintenance is completed . Along with their flight test responsibilities , the squadron also picks up and delivers aircraft including battle damaged aircraft to locations where they are needed or can be repaired . The squadron is also considered the subject matter experts for the plane ' s systems and many times their phone rings when Airmen around the world are having mechanical malfunctions and need to know how to fly or land safely . History . Operations . Combat in South and Southwest Pacific , c . 22 October 1942 – 8 August 1945 . Air defense in Japan , 1946 - 1958 . Combat in Korea , 27 June – 5 July 1950 . Tested possible modifications for various weapons systems , 1988 - .
Eduard Rubin Lieutenant Colonel Eduard Rubin was a Swiss firearm designer who is most notable for inventing the full metal jacket bullet in 1882 . His most famous cartridge was the 7 . 5×55mm Swiss . His fully copper clad bullets were also the inspiration for the full metal jacket bullets introduced in 1886 for the Lebel rifle . He served as director of the Swiss Federal Ammunition Factory and Research Center in Thun .
Northern Command ( Israel ) The Israeli Northern Command ( , " Pikud Tzafon " , often abbreviated to Patzan ) is the Israel Defense Forces regional command responsible for the northern front with Syria and Lebanon . History . During the wars in the 1960s and 70s , the Northern Command was in charge of the campaigns directed against Syria on the Golan Heights and the Lebanese border . During the 1970s and 80s , it mainly faced attacks from the PLO , which was driven to southern Lebanon following Black September . Beginning with the 1982 Lebanon War , the Northern Command faced attacks from Hezbollah , a Lebanese militant group founded in 1982 to fight the Israeli occupation of Southern Lebanon . During 2000 , the Northern Command completed its withdrawal from the Security Zone in southern Lebanon and was dispatched along the UN - sanctioned border . Although Israel ' s withdrawal from southern Lebanon has been met with UN approval , Hezbollah continues its attacks , mainly on the " Dov Mountain " area of Mount Hermon , an area occupied by Israel from Syria and which Hezbollah claims as Lebanese territory ( see " Shebaa farms " ) . Units . The Northern Command commands regional units from Mount Hermon in the Israeli - occupied Golan Heights , to Netanya , with a significant presence in the Galilee and the Golan Heights . On August 8 , 2006 , IDF Deputy Chief of Staff Moshe Kaplinsky was appointed to the Northern Command as " representative of the General Staff to the Northern Command , " in response to criticism by the government over the Command ' s handling of the conflict . This , in effect , made Kaplinsky the commander of the Northern Command , with the task of supervising the Ground Forces , Air Force and Navy in Southern Lebanon . Adam was replaced by Gadi Eisencott in October .
Shadow squadron Shadow squadrons are additional squadron numbers allocated to RAF training , Operational conversion , and Operational and Weapons evaluation units . Normally in peacetime these units are not tasked with combat roles , however UK planning for a major confrontation during the Cold War would have seen the tasking of the aircraft and pilots of these units in combat roles with the activation of the shadow designations . Shadow squadron activation would have seen for example the RAF ' s Hawk trainers flown by flight instructors and pilots from the Red Arrows in the point air defence role with guns and sidewinder missiles . With defence cuts and the disbanding of historic squadrons the " double number plating " of squadrons was a means of preserving the histories and lineages of such squadrons against the day that they could be revived .
HMS Exploit ( P167 ) HMS " Exploit " is an " Archer " - class ( or P2000 ) patrol and training vessel of the British Royal Navy , built in Woolston by , Vosper Thornycroft and commissioned in 1988 . She was originally ordered for the now defunct Royal Naval Auxiliary Service ( RNXS ) and had a distinctive black hull like other RNXS vessels . She is currently is attached to Birmingham University Royal Naval Unit ( URNU ) , that exists to provide training to undergraduate students in a wide range of naval skills and to provide opportunities for personal development . The ship ' s company consists of a permanent staff of the commanding officer , two senior rates and two junior rates , but can take up to twelve students with training officers usually embarked when conducting navigational training . Whilst at sea , students are able to put into practice navigation and seamanship skills they have learnt in the classroom during weekly training nights . These include chart planning , acting as Officer of the Watch , using the ship ' s radar and carrying out seamanship evolutions from anchoring to securing alongside . Instruction is given in engineering , firefighting , damage control and ship handling . ' Sea weekend ' training is usually limited to visiting UK coastal ports but recent Easter and Summer deployments have included visits to France , Holland , Belgium , and the Channel Islands . The ship is based in Penarth Marina , Cardiff .
Chikadibia Isaac Obiakor Lieutenant General Chikadibia Obiakor ( born 18 February 1951 in Nigeria ) currently serves as United Nations Military Adviser for Peacekeeping Operations . Previously , he was the Force Commander of the United Nations Mission in Liberia ( UNMIL ) , a position UN Secretary - General Kofi Annan appointed him to in January 2006 . Lieutenant General Obiakor started his military career with the Nigerian Army in 1973 . He has served as the Commander of the Economic Community of West African States Monitoring Group ( ECOMOG ) Artillery Brigade in Liberia ( 1996 and 1997 ) , the ECOMOG Chief Coordinator of the Liberian elections in July 1997 , and as the General Officer Commanding , Second Mechanized Division of the Nigerian Army . He also held the position of Chief of Administration of the Nigerian Army , in charge of the welfare , discipline and medical services for all Nigerian military personnel . Lieutenant General Obiakor is a graduate of the National War College in Abuja . He obtained a Master of Science degree in strategic studies from the University of Ibadan in Nigeria and has participated in numerous international military courses .