naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
A - A line The Arkhangelsk - Astrakhan line , or A - A line for short , was the military goal of Operation Barbarossa . It is also known as the Volga - Arkhangelsk line , as well as ( more rarely ) the Volga - Arkhangelsk - Astrakhan line . It was first mentioned on 18 December 1940 in Führer Directive 21 ( " Fall Barbarossa " ) which enunciated the set goals and conditions of the German invasion of the Soviet Union , describing the attainment of the " general line Volga - Archangelsk " as its overall military objective . It had its origins in an earlier military study carried out by Erich Marcks called the " Operation Draft East " , but also known as the " Marcks Plan " . This report advocated the occupation of ' Russia ' ( as it insisted on calling the Soviet Union ) up to the line " Arkhangelsk - Gorky - Rostov " in order to prevent it from being a threat to Germany in the future and protect it from enemy bombers . The hypothetical A - A line was to stretch from the port city of Arkhangelsk on the White Sea in northern Russia along the confluence of the Volga river to the port city of Astrakhan at the mouth of the Volga on the Caspian Sea . Germany ' s invasion of the Soviet Union failed to secure any of these objectives . The majority of the Red Army was to be defeated in a quick military campaign before the onset of winter to the west of the line . The German Wehrmacht assumed that the majority of the Soviet military supplies and the main part of the food and population potential of the Soviet Union existed in the lands that lay to the west of the proposed A - A line . If the line were reached , it would also be deprived of around 86 % of its petroleum requirements ( oil territories in the Caucasus ) . The demarcation of the A - A line as the end - goal of military hostilities was specifically chosen by the military planners because a complete destruction of the entire Soviet Union in a single military campaign was considered an operational impossibility in view of its geographic dimensions . The remaining Soviet industrial centers further eastward were to be destroyed by aerial bombardment , for which an entire " Luftflotte " ( " air fleet " ; equivalent in status to an army group ) was to be assigned .
George H . Wells George H . Wells ( September 1 , 1833 – February 1 , 1905 ) was a Northern - born officer in the Army of the Confederate States of America and an attorney and Democratic politician in Lake Charles , Louisiana . Biography . Wells was born in Schenectady , New York , to Joel Wells and the former Susan Bellows . He was educated in the Schenectady public schools . During the American Civil War , Wells enlisted as a private in Company G of the Eleventh Louisiana Infantry . He was promoted to Sergeant Major and then lieutenant . He joined Shelly ' s Battalion when the Eleventh Infantry was mustered out . He then united with the Houston Battalion as a major . Wells was twice married . In May 1861 , Wells wed the former Ellen C . Lewis of Rapides Parish in central Louisiana . The marriage produced five daughters and two sons . He later married the former Jessie Barden of Lake Charles , the seat of Calcasieu Parish in southwestern Louisiana , where he resided for the majority of his adult life . Prior to the Civil War , Wells served as district attorney in Catahoula Parish in eastern Louisiana . After the war , he settled in Lake Charles to practice law . In 1878 , he was elected to the Louisiana State Senate from the district composed of Calcasieu , Cameron , Vermilion , and St . Mary parishes . He served only until 1880 . Two senators then represented the four parishes , one being the later Governor and U . S . Senator Murphy J . Foster , the grandfather of future Louisiana Republican Governor Murphy J . " Mike " Foster , Jr . , of St . Mary Parish . Wells was a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church . He was also a Mason and a district deputy grand master of the lodge . He died in Lake Charles and is interred there in Orange Grove Cemetery .
Aleksandr Kosmodemyansky Aleksandr Anatolyevich Kosmodemyansky ( ; July 27 , 1925 - April 13 , 1945 ) was a first lieutenant and a hero of the Soviet Union , who was bestowed this title posthumously after having fallen during World War II at the Vierbrüderkrug Inn , in the Kaporner Heath near Metgethen , just west of Königsberg , East Prussia , Germany . He was the brother of Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya . The settlement of imeni Alexandra Kosmodemyanskogo in Kaliningrad Oblast was renamed after him in 1956 .
Levi Shoemaker Levi Shoemaker ( June 25 , 1840 – 1917 ) was a Union Army soldier during the American Civil War who received the U . S . military ' s highest decoration , the Medal of Honor . Military service . Shoemaker volunteered for service in the Union Army and was assigned as a sergeant to Company A of the 1st West Virginia Volunteer Cavalry Regiment . He received the Medal of Honor for capturing the flag of the 22nd Virginia Cavalry in battle at Nineveh , Virginia , on November 12 , 1864 . Another 1st West Virginia Cavalry soldier , Private James F . Adams , also received the medal for capturing a Confederate flag during the skirmish . Medal of Honor citation . For The President of the United States of America , in the name of Congress , takes pleasure in presenting the Medal of Honor to Sergeant Levi Shoemaker , United States Army , for extraordinary heroism on 12 November 1864 , while serving with Company A , 1st West Virginia Cavalry , in action at Nineveh , Virginia , for capture of flag of 22d Virginia Cavalry ( Confederate States of America ) . General Orders : Date of Issue : November 26 , 1864 Action Date : November 12 , 1864 Service : Army Rank : Sergeant Company : Company A Division : 1st West Virginia Cavalry
STU - II The STU - II is a secure telephone developed by the U . S . National Security Agency . It permitted up to six users to have secure communications , on a time - shared ( e . g . : rotating ) basis . It was made by ITT Defense Communications , Nutley , New Jersey . An OEM partner was Northern Telecom . According to information on display in 2005 at the NSA ' s National Cryptologic Museum , the STU - II was in use from the 1980s to the present . It uses the linear predictive coding algorithm LPC - 10 at 2 . 4 kilobits / second to digitize voice , and the " Key Distribution Center " ( KDC ) for key management . The display also stated that the STU - II B is the standard narrow band secure telephone . STU - II replaced the STU - I , KY - 3 and the Navajo I . The last was a secure telephone in a briefcase , of which 110 were built in the 1980s for use by senior government officials when traveling . The Navaho I also used LPC - 10 . Some 10 000 STU - II units were produced .
Fernando Tamagnini de Abreu e Silva Fernando Tamagnini de Abreu e Silva ( 13 May 1856 in Tomar , Portugal – 24 November 1924 in Lisbon , Portugal ) was a cavalry officer and general of the Portuguese Army . As a general , from January 1917 to August 25 , 1918 , Tamagnini was the commander of the Portuguese Expeditionary Corps ( CEP ) , a 55 , 000 men army corps that fought with the Allies in the Western Front , during World War I .
Adachi clan The Adachi clan ( 安達氏 ) is a family of samurai who are said to have been descended from Fujiwara no Yamakage . Their historical significance derives from their successes during the Genpei War and their subsequent affiliation with the Hōjō clan . Important figures of the clan are :
Charles François d ' Angennes , Marquis de Maintenon Charles François d ’ Angennes , Marquis de Maintenon ( December 5 , 1648 – before April 2 , 1691 ) was a French nobleman who became a buccaneer in the Caribbean and who sold his castle and title to Madame de Maintenon . He was the son of Louis d ’ Angennes de Rochefort de Salvert , Marquis de Maintenon et de Meslay , and Marie Le Clerc du Tremblay , and as oldest son , he inherited the title of " Marquis de Maintenon " . He chose not to follow in the footsteps of his ancestors and joined the Navy in 1669 . In 1670 , Charles d ' Angennes sold his title to Françoise d ' Aubigné , who later married King Louis XIV of France . He arrived in the same year in the Caribbean on " La Sybille " , of which he took command in 1672 after the death of its captain . He joined the expedition against Curaçao and attacked British ships near Saint - Domingue . He returned to France in 1673 but sailed again to the Caribbean in 1674 . In October 1675 he left Nantes as commander of the " Fontaine d ' Or " , ( 24 cannons ) . < br > End 1676 , he gathered a fleet of 10 ships with 800 buccaneers and attacked Isla Margarita and Cumaná . He became Governor of the island of Marie - Galante ( 1679 – 1686 ) . < br > In 1681 he obtained the monopoly of the trade between Venezuela and France and hunted down his former buccaneer allies on the French Navy ship " La Sorcière " . < br > After 1686 he lived in Martinique with his family where he died in 1691 . He married Catherine Girauld de Poincy and had 4 children .
Sgouros Bova Spata Sgouros Bova Spata ( also " Zgur " ; 1400 - 1403 † ) was the Lord of Arta briefly in 1400 , and the Lord of Angelokastron from 1401 until his death in 1403 , during warfare in a civil war . Life . According to a Greek monastic chronicle from the Panteleimon monastery at Ioannina , " " October 29 , on Wednesday ( 1400 ) , Despot Spatas enters Eternity ( dies ) . Immediately afterwards , his brother Sgouros holds Arta . After some days , the Serb - Albanian - Bulgarian - Vlach Vonko attacked and expelled Sgouros , and started to round up all the chieftains / elders and imprisoned them in the fort , and he destroyed their possessions . " " By the end of 1401 , Vonko had been driven out from Arta . Sgouros did not retain the town , instead his nephew Maurice Spata took over Arta and Sgouros took over Angelokastron . The Spata family was involved in a civil war , in which Carlo I Tocco joined as an ally , and obtained several fortresses . Sgouros died from wounds suffered in the civil war in 1403 . Sgouros was succeeded by his son Paul , who became an Ottoman vassal and was aided with a contingent that was defeated by Tocco in 1406 , after the latter had turned on the offensive , Angelokastron was ceded to the Turks and Paul retired to Naupaktos , however he sold it in 1407 to the Republic of Venice . Because of Paul ' s withdrawal , Maurice Spata and Tocco divided Aetolia and Acarnania between themselves . In 1408 , Tocco holds Angelokastron .
Kuum Ni Airport Kuum - Ni is an airport near Kuŭm - ni ( Kuŭp - ri ) , in Tongchon , Kangwon - do province , North Korea . Facilities . The airfield has a single concrete runway 06 / 24 measuring 8150 x 130 feet ( 2484 x 40 m ) . It has a full length parallel taxiway , and several taxiways extending southwest to dispersed aircraft aprons and shelters carved out of a nearby hill .
Shotwick Castle Shotwick Castle is a Norman medieval fortification near the village of Saughall , Cheshire , England . Construction began in the late 11th century . Its purpose was to control a crossing point on the River Dee between England and Wales . The site is a scheduled monument . No masonry features remain above ground except for earthwork s . History . Hugh Lupus , 1st Earl of Chester had a castle constructed at Shotwick about 1093 . It was sited atop a promontory that had steep - sided river banks formed from two water courses that flowed - at this point - into the River Dee . The castle had an earthen hexagonal motte with an outer bailey . It also had two large defensive ditches ( wide and deep ) that became flooded at high tide . The castle ' s main purpose was to control movements across a tidal ford that once existed at this point on the original course of the river . ( In the 18th century the River Dee was diverted to the south along a man - made canalised section ) . The Earls of Chester , such as Ranulf de Blondeville , had paid for the upkeep of the defences during the 12th and early 13th centuries . Both Henry II and Henry III stayed at the castle during their campaigns against the Welsh . In 1237 Shotwick was one of several castles belonging to the Earldom of Chester that were acquired by the The Crown following the death of John , 7th Earl of Chester . As the Anglo - Scottish magnate died childless , his sisters were obliged to cede some of his estates and properties to Henry III . In September 1284 Edward I visited the Royal Castle on his way to Flint Castle from Chester Castle following the conclusion of the second Welsh campaign . However with the end of military action in Wales , the castle lost its strategic importance . By 1327 , the land around Shotwick was emparked as a royal deer park for Edward III who used the castle as a hunting lodge . Some parts of the outer bailey and ditches were redeveloped as landscaped gardens and ponds . When the Black Prince visited in 1353 it was not even garrisoned and was being referred to as a manor not a castle . Last major repairs were documented in 1371 . The area ' s landscaping was a rough contemporary to Bodiam Castle , East Sussex , which was completed in 1384 . Shotwick Castle was in ruins by the 17th century in what had become Shotwick Park . Archeology . In 1876 a local schoolmaster called Williams made a partial excavation of the castle site , finding glazed pottery , a spur and fragments of deer horns . There is little left of the castle today , other than a few earthworks . A survey of the earthworks in the 1990s showed evidence that it had become a country house with ornamental gardens in the late medieval period .
252nd Battalion ( Lindsay ) , CEF The 252nd ( Lindsay ) Battalion , CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War . Based in Lindsay , Ontario , the unit began recruiting in the autumn of 1916 in Victoria and Haliburton . After sailing to England in June 1917 , the battalion was absorbed into the 6th Reserve Battalion , CEF upon arrival . The 252nd ( Lindsay ) Battalion , CEF had two Officer Commanding : Major G . J . Thomson and Lieut - Col . J . J . Glass .
Lockheed Martin X - 55 The Lockheed Martin X - 55 Advanced Composite Cargo Aircraft ( ACCA ) is an experimental twin jet engined transport aircraft . It is intended to demonstrate new cargo - carrier capabilities using advanced composites . A project of the United States Air Force ' s Air Force Research Laboratory , it was built by the international aerospace company Lockheed Martin , at its Advanced Development Programs ( " Skunk Works " ) facility in Palmdale , California . Design and development . The X - 55 is a one - off aircraft intended to demonstrate the use of advanced composite materials in the fuselage of an otherwise conventional high - wing transport aircraft . There are no plans to place the X - 55 into production . Lockheed Martin ' s design for Advanced Composite Cargo Aircraft ( ACCA ) was chosen over Aurora Flight Sciences ' design based on the An - 72 in 2007 . The aircraft is powered by 2 Pratt & Whitney PW306B turbofans . The X - 55 design is based on the existing Fairchild Dornier 328JET . The fuselage of that aircraft , which is constructed of aluminum alloys , was replaced aft of the entrance door with a newly designed fuselage . The new design makes extensive use of advanced composite materials , selected to allow out - of - autoclave curing at lower temperatures and pressures than previous materials . The new widened fuselage allows the loading of cargo through a rear ramp . The new fuselage section is constructed as a single large component , including the vertical stabilizer . When attached to the existing nose section , the fuselage is 55 feet ( 16 . 8 m ) long and 9 feet ( 2 . 74 m ) diameter . The fuselage has upper and lower halves , each with a roughly - oval shape similar to a canoe . The halves are bonded to circular frames . The fuselage section ahead of the entrance door consists of the existing ( metal ) 328J component , with fasteners used to bring the forward and new aft sections together . As of April 2008 , the fuselage was being fabricated . The first flight of the modified aircraft was expected during the winter of 2008 / 2009 . However , due to a " glitch " during fabricating the composite fuselage , that schedule slipped . The delay was caused by an unsatisfactory bond of the skin on the lower fuselage , which required a second fuselage to be fabricated . The first flight was completed at Lockheed Martin ' s Advanced Development Programs facility ( Air Force Plant 42 ) in Palmdale , California on June 2 , 2009 by the Air Force Research Laboratory in conjunction with Lockheed Martin . In October 2009 , the ACCA demonstrator was designated " X - 55A " by the USAF . Over the course of the program , 15 to 20 flights were expected . Furthermore , it was estimated that the vehicle was built for half the cost of a conventional design for a similar aircraft .
123rd Outram ' s Rifles The 123rd Outram ' s Rifles was an infantry regiment of the British Indian Army . History . It traced its origins to the 12th Regiment of Bombay Native Infantry , part of the British East India Company ' s Bombay Army . It fought in the Battle of Khadki on 5 November 1817 in the Third Anglo - Maratha War and became the regiment ' s 1st Battalion in 1820 . It was made a separate regiment in 1824 , titled the 23rd Regiment of Bombay Native Infantry . The regiment took part in the First Anglo - Afghan War in 1839 and was renamed as the 23rd Regiment of Bombay Native Light Infantry in 1841 . Just before the Indian Mutiny began in 1857 , the 23rd took part in the Anglo - Persian War between 1856 - 1857 . During the Indian Mutiny , the regiment remained loyal , like nearly all of the Bombay Army . The regiment took part in the Second Anglo - Afghan War from 1879 and the Third Anglo - Burmese War from 1885 to the end of the war in 1887 . It dropped " native " from its title in 1885 and was designated a rifle regiment in 1889 , to become the 23rd Regiment ( 2nd Rifle Regiment ) of Bombay Infantry . In the early 1900s the regiment saw service against Mohammed bin Abdullah ( known as the " Mad Mullah " to the British ) and his followers in British Somaliland , while a company was sent to Aden in 1903 . The 1900s also brought change to its title . It became the 23rd Bombay Rifles in 1901 and after the Kitchener reforms of the Indian Army , it became the 123rd Outram ' s Rifles in 1903 . The renaming was in honour of Lieutenant - General Sir James Outram who had served with the regiment as its first adjutant . First World War . The regiment raised further battalions during the course of the First World War , seeing extensive service in the Middle East , with some soldiers attached to other units . Many of the regiment ' s soldiers also saw service on the Western Front while attached to other units . After the Palestine campaign began in 1917 , the regiment joined the 234th Brigade , 75th Division . Outram ' s Rifles were involved in , among others , the Third Battle of Gaza , begun on 31 October 1917 , and the Megiddo Offensive in September 1918 . War came to an end in the Middle East with the signing of an Armistice with the Ottomans on 30 October 1918 . Post - War . After the war ended , the regiment was involved in efforts to quell an Arab rebellion that broke out in 1920 in the British Mandate of Iraq against the British administration . As part of the reforms of the Indian forces , Outram ' s Rifles were amalgamated in 1922 with five other regiments , including the 125th Napier ' s Rifles , to form the 6th Rajputana Rifles . The 123rd became the 4th Battalion ( Outram ' s ) .
United States Army Capabilities Integration Center The United States Army Capabilities Integration Center ( ARCIC ) is a U . S . Army agency tasked with integrating " warfighting capabilities into the force and among the military services and with other agencies " to include materiel , systems , training , and doctrine . ARCIC has a lead role in the integration of the army ' s BCT Modernization into the army .
Aleksandr Mikhailovich Rayevskiy Aleksandr Mikhailovich Rayevskiy ( , 30 August 1957 , Pastavy , Vitsebsk Voblast , Belarus - 30 August 2008 ) was a test pilot for the Russian military . While flying inside Russia and in Belarus , he has achieved 2300 hours of flight time , piloting various aircraft as the Su - 27 and the Mig - 29 , and has over 200 accident - free landings on top of aircraft carrier s . Due to his work as a test pilot and of his record , he was awarded the title of Hero of the Russian Federation . He died in a car accident .
Frederick John Knowles Corporal Frederick John Knowles ( born 1895 in Nairn , Moray , Scotland ; date of death unknown ) was a British World War I flying ace credited with seven aerial victories . List of aerial victories . See also Aerial victory standards of World War I Confirmed victories are numbered and listed chronologically . Unconfirmed victories are denoted by " u / c " and may or may not be listed by date .
André Cazeneuve André Cazeneuve ( died 1874 ) was a French soldier , a horse trainer in the Guard of Emperor Napoleon III with the rank of corporal . He was a member of the first French military mission to Japan in 1867 . He served as a cavalry instructor for the army of the Shogun , and introduced Arabian horse s in Japan . In 1868 the Boshin War broke out between the Shogun and the forces supporting the restoration of the Mikado ' s authority . The foreign powers in Japan , including France , declared neutrality in the conflict . Cazeneuve therefore resigned from the French army and entered the service of the Shogun , along with Jules Brunet . He was commissioned as a captain . Cazeneuve fought in the Battle of Hakodate , in command one of the four Shogunate regiments . He was severely wounded in the battle , but was brought back to Yokohama at the end of the conflict and transported to France . He returned to Japan in 1871 , where the new Meiji government employed him to supervise their military horse usage . He died in 1874 in Japan .
8 cm Luftminenwerfer M 15 The 8 cm Luftminenwerfer M 15 ( Pneumatic trench mortar ) was a light mortar used by Austria - Hungary in World War I . It was designed by the 58th Infantry Division and the first twenty were built in the division ' s workshops . Later production was contracted out to Vereinigte Elektrische Maschinen A . G . in Budapest . It used the breakable screw method to retain the bomb in place until the air pressure in the chamber was strong enough to break the screw . Grooves of different depths could be used to vary the range . It was sometimes referred to as the Roka - Halasz system .
Bombing of Bremen in World War II The Bombing of Bremen in World War II by the British Royal Air Force and US Eighth Air Force targeted strategic targets in the state Free Hanseatic City of Bremen , which had heavy anti - aircraft artillery but only 35 fighter aircraft in the area . In addition to Wesermünde / Bremerhaven , targets were also in Farge and Vegesack . Bremen also included concentration camp s such as Bremen - Farge and Bremen - Vegesack . The city of Bremen was captured in April 1945 . In June 1942 , Bremen was the target for the RAF ' s third " thousand bomber raid " . Notes and references . Bombing Of Bremen In World War Ii
Francisco Ximenes de Texada Francisco Ximenes de Texada was the 69th Prince and Grand Master of the Order of Malta from 1773 to 1775 . During his reign the order became unpopular mainly due to bankruptcy brought by his predecessor Pinto ' s lavish lifestyle . Ximenes ' reign was marked by an unsuccessful revolt of the priests .