naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Convention of Kanagawa On March 31 , 1854 , the or was concluded between Commodore Matthew C . Perry of the United States Navy and the Tokugawa shogunate . Treaty of Peace and Amity ( 1854 ) . The treaty opened the Japanese ports of Shimoda and Hakodate to United States trade and guaranteed the safety of shipwrecked U . S . sailors ; however , the treaty did not create a basis for establishing a permanent residence in these locations . The treaty did establish a foundation for the Americans to maintain a permanent consul in Shimoda . The arrival of the fleet would trigger the end of Japan ' s 200 year policy of seclusion ( Sakoku ) . Perry initially refused to deal with local Japanese officials and demanded to speak only with representatives of the Japanese Head of State . At the time , Shogun Tokugawa Ieyoshi was the de facto ruler of Japan ; for the Emperor to interact in any way with foreigners was out of the question . Perry concluded the treaty with representatives of the Shogun , led by plenipotentiary and the text was reluctantly endorsed subsequently by Emperor Komei . The Treaty was ratified on 21 February 1855 . Later treaties . The Kanagawa treaty was followed by the United States - Japan Treaty of Kanagawa , the " Harris Treaty " of 1858 , which allowed the establishment of foreign concessions , extraterritoriality for foreigners , and minimal import taxes for foreign goods . The Japanese chafed under the " unequal treaty system " which characterized Asian and western relations during this period . The Kanagawa treaty became a significant causative factor leading to serious internal conflicts within Japan — an upheaval which was only resolved in 1867 with the end of the Tokugawa shogunate and the beginning of the Meiji Restoration . Similar treaties were subsequently negotiated by the United Kingdom ( Anglo - Japanese Friendship Treaty , October 1854 ) , the Russians ( Treaty of Shimoda , 7 February 1855 ) , and the French ( Treaty of Amity and Commerce between France and Japan , 9 October 1858 ) . Kanagawa Treaty House . The Convention was negotiated and was then signed in a purpose - built house in Yokohama , Japan .
Ruby Bradley Colonel Ruby Bradley ( December 19 , 1907 – May 28 , 2002 ) was one of the most decorated women in United States military history . She was a native of Spencer , West Virginia but lived in Falls Church , Virginia , for 50 + years . Bradley entered the Army Nurse Corps as a surgical nurse in 1934 . She was serving at Camp John Hay in the Philippines when she was captured by Japanese forces three weeks after the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7 , 1941 . In 1943 , she was moved to the Santo Tomas Internment Camp in Manila . It was there that she and several other imprisoned nurses earned the title " Angels in Fatigues " from fellow captives . For the next several months , she provided medical help to the prisoners and sought to feed starving children by shoving food into her pockets whenever she could , often going hungry herself . As she lost weight , she used the room in her uniform for smuggling surgical equipment into the prisoner - of - war camp . At the camp she assisted in 230 operations and helped to deliver 13 children . When U . S . troops liberated the camp on February 3 , 1945 , Bradley weighed only . Bradley served in the Korean War as Chief Nurse for the 171st Evacuation Hospital before being named Chief Nurse for the Eighth Army in 1951 where she supervised over 500 Army nurses throughout Korea . It was there that she refused to leave until she had loaded the sick and wounded onto a plane while surrounded by 100 , 000 Chinese soldiers . She was able to jump aboard the plane just as her ambulance exploded from an enemy shell . She was promoted to the rank of colonel in 1958 and retired from the Army in 1963 . Her military record included 34 medals and citations of bravery , including two Legion of Merit medals , two Bronze stars , two Presidential Emblems , the World War II Victory Medal , and the United Nations Service Medal . She was the subject of a February 23 , 2000 " NBC Nightly News " report by Tom Brokaw about the forgotten heroes of the military . She was also the recipient of a memorial resolution drafted by Congressman Joe Baca of California , regarding her exemplary service to this nation after her death in 2002 .
Samuel G . Arnold Samuel Greene Arnold , Jr . ( April 12 , 1821February 14 , 1880 ) was a United States Senator from Rhode Island . Born in Providence , Rhode Island , he received his early education under private tutors , and graduated from Brown University in 1841 and , in 1845 , the law department of Harvard University , gaining admission to the bar that year . He was a lawyer and historian , and was trustee of Brown University from 1848 to 1880 . He married his cousin , Louisa Gindrat Arnold ( 1828 – 1905 ) , the daughter of his father ' s uncle , Richard J . Arnold ( 1796 – 1873 ) . Of Louisa he wrote that " . . . I have brought up my cousin for years to make her my wife , for I am so fastidious & particular on that matter that I knew I never should find a lady to suit me in all respects unless I educated her for the purpose . This is an original idea to be sure . . . " Career . Arnold was elected lieutenant governor of Rhode Island in 1852 and served as Acting Governor . In 1859 , He was elected an Associate Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences . He was a member of the peace commission held at Washington , D . C . in 1861 in an effort to devise means to prevent the impending war . In March 1861 Arnold was again elected Lieutenant - Governor after being nominated by the Constitutional Union and Democratic Conventions . Arnold was again elected Lieutenant - Governor in 1862 . During the Civil War he raised a company of light artillery which went to Washington D . C . and was mustered into the Union Army . He was elected as a Republican to the U . S . Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of James F . Simmons , and served from December 1 , 1862 , to March 4 , 1863 . After his time in the Senate he returned to historical research and was president of the Rhode Island Historical Society from 1868 to 1880 . Arnold died in Providence in 1880 ; interment was in Swan Point Cemetery . Theodore Francis Green , Samuel Arnold ' s grandnephew , was also a U . S . Senator from Rhode Island . Samuel Greene Arnold was the author of the 2 - volume " History of the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations " published in 1859 - 60 .
634th Radar Squadron The 634th Radar Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit . It was last assigned to the 20th Air Division , Aerospace Defense Command , stationed at Lake Charles Air Force Station , Louisiana . It was inactivated on 1 July 1974 . History . The unit was a General Surveillance Radar squadron providing for the air defense of the United States . It was first activated at McChord AFB , WA as an aircraft control squadron to operate the 505th Aircraft Control & Warning Group ' s Air Defense Control Center for the Provisional Northwestern Air Defense Sector . It soon moved to the Lashup radar site L - 31 at Everett , WA ( later Paine Field ) and added the detection and control mission as well . It was inactivated in the general reorganization of Air Defense Command ( ADC ) in February 1952 . It was soon reactivated and performed the same mission at the mobile site M - 118 at Burns AFS , OR . Became part of the Semi Automatic Ground Environment system in 1962 . Inactivated in 1970 . The Squadron was activated again in 1973 to replace Operating Location F of the 630th Radar Squadron at Lake Charles AFS as part of the Southern Air Defense System ( SADS ) . SADS had been established because of the inadequacy of the radar coverage to the south of the United States that had been dramatically illustrated whan a Cuban MiG - 17 went undetected before it landed at Homestead AFB , and two years later , an An - 24 similarly arrived unanounced at New Orleans International Airport . As a result , ADC established SADS with the squadron operating a manual control center at the Houston ARTCC and added radars to supplement the existing Federal Aviation Administration coverage in the area . However , the squadron was inactivated little more than a year later . Lineage . Assignments Stations
Taillefer Taillefer ( , meaning " hewer of iron " ) was the surname of a Norman " ioglere " ( translated as Juggler ) , whose exact name and place of birth are unknown ( sometimes his first name is given as " Ivo " ) . He travelled to England during the Norman conquest of England of 1066 , in the train of William the Conqueror . At the Battle of Hastings , Taillefer recited the " Chanson de Roland " to the Norman troops while juggling with his sword . An English soldier ran out to challenge him and was killed by Taillefer , who then charged the English lines and was engulfed . Strangely , Taillefer is not depicted , by name at least , on the Bayeux Tapestry . Wace mentions Taillefer in the " Roman de Rou " : The story of Taillefer is told by Geoffrey Gaimar , Henry of Huntingdon , William of Malmesbury and in the " Carmen de Hastingae Proelio " . The accounts differ , some mentioning only the juggling , some only the song , but have elements in common . The story was the subject of an 1816 ballad by the German poet Ludwig Uhland , set to music for soprano , tenor , baritone , eight - part chorus and orchestra by Richard Strauss in 1903 , Op . 52 . A version drawn from all the sources can be found in Winston Churchill ' s " A History of the English - Speaking Peoples " . Near the end of the third volume of his works , Robert Ripley mentions Taillefer under the heading " General Eisenhower , " pointing out the coincidences between the Allied general and the Norman knight . Taillefer debarked from the shore of Normandy where the Allies landed on D - Day in World War II . The Battle of Hastings was on 14 October 1066 , and Taillefer died on that day ; Eisenhower was born on 14 October 1890 ; and " Eisenhower " can be translated from German as " hewer of iron " .
Arthur Edwards ( clergyman ) Arthur Edwards ( 1834 – 1901 ) was an American clergyman and editor . Biography . Edwards was born at Norwalk , Ohio . He graduated from Ohio Wesleyan University in 1858 and entered the ministry in that same year . In the American Civil War , he served as chaplain of the First Michigan Infantry until after the Battle of Gettysburg . He participated in 18 battles all together and was offered a brevet rank of colonel . However , he resigned from the army and in 1864 , he became assistant editor of the " Northwestern Christian Advocate " of Chicago , Illinois . From 1872 until his death , he was the editor .
USS Indianapolis ( SSN - 697 ) The third USS " Indianapolis " ( SSN - 697 ) , a " Los Angeles " - class submarine , was the third ship of the United States Navy to be named for Indianapolis , Indiana . The contract to build her was awarded to the Electric Boat Division of General Dynamics Corporation in Groton , Connecticut , on 24 January 1972 and her keel was laid down on 19 October 1974 . She was launched on 30 July 1977 sponsored by Mrs . William G . Bray , and commissioned on 5 January 1980 , with Commander Harry P . Salmon , Jr . , in command . When the submarine " Indianapolis " was commissioned , many survivors of the cruiser " Indianapolis " were present for the official ceremony . A smaller group of survivors of the cruiser were also present when the " Indianapolis " was decommissioned and stricken from the Naval Vessel Register on 22 December 1998 and stored in Pearl Harbor until disposed of by submarine recycling . The last captain of the " Indianapolis " was William J . Toti , who also wrote the forward and afterward to Thomas Helm ' s " Ordeal by the Sea : The Tragedy of the U . S . S Indianapolis " . Because of Captain ' s Toti willingness to defend Captain Charles Butler McVay III who had been court - martialed for the sinking of the Portland class Cruiser in 1945 , Captain Toti has been held in high esteem by the survivors of the 1945 sinking .
Battle of Port Moresby The Battle of Port Moresby was an aerial battle fought between aircraft of the Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) , United States Army Air Force ( USAAF ) and aircraft of the Imperial Japanese Army and Imperial Japanese Navy between 3 February 1942 and 17 August 1943 over Port Moresby , Papua . At the start , the defenders consisted only of Australian Army anti - aircraft batteries and machine - guns but by late March had been strengthed by the arrival of Kittyhawk fighters from No . 75 Squadron RAAF . However , in just nine days they lost 11 aircraft and only the arrival of replacements enabled the unit to maintain ten serviceable machines . According to the Australian government : " On 31 March , the Australians were joined by the American 8th Bombardment Squadron with A - 24 bombers and for two weeks in May by six P - 39 Airacobras of the American 36th Pursuit Squadron . Despite the American assistance , the daily air battles over and around Port Moresby by 1 May had reduced No . 75 Squadron RAAF to just three airworthy machines . The American 35th , and the full 36th , Pursuit Squadrons arrived to relieve the Australian squadron . During their time in Port Moresby 75 Squadron had lost 21 aircraft and 12 pilots . The Battle of the Coral Sea , which was fought mostly in the waters south - east of Papua in early May , diverted a Japanese naval attack against Port Moresby and removed the immediate threat . However , by May 1942 the Japanese had established themselves in the arc of islands north and east of the island of New Guinea as well as in the region around Lae and Madang on the north coast of the mainland . "
19th Reserve Division ( German Empire ) The 19th Reserve Division ( " 19 . Reserve - Division " ) was a unit of the Imperial German Army in World War I . The division was formed on mobilization of the German Army in August 1914 as part of X Reserve Corps . The division was disbanded in 1919 during the demobilization of the German Army after World War I . The division was raised in the Prussian Province of Hanover , the Grand Duchy of Oldenburg , and the Duchy of Brunswick . Combat chronicle . The 19th Reserve Division began the war on the Western Front , participating in the opening German offensive which led to the Allied Great Retreat and ended with the First Battle of the Marne . Thereafter , the division remained in the line on the Aisne and in the Champagne . From May 1915 to March 1916 , the division fought in Upper Alsace . It then fought in the Battle of Verdun until July , when it went into the Argonne Forest . In October 1916 , it saw action in the later phases of the Battle of the Somme . In April 1917 , the division fought in the Second Battle of the Aisne , also known as the Third Battle of Champagne . In May , it was sent to the Eastern Front , and fought around Riga until September . It then returned to the Western Front , where it saw action in the Battle of Passchendaele . It was back in the trenchlines at Verdun from October 1917 to April 1918 . In August – September 1918 , the division faced the French and American Oise - Aisne Offensive . It remained in the line until war ' s end . Allied intelligence rated the division as first class . Order of battle on mobilization . The order of battle of the 19th Reserve Division on mobilization was as follows : Order of battle on March 8 , 1918 . The 19th Reserve Division was triangularized in September 1916 , sending the 37th Reserve Infantry Brigade headquarters and the 74th Reserve Infantry Regiment to the newly formed 213th Infantry Division . Over the course of the war , other changes took place , including the formation of artillery and signals commands and a pioneer battalion . The order of battle on March 8 , 1918 was as follows :
Alfredo Rodrigues Gaspar Alfredo Rodrigues Gaspar ( 8 December 1865 in Funchal – 1 December 1938 in Lisbon ) was a Portuguese military officer and politician . Rodrigues Gaspar was President of the Ministry ( Prime Minister ) of one of the many governments of the Portuguese First Republic .
General der Gebirgstruppe General der Gebirgstruppe ( Literally : General of the Mountain Troops ) was a rank of German Army General introduced by the Wehrmacht in 1940 . Mountain Infantry ( Gebirgsjäger ) Generals were identifiable by their edelweiss sleeve and cap insignia and the mountain cap ( bergmütze ) worn instead of the peaked cap of officers from other branches of the Wehrmacht . In October 1942 an order was issued that general officers should have gold piping around the crown of the cap to distinguish them more readily from other ranks . The rank was equivalent to the long established " General der Kavallerie " , " General der Artillerie " and " General der Infanterie " . The Wehrmacht also introduced " General der Panzertruppe " ( armoured troops ) , " General der Pioniere " ( engineers ) , " General der Fallschirmtruppe " ( parachute troops ) and " General der Nachrichtentruppe " ( communications troops ) .
HMNZS Wakakura ( P3555 ) HMNZS " Wakakura " ( P3555 ) was a " Moa " - class inshore patrol vessel of the Royal New Zealand Navy . It was commissioned in March 1985 for the Naval Volunteer Reserve . " Wakakura " was attached to the Wellington division of the Naval Volunteer Reserve from her commissioning until 2005 , when she returned to the fleet base in Auckland . " Wakakura " , in company with " Kiwi " , carried out farewell manoeuvres on 29 November 2007 , flying a paying - off pennant , in Waitemata Harbour prior to decommissioning on 11 December 2007 . " Wakakura " was the second ship of this name to serve in the New Zealand Navy . The first ship was the training minesweeper HMNZS " Wakakura " ( T00 ) ( 1926 – 1947 ) . " Wakakura " is a Māori word which could mean " precious canoe " or could mean " training boat " . As of 2013 HMNZS Wakakura ( P3555 ) remains tied up at Wellington ' s Queen ' s Wharf
61st Cavalry Regiment ( India ) The 61st Cavalry Regiment of the Indian Army is one of the three last remaining horsed cavalry army regiments anywhere in the world . History . When the British departed the shores of India in 1949 , the only horses left in the military stables were with the units of some of the Imperial Service ( state Forces ) troops in the armies of the Indian Princely States . Finally , on integration of the state forces into the Indian Army in 1951 the states ' horsed cavalry units were reorganized and reconstituted into the Gwalior Lancers , Jodhpur / Kachhawa horse , Mysore Lancers , and B Squadron , 2nd Patiala Lancers . During May 1953 , Army headquarters further decided to disband all these separate horsed cavalry units and to raise a single unit instead , and so on 1 October 1953 , the New Horsed Cavalry Regiment was raised at Gwalior , with Lt . Col . Phulel Singh of the Jammu and Kashmir State Forces as the first Commandant on 19 November 1953 . The Regiment was re - designated 61 Cavalry in January 1954 . Today , it is one of the few remaining unmechanised mounted cavalry regiments in the world , alongside the Household Cavalry Mounted Regiment and the 11th Cavalry Regiment of the Moscow Military District . Recruitment . The regiment recruits Rajput s , Marathas and Kaimkhani s in equal numbers . It was retained in the present form on Prime Minister Jawarharalal Nehru ' s instructions . Sports . As the regiment has a unique association with the horse , it has a rich polo playing tradition . The regiment has produced some of the country ' s most outstanding and inspired polo players . Ever since its raising , its personnel have won the Arjuna award – the country ' s highest award for outstanding sportsmen – four times for polo and five times for equestrian events . An officer and a gentleman . While off - duty , Capt . Manjinder Singh Bhinder of the regiment gave his and his family ' s lives up , saving over a 150 people on his personal initiative , in Delhi ' s Uphaar cinema fire tragedy in 1997 . A talented rider , he was out celebrating his success at a recent national games , with his family and a junior officer , when fire broke out in the movie hall they were at . Rushing out along with his family at first , realising the gravity of the unfolding tragedy , he and his people went back inside , and tried to set order and guide people out to safety .
Galway Castle Galway Castle was a castle located in Galway , County Galway , Ireland . Built in 1124 , by the King of Connacht , Tairrdelbach Ua Conchobair , known as Dún Bhun na Gaillimhe ( " Fort at the Mouth of the Gaillimh " ) . The castle was slighted in 1132 by Conor , King of Munster and in 1149 by Turlough O ' Brien , King of Munster . Richard de Burgh , Lord of Connaught captured the castle in 1232 and rebuilt the castle . The town of Galway was later fortified with a town wall and gates .
Tribal - class destroyer ( 1905 ) The Tribal or F class was a class of destroyer built for the Royal Navy . Twelve ships were built between 1905 and 1908 and all saw service during World War I , where they saw action in the North Sea and English Channel as part of the 6th Flotilla and Dover Patrol s . Design . The preceding River or E class destroyers of 1903 had made on the provided by triple expansion steam engines and coal - fired boilers . In November 1904 , the First Sea Lord " Jackie " Fisher proposed that the next class of destroyers should make at least and should use oil - fired boilers and steam turbines as a means of achieving this . This resulted in a larger ship to provide the required doubling of installed power over their predecessors , but also pushed the design to the limits of capability of contemporary technology . As a result , the Tribals were severely compromised and a somewhat retrograde step after the excellent River class ; they were lightly built and proved to be fragile in service . More alarmingly however , they were only provided with 90 tons of bunkerage , and with high fuel consumption resulting from the unheard of power of , they were very uneconomical and had a severely limited radius of action ; " Afridi " and " Amazon " once used 9 . 5 tons of oil each simply to raise steam for a three - mile ( 5 km ) return journey to a fuel depot . Design details were left to the individual builders , as was Royal Navy practice at the time for destroyers . As a result there was some heterogeneity of appearance , with the number of funnels varying from three to six in " Viking " ; the latter , with two single and two pairs of funnels becoming the only six - funneled destroyer ever built . With a light mainmast aft , they were the first British destroyers to have two masts . Armament was increased over the E class from four to five QF 12 pounder guns , with the number of torpedo es remaining at two 18 - inch ( 450 - mm ) tubes . From the sixth ship , " Saracen " , onwards , however , the armament was again increased , to a pair of BL guns , with one gun mounted on a small shelter deck forward and another on the quarterdeck . Ships . Five vessels were ordered and built under the 1905 - 06 Programme . Five more vessels were proposed , but only two were ordered and built under the 1906 - 07 Programme . A final five vessels were ordered and built under the 1907 - 08 Programme . Following the damage to " Nubian " and " Zulu " in October 1916 , it was proposed on 8 November 1916 that the two undamaged ' ends ' might be joined together , which was completed at Chatham Royal Dockyard 7 June 1917 by joining the undamaged fore section of " Zulu " and the rear section of " Nubian " respectively . The resulting destroyer was commissioned on 7 June 1917 as " Zubian " , which was sold for scrapping 1919 .