naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Fiat BGA The Fiat BGA ( " Bombardamento Genio Aeronautico " ) was an airplane designed by Aldo Guglielmetti of the Italian Air Force . It was built at Pisa by the Fiat subsidiary " Costruzioni Meccaniche Aeronautiche SA " ( CMASA ) , hence it was also called the CMASA BGA . It was not ordered into production and only one was built . Development . Designed by Aldo Guglielmetti to meet a 1934 Italian Air Force requirement for a medium bomber it first flew in 1936 powered by two Fiat A . 80 radial engines . It had a retractable tailwheel landing gear with the main gear retracting into the engine nacelles . It had twin elliptical fins and rudders and had a cut - down fuselage to the rear of a ventral and dorsal gun positions . It did nor perform well during testing and was removed from the contest with only the prototype being built .
Weaponeering Weaponeering is the field of designing an attack with weapon s . Weaponeering is a portmanteau of weapon and engineering . This term should not be confused with weapons engineering , which is the actual engineering design and development of weapon systems . The term weaponeering is also widely used in the designing and creating of weapons that do not exist , such as countries during World War II derived weapons of mass destruction , both conventional and non conventional . Weaponeering is a science and an art of making something out of nothing . An example of weaponeering , dated to March 1 , 2012 , could be the United States ' Magnetic Railgun engineers . Weaponeering can also be used to describe something that has been invented for non - weapon use , and weaponizing it . Many people can look at the design of the " Mag Lev " train , and say the railgun design has come from this . The same idea presents itself . But this is not to be confused with taking something that can already be known as a weapon ; for example , a chainsaw . Many people look at that and consider it a deadly object as is . But take for example , a design such as the Searles generator , or any work by Tesla . While they have been created , there has only been a small push toward weaponizing the technology due to the lack of resources required to improve upon it . The first weaponeering company to actually use the term instead of " defense " or " armaments " is " Black Corp " , based in Boston , Massachusetts . The Department of Defense of the United States defines the term as : ( DOD ) The process of determining the quantity of a specific type of lethal or nonlethal weapons required to achieve a specific level of damage to a given target , considering target vulnerability , weapon effect , munitions delivery accuracy , damage criteria , probability of kill , and weapon reliability .
German submarine U - 200 German submarine " U - 200 " was a Type IXD2 U - boat of the Nazi German " Kriegsmarine " during World War II . The submarine was laid down on 3 November 1941 at the AG Weser yard at Bremen as ' werk ' 1046 , launched on 10 August 1942 and commissioned on 22 December 1942 under the command of " Korvettenkapitän " Heinrich Schonder . After training with the 4th U - boat Flotilla at Stettin , the boat was transferred to the 12th U - boat Flotilla for front - line service from 1 June 1943 . She was sunk southwest of Iceland by depth charges from a British aircraft . Service History . " U - 200 " < nowiki > ' < / nowiki > s first and only operational war patrol began on 12 June 1943 . The new submarine departed Kiel and sailed north of the British Isles , through the ' gap ' between Iceland and the Faroe Islands and into the Atlantic Ocean . On 24 June 1943 the U - boat was located by the RAF and sunk with all hands in position by depth charges from a British Consolidated B - 24 Liberator of 120 Squadron . This was initially reported to be an attack on " U - 194 " which was sunk on the same day , but that submarine was sunk by aircraft of a different unit . All 68 souls aboard " U - 200 " , including seven members of the German ' Brandenburg ' special forces , were lost .
HMAS Gawler ( FCPB 212 ) HMAS " Gawler " ( FCPB 212 ) , named for the town of Gawler , South Australia was a " Fremantle " class patrol boat of the Royal Australian Navy ( RAN ) . Design and construction . Starting in the late 1960s , planning began for a new class of patrol boat to replace the " Attack " class , with designs calling for improved seakeeping capability , and updated weapons and equipment . The " Fremantle " s had a full load displacement of , were long overall , had a beam of , and a maximum draught of . Main propulsion machinery consisted of two MTU series 538 diesel engines , which supplied to the two propeller shafts . Exhaust was not expelled through a funnel , like most ships , but through vents below the waterline . The patrol boat could reach a maximum speed of , and had a maximum range of at . The ship ' s company consisted of 22 personnel . Each patrol boat was armed with a single 40 mm Bofors gun as main armament , supplemented by two . 50 cal Browning machineguns and an 81 - mm mortar , although the mortar was removed from all ships sometime after 1988 . The main weapon was originally to be two 30 - mm guns on a twin - mount , but the reconditioned Bofors were selected to keep costs down ; provision was made to install an updated weapon later in the class ' service life , but this did not eventuate . " Gawler " was laid down by the North Queensland Engineers and Agents at Cairns , Queensland on 18 January 1982 . She was launched on 9 July 1983 , and commissioned into the RAN on 27 August 1983 . Fate . " Gawler " was decommissioned at HMAS " Coonawarra " on 8 July 2006 .
Alexander Boarman Alexander ' Aleck ' Boarman ( December 10 , 1839 – August 30 , 1916 ) was a United States federal judge appointed to the United States District Court for the Western District of Louisiana and United States Representative . He fought in the American Civil War for the Confederate States of America from 1861 – 1865 ; during the war he was promoted to the rank of captain . After the war , Boarman entered politics and was elected in 1866 as the mayor of Shreveport , Louisiana . As a member of the short - lived Liberal Republican Party , he served in Congress for one year . In 1881 , Boarman was named to the U . S . district court by Republican U . S . President James A . Garfield ; he held that position for the remaining thirty - five years of his life . Early life and military career . Boarman was born in 1839 in Yazoo City , Mississippi . He moved with his father , in 1845 , to Louisiana . He graduated in 1860 from the University of Kentucky at Lexington , Kentuckyk . When the American Civil War began , Boarman joined the Confederacy . His regiment became part of the Army of Northern Virginia . After one year of fighting , Boarman was promoted to the rank of captain in the Confederate States Army , which he held until 1865 . He served as the acting assistant Adjutant - General in the Battle of Winchester . Political career and later life . After the war ended , Boarman read law and became a lawyer , having been admitted to the bar in Louisiana in 1866 , he was elected that same year as the mayor of Shreveport in the northwestern corner of the state . From 1868 until 1872 , Boarman was city attorney for Shreveport . In 1872 , Boarman was nominated for the office of Secretary of State of Louisiana , but he lost the general election and then ran for Louisiana ' s 4th congressional district ' s vacant seat . He won the election and served as the U . S . Representative from 1872 to 1873 . Boarman was unsuccessful for renomination for his U . S . House seat . Afterward he became a judge to the 10th Judicial Circuit of Louisiana in 1877 , a position which he held until 1881 . On May 18 , 1881 , Boarman was confirmed by the United States Senate for a new seat on the District Court for the Western District of Louisiana , created by 21 Stat . 507 . It is unclear if he joined the Republican Party after the demise of the Liberal Republican or became a Democrat , as did many former Liberal Republicans at that time . Boarman kept this position until he died in 1916 , while he was visiting in Loon Lake in Franklin County in northern New York . He is interred at Oakland Cemetery in Shreveport .
Trocundus Flavius Appallius Illus Trocundus ( ; died 485 ) was a general of the Eastern Roman Empire , involved in the rise and fall of Emperor Basiliscus and the rebellion against Emperor Zeno . Trocundus was the brother of Illus , another Roman general , both from the region of Isauria . Biography . Support and betrayal of Basiliscus . In 475 , the Eastern Roman Emperor Zeno , successor of Emperor Leo I , was deposed by Basiliscus , the brother of Leo ' s widow Verina . Zeno , expelled from Constantinople , fled to the mountains of Isauria , his home country . Basiliscus sent to chase him two of his generals , the brothers Trocundus and Illus , who were both of Isaurian origin . They defeated the ex - Emperor in July 476 , and blocked him on a hill called " Constantinople " by local populations . While Illus and Trocundus besieged Zeno , Basiliscus was losing the support of the aristocracy and the Church in the capital because of his religious position ; he also lost Illus and Trocundus ' support , as he allowed the population of the capital to massacre all Isaurian who had not left the city with Zeno . Illus and Trocundus were instigated by the Senate of Constantinople to betray Basilisus . Since they had captured Zeno ' s brother , Longinus , and therefore they thought they could control Zeno . The two generals Isaurian therefore had every reason to accept the promises and gifts of their fellow former - Emperor . They decided to betray Basiliscus and march together to the forces of Zeno on Constantinople , where Basiliscus was deposed ( 476 ) and later killed . Rebellion against Zeno . During the reign of Zeno , the two brothers received many honours . Trocundus was consul in 482 , his brother was consul and " Patricius " . But , because of the hostility of Verina , the relationship between the Emperor and the two general degenerated . Illus and Trocundus left Constantinople for Asia Minor : here , in 483 or 484 , revolted against Zeno and acclaimed Emperor Leontius , a Syrian and an officer of high reputation . The rebels were defeated by the army of Zeno , formed by Romans and Ostrogoths led by Theodoric the Amal and John the Scythian ( then a consul ) , near Antioch . Leontius , Illus and Trocundus were forced to take refuge in the fortress of Papurius , where they were besieged by the army of Zeno . Trocundo tried to escape the blockade , in order to raise an army in opposition to Zeno , but was captured and killed . Leontius and Illus , ignoring the fate of the general , waited in Papurius for almost four years , but then were betrayed by the brother - in - law of Trocundus , who had been sent from Constantinople to that end , captured and beheaded ( 488 ) .
Siege of Córdoba ( 1013 ) The city of Córdoba in al - Andalus , under the rule of Umayyad Caliph Hisham II al - Hakam , was besieged , attacked , and finally conquered by forces under rival Umayyad claimant Sulayman ibn al - Hakam twice : from 1009 to 1010 and from 1010 to 1013 . Sulayman ' s victory , and the massacres and sacking that followed have been linked to the decline and end of Umayyad rule . Sulayman briefly ruled the city in 1010 , but was expelled . Caliph Hisham II al - Hakam was restored with Catalan assistance . From 1011 to 1013 , Suleiman ' s troops engaged in raids on the countryside as well as maintaining a blockade of Córdoba from a base at the Madinat az - Zahra . In April or May 1013 , Córdoba surrendered and was conquered . Historian Richard Fletcher reports that , " Sulayman ' s Berber followers , who had already wrecked the palace at Madinat az - Zahra , sacked and plundered the city . " During the fall of the city , Sulayman ' s troops looted Córdoba and massacred citizens of the city , including many Jews . Prominent Jews in Córdoba , such as Samuel ibn Naghrela were forced to flee to the city in 1013 .
Talbot Mercer Papineau Major Talbot Mercer Papineau , MC ( 25 March 1883 – 30 October 1917 ) was a lawyer and soldier from Quebec , Canada . Born in Montebello , Quebec , he was the son of Louis - Joseph Papineau ( grandson of the Patriote leader Louis - Joseph Papineau ) . However , Papineau was brought up a Protestant and had American roots . His mother , Caroline Rogers , was born in an influential family from Philadelphia . His upbringing was mainly in English . He was educated at the High School of Montreal and at McGill University . In 1905 , he was one of the first Canadians to receive a Rhodes Scholarship , and subsequently studied law at Brasenose College , Oxford . He also played ice hockey for the Oxford Canadians . Returning to Montreal in 1908 , he started practising law . In August 1914 , he enlisted with Princess Patricia ' s Canadian Light Infantry and was commissioned a lieutenant . Through an exchange in newspapers in 1916 he argued with his cousin , the anti - imperialist nationalist leader Henri Bourassa , over support for the war and the British Empire . Papineau ' s letter to Bourassa would eventually be published in " The Times " of London . He was awarded the Military Cross for his actions in Belgium and he eventually rose to the rank of major . He was hit by a shell and killed during the Battle of Passchendaele near Ypres on October 30 , 1917 . His body was never identified , and he is commemorated at Ypres ( Menin Gate ) Memorial . In 1937 his mother presented an award in his honour to be presented annually by the Debating Union of his alma mater , McGill University . He was one of the four Canadians featured in the book " Tapestry of War : A Private View of Canadians in the Great War " by Sandra Gwyn . Papineau was portrayed by Justin Trudeau in the CBC movie " The Great War " .
Arabic pledge The " Arabic " pledge was a promise made by the German Empire during World War I to limit unrestricted submarine warfare . On May 7 , 1915 , Imperial German Navy U - boat sank the off the coast of Ireland . The Germans attacked the " Lusitania " without warning and the ship went down within 18 minutes . 1198 people on board died . The passenger liner had departed from the port of New York City with many American citizens on board , 128 of whom were killed when the ship sank ( including a member of the famous Vanderbilt family ) . The U . S . government condemned the German action and U . S . President Woodrow Wilson protested this violation of the United States ' neutral rights and threatened to sever diplomatic relations with Germany . In spite of this incident , Germany continued unrestricted submarine warfare until after the " Arabic " incident . On August 19 , 1915 , the British passenger liner was torpedoed by a German U - boat . Approximately 40 passengers and crew were lost , including two Americans . Wilson again vigorously protested this attack . With the threat that the United States might join the war , the German government issued on September 18 , 1915 , what became known as the " " Arabic " pledge , " which stated that Germany would warn non - military ships 30 minutes before they sank them to make sure the passengers and crew got out safely . Germany broke this pledge on March 24 , 1916 , when a U - boat torpedoed the French ship " Sussex " . This led to the " Sussex " pledge .
Ulrich Grauert Ulrich Grauert ( 6 March 1889 – 15 May 1941 ) was a German World War II Luftwaffe general and recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross ( ) . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . Grauert was killed on 15 May 1941 when his Junkers Ju 52 " 7U + OM " was shot down by F / Lt Jerzy Jankiewicz , flying a Supermarine Spitfire II " P8130 " , and Sgt Wacław Giermer , flying a Spitfire II " P7786 " , from the No . 303 Polish Fighter Squadron near Saint - Omer on the French channel coast .
Hans Kirschstein Hans Kirschstein ( 5 August 1896 - 16 July 1918 ) , winner of the Pour le Merite , Royal House Order of Hohenzollern , and the Iron Cross , 1st and 2nd class , was a German lieutenant and World War I fighter ace credited with 27 aerial victories . Early life . Hans Kirschstein was born 5 August 1896 in Koblenz , in the Prussian kingdom of Germany . His father headed the provincial government . Hans joined the army as a combat engineer in the 3rd Pioneer Battalion in 1914 . He served in France and Galicia ; in the latter assignment , he contracted malaria in 1915 . He was invalided home to recuperate , returning to duty in December 1915 . Aerial service as bomber pilot . In February 1916 , he applied for transfer to aviation duty . His transfer was granted and he took pilot ' s training at Schliessheim in May 1916 . Upon graduation , he flew bombing raids for FA 19 . Some of these raids were among the earliest examples of air attacks upon tanks . He won an Iron Cross Second Class for his service . In 1917 , he continued his service as a two seater pilot , moving on to FA 256 , and from there to FA 3 . Duty as fighter pilot . See also Aerial victory standards of World War I He applied for transfer to fighter duty in early 1918 . He received fighter training and was assigned to a Prussian squadron , Jagdstaffel 6 on 13 March 1918 . He would become this squadron ' s leading ace . He scored his first victory on 18 March , flying a Fokker Dr . I in one of the great aerial battles of the war , in which the entirety of Manfred von Richthofen ' s fighter wing was committed to battle en masse . Kirschstein began by shooting down a Sopwith Camel . He scored twice more in March , on the 27th . He continued to score regularly ; on 15 May , he shot down a Sopwith Camel and two Bristol F . 2b s for his ninth , tenth , and eleventh triumphs . By the end of May , he was a triple ace , with 15 victories . In early June , Jasta 6 upgraded from Fokker Dr . I s to Fokker D . VII s . Kirschstein would fly two of the new airplanes , both entirely painted with black and white stripes as an optical illusion to confuse enemy aim . His Fokker Dr . I was handed on to Ernst Udet , who would be Germany ' s highest scoring ace to survive the war . He would fly them to 12 more victories in June , with his final win being his 27th on 24 June 1918 . He would also ascend to command of the Jasta on 10 June . He was awarded the Pour le Merite , Germany ' s highest award for valor in battle , on 24 June 1918 . Death by flying accident . On 16 July , Kirschstein flew one of his planes in for maintenance at the repair depot at Fismes . He was accompanied by a new pilot in his Jasta , Leutnant Johannes Markgraf , flying formation in a two seater Hannover CL . After leaving the Fokker , Kirschstein climbed into the rear seat of the Hannover for the return trip . Markgraf , who was unfamiliar with the Hannover , stalled it out at about 50 meters altitude on takeoff . The crash killed both men .
Zahir Uddin Ahmed Vice Admiral Zahir Uddin Ahmed , ( ND ) , ndc , psc ( born 1957 ) was Chief of Staff of the Bangladesh Navy . He was preceded by Vice Admiral Sarwar Jahan Nizam ndu , psc , BN and succeeded by Vice Admiral M Farid Habib , ndc , psc , BN Naval commands . As a successful navigator , Admiral Zahir commanded almost all kinds of ships and establishments during his long naval service . He was the first Commanding Officer of BN ' s modern frigate BNS Bangabandhu . He also commanded BN frigates BNS Umar Farooq , BNS Abu Bakar . He served as Commodore Commanding BN Flotilla ( COMBAN ) and as Commodore Commanding Chittagong ( COMCHIT ) to command BN fleet and Chittagong area command respectively . In addition he performed the duty of Commandant , Bangladesh Marine Academy and Director General of the Bangladesh Coast Guard . Zahir Uddin Ahmed appointed as Chief of the Naval Staff of Bangladesh Navy on 26 January 2009 and assume the office of the Chief of the Naval Staff on 29 January 2009 . He was promoted to the rank of Vice Admiral on 3 October 2009 . Recognition . Admiral Zahir received Chief of the Naval Staff ( CNS ) commendation for his remarkable performance in naval service . Personal life . Admiral Zahir is married to Shabnam Ahmed . They have a son and a daughter together .
White Paper on Defence The White Paper on Defence is a white paper of the Canadian government which was table d on March 26 , 1964 . The white paper was responsible under Paul Theodore Hellyer and Louis - Joseph - Lucien Cardin . It led to the unification of the Canadian military on February 1 , 1968 .
Henry George Lyons Colonel Sir Henry George Lyons FRS ( 11 October 1864 – 1944 ) was a geologist and director of the Science Museum in London . Henry Lyons was born in London , the son of General T . C . Lyons , CB . Lyons was educated at Wellington College and the Royal Military Academy , Woolwich and at the age of 18 was elected to the Geological Society . In 1884 , he was commissioned a Lieutenant in the Royal Engineers . He was posted to Cairo in 1890 . In 1892 he cleared and surveyed several Ancient Egyptian temples at Buhen . In 1896 , he married Helen Hardwick , a daughter of the London architect Philip Charles Hardwick ( 1822 – 1892 ) . In 1920 , with the retiring rank of colonel , Lyons became Director of the Science Museum . He introduced working models , exhibited new developments such as the aeroplane , cinema , radio , and gramophone . He also contributed the children ' s gallery .
USS St . Mary ' s River ( LSM ( R ) - 528 ) USS " St . Mary ' s River " ( LSM ( R ) - 528 ) was originally authorized as LSM - 528 . Reclassified LSM ( R ) - 528 on 21 April 1945 , she was laid down on 19 May 1945 at the Brown Shipbuilding Co . , Inc . , Houston , Texas , launched on 16 June 1945 , and commissioned on 2 September 1945 , Lieutenant Norman E . Wallin , USNR , in command . On 6 September , " LSM ( R ) - 528 " sailed for Galveston , Texas , arriving the next day . She sailed for Charleston , South Carolina , on 12 September . However , after two days at sea , she ran into a storm and was diverted to Naval Frontier Base , Burrwood , Louisiana . After the storm , " LSM ( R ) - 528 " resumed her voyage and arrived at Charleston on 21 September . While there , the ship had her rocket launchers and mortars installed . Departing Charleston on 12 October , " LSM ( R ) - 528 " sailed for Little Creek , VA , arriving on 14 October . After leave and upkeep , she began shakedown training on 15 October . Completing shakedown training on 15 November , she reported a week later to Commander LSM ( R ) Squadrons , Little Creek . On 29 November , she sailed for Green Cove Springs , FL , with orders to report for inactivation . " LSM ( R ) - 528 " was decommissioned in March 1946 . Named St . Mary ' s River on 1 October 1958 for the St . Marys River in northeast Indiana , she was struck from the Navy List on the same day . She was sold on 4 August 1959 to Fleet Storage Corp . Her name disappeared from mercantile list in 1989 .