naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
HMS Broadsword ( F88 ) HMS " Broadsword " was the lead ship and first Batch 1 unit of the Type 22 frigate s of the Royal Navy . Royal Navy Service . While on sea trials , " Broadsword " was called into service as the command ship during the large rescue operation required after storms struck the 1979 Fastnet race . " Broadsword " took part in the 1982 Falklands War where , on 25 May 1982 , she was providing air defence support to HMS " Coventry " . A technical fault in her Sea Wolf missile system allowed two Argentine Skyhawks to sink the " Coventry " . " Broadsword " was hit by one bomb , which bounced up through the helicopter deck and put out of action a Lynx helicopter , before exiting and exploding harmlessly . She subsequently rescued 170 of the sunken " Coventry ' s " crew . She shot down one IAI Dagger of FAA Grupo 6 & shared an A - 4C Skyhawk kill with HMS " Antelope " s Sea Cat , land - based Rapiers and Blowpipe SAM s . In 1993 " Broadsword " took part in the naval operation in support of Operation Grapple ( Yugoslavia ) , in the Adriatic Sea . Upon completion on 8 July 1993 , a fire broke out in the aft auxiliary machinery room . This resulted in the deaths of two on - watch engineers ; LMEM ( M ) Mark Hunt , age 30 , and MEM ( M ) Roy Ware , age 22 . She was decommissioned on 31 March 1995 and was sold to the Brazilian Navy on 30 June 1995 and renamed " Greenhalgh " .
Septemberprogramm The Septemberprogramm ( German for " September program " ) was a plan drafted by the German leadership in the early weeks of the First World War . It detailed Germany ' s ambitious gains should it win the war , as it expected . The plan was never officially adopted or put into practice , and was only discovered long after the war by historian Fritz Fischer , who concluded the expansionary goals were Germany ' s motives for going to war in the first place . That interpretation has been very controversial . The modern consensus is that it was more of a discussion document and not a formally - adopted government policy . Never in effect . The " September plan " was drafted by Kurt Riezler , a staffer in the Chancellor ' s office . It was a proposal that was under discussion but was strongly opposed by powerful political elements in Germany . It was never adopted and no movement of people was ever ordered . As historian Raffael Scheck concluded , " The government , finally , never committed itself to anything . It had ordered the September Program as an informal hearing in order to learn about the opinion of the economic and military elites . "
Thomas Snowden Thomas Snowden , born on August 12 , 1857 at Peekskill , New York , was appointed a Cadet Midshipman on June 25 , 1875 and graduated from the U . S . Naval Academy in 1879 . Navy career . He served in USS Vandalia ( 1876 ) , USS Standish ( 1864 ) , USS Monongahela ( 1862 ) , USS Dolphin ( PG - 24 ) , and USS Constellation ( 1854 ) . Snowden was assigned to the Hydrographic Office , U . S . Naval Observatory , U . S . Naval Academy , Naval War College , and the Office of Naval Intelligence . From 1902 to 1905 , he served as navigator of USS Illinois ( BB - 7 ) and then returned to Naval Intelligence before joining the Bureau of Equipment . Awarded the Navy Cross . Snowden returned to sea in 1908 and commanded USS Mayflower ( PY - 1 ) , USS South Carolina ( BB - 26 ) , and USS Wyoming ( BM - 10 ) . He was promoted to Rear Admiral in 1917 and , during World War I , served as Commander , Squadron 1 and Division 2 , Battleship Force , Atlantic Fleet . Admiral Snowden was awarded the Navy Cross for his service in World War I . Assigned as Military Governor . After serving with the Atlantic Fleet until 1919 , Snowden was assigned duty as the Military Governor of Santo Domingo , Dominican Republic with additional duty as Military Representative of the United States in Haiti . Retirement . Snowden was transferred to the Retired List on August 12 , 1921 and died on January 27 , 1930 .
Standing army A standing army is a professional permanent army . It is composed of full - time career soldier s and is not disbanded during times of peace . It differs from army reserves , who are enrolled for the long term , but activated only during wars or natural disaster s , and temporary armies , which are raised from the civilian population only during a war or threat of war and disbanded once the war or threat is over . Standing armies tend to be better equipped , better trained , and better prepared for emergencies , defensive deterrence and , particularly , wars . The term dates from approximately 1600 , although the phenomenon it describes is much older . The army of ancient Rome is considered to have been a standing army during much of the Imperial period and during some of the late republican period . The first ' modern ' standing armies in Europe were the Janissaries of the Ottoman Empire , formed in the fourteenth century AD . In western Europe the first standing army was established by Charles VII of France in the year 1445 . The Hungarian king Matthias Corvinus had a standing army from the 1460s called the Fekete Sereg , which was an unusually big army in its age , accomplishing a series of victories and capturing parts of Austria , Vienna ( 1485 ) and parts of Bohemia . The establishment of a standing army in Britain in 1685 by King James II and the later assumption of control over the British colonies in America by the British Army were controversial , leading to distrust of peacetime armies too much under the power of the head of state , versus civilian control of the military , resulting in tyranny . In his influential work " The Wealth of Nations " ( 1776 ) , economist Adam Smith comments that standing armies are a sign of modernizing society as modern warfare requires increased skill and discipline of regularly trained standing armies . Since the eighteenth century standing armies have been an integral part of the defense of the majority of more economically developed countries . In Great Britain , and the British Colonies in America , there was a sentiment of distrust of a standing army not under civilian control . In England , this led to the Bill of Rights 1689 , which reserves authority over a standing army to Parliament , not the King , and in the United States , led to the U . S . Constitution ( ) which reserves by virtue of " power of the purse " similar authority to Congress , instead of to the President . The President , however , retains " command " of the armed forces when they are raised , as commander - in - chief . In the course of this constitutional debate , Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts , arguing against a large standing army , compared it , memorably and mischievously , to a standing penis : Countries with no standing army . Countries with available military forces , but no standing army include Panama , Costa Rica , Mauritius , and Iceland . Additional countries lack any military force .
Roy E . Lindquist Roy Ernest Lindquist ( February 18 , 1907 — November 19 , 1986 ) was a highly decorated Major General of the United States Army . Lindquist was a veteran of Second World War , who is most noted for his leadership of 508th Parachute Infantry Regiment .
Watertown Air Force Station Watertown Air Force Station is a closed United States Air Force ADCOM General Surveillance Radar station south of Watertown , New York . Prior to the Air Defense squadron inactivating on 1 November 1979 , the station was reassigned to Tactical Air Command which maintained the Ground Air Transmitter Receiver until early 1984 ( now a firefighter training site ) . A New York State jail opened at the site . It was a part of the 21st RCC ( NORAD Regional Control Center ) a SAGE network , located at Stewart AFB . History . Lashup Radar Network site L - 6 was established in June 1950 at the Pine Camp military installation ( renamed Fort Drum in 1951 ) and operated by the 655th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron using an RCA AN / TPS - 10A Radar . After construction adjacent to Fort Drum in June 1952 , the operation moved to the Air Force Station , one of the first twenty - four Air Defense Command radar stations of the permanent network established 1950 - 1951 after the USAF directed construction of the sites in December 2 , 1948 . Watertown AFS used AN / FPS - 3 and AN / FPS - 5 radars for warning and ground - controlled interception . In 1958 this site was operating with AN / FPS - 20 search radar and General Electric AN / FPS - 6 Radar for height - finding . During 1959 Watertown AFS began providing Semi Automatic Ground Environment ( SAGE ) data to DC - 03 at Syracuse AFS , New York , and the squadron was re - designated as the 655th Radar Squadron ( SAGE ) on 1 February 1959 . In 1959 a 2nd AN / FPS - 6 was added and in 1961 , the FPS - 20 was upgraded to an AN / FPS - 66 . One height - finder radar was replaced by an Avco AN / FPS - 26 Radar in 1963 . In 1964 the AN / FPS - 66 was replaced by an Westinghouse AN / FPS - 27 Radar . The other AN / FPS - 6 height - finder radar was retired in 1964 . In addition to the main facility , the Watertown squadron operated two unmanned AN / FPS - 14 ( P - 49A ) and AN / FPS - 18 ( P - 49B ) Gap Filler sites : Air Force units and assignments . Units : Assignments :
German submarine U - 590 German submarine " U - 590 " was a Type VIIC U - boat of the Nazi German " Kriegsmarine " during World War II . She carried out five patrols , was a member of six wolfpack s , sank one ship of 5 , 228 GRT and damaged one other of 5 , 464 GRT . The boat was sunk by depth charge s from a US aircraft , in July 1943 . Service history . The submarine was laid down on 31 October 1940 at " Blohm & Voss " , Hamburg as ' werk ' 566 , launched on 6 August 1941 and commissioned on 2 October under the command of Heinrich Müller - Edzards . She served with the 6th U - boat Flotilla from 2 October 1941 for training and stayed with that organization for operations from 1 April 1942 until her loss . 1st and 2nd patrols . " U - 590 " s first patrol was from Kiel on 4 April 1942 . She headed for the Atlantic Ocean via the ' gap ' separating the Faroe and Shetland Islands . The boat arrived in St . Nazaire ( from where she would be based for the rest of her career ) , in occupied France on the 17th . Her second sortie was to mid - Atlantic but was relatively uneventful . 3rd patrol . " U - 590 " left St . Nazaire on 11 August 1942 for what was , at 106 days , her longest patrol . By the 28th she had still not left the Bay of Biscay . The boat headed west on 1 September . She steamed south , so that on 14 September she was off Western Sahara . She reached the most southerly point of the patrol ( off Sierra Leone and Liberia ) , on 9 October . The return journey saw her southeast of the Cape Verde Islands on 1 November . She returned to St . Nazaire without any success on 24 November . 4th patrol . The boat had left St . Nazaire on 31 January 1943 , but it was not until 11 March that she encountered and damaged the " Jamaica Producer " . Although believed sunk , the ship managed to reach port ; she was repaired and returned to service in May 1943 . This ship survived the war . Eleven days later ( 21 March ) , a crew member broke an arm in mid - Atlantic . 5th patrol and loss . The submarine sank the " Pelotaslóide " near the mouth of the Amazon in Brazil on 4 July 1943 . The ship had been waiting for tugs before entering Salinas . " U - 590 " was sunk by depth charges dropped from a US PBY Catalina amphibian on 9 July 1943 near the Amazon Estuary . Forty - five men died with " U - 590 " ; there were no survivors .
Israel Victor Welch Israel Victor Welch ( January 20 , 1822 – May 18 , 1869 ) was a Confederate politician during the American Civil War . Biography . Welch was born in Washington County , Alabama , and later moved to Mississippi . He served in the state legislature in 1858 and in the Confederate States Army . He represented the state in the First Confederate Congress and the Second Confederate Congress from 1862 to 1865 .
Arthur Chichester , 1st Baron Templemore Arthur Chichester , 1st Baron Templemore ( 8 January 1797 – 26 September 1837 ) was an Anglo - Irish soldier , politician and courtier . Chichester was born in Westminster , London , the eldest son of Lord Spencer Chichester , second son of Arthur Chichester , 1st Marquess of Donegall . His mother was Lady Anne Harriet Stewart , daughter of John Stewart , 7th Earl of Galloway . He was educated in England , matriculating at Brasenose College , Oxford in 1815 , and entered the British Army , serving with the 2nd Life Guards and eventually attaining the rank of Lieutenant Colonel in 1827 . In 1826 Chichester was elected Whig Member of Parliament for UK Parliament constituency , a seat he held for four years before becoming representative for UK Parliament constituency in 1830 . The following year , on the occasion of the coronation of William IV , he was raised to the peerage as Baron Templemore , of Templemore in the County of Donegal ( " Templemore " refers to the civil parish in the city of Derry , Northern Ireland ) . He was also made a Gentleman of the Bedchamber in 1835 , and in 1837 succeeded this appointment as a Lord in Waiting . Lord Templemore married Lady Augusta Paget , daughter of Henry Paget , 1st Marquess of Anglesey , in 1820 . They had five sons and two daughters . He died after a short illness aged 40 at his home of Coombe Bank , Kent , and was buried at nearby Sundridge . His wife outlived him by thirty - five years , dying in 1872 .
Center peel Center peel , or simply " peel " , is a type of retreat practiced by modern - day infantry . This particular tactic is specifically designed for situations where smaller groups of infantry withdraw from an engagement of a much larger force . In general terms , it is a sloped or diagonal retreat from the enemy . Definition . This tactic was designed with human psychology in mind . It begins with an infantry unit facing off with a larger force of enemies . Once the command is called , the soldiers implement a battle line formation facing into the enemy ' s midst . The soldiers then begin , or continue , to use suppressing fire to delay the enemy ' s attack and advance . Depending on the direction of the retreat , the second to last soldier on the farmost end , opposite the retreating direction , calls out , " Peel one " . Next , the infantryman next to him , on the end of the line , ceases fire , works his way behind the line towards the other side , takes a position one meter diagonally back from the farthest soldier on this side , and resumes suppressing fire . Then , the process repeats with the commands being simplified to " peel " , the " one " is only there to signify the actual start of the tactic , and continues until the party has safely disengaged the target . The slanting motion of the tactic gives the impression of increasing numbers of infantry joining the battle , a psychological move designed to deter the opposition . The slanting motion also has the benefit of keeping open one ' s field of fire . Retreating directly backwards would put the soldier too closely behind his own men , severely limiting their field of fire . In the Canadian Army , this technique is referred to as an , " Aussie peelback " . In the Australian Army this tactic is known as , " the tunnel of love " , and is often used as the first part of " break contact " drills for small reconnaissance and special forces patrols when encountering larger enemy forces . References in film and literature . The center peel tactic was demonstrated in the final gunfight of the 2003 movie , " Tears of the Sun " , where Lieutenant Waters ( Bruce Willis ) directs his men away from a significantly larger group of aggressive Nigerian troops .
SM U - 26 SM U - 26 was one of the 329 submarine s serving in the Imperial German Navy ( Kaiserliche Marine ) in World War I . U - 26 was engaged in the Naval warfare of World War I in the Baltic Sea . On October 11 , 1914 , she sank the Russian cruiser Pallada ( 1906 ) , inflicting the first loss of the war on the Russian navy . The boat did not return from sea in August 1915 and is assumed to have struck a mine off the coast of Finland , being lost with its entire crew of 30 .
MSA Carole - S MSA " Carole - S " was an auxiliary minesweeper operated by the Royal Australian Navy ( RAN ) . " Carole - S " was operated commercially as a fishing boat until she was chartered under the RAN ' s Craft of Opportunity Program for use as an auxiliary . " Carole - S " is still registered , as of 2012 , as a fishing vessel based out of Port Adelaide .
List of destroyers of the United States Navy This is a list of destroyers of the United States Navy , sorted by hull number . It includes all of the series DD , DL , DDG , DLG , and DLGN . CG - 47 " Ticonderoga " and CG - 48 " Yorktown " were approved as destroyers ( DDG - 47 and DDG - 48 ) and redesignated cruisers before being laid down ; it is uncertain whether CG - 49 " Vincennes " and CG - 50 " Valley Forge " were ever authorized as destroyers by the United States Congress ( though the fact that the DDG sequence resumes with DDG - 51 " Arleigh Burke " argues that they were ) . See also List of destroyer classes of the United States Navy . For destroyer escort s , see List of destroyer escorts of the United States Navy , and for destroyer minelayer s , see List of mine warfare vessels of the United States Navy .
Storm - class patrol boat The Storm class fast patrol boat s ( FPB ) were a class of 20 vessels built for the Royal Norwegian Navy . In Norwegian these boats were called " missilkanonbåter " ( MKB ) meaning boats with missiles and guns . They were operated by the Coastal Combat Flotilla together with the MTBs , or Missile Torpedo Boats . None of the boats are currently in service with the Royal Norwegian Navy . The design was Norwegian and all of the boats were built by Norwegian ship yards from 1965 to 1967 . The " Storm " class was designed by Lieutenant - commander ( later Captain ) Harald Henriksen . Same man was also involved in the design of the Rapp - class MTB ' s - the first Norwegian - built MTB ' s . Later he also designed the Snøgg - and Hauk - class MTB ' s . Lieutenant - commander Henriksen ' s wife , Margot Henriksen was godmother of the first KNM Skjold ( P 963 ) , delivered to the Norwegian navy in February 1966 from Westermoen yard in Mandal . Norway donated a Storm class each to Estonia and Lithuania and three to Latvia in 1995 . In the Lithuanian Navy , the exStorm class are designated the DZUKAS class , and in the Latvia Navy , the exStorms are were designated the Bulta class . Since the 1999 edition of " The World Defence Almanac " the Storm class has not been listed for the Estonian Navy . At the end of the 1990s two vessels were sold to Lithuania and three were sold to Latvia . A further three hulls may have been donated to each of the Baltic countries as spare parts . The prototype Storm , completed May 31 , 1963 , was later scrapped and replaced by a second boat taking the same name and pennant number P960 ; the last of the class completed in 1968 . After 1970 Penguin missiles were fitted to these boats in addition to the original armament . Currently the Lithuanian Navy operates two Storm class boats , P32 " Sėlis " ( transferred 2001 ) and P33 " Skalvis " ( transferred 2001 ) . Vessels . The vessels are listed with their pennant numbers in RNoN service :
USS Vision ( SP - 1114 ) The second USS " Vision " ( SP - 1114 ) was a United States Navy patrol vessel in commission from 1917 to 1918 . " Vision " was built as a private , wooden - hulled motorboat of the same name in 1910 by William Nelson at Harrisburg , Texas . On 27 August 1917 , the U . S . Navy acquired her under a free lease from her owner , Haywood Nelms , for use as a section patrol boat during World War I . She was commissioned the same day as USS " Vision " ( SP - 1114 ) with Ensign Frank H . Nelms , USNRF , in command . Assigned to the 3rd Section , 8th Naval District , " Vision " operated in the Gulf of Mexico for the rest of World War I , patrolling off the Texas ports of Freeport , Sabine , Palacios , and Galveston . On occasion , she also conducted patrols off the entrance to the Brazos River and in Matagorda Bay . After the conclusion of World War I , the submarine chaser towed " Vision " from Galveston to Harrisburg , Texas . " Vision " was decommissioned at Harrisburg on 19 December 1918 and returned to her owner the same day .
Russell S . Berkey Russell Stanley Berkey ( August 4 , 1893 – September 30 , 1985 ) was an Admiral in the United States Navy during World War II . Admiral Berkey was a native of Indiana and graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1916 . Following graduation he served on board the battleship . Between 1918 and 1942 he served in variety of assignments including as Flag Secretary to Commander , Destroyer Force , Atlantic Fleet and as Flag Lieutenant to Commander , Battleship Division Four . He completed two deployments as commanding officer aboard the , which patrolled the Yangtze River in China . Following the start of World War II he was assigned to command the and became her first Captain in 1942 . Later as a Rear Admiral he commanded a cruiser division and task force during the battle of Battle of Leyte Gulf and Corregidor invasion operations . His flagship at this time was the . He also commanded the right flank cruisers and destroyers during the Battle of Surigao Strait . Following the war he served as commander of the Seventh Fleet from August 28 , 1949 until April 5 , 1950 and then Commander U . S . Naval Forces , Far East . He retired in September 1950 , and died in 1985 .
Prince Tsunenaga In 1336 , Tsunenaga was sent along with his brother Takanaga to be escorted by Nitta Yoshiaki to Echizen Province where , it was hoped , they could escape the attacks of the Ashikaga . According to the epic " Taiheiki " , Tsunenaga was secretly made heir - apparent before he left , but no other documents confirm this . In fact , in November of that year , his brother Narinaga was officially named Crown Prince . Fleeing the Ashikaga , Nitta brought the Princes away from Yoshino , where the Southern Court of Go - Daigo was based , towards Tsuruga in Echizen . They faced a terrible defeat in the Battle of Minatogawa , but survived and eventually made it to the castle of Kanagasaki . In January 1337 the castle came under siege , and by April those inside were reduced to eating horseflesh to survive , and almost resorted to cannibalism before surrendering . Tsunenaga escaped from the castle , but was captured and killed soon afterwards .
Antoine - François Andréossy Antoine - François , comte Andréossy ( 6 March 1761 – 10 September 1828 ) was a French general and diplomat of noble origin and Italian descent . Biography . Born in Castelnaudary ( Aude ) , he had a brilliant career at the school of artillery at Metz . In 1781 , he obtained his commission in the artillery in and saw service in the Dutch Civil War ( 1787 ) . After the outbreak of the French Revolutionary Wars , Andréossy served under Napoleon Bonaparte , commanding the bridging train of the Army of Italy after June 1796 , serving with distinction in the battle of the Bridge of Arcole and in the siege of Mantua . Promoted to Brigadier General in November 1797 , the following July he commanded the French flotilla on the Nile , and then served as Louis Alexandre Berthier ' s assistant in Syria . He returned to France with Napoleon , assisted him during the 18 Brumaire coup , and became " Général de Division " in 1800 . After holding various artillery appointments , he was ambassador to the Kingdom of Great Britain , and then to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland briefly in 1803 , the Austrian Empire , and the Ottoman Empire ( 1812 – 1814 ) . On 24 February 1809 , he was created a count of the First French Empire . An advocate of the recall of the House of Bourbon on the fall of Napoleon , Andréossy held high military administrative offices after the Bourbon Restoration , being elected to the Chamber of Deputies in 1827 .