naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Norwegian Defence Research Establishment The Norwegian Defence Research Establishment ( " Forsvarets forskningsinstitutt " – " FFI " ) is a research institute that conducts research and development on behalf of the Norwegian Armed Forces and provides expert advice to political and military defence leaders . In particular , its task is to keep track of advances in the fields of science and military technology which might affect the assumptions on which Norwegian security policy and / or defence planning is based . The institute was established in 1946 , with its roots in British WWII research , where many Norwegian scientists / technologists took part ( their own country occupied by the Germans 1940 – 1945 ) . FFI has 550 employees , of which approximately 360 are scientists and engineers . The main location of the institute is at Kjeller near Lillestrøm , 20 km east of the country ' s capital Oslo . The Kjeller area is a focus of research activity in south eastern Norway , with a total of some 2 , 400 people working at a variety of research establishments , colleges and university departments . Part of the institute ' s Maritime Systems Division is situated in the coastal city of Horten , southwest of Oslo on the western side of the Oslofjord . Horten is known as the country ' s MEMS capital , and is also a center of electronics and naval research and industry . In way of concrete technology products , FFI is known for , among other things :
USS Lacerta ( AKA - 29 ) USS " Lacerta " ( AKA - 29 ) was an named after the constellation " Lacerta " . She served as a commissioned ship for 15 months . " Lacerta " ( AKA - 29 ) was laid down under a Maritime Commission contract 5 July 1944 by Walsh - Kaiser Co . , Inc . , Providence , R . I . ; launched 10 November 1944 ; sponsored by Mrs . Frank Bratley ; acquired by the Navy 19 December 1944 ; and commissioned the same day , Lt . Comdr . Louis Funkenstein in command . Service history . After shakedown , " Lacerta " cleared Norfolk 18 January 1945 for Pearl Harbor where she loaded hospital crew and cargo for the Solomon Islands . Arriving Guadalcanal 27 February , " Lacerta " discharged cargo and embarked troops for the Okinawa invasion . She departed Saipan 27 March for the operation that would advance American troops to a strategic position almost next door to Japan . Arriving in the transport area 1 April under heavy enemy air raids , the cargo ship remained off the southeast coast of Okinawa unloading supplies , 150 mm howitzers , and Marines from Guadalcanal for Marines fighting ashore . " Lacerta " departed Okinawa 9 April for Saipan , where she remained until 3 June . In the months prior to Japan ' s surrender , she ferried cargo among the Solomon and Mariana Islands before arriving Manila 22 August . Loading troops and equipment there , " Lacerta " participated in the movement of occupation forces to Japan , arriving Yokohama 13 September . She then went to Hai Phong ( French Indochina ) took on 6 , 000 Chinese Nationalist troops ( 1 , 000 each in six ships ) carrying them to Qinhuangdao at the northern tip of the Yellow Sea , remaining in the Far Fast until 19 November when she cleared Tsingtao , China , for Seattle . After a short stay at Seattle , she left on 1 January 1946 " Lacerta " arrived Norfolk 12 February 1946 and decommissioned 25 March . She was returned to the Maritime Commission for disposal on 30 June 1946 , for lay up in the National Defense Reserve Fleet , James River Group . Sold for scrapping to Union Minerals & Alloys Corporation on 18 August 1966 . " Lacerta " received one battle star for World War II service .
Shai Unit The Shai Unit is a volunteer unit of the Israel Border Police . The name is an acronym , which , when translated into English , means " Guardians of Jerusalem " . History . In January 2006 the Jerusalem Border Guard ( also known as " Magav " ) took existing volunteer Border Guard soldiers from within their ranks and formed them into their own special fighting unit . While volunteers are nothing new to the Israel Border Guard , what makes the " Yechidat Shai " Border Guard unit unique is that it is the first ever all volunteer Border Guard unit in Jerusalem . Structure . The majority of the Shai Unit are new immigrants that have come from all over the world , including places like America , France and Russia . These volunteer soldiers serve alongside the regular full time " Magav " Border Guard units assigned to protect Jerusalem . The volunteer soldiers leave behind jobs and families on a regular basis in order to serve in this special combat unit . Some come from as far away as Shilo , Ofrah , Ashkelon , Ranaana and even Haifa . The soldiers of " Yechidat Shai " receive no pay and follow in the tradition of the Prophet Nehemiah : Mission . The primary mission of the " Yechidat Shai " Border Guard unit is terrorist interdiction . Due to the high number of attempted terrorist infiltrations into the city of Jerusalem the " Guardians of Jerusalem " primary objective remains offensive terrorist interception . Jerusalem alone experienced 82 attempted terrorist infiltrations in only the first four months of 2006 ( the highest attempted infiltration rate in the country ) . " Yechidat Shai " , along with the other full time Border Guard units to which they are assigned , literally make up the last layer of defense for the Holy City . The units of " Yechidat Shai " are also involved in securing high risk events in Jerusalem such as concerts , weddings , conventions and other public gatherings in the city . Training and experience . " Yechidat Shai " Border Guard soldiers receive the same combat training as the regular IDF & Magav units . Many soldiers in the unit also bring with them military experience from their former countries of origin . Some soldiers from the unit have done obligatory tours in the IDF to the rank of officer and some bring no previous military experience at all before receiving military training in the unit . Impact and effectiveness . Since its creation the unit has had a noticeable impact on the security of Jerusalem . The unit has almost doubled the number soldiers assigned to the base from which they operate . They forecast a doubling of their current numbers by the end of 2006 . Members of this special Border Guard unit have participated in a number of high priority captures including a suicide bomber on the Hebron Road , a teenage Hamas cell responsible for numerous arsons in the City , an " Entry Permit " counterfeit ring , as well as hundreds of captures of " " Shabakhim " " ( illegal Arab infiltrators from over the green line from places like , Ramallah , Hebron , Jenin , Shekhem , etc . ) The unit has also been responsible for securing high risk events at the Promenade that overlooks the city of Jerusalem .
Bartini A - 57 The Bartini A - 57 was an experimental Soviet bomber of the mid - 1950s that was designed by Robert Ludvigovich Bartini to take - off and land on water . The aircraft was never put into production . The A - 57 was equipped with a lift jet ( similar to VTOL aircraft today ) facing downward to assist its take - off from the surface of the ocean . It was intended to refuel from submarine s out at sea . The bomber had a long , slender delta wing called the Bartini Wing . It was tested in wind tunnels , but the project was scrapped in 1957 before actual production could begin . Possibly because the Soviet Government after the launch of Sputnik 1 believed that the new R - 7 ICBM made bombers less required and decided the Tu - 95 would do and that the A - 57 project was too expensive and that such an aircraft was not needed
German submarine U - 273 German submarine " U - 273 " was a Type VIIC U - boat of the Nazi German " Kriegsmarine " during World War II . The submarine was laid down on 5 December 1941 at the Bremer Vulkan yard at Bremen - Vegesack as ' werk ' 38 , she was launched on 2 September 1942 and commissioned on 21 October under the command of " Oberleutnant zur See " Hans - Adolf Engel . Service history . " U - 273 " served with the 8th U - boat Flotilla for training from October 1942 to April 1943 , and served operationally with the 9th U - boat Flotilla from 1 May 1943 . " U - 273 " sailed from Kiel under the command of " Oblt " . Hermann Rossmann , on 8 May 1943 , arriving at Bergen , Norway , on 11 May . The next day she sailed out into the Atlantic on her first and only patrol and was sunk eight days later on 19 May with all hands , in position southwest of Iceland , by depth charge s dropped from a Lockheed Hudson of No . 269 Squadron RAF .
USS Knoxville ( PF - 64 ) USS " Knoxville " ( PF - 64 ) , a , was the only ship of the United States Navy to be named for Knoxville , Tennessee . " Knoxville " ( PF - 64 ) was launched on 10 July 1943 by the Leatham D . Smith Shipyard in Sturgeon Bay , Wisconsin , under a Maritime Commission contract , sponsored by Mrs . Cecelia Daniel ; and commissioned on 29 April 1944 , with Lieutenant Commander G . R . Reynolds , USCG , in command . Service history . After shakedown out of Bermuda , " Knoxville " arrived at Norfolk , Virginia , on 16 November , and served briefly as a training ship . Clearing Norfolk on 11 December , she escorted convoy UGS 63 to North Africa , arriving Oran on 28 December . On her return voyage the frigate searched for enemy U - boat s that plagued Allied shipping at the approaches to the Straits of Gibraltar , and arrived at Boston on 20 January 1945 . During the early months of 1945 , " Knoxville " escorted convoys across the submarine - infested Atlantic and occasionally she was dispatched for anti - submarine warfare ( ASW ) search operations . Following her final escort cruise to the Azores , the patrol frigate arrived at Philadelphia on 1 June for conversion to a weather ship . " Knoxville " cleared Philadelphia on 17 June and two weeks later took position on air - sea rescue and weather stations off Newfoundland . For 10 months she operated from her post , flashing news of weather conditions to assist flight operations and ship movements in the Western Atlantic . Upon completion of her tour " Knoxville " returned to Charleston , South Carolina , where she was decommissioned on 13 June 1946 and was sold 22 September 1947 to the Dominican Republic . " Knoxville " served as " Presidente Peynado " ( F104 ) in the Dominican Navy . She was renamed " Capitán General Pedro Santana " in 1962 and was stricken in 1979 .
FNSS Pars The Pars ( Turkish for Anatolian Leopard ) is an amphibious armoured personnel carrier family with 6×6 , and 8×8 versions , produced by FNSS Defence Systems of Turkey . Pars 6x6 is being proposed to the Turkish Army and in 2006 the 8x8 vehicle was tested by the Malaysian Army against the Swiss Piranha IIIC and the Finnish Patria AMV , in 2010 FNSS Savunma Sistemleri Inc . has signed a letter of intent for Malaysia ' s 8x8 Armored Vehicles Program for 257 8x8 Pars vehicles to be manufactured locally in Malaysia . The Pars 8x8 was also tested in United Arab Emirates ' desert trials in 2008 and completed 11 , 000 km desert and road trials successfully . Pars 8x8 also participated in the desert trials of UAE again in 2010 .
Albatros G . II The Albatros G . II was a twin - engined German biplane bomber of World War I . Development . Designed as a medium bomber , the G . II did not share any attributes with the larger G . I , being a single bay biplane with thich section upper wings and rigid X member inter - plane struts . The graceful lines of the fuselage were spoilt by the twin nose - wheel assembly , intended to reduce damage on nose - overs and at rest with a forward centre of gravity . A conventional tail - unit terminated the rear fuselage . The engines were installed in pusher nacelles , supported by struts from the fuselage and the lower wing trailing edges had cut - outs to allow the engines to be mounted further forward than otherwise possible . Only a single prototype was built which demonstrated a relatively poor performance so further development was concentrated on the more powerful Albatros G . III .
Convoy Commodore Convoy Commodore was the title of a civilian put in charge of the good order of the merchant ships in the British convoys used during World War II . Usually the convoy commodore was a retired naval officer or a senior merchant captain drawn from the Royal Naval Reserve . He was aboard one of the merchant ships . The convoy commodore was distinguished from the commander of the convoys escort , always a naval officer . Noted commodores include
Tupolev Tu - 2000 The Tupolev Tu - 2000 was a planned long - range heavy bomber designed by the Tupolev design bureau . Originally designed for the Soviet Union , development then continued for use by the Russian Air Force until it was eventually cancelled . On 19 August 2009 , Tupolev announced that it had a contract with the Russian Defense Ministry to develop a new - generation strategic bomber which " will be a conceptually new plane based on the most advanced technologies " . Design and development . Development of the Tu - 2000 was initiated in 1986 as a Soviet response to the U . S . Rockwell X - 30 project . Following the fall of the Soviet Union , Russia took over the project and pursued it until 1992 , when it was suspended due to lack of funds .
Near - infrared signature management technology Near - Infrared ( NIR ) Signature Management Technology is used to prevent detection of soldiers by NIR Image Converters . These photocathode devices do not detect temperatures , but rather infrared radiation variances . NIR - compliant uniforms use a special fabric that allows soldiers to appear at the same radiation level as the surrounding terrain , thus making them more difficult to detect .
Tellermine 35 The Tellermine 35 ( T . Mi . 35 ) was a German metal cased anti - tank mine used extensively during the Second World War . The mine ' s case is made of sheet steel , and has a slightly convex pressure plate on the top surface with a central fuze well . Two secondary fuze wells are located on the side and bottom of the mine for anti - handling device s . For use on beaches and underwater the mine could be deployed inside a specially designed earthenware or concrete pot , which acted as a waterproof jacket for the mine . A later variant of the mine , the T . Mi . 35 ( S ) was produced with a ribbed case and a fuze cover . The ribbed case stopped sand from blowing off the top of the mine when it was used in a desert or sandy environment . Pressure of 400 pounds ( 180 kg ) on the center of the mine or 200 pounds ( 90 kg ) on its edge deforms the pressure plate compressing a spring , and breaking a shear pin which holds back the spring - loaded striker . Once the striker is released it flips downwards into a percussion cap which fires the adjacent detonator followed by the booster charge and then the main explosive filling of TNT .
CAC K100 The CAC K100 is a mini - UAV developed in France in the 1990s . The company sells a reconnaissance variant , the K100 / R , and an antiradar loitering attack variant , the K100 / A . The K100 is of conventional aircraft configuration , except for an upright vee tail and a pusher propeller . It has no landing gear . References . This article contains material that originally came from the web article " Unmanned Aerial Vehicles " by Greg Goebel , which exists in the Public Domain .
Forrest B . Royal Forrest Beton Royal , ( February 10 , 1893 in New York City – June 18 , 1945 vicinity of Borneo ) was a member of the United States Naval Academy class of 1915 . Service in increasingly important posts afloat and ashore prepared him for his role as commander of Amphibious Group 6 in the assaults on Leyte , Luzon , Mindanao , and Borneo during the Pacific War in 1944 and 1945 . His planning and execution of these important assignments was recognized with the Distinguished Service Medal , and the posthumous ( he had died of a heart attack on board his flagship ) award of a Gold Star in lieu of a second Distinguished Service Medal . Namesake . In 1946 the destroyer was named after R . Adm . Royal , sponsored by his daughter , Miss Katharine K . Royal .
Siege of Aracillum ( 25 BC ) The Siege of Aracillum was a siege of the Cantabrian Wars that occurred in 25 BC . The battle took place between the forces of the Roman Empire , which consisted of five Roman legions commanded by Gaius Antistius Vetus and the forces of the Cantabri people , who had fortified the hill fort at . The battle resulted in a Roman victory . " Aracillum " was subjected to a fierce siege by the Romans , who would eventually take the settlement . The Roman commander , Gaius Antistius Vetus had taken charge of Caesar ' s legions when Augustus had fallen ill on the campaign ( though Caesar did conduct a majority of the battles in this campaign himself ) . The hill fort was able to withstand the Roman forces for some time , but the fort was eventually surrounded by three Roman camps . The Romans constructed more than 20 kilometers of walls , battlements and trenches to trap the defenders inside the fort and to prevent any aid or reinforcements from gaining entrance . In the face of starving to death , many of the Cantabri warriors opted instead to commit suicide rather than dying of starvation or being taken prisoner and being turned into slaves . Traditionally identified as ( Campoo de Enmedio ) , there has never been any concrete discovery of the actual location of the battle .
Siege of Trarbach The Siege of Trarbach ( 10 April – 2 May 1734 ) was conducted during the War of the Polish Succession by French troops against a garrison of troops of the Holy Roman Empire in the fortress at Trarbach in the County of Sponheim , a small principality of the Holy Roman Empire ( Trarbach is now in Rhineland - Palatinate , Germany ) . The French , led by Marshal Belle - Isle , were victorious , and destroyed the fortress .
George Reginald Geary George Reginald Geary , PC , OBE , MC , KC ( August 12 , 1873 – April 30 , 1954 ) was Mayor of Toronto , Ontario from 1910 to 1912 . During his term in office he announced plans for a new Harbor board . Geary said , " We have a magnificent harbor but we have failed miserably to avail ourselves of nature ' s generosity . We have barely sufficient wharfage to accommodate the lake traffic today , to say nothing of the future . We have been to neglectful of our shipping and harbor interests . " Born August 12 , 1873 in Strathroy , Ontario , the Geary family moved to Sarnia , Ontario when Geary was age one . He attended and graduated from Toronto ' s Upper Canada College . A graduate of the University of Toronto law school in 1896 , he soon became interested in politics . In 1904 he became a school trustee in Ward 4 . Then an alderman from 1905 to 1907 . From there he became counsel for the Ontario Government . Then in 1908 he ran for mayor and lost to Joseph Oliver . Geary was elected Mayor in 1910 , re - elected in 1911 and acclaimed in 1912 . He resigned in October 1912 in order to accept a position as the City of Toronto ' s legal counsel . Geary enlisted in the Canadian Armed Forces on January 7 , 1915 . He served in World War I and was awarded the Military Cross and the French Legion of Honour . Geary was also awarded the Military Cross and Croix de Guerre during World War I . On March 24 , 1919 he was discharged . In 1925 he was elected as a member of parliament as a Conservative from the riding Toronto South and remained an MP until 1935 . In 1935 he briefly served as the Minister of Justice in the Cabinet of R . B . Bennett and accordingly became a member of the Queen ' s Privy Council for Canada . He and the Bennett government were defeated in the 1935 federal election . Geary attempted to regain a seat in the 1940 federal election but was defeated by Arthur Roebuck . He died in Toronto on April 30 , 1954 , aged 80 . He was buried in the St . James Cemetery in Toronto , Ontario .
Western Russian fortresses During the 19th century , the Russian Empire built a system of permanent fortifications along its Western border , consisting of a chain of fortresses controlling strategic locations . Its purpose was to enhance Russia ' s military strength versus Prussia ( later Germany ) and Austria - Hungary . During 1830 - 1831 the Russian Empire under the rule of Nicholas I crushed the Polish November Uprising against Russian authority and abolished the constitution of the Kingdom of Poland , which until then maintained a large degree of autonomy . To maintain secure control over the lands of Congress Poland , now under direct Russian rule , and to suppress any future revolts that might occur here , Nicholas I assigned his prominent military engineers to design a reliable system of fortifications in this part of Europe . The endorsed project included construction of new fortifications and reconstruction of the old fortresses within 10 – 15 years . The project included 3 lines of fortresses : Due to the high costs the construction or reconstruction of some fortresses took much time and were not completed , besides rifled artillery with longer range and greater accuracy and explosive shells of greater destructive power demonstrated the vulnerability of existing permanent fortifications , when the French cities of Metz , Sedan , and Paris were taken during the Franco - Prussian War of 1870 - 71 .
Fort Ritchie Fort Ritchie at Cascade , Maryland was a military installation southwest of Blue Ridge Summit , Pennsylvania and southeast of Waynesboro , Pennsylvania in the area of South Mountain . Following the 1995 Base Realignment and Closure Commission , it closed in 1998 : " Out the Gate , by ' 98 " . History . In 1815 , the Buena Vista Ice Company constructed two lakes at the site . It was controlled by the Maryland National Guard from 1926 – 1942 ; the US Army activated the Military Intelligence Training Center ( MITC ) on June 19 , 1942 and trained 19 , 600 intelligence troops , including the Ritchie Boys . Support for Raven Rock Mountain Complex transferred to Fort Detrick on October 1 , 1997 . History . In 1815 , the Buena Vista Ice Company constructed two lakes at the site . It was controlled by the Maryland National Guard from 1926 – 1942 ; the US Army activated the Military Intelligence Training Center ( MITC ) on June 19 , 1942 and trained 19 , 600 intelligence troops , including the Ritchie Boys . Support for Raven Rock Mountain Complex transferred to Fort Detrick on October 1 , 1997 . Fort Ritchie closed in 1998 under the 1995 Base Realignment and Closure Commission . The property was sold to Corporate Office Properties Trust ( COPT ) for mixed - use development . As the 2007 Recession pressed on , PenMar Development Corporation took back ownership of the property in 2012 . Since then the PenMar Board has worked to have Fort Ritchie designated as a “ sustainable community ” by the State of Maryland which qualifies the property for tax advantages and grants . The property has been cleaned up and a new project manager has been hired to market the property in an effort to bring back some of the jobs lost when the Army departed . Several alternative uses for the property are being explored which would create a mix of uses that would include residential , commercial , recreational , and some light office / industrial uses . Today . Currently there are some 300 people living on the property in 98 rental units . There is a new Community Center which hosts a Gym , workout room , nautilus equipment , lockers , community room , computer center , and game room . There are a number of small businesses scattered throughout the property and the former Officer ’ s Club now called Lakeside Hall is rented most weekends for weddings and special events . There is a tradition of fireworks on the Fourth of July which continues , as well as many events , such as 5k runs , fishing competitions on the lakes , cycling races , triathlons , festivals , fundraisers , meetings , and concerts .