naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Challenge of Barletta The Challenge of Barletta ( Italian : " Disfida di Barletta " ) was a tournament fought in the country of Trani near Barletta , southern Italy , on 13 February 1503 , on the plains between Corato and Andria . The tournament was provoked by a French knight Charles de la Motte who , after drinking too much of the local wine , made disparaging remarks about the Italians . It consisted in a mounted tourney between 13 Italians ( the most famous being Ettore Fieramosca ) , based in Barletta , and 13 French knight s who were based in Canosa di Puglia . The Italian knights won the battle , and the French had to pay ransom . Barletta has since acquired the moniker " Città della Disfida " ( City of the Challenge ) as a result . The event inspired a historical novel by the Italian writer Massimo D ' Azeglio , " Ettore Fieramosca " , or " La disfida di Barletta " , written in 1833 .
French ship Centaure ( 1818 ) The Centaure was an 86 - gun " Bucentaure " - class 80 - gun ship of the line of the French Navy , designed by Sané . She took part in operations of the Spanish expedition in 1823 , along with " Trident " and " Sirène " , silencing fort Santi - Pietri . On 14 October 1823 , she was renamed " Santi - Pietri " to commemorate the event . The " Centaure " was later used as a troopship , and as a prison hulk in Toulon from 1850 , before being destroyed by fire on 4 January 1862 .
Lunette ( fortification ) In fortification a lunette was originally an outwork of half - moon shape ; later it became a redan with short flanks , in trace somewhat resembling a bastion standing by itself without curtains on either side . The gorge was generally open . One notable historical example of a lunette was the one used at the Battle of the Alamo in San Antonio , Texas , in March 1836 . Another were the Bagration flèches , at the Battle of Borodino , in 1812 .
Fateh - 110 Fateh - 110 ( فاتح - ۱۱۰ , " conqueror " ) is a single - stage solid - propellant , surface - to - surface missile with at least a 200 km range , and it is produced domestically within Iran , including the solid fuel propellant . The Aerospace Industries Organization is capable of producing many types of liquid and solid propellants . Iran successfully flight tested the final version of the Fateh - 110 in September , 2002 . Several weeks later in mid - September 2002 the Aerospace Industries Organization opened a plant to mass - produce the Fateh - 110 . The initial range of the missile was 200 km but in September 2004 it was announced that it had been extended to 250 km and if needed it could be increased further . References . = Sources =
HMS Sutherland ( F81 ) HMS " Sutherland " is a Type 23 frigate of the British Royal Navy . She is the thirteenth ship in the " Duke " class of frigates and is the third ship to bear the name , more than 200 years since the name was last used . She was launched in 1996 by Lady Christina Walmsley , wife of Sir Robert Walmsley KCB . Before this occasion , Royal Navy ships had always been launched with a bottle of champagne , but Lady Walmsley broke with tradition and used a bottle of Macallan Whiskey . There is a keen golfing community on - board , and the crew sometimes use the facilities of their affiliate golf course in the Royal Burgh of Dornoch . Operational history . She was deployed to the Falkland Islands in the winter 1998 / 1999 . In 2000 , she was part of the task forceG2000 , the first time Royal Navy ships have circumnavigated the globe since 1986 . In December 2007 , major upgrades worth ₤35 million were announced making " Sutherland " the " most powerful frigate in the fleet " . The upgrades included Sonar 2087 , an upgrade to Seawolf , an improvement to the 4 . 5 inch gun to allow it to fire long - range ammunition , and a reshaped stern to cut fuel use . She was due to be given the freedom of the county of Sutherland but had her visit cut short , with " operational commitments " as the given reason . This was eventually revealed as her deployment as part of the UK Response Force Task Group ' s ( RFTG ) first deployment , named COUGAR ' 11 . In May 2011 , she made a port visit to Patras , Greece following participation in exercises off Crete , after which she became involved in the operations off the Libyan coast . On 16 June 2011 , " Sutherland " visited Souda Bay in Crete to commemorate the 70th anniversay of the Battle of Crete , before sailing to Kalamata in Greece to conduct further World War II memorials . On 24 July 2011 HMS Sutherland returned to the coast of Libya as part of Operation Ellamy . On 18 October 2011 HMS Sutherland passed through Tower Bridge in London and docked next to HMS Belfast , returning through the bridge on 22 October 2011 . In 2012 , she was part of the COUGAR 12 task group . She is due to participate in Exercise Joint Warrior 2013 .
French commando frogmen France has a large commando frogman tradition . Jacques - Yves Cousteau was a naval officer in World War II and helped much to set up France ' s commando frogmen . France further developed the role of commando frogmen in the First Indochina War . Since the 1950s , the commando frogmen of the French Navy have been together in the Commando Hubert , the only " Commando marine " having combat swimmers . They operate from the ship " Le Malin " , and this is a very elite special forces unit . The French intelligence service DGSE also has combat - swimmers brought together in the " Centre Parachutiste d ' Entrainement aux Opérations Maritimes " ( CPEOM , " maritime operations training parachutist center " ) at Roscanvel . First , the two unit were one . While these are the only French combat - diver units , other French units have divers , including : List of operations . Not all of these operations involved diving .
Whitehead Mark 2C torpedo The Whitehead Mark 2C torpedo , also designated Torpedo Type C was a Whitehead torpedo adopted by the United States Navy for use in an anti - surface ship role after the E . W . Bliss Company of Brooklyn , New York secured manufacturing rights in 1892 . It was probably based on the Whitehead Mark 1B , rather than a modification of the Whitehead Mark 2 . Characteristics . The Type C was ordinarily assembled into three sections : the warhead , the air flask and the after - body . The warhead ' s charge of wet guncotton weighed 132 pounds . The Type C was what was known as a " cold - running " torpedo . The three - cylinder reciprocating engine ran on cold , compressed air which was stored in the air flask at 1500 pounds per square inch . The after - body carried the engine and the tail , which contained the propellers . The Type C guidance component included the Pendulum - and - hydrostat control device which was called the " Whitehead Secret " . This version of the Whitehead torpedo lacked the gyroscope gear designed by Ludwig Obry , which was incorporated in another Whitehead model , the Mark 3 . The Mark 2 Type C was launched from battleship s and torpedo boat s .
HMAS Salamaua ( L 131 ) HMAS " Salamaua " ( L 131 ) was a " Balikpapan " class landing craft heavy of the Royal Australian Navy ( RAN ) . The vessel was transferred to the Papua New Guinea Defence Force in November 1974 . Design and construction . The eight - vessel " Balikpapan " class was ordered as a locally - manufactured replacement for the Australian Army ' s LSM - 1 class landing ship medium and ALC 50 landing craft . They are long , with a beam of , and a draught of . The landing craft have a standard displacement of 316 tons , with a full load displacement of 503 tons . They are propelled by two G . M . Detroit 6 - 71 diesel motors , providing 675 brake horsepower to the two propeller shafts , allowing the vessels to reach . The standard ship ' s company is 13 - strong . The " Balikpapan " s are equipped with a Decca RM 916 navigational radar , and fitted with two machine guns for self - defence . The LCHs have a maximum payload of 180 tons ; equivalent to 3 Leopard 1 tanks , 13 M113 armored personnel carrier s 23 quarter - tonne trucks , or four LARC - V amphibious cargo vehicles . As a troop transport , a " Balikpapan " class vessel can transport up to 400 soldiers between a larger amphibious ship and the shore , or embark 60 soldiers in six - berth caravans for longer voyages . The vessel ' s payload affects the range : at 175 tons of cargo , each vessel has a range of , which increases to with a 150 - ton payload , and when unladen . The flat , box - like keel causes the ships to roll considerably in other - than - calm conditions , limiting their ability to make long voyages . " Salamaua " was laid down Walkers Limited at Maryborough , Queensland on 29 May 1972 , launched on 27 July 1972 , and commissioned into the RAN on 19 October 1973 . Operational history . " Salamaua " was transferred to the Papua New Guinea Defence Force on 14 November 1974 . She is in active service as of 2013 .
45th Iowa Volunteer Infantry Regiment The 45th Regiment Iowa Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War . It was among scores of regiments that were raised in the summer of 1864 as Hundred Days Men , an effort to augment existing manpower for an all - out push to end the war within 100 days . Service . The 45th Iowa Infantry was organized at Keokuk , Iowa , and mustered in for one hundred days of Federal service on May 25 , 1864 , as part of a plan to raise short - term regiments for service as rear area garrison duty to release veteran troops for Sherman ' s Atlanta Campaign . The 45th Iowa garrisoned strategic points on the Memphis & Charleston Railroad . The regiment was mustered out at Keokuk on September 15 , 1864 . Total strength and casualties . A total of 972 men served in the 45th Iowa at one time or another during its existence . It suffered 3 enlisted men who were killed in action or who died of their wounds and 19 enlisted men who died of disease , for a total of 22 fatalities .
Robert A . Rushworth Robert Aitken Rushworth ( October 9 , 1924 - March 17 , 1993 ) was a United States Air Force test pilot for the North American X - 15 program . Biography . Born in Madison , Maine on October 9 , 1924 . He studied mechanical engineering at the University of Maine , receiving a BE in 1951 . He received a BS in aeronautical engineering from the Air Force Institute of Technology in 1958 . He was selected for the X - 15 program in 1958 , and made his first flight on November 4 , 1960 . Over the next six years , he made 34 flights in the X - 15 , the most of any pilot . This included a flight to an altitude of 285 , 000 feet , made on June 27 , 1963 . This flight above 50 miles qualified Rushworth for Astronaut Wings , though he would have attained that honor sooner had the Man In Space Soonest project proceeded according to plan . On a later X - 15 flight , he was awarded a Distinguished Flying Cross for successfully landing an North American X - 15 after its nose wheel extended while flying at nearly Mach 5 . He made his final X - 15 flight on July 1 , 1966 , then returned to regular Air Force duties . These included a tour in Vietnam as an F - 4 Phantom II pilot , flying 189 combat missions . He also served as the Commander of the Air Force Flight Test Center at Edwards Air Force Base , California , and as the Commander of the Air Force Test and Evaluation Center at Kirtland Air Force Base , New Mexico . At the time of his retirement as a Major General , he was Vice Commander , Aeronautical Systems Division , Air Force Systems Command , at Wright - Patterson Air Force Base , Ohio . Rushworth flew C - 47 Skytrain s and C - 46 s as a transport pilot in World War II , as well as F - 80C s , F - 101 Voodoo s , T F - 102 s , F - 104 Starfighter s , F - 105 Thunderchief s , F - 106 Delta Dart s , and F - 4 Phantom II s . Rushworth also served as a pilot in the Korean War . Rushworth was a member of the Society of Experimental Test Pilots , and in 1975 received the SETP ' s James H . Doolittle Award for " outstanding accomplishment in technical management or engineering achievement in aerospace technology " . Rushworth retired on June 1 , 1981 . He died of natural causes in Camarillo , California on March 17 , 1993 . In 1994 , he was posthumously inducted into the Aerospace Walk of Honor
Fort Stevens Confederate order of battle The following units and commanders fought in the Battle of Fort Stevens of the American Civil War on July 11 , 1864 . The Union order of battle is listed separately . Army of the Valley District . LTG Jubal Early Breckinridge ' s Corps . MG John C . Breckinridge
Siege of Niemcza The Siege of Niemcza took place during three weeks in August 1017 as part of the German - Polish War ( 1002 – 1018 ) , when the forces of the Holy Roman Emperor Henry II besieged the town of Niemcza controlled by the Polish ruler Boleslaw Chrobry . Despite the aid of Bohemian and Veleti an allies the German attack was ultimately unsuccessful , according to German chronicler Thietmar of Merseburg due to the resilience of the defenders , the arrival of reinforcements which managed to break into the city , and the illness among the imperial army . The failure of the siege marked the end of the German emperor ' s campaign in Poland and led him to agree to the Peace of Bautzen ( 1018 ) which left Lusatia and Upper Lusatia ( " Milsko " ) under Polish control . Background . The Polish duke ( later king ) Bolesław I Chrobry enjoyed amicable relations with the Holy Roman Emperor Otto III , whom he supported in the emperor ' s battles against the Lutici , as well as internal struggles within the Empire . Both rulers also attempted to carry out the Christianization of the pagan Prussians . The friendship culminated in the Congress of Gniezno in the year 1000 , during which an independent archbishopric at Gniezno was established , and possibly , Otto acquiesced to Bolesław becoming a king . However , Otto III died soon after in 1002 . In the ensuing power struggle for the leadership of the Holy Roman Empire , Bolesław supported Margrave Eckard I of Meissen ( Miśnia ) , against Henry II . At the same time , the Polish ruler took advantage of the German interregnum to invade and incorporate Bohemia , Moravia , parts of Slovakia and Lusatia and Upper Lusatia into the Polish state . Bolesław was also granted Meissen after Eckard ' s death ( a few months after Otto ' s ) . Withdrawal . Henry II was unable to supply the besieging force with food for a long time and had to withdraw . Because Boleslaw was stationed behind him at Wrocław , the emperor was forced to make his way back into Germany south through Bohemia . However , at the same time Boleslaw ' s son Mieszko was conducting a campaign in that territory which made even this route difficult for Henry ' s army . To further complicate matters , a dispute arose between Henry ' s Christian Saxon troops and the Veletian auxiliaries when the Christian knights insulted a sacred pagan statue of the latter . Aftermath . The failure of the siege forced the emperor to agree to the Peace of Bautzen which left Upper Lusatia and Lusatia under Polish control . The conduct of the siege , as well as the more general campaign of Henry II , during 1017 was described by the German chronicler Thietmar of Merseburg .
Henry I , Count of Bar Henry I of Bar ( 1158 – October 1190 ) was Count of Bar , lord of Mousson and Amance from 1170 to 1190 . He was the son of Renaut II of Bar and Agnes of Champagne . He was still under - age at the time of his father ' s death , and his mother acted as regent for him from 1170 to 1173 . Since some of his ancestors had been Counts of Verdun , Agnes of Champagne reclaimed the county of Verdun from its bishop in 1172 , but he resisted . She responded by laying waste the diocese of Verdun . Both mother and son were excommunicated and forced to submit in 1177 . In 1178 , the Bishop of Toul began to construct a fortress at Liverdun , with the authorisation of the Duke of Upper Lorraine , Simon II . Overwhelmed by the size of the task , he entrusted it to Henry , who made use of it . This did not compromise his good relations with the Duke , although the latter could have felt threatened by the fortresses of Liverdun , Amance and Mousson . Through his mother , Henry was a first cousin of Philip II of France and was present at his coronation on 1 November 1179 at Reims by their uncle William White Hands , Cardinal Archbishop of Reims . After the fall of Jerusalem in 1187 , Henry joined the Third Crusade . He set out in the middle of 1189 , before Kings Philip and Richard . On arriving in what remained of the Kingdom of Jerusalem , he took part in the siege of Acre . He was joined there in summer 1190 by his uncles Theobald V of Blois and Stephen I of Sancerre , and his cousin Henry II of Champagne . On 4 October 1190 , he was seriously wounded in battle against the forces of Saladin , and died from his injuries several days later .
Howard Major Buckley Howard Major Buckley ( January 23 , 1863 – July 2 , 1941 ) , was a United States Marine private received the Medal of Honor for actions during the Philippine – American War . He was one of three Marines attached to the VIII Corps for the Insurrection . Buckley was awarded the medal for actions on March 25 , 27 , and 29 and April 4 , 1899 . He is buried in Wheeler Cemetery , Wheeler , New York . Medal of Honor citation . Rank and organization : Private , U . S . Marine Corps . Born : January 23 , 1868 , Croton Falls , N . Y . Accredited to : New York . G . O . No . : 55 , July 19 , 1901 . Citation : For distinguished conduct in the presence of the Enemy in battle while with the Eighth Army Corps on 25 , 27 , March 29 , and April 4 , 1899 .
Hermann Bögel Hermann Bögel ( 9 September 1914 – 4 January 1998 ) was an Oberleutnant zur See der Reserves in the Kriegsmarine during World War II . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership .
Riegel mine 43 The Riegel mine 43 or ( Sprengriegel / R . Mi . 43 ) is a German steel cased anti - tank bar mine used during the Second World War . The mine is a long thin rectangle . It consists of a lower and upper metal tray , and an internal metal cased explosive block . It uses two ZZ42 fuze s inserted into either end of the internal block , although it can be used with an additional pressure fuze on the top . The mine is similar to the Italian B - 2 mine . A variant , the Riegel mine 44 was also produced with a different fuze . Approximately 3 , 051 , 400 were produced between 1943 and 1945 . Riegelmines are almost impossible to disarm because wires in the fuze mechanisms become corroded , which makes them highly unstable . As a result , the mine becomes extremely sensitive to the smallest disturbance , and therefore can easily detonate simply by touching it . The situation is further complicated by the fact that Riegel mines can be fitted with up to three anti - handling device s . The recommended render - safe procedure for any Riegel mine is to destroy it in situ by detonating a small explosive charge next to it . The mine is found in Egypt and Libya .
August Stramm August Stramm ( 29 July 1874 – 1 September 1915 ) was a German poet and playwright who is considered one of the first of the expressionist s . He also served in the German Army and was killed in action during World War I . He worked in the German Post Office Ministry as a young man and served his mandatory year of duty in the German Army in 1896 – 1897 . After this , he travelled to the United States several times over the next few years before settling in Berlin . In 1912 - 1913 , he wrote two plays , " Sancta Susanna " ( which was subsequently used as a libretto for an early opera by Hindemith ) and " Die Haidebraut " , the first of many to appear before the war . Stramm was also a reservist in the German Army and had achieved the rank of Captain , the highest available to civilians . He was called to active duty when war broke out in August 1914 . In January 1915 , Stramm was awarded the Iron Cross ( Second Class ) for his service in France . Later that year , he was sent to the Eastern Front , where he served as Company Leader , later being promoted to Battalion Commander . He was killed in hand - to - hand combat in Horodec near Kobryn ( today Belarus ) . A collection of his poems , titled " You " was published in 1915 and a second , " Dripping Blood " , was published after his death in 1919 . English translations of poems by Stramm were published by Patrick Bridgwater ( August Stramm , 22 Poems , 1969 ) and Jeremy Adler ( Tim Cross , The Lost Voices of World War I , 1988 ) .
Baranov Central Institute of Aviation Motor Development The P . I . Baranov Central Institute of Aviation Motor Development ( also known as the " Central Institute for Aviation Motor Development named after P . I . Baranov " or simply " Central Institute of Aviation Motors " , CIAM or TsIAM , " Tsentralniy Institut Aviatsionnogo Motorostroeniya " , ) is the only specialized Russia n research and engineering facility dealing with advanced aerospace propulsion research , aircraft engine certification and other gas dynamics - related issues . It was founded in 1930 . CIAM operates the largest aerospace engine testing facility in Europe , surpassed only by the USA ' s Arnold Engineering Development Center and Glenn Research Center . It is based in Lefortovo ( the southeast okrug of Moscow ) with an address of 2 Aviamotornaya street , Moscow , Postcode 111116 . CIAM also operates a scientific testing center in Lytkarino , Moscow Oblast . History . The bases of the institute were formed by such academics as Keldysh , Klimov and Chelomey . Since its foundation in 1930 , CIAM designed nearly all Russian aviation motors and gas turbines . In 1933 CIAM was named after the late Soviet Vice - Narkom of Heavy Industry Petr Ionovich Baranov , who was one of the leading theorists of the Soviet aviation industry . Before World War II , all engine - design work was transferred to mass - production motor - building plants and their own design bureau s . CIAM focused on theoretical and experimental research and modernization of prototypes up to the production stage . After the war , CIAM was engaged with reactive ( jet ) engines for airplanes , successors to the first - generation turbojets . In the early 1950s , the largest test base in Europe was built in Lytkarino . In the 1970s , the institute began work on a ramjet engine using the special hypersonic " flying laboratory " GLL Holod . This experiment used a liquid hydrogen , actively cooled dual - mode ramjet , which was based on a hydrogen - fueled axisymetrical engine placed on a Russian SA5 missile during the flight . The first successful test achieved Mach 5 . 6 in 1991 , and the maximum speed achieved was Mach 5 . 7 in November 1992 . A test with a goal of Mach 6 . 3 failed in March 1995 . After the dissolution of the USSR , CIAM lost a large number of emigrating engineers . With the loss of government support and a lack of state aviation strategy , CIAM stayed afloat with contracts with China , French corporations , ABB and by offering logistical services . As of 2011 , the situation has stabilized ; CIAM leads some Russian programs , including development of the new perspective scramjet GLL Igla . It also researches gas pipeline s ; in March 2006 , the institute signed an agreement with JSC Gasprom .