naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Georges Cadoudal Georges Cadoudal ( 1 January 1771 – 25 June 1804 ) , sometimes called simply Georges , was a French politician , and leader of the " Chouannerie " during the French Revolution . He was named a Marshal of France in 1814 . Cadoudal means in Breton language " warrior returning from the fight " . Born in Brech , in Brittany , after completing his education , he remained true to his Royalist and Roman Catholic convictions during the start of the Revolution . From 1793 he organized a rebellion in the Morbihan against the National Convention of the First Republic . It was quickly suppressed , and he thereupon joined the army of the Vendée insurrection , taking part in the battles of Le Mans and of Savenay in December of the same year . Returning to Morbihan , he was arrested , and imprisoned at Brest . He succeeded , however , in escaping , and began again the struggle against the Revolution . In spite of the defeat of his party , and of the fact that he was forced several times to take refuge in England , Cadoudal did not cease both to wage war and to conspire in favour of the Royalist pretender Louis , count of Provence . He refused to come to any understanding with the government , although offers were made to him by Napoleon Bonaparte , who admired his skill and his obstinate energy . From 1800 it was impossible for Cadoudal to continue to wage open war , so he centered his efforts on conspiracies . He was indirectly involved in Pierre Saint - Regent ' s attempt on the life of the First Consul , in December , and fled to England again . On the night of 23 August 1803 , landed Georges and several other Chouan s at the foot of the cliffs of Biville . The conspirators wanted to undertake a new assassination attempt on Bonaparte . Although under nominal police surveillance , he succeeded in eluding pursuit for six months , but was arrested for long periods . Found guilty and sentenced to death , he refused to ask for pardon and was guillotined in Paris , along with eleven of his companions . Before being executed , he shouted to the crowd : " And now , it ' s time to show to the Parisians how Christians , Royalists and Bretons die " . During the Restoration , in 1814 , Cadoudal was made a Marshal of France posthumously , by Louis XVIII . Cadoudal features as a main character in the 1940 Rafael Sabatini novel , " Marquis of Carabas " ( tr . " Master - at - Arms " ) . He is also portrayed in " The Companions of Jehu " and " The Knight of Sainte - Hermine " by Alexandre Dumas .
Parole camp During the American Civil War , a parole camp was a place where Union soldiers on parole could be kept by their own side , in a non - combat role . They could be restored to a combat role if some prisoners of war were traded to the other side . This would enable them to be returned to a combat role as an exchange for the newly freed prisoners of war . Conditions in the camps were unplasant ; the parolees refused to do guard duty or routine work , claiming that would violate their parole . Many escaped to go home . History . An honor system was set up where each side would take care of housing its own soldiers who had been designated as being on parole , meaning they would not fight in combat unless they were formally exchanged . The Confederates did not set up parole camps ; they let their men go home and expected them to return to duty once officially exchanged . Parole camps were set up by the Union Army for its own soldiers who had been captured by the Confederacy , and then released on the condition that they would honor the terms and conditions of their parole . In 1862 , a parole camp was established in Annapolis , Maryland , but soon ran out of space . Two more were soon built in the local area . The resulting influx of soldiers changed the nature of the town , since the soldiers were free to visit the local area as much as they might wish . Many soldiers disliked the camp and described it as dirty in their letters home . There were some occasional problems with disorderly conduct by some of the soldiers who were sent there . Another such camp was located in Parole , Maryland , which is how the town got its name . There was a short - lived parole camp in West Chester , Pennsylvania , known as Camp Elder . One paroled soldier , Warren H . Freeman , wrote to his father and said that the parolees in the camp were being guarded by inexperienced members of the Pennsylvania militia , all of whom were fairly lenient in their guard duties , presumably because they were guarding members of their own army .
Suicide ( Viktor Suvorov book ) Suicide is a book by Viktor Suvorov about German preparations for the war with the Soviet Union . Suvorov argues that the German army was ill - prepared , Germany ' s leaders were unsophisticated ( if not foolish ) , and that attacking Russia was suicidal for Germany ( hence the title of the book ) , and he suggests an explanation why Hitler nevertheless did what he did . Suvorov compares the German and Soviet armies and concludes that the latter had superiority of almost every kind . Suvorov points to German lack of gasoline in Summer 1941 and the lack of strategic bombers which would have been necessary to destroy Soviet military industry beyond the Urals even if the initial " Blitzkrieg " plan had succeeded . He also criticizes Soviet - era historiography and answers some of the criticism raised against his views .
Robert Harold Nimmo Lieutenant General Robert Harold Nimmo CBE ( 22 November 1893 – 4 January 1966 ) was an Australian soldier who served in both World War I and World War II and eventually rose to the rank of Lieutenant General . Nimmo also acted as chief military observer to the United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan from 1950 until his death in 1966 . Nimmo died in his sleep , of a heart attack , on 4 January 1966 at Rawalpindi , Pakistan , and was buried in the Anzac section of Mount Gravatt cemetery , Brisbane , with full military and U . N . honours ; senior representatives of both India and Pakistan attended his funeral . His wife and their son and daughter , and the daughter of his first marriage , survived him .
407th Air Refueling Squadron The 407th Air Refueling Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit . Its last was assigned to the 42d Bombardment Wing , stationed at Loring Air Force Base , Maine . It was inactivated on 1 October 1990 . History . Activated as a B - 17 Flying Fortress reconnaissance squadron in early 1942 ; trained by Third Air Force in the southeastern United States . Performed antisubmarine duty while training in Florida , March – July 1942 . Deployed to European Theater of Operations ( ETO ) , being assigned to VIII Bomber Command in England , one of the first squadrons being assigned to the command . In the ETO , the squadron initially trained replacement crews for combat at RAF Bovingdon . Upon completion of its training mission , the 407th moved to RAF Alconbury on 6 January 1943 where it and its parent 92d Bombardment Group underwent reorganization . When they emerged in May 1943 , the 92 BG and 407 BS were ready for combat . The group ' s B - 17s , flew their first post - reorganization combat mission on 15 May 1943 , and participated in the air offensive over Nazi Germany and Occupied Europe until German capitulation in May 1945 . Reassigned to Air Transport Command in June 1945 as part of Operation Green . Used B - 17s as transports , flying demobilized personnel to ATC sites in Morocco and Azores from France . Aircraft turrets were removed and re - skinned , the bomb racks removed , flooring and seating installed to accommodate 30 passengers . The flight crew was reduced to pilot , co - pilot , navigator , flight engineer and radio operator . In addition the engineer and radio operator would act as stewards , to assist and calm the many first time flyers . Inactivated in February 1946 . Reactivated and redesignated by Strategic Air Command as an air refueling squadron in November 1953 . From Activation in 1953 until summer of 1957 , the 407th Air Refueling Squadron deployed KB - 29 aircraft and crews on air refueling missions to many parts of the world , participating in a continuing series of strategic exercises as required by Strategic Air Command . The unit conducted similar operations with the KC - 97 aircraft between Jul 1957 and Jul 1961 , and with the KC - 135 aircraft after Jul 1962 , providing air refueling support for various kinds of aircraft from several commands on missions ranging from regional movements to intercontinental flights . Inactivated in October 1990 .
USS Mahaska ( 1861 ) The first USS " Mahaska " was a wooden , double - ender , sidewheel steamer of the third rate in the United States Navy during the American Civil War . She was named for Ioway Chief Mahaska . " Mahaska " was built at the Portsmouth Navy Yard , Kittery , Maine , for $ 130 , 001 . 68 ; launched 10 December 1861 and commissioned 5 May 1862 , Lt . Norman H . Farquhar in command . " Mahaska " sailed from Portsmouth 15 May 1862 , reporting shortly thereafter for duty in the rivers flowing into Chesapeake Bay . On 20 June she engaged the Confederate batteries along the Appomattox River and on 1 November destroyed entrenchments at West Point , Virginia . Continuing her patrols into the next year , she captured the schooner " General Taylor " in Chesapeake Bay 20 February 1863 . Moving south later in the year , she joined in the blockade of Charleston and participated in the attacks on the forts and batteries in that harbor : Fort Wagner , 8 and 18 August ; Morris Island , 13 to 17 , and 20 August ; and Fort Sumter , 21 August 1863 . The following year she took part in the joint expedition against Jacksonville , Florida , 5 February to 4 April , remaining on picket and patrol duty in the St . Johns River until 16 August when she returned to Charleston , South Carolina . She then steamed north to Boston , Massachusetts for overhaul . Overhaul completed 16 January 1865 , " Mahaska " returned to Florida waters , capturing the schooner " Delia " , near Bayport , 17 February . After the end of the Civil War , the steamer continued to cruise in southern waters until decommissioned at New Orleans , Louisiana on 12 September 1868 . She was sold 20 November 1868 to John Dole of Boston .
Banded mail Banded mail is a neologism , coined in the 19th century , describing a type of composite armor formed by combining the concepts behind the Roman " lorica segmentata " with splint mail . Its historicity is doubtful . It has become entrenched in the popular consciousness as a result of its inclusion in the armor list for " Dungeons and Dragons " . Terminology . Confusion arises because of the wide variety of terms by which similar armors are known . Banded mail has been described as " a form of mail reinforced with bands of leather " , as " overlapping horizontal strips of laminated metal sewn over a backing of normal chain mail and soft leather backing " and as " many thin sheets of metal are hammered or riveted together " . The last description more closely fits splinted armor , which consists of long metal splints connected by mail / leather used for arm and leg protection . The final description of metal plates riveted to a sub - strate describe a coat of plates or brigandine , all of which consist of metal plates riveted to a leather or cloth fronting . Finally , armor constructed of rows of plates or platelets sewn or laced together , without backing / fronting , would be considered " laminar " . The current term for small metal plates joined together by chainmail is plated mail . History . Although banded mail was considered real during the 19th century , later books on history claim that banded mail arose due to a misinterpretation of medieval manuscripts and tomb effigies . While there have been some attempts at modern reconstructions of banded mail , there are no known historic examples . Existing manuscript and effigy representation has generally been interpreted as covering a variety of methods for depicting chainmail . However , Ffoulkes claimed that banded mail did exist , pointing specifically to an illustration in the " Romance of Alexander " where the depiction of mail changes on different parts of the same illustration . He asserted that banded mail was simply chainmail with leather thongs threaded through , and suggested that no specimen survives because the leather would have disintegrated between the armor ' s heyday in the 13th century and today , leaving conventional chainmail .
Inverquharity Inverquharity is a Roman fortlet in Scotland , close to the Highland Line about north of Kirriemuir , Angus . Although very little archaeological work has taken place , it is assumed that Inverquharity forms part of the Roman occupation during the Flavian period ; this would mean it was constructed sometime between 70 and 86 CE . It would thus form part of the series of Strathmore forts , which include Inchtuthil , Cargill I and II , Cardean and Stracathro . Inverquharity is , with Cargill II , one of the smaller installations . Its position close to the Highland line and in a mouth of a small valley , justifies its inclusion amongst the Glenblocker fort s . Aerial photography and geophysical study have shown Inverquharity to have two ditches , of which at least one has been eroded or the sand cliff on which it is situated . Nothing is known about its internal structures .
Battle of Wadi Musa The Battle of Wadi Musa was a battle fought between the Arab Army and the Ottoman Empire during the Arab Revolt of 1916 - 1918 . The battle began when General Djemal Pasha ordered his forces to secure the Hejaz Railway by " any and all means " . The Ottoman Army at Ma ' an was sent to deal with the North Arab Army . The Ottomans were ambushed by 700 Arab troops , inflicting heavy casualties and capturing 300 men . The Ottomans retreated , the railway , uncaptured .
Admiralty Tunnel Admiralty Tunnel is a tunnel in Gibraltar . The tunnel was used for the purpose of bringing stone from the east side . During the second World War the tunnel contained an operations centre where Dwight Eisenhower planned Operation Torch . The operations centre is now ( 2013 ) used to house a secure data facility . History . The new navy base was begun in 1893 but for some time the stone was brought by barge from the east side of the rock to Gibraltar Harbour on the west side . The tunnel allowed bringing stone from the quarries on the east side to be brought via a one metre narrow gauge railway to help constructed the navy base on the west side . It is the only tunnel that runs from east to the west of the Rock of Gibraltar and during World War Two the tunnel was reworked and a 3 , 000 square metre area roughly half - way down it became a state of the art communications centre . This Allied Command Headquarters centre was protected from enemy bombs by metres of rock in every direction and contained the board room where the invasion of North Africa ( Operation Torch ) was planned by Dwight Eisenhower . As a result Eisenhower not only commanded the operation but he was the first non - British person to command Gibraltar for 200 years . It had its own systems for fresh air , electricity , lighting and communication links to the outside world . The space now contains a very secure data storage facility previously owned by Vault Technology Services and now operated by " Continent 8 " . It is not open to the public but it is possible to see from one end to the other and thus to observe how straight the tunnel is . The west end of the tunnel is accessible from Queensway .
5th Air Division ( Germany ) 5 . Flieger Division ( 5th Air Division ) was one of the primary divisions of the German Luftwaffe in World War II . It was formed on 1 August 1938 in Braunschweig from the Höheren Fliegerkommandeur 7 . The Division was redesignated 31 . Flieger - Division on 1 November 1938 and was renamed to 5 . Flieger Division again on 1 February 1939 . The division was redesignated to V . Fliegerkorps on 11 October 1939 and reformed again on 19 December 1944 .
Pershing Professionals Badge The Pershing Professionals Badge was a local individual award created by the 56th Artillery Group to recognize proficiency on the Pershing nuclear missile system . It was awarded from December 1968 through 1979 . Originally awarded only as bronze , the silver and gold versions of the badge were later developed . Cloth versions of the badge were also available . The badge and patches were locally procured in Schwäbisch Gmünd . The badge was colloquially known as the " Pocket Rocket " or " Pershing Pickle " . The badge went through some design changes : The 3rd Ordnance Battalion , 59th Ordnance Brigade allowed some soldiers to wear the badge for supporting the missile launches performed at Cape Canaveral . The 3rd Battalion , 9th Field Artillery Regiment was the Pershing training unit at Fort Sill , Oklahoma . In 1976 , they developed the similar Field Artillery Missileman ' s Badge for proficiency . The badge was a red rectangle with a silver missile and was awarded in basic , senior and master levels . In 1978 , the Army began to rescind authorization for local uniforms and awards and the badge was withdrawn in 1979 . Remaining badges were generally given as gifts to departing members .
Obice da 75 / 18 modello 34 The Obice da 75 / 18 modello 34 was an Italian artillery piece used during World War II . History . Much of Italy is mountainous , so the Italian army has always had an interest in mountain artillery . In the 1930s much of Italy ' s mountain artillery was obsolescent and overdue for replacement . In 1934 , the Italian firm of Ansaldo produced a new mountain howitzer design , the Obice da 75 / 18 modello 34 , which could be broken down into eight loads for transport . In the interest of standardization and logistics the 75 / 18 modello 34 was also used as the light howitzer component of normal field batteries . The Obice da 75 / 18 modello 34 was designed by an Italian artillery Lt . Colonel named Sergio Berlese . The Italians sold the modello 35 abroad in order to obtain foreign currency . In 1940 a sizeable batch was sold to Portugal , and more went to South American countries in exchange for raw materials . The gun was also used as the main armament of the Semovente 75 / 18 self - propelled gun where , due to its " Effetto Pronto " ( HEAT ) ammunition , it also had a good anti - tank capability . In 1941 some captured pieces were used against the Germans by the forces of the Commonwealth during the Battle of Crete and were probably present in the defence of Maleme airfield . Two of them are nowadays displayed next to the Battle of Crete monument in Heraklion .
SM UB - 23 SM " UB - 23 " was a German Type UB II submarine or U - boat in the German Imperial Navy ( ) during World War I . The U - boat was ordered on 30 April 1915 and launched on 9 October 1915 . She was commissioned into the German Imperial Navy on 13 March 1916 as SM " UB - 23 " . The submarine sank 49 ships in 21 patrols for a total of . " UB - 23 " was badly damaged by a depth charge attack by off the Lizard . " UB - 23 " put in at Corunna , Spain , and was interned . On 22 January 1919 she was surrendered to France in accordance with the requirements of the Armistice with Germany and broken up in Cherbourg in July 1921 .
Yokosuka H5Y The Yokosuka H5Y ( short designation ) or Yokosuka Navy Type 99 Flying Boat Model 11 ( 九九式飛行艇 , " 99shiki hikōtei " ) ( long designation ) , given the allied code name Cherry , was an IJNAS flying boat in service from 1938 . Design and development . The H5Y was designed by Yokosuka to meet an IJNAS requirement for a twin - engine maritime reconnaissance flying boat , which was intended to match the performance of contemporary four - engine flying boats , while being cheaper to build and easier to maintain . Two prototypes were built at the 11th Naval Arsenal , Hiro , being completed in 1936 . The H5Y was a twin - engine parasol wing aircraft , and thus resembled a scaled - down version of the Kawanishi H6K " Mavis " . Performance was found to be poor however , with the aircraft underpowered and suffering from structural problems which delayed production . Only 20 were built between 1936 and 1941 . Yokosuka Naval Air Arsenal built the aircraft at the Dai - Juichi Kaigun Kokusho facility . Operational history . The H5Y was accepted for production in 1938 as the Type 99 Flying Boat Model 11 , production deliveries starting in 1939 . However , production was quickly cancelled owing to the poor performance , only 20 being built . Although some were used for coastal anti - submarine patrols early in World War II , they were quickly transferred to second line duties such as transport or training .
Submarine Squadron 14 Submarine Squadron 14 , or SUBRON 14 , was a United States Navy squadron of Polaris and later Poseidon Fleet Ballistic Missile ( FBM ) submarine s based at Holy Loch , Scotland . The squadron was part of Submarine Force , U . S . Atlantic Fleet . The squadron also included several submarine tenders anchored out in the Loch , initially , tugs , barges , small boats , and the floating drydock . The site was a deep , sheltered anchorage which had been a British submarine base during the Second World War with the Submarine Depot Ship HMS Forth serving as a support unit for submarines training in the Clyde . Commissioned 1 July 1958 , the Squadron arrived at FBM Refit Site 1 , Holy Loch 3 March 1961 and departed in June 1992 . From the latter half of 1978 until November 1991 was forward deployed at Site One in Holy Loch , Scotland . On 9 November 1991 , " Will Rogers " departed Site One , the last submarine to leave Holy Loch before Submarine Squadron 14 was deactivated . Small Boats . There was also a large number of small boats used to transport personnel and supplies from the shore to the ship . Among these small boats were Utility Boats , LCM Mk6 and Mk8 landing craft , some with the holds roofed over for personnel transport , and a officers motorboat . The ships ' divers had a LCM Mk6 modified as a dive boat . There was also a boat known as the " Box L " of uncertain heritage . Polaris Military Tartan . The idea for the Polaris Military Tartan came from Captain Walter F Schlech while he was Commodore of SUBRON 14 in the early 1960s . The design of the tartan was done by Alexander MacIntyre of Strone . The tartan is the same as the Black Watch tartan with the addition of a yellow - black - sky blue - black - yellow overcheck of four threads each . The yellow and sky blue lines are said to represent the alternating blue and gold crews of the FBM submarines . The tartan is worn by the members of the U . S . Naval Academy Pipes and Drums .