naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Samuel W . Pennypacker Samuel Whitaker Pennypacker ( April 9 , 1843 – September 2 , 1916 ) was the 23rd Governor of Pennsylvania from 1903 to 1907 . He was the fourth great - grandson of Abraham op den Graeff . Biography . Gov . Pennypacker was born in Phoenixville , Pennsylvania , April 9 , 1843 ; son of Dr . Isaac A . Pennypacker and Anna Maria Whitaker ; grandson of Matthias and Sarah Anderson ( daughter of Isaac Anderson ) , and of Joseph and Grace Whitaker . He and his grandfather Whitaker witnessed Abraham Lincoln ' s speech outside Independence Hall in February 1861 , standing away . Pennypacker ' s early education was interrupted several times . In 1863 he answered a call to arms by Governor Andrew Curtin during the Gettysburg Campaign of the American Civil War . He enlisted as a private in Company F of the 26th Pennsylvania Volunteer Militia and trained at Camp Curtin . He fought in the skirmish at Witmer Farm , north of Gettysburg on June 26 , 1863 , an action that saw his newly recruited regiment retreat to Harrisburg when confronted by veteran Virginia cavalry . He left the emergency militia in late July 1863 and resumed his education . Pennypacker studied law at the University of Pennsylvania and opened his own law practice in 1866 . His public life began in the 1880s with several judgeships ; Pennypacker also wrote extensively as president of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania . Amongst his publications was a history of the Phoenixville area , " Annals of Phoenixville and Its Vicinity : From the Settlement to the Year 1871 " . In 1902 , he soundly defeated Robert Pattison , who was seeking a third nonconsecutive term as governor . During his term in office , Pennypacker signed into law the Child Labor Act of 1905 , setting a minimum age and standard for young workers . He created the Pennsylvania State Police and the State Museum , and oversaw the completion of the new state capitol building . In 1906 he vetoed what would have been the first compulsory sterilization law in the United States . At the time of the veto , Pennypacker stated : " It is plain that the safest and most effective method of preventing procreation would be to cut the heads off the inmates , and such authority is given by the bill to this staff of scientific experts . . . Scientists like all men whose experiences have been limited to one pursuit . . . sometimes need to be restrained . Men of high scientific attainments are prone . . . to lose sight of broad principles outside of their domain . . . To permit such an operation would be to inflict cruelty upon a helpless class . . . which the state has undertaken to protect . . . " During his time in office , Pennypacker made his home in Schwenksville at Pennypacker Mills , a farm and mansion that eight generations of Pennypackers lived in before it was eventually donated to Montgomery County and is now a historic park . He also used Moore Hall as a summer home . He died at Pennypacker Mills , aged 73 , and was buried in Morris Cemetery , Phoenixville . Pennypacker Hall at the Penn State University Park campus is named for him , as is the Samuel W . Pennypacker School at Philadelphia .
Military urbanism Military urbanism is the militarization of urban spaces . This can include changes to built environments in military conflict areas or modifications of cityscapes to strengthen or subvert control by authorities . Military urbanism concerns the planning and implementation processes by which areas are fortified and militarized , as well as observations and critiques of these processes .
Sukhoi Su - 10 The Sukhoi Su - 10 or Izdeliye Ye ( ) was a Soviet turbojet - powered bomber built shortly after World War II . Development . On 26 February 1946 OKB - 134 was tasked with developing and building a bomber powered by four Lyul ' ka TR - 1 A or six RD - 10 turbojet engines . Work began on 24 April 1946 , with many different configurations studied before the design was frozen . Alternative powerplant arrangements were constantly studied and included : - The Su - 10 was a multi - engined jet bomber with a crew of four comprising , Pilot , Navigator / Bomb aimer ( usually the Commander of the aircraft ) , gunner / radio operator , gunner / observer . Ejection seats were provided for Pilot , Navigator and radio Operator , the tail - gunner escaped after jettisoning the tail barbette . The airframe was of all metal semi - monocoque construction with flush - riveted stressed duralumin skinning and highly stressed parts made from high strength steel . The cantilever shoulder mounted wings were trapezoidal in plan - form with rounded wing - tips . Built in one piece each wing was a two spar structure with ribs and stressed duralumin skinning , using TsAGI Sh - 2 - 12 airfoils at the root and SR - 3 - 12 section at the tip . The tail - unit comprised a 45 degree swept fin and un - swept tailplane at approx 2 / 3 fin span using TsAGI 1V - 00 aerofoil sections . Ailerons and elevators were hydraulically boosted . Mounted at approx half span the engine nacelles were designed for minimum interference with the wing aerodynamics . The engines were arranged in vertically staggered pairs with the lower engine completely clear of the leading edge exhausting under the wing , whilst the upper engine nacelle carried over the wing exhausting at approx half chord . Construction of test rigs and a static test fuselage was carried out throughout 1947 and the final propulsion arrangement was settled by a Council of Ministers directive on 11 March 1947 , calling for the development and construction of a medium bomber powered by four Lyul ' ka TR - 1A turbojets . To assist take - off the Su - 10 could also use four U - 5 JATO boosters fitted on the lower rear fuselage sides . The first prototype was completed and ready for flight tests when the hammer fell . Under the guise of economising on Research & Development throughout the aviation industry , many small , low output or politically disfavoured OKB ' s were shut in short order , all work stopping in mid stride . The complete but un - flown Su - 10 was given to the Moscow Aviation Institute for use as an instructional airframe .
CSS Morgan CSS Morgan was a partially armored gunboat of the Confederate States Navy in the American Civil War . " Morgan " was built at Mobile , Alabama in 1861 - 62 . She operated in the waters around Mobile from the time of her completion early in 1862 to the close of hostilities . One reference of October 1862 gave her name as " Admiral " . " Morgan " , commanded by Commander George W . Harrison , CSN , took an active part in the Battle of Mobile Bay on August 5 , 1864 . Situated well to the right of the Confederate line of battle as the enemy proceeded up the channel , she was able to deliver a telling broadside raking fire against USS " Hartford " and others . Toward the end of the engagement , she was pursued by USS " Metacomet " but succeeded in driving her off . " Morgan " , attempting to avoid capture , then turned toward shallow water , grounded briefly , but continued on her perilous route and reached the guns at Fort Morgan . She dispatched a boat which effected the destruction of the Union gunboat USS " Philippi " below the fort . When the Union victory was apparent , Captain Harrison initially wanted to scuttle the ship , but was persuaded by his second in command , Lieutenant Thomas Locke Harrison ( no relation ) that she could be saved by boldly running the gauntlet up to Mobile . Although hotly pursued and shelled by cruisers for a large part of the 25 - mile starlight voyage , she reached the outer obstructions near Mobile at daybreak , and that afternoon was permitted to pass through . " Morgan " continued to serve in the Mobile area . In April 1865 she participated in the battle off Blakely Island in the last days of the Civil War . Blakely Island is located just off the docks of Mobile between the city and Old Spanish Fort located on the eastern shore of Mobile Bay . It was commanded by Captain Fry and sustained considerable damage in her final battle , but survived the war . CSS Morgan stood alone between the City of Mobile and the invading Union troops . On May 4 , 1865 , Commodore Ebenezer Farrand , commanding Confederate Naval Forces in the State of Alabama , ordered the surrender of " Morgan " to the United States Navy . She was sold the following December . References . Friend , Jack , West wind , flood tide : the Battle of Mobile Bay ( Annapolis : Naval Institute Press 2004 ) , ISBN 978 - 1 - 59114 - 292 - 8
HMS Bootle ( 1918 ) HMS " Bootle " was a Hunt class minesweeper of the Royal Navy from World War I . She was originally to be named " Buckie " , but this was changed to avoid any conflict between the vessel name and a coastal location .
Harry R . Harr Harry R . Harr ( February 22 , 1921 – June 5 , 1945 ) was a United States Army soldier and a recipient of the United States military ' s highest decoration — the Medal of Honor — for his actions in World War II . Biography . Harr joined the Army from East Freedom , Pennsylvania in November 1942 , and by June 5 , 1945 was serving as a Corporal in Company D , 124th Infantry Regiment , 31st Infantry Division . On that day , near Maglamin , Mindanao , the Philippines , he smothered the blast of a Japan ese - thrown hand grenade with his body , sacrificing himself to protect those around him . For this action , he was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor a year later , on March 28 , 1946 . Harr , aged 24 at his death , was buried in Alto Reste Burial Park , Altoona , Pennsylvania . Medal of Honor citation . Corporal Harr ' s official Medal of Honor citation reads : He displayed conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity . In a fierce counterattack , the Japanese closed in on his machinegun emplacement , hurling hand grenades , 1 of which exploded under the gun , putting it out of action and wounding 2 of the crew . While the remaining gunners were desperately attempting to repair their weapon another grenade landed squarely in the emplacement . Quickly realizing he could not safely throw the unexploded missile from the crowded position , Cpl . Harr unhesitatingly covered it with his body to smother the blast . His supremely courageous act , which cost him his life , saved 4 of his comrades and enabled them to continue their mission .
Etorofu - class escort ship The were a class of ships in the service of the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II . The Japanese called these ships " Kaibōkan " , " ocean defence ships " , ( " Kai " = sea , ocean , " Bō " = defence , " Kan " = ship ) , to denote a multi - purpose vessel . The fourteen ships of the " Etorofu " class were a major part of Japan ' s escorts from the middle of World War II . They were denoted " Improved Type A " ships , and were the second class of " Kaibōkan " . The " Etorofu " s , unlike the , received more emphasis on submarine warfare . The " Etorofu " class was initially armed with thirty - six depth charges and would later rise to 60 depth charges with an 8 cm trench mortar and six depth charge throwers . The rise of aircraft also saw the number of AA machine guns increase to 15 . They would receive Type 22 and Type 13 radars and Type 93 sonar in 1943 - 1944 . The ships of the class were the ( 択捉 ) , " Hirato " ( 平戸 ) , ( 対馬 ) , " Fukae " ( 福江 ) , ( 松輪 ) , " Mutsure " ( 六連 ) , " Sado " ( 佐渡 ) , " Oki " ( 隠岐 ) , " Manju " ( 満珠 ) , " Kanju " ( 干珠 ) , " Iki " ( 壱岐 ) , ( 天草 ) , " Wakamiya " ( 若宮 ) , and " Kasado " ( 笠戸 ) . Eight of the fourteen ships , " Hirato " , " Iki " , " Amakusa " , " Kanju " , " Wakamiya " , " Sado " , " Mutsure " , and " Matsuwa " were sunk during the war .
Ho - 103 machine gun The 12 . 7mm Type 1 ( 1941 ) was a Japan ese aircraft machine gun widely used during World War II and also known as the Ho - 104 . The Ho - 103 was actually a fixed gun and the Ho - 104 a flexible gun . It was based on the American . 50 - caliber M1921 aircraft Browning machine gun but achieved a higher rate of fire by using a smaller , lower velocity Breda ( Vickers ) cartridge , intermediate in length between the WW II German 13 mm calibre MG 131 ' s 64mm length cartridge , and the long 99mm cartridge of the veteran American M2 Browning . 50 calibre gun . Because of this , the gun was frequently loaded with explosive or incendiary ammunition in an attempt to increase terminal effects on aircraft .
Erich Brandenberger Adolf Robert Erich Brandenberger ( 15 July 1892 – 21 June 1955 ) was a German General der Panzertruppe . He was awarded the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves . In World War I he served as an officer in the 6th Bavarian Field Artillery Regiment . When World War II began Brandenberger was Chief of the General Staff of the XXIII Army Corps ( 16 September 1939 - 15 February 1941 ) on the West Wall . He commanded 8th Panzer Division ( 20 February 1941 - 16 January 1943 ) , LIX Army Corps ( January - March 1943 ) and XXIX Army Corps ( November 1943 - Jun 1944 ) on the Eastern Front . In late 1944 and early 1945 , he led the 7th Army on the Western Front during the German Ardennes Offensive . Captured by the Americans on 6 May 1945 while at duty in the 19th Army as a Commanding General . He was released from US captivity in 1948 .
1st Heavy Artillery Battery ( Australia ) 1st Heavy Artillery Battery was an Australian artillery unit during World War I . Formed at Gallipoli on 14 July 1915 the battery formed part of the 1st Division artillery . The battery was originally equipped with 2 old 6 inch 30 cwt howitzer s and one even older 4 . 7 inch naval gun . The battery was disbanded in Egypt during February 1916 to provide personnel for howitzer batteries .
Naval Air Station Halifax The Naval Air Station Halifax , also NAS Halifax , was a United States Navy Naval Air Station located in Eastern Passage , Nova Scotia , Canada . NAS Halifax was established in 1918 in the months following the United States ' entry into World War I . The US Navy briefly operated the base on the shores of Halifax Harbour , adjacent to RCAF Station Dartmouth , to stage its flying boat s used in coastal and anti - submarine patrols along North America ' s eastern seaboard . NAS Halifax was transferred to the Royal Canadian Naval Air Service ( RCNAS ) at the end of World War I and the facility was renamed HMCS Shearwater . The flying boat facility was merged with the land - based airfield at RCAF Station Dartmouth to form RCAF Station Shearwater ( also known as RCNAS Shearwater ) . In 1968 the entire facility ( airfield and shore - based former flying boat base ) was merged into the Canadian Forces and the base was renamed CFB Shearwater . The flying boat base has been redeveloped as a shore - side pier to the air force base and is occasionally used for transferring aircraft to and from warships , as well as being a secure dock outside of Downtown Halifax for visiting nuclear - powered and nuclear - armed NATO warships .
Rudolf Donth Rudolf Donth ( 16 February 1920 – 19 June 2001 ) was a highly decorated Oberleutnant in the Fallschirmjäger during World War II . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership .
Douglas T2D The Douglas T2D was an American twin engine torpedo bomber contracted by the military , and required to be usable on wheels or floats , and operating from aircraft carrier s . It was the first twin - engined aircraft to be operated from an aircraft carrier . Development and design . In 1925 , the United States Navy ' s Bureau of Aeronautics designed a twin - engined torpedo bomber aircraft , intended to have greater performance than contemporary single - engined aircraft . A single prototype was built by the Naval Aircraft Factory as the XTN - 1 , which was quickly followed by three identical aircraft built by Douglas , the T2D - 1 . The XTN / T2D was a large two bay biplane , capable of easy conversion between floats and wheels , and carrying a crew of four . Operational history . The first three T2D - 1 ' s were delivered to the torpedo bomber squadron VT - 2 on 25 May 1927 , being used for successful trials aboard the aircraft carrier . A further nine T2D - 1 ' s were ordered in 1927 , these normally being operated as floatplanes , partly owing to criticism from the Army of the Navy operating large land based bombers , and partly as its large size prevented " Langley " from embarking a full airwing . A further 18 aircraft were ordered in June 1930 as patrol floatplane s , being designated P2D - 1 . These were operated by Patrol Squadron VP - 3 in the Panama Canal Zone until they were replaced by Consolidated PBY s in 1937 .
Bombing of Kobe in World War II The Bombing of Kobe in World War II on March 16 and 17 , 1945 was part of the strategic bombing campaign waged by the United States of America against military and civilian targets and population centers during the Japan home islands campaign in the closing stages of World War II . The city would be bombed again in later months . Reasons for Raids . Kobe was selected as a target for firebombing raids for a number of reasons . First off , it was the 6th largest city in Japan at the time , with a population of roughly 1 million . The houses were mostly flimsy and highly flammable — perfect for starting and sustaining large fires . Second , it was Japan ' s largest port , home to the largest concentration of shipbuilding and marine - engine manufacturing . Kobe was also an important city for transportation and business . National highways ran through the city , especially through the congested business section , and Kobe contained business facilities for steel , machinery , rubber , railway equipment , and ordnance . Lastly , Kobe ' s low water supply , consisting of only three reservoirs , and its poor firefighting equipment created a very fire - prone environment . Bombing Raids . March 16 / 17 Raid . On March 16 / 17 , 1945 , 331 American B - 29 bombers launched a firebombing attack against the city of Kobe , Japan . This raid was executed by all three wings of the XXI Bomber Command , namely the 73rd , 313th , and 314th bombardment wings . It was flown in honor of Brigadier General LaVerne Saunders , who was , at the time , recuperating in Walter Reed General Hospital from injuries he sustained during an aircraft accident . The raid targeted 4 key areas : the northwest corner of the city , the area south of the main railroad line , the area northwest of the main railroad station , and the area northeast of the third target . Of the city ' s residents , 8 , 841 were confirmed to have been killed in the resulting firestorm s , which destroyed an area of three square miles and included 21 % of Kobe ' s urban area . At the time , the city covered an area of 14 square miles ( 36 km² ) . More than 650 , 000 people had their homes destroyed , and the homes of another million people were damaged . During the raid , 280 Japanese fighters were spotted , 96 of which engaged the B - 29 bombers in 104 attacks ; this constituted the highest proportion of fighters sighted to those attacking than previously experienced during a night raid . Despite this , no bombers were lost due to enemy defenses . Three bombers were lost during the raid , but the reason ( s ) for their losses are unknown . Other Raids . On 15 June that same year , Kobe was bombed again . Incendiaries dropped from 530 bombers destroyed of the city , and 51 % of the built - up area of the city was damaged . In addition to incendiary attacks , Kobe was the target of a B - 29 precision attack on industry , three mine - laying operations and one fighter - bomber sweep :
Milton Montgomery Milton Montgomery ( May 3 , 1825 – May 23 , 1897 ) was a colonel in the Union Army during the American Civil War who was nominated and confirmed for appointment to the grade of brevet brigadier general in 1866 . Biography . Montgomery was born on May 3 , 1825 in Olivesburg , Ohio . He later moved to Sparta , Wisconsin . Montgomery died on May 23 , 1897 in Omaha , Nebraska and is buried in Wyuka Cemetery . Career . Montgomery began his Civil War service in command of the 25th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment on September 14 , 1862 . He suffered the loss of his right arm at Decatur , Georgia during the Battle of Atlanta , where he was captured on July 22 , 1864 . He subsequently was exchanged . Despite the loss of his arm , Montgomery later took part in the Carolinas Campaign . He commanded Brigade 2 , Division 1 , XVII Corps of the Army of the Tennessee from January 29 , 1865 to March 28 , 1865 and from May 20 , 1865 to June 7 , 1865 . Montgomery was mustered out of the volunteers on June 7 , 1865 . On January 13 , 1866 , President Andrew Johnson nominated Montgomery for appointment to the grade of brevet brigadier general of volunteers to rank from March 13 , 1865 , and the United States Senate confirmed the appointment on March 12 , 1866 .
North Atlantic Division The North Atlantic Division of the U . S . Army Corps of Engineers is one of the eight permanent divisions within the Corps . Made up of roughly 3 , 500 employees in six districts and a Division headquarters , the North Atlantic Division is a major subordinate command and serves to integrate the capabilities of its six districts . They plan , design and build for the Army and Air Force in the northeastern states and Europe , develop and manage water resources , and protect and restore the environment . They also work for other international , federal , state and local customers and agencies . Its current headquarters is at 302 General Lee Avenue in Fort Hamilton in Brooklyn , New York . During World War II while working out of its headquarters at 270 Broadway in Manhattan , the division was responsible for coordinating all military construction in Europe . It also coordinated the construction of the nuclear bomb , which was code named the Manhattan Project because of the location of the division ' s headquarters office . The current commander of the division is BG Kent D . Savre , who is directly responsible to the Chief of Engineers . Within the authorities delegated , the division commander directs and supervises the individual district commanders . The division commander also serves as the federal representative on the Delaware River Basin Commission , Susquehanna River Basin Commission and the Interstate Commission on the Potomac River Basin .
USS Deft ( AM - 216 ) USS Deft ( AM - 216 ) was an Admirable - class minesweeper built for the U . S . Navy during World War II . She was built to clear minefields in offshore waters , and served the Navy in the Pacific Ocean . She was launched 28 March 1943 by Tampa Shipbuilding Co . , Inc . , Tampa , Florida ; sponsored by Mrs . E . H . Jacobs ; and commissioned 16 April 1945 , Lieutenant J . C . Engle , USNR , in command . World War II Pacific Ocean operations . " Deft " sailed from Norfolk , Virginia , 22 June 1945 and called at San Diego , California , Pearl Harbor , Saipan , and Okinawa before arriving at Sasebo , Japan , 21 September . She swept mines off the coast of Honshū , and served in various occupation duties until 15 December when she got underway for the west coast . " Deft " arrived at San Pedro , California , 4 April 1946 and remained there for local operations until 13 August when she sailed for the Philippines . Post - War decommissioning . She reached Subic Bay 24 October , was decommissioned 9 November 1946 and transferred to the Republic of China 27 August 1948 . She was scrapped by the Chinese Navy 16 January 1959 . Awards . " Deft " received one battle star for World War II service .
Dromedarii Dromedarii were camel riding auxiliary forces recruited in the desert provinces of the Late Roman Empire . They were developed to take the place of horses , where horses were not common . They were also successful against enemy horses , as horses are afraid of the camels ' scent .