naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Amur Cossacks The Amur Cossack Host ( Russian : " Амурское казачье войско " ) , a Cossack host created in the Amur region and Primorye in the 1850s on the basis of the Cossacks relocated from the Transbaikal region and freed miners of Nerchinsk region . Their resettlement began in 1854 . The first Cossack " stanitsa " ( Khabarovskaya ) was created in 1858 . A decree on the creation of the Amur Cossack Host was issued in 1860 . Initially , it subordinated to the military governor of the Amur Oblast and Primorye ( from 1879 and on , it would only subordinate to the governor of the Amur Oblast ) . Then , the Amur Cossack army subordinated to the Governor - General of the Amur region and commander of the armies of the military district of the Amur region ( the latter was also the ataman of the Amur and Ussuri Cossack Host s ) . The headquarters of the Amur Cossack Host was located in Blagoveshchensk . The Amur Cossack Host patrolled the borders along the Amur River and Ussuri River ( In 1889 , a separate Ussuri Cossack Host was created for patrolling the Ussuri . ) It also staffed the Amur - Ussuri flotilla , created in 1897 . The Amur Cossacks possessed 5 , 8 million desyatina s of land ( 64 , 000 km² ) . The Cossack population ( 120 settlements ) numbered 49 , 200 people . In times of peace , the Amur Cossack Host supplied 1 cavalry regiment ( 4 sotnya s ) and 1 platoon of guards , in times of war - 2 cavalry regiments , 1 platoon of guards , 5 special and 1 reserve sotnyas and 1 battalion ( the total of 3 , 600 men ) . In 1911 their parade uniform comprised a dark green chekmen ( frock coat ) , high fleece hat and grey blue breeches . Trouser stripes , hat top and epaulettes were yellow . The Amur Cossack Host took part in the suppression of the Boxer Rebellion in China , Russo - Japanese War of 1904 - 1905 and World War I . During the Russian Civil War , a significant number of the Amur Cossacks fought on the side of the Soviets .
AN / SLQ - 25 Nixie The AN / SLQ - 25 Nixie and its variants are towed torpedo decoys used on US and allied warships . It consists of a towed decoy device and a shipboard signal generator . The decoy emits signals to draw a torpedo away from its intended target . The Nixie attempts to defeat a torpedo ' s passive sonar by emitting simulated ship noise , such as propeller and engine noise , which is more attractive than the ship to the torpedo ' s sensors . The AN / SLQ - 25A Nixie is a clean - sheet design when compared to the AN / SLQ - 25 Nixie . Apart from a few minor mechanical components , they share no common parts . The AN / SLQ - 25A utilises a fiber optic tow cable ( FOTC ) and a 10 horsepower RL - 272C double drum winch . Several engineering changes resulted in COTS equipment being utilised extensively in the system . A diagnostic program can be initiated locally or from the remote control station , and tests all electronic functions . The AN / SLQ - 25B includes equipment of the AN / SLQ - 25A and incorporates a towed array sensor to detect submarines and incoming torpedoes . The AN / SLQ - 25B also incorporates additional active sonar decoys by receiving , amplifying , and returning " pings " from the torpedo , presenting a larger false target to the torpedo . The AN / SLQ - 25C System is an upgrade to the AN / SLQ - 25A system . The AN / SLQ - 25C incorporates improved surface ship torpedo countermeasures with the addition of new countermeasure modes along a longer , more functional Tow Cable . Typically , larger ships may have two Nixie systems mounted on the rear of the ship to allow operation singularly or in pairs while smaller ships may have only one system . Under a joint UK / US Memorandum of understanding , the UK MoD and the US DoD are furthering torpedo survivability systems . The US is currently working on an Active Source program called the DCL Technology Demonstrator programme and the UK has developed and entered into service the S2170 Surface Ship Torpedo Defence system .
Lee Bivens Lee Bivens is an artist , film producer and motorcycle racer . Early life . Born in Statesville , North Carolina to Arnold and Vicki Bivens . He majored in Art and Business at the University of South Carolina . Career . Lee Bivens became a full time professional artist at the age of 18 and is realism painter known for " captur [ ing ] more than the camera ' s eye in his paintings " . During his 26 year art career , Bivens spent his extra time racing motorcycles and educating himself on the film industry . Today , Bivens operates an independent film studio , Bivens Studios Inc . In Sept . 2011 , he completed his first feature film , " Evolution Creek " , and submitted it for consideration to the Sundance Film Festival . He has also been published in " Motorcyclist " magazine as an expert . Lee is an official United States Air Force artist and created the " Spirit of the Raptor ( F - 22 ) " .
Alfred Bülowius Alfred Bülowius was a " Luftwaffe " commander during World War II . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross ( ) . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership .
Emergency Reserve Decoration The Emergency Reserve Decoration ( ERD ) is a British military decoration , instituted in 1952 . This silver and silver gilt decoration was awarded to officers of the Army Supplementary Reserve or Army Emergency Reserve for 12 years continuous or aggregate service ( with war service counting as double ) . It has a dark blue ribbon , with a yellow central stripe . Recipients may use the letters " ERD " after their name . The obverse is an oval wreath of oak leaves with Queen Elizabeth II ' s Royal cypher in the centre and a crown at the top . The dark blue ribbon with a central yellow stripe is attached to a metal ring on top of the crown and is finished at the top with a brooch bar bearing the inscription " ARMY EMERGENCY RESERVE " . The medal is 55mm high and 37mm wide . The official order of wear specifies that the ERD is worn after the Hong Kong Disciplined Services Medal and before the Volunteer Officers ' Decoration .
Duchifat Battalion The 94th Battalion , known as " Duchifat " ( Hoopoe ) , is a battalion in the 900 Brigade of the Israel Defense Forces ( IDF ) . History . The 94th Battalion was established in 1984 as an anti - tank unit . With its establishment , the quality of professional training was higher than regular infantry , the battalion ' s recruits had all infantry basic training in the Paratroopers training base , antitank warfare , navigation and advanced infantry training . From 1984 to 2006 , the battalion soldiers wore red shoes – symbolized the affiliation to the paratroopers – and on the same time , a black beret – as part of an armoured division – with an infantry pin . The unit ' s flag was similar to the paratroopers ' flag – red and white .
2 / 29th Battalion ( Australia ) The 2 / 29th Battalion was an infantry battalion of the Australian Army , which served during the Second World War . Formed in October 1940 , the battalion served in Malaya as part of the 27th Brigade , which was assigned to the 8th Division . The 2 / 29th Battalion surrendered as part of the capitulation of Singapore and spent the remainder of the war as prisoners of war . Battle honours . The 2 / 29th Battalion received the following battle honour s : Commanding officers . The following officers served as commanding officer of the 2 / 29th :
William Henry Percy The Honourable William Henry Percy ( 24 March 1788 – 5 October 1855 , 8 Portman Square , London , at his eldest brother ' s home ) was a British Royal Navy officer and politician . Family . Percy was the sixth son of Algernon Percy , 1st Earl of Beverley , and his wife Isabella Susannah Burrell , daughter of Peter Burrell . Naval and political career . Entering the navy as a first - class volunteer on board the 64 gun in May 1801 and going with it to China , Percy returned in November 1802 and was posted to the as a midshipman . ( Soon afterwards , his elder brother Josceline was appointed its appointed acting lieutenant . ) He was promoted to Lieutenant in 1807 . Promoted to commander in 1810 , his first command was the troopship in 1811 . Percy and " Mermaid " transported troops between Britain and Iberia for the Peninsular War ) . He was made post captain on 21 March 1812 , but his next command ( of the 20 gun during 1814 , operating on the North American coast ) came to grief when he lost 50 of his crew wounded or killed in an unsuccessful attack on Fort Bowyer , Mobile and then had to set fire to his own ship to keep her out of enemy hands . A court martial determined that the attack was warranted by the circumstances . Still , this was his last naval service , though he did carry back to England despatches announcing the British defeat at the Battle of New Orleans . For a while during his retirement he was a commissioner of excise and - thanks to the influence of his maternal aunt ' s stepson , the second Marquess of Exeter - he sat as Tory MP for Stamford , Lincolnshire from 1818 to 1826 . He was made a rear - admiral on the retired list on 1 October 1846 . Percy died unmarried in October 1855 , aged 67 .
SM U - 88 SM U - 88 was a Type U 87 submarine built for the Imperial German Navy ( " Kaiserliche Marine " ) in World War I . " U - 88 " was engaged in the naval warfare and took part in the First Battle of the Atlantic . " U 87 " and " U 89 " had one 10 . 5 cm / 45 and one 8 . 8 cm / 30 deck guns , " U 88 " was probably equally armed . " U 90 " - " U 92 " were armed with one 10 . 5 cm / 45 gun ( 140 - 240 rounds ) . " U - 88 " is most notable for sinking and taking with her Kapitänleutnant Walther Schwieger , responsible for sinking the when he was commander of ' . The submarine was lost with all hands on 5 September 1917 when being chased by , hit a British mine and sank north of Terschelling at .
California Shipbuilding Corporation California Shipbuilding Corporation built 467 Liberty and Victory ship s during World War II , including " Haskell " - class attack transport s . California Shipbuilding Corporation was often referred to as Calship . The " Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships " sometimes refers to this shipyard as California Shipbuilding Co . , but Co < nowiki > [ mpany ] < / nowiki > appears to be an error . The Calship shipyard was created at Terminal Island in Los Angeles , California , USA as part of America ' s massive shipbuilding effort of World War II . W . A . Bechtel Co . was given sponsorship and executive direction of Calship . As of 1940 , Los Angeles shipyards had not built a large ship in 20 years . By late 1941 though , shipbuilding had become the second largest manufacturing industry in the Los Angeles area . Calship was created from scratch and began production of Liberty Ship s in May 1941 . The yard was located on 175 acres on the east side of Terminal Island , north of Dock Street , near present - day berths 210 - 213 . It initially had 8 ways , and later increased this to 14 . Thirteen months after commencing production , the yard broke the record by delivering 15 Liberty Ships in June 1942 . It delivered 111 ships in 1942 , more than any other yard in the United States . In June 1943 , it broke the record again by delivering 20 ships for the month , and yet again in December 1943 , delivering 23 ships . The Kaiser Steel plant in Fontana , California was completed in August 1943 , which enabled further production increases at Calship . Between September 27 , 1941 and September 27 , 1945 , the yard launched 467 ships . The Calship yard was known as " the city built on invisible stilts . " It was situated on marshy ground , and was built on artificial earth supported by 57 , 000 piles driven into the mud . Shipbuilding commenced before the fitting - out docks were even completed . The yard ' s workers came from every region of the United States , reaching a force of 40 , 000 men and women , only 1 % of whom had any shipbuilding experience whatsoever . Calship closed in September 1945 , after launching the last Victory ship , " four years to the minute after the first slid into the water . " Calship ranked 49th among United States corporations in the value of World War II military production contracts . The surviving museum ships : SS " American Victory " and SS " Lane Victory " , were built in the Calship yard . The SS " American Victory " is in Tampa , Florida and the SS " Lane Victory " is in Los Angeles . They are open to the public for dockside tours and also sail periodically .
George Cockburne Captain George Cockburne ( died 1770 ) was a naval administrator who went on to be Comptroller of the Navy . Career . Cockburne was appointed Comptroller of the Navy and promoted to Captain in 1756 . In 1770 , while still comptroller , he stood unsuccessfully in the Scarborough by - election with support from the Marquess of Granby . Family . He married Lady Caroline Forrester .
Durban cenotaph The Durban cenotaph was erected in Farewell Square , Durban , South Africa , as a memorial to soldiers who died in World War I . Standing about 11 metres ( 36 feet ) high , the monument is built of granite decorated with glazed ceramic tiles depicting two angels raising the soul of a dead soldier . The vivid colour of the figurative decoration makes the cenotaph possibly unique among World War I memorials of its kind . The design was the result of a competition in 1921 , won by the Cape Town architectural firm of Eagle , Pilkington and McQueen . The ceramics were made in England by Harold and Phoebe Stabler of the Poole Pottery , and shipped to Durban for assembly : because this process took some time , the memorial was only unveiled in 1926 . The stone parts of the monument are handsomely designed in neoclassical style : pillars supporting electric torches and granite urns surround the main structure . As with other Commonwealth cenotaphs a wreath crowns the top , although in this case it is made of green ceramic . The legend " Tell it to the generation following " appears just below . A metal statue of a dead soldier lies stretched out on a plinth in front of the monument . The cenotaph is set in a small garden walled in stone with memorial plaques and closed off from the street by a fence . The entrance to the garden , and the view of the front of the memorial , is guarded by a remarkable pair of large snarling Art Deco lions on high plinths . The ceramic decoration , with its clear lines , strong colours and sunburst , is in the same style , of which Durban features many fine examples . The neoclassical and Art Deco elements work harmoniously together to make this one of the most striking and lavishly decorated memorials of its kind . The cenotaph was the object of a bombing attack in June 1981 , when a large granite basin behind the memorial was slightly damaged . Footnotes .
Bayou St . John Confederate Submarine The Bayou St . John Confederate Submarine is an early military submarine built for use by the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War . Description . The submarine is constructed of riveted iron , long , wide and deep , with a hand - cranked propeller . History . No period documentation for the submarine is known to exist , and its original name and many details about it remain unknown . The submarine was rediscovered in 1878 during a dredging of Bayou St . John at its intersection with Lake Pontchartrain in New Orleans , Louisiana , where the submarine was presumably scuttled to prevent it falling into Union hands after the U . S . capture of New Orleans ( " see also : " New Orleans in the American Civil War ) . It was put on display beside the bayou at Spanish Fort Amusement Park as a curiosity , incorrectly identified as the Confederate submarine " Pioneer " . ( The traditional identification as the " Pioneer " was not called into serious question until historical research in the late 20th century showed the " Pioneer " to be of different design than the one rescued from Bayou St . John . ) The Bayou submarine and the " Pioneer " may have undergone trials at about the same time and confusion between the two may date back to contemporary accounts ; it is not clear which of the two was constructed first . In 1908 the submarine was moved to the grounds of Camp Nicholls Confederate Home on Moss Street beside Bayou St . John . About this time , the interior of the submarine was filled with concrete in an attempt at preservation that later generations of conservators would find questionable . In 1942 the submarine was acquired by the Louisiana State Museum and moved to Jackson Square ; after being in various displays around the Square it was placed in the shelter of the arcade of the ground floor of The Presbytere in 1957 , where it would remain until 1999 . In 1999 the submarine was transported to Baton Rouge , Louisiana , where the old concrete was removed as part of major restoration work , after which the submarine was placed on display at the Baton Rouge branch of the Louisiana State Museum .
Camp Red Cloud Camp Red Cloud ( commonly referred to as CRC ) is a United States Army camp located in the city of Uijeongbu , between Seoul and the Korean Demilitarized Zone ( DMZ ) . The installation was renamed after Medal of Honor recipient Corporal Mitchell Red Cloud , Jr . on Armed Forces Day , May 18 , 1957 from its earlier name of Camp Jackson ( which continues as the name of another post just south of CRC ) . Camp Red Cloud covers over of land in the northwestern edge of the city of Uijeongbu and serves as the Headquarters of 2nd Infantry Division ( United States ) . Camp Red Cloud is the home of an array of military units including but not limited to the following . 55th MP company , Air Force TACP unit ( 604th Air Support Operations Squadron ) , U . S . Army explosive ordnance disposal detachment ( late 1990s ) , Division command staff , hospital staff , finance staff , ROK / KATUSA headquarters , etc . D - company and HQ - company 122d Signal Battalion were officially retired in 2005 and the remaining soldiers were combined to form the new Division Special Troops Battalion . This is currently the largest unit on the camp . It is a support battalion made up of A CO ( signal company ) , HHSC ( division headquarters company ) , 2X ( division administrative company ) , and the 2nd Infantry Division Band . In the summer of 1998 , the region of South Korea where CRC lies was subjected to severe rains that caused deadly flooding and damage to CRC . Although no US service members lost their lives during the floods , many Korean nationals and domestic livestock perished in the flood waters . A large portion of the hill behind CRC washed away . A massive mudslide devastated the southern half of CRC . For weeks , Camp Red Cloud went without a main PX as it was destroyed by the floods . Several barracks ( officer quarters ) were leveled in the destruction along with the golf Pro Shop located adjacent to the helipad . The 2ID museum also suffered severe damage in the torrent of mud and water . Camp Red Cloud has also been the site of various protests and demonstrations against the US presence in Korea . The largest such protest was in 2002 when Korean protesters tossed molotov cocktails and cut holes in the fences around the post . This demonstration was in reaction to the Yangju highway incident in which a US military vehicle had run over 2 school girls . Fences around the post have since been replaced with concrete walls . Current commander is COL John M . Scott .
Light Transport Brigade The Light Transport Brigade ( , ) was a military unit of the Independent State of Croatia ' s Croatian Home Guard which fought alongside the Royal Italian Army on the Eastern Front . It was attached to the 8th Italian Army , which was in turn subordinate to the German Army Group B . The unit was formed by Italian request in July 1941 . However , it remained in the Independent State of Croatia until December when it was finally moved to Italy . Upon completion of their training the unit was visited by Croatian field marshal Slavko Kvaternik in early 1941 . By April 16 it arrived on the Eastern Front . It fought until December 1942 when it was destroyed by the Red Army . The unit was commemorated with a stamp featuring a soldier in the Don River region . Proceeds went to the families of legionnaires . In 2008 , 16 soldiers ' remains were returned to Croatia .
Salt in the American Civil War Salt played a role during the Civil War . Salt not only preserved food in the days before refrigeration , but was also vital in the curing of leather . Union general William Tecumseh Sherman once said that " salt is eminently contraband " , as an army that has salt can adequately feed its men . The most important saltworks for the Confederacy were at Saltville , Virginia . In late 1864 , the Union army twice advanced to capture the saltworks , as it was the last prominent source of salt for the eastern Confederate states . The October 1864 Battle of Saltville I saw the Confederate able to repulse the charge , but the next December in the Battle of Saltville II Union forces under George Stoneman managed to destroy the vital saltworks . Two months later the salt works were back to work for the Confederacy , although the destroyed railroad system around the area hampered its distribution . In Georgia , the price of salt depended on one ' s family circumstances . Heads of families could purchase a half - bushel of salt for $ 2 . 50 . If a widow had a son in the Confederate army , the price was only $ 1 . 00 . But if the widow ' s husband served his nation , the price was free . Local court clerks sent the salt requests to the state government , which in turn allotted the salt to the counties as requested . Some scholars contend that Florida ' s greatest contribution to the Confederate war effort was in producing salt . With a total investment of $ 10 million , Floridian salt plants worked 24 hours a day boiling salt from sea water , mostly in the area between Saint Andrews Bay and St . Marks , Florida . Occasionally , Union forces came ashore just to destroy the boilers . Confederate law made those involved in salt - making immune to being drafted , making it a popular profession in war - time Florida ; the estimated total workers involved was 5 , 000 . One way Southern families acquired salt was to boil the dirt in areas where they had previously cured meats . They would dig it out , and strain it . Avery Island , off the Louisiana coast , gave the Confederacy a huge supply of rock salt until the Union captured it . However , Confederates never realized that similar structures to the rock salt mine were all along the Louisiana and Texas coasts of the Gulf of Mexico , and therefore salt could have been more easily attained if they had but realized it .
HNoMS Troll ( 1910 ) The destroyer HNoMS " Troll , known locally as " Torpedojager Troll ( litt . : " torpedo hunter " ) , was the second destroyer built for the Royal Norwegian Navy , as the second ship of the " Draug " class destroyers . She was built at the naval shipyard in Horten , with yard number 104 . She was kept in service long after she was obsolete , and took part in the defence of Norway after the German invasion in 1940 . Norwegian Campaign . On 9 April " Troll " was stationed at Måløy , as part of the 2nd Naval District ' s 1st destroyer division . Commanded by Captain J . Dahl the vessel operated in the Sognefjord after the German invasion . As the forces in the Sognefjord naval district started surrendering 1 May " Troll " was ordered to sail to the UK , but due to a lack of both crew and coal the ship was unable to do so . Hence , she struck her flag in Florø on 4 May 1940 . The abandoned ship was seized in Florø by the Germans on 18 May . German service . After capture " Troll " , retaining its original name , was rebuilt by the Germans as a distillation vessel and steam supply ship , having her whole superstructure removed . She was used as such at the Laksevåg shipyard near Bergen from 1941 until she was returned to the Royal Norwegian Navy in 1945 . Post - war . Although " Troll " survived the war years and was returned to her proper owners , she was by then too worn down to see further service and was sold for scrapping in 1949 .