naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
German World War II strongholds German strongholds during World War II ( " fortress es " ) were the selected towns and cities so designated by Adolf Hitler to resist the Allied offensives where the defenders were ordered to defend them at all costs . The doctrine of these strongholds evolved towards the end of World War II , when the German leadership had not yet accepted defeat , but had begun to realize that drastic measures were required to forestall inevitable offensives on the Reich . The first such stronghold became Stalingrad ( Battle of Stalingrad ) . Later on the Eastern Front , Warsaw , Budapest , Kolberg , Königsberg , Küstrin , Danzig and Breslau were some of the large cities selected as strongholds whilst on the Western Front locations included the British island of Alderney . The fate of the strongholds varied . Stalingrad , the first of the " fortresses " to fall is seen as a crucial turning point in the war , and one of the key battles which led to German defeat . In several cases ( Breslau and Alderney , for example ) the fortresses were bypassed by the attackers and did not actually fall until long after they had been neutralised ( though fighting in Breslau was sustained ) .
Ruotsinsalmi - class minelayer The Ruotsinsalmi - class minelayers were a two - strong class of minelayer s in the Finnish Navy . Both ships were launched in 1940 and named after famous 18th - century sea battles between Sweden and Russia . New minelayers for the navy . Funding for two new minelayers had been secured as early as in 1937 , but instead the money was used to refurbish the garrison at Mäkiluoto . " Riilahti " was launched on December 14 , 1940 , three weeks after her sister ship " Ruotsinsalmi " . The vessels differed somewhat , " Riilahti " having an extensively modified propulsion system and hull , compared to its sister vessel . Originally , the vessels were intended as escort minesweepers for the Finnish navy ' s coastal defence ships " Ilmarinen " and " Väinämöinen " , and they were therefore designed with a draft of only 1 . 5 metres . The ships were armed with one 75 mm gun , one Bofors 40 mm gun s and two Madsen 20 mm anti - aircraft cannon s . The vessel had three mine dropping rails , and could carry about 100 mines . The ship could also hunt submarines , and was equipped with hydrophones , depth charge throwers and rails . The vessel was also strong enough to be able to tow minesweeping equipment . It was equipped with smoke generator s so it could protect itself , and other near - by vessel from enemy vessels .
United States v . DuBay United States v . DuBay , 17 USCMA 147 , 37 CMR 411 , was a 1967 case which established procedure in courts martial for holding hearings to determine issues raised collaterally which require findings of fact and conclusions of law . Such hearings are commonly referred to as DuBay hearings , and the case is cited in the rules of the United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces .
Jonathan Arnold Jonathan Arnold ( December 3 , 1741 – February 1 , 1793 ) was an American physician and statesman from New England . He was born in Providence , Rhode Island . Arnold served in the Continental Army as a surgeon , and directed the army hospital at Providence . He represented Rhode Island as a delegate to the Continental Congress in 1782 and 1783 . He moved to a farm in St . Johnsbury , Vermont in 1787 , and later served as a judge . He also served as a clerk in the colony of Rhode Island in 1767 . He would write the voucher to the recipient ordering payment from Joseph Clarke Esquire with the General Treasury of the Colony of Rhode Island . Descendants . He was the father of Lemuel Hastings Arnold and great - great - grandfather of Theodore Francis Green .
Clair Goodblood Clair Goodblood ( September 18 , 1929 – April 25 , 1951 ) was a soldier in the U . S . Army during the Korean War . He posthumously received the Medal of Honor for his actions on April 24 , and April 25 , 1951 . Goodblood joined the Army from Burnham , Maine in 1947 . Medal of Honor citation . Rank and organization : Corporal , U . S . Army , Company D , 7th Infantry Regiment , 3rd Infantry Division Place and date : Near Popsu - dong , Korea , 24 and April 25 , 1951 Entered service at : Burnham , Maine . Born : September 18 , 1929 , Fort Kent , Maine G . O . No . : 14 , February 1 , 1952 Citation : Cpl . Goodblood , a member of Company D , distinguished himself by conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty in action against an armed enemy of the United Nations . Cpl . Goodblood , a machine gunner , was attached to Company B in defensive positions on thickly wooded key terrain under attack by a ruthless foe . In bitter fighting which ensued , the numerically superior enemy infiltrated the perimeter , rendering the friendly positions untenable . Upon order to move back , Cpl . Goodblood voluntarily remained to cover the withdrawal and , constantly vulnerable to heavy fire , inflicted withering destruction on the assaulting force . Seeing a grenade lobbed at his position , he shoved his assistant to the ground and flinging himself upon the soldier attempted to shield him . Despite his valorous act both men were wounded . Rejecting aid for himself , he ordered the ammunition bearer to evacuate the injured man for medical treatment . He fearlessly maintained his l - man defense , sweeping the onrushing assailants with fire until an enemy banzai charge carried the hill and silenced his gun . When friendly elements regained the commanding ground , Cpl . Goodblood ' s body was found lying beside his gun and approximately 100 hostile dead lay in the wake of his field of fire . Through his unflinching courage and willing self - sacrifice the onslaught was retarded , enabling his unit to withdraw , regroup , and resecure the strongpoint . Cpl . Goodblood ' s inspirational conduct and devotion to duty reflect lasting glory on himself and are in keeping with the noble traditions of the military service .
Type 82 artillery The Type 82 Artillery is a 30 - tube 130 mm multiple rocket launcher used by the People ' s Liberation Army of China . It is replacing the 19 tube 130 mm multiple rocket launcher of the Type 70 ( on a YW 531C ) and Type 63 ( on a 4X4 truck ) .
James B . Burkholder James B . Burkholder ( 22 October 1918 – 9 May 2006 ) was a former United States Army officer who , after retiring , became involved in peace and social justice issues . Born and raised in Pennsylvania , he attended the University of Pennsylvania . After receiving a degree in accounting from the Wharton School there , he was commissioned a Second Lieutenant in the United States Army Reserve . He went on active duty before the United States entered World War II . Following WWII , he became a career officer and received a Regular Army commission . He retired from the Army in 1973 with the rank of Colonel . Following his retirement he lived in Tucson , Arizona . When the Sanctuary movement started in the 1980s , he became a supporter and even helped to transport and house Central American political refugees . In 1987 he joined Veterans for Peace , and was soon elected president of the organization ' s Tucson chapter . He later served as the national president of VFP . He also served as a member of the Board of Advisers for the Center for Defense Information . Following a brief illness , he died from pancreatic cancer less than two months shy the 65th anniversary of his marriage to Lucille Burkholder . He frequently cited her as being his inspiration to study and take action on social justice issues following his retirement specifically noting that she had introduced him to both Sanctuary and VFP . She survived him by two years .
Ellery W . Stone Ellery Wheeler Stone , Rear Admiral , United States Naval Reserve ( 1894 – 1981 ) was a prominent figure in the history of radio , serving both in government and corporations during the first half of the twentieth century . He studied radio engineering at the University of California . In 1915 - 1916 he served as an assistant radio inspector for the United States Department of Commerce at San Francisco . From 1917 to 1919 he was an officer in the United States Naval Reserve , and retained his reserve commission between the world wars . He was president of the Federal Telegraph Company from 1924 to 1931 , when ITT acquired the company together with the Mackay corporations . Recalled to active duty in 1943 as a captain , he served from 10 November 1943 to July 1944 as Acting Chief Commissioner of the Allied Commission for Italy . From July 1944 to 7 February 1947 , he was the Chief Commissioner . In 1947 , at the conclusion of his military service , he became the head of the Commercial Cable Company , a subsidiary of the International Telephone and Telegraph corporation , and later oversaw its American Cable and Radio Corporation division until 1958 . He continued with ITT until his retirement in 1969 , and at his death in 1981 was survived by a wife , Heide , and daughter , Marina .
ORP Gryf ( 1976 ) ORP " Gryf " ( Wodnik class ) is a Polish schoolship of the Polish Navy , a third vessel to bear that name . She is named after the notable Polish WWII minelayer . Built in Northern Shipyard in Gdańsk as a sister ship of ORP " Wodnik " , in 1976 she replaced the previous ORP " Gryf " in her role of a school ship . Prior to the Gulf War she was refurbished in Gdynia and became a hospital ship . In that role she was sent to the Persian Gulf and took part in the conflict . Currently she serves as a base ship and harbour - locked naval school of the Polish Navy .
Sergeant first class Sergeant first class is a military rank in some militaries and other uniformed organizations around the world , typically that of a senior non - commissioned officer . United States Army . Sergeant first class ( SFC ) is the seventh enlisted rank ( E - 7 ) in the U . S . Army , above staff sergeant and below master sergeant and first sergeant , and is the first senior non - commissioned officer rank . A sergeant first class is typically assigned as a platoon sergeant at the company level or " battalion operations noncommissioned officer in charge " at the battalion level , but may also hold other positions depending on the type of unit . In a combat arms role , sergeant first class is typically in charge of from 18 soldiers and four tanks in an armor platoon to 40 soldiers in a rifle platoon . A sergeant first class ' primary responsibility is training and mentoring lieutenant s , tactical logistics , tactical casualty evacuations , and being senior tactical advisor to the platoon leader . With today ' s operations tempo , a sergeant first class may fill the role of platoon leader if no suitable officer is available . Sergeant first class replaced the now defunct rank of technical sergeant in 1948 ( although the recently separated U . S . Air Force retained the rank of technical sergeant ) . A sergeant first class is addressed as " sergeant " except in certain situations ; such as cannon artillery units , where a sergeant first class serving as platoon sergeant is commonly referred to as " smoke " . He may also be referred to as " platoon daddy , " though not directly or in a professional setting . If a sergeant first class is appointed to fill the role of first sergeant , he or she is addressed as " First Sergeant " . Typically a sergeant first class assigned on a manning document to fill a first sergeant role while being promotable to master sergeant can be frocked to first sergeant rank and hold the insignia due its position . Sergeant first class is the first rank in the U . S . Army to be selected by the centralized promotion system . As such it is considerably more difficult to achieve than the previous ranks . A sergeant first class is considered the first senior non - commissioned officer , and gains not only notice but several benefits due the position . For example , a sergeant first class cannot be demoted by standard non - judicial punishment . Israel Defense Forces . " Rav samal " ( רב - סמל ) or " rasal " ( רס " ל ) , sergeant first class , is the lowest non - commissioned officer ( נגדים ) rank in the Israel Defense Forces ( IDF ) , above " samal rishon " , סמל ראשון ( " samara " , סמ " ר ) , staff sergeant . Because the IDF is an integrated force , it has a unique rank structure . IDF ranks are the same in all services ( army , navy , air force , etc . ) . The ranks are derived from those of the paramilitary Haganah developed to protect the Yishuv during the British Mandate of Palestine . This origin is reflected in the slightly - compacted IDF rank structure .
Africa Star The Africa Star was a campaign medal of the British Commonwealth , awarded for service in the Second World War . The Star was awarded for a minimum of one day service in an operational area of North Africa between 10 June 1940 and 12 May 1943 . The whole of the area between the Suez Canal and the Strait of Gibraltar is included , together with Malta , Abyssinia , Kenya , the Sudan , both Somalilands and Eritrea . The areas not bordering the Mediterranean only qualified for the Africa Star from 10 June 1940 to 27 November 1941 . Members of the Australian Imperial Force qualified for the Star for service in Syria from 8 June 1941 and 11 July 1941 . The creation of the Star was announced in July 1943 , and in August it was announced that the first uniform ribbons would be issued to qualifying personnel later in that year - the medals themselves were not intended to be issued until after the end of hostilities . Some issues to overseas troops were delayed , but many had been received by the end of the year , and were worn throughout the remainder of the war . Description . Clasps . Regulations issued in 1945 only allow one clasp to be worn with the Star , being the first clasp the recipient qualified for .
Gaius Julius Caesar ( proconsul ) Gaius Julius Caesar ( ca . 140 BC – 85 BC ) was a Roman senator , supporter and brother - in - law of Gaius Marius , and father of Julius Caesar , the later dictator of Rome . Caesar was married to Aurelia Cotta , a member of the Aurelii and Rutilii families , and had two daughters , both named Julia as was common in Rome , and a son , Julius Caesar , born in 100 BC . He was the brother of Sextus Julius Caesar , consul in 91 BC and the son of Gaius Julius Caesar . Caesar ' s progress through the " cursus honorum " is well known , although the specific dates associated with his offices are controversial . According to two " elogia " erected in Rome long after his death , Caesar was a commissioner in the colony at Cercina , military tribune , quaestor , praetor , and proconsul of Asia . The dates of these offices are unclear . The colony is probably one of Marius ' of 103 BC . Broughton dated the praetorship to 92 BC , with the quaestorship falling towards the beginning of the 90s . Brennan has dated the praetorship to the beginning of the decade . Caesar died suddenly in 85 BC , in Rome , while putting on his shoes one morning . Another Caesar , possibly his father , had died similarly in Pisa . His father had seen to his education by one of the best orators of Rome , Marcus Antonius Gnipho . In his will , he left Caesar the bulk of his estate , but after Marius ' s faction had been defeated in the civil war of the 80s BC , this inheritance was confiscated by the dictator Sulla .
389th Fighter Squadron The 389th Fighter Squadron ( 389 FS ) is part of the 366th Fighter Wing at Mountain Home Air Force Base , Idaho . It operates F - 15E Strike Eagle aircraft conducting close air support missions . Their current commander is Lt . Col . Meyers . Mission . Perform close air support , interdiction , strategic attack , suppression of enemy air defense , and defensive counterair missions , employing the full array of U . S . Air Force capabilities including precision - guided munitions , inertially - aided munitions , night vision goggles , fighter data link , and Low Altitude Navigation and Targeting Infrared for Night ( LANTIRN ) . History . The 389th flew combat in the European Theater of Operations from , 14 March 1943 – 3 May 1945 and in Southeast Asia from , 14 March 1966 – 8 October 1971 . The squadron trained F - 111 Aardvark aircrews from , 30 September 1979 – 26 June 1991 .
Valençay SOE Memorial The Valençay SOE Memorial is a monument to the members of the Special Operations Executive F Section who lost their lives for the liberation of France . The memorial was unveiled in the town of Valençay in the Indre " département " of France on May 6 , 1991 , marking the fiftieth anniversary of the despatch of F Section ' s first agent to France . It was designed by Elizabeth Lucas Harrison , who originally gave it the name ' Spirit of Partnership ' . Dedicated by the Minister of Veterans Affairs for France and Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother , the memorial ' s " Roll of Honour " lists the names of the 91 men and 13 women members of the SOE who gave their lives for France ' s freedom . Valençay Memorial ' s Roll of Honour :
Battle of Montebruno The Battle of Montebruno was a battle between the Guelph City of Asti and the Ghibelline County of Savoy . Thomas II of Savoy invaded the territory of Asti , but he was defeated by the Astigiani army at Montebruno in what is now the northern province of Genoa . Thomas II was defeated and captured in the battle . Background . Asti was one of the first free communes of Italy , and in 1140 received the right to mint coins of its own by Conrad II . As the commune , however , had begun to erode the lands of the bishop and other local faudataries , the latter sued for help to Frederick Barbarossa , who presented under the city walls with a huge army in the February 1155 . After a short siege , Asti was stormed and burnt . Subsequently Asti adhered to the Lombard League ( 1169 ) against the German emperor , but was again defeated in 1174 . Despite this , after the Peace of Constance ( 1183 ) , the city gained further privileges . The 13th century saw the peak of the Astigiani economic and cultural splendour , only momentaneously hindered by the wars against Alba , Alessandria , Savoy , Milan ( which besieged the city in 1230 ) and the Marquess of Montferrat and Saluzzo . In particular , the commune aimed to gain control over the lucrative trade routes leading northwards from the Ligurian ports . In this period , the rise of the Casane Astigiane resulted in contrasting political familial alliances of Guelph and Ghibelline supporters . During the wars led by Emperor Frederick II in northern Italy , the city chose his side : Asti was defeated by the Guelphs of Alessandria at the Battle of Quattordio and the Battle of Clamandrana , but thanks to Genoese help could recover easily . After Frederick ' s death , the struggle against Thomas II of Savoy became fierce . Battle . The Astigiani put force on Thomas ' Army by attacking him at Montebruno , in the modern - day Province of Genoa . The two armies charged head - on , and the clash ended with a bloody repulse for Thomas II . Thomas himself was captured in the battle , and his Savoyard armies were utterly defeated . This setback made more Thomas infuriated than defeated . He later ordered all Astigiani traders in Savoy and France to be arrested , and his wrath boiled . Aftermath . The decision to capture the Astigiani traders showed the proccupation of the neighbouring states for the excessive power gained by the city , which had captured Alba and controlled both Chieri and Turin . This later led to intervention by Charles I of Naples , then the most powerful man in Italy thanks from his possessions in Piedmont and Provence alongside his Neapolitan kingdom . He defeated the Astigiani at the Battle of Cassano , but was later defeated at the Battle of Roccavione .
Philip Williams ( United States Navy ) Phillip Williams ( 1869 – October 31 , 1942 ) was a decorated Captain of the United States Navy and one - time military Governor of the United States Virgin Islands . Williams entered the United States Naval Academy in 1889 , became an Ensign in 1891 , a lieutenant junior grade in 1894 , and a lieutenant in 1897 . He served in the Spanish - American War and commanded the during World War I , for which he received the Navy Cross . In 1919 , he was given command of the , before being reassigned to the Bureau of Navigation . From 1922 to 1924 , he commanded the , before being appointed as Governor of the United States Virgin Islands . Time as Governor . During his turn as Governor , the previous governments of the islands were criticized for not doing enough to fortify the islands as a military base . Political pressure was also mounting as the Colonial Council , the local government body , voted to request greater authority over the islands , but were denied . ( The rationale being that they did not suffer from " taxation without representation " because the amount paid in taxes by the islanders were less than the amount of support received yearly from the Federal government . ) On August 28 , 1924 , a hurricane swept through the islands , resulting in four deaths and one person still missing , all on St . John . In addition , 300 - 400 houses were destroyed and the American Red Cross sent $ 5000 ( approximately $ 54 , 000 in 2005 dollars ) in aid . The nearby British island of Tortola suffered many more casualties and resources were dispatched from the US Virgin Islands to assist . Williams resigned as Governor due to health problems in 1926 and retired from the Navy in 1927 . Following his retirement , he continued to work with the Navy and authored several textbooks using in the academy .
Little David Little David was the nickname of an American caliber mortar used for test firing aerial bomb s during World War II , that is one of the largest caliber guns ever built , having a larger caliber than both of Germany ' s Dora and Gustav which were railway gun s . Great Britain ' s Mallet ' s Mortar had a caliber of the same size . History . The mortar was originally used as the launching mechanism for test - firing aerial bomb s at Aberdeen Proving Ground ( during the war , bombs became larger and larger necessitating the construction of such a large caliber gun ) . Little David was therefore not intended as a combat weapon . The mortar ' s base was a large steel box . The base was placed below ground , with its top flush with the surrounding surface , allowing the mortar ' s muzzle to be lowered horizontal for loading at ground level . By 1944 , it was expected that the US forces would encounter extremely strong fortification s during the expected invasion of Japan . Studies began on using Little David as a siege mortar . The mortar was converted into a two piece mobile unit , consisting of the barrel and the base transported by two artillery tractors . In addition to the two main loads , the Little David unit would also include a bulldozer and crane with bucket to dig the emplacement for the mortar ' s base . The huge mortar could be ready to fire in 12 hours , while the largest ( 800 mm ) known German artillery weapons were hauled on 25 railway cars and required three weeks to put in firing position . Little David was one of the largest artillery pieces ever produced , by caliber , although Dora fired a heavier shell . Little David ' s overall effectiveness would have been questionable because of its limited range and accuracy . When Japan surrendered the invasion became unnecessary , and Little David ( still in its trial phase ) never saw combat . Little David currently resides in the outdoor collection of armor and artillery pieces at the Aberdeen Proving Grounds in Maryland .