naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
925th Tactical Airlift Group The 925th Tactical Airlift Group is an inactive United States Air Force Reserve unit . It was last active with the 446th Tactical Airlift Wing , based at Ellington Air Force Base , Texas . It was inactivated on 25 March 1968 . History . Following the mobilizations in 1961 and 1962 for the Berlin Crisis and the Cuban Missile Crisis , Continental Air Command ( ConAC ) realized that it was unwieldy to mobilize an entire wing unless absolutely necessary . Their original Table of Organization for each Wing was a wing headquarters , a troop carrier group , an Air Base Group , a maintenance and supply group , and a medical group . In 1957 , the troop carrier group and maintenance and supply groups were inactivated , with their squadrons reassigned directly to the wing headquarters - despite the fact that many wings had squadrons spread out over several bases due to the Detached Squadron Concept dispersing Reserve units over centers of population . To resolve this , in late 1962 and early 1963 , ConAC reorganized the structure of its reserve Troop Carrier Wings by establishing fully deployable Troop Carrier Groups and inserting them into the chain of command between the Wing and its squadrons at every base that held a ConAC troop carrier squadron . At each base , the group was composed of a material squadron , a troop carrier squadron , a tactical hospital or dispensary , and a combat support squadron . Each troop carrier wing consisted of 3 or 4 of these groups . By doing so , ConAC could facilitate the mobilization of either aircraft and aircrews alone , aircraft and minimum support personnel ( one troop carrier group ) , or the entire troop carrier wing . This also gave ConAC the flexibility to expand each Wing by attaching additional squadrons , if necessary from other Reserve wings to the deployable groups for deployments . As a result , the 925th Troop Carrier Group was established with a mission to organize , recruit and train Air Force Reserve personnel in the tactical airlift of airborne forces , their equipment and supplies and delivery of these forces and materials by airdrop , landing or cargo extraction systems . The group was equipped with C - 119 Flying Boxcar s for Tactical Air Command airlift operations . The group was one of three C - 119 groups assigned to the 446th TCW in 1963 , the others being the 924th Troop Carrier Group , also at Ellington AFB and the 926th Troop Carrier Group at New Orleans Naval Air Station , Louisiana . Flew experimental drop missions in support of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) from 1963 to 1967 . Was part of the USAF Combat Crew Training School , the first Air Force Reserve institution that trained active duty crews . Retied the Flying Boxcars in 1967 , upgrading to the newer C - 130A Hercules . Unit was inactivated in 1968 by DoD budget reductions due to the Vietnam War .
Operation Tombola During World War II , Operation Tombola was a major Special Air Service raid on German rear areas in Italy . Fifty men parachuted to the Cusna Mountain area ( Reggio Emilia ) between 4 and 24 March 1945 , under command of Major Roy Farran . A number of airdrop s provided weapons for the rag - tag force which armed local resistance fighters and linked up with seventy escaped Russia ns . They were able to attack German LI Corps headquarters , based at two villas in Botteghe d ' Albinea in the hills above Reggio Emilia ; in that attack the night of 27 March 1945 the Germans had 60 casualties ( killed and wounded ) , while the SAS and partisans had three killed in action and about seven wounded . The attack was done on the sound of a bagpipe . Operation Tombola continued and the raid included the cutting of roads and shelling of a number of installations . Just as important as the 300 or so Germans killed and 200 captured was the number of defenders taken from other duties to secure the rear area . A number of Allied airmen , who were being hidden by civilians in the area , were also returned to friendly lines . A book written in Italian " Il bracciale di sterline " by Matteo Incerti & Valentina Ruozi ( Aliberti April 2011 ) details the operation . The commander of the operation , Roy Farran , published his account in the book " Operation Tombola " ( Special Forces Library , Arms and Armour Press , 1986 ) . The BBC series " Secret War " narrated by Alisdair Simpson ( Acorn Media ) focuses on the exploits of Roy Farran and Michael Lees in the episode " SAS Italian Job " . See also the separate entry on Operation Tombola , detailed in the article on Major Roy Farran , available on Wikipedia .
AirSols AirSols was an abbreviation of Commander , Aircraft , Solomons , the Allied air units in the Solomon Islands campaign of World War II , from April 1943 to June 1944 . " Commander , Aircraft , Solomons ( ComAirSols ) , directed the combat operations of all land - based air in the Solomons during " Operation Cartwheel . " Rear Admiral Charles P . Mason was the first officer to hold the title ComAirSols ; he assumed command on 15 February 1943 at Guadalcanal . Actually , Mason took over a going concern , as he relieved Brigadier General Francis P . Mulcahy , who had controlled all aircraft stationed at the island during the final phase of its defense . Mulcahy , who became Mason ' s chief of staff , was also Commanding General , 2nd Marine Aircraft Wing . The fact that a general headed the staff of an admiral is perhaps the best indication of the multiservice nature of AirSols operations . Since Mason brought only a few officers with him to help run the new command with its enlarged scope of activity , he kept Mulcahy ' s veteran staff . Experience , not rank , seniority , or service , determined the assignments . Vice Admiral Aubrey W . Fitch , as Commander , Aircraft , South Pacific ( ComAirSoPac ) , was Admiral Mason ' s immediate superior . " AirSols units came from the United States Navy ( USN ) , United States Marine Corps ( USMC ) , United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) and the Royal New Zealand Air Force ( RNZAF ) . AirSols superseded and absorbed the Cactus Air Force of 1942 – 43 . RNZAF units that formed part of the command included at times No . 14 Squadron RNZAF and No . 15 Squadron RNZAF . The Allied fliers fought the Japanese 11th Air Fleet and 4th Air Army , based at Rabaul , New Britain . On 15 June 1944 , AirSols was replaced by AirNorSols ( Air North Solomons ) , which would have 40 squadrons ( including 23 USMC squadrons ) . That same day , responsibility for Allied units west of 159° East Longitude and south of the Equator passed from POA to the South West Pacific Area ( SWPA ) . However , seven USAAF squadrons in AirNorSols were transferred , as part of the Thirteenth Air Force , to the U . S . Far East Air Force s ( SWPA ) and eight USN and RNZAF squadrons were moved to garrison duty in South Pacific . Commanders . A full list of commanders can be seen at James A . Winnefeld , Joint Air Operations : Pursuit of Unity in Command and Control , 1942 - 1991 , 34 , drawing on Sherrod , 1952 .
Cairo Declaration The Cairo Declaration was the outcome of the Cairo Conference in Cairo , Egypt , on November 27 , 1943 . President Franklin Roosevelt of the United States , Prime Minister Winston Churchill of the United Kingdom , and Generalissimo Chiang Kai - shek of the Republic of China were present . The declaration developed ideas from the 1941 Atlantic Charter , which was issued by the Allies of World War II to set goals for the post - war order . The " Cairo Communiqué " was broadcast through radio on December 1 , 1943 . The Cairo Declaration is cited in Clause Eight ( 8 ) of the Potsdam Declaration , which is referred to by the Japanese Instrument of Surrender . Summary . The main points of the document were : Legal effect on the sovereignty of Taiwan . The Cairo Declaration was a statement of intention . The Allies , however , did not recognize that the Cairo Declaration itself affected any transfer of Taiwan ' s sovereignty to China . However , by signing the Instrument of Surrender ( 2 Sep 1945 ) , Japan specifically accepted the terms of the Potsdam declaration , which incorporated by reference the terms of the Cairo Declaration : " We , acting by command of and on behalf of the Emperor of Japan , the Japanese Government and the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters , hereby accept the provisions in the declaration issued by the heads of the Governments of the United States , China , and Great Britain 26 July 1945 at Potsdam , and subsequently adhered to by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics , which four powers are hereafter referred to as the Allied Powers . " The Potsdam Declaration ( 26 Jul 1945 ) stipulated that : " ( 8 ) The terms of the Cairo Declaration shall be carried out AND Japanese sovereignty shall be limited to the islands of Honshu , Hokkaido , Kyushu , Shikoku and such minor islands as we determine . " A declassified CIA report written in March 1949 claimed that Taiwan was not part of the Republic of China , and therefore there had been no internationally recognized transfer of Taiwan ' s territorial sovereignty to China as a result of the Cairo Declaration or the Potsdam Declaration .
Jean - Baptiste Chavannes ( soldier ) Jean - Baptiste Chavannes ( born in La Grand Rivière du Nord about 1748 ; died in Port au Prince , 23 February 1791 ) was a Haiti an soldier and abolitionist . Biography . He was the son of rich mulatto parents , and received a good education . In 1778 the expedition under d ' Estaing , sent to assist the Continental Army , was in Haiti , and Chavannes joined it as a volunteer . He distinguished himself during the operations in Virginia and New York , and specially during the retreat from Savannah in December 1778 . Once the independence of the American colonies had been accomplished , Chavannes returned to Haiti . When Vincent Ogé landed near Cape Français , 23 October 1790 , intending to create an agitation amongst the people of African descent in favor of their political rights , Chavannes sided with him . Chavannes wanted all the slaves to be declared free , but Ogé did not follow his advice , and informed the assembly of his intention to take the opposite course . The mulattoes raised a force of about 1 , 000 men . The mulattoes being defeated by the colonists , Ogé , Chavannes , and a few others took refuge in the Spanish part of the island , and the Haitian assembly asked for their extradition , according to treaty . The jurist Vicente Faura made a powerful plea in their favor , and the king of Spain gave him a decoration , but the Royal Audiencia of Santo Domingo decided against the refugees , who were delivered to the Haitian authorities on 21 December 1790 . Two months later Chavannes and Ogé were sentenced to be hammered to death , and the sentence was executed in the presence of the provincial assembly and authorities of Port au Prince . Chavannes showed great courage during his terrible torture , and protested to the last moment against the oppression of the people of African descent .
Kuyucu Murad Pasha Kuyucu Murat Pasha ( " Murad Pasha the Well - digger " ) was a Croat who became Ottoman grand vizier during the reign of Ahmed I between December 9 , 1606 and August 5 , 1611 . His nickname derives from the harsh methods he has employed in order to suppress ( and eventually put an end ) to the Jelali Revolts , which were an extension and a prolongation of Kizilbash Revolts that had started about a hundred years before him and which had created disastrous turmoil in Ottoman Anatolia . Information based on sources such as the contemporary Ottoman historians Ibrahim Peçevi and Mustafa Naima , as well the Armenian priest and chronicler Grigor of Kemah led later historians to arrive at estimates of between 50 to 150 thousand Anatolian Turks , rebels or otherwise , killed during Murat Pasha ' s office in his several campaigns against separate large rebel groups . The cited contemporary historians point that the wells that gave the Pasha his surname served to bury corpses , in very high numbers , of the executed .
SAS Walvisbaai HMS " Packington " ( M1214 ) was a built by Harland & Wolff . On 20 September 1959 she was sold to the South African Navy and renamed the SAS " Walvisbaai . She was retired in March 2001 and sold to the Walt Disney Company in 2003 to be used as the R / V " Belafonte in the Wes Anderson film " The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou " . Recently she was sold to a private owner for $ 350 , 000 . 00 . As of 2006 she was laid up in Dubai for conversion into a yacht .
Operation Nanook ( 1946 ) Operation Nanook was an Arctic expedition undertaken by the United States Navy in 1946 . It consisted of , , USCGC " Northwind " ( WAG - 282 ) , , , and . The mission is mostly documented as cartographic in nature . From 22 July to 5 August 1946 , all activities in Operation Nanook centered around Thule ; " Norton Sound " remained at anchor there , in North Star Bay , servicing her two PBM ' s . Meanwhile , " Whitewood " and " Atule " operated from North Star Bay as they conducted exercises and tests in the Smith Sound - Kane Basin area . On 5 August 1946 , " Norton Sound " and " Whitewood " headed for Dundas Harbour , Nunavut and Devon Island , in order to attempt air and surface operations there . Unfortunately , the ships found the harbor iced over , with a belt of pack ice extending out three miles down the coast . The " Northwind " broke ice in support of Operation Nanook . The mission . The mission was to erect a radio and weather station in Thule . It was built from wooden barracks on the " Pittufik " , a Greenlandish word for " the place where we tie the dogs " , in a large glacier valley about two miles from the trade station North Star Bay , which the Polar explorer Knud Rasmussen built . The station was to be operated as joint Danish / American operation , under the Danish colours and Danish supervision by a crew of twenty men , ten from each nation . Regular weather observations were maintained as Synopsies , Pibal and Radiosonde . The station was kept in operation until 1951 when Thule Air Base was built in the valley ; the weather station was then moved to the Greenlandish settlement at North Star Bay , and renamed " Dundas " , until the population was moved to Qaanaaq further north in 1953 . References . 2 . THULEAB . DK , The Ultimate Guide to Thule Air Base . http : / / www . thuleab . dk /
USS Floyds Bay ( AVP - 40 ) USS " Floyds Bay " ( AVP - 40 ) was a United States Navy " Barnegat " - class small seaplane tender in commission from 1945 to 1960 that saw service in World War II and the Korean War . Construction and commissioning . " Floyds Bay " ( AVP - 40 ) was laid down at Lake Washington Shipyard at Houghton , Washington . She was launched on 28 January 1945 , sponsored by Mrs . R . R . McCracken , and commissioned on 25 March 1945 with Commander J . R . Ogden in command . World War II operations 1945 . After training at Pearl Harbor , Hawaii , and in the Mariana Islands , " Floyds Bay " arrived at Okinawa on 28 July 1945 to operate with Air - Sea Rescue Squadron 6 and other seaplane s . She was on these duties when World War II ended with the cessation of hostilities with Japan on 15 August 1945 . Honors and awards . " Floyds Bay " received one battle star for her World War II service . Peacetime operations 1945 - 1950 . " Floyds Bay " continued her duties at Okinawa until 9 September 1945 . From that time , she controlled seadrome s at Wakanoura Wan and Nagoya in Japan and at Shanghai and Tsingtao , China . She concluded her post - World War II occupation duties when she departed Yokohama , Japan , on 1 December 1946 bound for San Francisco , California . From her home port , San Diego , California , " Floyds Bay " sailed on a round - the - world good - will cruise between 6 June 1947 and 27 March 1948 . Proceeding eastward , she called at Mediterranean and Far Eastern ports , operating in Japanese waters for several months . In the summer of 1948 , " Floyds Bay " served as tender for seaplanes flying photographic missions from Annette Island , Alaska . During the summer of 1949 , she carried out important assignments at Hong Kong , when she served as communications base for diplomatic officials , and maintained a seadrome for the evacuation of Americans from Communist - threatened Canton , China , during the Chinese Civil War . Korean War 1950 - 1953 and peacetime operations 1953 - 1959 . Annually from 1950 through 1959 , " Floyds Bay " had tours of duty in the Far East . She servied as a seaplane tender at Iwakuni , Japan , during the Korean War ( 1950 – 1953 ) , and often as station ship at Hong Kong . With these cruises she alternated dury on the United States West Coast , which took her from Mexico to Alaska . Honors and awards . " Floyds Bay " received one battle star for her Korean War service . Decommissioning and disposal . On 26 February 1960 , " Floyds Bay " was decommissioned and placed in reserve at Puget Sound Naval Shipyard at Bremerton , Washington . She was stricken from the Naval Vessel Register on 1 March 1960 and sold on 20 July 1960 .
Camp Bowie Camp Bowie is a United States National Guard training center located in west central Texas on the southern outskirts of Brownwood . History . Camp Bowie , named in honor of the Texas patriot James Bowie , was a military training facility during World War II , and was the third camp in Texas to be so named . From 1940 - 1946 it grew to be one of the largest training centers in Texas . In 1940 , the war situation in Europe caused the United States Congress to determine that it was time to strengthen the defense system . President Franklin D . Roosevelt was handed the power to mobilize the National Guard units . The 36th Division of the Texas National Guard unit arrived at Camp Bowie , located then in Fort Worth , in mid - December for their year ' s training , but before training was finished , war had been declared . On September 19 , 1940 , the War Department announced that a camp would be built at Brownwood . Work began at the campsite on September 27 , 1940 . The Camp was the first major defense project in the state and there was no scarcity of labor when the building work began . In 1943 , the first German prisoners of war arrived ; many were members of Erwin Rommel ' s once proud Afrika Corps . The 2 , 700 men that settled in were well - behaved and became day - laborers for the farms in central Texas . On August 1 , 1946 the War Department notified Texas members of Congress that the Camp had been declared " surplus " . The Civilian War Assets Administration was to take charge and began the distribution of the land and buildings . Camp Bowie suffered a large grass fire in July , 2008 , where several hundred acres of dry grassy areas of the facility were burned . Camp Bowie remains an active military training station and recently completed construction of new facilities including a firing range and several ammunition storage bunkers .
Publius Decius Mus ( consul 279 BC ) Publius Decius Mus was a Roman politician and general . He was the son of Publius Decius Mus who was consul in 312 BC . As consul in 279 BC , he and his fellow consul , Publius Sulpicius Saverrio , combined their armies against Pyrrhus of Epirus at the Battle of Asculum . Pyrrhus was victorious , but at such a high cost that the security of Asculum was guaranteed . ( Hence the term " Pyrrhic victory " . ) According to one tradition , Decius died in the field ; according to another , he survived .
Coup d ' État : A Practical Handbook Coup d ' État : A Practical Handbook ( 1968 ) is a history book by Edward Luttwak examining the conditions , strategy , planning , and execution of coups d ' état . Critical response . In a 1980 review of the book , Richard Clutterbuck called " Coup d ' État : A Practical Handbook " ( 1968 ) one of " only two general contemporary books on the subject " of military coups d ' état that are worthwhile in content and readerly interest , the other being Samuel Finer ' s " The Man on Horseback " . However , Clutterbuck criticises the book for not further emphasising the role of the news media in determining the likely success of a " coup d ' état " . The book played a critical role in the fictional series " Illuminatus ! " by Robert Anton Wilson and Robert Shea regarding a coup in Fernando Poo ( now Equatorial Guinea ) , which was the outward trigger for a global crisis in the book . It also served as the inspiration for a National Film Board of Canada movie , " Power Play " , which is set in an unnamed Western country and deals with the planning and execution of a coup d ' état .
Blanquet An Apache born in Arizona , Blanquet served as a scout for General George Crook during the Apache Wars . For his participation in campaigns through the winter of 1872 – 73 , he was awarded the Medal of Honor two years later , on April 12 , 1875 . Blanquet ' s official Medal of Honor citation reads : Gallant conduct during campaigns and engagements with Apaches .
758th Tank Battalion ( United States ) The 758th Tank Battalion was a tank battalion of the United States Army that served during World War II . The first armored unit to consist of African - American soldiers , the 758th was formed in 1941 and served in Italy . History . On 13 January 1941 , the U . S . Army established the 78th Tank Battalion , the first black armored unit . On March 1941 The tankers reported to Fort Knox , Kentucky , to begin armored warfare training . On 8 May 1941 at Fort Knox , Kentucky the 78th Tank Battalion was re - designated as the 758th Tank Battalion ( Light ) . It was the first of three units that would form the all - black 5th Tank Group . The 758th trained in mechanized warfare using the M5 light tank . One of the battalion ' s more notable members was future baseball star Jackie Robinson . Robinson was transferred to the unit from the 761st Tank Battalion after an incident in which he refused to move to the back of a civilian bus . The 758th was permanently attached to the 92nd Infantry Division until 22 September 1945 when the unit was deactivated . The unit ' s insignia is the head of a black African elephant with large white tusks accompanied by the motto , " We Pierce " . Legacy . The 758th was re - designated as the 64th Heavy Tank Battalion from 1949 to 1957 . Today the unit exists as the 1st Battalion , 64th Armor Regiment attached to the 2nd Heavy Brigade Combat Team of the 3rd Infantry Division . The 1 – 64th has served with distinction in several armed conflicts including Operation Desert Shield , Operation Desert Fox , Operation Iraqi Freedom , and Operation Enduring Freedom . The unit currently operates from Fort Stewart , Georgia . The African elephant remains the insignia of the unit and has earned them the nickname " The Tusker Regiment " . Today they are known as the " Desert Rogues . "