naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Fourth Battle of the Isonzo The Fourth Battle of the Isonzo was fought between the armies of Kingdom of Italy and those of Austria - Hungary on the Italian Front in World War I , between November 10 and December 2 , 1915 . Overview . In contrast to the other three Battles of the Isonzo ( June , July and October ) , this offensive lasted a short amount of time , and is sometimes considered a continuation of the previous offensive . Most of the clash concentrated in the direction of Gorizia and on the Kras Plateau , though the push was distributed on the whole Isonzo front . The 2nd Italian Army , aiming to Gorizia , was able to capture the hilly area around Oslavia and San Floriano del Collio overlooking the Soča ( Isonzo ) and the town of Gorizia . The Third Army , covering the rest of the front up to the sea , launched a series of large and bloody attacks which brought no significative gain . Mount Sei Busi , already the scene of bitter fighting , was attacked five times by the Italian forces , always in vain . The intensity of the fighting increased until the end of November , when the bridgehead of Tolmin ( Italian : " Tolmino " ) was heavily bombed by both sides and the casualty ratio per day reached its apex . In the first fifteen days of December , however , the fighting was reduced to small scale skirmishes as opposed to the massive frontal assaults that characterized the previous phases of the battle . An unsigned truce arrived together with the first great cold in the mountains of the Kras , and operations were arrested due to lack of supplying . The Austro - Hungarian High Command , worried by the huge losses , notwithstanding the 12 additional divisions sent to the front , for the first time requested help from the German Empire , which was not formally in the war against Italy yet . This reason led the Germans to intervene on the Italian front but only starting from the Eleventh Battle of the Isonzo .
11th Airlift Squadron The 11th Airlift Squadron ( 11 AS ) was most recently part of the 375th Airlift Wing as Scott Air Force Base , Illinois . It operated C - 9 Nightingale aircraft conducting medical evacuation missions . History . The 11th ferried aircraft to modification centers and tactical units mostly within the Continental United States from , April 1942 - March 1944 . The squadron flew aeromedical evacuation s from 1956 , including transport of wounded Afghan soldiers and civilians from , 1986 - 1987 .
Battle of Fire Support Base Ripcord The Battle of Fire Support Base Ripcord was a 23 day battle between the U . S . Army 101st Airborne Division and the North Vietnamese Army from July 1 , 1970 until July 23 , 1970 . It was the last major confrontation between United States ground forces and North Vietnam of the Vietnam War . Little was known about the battle until 1985 , when the FSB Ripcord Association was founded . Three Medals of Honor and six Distinguished Service Crosses were awarded to participants for actions during the operations . Background . President Nixon secretly began the withdrawal of troops from Vietnam early in 1969 . As the only full - strength division remaining in Vietnam in early 1970 , the 101st Airborne Division was ordered to conduct the planned offensive Operation Texas Star near the A Shau Valley . On March 12 , 1970 , the 3rd Brigade , 101st began rebuilding abandoned Fire Support Base Ripcord which relied , as with most remote bases at the time , on a helicopter lifeline to get supplies in and the personnel out . The firebase was to be used for a planned offensive by the 101st to destroy NVA supply bases in the mountains overlooking the valley . Located on the eastern edge of the valley , and taking place at the same time as the Cambodian Incursion , the operation was considered covert . Battle . As the 101st Airborne Division planned the attack on enemy supply bases , the North Vietnamese Army ( NVA ) was secretly observing their activities . From March 12 until June 30 , the NVA was sporadically attacking the firebase . After weeks of reconnaissance by the NVA , on the morning of July 1 , 1970 the North Vietnamese Army launched a mortar attack on the firebase . During the 23 - day siege , 75 US servicemen were killed , including Colonel Andre Lucas , who was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor ; and First Lt . Bob Kalsu , the only contemporaneously active pro athlete to be killed during the war . Fighting from four hilltops , surrounded , and outnumbered nearly ten to one , U . S . forces caused heavy losses on eight enemy battalions , before an aerial withdrawal under heavy mortar , anti - aircraft , and small arms fire . After the U . S . Army withdrew from the firebase , USAF B - 52 heavy bombers were sent in to carpet bomb the area . Major General ( ret ) Ben Harrison , then the commander of the 3rd Brigade of the 101st Airborne at FSB Ripcord , is of the opinion that perhaps the NVA losses at Ripcord , just as their losses of their major offensives of the Ia Drang in 1965 and Tet in 1968 , dulled the offensive capability of NVA for two full years , resulting in the delaying of their Easter Offensive from 1971 to 1972 .
Panzerjäger Panzerjäger ( German " armour - hunters " or " tank - hunters " , abbreviated to " Pz . Jg . " in German ) was a branch of service of the Wehrmacht during the Second World War which were the anti - tank arm - of - service who operated anti - tank artillery , and made exclusive use of the tank destroyers which were also named " Panzerjäger " . They wore ordinary field - gray uniforms rather than the black of the Panzer troops ; those " Panzerjäger " troops who crewed the tank - destroyers however wore the Panzer jacket in field gray . Development . From 1940 the " Panzerjäger " troops were equipped with vehicles produced by mounting an existing anti - tank gun complete with the gun shield on a tracked chassis to allow higher mobility . Development of the " Panzerjäger " designs begun before the war with the " Sturmgeschütz " - designated armored vehicles , the initial German turretless tanks to use completely closed - in armored casemate s , and continued until 1944 , resulting in such casemate - design vehicles as the " Jagdpanzer " ( " Hunting tanks " ) , purpose - built heavy - gun tank destroyers . These usually used upward extensions of both the glacis plate and hull sides to comprise three sides of their closed - in casemates . " Panzerjäger " continued to serve as a separate branch of the " Heer " until the end of the war , often replacing tanks due to production shortages . Initially chassis of captured light tanks were used after turrets were removed , providing a cost - effective solution to German shortage of mobile anti - tank weapons in infantry divisions . Despite the shortcomings of light armour and high silhouette they were successfully used in their intended role . Organisation . From 1943 the Type 44 infantry divisions included the following divisional " Panzerjäger - Abteilung " : Combat use . Panzerjäger units were either assigned as 14th companies in infantry regiments , or as a whole " Abteilung " ( battalions ) within Panzer and Panzergrenadier divisions , in both SS and Heer ( regular army ) . Independent battalions and regiments were used by Corps to protect most likely avenues of tank attacks , while divisions would often position their " Panzerjäger " on the flanks , or use them to support infantry advances against enemy using tanks . When used with tanks , despite intense inter - branch rivalry , " Panzerjäger " would work in teams , with the tank crews enticing enemy tanks to fire , disclosing their position , and " Panzerjäger " engaging the enemy from a defilade . " Panzerjäger " were often called upon to provide direct high explosive supporting fire to infantry by destroying machinegun and artillery positions , particularly in urban fighting . Vehicle designs . Designs of the " Panzerjäger " vehicles varied based on the chassis used , which could be of three types : Notable tank destroyers in the Panzerjäger classification were :
Alfred Dannebaum Alfred Dannebaum ( 6 February 1918 – 21 October 1999 ) was a highly decorated Rittmeister in the Wehrmacht during World War II . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership .
Battle of Krithia During the Gallipoli campaign in 1915 , several battles were fought near the village of Krithia . The village was an objective of the first day of the landing , 25 April 1915 . Over the following months , invading British Empire and French troops , who had landed near Cape Helles at the end of the peninsula , made several attempts to capture the village . It was never reached ; the Turkish defenders successfully repulsed every assault . The attacks came to be known as :
Special Service Brigade The Special Service Brigade was a formation of the British Army during the Second World War . It was formed in 1940 , after the call for volunteers for Special Service who eventually became the British Commandos . Background . In 1940 , volunteers were called for from serving Army soldiers within certain formations still in Britain and men of the disbanding Divisional Independent Companies originally raised from Territorial Army Divisions and who had seen service in Norway . In November 1940 these army units were organised into a Special Service Brigade under Brigadier J . C . Haydon with five Special Service Battalions . By the autumn of 1940 more than 2 , 000 men had volunteered for Commando training , and the Special Service Brigade now consisted of 12 units which were now called Commandos . Each Commando would number around 450 men , commanded by a Lieutenant Colonel . They were divided into Troops of 75 men and further divided into 15 man sections . The Commandos were all volunteers , seconded from other British Army regiments , but they retained their own regimental cap badge s and remained on their regimental roll for pay . Formation . The Special Service Brigade consisted of five Special Service battalions numbered one to five . These Special Service battalions were eventually re - designated commandos . The No . 1 Special Service Battalion became No . 1 and No . 2 Commandos . The No . 2 Special Service Battalion became No . 9 Commando . The No . 3 Special Service Battalion became No . 4 Commando . The No . 4 Special Service Battalion became No . 3 Commando . The No . 5 Special Service Battalion became No . 5 and No . 6 Commandos . Commando brigades . In 1943 the Commandos started to move away from smaller raiding operations . They had been formed into brigade s of assault infantry to spearhead future Allied landing operations . Of the remaining 20 Commandos , 17 were used in the formation of the four Special Service brigades . The three remaining units No . 12 , No . 14 ( Arctic ) and No . 62 Commandos were left to carry out smaller scale raids . But by the end of the year these three Commandos had all been disbanded , to supply replacements for the other commando units . The formation of the brigades was : The previous Special Service Brigade Headquarters was replaced by Headquarters Special Services Group under Major General Robert Sturges . The four brigades were to destined to serve in different theatres of war . The 1st and 4th brigades were based in the United Kingdom and destined for service in North West Europe . The 2nd brigade was based in the Mediterranean for service in Italy and the Balkans . The 3rd brigade was based in India for service in Burma and the Pacific .
SS M . I . T . Victory The SS " M . I . T . Victory was a Victory ship built during World War II and used as a troop transport . She was later named USAT " MIT Victory and finally USAT " Lt . Alexander R . Nininger " . Note : In 1944 there was a different transport ship named " Alexander R . Nininger , Jr . " . Service life . " M . I . T . Victory " was part of the series of Victory ships named after educational institutions , in this case the Massachusetts Institute of Technology . Her design type was VC2 - S - AP2 / WSAT . Her Maritime Commission ( MCV ) hull number was 819 and her shipyard number was 2472 . She was a War Shipping Administration Transport ( WSAT ) designed to carry 1 , 597 troops . She was launched and christened on 12 May 1945 , shortly after V - E Day . Her sponsor was Mrs . Margaret H . Compton , wife of MIT President Karl T . Compton , who also attended . She was completed on 1945 - 06 - 05 , 74 days after being laid down . " M . I . T . Victory " ' s library was donated by MIT through the American Merchant Marine Library Association . While bringing back G . I . s from Europe after World War II , the ship published a mimeographed newspaper , " Tech Times " , for those on board . One of her more notable passengers was Mary Jane Keeney , a GRU agent involved in the " Amerasia " Affair . In March 1946 , after working with the Allied Staff on Reparations in Europe , Keeney returned on board " M . I . T . Victory " to New York City . Shortly after arriving the FBI observed her passing an envelope to Joseph Bernstein , which was delivered to Alexander Trachtenberg , a communist party official . On 30 August 1946 , the ship was transferred to the US Army and became U . S . Army Transport ( USAT ) " M . I . T Victory " . She made her maiden voyage as an Army Transport from New York to Bremenhaven Germany , departing on September 13 , 1946 , carrying troops to Europe . A hurricane was encountered en route and the trip took 13 days . She was later renamed to USAT " Lt . " " Alexander R . Nininger " , using the Army practice of naming their vessels after Medal of Honor winners . Fate . On 16 September 1949 , she was laid up in the National Defense Reserve Fleet in the Hudson River . The Army transferred title to the Maritime Commission on 8 December 1949 . On 31 October 1969 she was transferred to James River , Virginia . On 16 July 1974 , she was sold for US $ 555 , 100 to Sparreboom Shipbrokers for scrapping . At 1030 EDT , on 23 August 1974 she was withdrawn from the Reserve Fleet and sent to the breaker ' s yard in Rotterdam . Artifacts . The christening bottle for the " M . I . T . Victory " is in the MIT Historical Collection . The brass builder ' s plate was likely removed by MARAD , but has not been cataloged as of this writing .
Fred W . Vetter , Jr . Fred William Vetter , Jr . ( August 13 , 1921 – August 8 , 2002 ) was a Brigadier General in the United States Air Force . Biography . Vetter was born Fred William Vetter , Jr . in Snohomish , Washington in 1921 . He graduated from Washington High School in Milwaukee , Wisconsin and attended the University of Wisconsin - Madison . Vetter died on August 8 , 2002 . Career . Vetter was commissioned an officer in the United States Army Air Forces in 1943 . He would serve in the final months of World War II . Later he served in the Korean War . In 1955 he was assigned to The Pentagon . After graduating from the Industrial College of the Armed Forces in 1963 he was named Chief of the Programs and Policy Division and Deputy Chief of Staff of Plans of the Military Air Transport Service . In 1965 he was re - assigned to The Pentagon and was later selected to become Military Assistant to Secretary of the Air Force Harold Brown . He was later assigned to the Office of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . In 1969 he was given command of the 436th Military Airlift Wing . His retirement was effective as of August 1 , 1970 . Awards he received include the Legion of Merit with oak leaf cluster , the Air Force Commendation Medal with oak leaf cluster , and the Presidential Unit Citation / Distinguished Unit Citation with oak leaf cluster .
Hecla - class survey vessel The " Hecla " class formed the backbone of the Royal Navy ' s ocean survey fleet from the mid - 1960s . Three ships , , and , were ordered in the early 1960s to replace the aging survey ships and . The hull design was based on that of the RRS " Discovery " and the Hecla class were built to commercial standards costing £1 . 25 million each . They carried two small survey craft , a launch , a Land Rover and a Wasp helicopter , for which there was a flight deck and hangar . A fourth ship , was ordered in the early 1970s . Three , all bar HMS " Hecate " , saw service as hospital ship s in the Falklands War , while " Herald " also served in the Gulf War and as a temporary Antarctic Patrol Ship in 1991 and 1992 . Hecate saw service as the temporary Antarctic Patrol Ship in 1982 after being painted grey and fitted with AA guns in Gibraltar . Hecate was the first Royal Navy vessel to visit South America following the Falklands conflict . " Hydra " was sold to Indonesia in 1986 and renamed " Dewa Kembar " ; " Hecate " decommissioned in 1990 and was broken up , while " Hecla " paid off in 1997 and was sold to an Irish private company , to be replaced by . " Herald " was finally decommissioned in 2001 , and was replaced the same year by . Special modifications . Besides the strengthened hull for work in ice and the provision of air conditioning necessary for work in all climates , they had modifications particular for a scientific vessel : wet and dry laboratories ; a survey chartroom and photographic darkroom ; oceanographic winches for deep seawater analysis and coring ; stabilisers and a bow thruster , which enabled the ship to maintain her position when stopped for scientific observations .
Owen Rutter Edward Owen Rutter ( 1889 – 1944 ) was an English historian , novelist and travel writer . After serving with the North Borneo Civil Service from 1910 to 1915 , Rutter returned to Britain during World War I and was commissioned . Rutter served with the 7th Battalion of the Wiltshire Regiment in France and on the Salonika Front . He edited the " Balkan News " which included , under the pseudonym " Klip - Klip " , his parody of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow ' s " The Song of Hiawatha " in serial form . Entitled " Song of Tiadatha " it has been described as " one of the masterpieces of Great War verse " . Later published as a book , " Tiadatha " ( " Tired Arthur " ) was the story of a naive , privileged young man who matures through his war experiences , particularly on the Macedonian front fighting against the Bulgarians , and including the Great Thessaloniki Fire of 1917 . This volume was followed by " Travels of Tiadatha " ( 1922 ) . Accompanied by his wife , who also took many of the photographs for his books , Rutter travelled around the globe , making extended stops in Borneo , Hong Kong , Taiwan ( then known as Formosa ) , Japan , Canada and the United States among other places . His many books included " The Scales of Karma " ( 1940 ) , " Pirate Wind " ( 1930 ) , " Triumphant PilgrFile : An English Muslim ' s Journey from Sarawak to Mecca " ( 1937 ) , " Pagans of North Borneo " ( 1929 ) , and " Through Formosa : An Account of Japan ' s Island Colony " ( 1923 ) . He was also the author of works on Captain William Bligh and the Mutiny on the Bounty . His novel " Lucky Star " was filmed as " Once in a New Moon " in 1935 . " Triumphant Pilgrimage " was an account of " David Chale " , a pseudonym for Gerard MacBryan . From 1933 , he was a partner in the Golden Cockerel Press . During World War II Major Rutter worked for the Ministry of Information writing a number of booklets covering the British war effort . He was fellow of the Royal Geographical Society and of the Royal Anthropological Institute . Rutter was a member of the Athenaeum Club , London .
USS Vedette ( 1914 ) The second USS " Vedette " was a United States Navy patrol vessel in commission from 1917 or 1918 to December 1918 . " Vedette " was built in 1914 as a civilian motorboat of the same name by the Electric Launch Company ( ELCO ) at Bayonne , New Jersey . She was operating in the Panama Canal Zone as the property of the Panama Canal Company when the U . S . Navy acquired her for use as a section patrol boat during World War I . She never received a section patrol ( SP ) number . " Vedette " served on section patrol duties in the Panama Canal Zone for the rest of World War I . The Navy returned her to the Panama Canal Company on 31 December 1918 . " Vedette " should not be confused with the patrol vessel , which also was in commission during World War I .
USS Tensas ( 1860 ) USS " Tensas " ( 1860 ) was a small 41 - ton steamer captured by the Union Navy during the American Civil War . After " Tensas " was acquired by the Union Navy , she was outfitted with two large 24 - pounder howitzers , a type of gun especially useful for riverbank bombardment , and was then sent to the Mississippi River Squadron for the duration of the war . Service with the Confederacy . " Tom Sugg " — a wooden - hulled side - wheel steamer built in 1860 at Cincinnati , Ohio — was outfitted as a side - wheel gunboat and served under the name " Tom Sugg " . She operated as a merchant river boat in Arkansas on the White River carrying cotton and general cargo . After the outbreak of the Civil War , she transported arms and horses for Confederate troops near the White River . Capture by Union Navy forces . On 14 August 1863 , ascended the Little Red River and captured " Tom Sugg " and " Kaskaskia " at Searcy ' s Landing . This blow destroyed Confederate river transportation in northern Arkansas and ultimately diminished the flow of supplies to Southern troops east of the Mississippi River . Service with the Union Navy . The United States Navy Department purchased the side - wheel gunboat from the Illinois Prize Court on 29 September 1863 , and she was commissioned as " Tensas " on 1 January 1864 at Mound City , Illinois , Acting Master E . C . Van Pelt in command . Post - war decommissioning . Tensas was decommissioned on 7 August 1865 . She was sold at public auction on 17 August 1865 at Mound City , Illinois , to E . B . Trinidad .
VIII Corps ( Union Army ) The VIII Corps was a corps of the Union Army during the American Civil War . Creation and early service . The corps was initially created out of various Union commands as part of the Middle Department in the Shenandoah Valley on July 12 , 1862 , and was placed under the command of Major General John E . Wool . It spent most of 1862 guarding the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad lines between Baltimore , Harpers Ferry , and Winchester . The corps , then led by Robert C . Schenck , played a major role in the early stages of the Gettysburg Campaign , where elements of the corps unsuccessfully opposed Robert E . Lee ' s initial advance through the Shenandoah . The second division , under Robert H . Milroy , suffered heavy casualties during the Second Battle of Winchester on June 13 – 15 , 1863 , and elements of the corps also took part in the delaying action at Martinsburg a few days later . The badly battered corps withdrew to Harpers Ferry after that , playing no further role in the campaign , until it helped join in George G . Meade ' s pursuit of Lee following the Battle of Gettysburg . Defense of Washington and Garrison Duty in 1864 . " ( See Valley Campaigns of 1864 for a more detailed description of the campaigns mentioned below . ) " The VIII Corps played a major part in the defense of Washington from Jubal Early at Monocacy on July 9 , 1864 under the commander of Maj . Gen . Lew Wallace . The primary duty of the VIII Corps in 1864 was rear echelon duties in Maryland guarding the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad . Elements of the corps also battled Confederate cavalry as it raided across Maryland to the suburbs of Baltimore during Early ' s Raid on Washington . The headquarters of the department was located in Baltimore . Army of West Virginia . The VIII Corps is often confused with the Army of West Virginia which served in the Shenandoah Valley and western Virginia throughout 1864 . This confusion stems from a part of the Army W . Virginia being composed of troops that had served in the Eighth Corps in 1863 but were officially transferred to the Department of West Virginia by the time of the 1864 Campaigns . It is furthermore confusing in the fact that the Army of West Virginia functioned as a corps within the Army of the Shenandoah . The result was references to the Army of West Virginia as the VIII Corps even though they were never officially synonymous .