naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Fritz G . A . Kraemer Fritz Gustav Anton Kraemer ( July 3 , 1908 – September 8 , 2003 ) was a German - American military educator and advisor . Kraemer was born in Essen , Germany , the eldest child of Georg Kraemer ( born Berlin 1872 , died Theresienstadt 1942 ) and Anna Johanna ( Jennie ) Kraemer , née Goldschmidt ( born Essen 1886 , died Washington DC 1971 ) and studied at the famous Arndt Gymnasium in Berlin , the London School of Economics and the Universities of Geneva and Frankfurt before earning a doctorate in law at the University of Frankfurt in 1931 and a doctorate in Political Science at the University of Rome in 1934 . During most of the 1930s he was Senior Legal Advisor to the League of Nations at the League ’ s Legal Institute in Rome . In 1933 , he married his wife , Britta Bjorkander , a Swedish citizen . Kraemer , a Lutheran with a dislike for Nazis , escaped Nazi Germany for America in 1939 , leaving behind his wife and son . He was drafted and became a U . S . citizen as an inductee and joined the United States Army in April 1943 ( " with two PhDs and one monocle " ) as an infantryman in the 84th Infantry Division ( the " Railsplitter " ) . Kraemer fought in the Battle of the Bulge and in the battles of the Ruhr and Rhineland , earning a Battlefield Commission and a Bronze Star in the liberation of his former homeland . In 1945 Kraemer was reunited with his wife and son and returned to Washington , DC , in 1947 . He left active duty in 1948 and retired from the Army Reserve in 1963 with the rank of lieutenant colonel . A gifted talent scout and teacher , he discovered , in 1944 , young Henry Kissinger , whom Kraemer had recruited into Army division . In 1961 Kraemer also discovered Alexander Haig , and in 1969 Kraemer recommended Haig as the Military Assistant to then National Security Advisor Kissinger . Sven Kraemer , Fritz G . A . Kraemer ' s son , also served in the Nixon - Kissinger National Security Council . Thus Kraemer became the " sine qua non " of an influential network in President Richard Nixon ' s White House circle . From the early 1950s until 1978 , when Kraemer retired from civil service , he served as Senior Civilian Advisor to the U . S . Army Chief of Staff in the Pentagon and influenced the Department of Defense during the Cold War . During his time at the Pentagon , he also influenced Secretaries of Defense James R . Schlesinger and Donald Rumsfeld . A graduate of the U . S . National War College , Kraemer advised , taught , and inspired generations of officers , officials , American Presidents , as well as private citizens . Kraemer died on September 8 , 2003 , in Washington , D . C . , and was buried with full military honors in Arlington National Cemetery on October 8 . He was honored by former Secretary of Defense James R . Schlesinger and his former students Henry Kissinger and Alexander Haig .
USS Federal ( ID - 3657 ) USS " Federal " ( ID 3657 ) was a freighter acquired by the U . S . Navy during World War I . She was completed at the end of the war and supplied Allied troops in Europe with food and horses , and , on return trips to the United States , brought troops back home . After three round transatlantic trips in supporting the troops , she was returned to the U . S . Shipping Board , which eventually sold her in 1937 . She then became the British freighter " Federlock " which was captured in 1940 by the Japanese , who renamed the ship the " Hakusan Maru " . The ship sailed carrying Japanese cargo until sunk by an American submarine in 1945 . Constructed in New Jersey . " Federal " , a 6868 gross ton ( 13 , 130 tons displacement ) freighter , was built at Kearny , New Jersey , as part of the World War I shipbuilding effort . Completed on 11 November 1918 , the day the Armistice ended the fighting , the new ship was turned over to the Navy and commissioned as USS " Federal " ( ID # 3657 ) on 15 November . She was commissioned the following day , Lieutenant Commander A . W . Pratt , USNRF , in command . World War I service . Carrying food and horses to the Allied troops . Operated by the Naval Overseas Transportation Service , and fitted out to carry horses , she made her maiden round - trip voyage between late November 1918 and late January 1919 , carrying cargo , including horses , to France and from there back to the United States . In March 1919 " Federal " sailed again with cargo for France and on her return voyage in April brought home over 500 U . S . Army medical personnel . On her third voyage , in May and June 1919 , she transported hay and oats to Antwerp , Belgium , for the Northern Food Administration and brought a cargo of steel billets back to New York City . Post - war decommissioning . USS " Federal " was decommissioned on 17 June 1919 and returned to the U . S . Shipping Board . Subsequent ship history . " Federal " remained in the hands of the U . S . Shipping Board until 1937 , then became the British freighter " Federlock " . In December 1941 , while on time charter to a Japanese ship operator , she was seized by that nation , becoming " Hakusan Maru " , and was reportedly lost to a torpedo from the American submarine USS Crevalle on 11 June 1945 .
Braunshardt Airfield Braunshardt Airfield is a former military airfield located in Germany about 1 mile east - southeast of Groß - Gerau ( Hessen ) into Worfelden district ; approximately 275 miles southwest of Berlin . History . Braunshardt Airfield ' s origins begin as a 5500x150 ' concrete landing strip laid down 09 / 27 by the Luftwaffe , probably in late 1944 as an emergency landing airfield just to the south of Worfelden , in a series of wheat fields . There are no records of any use by the Luftwaffe of the airfield . The IX Engineering Command 832d Engineering Aviation Brigade moved into the area on 27 March 1945 and enabled the strip to become a combat resupply and casualty evacuation field , designating it as Advanced Landing Ground " Y - 72 " . The 850th EAB then expanded the facility , adding an extensive set of dispersal pads and taxiways using Pierced Steel Planking and enabling it to be used as a combat airfield . On 13 April the Twelfth Air Force 86th Fighter Group moved into the facility from Tantonville Airfield in eastern France , with P - 47 Thunderbolt s . The P - 61 Black Widow equipped 415th Night Fighter Squadron moved in on 17 April . Both of these units remained at the airfield until the end of the war , eventually moving out in September and October 1945 when many units were moved out of the Frankfurt area and into Bavaria . The airfield was closed on 30 October , and was eventually dismantled . Today , little or no evidence of the airfield remains in the agricultural area .
Werner von Eichstedt Werner Bernhard Franz von Eichstedt ( 1 January 1896 – 26 August 1944 ) was a highly decorated Generalmajor in the Wehrmacht during World War II . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . Werner von Eichstedt was killed on 26 August 1944 near Kishinev , Moldova during the Jassy – Kishinev Offensive ( August 1944 ) .
Gerard Muirhead - Gould Rear Admiral Gerard Charles Muirhead - Gould DSC ( 29 May 1889 – 26 April 1945 ) was an officer of the Royal Navy . Muirhead - Gould was born in London . He was the son of Arthur Lewis Gould and Emily Gertrude Lilias Muirhead . He joined the Royal Naval Cadets in January 1904 . During World War I , he earned a Distinguished Service Cross , and was recognised as a Chevalier ( Knight ) of the Légion d ' honneur and a Chevalier of the Order of the Redeemer . Between 1933 and 1936 Muirhead - Gould was a member of the Naval Intelligence Division , assigned to the British Embassy in Berlin . During this time he kept Winston Churchill informed of the German military buildup , particularly in relation to the Treaty of Versailles and the later Anglo - German Naval Agreement . During the war , a heart condition prevented Muirhead - Gould from going to sea . The sinking of British battleship on 14 October 1939 , while at anchor in Scapa Flow by resulted in an Admiralty Board of Inquiry into how a submarine could have penetrated the harbour ' s defences , and what could be done to prevent a recurrence . Muirhead - Gould , then a Commander , was one of the three senior officers on the Board . In February 1940 , Muirhead - Gould became the Naval Officer In Command of Sydney Harbour , a posting that lasted until September 1944 , although he was not popular among the officers and sailors of the Royal Australian Navy under his command . He was the senior Allied officer during the relatively unsuccessful Japanese midget submarine attack on Sydney Harbour . At some point Churchill considered Muirhead - Gould for the position of the Chief Director of the Secret Intelligence Service ( MI6 ) , although nothing came of this . Muirhead - Gould ' s previous experience in Germany resulted in his transfer in September 1944 to the captured German naval base at Wilhelmshaven . There he suffered a fatal heart attack on 26 April 1945 .
34th Special Operations Squadron The 34th Special Operations Squadron is an active United States Air Force unit . It is assigned to the 1st Special Operations Group , 1st Special Operations Wing , based at Eglin Air Force Base , Florida . It was activated on 9 April 2010 . History . Established in early 1942 as a C - 47 Skytrain transport squadron under First Air Force , later trained under I Troop Carrier Command in the eastern United States . Deployed to England in December 1942 , being assigned to VIII Air Support Command , Eighth Air Force to provide transport and resupply support to the buildup of the heavy bomber force in England . Was detached to Twelfth Air Force in Algeria in May 1943 to provide air resupply and transport during the North African Campaign in Algeria and Tunisia . Also performed combat casualty evacuation of wounded personnel to rear areas . Remained under jurisdiction of VIII ASC while in North Africa , providing transport between England and North Africa from its base in Algeria . Returned to England in early 1944 to participate in the buildup of forces prior to the Allied landings in France during D – Day in June 1944 . Engaged in combat operations by dropping paratroop s into Normandy on D - Day ( 6 June 1944 ) and releasing gliders with reinforcements on the following day . The unit received a Distinguished Unit Citation and a French citation for these missions . After the Normandy invasion the squadron ferried supplies in the United Kingdom . The squadron also hauled food , clothing , medicine , gasoline , ordnance equipment , and other supplies to the front lines and evacuated patients to rear zone hospitals . It dropped paratroops near Nijmegen and towed gliders carrying reinforcements during the airborne attack on Holland . In December , it participated in the Battle of the Bulge by releasing gliders with supplies for the 101st Airborne Division near Bastogne . Moved to Belgium in early 1945 , and participated in the Western Allied invasion of Germany , participating in the air assault across the Rhine River in March 1945 , each aircraft towed two gliders with troops of the 17th Airborne Division and released them near Wesel . In late May 1945 , after V - E Day , the squadron was moved to Waller Field , Trinidad and attached to Air Transport Command . From Trinidad , the squadron ferried returning military personnel to Morrision Field , Florida , where they were sent on to other bases or prepared for separation after the war . Inactivated at the end of July 1945 . Apparently not manned , 1947 – 1948 . Activated by Far East Air Force in 1952 as a combat resupply and transport squadron , based in Japan . Provided aerial transportation between Japan and Korea during the Korean War with C - 46 Commandos . Inactivated in 1955 in Japan .
Source Columba According to a 2007 newspaper report , Source Columba ( Latin " columba " , " pigeon " ) was the code name for the Confidential Pigeon Service , an unconventional British intelligence gathering operation in World War II . It involved air - dropping homing pigeons behind enemy lines in German - occupied France and the Netherlands as a means for locals to convey information , such as troop movements , to British intelligence . From 1940 onwards , hundreds of pigeon cases were parachuted into Europe , each case including – apart from the pigeon – sheets of very thin paper , a special pencil and a tube for storing the message , as well as French and Dutch instructions on how to fill in a report . A recent copy of a London newspaper was also included as proof of good faith . In 1944 , prior to the imminent Allied invasion , German counterintelligence sought to counteract ( or co - opt ) " Source Columba " by dropping pigeons of their own . These pigeon cases , accompanied by a packet of English cigarettes , were purporting to be British also and carried instructions to communicate the names of the local patriots to the Allies . The Résistance , for its part , let it be known that the best way to deal with these false birds would be to smoke the cigarettes and eat the pigeons . Despite such interference , the operation was reported to have been remarkably successful , yielding useful intelligence in over fifty percent of the received messages . 31 " Source Columba " pigeons eventually received the Dickin Medal , the highest British military decoration for animals . The operation became public only after National Archives files relating to it were released in 2007 . However the method and a few actual cases were described in some detail in Dr R . V . Jones ' autobiographical book " Most Secret War " ( Hamish Hamilton , London ) in 1978 .
Walter HWK 109 - 509 The HWK 109 - 509 was a German liquid - fuel bipropellant rocket engine that powered the Messerschmitt Me 163 and Bachem Ba 349 aircraft . It was produced by Hellmuth Walter Kommanditgesellschaft ( HWK ) commencing in 1943 . Design and development . The HWK 109 - 509 used a two - component hypergolic fuel / oxidizer combination , controlled by a dual - flow turbopump , to regulate the rate of combustion and thereby the amount of thrust . The turbopump was driven by steam produced by a Walther steam generator which decomposed T - Stoff in the presence of a solid catalyst . The engine worked on the principle of the " hot " Walter drive , which used C - Stoff in place of Z - Stoff , the latter tending to clog the jets in the combustion chamber , causing fluctuations in power and potentially explosions . The fuel was known as C - Stoff , a mix of 30 % hydrazine hydrate + 57 % methanol + 13 % water with a small amount of potassium - copper - cyanide , and the oxidizer , known as T - Stoff , consisted of a hydrogen peroxide , which reacted violently on contact , as a hypergolic propellant combination . The violent combustion process resulted in the formation of water , carbon dioxide and nitrogen , and a huge amount of heat sending out a superheated stream of steam , nitrogen and air that was drawn in through the hole in the mantle of the engine , thus providing a forward thrust of approximately 17 kN ( 3 , 800 lbf ) . The engine was an integral design with all components of the drive , with the exception of fuel tanks , locked in a frame . Specifications ( 109 - 509A ) . " Data from : " Jane ' s
2d Troop Carrier Squadron The 2d Troop Carrier Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit . It was last assigned to the 65th Troop Carrier Group . It was inactivated at Mitchel Air Force Base , New York on 1 April 1953 . History . Established under the 1st Photographic Group in May 1941 . Performed aerial mapping primarily over the northwestern United States prior to the Pearl Harbor Attack using P - 39 Aircobra sub - variants ( F - 2 ) which were equipped for the ground - attack and reconnaissance roles . After the United States entry into World War II , flew aerial mapping missions over Western Canada and the Alaska Territory , mapping uncharted territory to support the building of the Alaska Highway . Deployed to South America in 1942 – 1943 ; mapping locations in British Guiana and Brazil for locations of emergency airfields as part of the development of the South Atlantic Transport Route . Flew very long reconnaissance range missions from the Aleutian Islands over the Japanese Kuril Islands in the North Pacific , the squadron ' s aircraft being some of the first United States aircraft over Japanese soil after the 1942 Doolittle Raid . Reassigned to Far East Air Forces in late 1944 ; engaged in long - range mapping and reconnaissance over combat areas in support of seaborne landings in the Southwest Pacific Area ( SWPA ) and the liberation of the Philippines . Remained in the Western Pacific after the Japanese . Unit largely demobilized in the Philippines , Inactivated in early 1946 . Reactivated in the Air Force Reserve after the war ; becoming the first flying unit assigned to Rome Army Airfield , New York in 1946 ; later being redesignated as a Troop Carrier squadron in 1952 , although not re - equipped . Inactivated in 1952 due to budget reductions .
USS Spray II ( SP - 308 ) USS " Spray II " ( SP - 308 ) was the proposed name and designation for a United States Navy World War I patrol vessel that the Navy never actually took over . " Spray II " was built as a wooden - hulled civilian launch in 1911 by Charles L . Seabury and Company at Morris Heights in the Bronx , New York . On 9 May 1917 , she was ordered delivered to the U . S . Navy for World War I section patrol duty , but the Navy never actually took control of her and she remained in civilian hands . " Spray II " was stricken from the Navy List in late 1918 . " Spray II " should not be confused with USS " Spray " ( ID - 2491 ) , a naval trawler and minesweeper in commission from 1918 to 1919 .
Delavan Bates Brigadier General Delavan Bates ( March 17 , 1840 to December 19 , 1918 ) was an American soldier who fought in the American Civil War . Bates was awarded the country ' s highest award for bravery during combat , the Medal of Honor , for his action in Cemetery Hill , Virginia during the Battle of the Crater on 30 July 1864 . He was honored with the award on 22 June 1891 . Biography . Bates was born to Alpheus Bates ( 1808 - 1888 ) and Hannah Bates ( 1810 - 1901 ) on 17 March 1840 . Bates enlisted into the Union Army at Oswego County in 1962 , joining 121st New York Volunteers in the Union Army . He was captured at the Battle of Salem Church during the Battle of Fredericksburg and was held at Libby Prison in Richmond , Virginia for approximately two weeks . He was subsequently released in a prison exchange . He was involved in other Civil war battles including Gettysburg and Chancellorsville . Bates later transferred to the 30th United States Colored Infantry Regiment where he commanded the troops , advancing to second lieutenant . It was during this command that he led his troops into battle at Cemetery Hill , Virginia during the Battle of the Crater . On 30 July 1864 he was seriously wounded about his chest and arms , in addition to receiving a bullet in the face . Bates survived these injuries and was among 23 troops to receive the Medal of honor for bravery during this event . By the end of the war Bates had been promoted to Brevet Brigadier General . After the war Bates resided in Salisbury , North Carolina but soon returned to West Richmondville , New York where he married Lana Ann Green on 2 January 1870 , with whom he had five children . He was a merchant and storekeeper . Bates died in Aurora , Nebraska on December 18 , 1918 and his remains are interred at Aurora Cemetery .
1st Space Wing The 1st Space Wing was a wing of the United States Air Force active from 1983 to 1992 at Peterson Air Force Base , Colorado as part of Air Force Space Command . History . The 1st Space Wing was constituted on 18 Oct 1982 and activated on 1 Jan 1983 with assignment to Space Command ( later , Air Force Space Command ) . It was inactivated on 15 May 1992 along with the 3d Space Wing , also at Peterson AFB , and the 21st Space Wing , a unit with a more historic lineage , took their place . Emblem . Blazon . Azure , from chief two rays pilewise or , terminating at base on a demi - globe light blue edged and grid - lined sable , surmounting the rays and globe are two uneven ellipses saltirewise argent , each intersected with a mullet of four points of the second and delineated of the fourth ; positioned between the rays at dexter chief a globe and at sinister a mullet of five points and below them a smaller mullet of the same all of the fifth , all within a diminished bordure of the second . Significance . The globe represents the earth as viewed from space ; the earth being both the origin and control point for all man - made space activities . The lines of latitude and longitude emphasize the global nature of Air Force space operations . The two uneven ellipses represent both low and high orbital paths traced by satellites in earth orbit shown as four - point stars . The two yellow rays depict space surveillance and communications capability from ground base sensors . The larger of the two stars represents the Space Command , and the smaller and closest star to earth represents the 1st Space Wing of the Space Command . The two stars also along with the distinctive blue shading and small globe symbolize the space environment .
Battle of Saltville II The Battle of Saltville ( 20 December – 21 December 1864 ) , was fought near the town of Saltville , Virginia , during the American Civil War . After the defeat of General Stephen G . Burbridge ' s expedition against Saltville , Union General George Stoneman reassembled a force to destroy the saltworks there . Stoneman ' s force included Burbridge ' s Division and a brigade under Brigadier General Alvan C . Gillem . After defeating a Confederate force at Marion , Virginia on the December 17 – 18 , Stoneman ' s expedition advanced to Saltville . General John C . Breckinridge had 500 men at Saltville under Colonel Robert Preston . Another brigade of cavalry was en route under General Basil W . Duke . General Gillem led the Union advance and attacked first . Burbridge joined the fight shortly after and the two Federal columns overwhelmed the town ' s defenses . Colonel Preston ordered a retreat and Stoneman ' s troops entered the town and destroyed the saltworks , accomplishing the objective of the Union raid .
Jacques Aymar de Roquefeuil et du Bousquet Jacques Aymar de Roquefeuil et du Bousquet ( 14 November 1665 , château du Bousquet , Montpeyroux , Rouergue – 8 / 9 March 1744 ) was a French Navy admiral . Family . He was the younger brother of Louis , Baron de Roquefeuil et du Bousquet and a member of the House of Roquefeuil - Blanquefort , one of the most illustrious Languedoc families . His father left him the hereditary government of the town of Rodez , which the king invested him with upon his marriage in 1711 . His mother was Victoire de Moret , granddaughter of Madeleine de Bourbon . Marriage and family . On 4 August 1712 , he married Jeanne Louise du Main d ' Angeret , and they had :
Sun Shenlu Sun Shenlu ( , 1928 in Dingxing County , Hebei - December 3 , 1952 ) was a MiG - 15 pilot of the People ' s Republic of China . He was a flying ace during the Korean War , with 6 victories . A member of the 3rd Fighter Aviation Division , Shenlu was killed in action on December 3 , 1952 near the Ch ' ongch ' on River . Although all Chinese aces have received the title Combat Hero in acknowledgement of their services , very little information is known of the Chinese pilots during the war due to the lack of published records .