naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
United States Marine Corps Silent Drill Platoon The United States Marine Corps Silent Drill Platoon is a 24 - man rifle platoon of the United States Marine Corps . Often referred to as The Marching Twenty - Four , the unit performs unique silent precision exhibition drill . The purpose of the platoon is to exemplify the discipline and professionalism of the Marine Corps . History . The Silent Drill Platoon first performed in 1948 , originally as a one - time show , and received such an overwhelming response that it soon became part of the routine parades at Marine Barracks , Washington , D . C . Drill movements . The Marines execute a series of calculated drill movements and precise handling of their hand - polished M1 Garand rifles with fixed bayonet s . The routine concludes with a unique rifle inspection involving elaborate rifle spins and tosses . All drill movements are done with superfluous spins of the rifle , making the Silent Drill Platoon ' s drill unique from other Marine units ' drill movements . Selection and training . Marines are selected from students at the two Schools of Infantry , located at Camp Pendleton , California , and Camp Lejeune , North Carolina , from interviews conducted by barracks personnel . Once selected , Marines are assigned to Marine Barracks , Washington , D . C . , to serve a two - year ceremonial tour . Beyond their ceremonial duties , the Marines collaterally train in the field as infantrymen . Throughout the year , these Marines hone their infantry skills at the Marine Corps Combat Development Command in Marine Corps Base Quantico , Virginia and other bases . The Marines selected must be male and must be between 5 ' 11 " and 6 ' 1 " tall and be in the median of their weight requirements for their height . Uniformity is a key asset . Experienced members of the Silent Drill Platoon , usually non - commissioned officer s , have the opportunity to audition to become rifle inspectors . They must go through inspection tryouts graded by rifle inspectors of the previous year . Only two Marines who audition will become rifle inspectors . Once the year ' s Silent Drill Platoon members are selected , they begin their training in Washington , and continue to train at Marine Corps Air Station Yuma , Arizona , perfecting their routine year - round . Throughout the year , they perform at Marine Barracks , Washington , D . C . , and at numerous events across the United States , and also represent the Marine Corps abroad .
Sverresborg ( Bergen ) Sverresborg ( Norwegian : " Sverresborg i Bergen " ) is a fortress and former castle situated in the Norwegian city of Bergen . History . It was built by king Sverre Sigurdsson ( ca . 1150 – 1202 ) in the mid 1180 ' s , 250 meters northeast of Bergenhus fortress . King Sverre Sigurdsson also had a Sverresborg built in Trondheim . It is thought that the fortress had an outer wall of stone and inner buildings of wood . A saga mentions that 600 men and 40 noble women lived in the fortress ca . 1207 . Sverresborg was the site of several battles during the Civil war era in Norway . The castle fell to the bagler s and was destroyed , but was rebuilt by Håkon Jarl . The baglers destroyed it a second time and it has been rebuilt several times . The site was reinforced by King Håkon Håkonsson after the great fire of 1248 . The medieval fort remained until mid - 16th century . Directly underneath Sverresborg lies the residence of the master of the ramparts ( " Vollmesterboligen " ) , the oldest of which go back to the 18th century . The master of the ramparts was in charge of the maintenance and upkeep of the fortifications and buildings . Much of the present day fortifications are from the 17th century . In August 1665 , the fortress participated in the Battle of Vågen . The last known expansions took place during the Napoleonic wars . Present day . In the 1830s a park was laid out in the area and in 1911 a petty officers school was established for Bergen Brigade . During World War II the German occupants established two anti aircraft batteries in the fortress . After the war , Sverresborg used as the execution site in connection with treason settlement . Seven German and one Norwegian war criminals were executed in Sverresborg in 1946 . The fortress has not fulfilled an operative capacity since World War II , but is still used by the military of Norway for office facilities . The facilities include a garage and an outbuilding of more recent date . The area is today under the command of the commandant of Bergenhus and is a military area , but open to the public .
Giulio Lega Capitano Giulio Lega was a World War I flying ace credited with five aerial victories . After finishing the war , he completed medical school , and began a near lifelong career caring for the Italian Chamber of Deputies . Early life and service . Giulio Lega was born in Florence on 12 November 1892 . He was a medical student when he was accepted for officer ' s training in 1915 . Because of his height , he became an " extended infantryman " in the Grenadiers . He went into action with their " 2o Reggimento " and made his mark with them at the Fourth Battle of the Isonzo . On 20 November 1915 , he was awarded the War Merit Cross for valor . He fought through May 1916 , winning a Bronze Medal for Military Valor in close - quarters combat , awarded on the battlefield on 30 May 1916 . Aerial service . Lega volunteered for aviation in late 1916 . He qualified as a pilot on 1 September 1916 , and was granted his license on 1 November 1916 . By 30 January 1917 , he had finished pilot ' s training , as he was then posted to reconnaissance duty with " 21a Squadriglia " . He was further rated in Savoia - Pomilio SP . 2 s on 14 February 1917 ; he was also promoted to tenente . His duties as a reconnaissance pilot between May and November 1917 earned Lega a Silver Medal for Military Valor . He remained with this squadron until it was withdrawn from service in the wake of the Battle of Caporetto . He was selected for fighter pilot training , which he began on 16 November 1917 at Malpensa . When that was complete , he went for gunnery training ; on 27 December 1917 , he passed his gunnery test with a " mediocre " rating . Lega then returned to action as a member of " 76a Squadriglia " . He would fly 46 combat sorties with them . On 17 March 1918 , he teamed with two other Italian pilots for his first victory . Eight days later , he again split a victory , this time over Montello . His final victories came during the last Austro - Hungarian offensive . On 24 June 1918 , he downed a Hansa - Brandenburg C . I from Flik 2d . The following day , he shot down an Albatros D . III from Flik 42j and shared a second win with Silvio Scaroni and Romolo Ticconi . This string of victories earned him another Silver Medal for Valor . In July 1918 , Lega transferred to the 81st Squadriglia . He would serve through war ' s end with no further victories . By the Armistice , he had earned a Bronze Medal for Valor , as well as the two Silver ones and the War Cross . Post World War I . Lega finished his medical studies , though briefly interrupted by a recall to military duty . He graduated from the University of Bologna in July 1920 . He remained in the Air Force Reserves , and would eventually rise to tenente colonnello in May 1935 . On 13 March 1931 , he was appointed head of the medical service for Italy ' s Chamber of Deputies . During World War II , Lega would be assigned to the headquarters of the Servizi Aerei Speciali . He would not give up his post with the Chamber until 1957 . He eventually qualified as a university instructor . When he died on 11 July 1973 , he was still a medical consultant to the Italian parliament .
NMZ JSC NMZ or Nizhny Novgorod Machine - building Plant ( or All - Union Machine - building Plant " New Sormovo " , Joseph Stalin Factory No . 92 , " Zavod imeni Stalina " , or ZiS ) was a Soviet artillery factory in the Sormovo district of Gorky . It included the TsAKB artillery design bureau led by Vasiliy Grabin . Its products included Currently , part of Almaz - Antey together with Almaz - Antey Branch no . 1 .
Battle of Podhajce ( 1698 ) Battle of Podhajce took place on 8 – 9 September 1698 near Podhajce in Ruthenian Voivodship during the Great Turkish War . 6000 - strong Polish army under Field Crown Hetman Feliks Kazimierz Potocki repelled a 14 , 000 man Tatar expedition under Kaplan - Girey . Lack of sufficient number of light cavalry on the Polish side prevented a successful pursuit of Tatars and their captives . It was the last Polish - Tatar battle ever and the last Polish battle of the Great Turkish War : only months later the Treaty of Karlowitz was signed .
Battle of Linuesa The Battle of Linuesa was an action fought on 21 December 1361 in the municipality of Huesa , Jaén , Spain ( contemporary Kingdom of Jaén . The battle was fought between the Kingdom of Castile and the forces of the Emirate of Granada . The battle resulted in a victory for the forces of the Kingdom of Castile . The Castilian forces were commanded by Diego García de Padilla , the Grand Master of the Order of Calatrava , Enrique Enríquez " el Mozo " , the Adelantado Mayor of the frontera de Andalucía , and by Men Rodríguez de Biedma , the head Caudillo of the Bishop of Jaén . Context . The Muslim troops of the Emirate of Granada , invaded Jaén towards the end of 1361 , pillaging the areas of the Adelantamiento de Cazorla and setting fire to the municipality of Peal de Becerro . The Muslim forces were composed of around 600 cavalry and 2 thousand foot soldiers . They had also captured many captives , both male and female and had amassed a large amount of loot . The Battle . When Diego García de Padilla , Grand Master of Calatrava heard news about the Muslim invasion of Cazorla , and of the havoc being raised in Peal de Becerro , he gathered his forces and gave pursuit . The Castilian - Leonese troops gained control over a river crossing at Guadiana Menor with the intent of taking advantage of the fact that the Muslim forces would have to cross the river at the crossing to return to their lands . The battle commenced on 21 December 1361 . The Muslim troops arrived at the pass previously occupied by the Christian forces and immediately attempted to dislodge their position to force a crossing . The Castilian - Leonese forces advanced on the Muslim troops in return and routed them completely at a place called Linuesa . The chronicles of the King Peter I of Castile recount that few Muslims escaped from the action with their lives and that they were slaughtered almost to a man . Aftermath . When King Peter I of Castile heard news that his armies had routed the invaders , he was extremely pleased , but ultimately ordered that his captains turn over all their plunder to the crown and promised to give them each three hundred Maravedies in return . Further , once in power of the treasure handed over , the king failed to make good on the promised reward money . The breaking of this promise doubtless angered Diego García de Padilla , Enrique Enríquez " el Mozo " , and Men Rodríguez de Biedma who had fought the battle in the king ' s name . Peter I of Castile is known to history as " Pedro I el Cruel " or " Peter I the Cruel " . A few months later , the same Castilian army led by the same commanders was defeated by Muslim troops at the Battle of Guadix which was fought in winter of the year 1362 .
Edmund Brooke Alexander Edmund Brooke Alexander ( October 6 , 1802 – January 3 , 1888 ) was an officer in the United States Army in the Mexican - American War through the American Civil War who rose to the rank of brevet Brigadier General in 1865 . Alexander was an 1823 graduate of the United States Military Academy along with Lorenzo Thomas and George S . Greene . Alexander was brevet ted Major at the Battle of Cerro Gordo on April 18 , 1847 and Lieutenant Colonel at the Battles of Contreras and Churubusco on August 20 during the Mexican - American War . Alexander , still a brevet Lieutenant Colonel , led the 8th Infantry , when it became the first garrison stationed at Fort Bliss in the El Paso , Texas , area , from January 1854 through March 1855 . In March 1855 , promoted to Colonel , Alexander was appointed command of the new 10th Infantry . During the Civil War , Alexander was Provost Marshal in St . Louis , Missouri . In 1869 , he retired at the rank of Colonel . Namesake . In World War II , a United States Army transport ship , , was named in his honor .
Swords to ploughshares Swords to ploughshares ( or swords to plowshares ) is a concept in which military weapon s or technologies are converted for peaceful civilian applications . The phrase originates from the Book of Isaiah : The " ploughshare " is often used to symbolize creative tools that benefit mankind , as opposed to destructive tools of war , symbolized by the " sword " , a similar sharp metal tool with an arguably opposite use . In addition to the original Biblical Messianic intent , the expression " beat swords into ploughshares " has been used by disparate social and political groups . An ongoing example as of 2013 , is the dismantling of nuclear weapon s and the use of their contents as fuel in civilian electric power stations , the Megatons to Megawatts Program . Nuclear fission development , originally accelerated for World War II weapons needs , has been applied to many civilian purposes since its use at Hiroshima and Nagasaki , including electricity and radiopharmaceutical production . The later use of nuclear fusion in weapons designs , supplied the ability to create new elements , such as einsteinium , which was key to explaining the r - process in nucleosynthesis . Electricity generation from fusion power will require further research before it can become as practical as nuclear fission power stations . One approach to this end is inertial confinement fusion , which follows the same mechanism to achieving a fusion power station , radiation implosion , as that which was originally developed for weapons use , the Teller - Ulam design . Biblical references . This analogy is used several times in the Old Testament or Tanakh such as in the following verses : An expression of this concept can be seen a bronze statue in the United Nations garden called " Let Us Beat Swords into Plowshares " , a gift from the Soviet Union sculpted by Evgeniy Vuchetich , representing the figure of a man hammering a sword into the shape of a plowshare .
Shifta Shifta ( Ge ' ez : ሽፍታ , or " shufta " ) is term used in Eritrea , Ethiopia , Kenya , and Somalia for " rebel " , " outlaw " , or " bandit " . The word is derived from " shúfto " . Historically , shifta served as local militia in the lawless rural mountainous regions on the Horn of Africa . The word shifta can be translated as ' bandit ' or ' outlaw ' , but can include anyone who rebels against an authority or an institution that is seen as illegitimate . Concepts . The term shifta has positive and negative connotations , that of a common bandit and that of a revolutionary ; both concepts being distinct but not necessarily mutually exclusive . They are often considered as highly respected , politically minded outlaws struggling for social order or a political cause . When applied in this context , " shiftinnet " ( being a shifta ) in its diverse forms has a social function as a form of conflict resolution . In Eritrea during thr British administration , military units were used to police the lawless areas and stop common shifta activity In Ethiopia , individuals who started as shifta have risen to the level of warlord or Emperor thus legitimizing the concept of shifta itself . 2 nineteenth - century shiftas , Kassa Hailu of Gondar and Kassai Mircha of Tigray , became respectively , Emperor Tewodros and Emperor Yohannes in the later 19th century . Thus the shiftas formed the military elite and became the core of the resistance , using their military skills against the Italians . A shifta , however , whose acts surpassed social norms would be called " t ' era - shifta " and would be regarded as a thief or bandit . The Italians not surprisingly labelled all shiftas as t ' era - shiftas , of the criminal type . Nevertheless , to be described as a shifta , especially during the Italian occupation , was an honour for an Ethiopian and this was how resistance started and spread . Both Isaias Afewerki of Eritrea and Meles Zenawi of Ethiopia were called shifta when they served respectively as rebel leaders of the EPLF and TPLF .
Sukhoi Su - 37 Terminator The Sukhoi Su - 37 ( NATO reporting name : Flanker - F or Terminator ) is a Russian experimental multi - role jet fighter aircraft . It is a single seat fighter modified from the 1st generation Sukhoi Su - 35 prototypes for thrust vector control testing . The Su - 37 is not to be confused with the S - 37 Berkut ( Su - 47 ) forward - swept wing technology demonstrator or the single engined S - 37 canard delta naval fighter proposed by Sukhoi in the early 1990s . Features . The Su - 37 has implemented major improvements to the Su - 27 : The Su - 37 has the sighting system mounted on helmet ( HMS ) and can track targets at 45 degrees from the nozzle of the aircraft and also the system of fire BVR ( Beyond Visual Range ) , in other words combining the N012 radar Su - 37 and the missile AMS R - 77 with ranges of up to 175 km , with the automated guidance system can bring down a U . S . fighter F - 16 before you even realize that the presence of the Su - 37 on their radar . Furthermore , the combination of systems for attack with the sight mounted on the helmet gives the rider the opportunity to attack " Off - boresight " " , Ie , allow the pilot to aim for a target and attack without the game is with the nose pointed at him . The Su - 37 is also equipped with radar surveillance system N012 in the rear capable of detecting targets up to 50km and 3 . 2ma enemy fighters at a distance of up to 100km at 60 degrees up and down , making it almost invulnerable to attack by surprise . Maneuverability . Maneuverability is undoubtedly the most outstanding aspect of this aircraft , equipped with TVC ( Thrust Vecttoring Control ) , ie three - dimensional vectorized thrust nozzles , it has the ability to perform maneuvers " " Impossible " . " This makes it 10 times more efficient than planes without the TVC system , a considerable advantage , and because of this it is considered to be one of the most maneuverable fighter in the world .
Short Range Reconnaissance Escadrille Short Range Reconnaissance Escadrille ( " Eskadra Bliskiego Rozpoznania " ) was a unit of the Polish Naval Air Squadron ( " Morski Dywizjon Lotniczy " ) at the beginning of world war 2 . Air Crew . Commander : kpt . mar . obs . Marian Janczewski Equipment . 10 Lublin R - XIIIter and Lublin R - XIIIG floatplanes .
American armored fighting vehicle production during World War II This page details tank production by the United States of America during World War II . Light tanks . Stuart series . By the time the United States entered the Second World War in 1942 they had only two tanks ready for combat : the M1 Combat Car and the M2 Light Tank . Originally both tanks only came equipped with machine guns but in 1940 , the M2A4 was upgraded to a 37mm anti - tank gun . The machine gun - armed tanks were never used in combat , and only a handful of cannon - armed vehicles saw service in the Pacific ; but their design formed the basis of the later M3 / M5 Light Tank . The British officially called their M3s ' Stuarts , and often referred to them as " Honeys " . Notes : Other light AFVs . The M22 Locust was specially designed to British requirements as an airmobile tank , to be delivered to the battlefield by glider . The M24 Chaffee was intended as a replacement for the M3 and M5 series ; Medium tanks and AFVs . In 1939 , the USA had manufactured 18 examples of the " Medium M2 " tank . This tank was never to see combat service , but its chassis and suspension were used as a basis for the Lee and Sherman tanks . Following the German invasion of France in 1940 , a small number of " Medium M2A1 " tanks ( an improved model ) were manufactured for training , while a more modern tank ( which was eventually to become the " Medium M3 Lee " ) was designed . The Lee was superseded by the " Medium M4 Sherman " . This originally carried a 75 mm gun ; later versions of the Sherman were armed with a 76 mm gun or a 105 mm howitzer . On the Sherman hull , the M10 and M36 tank destroyers ( officially called " Gun Motor Carriages " ) were produced . The " M7 Howitzer Motor Carriage " was originally built on the M - 3 medium tank chassis , but later versions were built on the similar M - 4 tank chassis . Notes : Heavy tanks . The Pershing heavy tank ( named after General Pershing ) was the only heavy tank used in combat by the US armed forces during World War II . An earlier design , the M6 Heavy Tank , was not accepted for series production .
Inner Mongolian Army The Inner Mongolian Army was first formed by Prince Demchugdongrub with his personal bodyguard of 900 men in 1929 . Although only armed with rifles and a couple of field guns from the Mukden arsenal , a gift of the Young Marshal ( Zhang Xueliang ) in 1929 . His force became very efficient with the assistance of advisors from the Japanese Army . It was later expanded to 9 Divisions ( 8 of Cavalry ) with 10 , 000 men for the Suiyuan Campaign of 1936 with the addition of Manchukuo an Mongol irregulars from Jehol under Li Shou - hsin , and various Mongol irregular troops from Chahar , and Suiyuan , bandits and Chinese deserters . Wang Ying lead a force of 6 , 000 Chinese troops in four brigades called the Grand Han Righteous Army . After the defeat in the Suiyuan Campaign in 1936 the army was reformed into eight small Cavalry Divisions with a total force of about 20 , 000 men . It participated with the Japanese Army in the conquest of Suiyuan in 1937 . Elements were also involved in the battle of Taiyuan .
Coventry Castle Coventry Castle ( ) . was a motte and bailey castle in the city of Coventry , England . It was demolished in the late 1100s and St Mary ' s Guildhall was built on the site . History . Construction . It was built in the early 12th century by Ranulf de Gernon , 4th Earl of Chester . Its first known use was during The Anarchy when Robert Marmion , a supporter of King Stephen , expelled the monks from the adjacent priory of Saint Mary and converted it into a fortress from which he waged a battle against the Earl . Marmion perished in the battle . In 1147 , those loyal to the king retreated to its defences during a siege by Ranulf de Gernon , 4th Earl of Chester whilst he tried to recapture the castle after he had handed the castle over to King Stephen . This was because whilst he was captured by the King in 1146 he was forced to give his castle ' s over , although he only vielded a number of which Coventry was one . After the siege was lifted , King Stephen destroyed the castle , however it was probably later repaired as it was described as a viable fortification in 1182 . Tudor period . In November 1569 , Mary , Queen of Scots was detained in Caesar ' s Tower , by which time St . Mary ' s Guildhall had been built onto it . The room in which she was detained is disputed . A room in Caesar ' s Tower nicknamed the " Mary Queen of Scots " was originally thought to be the location due to its cell - like appearance however it is likely she was held in the " Old Mayoress ' s Parlour " . Present day . Today , Caesar ' s Tower - which is thought to be all that remains of the castle - still exists as part of St Mary ' s Guildhall . It was rebuilt after bombing during the Second World War . On the bottom floor of the tower is " the Treasury " and above what is known ( though , it is thought to be incorrectly ) as the " Mary Queen of Scots room " . The Cathedral Lanes Shopping Centre was constructed over part of the castle . Further reading . county