naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Sopwith Sociable The Sopwith Sociable ( or sometimes Churchill or Tweenie ) was a British single - engined two - seat tractor configuration biplane designed and built by Sopwith for the Royal Naval Air Service . Design and development . The Sociable , so called because the crew were seated side - by side rather than in tandem , was ordered by the British Admiralty for use as a training aircraft by the Royal Naval Air Service . It was two - bay biplane powered by a Gnome Monosoupape radial . The Sociable was given serial number " 149 " by the Admiralty and first flew from Brooklands on 17 February 1914 . Operational history . Two days after its first flight , the Sociable was delivered to Hendon on 19 February 1914 . The next day the First Lord of the Admiralty Winston Churchill flew in it as a passenger ; it afterwards gained the nickname the " Sopwith Churchill " . It was based at Eastchurch when on 25 March 1914 it spun into the ground on take - off . Repaired by Sopwith it was delivered to No . 3 Squadron RNAS in Belgium in September 1914 . It was fitted with an additional fuel tank and a bomb rack and was used on an abortive attempt to bomb a German airship shed at Cologne on 22 September 1914 . It was transferred to No . 1 Squadron RNAS but broke an axle on take - off from Antwerp , damaging the landing gear and badly damaging the upper wing . While awaiting repair at Antwerp it was abandoned following the advance of German troops .
Directive 5120 . 36 Department of Defense Directive 5120 . 36 was issued in July 1963 by Robert S . McNamara , then Secretary of Defense of the United States . This directive dealt with the issue of racism in areas surrounding military communities . The directive declared : The directive empowered commanding officers to use economic power to influence local businesses . With the approval of the Secretary of Defense , the commanding officer could declare an area off - limits to military personnel . The first non - military establishment was declared off - limits in 1967 . In 1970 the requirement that commanding officers first obtain permission from the Secretary of Defense was lifted and a commanding officer could declare housing areas off limits to military personnel under his command .
Candelaria Pérez Candelaria Pérez ( " Sargento Candelaria " ) ( 1810 - March 28 , 1870 ) was a sergeant in the Chilean Army . She was part of the expeditionary forces sent to Peru to fight against the Peru - Bolivian Confederation . She was considered the hero of the Battle of Yungay when she led an assault against the entrenched Confederate troops .
American official war artists American official war artists have been part of the American military since 1917 . Artists are unlike the objective camera lens which records only a single instant and no more . The war artist captures instantaneous action and conflates earlier moments of the same scene within one compelling image . History . In World War I , eight artists commissioned as captains in the U . S . Corps of Engineers . These men were sent to Europe to record the activities of the American Expeditionary Forces . In 1941 , the Navy Combat Art Program was founded in order to ensure that competent artists would be present at the scene of history - making events . Eight active duty artists developed a record of all phases of World War II ; and all major naval operations have been depicted by Navy artists . During the Korean War , the program was revived with two military artists in combat contexts . Since then , artists have been sent to other combat zones , including the Persian Gulf . The U . S . Army War Art Unit was established in late 1942 ; and by the spring of 1943 , 42 artists were selected . In May 1943 , Congress withdrew funding the unit was inactivated . The Army ' s Vietnam Combat Art Program was started in 1966 . Teams of soldier - artists created pictorial accounts and interpretations for the annals of army military history . These teams of five soldier - artists typically spent 60 days of temporary duty ( TDY ) in Vietnam embedded with various units . The U . S . Army Center of Military History ( CMH ) currently includes an Army Art Collection with about 40 representative war artists . In 1992 , the Army Staff Artist Program was attached to the United States Army Center of Military History . Army artists are a permanent part of the Museum Division ' s Collections Branch . There are significant differences in the artwork created by the branches of the U . S . military : Scope . Military art and the work of American military artists includes both peacetime and wartime . For example , USMC combat artist Kristopher Battles deployed with American forces in Haiti to provide humanitarian relief as part of Operation Unified Response after the disastrous earthquake in 2010 .
Whitewater ( POW camp ) Whitewater was a labour camp for German prisoners - of - war in Riding Mountain National Park , Manitoba . Operating from 1943 to 1945 , the camp was built on the northeast shore of Whitewater Lake , approximately north - west of Winnipeg . The camp consisted of fifteen buildings and housed 440 to 450 prisoners of war . History . The decision to have a prisoner of war labour project in Riding Mountain National Park was the result of a fuelwood shortage in the winter of 1942 and 1943 . To free up men for the war effort it was decided that German prisoners of war would be employed . The majority of the prisoners were former members of the Afrika Korps , sent to Canada after being captured in battles like the Second Battle of El Alamein in North Africa . Internees were paid 50 cents per day to cut down trees ; prisoners were allowed to use their wages to order from the Eaton ' s catalogue . On one occasion , the prisoners threatened to strike because " pyjamas they ' d ordered from the Eaton ' s catalogue failed to arrive on time " ( they thought the guards might have stolen the order ) . However , relations between the prisoners and their guards were often amicable and it was rumoured that the camp staff were being supplied with alcohol distilled by the prisoners . Whitewater was the only POW camp in North America not to be bounded by a fence or barbed wire , as its isolation made escape unfeasible . Members of the Veterans ' Guard of Canada served as guards at the camp . However , prisoners quickly took advantage of their relative freedoms to explore their surroundings and fraternize with the locals . Many of these civilians were of Ukrainian descent and it is believed they were sympathetic to the German prisoners as they hoped that the Germany Army would overthrow the Soviets in Ukraine . As such , prisoners went drinking in town , courted local women , and attended dances . The prisoners were also allowed to have pets in the camp , one of which was a juvenile black bear . Following the end of the war and the achievement of a fuelwood surplus , the camp closed in late 1945 . The remaining prisoners were transferred to other labour projects across the country while the buildings and amenities were auctioned off and removed from the park . Today , little remains of the camp . In 2010 and 2011 , a PhD Candidate from Stanford University and students from Brandon University ran an archaeological project at the site .
Strider Farm The Strider Farm was intimately involved in events concerning the American Civil War near Harpers Ferry , West Virginia . Located on a small hill just south of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad line from Baltimore and Washington , D . C . to Martinsburg , West Virginia , the Strider farm was a strategic location for the control of this vital link . The main house , built " circa " 1790 is a - story Federal style in stone masonry . It was enlarged in 1880 with a shallow addition , also in stone . A barn also dates to 1880 . The main house was built by Philip Strider , whose descendants appear frequently in the later history of Jefferson County . During the Civil War , the property was the scene of frequent fighting . On September 13 – 17 , 1862 , Confederate artillery fired on Federal troops from a position near the front yard of the house . Later , in 1864 , the house was the headquarters of Federal Major General Horatio G . Wright .
USS Casper ( PF - 12 ) USS " Casper " ( PF - 12 ) , a , was the only ship of the United States Navy to be named for Casper , Wyoming . " Casper " ( PF - 12 ) was launched on 27 December 1943 at the Kaiser Cargo Company shipyard in Richmond , California , under a Maritime Commission contract , sponsored by Mrs . E . J . Spaulding ; and commissioned on 31 March 1944 , with Lieutenant Commander F . J . Scheiber , USCG , in command Service history . Upon commissioning , " Casper " reported to the Western Sea Frontier . " Casper " sailed from San Francisco , California , on 30 September 1944 for a weather patrol out of Seattle , returning to San Francisco 6 November . From this base , she operated as plane guard , and on weather patrol , performing these vital functions between the mainland and Pearl Harbor . During the organizing conference of the United Nations at San Francisco , which began 25 April 1945 , " Casper " made two security patrols off the Farallon Islands . " Casper " cleared San Francisco on 4 April 1946 for Charleston , South Carolina , where she was decommissioned on 16 May 1946 . The patrol frigate was sold 20 May 1947 .
The Reluctant Tommy The Reluctant Tommy is a book written by Ronald Skirth who was a member of the Royal Garrison Artillery during the First World War . His experiences during the Battle of Messines and the Battle of Passchendaele were detailed in this book . The book captured attention due to Skirth ' s actions during the war to avoid enemy casualties . The manuscript was known only by the family for decades before finally being published in 2011 . History . After coming home from the war Ronald Skirth entered the teaching profession . When he retired in 1971 he started work on his war time memories during the First World War , and in particular his experience of disillusionment . Although he initially intended to focus on his relationship with his wife Ella , touching on the war only briefly , he soon felt under a " compulsion " to write more about his war experiences . He worked on the memoir for over a year , eventually filling five green ring binder s with many hundreds of pages , and over the next few years , despite suffering two strokes , he repeatedly went back to the material , editing , amending and adding to what he had written . Publication . In 2010 the memoir was published in book form by Macmillan , as " The Reluctant Tommy : Ronald Skirth ' s Extraordinary Memoir of the First World War " , edited by Duncan Barrett . Barrett wrote in an introduction that he felt that Skirth ' s story " deserved as wide an audience as possible — and to be read in its protagonist ' s own words " . Skirth ' s daughter Jean , who had given permission for the memoir to be published remained uncertain whether publishing the memoir was what her father would have wanted , but believed that it was important that his story was widely known . The book carried a foreword by Channel 4 News anchor Jon Snow , in which he wrote about his grandfather Lieutenant - General Sir Thomas D ' Oyly Snow . Referring to the popular description of the lower ranks as " lions led by donkeys " , Snow acknowledged that " If Ronald Skirth was a ' lion ' , Thom Snow was ultimately a ' donkey ' . " Critical reaction . " The Reluctant Tommy " received largely favourable reviews by Richard Holmes in the " Evening Standard " and Jonathan Gibbs in the " Financial Times , " as well as coverage in the " Daily Mail " , " Socialist Worker " and the " Sunday Express " . Not all criticism has been favourable . A review in the BBC ' s " Who Do You Think You Are " magazine remarks on the disparities between official war records and Skirth ' s version of events :
Fourth Battle of Tucson The Fourth Battle of Tucson was a raid during the lengthy wars between Spanish colonists in Arizona and its region and Apache Indians . At break of day , on March 21 , 1784 , a force of no more than 500 Apaches and Navajos attacked Spanish cavalry guards protecting a herd of livestock at the Presidio San Augustin del Tucson in southern Arizona . Battle . The Spanish sentries were under the command of Ensign Don Juan Carrillo when hundreds of mounted Navajo and Apache warrior s attacked their position which guarded a livestock pen . The Apaches and Navajos were attempting to steal some of the cavalry garrison ' s horses but they had soldiers to deal with . The herd was halted in the corral , which was defended efficiently by Ensign Carillo ' s squad . However , the natives succeeded , after a long time , in stampeding and carrying off the herd , leaving five soldiers dead and one wounded while sustaining three of their own dead and an unknown number wounded . Thirteen horses were captured from the presidio . Immediately afterwards two additional soldiers arrived to give notice of what had happened . Without loss of time , a number of troops mounted themselves and followed the native ' s trail of retreat . Aftermath . Under the orders of Lieutenant Tomás Equrrola , reinforced with thirty Pima scouts from the neighboring towns of Tupson and San Xavier . This force consisted of forty - nine men , including the Pima scouts and five citizens . With the rest of the remount herd guard which consisted of twelve men . The Spanish and Pima force left Tucson and after only forty - five minutes , caught up with the Navajos and Apaches at the base of the Catalina Mountains , next to the Catalina River . Another battle began and Lieutenant Equrrola ' s men killed fourteen warriors , among them the native commander , Chief Chiquito .
Hans Bütow Hans Ernst Arnold Felix Bütow ( 28 December 1894 in Volpersdorf – 9 May 1974 in Hamburg ) was a German officer in the " Kriegsmarine " during World War II and recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross ( ) attaining the rank of " Konteradmiral " . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership .
John Miller ( 1865 Medal of Honor recipient ) John Miller ( 1839 in Kurhessen , Germany - March 8 , 1882 ) won a Medal of Honor for his service during the American Civil War . He was born Henry Fey . Miller enlisted in the Army from Rochester , New York in December 1863 . He earned the Medal of Honor for his actions on March 2 , 1865 in Waynesboro , Virginia during the Battle of Waynesboro . His citation reads , " capture of flag . " He mustered out with his regiment in June 1865 . Following his death in 1882 , he was initially interred at Glenwood Memorial Gardens in Broomall , Pennsylvania , however he was reinterred in Northwood Cemetery in Philadelphia .
TERPROM TERPROM ( Terrain Profile Matching ) is a military navigation Ground Proximity Warning System ( GPWS ) employed on aircraft and missiles , which uses stored digital elevation data combined with navigation system and radar altimeter inputs to compute the location of an aircraft or missile above the surface of the earth . It is also used as a warning system to prevent aircraft from flying too close to the ground . TERPROM was initially conceived in 1977 within the Bristol based Guided Weapons New Projects Office of British Aerospace as part of a MoD funded contract to advise the Government on the development options and applications of tactical cruise missiles . TERPROM ( R ) utilises Terrain Reference Navigation to provide aircraft with a Predictive Ground Collision Avoidance System ( PGCAS ) as well as Obstruction Warning and Cueing ( OWC ) TERPROM is produced by Atlantic Inertial Systems , Plymouth UK , formerly a subsidiary of BAE Systems , acquired in December 2009 by Goodrich Corporation . TERPROM has been used on on the following aircraft :
USS DeKalb County ( LST - 715 ) USS " DeKalb County " ( LST - 715 ) was an built for the United States Navy during World War II . Named after counties in six states , it was the only U . S . Naval vessel to bear the name . " LST - 715 " was laid down on 7 June 1944 at Jeffersonville , Indiana by the Jeffersonville Boat & Machine Company ; launched on 20 July 1944 ; sponsored by Mrs . Loudie S . Moffatt ; and commissioned on 15 August 1944 . Service history . World War II . During World War II , " LST - 715 " was assigned to the Asiatic - Pacific theater and participated in the following operations : assault and occupation of Iwo Jima ( February and March , 1945 ) and the assault and occupation of Okinawa Gunto ( May and June , 1945 ) . Following the war , " LST - 715 " performed occupation duty in the Far East until mid - September 1945 . " LST - 715 " was decommissioned on 17 April 1946 at Manicani Island , Republic of the Philippines . United States Army . The ship was transferred to the United States Army Transportation Corps on 28 June 1946 . Commissioned USAT " LST - 715 " on 29 June 1946 , the ship was struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 29 September 1947 . Korean War . Reacquired by the Navy on 25 July 1950 , the ship was reinstated to the Naval Register on 10 August 1950 . Recommissioned USS " LST - 715 " on 30 August 1950 , it participated in the following Korean War campaigns : North Korean Aggression ( 18 September to 2 November 1950 ) , Communist China Aggression ( 3 November 1950 to 14 January 1951 ) , Inchon Landing ( 13 to 17 September 1950 ) , UN Counter Offensive ( 1 to 14 March 1951 ) , Second Korean Winter ( 11 January to 30 April 1952 ) , and Korean Defense Summer - Fall 1952 ( 1 May to 6 August 1952 ) . " LST - 715 " was redesignated USS " DeKalb County " ( LST - 715 ) on 1 July 1955 . Military Sea Transportation Service . It was transferred to the Military Sea Transportation Service ( MSTS ) in December 1965 where it served as USNS " DeKalb County " ( T - LST - 715 ) . Placed out of service and again struck from the Naval Register on 1 November 1973 , custody was transferred to the United States Maritime Administration ( MARAD ) for lay up in the National Defense Reserve Fleet at Suisun Bay , California . The ship was disposed of by MARAD on 30 April 1984 to Jon M . Associates , Suisun Bay , Benicia , California for scrapping . " LST - 715 " earned two battle star s for World War II service , and six battle stars during the Korean War . References .
Aeneas Tacticus Aeneas Tacticus ( 4th century BC ) was one of the earliest Greek writers on the art of war and is credited as the first author to provide a complete guide to securing military communications . According to Aelianus Tacticus and Polybius , he wrote a number of treatises ( " Hypomnemata " ) on the subject . The only extant one , " How to Survive under Siege " ( Greek : ) , deals with the best methods of defending a fortified city . An epitome of the whole was made by Cineas , minister of Pyrrhus , king of Epirus . The work is chiefly valuable as containing a large number of historical illustrations . Aeneas was considered by Isaac Casaubon to have been a contemporary of Xenophon and identical with the Arcadian general Aeneas of Stymphalus , whom Xenophon ( " Hellenica " , vii . 3 ) mentions as fighting at the Battle of Mantinea ( 362 BC ) .
HMS Sealion ( S07 ) HMS " Sealion " ( S07 ) was a " Porpoise " - class submarine . Her keel was laid down on 5 June 1958 by Cammell Laird at Birkenhead . She was launched on 31 December 1959 , and commissioned on 25 July 1961 . " Sealion " attended the 1977 Silver Jubilee Fleet Review off Spithead when she was part of the Submarine Flotilla . " Sealion " was paid off in December 1987 and sold to an Education Trust for deprived inner city youngsters " Inter Action " , arriving at Chatham on June 22 , 1988 . She was broken up in 1990 .
Defense industry of Algeria Algeria ' s military industry History . Algeria is held since 1980 to ensure a degree of autonomy to the National People ' s Army to avoid increased dependence vis - à - vis foreign suppliers . A strategy that had allowed the National People ' s Army to ensure the supply of certain equipment at the time when the country was embargoed arms he needed to fight terrorism in the 1990s from some Western countries have prevented the takeover by radical Islamists . This strategy allows even today , as the global financial crisis continues , to avoid bottlenecks The Algerian industry before 2000 , was modest and not concurrently . It is provided mainly on light military equipment licensed Russian and Chinese manufactured in its own specialized companies under the control of the Directorate of Military Manufacturing ( DFM ) - Department of National Defence . Military equipment are responsible for meeting the priority needs of the National People ' s Army Despite the lack of production units of the army , navy and air force , as well as units in charge of maintenance for this exhibition , the National People ' s Army has also worked in recent years to upgrade the armament and equipment acquired and the construction of its own vessels
Black Rock Desert Gunnery Range The Black Rock Desert Gunnery Range began in 1942 in of the Black Rock Desert and was used for World War II USAAF aerial gunnery training . The range was re - activated in October 1945 when the United States Navy closed more than to the public for two regions of the Lovelock Aerial Gunnery Range ( the North Region was in the Black Rock Desert area ) . In January , 1958 , the Chief of Naval Operations wrote that Basic Black Rock had a capacity of 7 , 600 sorties and that Sahwave Basic ( Located south of Basic Black Rock ) would have a capacity of 10 , 300 sorties . Extended Sahwave would have a capacity of 16 , 000 sorties . The Navy committed to releasing Basic Black Rock if Extended Sahwave was obtained . If Basic Black Rock was retained , it could be used for air - to - ground weapons training . After a 1955 request by congressman Clair Engle , the Black Rock Desert Gunnery Range was closed by 1964 . < / small >
Strategic Defence and Security Review The Strategic Defence and Security Review was announced by the newly formed Conservative - Liberal Democrat coalition government of the United Kingdom in May 2010 , and published on 19 October 2010 . The previous major review of United Kingdom defence posture was the Strategic Defence Review , published in 1998 , updated in 2003 by the Delivering Security in a Changing World white paper . As well as wishing to see an updated security policy , both the Conservative and Liberal Democrat parties wanted the £38 billion overspend in the Ministry of Defence ' s ( MOD ) procurement budget addressed . Given that this coincided with the new government being committed to deficit reduction , the Treasury asked the MOD to prepare options for a 10 – 20 % real terms reduction in its budget . However , the final figure was an 7 . 7 % reduction over four years . Summary . All three services would take cuts in manpower ( see below ) . Overall , the largest overseas deployment was expected to number no more than 30 , 000 personnel , including maritime and air force units . This compares to the 45 , 000 involved in the invasion of Iraq . Criticism . There was much criticism about the SDSR , for example , coming from the The Phoenix Think Tank . As of 3 August 2011 , the House of Commons Defence Select Committee published a critical review of the SDSR . The new Nimrod coastal protection aircraft were cancelled and scrapped after already spending £1 billion on them , criticism has come after the MOD is purchasing aircraft to replace the scalped Nimrod project from the USA . Criticism has come from the public and media due to the realisation of armed forces job cuts and how certain sections of the armed forces have been left weak . There is evermore pressure building for some of these decisions to be changed . Implementation . The measures set out in the SDSR were implemented as follows : Some of the decisions made during the SDSR were later reversed or modified . These included :