naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Malagasy Protectorate The Malagasy Protectorate was a French protectorate in what is now Madagascar . Through the protectorate , France attempted to control the foreign affairs of the Kingdom of Imerina through its representative at Antananarivo . France declared the island a protectorate in 1882 after reaching an agreement with Britain , which had been the first European power to establish a lasting influence and presence on the island that dated back to the arrival of London Missionary Society missionaries around 1820 ; Britain agreed to sanction French claims to Madagascar in exchange for French recognition of its claims to Zanzibar . The French justified the establishment of a protectorate on the basis of land claims over outlying islands like Nosy Be and Nosy Boraha and a treaty signed with a local leader of the western coastal Sakalava people . It was further justified through documents signed by King Radama II , including a letter he was possibly tricked into signing that entreated Napoleon to support a coup d ' etat against Ranavalona I , and land ownership agreements with French industrialist Joseph - François Lambert that were revoked upon Radama ' s assassination in 1863 . It ended in 1897 as Madagascar became a French colony . Successive sovereigns Ranavalona II and Ranavalona III and their Prime Minister , Rainilaiarivony , rejected the claim of French protectorate status and consistently refused to acknowledge the French representative or submit to the demands of the French , who attempted to impose control over Madagascar ' s foreign affairs and trade . The Malagasy government sent letters to foreign trade and diplomatic allies , including Britain and the United States , to request they advocate to France on behalf of Madagascar for continued Malagasy independence . France engaged Madagascar diplomatically and bombarded coastal cities in an attempt to enforce its claims , but Madagascar continued to govern its affairs with relatively little interference . As a result , a French expeditionary force occupied Antananarivo in September 1895 and imprisoned the queen and prime minister . In January 1897 France declared Madagascar a French colony and deported the prime minister to Algeria , where he died shortly afterward . A civil governor was put in place and key opposition figures were imprisoned or executed . The queen was allowed to continue managing certain internal affairs as a figurehead . A popular resistance movement , called the " Menalamba " rebellion , arose in response to the perceived corruption and ineffectiveness of the monarchy , growing European presence and influence on the island , and the spread of Christianity . After violently quelling the rebellion in 1897 , the French executed key members of the royal family and sent the queen into exile first in Réunion and later Algeria , where she died in 1917 .
Nathaniel Hutchins Capt . Nathaniel Hutchins ( October 11 , 1742 – January 10 , 1832 ) had as one of Roger ' s Rangers , seen five years of hard service during the French and Indian War . Later , as First Lieutenant in the 9th company of Stark ' s 74th regiment , he was transferred to Capt . ( later Major General ) Henry Dearborn ' s company in the expedition against Quebec in Col . Benedict Arnold ' s detachment . The thousand men marched to Newburyport , where they embarked on September 18 , 1775 . During the campaign , Lt . Nathanial and Capt . Dearborn , as well as others , were captured at Quebec December 31 , 1775 . On April 4 , 1777 , the New Hampshire House promoted Lt . Nathaniel to Captain in Col . Cilley ' s regiment . His company , with sixteen or more men from Weare , was in the first New Hampshire regiment in John Sullivan ' s brigade . It saw action under Washington at Trenton and Princeton . Capt . Nathaniel was at White Plains in July 1778 . The records indicate absence for illness " at Hartford " from November 1778 to April 1779 . George Washington had written from Valley Forge on May 20 , 1778 to Major General Heath of Boston as follows : " I shall direct a guard to relieve Capt . ( Nathaniel ) Hutchins at Reading " . Later , Nathaniel was on furlough from October 1779 to the end of the year . But he was sick again the last two months of 1780 and seems to have retired from service pursuant to a general order of November 1 , 1780 . His military record is as follows : French and Indian War American Revolution His headstone has inscribed upon it : " Nathaniel Hutchins died 10 Jan . 1832 , aged 89 . He served in the French War 5 years , was Commanding Officer in the Revolutionary War , and was in the Battle of Bunker Hill in 1775 . " The grave bears a Revolutionary War flag .
USS Arabian ( 1896 ) USS " Arabian " was a harbor tug that served in the United States Navy from 1918 to 1919 . " Arabian " was built as a commercial steam tug of the same name in 1896 by John H . Dialogue & Sons at Camden , New Jersey . She was active in the Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , area . On 29 October 1918 , the U . S . Navy acquired her under a bareboat charter from her owner , Mr . P . F . Martin of Philadelphia , for use during World War I . She never received a naval registry identification number , but was placed in service as USS " Arabian " on 5 November 1918 . World War I ended on 11 November 1918 , six days after " Arabian " was placed in service . No longer needed , she never received an assignment and apparently never saw active naval service . The Navy returned her to Martin on 31 January 1919 .
USS Daisy ( 1850 ) USS " Daisy " ( 1850 ) was a tugboat acquired by the Union Navy during the American Civil War . She was used by the Navy to patrol navigable waterways of the Confederacy and to assist Union Navy ships requiring her towing services . Assigned to the Mississippi River . " Mulford " — a steam tugboat — was built in 1850 at Chicago , Illinois , and acquired by the War Department for use in the Mississippi River and its tributaries early in the Civil War . She was transferred to the Navy on 1 October 1862 and renamed " Daisy " on 24 October . Her former commanding officer , Master D . C . Bowers , U . S . Army , was appointed an Acting Ensign in the Navy and continued in command . Final operations and decommissioning . " Daisy " served actively as a tug in the upper Mississippi River until the end of the war when she was taken to Mound City , Illinois . She was sold there on 17 August 1865 .
38th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment The 38th Regiment Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War . Service . The 38th Wisconsin was organized at Madison , Wisconsin and mustered into Federal service on April 15 , 1864 . The regiment was mustered out on July 26 , 1865 . Casualties . The 38th Wisconsin suffered 1 officer and 56 enlisted men killed or fatally wounded in action and 56 enlisted men who died of disease , for a total of 113 fatalities .
Strategic nuclear weapon A strategic nuclear weapon refers to a nuclear weapon which is designed to be used on targets as part of a strategic plan , such as nuclear missile bases , military command center s , factories , and heavily populated areas such as cities and towns . They are in contrast to tactical nuclear weapon s , which are designed for use in battle , as part of an attack with conventional weapon forces . Strategic nuclear weapons generally have significantly larger yields , starting from 100 kilotons up to destructive yields in the low megaton range . However , yields can overlap , and many weapons such as the B61 nuclear bomb are used in both tactical and strategic roles . Indeed , the strategic attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki utilized weapons of between 10 and 20 kilotons , though this was because the " Little Boy " and " Fat Man " bombs were the most destructive ( and indeed only ) nuclear weapons available at the time . A feature of strategic nuclear weapons is the greater range of their delivery apparatus ( e . g . ICBMs ) , giving them the ability to threaten the enemy ' s command and control structure , even though they are based many thousands of miles away in friendly territory . Intercontinental ballistic missile s with nuclear warheads are the primary strategic nuclear weapons , while short - range missiles are tactical . In addition , while tactical weapons are designed to meet battlefield objectives , the main purpose of strategic weapons is in the deterrence role , under the theory of mutually assured destruction . After the Cold War , the tactical nuclear weapon stockpiles of NATO and Russia were greatly reduced , and , on the other hand , long - range ballistic missiles are boasting good accuracy . As a result , highly accurate strategic missiles like the Trident II can also be used in substrategic , tactical strikes .
108th Sustainment Brigade ( United States ) The 108th Sustainment Brigade is a sustainment brigade of the United States Army National Guard in Illinois . The former 33rd Area Support Group is transforming into the 108th Sustainment Brigade . With more than 1 , 700 Soldiers , the Chicago - based brigade is made of Medical , Army Liaison Team , Personnel support , and Transportation support units . The distinctive unit insignia was originally approved for the 108th Quartermaster Regiment , Illinois National Guard on 19 May 1939 . It was rescinded on 10 January 1943 . It was reinstated and redesignated for the 108th Supply and Transport Battalion , Illinois Army National Guard on 10 December 1964 . The insignia was redesignated for the 108th Support Battalion , Illinois Army National Guard on 26 November 1968 . It was redesignated for the 108th Maintenance Battalion , Illinois Army National Guard on 23 December 1997 . The insignia was redesignated for the 108th Sustainment Brigade on 13 October 2006 . History . Defining itself as " Chicago ' s Brigade " the 108th Sustainment Brigade has developed into a highly diverse and capable force to execute both state directed and federal missions . Units . Currently the 108th Sustainment Brigade is headquartered in Chicago , Illinois .
25 mm automatic air defense gun M1940 ( 72 - K ) 25 mm automatic air defense gun M1940 ( 72 - K ) ( ) was a Soviet 25 mm caliber anti - aircraft gun . The gun was created in the beginning of 1940 at 8th Kalinin Artillery Plant in Kaliningrad under the guidance of its Chief Designer Mikhail Loginov .
1211th Test Squadron The 1211th Test Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit . Its last was assigned to the 9th Weather Reconnaissance Group , stationed at Kirtland AFB , New Mexico . It was inactivated on 8 June 1963 . History . The squadron conduced nuclear cloud sampling during atmospheric testing . The idea of atomic cloud sampling developed from atmospheric testing during Operation Sandstone in the spring of 1948 . During the operation , an aircraft accidentally flew through an atomic cloud . An analysis of the radiation dosages received by the crewmembers was found to be minor and led to the realization that sampling could be accomplished effectively with manned aircraft . Analyses of samples collected from atomic clouds were considered the most accurate method of determining the efficiency and yield of a nuclear device . Air Force Special Weapons Center ( AFSWC ) scientists accompanied the squadron on sampling missions in order to assess effects on humans . The Atomic Energy Commission ( AEC ) recommended that the USAF establish an organization specifically for gathering cloud samples . In 1953 , HQ , USAF approved a test squadron for sampling atomic clouds ; the squadron was titled the 4926th Test Squadron ( Sampling ) and assigned to the 4925th Test Group ( Atomic ) . The new squadron was created within AFSWC ’ s 4925th Test Group ( Atomic ) , as the group , up to that time , had assisted the AEC and AFSWP in nuclear weapons effects tests and had actually developed operational techniques for airborne sampling of the effects . These included in - flight laboratories to gather airborne data on test results , piloted and drone aircraft to sample radioactive clouds , safety aircraft to measure radioactivity in areas surrounding tests , and nuclear - cloud - tracking aircraft to establish fallout patterns . Initially using the F - 84G Thunderjet , The B - 57B Canberra was first used during Operation Teapot in 1955 . By 1956 , the B - 57B was a staple of the AFSWC sampling program . In addition to the dedicated men of the 4926th TS , many aircraft and crews were pulled from operational squadrons around the Air Force to help formulate procedures to operate successfully in a nuclear environment , if necessary . Flying the B - 57 , the 4926th Test Squadron ( sampling ) participated in many operations , the majority at the Nevada Test Site and the remainder at Eniwetok Atoll . With the end of atmospheric nuclear testing in 1963 , the squadron was inactivated . It ' s personnel and aircraft were reassigned to the 58th Weather Reconnaissance Squadron .
United States F - class submarine The F - class submarines were a group of four submarine s designed for the United States Navy by Electric Boat in 1909 . Design . They were similar to the C - class and D - class submarines built by Electric Boat . Slightly longer than the D - class , four boats were built . They were single - hulled boats with circular sections laid along the longitudinal axis . Overall length was 142 ft - 6 in ( 43 . 4 m ) and the beam was 15 ft - 5 in ( 4 . 7 m ) . The E - class and the F - class submarines were the first from Electric Boat to have bow planes . The hull contained three compartments : The two diesel engines were connected to a common shaft . The shaft turned motors that could be used as generators for charging the batteries . The battery was an array of cells in rubber - lined , open - topped , steel jars . References . The Loss of the USS " F - 1 "
Battle of Castelnaudary The Battle of Castelnaudary occurred at Castelnaudary , France , on 1 September 1632 , between the rebel forces of Henri II de Montmorency ( loyal to Gaston , Duke of Orléans ) and the royalist forces of Marshal Henri de Schomberg ( loyal to King Louis XIII ) . Prelude . Duke Henri II de Montmorency was solicited by Gaston , Duke of Orléans ( brother of King Louis XIII ) to launch a rebellion against the King ' s Chief Minister , Cardinal Richelieu . Using his position as Governor of Languedoc , he raised levies of troops and money and took command of an army of six or seven thousand troops . His force included a number of commanders who had previously served under him at the Battle of Avigliana including Brigadier Achille d ' Étampes de Valençay . Richelieu ' s representatives tried in vain to negotiate with the Duke and when discussion failed , Richelieu sent Henri de Schomberg and a force of royalist troops to confront him . Battle . The battle took took place at Castelnaudary in the Languedoc - Roussillon region of France , on 1 September 1632 . Government forces defeated the rebels commanded by Montmorency and took him prisoner . Trying to emulate his victory at Avigliana in 1630 , Montmorency lead a charge into the royal camp at the head of a few horsemen , he cut his way through six ranks of infantry amidst a continued shower of shot , and fought against overwhelming numbers , until his horse dropped dead . Severely wounded , he was captured . Aftermath . The Duke of Orléans abandoned Montmorency by submitting to the will of Richelieu , and Henri II was executed in Toulouse as a traitor on 30 October 1632 .
Charles Edward Hovey Charles Edward Hovey ( April 26 , 1827 – November 17 , 1897 ) was an educator , college president , pension lobbyist and a brevet major general in the United States Army during the American Civil War . Biography . Hovey was born in Thetford , Vermont . He graduated from Dartmouth in 1852 , spending his summer vacations teaching school to help pay for his education . He briefly studied law and taught school in Framingham , Massachusetts , before moving to Illinois , where he served as principal and then superintendent of schools in Peoria . He became President of the State Teacher ' s Association and a member of the first Illinois State Board of Education . He assisted in the organization of Illinois State University , teaching the first classes and serving as president from 1857 to 1861 . He was married to Harriette Farnham ( Spofford ) Hovey of Nantucket , Massachusetts . Their son Richard Hovey became a well - known poet , artist , and college professor . A distant cousin , Alvin Peterson Hovey , also served as a Civil War general . When the Civil War erupted in 1861 , Hovey resigned from the university at the end of the school year and raised the 33rd Illinois Infantry , a regiment organized in McLean County and largely comprising teachers and former students from his school . Hovey insisted that the students graduate before enlisting . He was commissioned colonel on August 15 , 1861 , and took the regiment to Missouri , where it saw service in a number of small actions during the winter . At the Battle of Cotton Plant in July 1862 , Hovey ' s badly outnumbered Illinois and Wisconsin infantry repeatedly repulsed a series of poorly organized attacks by Confederate Col . William H . Parsons ' s two Texas cavalry regiment s . Hovey was appointed a Brigadier General of Volunteers to rank from September 5 , 1862 ; however , the U . S . Senate did not to act upon his nomination within the statuary period , and it expired by law March 4 , 1863 . In the interim , he played a key role in the capture of Arkansas Post in January 1863 , where William T . Sherman reported that Hovey had been " wounded in his arm by a shell , but continued and still continues to command his Brigade . " Suffering lingering effects from his injury , Hovey soon left the field service . With the close of the war , he was given a brevet promotion to major general " for gallant and meritorious conduct in battle , particularly at Arkansas Post , January 11 , 1863 . " After the war , Hovey and his wife lived in Washington , D . C . Having once briefly studied law , he became a successful pension lobbyist and practicing attorney . He died in Washington D . C . and was buried with full military honors in Arlington National Cemetery . A building at Illinois State University was renamed " Hovey Hall " in 1959 in honor of Charles E . Hovey .
Visor ( armor ) A visor was used in conjunction with some Medieval war helmets such as the bascinet . The visor usually consisted of a hinged piece of steel that contained openings for breathing ( " breaths " ) and vision . Visors protected the face during battle . Most knights or warriors who wore visors usually were spotted on horses during war , and more specifically in tournaments . The word " beaver " is sometimes used interchangeably with " visor " , as in Shakespeare ' s " Hamlet " , when Hamlet and Horatio are discussing the Ghost . Hamlet says : " Then saw you not his face ? " to which Horatio responds " O yes , my lord . He wore his beaver up [ i . e . , his visor raised ] " .
Operation Clausewitz Operation Clausewitz was part of the defence of Berlin by Nazi Germany during the final stage of the European conflict of World War II . Hitler ordered " Fall Clausewitz " on 20 April 1945 which called for a number of unknown actions but did include the evacuation of all Wehrmacht and SS offices in Berlin and the destruction of official papers and documents of the state . After this operation was initiated Berlin became a front line city . There is no available information today on the details of Operation Clausewitz . Possible meanings . There are a number of different theories as to what " Operation Clausewitz " meant :
USS Mascoutah ( YTB - 772 ) Construction and commissioning . The contract for " Mascoutah " was awarded 25 June 1963 . She was laid down down date unknown at Oyster Bay , Long Island , New York , by Jakobson Shipyard and launched 22 July 1964 . Her sponsor was Mrs . E . D . Kimball Operational history . " Mascoutah " was initially assigned to duty in the 5th Naval District , Norfolk , Virginia . Reclassified YTM ‑ 760 in September 1965 , she served out of Norfolk until the summer of 1966 when she arrived in Philadelphia for duty in the 4th Naval District . On 15 June 1986 , " Mascoutah " was placed out of service and transferred to the Maritime Administration . Other sources indicate that " Mascoutah " was transferred to the National Defense Reserve Fleet in 1986 , St . Lawrence SDC in 1989 , sold as " Eddie Mac I " , and is now " Atlantic Aspen " .
Nikolay Muralov Nikolay Ivanovich Muralov ( ; 1877 - 1937 ) was a Bolshevik revolutionary leader in Russia , and member of the Left Opposition . Muralov was one of the few old Bolsheviks who , like Alexey Rykov and Alexander Shlyapnikov , participated directly and actively in the 1905 Revolution . A soldier in an automobile unit of the army in Moscow at the time of the February 1917 revolution , Muralov brought the first complete and disciplined military detachment over to the side of the Revolution , occupying the wireless station and other points . Muralov was subsequently commander of the Moscow Military district , and a hero of the Russian Civil War , Deputy People ' s Commissar of Agriculture ( he was an agronomist himself ) , and Inspector - General of the Red Army . Muralov was tried at the " Trial of the Seventeen " and executed . Trotsky said of him , " Muralov is a magnificent giant , as fearless as he is kind . "
USS Lynx ( 1814 ) USS " Lynx " , a 6 - gun Baltimore Clipper rigged schooner , was built for the US Navy by James Owner of Georgetown , Washington , D . C . , in 1814 , intended for service in one of the two raiding squadrons being built as part of President James Madison ' s administration ’ s plan to establish a more effective Navy , one capable not only of breaking the British naval blockade , but also of raising havoc with the British merchant marine . Service history . Though the War of 1812 ended by the time the schooner was completed , the ship was still placed in service in early 1815 and on 3 July sailed from Boston with the nine - ship squadron of Commodore William Bainbridge , bound for the Mediterranean to deal with the acts of the Barbary pirates against American commerce . Arriving off the North African coast by the beginning of August , " Lynx " found that a squadron under Commodore Stephen Decatur had already achieved satisfactory agreements to American treaty demands . The schooner remained in the Mediterranean , however , until late in the year as part of a show of force led by Commodore Bainbridge ' s flagship , the Navy ' s first ship of the line , to encourage the Barbary States to keep the peace treaties just concluded . Returning to the United States , the ship made a preliminary survey of the northeastern coast during 1817 , Lt . George W . Stover in command , at times carrying Commodore William Bainbridge , now Commandant of the Charlestown , Massachusetts , Navy Yard , and Brigadier General Joseph Gardner Swift aboard during her voyage . Following this duty , " Lynx " sailed for the Gulf of Mexico to operate along the southern U . S . coast and in the West Indies suppressing piracy , continuing on this service for the next two years . On 24 October 1819 , while under command of Lt . J . R . Madison , she captured two schooners and two boats in the Gulf of Mexico , filled with pirates and booty , and 11 days later , on 9 November found another pirate boat in Galveston Bay and took her . Remaining off the southern coast through the end of the year , the " Lynx " departed St . Mary ' s , Georgia , on 11 January 1820 , bound for Kingston , Jamaica , to continue her service suppressing pirates . She was never seen nor heard from again , and despite the searching of schooner , no trace of her or her 50 - man crew was ever found .