naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Oberkommando der Marine The Oberkommando der Marine ( OKM ) was Nazi Germany ' s Naval High Command and the highest administrative and command authority of the " Kriegsmarine " . It was officially formed from the " Marineleitung " ( " Naval Command " ) of the " Reichswehr " on 11 January 1936 . In 1937 it was combined with the newly formed " Seekriegsleitung " ( SKL ) . There were two major re - organisations , in November 1939 and May 1944 . The Commanders - in - Chief ( " Oberbefehlshaber der Marine " , or OBdM for short ) of the " Kriegsmarine " were : Organisation . The OKM was broadly divided into six sections : Flags of the Commander - in - Chief . On 7 November 1935 a decree was issued by Werner von Blomberg , the " Reichskriegsminister " and Commander - in - Chief of the German Armed Forces ordering the introduction of a new pattern of flag for use by the Commander - in - Chief of the " Kriegsmarine " . The flag consisted of a white square on which was displayed a large black Iron Cross . Placed behind it were two straight bladed unsheathed swords in bright yellow , crossed at right angles to each other . The flag was modified when on 1 April 1939 Erich Raeder rose to the rank of " Großadmiral " . The flag continued to be in use when Karl Dönitz came into this position on 30 January 1943 . The swords were replaced by a pair of Admiral ' s batons crossed at right angles . Superimposed over both the crossed batons and the Iron Cross was a " Wehrmachtsadler " ( " Armed Forces Eagle " ) in gold , facing towards the hoist . On 30 January 1943 a further special flag was introduced for " Großadmiral " Raeder in order to represent his position as " Admiralinspekteur " of the " Kriegsmarine " . It was in the same design as for the Commander - in - Chief of the Navy , but with the addition of a wide light blue border .
Minister of Defence ( United Kingdom ) The post of Minister of Defence was responsible for co - ordination of defence and security from its creation in 1940 until its abolition in 1964 . The post was a level post and generally ranked above the three service ministers , some of whom , however , continued to also serve in Cabinet . History . Prior to the outbreak of the Second World War , concerns about British forces being understrength led in 1936 to the creation of the post of Minister for Coordination of Defence by Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin . The post was abolished by Baldwin ' s successor Neville Chamberlain in April 1940 . On his appointment as Prime Minister in May 1940 , Winston Churchill created for himself the new post of Minister of Defence . The post was created in response to previous criticism that there had been no clear single minister in charge of the prosecution of the war . In 1946 , the post became the only cabinet level post representing the military , with the three service ministers - the Secretary of State for War , the First Lord of the Admiralty , and the Secretary of State for Air , now formally subordinated to the Minister of Defence . In 1964 , the creation of a single merged Ministry of Defence and the abolition of the separate service ministries in the UK led to the creation of the new post of Secretary of State for Defence , more popularly known as Defence Secretary . Ministers of Defence , 1940 – 1964 . The post of Minister of Defence was abolished in 1964 and replaced by the new post of Secretary of State for Defence .
Turning movement In military tactics , a turning movement involves an attacker ' s forces reaching the rear of a defender ' s forces , separating the defender from their principal defensive positions and threatening to place them in a pocket . The defender must then abandon these positions .
Anadoluhisarı Anadoluhisarı ( Anatolian Castle ) is a fortress located in Istanbul , Turkey on the Anatolian ( Asian ) side of the Bosporus , which also gives its name to the quarter around it . It was built between 1393 and 1394 by the Ottoman sultan Bayezid I " The Thunderbolt " as part of his preparations for the Second Ottoman Siege of Constantinople , which took place in 1395 . Anadoluhisarı , constructed on an area of 7 , 000 m² , is situated at the narrowest point with 660 m of the Bosporus strait and next to a creek named Göksu ( ancient Greek name : Aretòs ) . The Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge , the second bridge spanning Bosporus , is located just north of the fortress . Another fortress , Rumelihisarı , was built between 1451 and 1452 by Sultan Mehmed II opposite of Anadoluhisarı on the European side in order to obtain absolute control over the sea traffic of the Bosporus Strait , which was especially vital for the Genoese in Galata , who were allied with the Byzantines and had colonies in the Black Sea such as Caffa , Sinop and Amasra . Anadoluhisarı was erected as a watch fort . It has a 25 m high , quadratic main tower within the walls of an irregular pentagon with five watchtowers at the corners . There is a masjid in the fortress . It is the oldest Turkish architectural structure built in Istanbul . The fortress was named " Güzelce Hisar " in historical documents . Sultan Mehmed II reinforced the fortress with a 2 m thick wall around it , which had three watchtowers . Some extension buildings like warehouse and houses were added as well . Due to changes made in the past , it no longer retains its original appearance . Following the conquest of Constantinople , it served as a military prison . The Turkish Ministry of Culture restored the site in 1991 - 1993 . Today , this small fort creates a picturesque appearance with the old wooden houses leaning to its walls and its surroundings . Anadoluhisarı is a museum ( historical site ) , but not open to public .
Fort William ( Kentucky ) Fort William was a pioneer fort in Kentucky established in 1785 by Colonel William Christian and Anne Christian . William Christian directed the defense of what is now Louisville from attacks by the Indians . The fort was in the area of Jefferson County near St . Matthews and Lyndon . Although the historical marker for Fort William is located in front of the Eight Mile House , an early stone house and tavern , the location of the fort was actually southwest of the Eight Mile House . Fort William was another name for A ' Sturgus Station built in 1779 on the Middle fork of Beargrass Creek . After Christian ' s death in 1786 , his wife , Anne , began to refer to the site as Fort William . Anne Christian was a sister of Patrick Henry . The land acquired by the Christians was payment for his service during the Seven Years ' War . They moved into the area with children and slaves . After William Christian ' s death , Anne moved to Mercer County . However , she was ill and traveled to the West Indies in hopes it would improve her health . In 1790 , she died either on the return trip from Antigua or the day after arriving in Norfolk , Virginia .
Duncan Pitcher Air Commodore Duncan le Geyt Pitcher CMG , CBE , DSO , RAF ( 31 August 1877 – 1 September 1944 ) was an infantry and cavalry officer in the British Indian Army . During the First World War he served in the Royal Flying Corps and in his later years became a senior commander in the Royal Air Force . Early years . Pitcher was born in Naini Tal in Uttarakhand ( then called the East Indies ) , the son of Major Duncan G Pitcher and his wife Rose . His father was on active service with the Bengal Staff Corps of the British Indian Army . At the time of the 1881 Census the family are living in Hendon , North London . In the 1891 Census Pitcher is a 13 - year old scholar at the Sedbergh School in Yorkshire . Military aviation . Pitcher was sent from India to the Central Flying School in Great Britain in order to learn how to fly and gain the requisite knowledge to set up a flying school in India . The European War broke out before he could return to India and Pitcher became involved in military aviation in Europe . Pitcher attended the Central Flying School as a pilot under training in 1913 and once he had completed his course , he remained on the staff until the summer of 1914 when he was attached to No 4 . Squadron RFC . He returned to the Central Flying School , probably in late 1914 and was appointed Officer In - charge of Transport . Immediately following the New Year of 1915 , Pitcher took up instructional duties before being appointed a squadron commander at the Central Flying School in late January . In April 1915 he was appointed Assistant Commandant at the Central Flying School in which capacity he served until mid November 1915 . Pitcher then spent around a month as a Royal Flying Corps wing commander before returning to the Central Flying School as its Commandant when Godfrey Paine returned to naval duties at Cranwell . The 1 April 1916 saw Pitcher promoted and appointed Brigadier - General Commanding the I Brigade . References .
Haughton Castle Haughton Castle is a privately owned country mansion situated to the north of the village of Humshaugh on the west bank of the North Tyne . It is some 10 km north of Hexham , Northumberland ( ) . It was built originally in the 13th century as a tower house and enlarged and fortified in the 14th century . At this time the castle was owned by Gerald Widdrington and , although it was still owned by the Widdringtons in the early 14th century , the Swinburns were living in it By the 16th century the castle fell into disrepair and ruin and it was attacked by Border reivers . A survey of 1541 reported the roof and floors to be " decayed and gone " . The property was acquired by the Smith family in about 1640 , but in 1715 a further survey stated the building to be ruinous . Significant alterations were carried out for the Smiths between 1816 and 1845 , latterly by architect John Dobson to convert the ruin into a substantial mansion . The Crawshaw family came into possession in 1862 and a west wing was added for them by Anthony Salvin in 1876 . Part of the castle served as a hospital during the second world war . It is now an oblong tower house and one of the best preserved hall houses in the north of England . It is a Grade I listed building . In 1888 it was acquired by the Cruddas family and it is currently owned by the Braithwaite family .
Asclepiodotus of Heraclea Asclepiodotus of Heraclea was a commander in the army of Perseus of Macedon during the Third Macedonian War , which took place from 171 BC to 168 BC . He was a native of Heraclea in Sintice . He led a contingent of 2000 Gauls in the early stages of the war . Later , he led 10 , 000 light infantry in the Battle of Pydna .
William Preston Johnston William Preston Johnston ( January 5 , 1831 – July 16 , 1899 ) was a lawyer , scholar , poet , and Confederate soldier . He was the son and biographer of Confederate General Albert Sidney Johnston . He was a president of Louisiana State University and the first president of Tulane University . Johnston was born in Louisville , Kentucky , to Albert Sidney Johnston and Henrietta Preston . At the age of four , his mother died , and he was reared by her family members . Johnston attended several local schools , including the academy of Samuel Venable Womack in Shelbyville , Centre College in Danville , Western Military Institute in Georgetown and Yale College . In March 1853 , he received his law degree from the Louisville School of Law . On July 6 , 1853 , he married his first wife named Rosa Elizabeth Duncan , who was the daughter of John N . Duncan of New Orleans . During the American Civil War , Johnston served as an aide - de - camp to Jefferson Davis , president of the Confederate States . Johnston was a colonel in the Confederate Army . Johnston was captured with Jefferson Davis at Irwinville , Georgia at the end of the war , and was imprisoned for several months at Fort Delaware . After the war ( at the invitation of Robert E . Lee ) , he became a professor at Washington College in Virginia . In 1880 , he became president of Louisiana State University , but resigned four years later to become the first president of the new Tulane University in 1884 . Johnston wrote two books of poetry , " My Garden Walk " ( 1894 ) and " Pictures of the Patriarchs and Other Poems " ( 1895 ) . He also wrote " The Prototype of Hamlet and Other Shakespearean Problems " ( 1890 ) as well as a biography of his father , " The Life of General Albert Sidney Johnston " ( 1878 ) . After the death of his first wife on October 19 , 1885 , he married Margaret Henshaw Avery of Avery Island , Louisiana . At the age of 67 on July 16 , 1899 , he died at the home of his son - in - law , Congressman Henry St . George Tucker in Lexington , Virginia . http : / / www . csawardept . com / history / Cabinet / WPJohnston / index . html
2 Regiment , Army Air Corps 2 ( Training ) Regiment Army Air Corps is a regiment of the British Army ' s Army Air Corps . It is responsible for all of the Army Air Corps ' groundcrew Phase 2 and 3 training , as well as the Ground Support Commanders Course for officers . The Regiment is based at Middle Wallop and is made up of two squadrons : History . Originally called 2 Division Aviation Regiment , the Regiment provided support for the British Army of the Rhine ( BAOR ) from 1969 until 1976 . The Regiments was made up of 3 squadrons ( 652 Sqn AAC at Bunde , 659 Sqn AAC at Osnabruck & 662 Sqn AAC at Munster ) , who were attached as independent squadrons to cavalry regiments . In 1976 the Regiment was re - organised , with 659 Sqn AAC becoming part of 9 Regt AAC , and renamed 2 Regiment Army Air Corps . In 1983 the Regiment was temporarily disbanded , with 652 Sqn AAC becoming part of 1 Regt AAC and 662 Sqn AAC becoming part of 3 Regt AAC . The Regiment was reformed in 1994 as 2 ( Training ) Regiment Army Air Corps , based at Middle Wallop and responsible is for training the Army Air Corps ' groundcrews .
Frangoulis Frangos General Frangoulis Frangos ( , born Komotini 1951 ) is a retired Greek Army officer , former chief of the Hellenic Army General Staff and former Minister for National Defence . He was born in Komotini and entered the Hellenic Army Academy in 1970 , graduating in 1974 first of his class and being named a Second Lieutenant of Infantry . He is a graduate of the Supreme War School and of the NATO Defence College . He also pursued studies in Law at the University of Athens , continuing with post - graduate courses in European and International Law at the Panteion University . Frangos also received a doctorate in Geopolitics from the Ionian University . He served in Special Forces units early in his career , qualifying as a paratrooper , as well as in staff and command positions of larger formations , as well as Greece ' s Army attache and Defence attache in the Greek embassy in Ankara , Turkey . Frangos commanded the 32nd Marines Brigade in 2002 – 2003 , before being assigned to head the Hellenic National Defence General Staff ' s Planning Directorate . In 2004 he was promoted to Major General and assumed command of the Inter - service Military Intelligence Directorate . In 2006 he assumed command of the 16th Mechanized Infantry Division . A year later he was promoted to Lt . General and assumed command of the II Army Corps , and in 2008 he was placed as commander of the First Army in Larissa . On 6 August 2009 , by decision of the Government Council for Foreign Affairs and Defence , he was appointed Chief of the Hellenic Army General Staff , a position he held until a surprise major reshuffle in the Greek military leadership on 1 November 2011 . Frangos retired with the rank of full General . On 17 May 2012 he was named as Minister for National Defence in the caretaker cabinet of Panagiotis Pikrammenos , which led the country until the June general election . General Frangos is married and has two children . He speaks English , Russian and Turkish .
Growler ( vehicle ) The M1161 Growler is an Internally Transportable - Light Strike Vehicle ( ITV - LSV ) designed specifically for use with the V - 22 Osprey tiltrotor aircraft . Fulfilling multiple roles of Light Utility , Light Strike and Fast Attack vehicle , it is smaller than most international vehicles in the same role . The Growler has taken over duties of the M151 Jeep variants and completely replaced the Interim Fast Attack Vehicle ( IFAV ) . The United States Special Operations Command ( USSOCOM ) has expressed interest in a modified version . A separate Marine variant , the M1163 Prime Mover is a combination 120mm mortar and integral ammunition trailer . Development for the Growler began in 1999 by American Growler when the Marine Corps sought a vehicle that could be transported in a V - 22 Osprey . Though the initial design used elements and parts from the drive train of the M151 MUTT which is was intended to replace , the final design featured entirely new parts and systems to allow it to fulfill its mission . This included allowing it to fit within the confines of a V - 22 ' s cargo bay . No major components from the M151 design are used in the manufacture of the M1161 or M1163 variant . Initial engineering of the M1161 is most closely related to American Growler ' s commercial UV 100 DB off - road vehicle . Manufacture of the Growler variants was later transferred to General Dynamics facilities but are otherwise identical . Two different versions of the Growler were developed ; the M1161 scout / reconnaissance version , and the M1163 Expeditionary Fire Support System ( EFSS ) towed heavy 120mm mortar Prime Mover variant . A separate ammunition trailer , the M1162 was dropped from design and its duties incorporated into the M1163 . The M1161 scout variant is armed with either a M2HB . 50cal BMG Machine Gun , M240G 7 . 62mm MG or Mk19 40mm Automatic Grenade Launcher . The 120mm mortar used by the M1163 is the French RT - 120 , deployed by United States forces as the M327 Dragon Fire . The Growler ' s central role of cross - country scout and aerially - deployed forward unit has led to further modifications , including use of the rifled Precision Extended Range Munition ( PERM ) system . The initial contract for the ITV system was awarded to American Growler in 2004 . By 2008 , unit cost had risen by 120 % , leaving each Growler scout variant with a cost of $ 209 , 000 per unit . The Prime Mover mortar contract price rose by 86 % , to $ 1 , 078 , 000 cost per unit . The first Growlers were deployed to Marine units in January 2009 for field testing , one year beyond the contracted delivery date . By August 2011 , 209 M1161s and 102 M1163s had been produced , with 42 additional M1163s on order . Though technically operational , neither variant has seen combat deployment due to concerns of survivability and serviceability . Problems with M1161 and M1163 ' s throttle system were identified in May 2012 following an accident at MCB Camp Pendleton , California . The entire vehicle fleet was grounded , pending repair . References . < / ref >
1st Vietnamese Parachute Battalion The 1st Vietnamese Parachute Battalion ( Fr : " 1er bataillon de parachutistes vietnamiens " ) was a French - Vietnamese paratroop battalion formed in Saigon , French Indochina in 1951 . Operational history . The 1st Vietnamese Parachute Battalion ( 5 BPVN ) was one of five battalions of Vietnamese paratroopers raised by the French Army between 1951 and 1957 as part of General Jean de Lattre de Tassigny ' s policy to establish a Vietnamese Army . Its cadre was drawn from volunteers from 1st Guards Company and from 1st Colonial Commando Parachute Battalion ( 1 BCCP ) .
Tango - class submarine The Russia n Tango class submarines ( Project 641B Som [ Catfish ] ) were the successors to the Foxtrot class submarine based in the Black Sea and Northern Fleet areas . The first of the class was completed in 1972 at Gorky . A total of 18 were built in two slightly different versions . The later type was several metres longer than the first possibly because of installation of ASW missile equipment . The bow sonar installations appear to be similar to those fitted into Soviet nuclear attack submarines . The propulsion plant was the same as the last subgroup of the Foxtrot class submarine . The Tango class had far more battery capacity , far higher than previous conventional submarine class in the Soviet Navy . As a result , pressure hull volume increased . This allowed an underwater endurance in excess of a week before snorkeling was required . Coupled with new armament and sensor fit , the Tango class were ideal for ambush operations against Western nuclear submarines at natural chokepoints . Because of its all - hull rubber coating , the sub class was nicknamed " rezinka " [ rubber ] Construction of this class has now stopped . One unit remains in the Black Sea Fleet but it may have been decommissioned since 2010 . Museum ships . Three 641B class submarines operate as museum ships : Conning towers of stricken B - 319 and B - 474 are on display in Polyarny and Ryazan .
USS Thomas ( DE - 102 ) USS " Thomas " ( DE - 102 ) was the second United States Navy ship to be named after Clarence Crase Thomas . The second USS Thomas was a " Cannon " class destroyer escort in the United States Navy during World War II . She was laid down by Dravo Corp . , Pittsburgh , Pa . , on 16 January 1943 ; launched on 31 July 1943 ; and commissioned on 21 November 1943 . History . Thomas operated off the east coast during World War II , and was involved in the sinking of three German submarine s : U - 709 , U - 233 , and U - 548 . U - 233 was rammed by the Thomas after being forced to the surface by depth charges . Thomas rescued 29 survivors , including the Captain . After being decommissioned at Green Cove Springs , Florida in March 1946 , Thomas was transferred to the Chinese Navy on 29 October 1948 and renamed " Tai Ho " ( DE - 23 ) . Her name was deleted from the US Naval List on 22 December 1948 . " Tai Ho " was involved in a standdown on 30 September 1949 with three American merchant ships of the Isbrandtsen Line off Shanghai . No explanation was given as to the cause but given the location of the incidient , it would be fair guess that the " Tai Ho " was trying to blockade supplies from getting into the city . One American skipper radioed that an " armed ship was mencing " his vessel . Eventually the ROC vessel pulled away without further action . ( AP Wire ( ajb208th centurytr ) 1949 ) " Tai Ho " escaped to Taiwan in 1949 with Nationalist forces . She was stricken from the Republic of China Naval List in 1972 and broken up for scrap . Honors . DE - 102 received four battle stars for World War II service .