naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Italian Libyan Colonial Division The Libyan Division was a formation of colonial troops raised by the Italians in their colony in Libya . It participated in the invasion of Ethiopia in the Second Italo - Abyssinian War . The formation was reorganized into the 1 Libyan Infantry Division Sibelle by the beginning of Italy ' s entry into World War II . In September 1940 , the 1st Libyan Division participated in the Italian invasion of Egypt . By December , the division was dug in at Maktila and was forced to surrender during Operation Compass . Origins . Following the Italo - Turkish War of 1911 - 12 , Italy occupied the coastal zones of the twin provinces of Tripolitania and Cyrenaica , constituting modern Libya . The Italians continued to face very strong opposition from the Senussi , especially in Cyrenaica . From the beginning the Italian Army made use of the former Turkish organised Arab gendarmerie as auxiliaries , augmenting them with regular colonial units recruited amongst the indigenous peoples of Libya . By 1913 these comprised seven battalions of infantry , three squadrons of savari cavalry , one squadron of mehariste s ( camel troops ) , a mountain artillery battery and a section of camel artillery . By the 1930s the Libyan units had been brought together into the " Royal Corps of Libyan Troops " comprising infantry , cavalry , artillery , motorised troops and support services . A battalion of Libyan parachutists was raised shortly before World War II , the first force of this kind to be created in Africa . Libyans also served in zaptie ( carabinieri ) , Sahariani ( desert troops ) and spahi ( irregular cavalry ) units Order of Battle 3 October 1935 . Libyan Division - Guglielmo Nasi Order of Battle 10 June 1940 . 1 Libyan Division - General Luigi Sibille
Cossack uprisings The Cossack uprisings ( also rebellions , revolts ) were a series of military conflicts between the cossacks and the states claiming dominion over the territories the Cossacks lived in , namely the Polish – Lithuanian Commonwealth and Russian Empire during the 16th , 17th , and 18th centuries . Both states tried to exert control over the independent - minded Cossacks . While the early uprisings were against the Commonwealth , as the Russian Empire gained increasing and then total control over the Ruthenia n ( Ukrainian ) lands where the Cossacks lived , the target of Cossacks uprisings changed as well . The origins of the first Cossacks are disputed . Traditional historiography dates the emergence of Cossacks to the 14th to 15th centuries . Towards the end of the 15th century , the Ukrainian Cossacks formed the Zaporozhian Sich centered on the fortified Dnipro islands . Initially a vassal of Polish - Lithuanian Commonwealth , the increasing social and religious pressure from the Commonwealth caused a series of uprisings , and the proclamation of an independent Cossack Hetmanate , culminating in a rebellion under Bohdan Khmelnytsky in the mid - 17th century . While the Cossacks were useful to the Polish - Lithuanian states in the war periods , they proved to be more problematic in the peacetime , due to their raids on the Commonwealth neighbours ( primarily , the Ottoman Empire and its allies ) . Further , the Polish nobility tried to assert control over the Cossack territories , turn them into feudal latifundia , limit the growth of the militant Cossacks , and even reverse it , by turning the Cossacks into serfs . Afterward the Khmelnytsky Uprising , the Treaty of Pereyaslav brought most of the Cossack Hetmanate under Russian control . The Zaporozhian Cossacks were not the only notable group of Cossacks ; others included the Don Cossack Host , Dlobodsk Cossacks , Terek Cossacks and Yaik Cossacks . As the Tsardom of Muscovy took over the disputed Cossacks lands from the Poland - Lithuania , eventually all Cossacks came under the Russian rule , but the Tsarist and later Imperial government had only a limited control over the Cossacks . The Cossacks provided refugee for runaway serfs and bandits , and often mounted unauthorized raids and pirate expeditions against the Ottoman Empire . While the Cossack hosts in the Russian Empire served as buffer zones on its borders , the expansionist ambitions of the empire relied on ensuring control over the Cossacks , which caused tension with their traditional independent lifestyle . As the empire attempted to limit Cossacks autonomy in the 17th and 18th centuries this resulted in rebellions led by Stenka Razin , Kondraty Bulavin and Yemelyan Pugachev . In extreme cases , whole Hosts could be dissolved , as was the fate of the Zaporozhian Sich in 1775 . In this last phase of their history , the Cossacks lost most of their autonomy to the Russian state . Cossack uprisings , like the Cossack people themselves , have been portrayed variously in the Polish , Russian and Ukrainian historiographers .
Servantikar Servantikar ( also spelled " Sarventikar " , ) is a medieval castle of the former Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia in today ' s Osmaniye Province of Turkey . The castle was of strategic importance due to its position guarding the Syrian Gates . Architecture . Servantikar is of typical Armenian castle design : an enclosed ward on the top of a steep rocky hill with horseshoe - shaped towers guarding the curtain wall s . The location is so inaccessible that some sides do not need elaborate walls , as the steep cliff face is defence enough . See also . Other castles in the region include :
76th Ohio Infantry The 76th Regiment , Ohio Volunteer Infantry ( or 76th OVI ) was an infantry regiment of the Union Army during the American Civil War . The regiment served in the Western Theater , primarily as part of the XV Corps in the Army of the Tennessee . Organization . Special Order Number 882 of October 1861 authorized Col . Charles R . Woods to organize a regiment of infantry at Camp Sherman , near Newark , Ohio . Recruitment had begun for a Licking County regiment as early as September 1861 . Enrollment was for three years ' duty . Since the majority of the troops were from Licking County , the regiment had the field nickname of " The Licking Volunteers . " The regiment held 962 officers and men when it was mustered in on February 9 , 1862 . The initial officers were as follows : Companies . Company A formed November 1 , 1861 : Company B formed November 12 , 1861 : Company C formed December 4 , 1861 : Company D formed December 16 , 1861 : Company E formed December 16 , 1861 : Company F formed December 18 , 1861 : Company G formed January 7 , 1862 : Company H : Company I was originally Company B of the 61st Ohio Infantry . They were transferred to the 76th OVI on February 3 , 1862 . : Company K : Service . During the service time of the 76th OVI , from February 1862 to July 1865 , the unit saw action in an estimated 44 battles across eleven Confederate States . Notable events were as follows : 1865 . The 76th OVI mustered out on July 15 , 1865 .
Military service by the members of the British Royal Family This is a list detailing the Military service by the members of the Royal Family , namely formal military service and not the honorary titles given to the members of the Royal Family . Military service of English monarchs . A few English monarchs came to the throne from other countries and served in the armies of their home country . A few served in other armies during their exile .
Anthony Methuen , 5th Baron Methuen Captain Anthony Paul Methuen , 5th Baron Methuen ( 26 June 1891 – 21 June 1975 ) , was a British soldier , architect and peer . Methuen was the second son of Field Marshal Paul Methuen , 3rd Baron Methuen , by his wife Mary Ethel Sanford , daughter of William Ayshford Sanford , of Nynehead Court , Somerset . He was educated at Wellington College and New College , Oxford . He was wounded in the First World War while serving as a Captain in the Scots Guards . He was a chartered architect . He succeeded in the barony in January 1974 , aged 82 , on the death of his elder brother . Lord Methuen married Grace Durning Holt , the eldest daughter of Sir Richard Durning Holt , 1st Baronet , in 1920 . They had four children : Lady Methuen died in August 1972 , aged 74 . Lord Methuen died in June 1975 , aged 83 , and was succeeded by his second but eldest surviving son , Anthony .
31st Airborne Brigade ( Bundeswehr ) The 31st ( Oldenburg ) Airborne Brigade ( ) is a 3 , 600 man strong formation in the German Army with its headquarters in Oldenburg in north Germany . It is subordinated to the Special Operations Division and classified as part of the Army ’ s stabilisation forces . All elements of the Brigade are stationed in the state of Lower Saxony , the majority in Seedorf . Commanders . The following commanders have led the Brigade ( rank given on appointment ) : Literature . Sören Sünkler : " Die Spezialverbände der Bundeswehr " . Stuttgart : Motorbuch Verlag 2007 . ISBN 3 - 613 - 02592 - 2
Augustine Kelly Augustine Patrick Kelly MC ( 1 January 1894 in Dublin , Ireland – 12 May 1960 in Hackney , London , England ) was an Irish cricketer . A right - handed batsman and wicket - keeper , he played 25 times for the Ireland cricket team between 1920 and 1930 including thirteen first - class matches . He also played first - class cricket for Dublin University . Biography . Educated at Ampleforth College and Dublin University , Kelly served in the First World War as a Lieutenant with the Royal Flying Corps and Royal Air Force ( originally as an observer , but later as a pilot ) and was awarded the Military Cross , before returning to Dublin University to complete his degree in 1919 , eventually becoming a barrister . He made his debut for Ireland the year after leaving university , playing against Scotland in a first - class match in July . Matches against the Irish Military and Scotland followed in 1921 , and he began to become a more regular member of the Irish side in 1923 . He still played the occasional match for the University , playing against the West Indies in 1923 and a first - class match against Essex in 1922 . He played matches for Ireland against Scotland and Wales in 1923 , and against Scotland and the MCC in 1924 . He continued as a regular in the Irish team over the next six years , playing internationals against Scotland , Wales and the West Indies in addition to several matches against the MCC . His last first - class match was in June 1930 against Scotland and his last match for Ireland was in August 1930 against the MCC . Statistics . In all matches for Ireland , Kelly scored 808 runs at an average of 21 . 26 , scoring four half - centuries , the highest of which was an innings of 82 against Wales in August 1923 . He took 28 catches and 14 stumpings . He bowled just two overs , against Julien Cahn ' s XI in his penultimate match for Ireland . References . city
German submarine U - 469 German submarine " U - 469 " was a Type VIIC U - boat of the Nazi German " Kriegsmarine " during World War II . She carried out one patrol . She sank no ships . She was sunk by a British aircraft south of Iceland , in March 1943 . Service history . The submarine was laid down on 1 October 1941 at the " Deutsche Werke " in Kiel as ' werk ' 300 , launched on 8 August 1942 and commissioned on 7 October under the command of " Oberleutnant " Emil Claussen . She served with the 5th U - boat Flotilla from 7 October 1942 for training and the 3rd flotilla from 1 March 1943 for operations . Patrol and loss . " U - 432 " s only patrol began with her departure from Kiel on 16 March 1943 . She had just negotiated the ' gap ' between Iceland and the Faroe Islands , when she was sunk by a British B - 17 Flying Fortress of No . 206 Squadron RAF south of Iceland on the 25th . Forty - seven men went down with " U - 469 " ; there were no survivors .
Tikrit East Air Base Tikrit East Air Base is a former Iraqi Air Force base in the Kirkuk Governorate of Iraq . It was captured by Coalition forces during Operation Iraqi Freedom in 2003 . Overview . Tikrit East Air Base was an auxiliary air base for the Iraqui Air Force . It had a 9 , 700 foot runway , a parking ramp and a few support structures . It attacked by Coalition air forces during Operation Iraqi Freedom with numerous bomb craters visible in the main runway . It was abandoned by the Iraqui Air Force after March 2003 . Current aerial imagery shows that the operational structures around the airfield appear to have been demolished and removed . Today the concrete runway and series of taxiways remain exposed and deteriorating to the elements , being reclaimed by the desert .
Henry J . Meade Henry J . Meade ( August 8 , 1925 – June 22 , 2006 ) was Chief of Chaplains of the United States Air Force . Born in Brookline , Massachusetts in 1925 , Meade was an ordained Roman Catholic priest . He graduated from Saint Anselm College and Saint John ' s Seminary . Meade died on June 22 , 2006 . Career . Meade joined the United States Air Force in 1957 . After serving at various locations around the world , he was assigned to The Pentagon in 1969 . In 1972 , he was named Deputy Chief of Chaplains of the United States Air Force with the rank of Brigadier General . He was promoted to Chief of Chaplains and achieved the rank of Major General in 1974 . Meade remained Chief of Chaplains until his retirement in 1978 . Awards he received include the Legion of Merit , the Bronze Star Medal , the Air Force Commendation Medal with three oak leaf clusters and the Outstanding Unit Award .
Australian Defence Medal The Australian Defence Medal is an Australian military decoration which recognises current and former Australian Defence Force personnel who completed an initial enlistment period , or four years service . It was established on 20 March 2006 , however it recognises qualifying efficient service of current and former Australian Defence Force Regular and Reserve personnel , including National Servicemen , who have served since 3 September 1945 . It is estimated that up to one million current and ex - serving personnel are eligible for the award . At 30 June 2010 , a total of 242 , 576 had been awarded . The criteria also include those who could not serve the four - year qualifying period or complete an initial enlistment period for one or more of the following reasons :
G7 howitzer The G7 is a South African 105 mm howitzer , produced by Denel Land Systems ( DLS ) . With a maximum range of it outranges all existing 105 mm howitzers , as well as most current 155 mm howitzers ( Denel ' s own 155 ' s not included ) . During development , it was known as the " Light Experimental Ordnance " ( LEO ) , with the G7 label being chosen later to fit in with Denel ' s two existing howitzer products , the G5 towed 155 mm howitzer and the G6 self - propelled 155 mm howitzer . Potential customers . In 2004 , DLS partnered with General Dynamics Land Systems ( GDLS ) to offer the gun in self - propelled form to the United States Army . GDLS provided an armoured vehicle ( the LAV III ) , while Denel provided a G7 mounted inside a specially - designed , unmanned turret . The combined system weighs only 17 . 5 tons when fully loaded with ammunition , making it light enough to be transportable inside a C - 130 Hercules transport aircraft . The combination took part in a number of tests for the US Army . Though currently unfunded , the US Army has indicated a requirement for such a system to equip its Stryker Brigade . The Strykers cannot use current self - propelled and towed howitzers as their weight is a limiting factor on the brigade ' s mobility . Interest in the system has also been exhibited by the militaries of South Africa , Canada , the United Kingdom and Australia . In addition , the US Army and United States Marine Corps ( USMC ) have exhibited interest in the towed version as a possible replacement for their towed 105 mm howitzer stocks . In parallel with the G7 ' s testing on the LAV - III Denel is also planning to fit it and its turret to a Rooikat armoured vehicle for its offer to the South African Army . AMLAGC . In April 2007 , it was reported that Armscor , the South African defence procurements agency , was about to award Denel a contract to develop a more advanced version of the G7 , to be dubbed the Advanced Multirole Light Artillery Gun Capability ( AMLAGC ) . Under the proposed contract , the G7 would see a " significant increase " in capability , including a weight reduction to 2 , 500 kg or less and the development of V - LAP ammunition to boost the range to 36 km .
Qin ' s campaign against the Xiongnu In 215 BC , Qin Shi Huangdi ordered General Meng Tian to set out against the Xiongnu tribes , situated in the Ordos region , and establish a frontier region at the Ordos Loop . Believing that the Xiongnu were a possible threat , the emperor launched a preemptive strike against the Xiongnu with the intention to expand his empire . In 215 BC , General Meng Tian succeeded in defeating the Xiongnu and driving them from the Ordos region , then he seized their homeland . After the catastrophic defeat at the hands of General Meng Tian , the Xiongnu leader Touman was forced to flee far into the Mongolian Plateau . As a result of the northward expansion , the threat that the Qin empire posed to the Xiongnu ultimately led to the reorganization of the many tribes into a confederacy . General Meng Tian was instructed to secure the frontier with a line of fortifications , which would become known as the Great Wall of China . Fusu ( Prince of Qin ) and General Meng Tian were stationed at a garrison in Suide and soon began with the construction of the walled defenses , which would be connected with the old walls from the Qin , Yan , and Zhao states . The Qin walls ran from Liaodong to Lintao , thus enclosing the conquered Ordos region .
Armi Jager Armi Jager was an Italian firearms manufacturer located in the town of Loano . The gun manufacturer was active since the early 1950s , manufacturing semi - automatic rimfire sporting rifles and replica " Western " revolvers . Later it evolved to rimfire and small - caliber centerfire ( . 32 ACP ) firearms patterned after the look of military rifles which at the time were difficult or illegal to own for civilians in Italy . Some of its best - known products were several versions styled after the M16 rifle , known as the " AP - 74 " , " AP - 74M " and " AP - 80 " ; replicas of the Armalite AR - 18 assault rifle , known as the " AP - 75 " ; replicas of the Russian Kalashnikov AK - 47 assault rifle , known as the " AP - 80 " ; replicas of the British SA - 80 bull - pup rifle , known as the " AP - 82 " ; replicas of the Israeli Galil assault rifle , known as the " AP - 84 " ; replicas of the French FA - MAS bull - pup rifle , known as the " AP - 85 " . The factory sold most of its designs under the trade name " Adler " . The Armi Jager production saw significant sales in Italy and exports in the United States , earning a reputation as high quality plinking rifles . Firearms production at Jager ended by the early 1990s , according to the old owner Mr . Piscetta for " lack of skilled personnel " . The activity continues though as a gun store and gunsmithing shop located in the town of Basaluzzo , Alessandria province . The name of the enterprise has since changed its name to " Nuova Jager " . Since 2009 the Company has been acquired by Mr . Massimiliano Locci , who is going to move the activity of the Company on the import , the transforming and wholesale of military full auto weapons . In the meanwhile , a direct new line of carbines AR15 has been created and manufactured for civilian and military market too , for whom the Company is making maintenance and assistance too . Always for military market Nuova Jager distributes San Swiss Arms products ( SIG ) .
Si vis pacem , para bellum Notable uses . Whatever the source , the adage has become a living vocabulary item itself , used in the production of different ideas in a number of languages . The actual words of Vegetius are not even recognized by a large number of writers , who attribute the saying directly to him . Si vis bellum para pacem . For example , with reference to the foreign policy of Napoleon Bonaparte , the historian , de Bourrienne , said : Meaning that if you are planning a war , you should put other nations off guard by cultivating peace . Conversely , another interpretation could be that preparing for peace may lead another party to wage war on you . Si vis pacem para pactum . The idea of ensuring peace by deterring warlike powers through armaments took an ominous turn in the 20th century with the increased militarism of Nazi Germany and other Axis Powers . Suggesting that perhaps merely being prepared for war is not enough and that it is necessary to wage war in order to deter war . The National Arbitration and Peace Congress of 1907 , presided over by Andrew Carnegie , had addressed this issue years earlier alluding to not only the Second World War but also the First : Si vis pacem fac bellum . " If you want peace , make war " . The solution does not cover the case of the nation that does not desire peace . Imperial Germany went to war in 1914 and was castigated by Richard Grelling , a German - Jewish pacifist , in " J ' Accuse " ( 1915 ) . In 1918 Grelling wrote again , this time as an ex - patriate in Switzerland . Citing the " The world must be safe for democracy . " speech of Woodrow Wilson before Congress on April 2 , 1917 , Grelling says : Si vis pacem para pacem . The great wars of the 19th and 20th centuries were opposed by the philosophy of pacifism , which in the 19th century was associated with early socialism , even though the socialism of the 20th often lacked pacifistic tendencies , preaching violent revolution instead . The pacifism that opposed the world wars traced a lineage to Barthélemy Prosper Enfantin , an early French socialist and one of the founders of Saint - Simonianism . As early as April 2 , 1841 , he had said in a letter to General Saint - Cyr Nugues : with reference to Algeria . By way of elucidation Enfantin goes on to say that war could have been avoided if a proper study of Algeria had been made . The parabellum . The main clause of the adage has been used as a motto by German arms maker Deutsche Waffen und Munitionsfabriken ( DWM ) , and is the source of the term Parabellum as applied to firearm s and ammunition ( especially the 9mm Parabellum , aka 9mm Luger ) . The term is an opposed parallel to the English use of " peacemaker " to mean the Colt Single Action Army handgun .
USS LST - 473 USS " LST - 473 " was an built for the United States Navy during World War II . LST - 473 was laid down on 10 July 1942 at Kaiser Inc . Vancouver , Washington and launched on 9 December 1942 . She was commissioned on 16 March 1943 . Service history . During World War II , LST - 473 was assigned to the Asiatic - Pacific theater and participated in the following operations : the landings at Lae ( September 1943 ) ; the landings at Leyte ( October 1944 ) ; the landings at Lingayen Gulf ( January 1945 ) ; the Zambales - Subic Bay operations ( January 1945 ) and landings at Mindanao Island ( April 1945 ) . She was damaged by a Japanese aerial attack off Cape Ward Hunt , New Guinea on 4 September 1943 . LST - 473 returned to the United States and was decommissioned on 18 March 1946 . She was struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 17 April , before being sold on 21 April 1948 to Hughes Bros Inc , New York for scrap . LST - 471 earned five battle star s for World War II service .