naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Right of conquest The right of conquest is the right of a conqueror to territory taken by force of arms . It was traditionally a principle of international law which has in modern times gradually given way until its proscription after the Second World War when the crime of war of aggression was first codified in the Nuremberg Principles and then finally , in 1974 , as a United Nations resolution 3314 . Proponents state that this right acknowledges the status quo , and that denial of the right is meaningless unless one is able and willing to use military force to deny it . Further , the right was traditionally accepted because the conquering force , being by definition stronger than any lawfully entitled governance which it may have replaced , was therefore more likely to secure peace and stability for the people , and so the Right of Conquest legitimises the conqueror towards that end . The completion of colonial conquest of much of the world ( see the Scramble for Africa ) , the devastation of World War I and World War II , and the alignment of both the United States and the Soviet Union with the principle of self - determination led to the abandonment of the right of conquest in formal international law . The 1928 Kellogg - Briand Pact , the post - 1945 Nuremberg Trials , the UN Charter , and the UN role in decolonization saw the progressive dismantling of this principle . Simultaneously , the UN Charter ' s guarantee of the " territorial integrity " of member states effectively froze out claims against prior conquests from this process . Conquest and military occupation . After the attempted conquests of Napoleon and up to the attempted conquests of Hitler , the disposition of territory acquired under the principle of conquest had to , according to international law , be conducted according to the existing laws of war . This meant that there had to be military occupation followed by a peace settlement . If there was a territorial cession , then there had to be a formal peace treaty . In post - World War II times , when the international community frowned on wars of aggression , not all wars involving territorial acquisitions ended in a peace treaty . For example , the fighting in the Korean War ended in an armistice , without any peace treaty covering it .
Fernie Castle Fernie Castle is an enlarged sixteenth century tower house in north - east Fife , Scotland . Situated just east of the village of Letham , it was originally in an L - plan layout . However , the house has been much altered and extended since , notably additions made in the Scottish baronial style in the nineteenth century . It currently operates as a hotel .
USS Thornhill ( DE - 195 ) USS " Thornhill " ( DE - 195 ) was a built for the United States Navy during World War II . She served in the Atlantic Ocean and Pacific Ocean and provided escort service against submarine and air attack for Navy vessels and convoys . She was named after Leonard W . Thornhill , who participated in the Battle of Coral Sea and was posthumously awarded the Navy Cross . " Thornhill " was laid down on 7 October 1943 at Newark , New Jersey , by the Federal Shipbuilding & Drydock Co . ; launched on 30 December 1943 ; sponsored by Mrs . J . E . Thornhill , the mother of Lt . ( jg . ) Thornhill ; and commissioned on 1 February 1944 , Lt . John B . Shumway , USNR , in command . World War II North Atlantic operations . The destroyer escort got underway on 18 February , held shakedown training out of Bermuda , and returned to New York exactly one month later . " Thornhill " served as a training ship at Norfolk , Virginia , during April . In May , she returned to New York to escort a part of Convoy UGS - 42 to Norfolk . The 108 - ship convoy sortied from Hampton Roads on 13 May , bound for North Africa . " Thornhill " arrived at Bizerte on 1 June and returned to New York on the 29th with a westbound convoy . Late in July , the destroyer escort screened another convoy to North Africa and returned to New York on 7 September 1944 . Transfer to the Pacific Theatre of Operations . During the next eight months , " Thornhill " made four more escort voyages to England and France . On 9 June 1945 , she and the other ships of Escort Division ( CortDiv ) 55 got underway for Guantánamo Bay and proceeded thence through the Panama Canal to the west coast of the United States . The division arrived at San Diego , California , on 9 July . CortDiv 55 stood out to sea five days later and arrived at Pearl Harbor on the 19th to join the Destroyer Force , Pacific Fleet . End - of - War activities . " Thornhill " and her division departed with on 8 August , bound for the Marshalls , and reached Eniwetok the day after hostilities with Japan ceased . She remained in the Marshalls until 7 December when she and headed back toward Hawaii . The two ships arrived at Pearl Harbor on 13 December 1945 , and " Thornhill " served as a weather patrol ship there during January 1946 . The destroyer escort sailed for home on 2 February and , after calling at San Diego , arrived at the Boston Navy Yard on 7 March . Post - War decommissioning . The next week she got underway for Green Cove Springs , Florida , to be inactivated . She was decommissioned on 17 June 1946 and assigned to the Atlantic Reserve Fleet . " Thornhill " was transferred to Italy under the Military Assistance Program on 10 January 1951 and was struck from the Navy List on 26 March that same year . She served the Italian Navy as " Aldebaran " ( F - 590 ) until she was stricken and broken up in 1976 .
British Army Aid Group The British Army Aid Group ( BAAG ; ) was a para - military organisation for British and allied forces in southern China during the Second World War . The BAAG was officially classified in the British Army ' s order of battle as a MI9 unit that was responsible for assisting prisoners of war to escape from the Japanese Army ' s POW camps . After the Battle of Hong Kong , Lt . Colonel Sir Lindsay Ride , who was then a professor of Physiology at The University of Hong Kong , was captured . Before the end of the battle , he had been the commander of the Hong Kong Voluntary Defence Corps Field Ambulance , and , once hostilities commenced , was given command of the Combined Field Ambulance . Shortly after being captured , Ride escaped from Sham Shui Po POW camp to China with three trusted men . There , in order to further the war effort , support the Chinese , and shore up damaged British prestige in the area , he suggested forming a group that became known as the British Army Aid Group . Throughout the war the BAAG sent agents to gather military intelligence in southern China and Hong Kong and these agents had also facilitated many of the POWs ' escapes from Hong Kong to the Allied Command Headquarters in Chungking , China ' s war - time capital . Escaped POWs were then debriefed by BAAG staff and subsequently rejoined the war effort . 128 men , for example , were re - trained for further operations in Burma with the Chindits . After the war , the BAAG played a vital role in the resumption of British sovereignty over Hong Kong .
Valentine Fleming Major Valentine Fleming , DSO ( 1882 – 20 May 1917 ) was a British Conservative Member of Parliament who was killed in World War I . Biography . Early years . Born in Newport - on - Tay , Fife , Scotland , Valentine was the son of wealthy Scottish banker Robert Fleming , founder of merchant bank Robert Fleming & Co . He lived in Arnisdale House , Loch Hourn , Inverness - shire , Scotland . He was married to Evelyn Beatrice St . Croix Rose and was the father of Peter Fleming , Ian Fleming ( the novelist who wrote the James Bond books ) , Richard Fleming ( 1910 – 1977 ) , and Michael Fleming . From 1906 to 1911 , the family lived at Braziers Park close to Wallingford . On his election to parliament , they moved to Pitt House on Hampstead Heath in 1910 . He was a Member of Parliament for UK Parliament constituency from 1910 to 1917 . In 1914 they built a house at Arnisdale , near Kyle of Lochalsh in the Scottish Highlands . War years . In 1914 , Valentine joined " C " Sqdn . , Queen ' s Own Oxfordshire Hussars rising to the rank of Major . During World War I , he wrote to close friend Winston Churchill in 1914 . The following is an excerpt : Fleming was killed by German bombing in Gillemont Farm area , Picardy , France on 20 May 1917 . For his service , Valentine was posthumously awarded the Distinguished Service Order . Fleming ' s obituary was written by Churchill . Legacy . In 1914 , shortly before leaving England to fight in France , Valentine signed a will that left Pitt House and his effects to his wife Evelyn , most of his estate was left in trust to benefit their 4 sons and their future families . His wife Evelyn would have a generous income from the trust unless she re - married , in which case she would receive a reduced amount of £3000 per annum . Evelyn never re - married and felt it was a " bad will " .
BNS Dhaleshwari " BNS Dhaleshwari " is one of two Castle Class Guided Missile Corvette of the Bangladesh Navy . From 1981 to 2005 it was known as HMS " Leeds Castle " and served the Royal Navy as a Offshore Patrol Vessel . It was decommissioned on 2005 and was sold to Bangladesh Navy . The ship had undergone heavy refit before joining Bangladesh Navy . The ship has been farther upgraded and armed with C - 704 anti ship missiles . History . HMS " Leeds Castle " ( P258 ) was a Castle - class patrol ship built by Hall , Russell & Company of Aberdeen , Scotland for the Royal Navy . She was launched in October 1980 and commissioned the following August . She was involved in the 1982 Falklands War , operating between the British territories of Ascension Island , South Georgia , and the Falkland Islands as a despatch vessel commanded by Lieutenant - Commander Colin Hamilton . The " Leeds Castle " spent much time performing fishery protection duties around the United Kingdom , as well as being used as a guard ship in the Falkland Islands . In 2000 , " Leeds Castle " underwent an eight - month refit , returning to the fleet in early 2001 . On 8 August 2005 she returned for the final time to her home base of Portsmouth to be decommissioned after a 24 - year career having finished her final deployment as a patrol vessel based in the Falkland Islands . She was relieved in that role by her sister ship ( commissioned in 1982 ) which served in that role until being replaced in 2007 by the new . In April 2010 " Leeds Castle " was sold to Bangladesh along with the sister ship HMS " Dumbarton Castle " . She left Portsmouth under tow for the A & P Group facility in Newcastle upon Tyne on 14 May 2010 , where both ships underwent a major regeneration refit that was completed in December 2010 . In March 2011 , the " Leeds Castle " and " Dumbarton Castle " was recommissioned as the " Dhaleshwari " and " Bijoy " of the Bangladesh Navy respectively . Future plans . Bangladesh Navy plans to further upgrade the vessel ' s combat capability with the installation of more AShM and SAM launchers on board .
Battle of Cotyaeum The Battle of Cotyaeum of 492 was fought in Phrygia Epictetus between the rebel Isauria n army led by Longinus of Cardala ( other commanders included Conon Phuscianus , an ex - bishop , and Longinus of Selinus ) and the Eastern Roman army of Emperor Anastasius led by John the Scythian and John the Hunchback ( subordinate commanders included the future Justin I ) . The rebel forces were decisively defeated and were forced to retreat to their fortresses in Isauria and In Isauria where Byzantine imperial forces slowly winkled them out over the next seven years .
Pierre Mulele Pierre Mulele ( August 11 , 1929 , Isulu - Matende – October 3 [ or October 9 , depending on the source ] , 1968 ) was a Congolese rebel who was briefly minister of education in Patrice Lumumba ' s cabinet . With the assassination of Lumumba in January 1961 and the arrest of his recognised deputy Antoine Gizenga one year later , Mulele became one of the top Lumumbists determined to continue the struggle . He went to Cairo , Egypt as the representative of the Lumumbists ' Congo National Liberation Committee based in Brazzaville . From Cairo he proceeded to China in 1963 to receive military training , and also took a group of Congolese youths with him , who received training in guerrilla tactics . He was member of the Bapende ethnic group . Role in 1964 Simba Rebellion . In January 1964 , a new conflict broke out as Congolese rebels calling themselves " Simba " ( Swahili for " Lion " ) rebelled against the government . They were led by Mulele , Gaston Soumialot and Christophe Gbenye , who were former members of Gizenga ' s Parti Solidaire Africain ( PSA ) . During the Simba Rebellion , Mulele , who had previously undergone training in the Eastern bloc as well as the People ' s Republic of China , led a Maoist faction in the Kwilu District . This came to be known as the Kwilu Rebellion . Mulele was an avowed Maoist , and for this reason his insurgency was supported by communist China . By the end of April 1964 , Mulele ' s rebellion had been rendered somewhat less dangerous by the government . The USSR , with an embassy in the national capital of Leopoldville , did not support Mulele ' s Kwilu revolt and had no part in its preparation : lack of support from the Soviets was in the first place responsible for Mulele turning to China as his patron . Nonetheless , by August the Simba insurgents had captured Stanleyville and set up a rebel government there . However , the Congolese central government requested foreign intervention , and the troops fighting under the command of Soumialot and Gbenye were routed in November 1964 , after intense drives by central government troops officered by foreigned mercenaries . The landing of Belgian paratroopers in Stanlyville also proved instrumental in the rebels ' defeat , as did key military assistance from the United States . On 24 November 1964 , five US Air Force C - 130 transports dropped 350 Belgian paratroopers of the Para - Commando Regiment onto the airfield at Stanleyville . This latter move made the United States very unpopular in Africa at the time . After the rebellion ' s defeat , Mulele fled into exile in Congo - Brazzaville . In 1968 , then - President Joseph - Désiré Mobutu ( later Mobutu Sese Seko ) lured Mulele out of exile by promising him amnesty . Mulele returned to Congo - Kinshasa , believing he would be granted amnesty . Instead , he was publicly tortured and executed : his eyes were pulled from their sockets , his genitals were ripped off , and his limbs were amputated one by one , all while he was alive . What was left was dumped in the Congo river . The Belgian book " Une Femme du Congo " ( " A Congolese Woman " ) , by Ludo Martens , tells Abo ' s life story .
Bell XP - 52 The Bell XP - 52 was an unusual United States fighter aircraft design by the Bell Aircraft Corporation . It was submitted as part of a United States Army Air Corps competition held in the winter of 1939 . The fuselage was round and barrel - shaped , with the pilot in the nose and the piston engine behind him , driving a pair of contra - rotating propellers at the rear of the fuselage in a pusher configuration . The wings were mid - fuselage and swept back at an angle of 20 degrees , and the horizontal stabilizer was connected at each end to booms from the wings , similar to the P - 38 Lightning ' s layout . The design was one of six chosen for further development , but was then canceled 25 November 1941 in favor of a new design called the XP - 59 , which was unrelated to the later jet - powered Bell P - 59 Airacomet .
George Cabell George Craighead Cabell ( January 25 , 1836 – June 23 , 1906 ) was a nineteenth - century congressman , lawyer and editor from Virginia . Born in Danville , Virginia , Cabell attended Danville Academy and later the law department at the University of Virginia in 1857 . After being admitted to the bar , he commenced practice in Danville in 1858 . He was editor of the Republican and later Democratic Appeal in Danville and was elected commonwealth attorney on Danville in 1858 , serving until 1861 . At the outbreak of the Civil War , Cabell enlisted in the Confederate Army as a private in 1861 , promoted to major later that year and was assigned to the 18th Regiment , Virginia Infantry . He was later promoted to colonel which he served as until the end of the war and afterwards resumed practicing law . Cabell was elected a Democrat to the United States House of Representatives in 1874 , serving from 1875 to 1887 . There , he was chairman of the Committee on Railways and Canals from 1877 to 1881 . After being unsuccessful for reelection in 1886 , he resumed practicing law in Danville , Virginia until his death in Baltimore , Maryland on June 23 , 1906 . Cabell was interred in Green Hill Cemetery in Danville . Electoral History . 1874 . Cabell was elected to the U . S . House of Representatives with 57 . 13 % of the vote , defeating Republican Christopher Yancy Thomas . 1876 . Cabell was re - elected with 60 . 61 % of the vote , defeating Republican Daniel S . Lewis . 1878 . Cabell was re - elected with 66 . 7 % of the vote , defeating Independent W . A . Witcher . 1880 . Cabell was re - elected with 51 . 25 % of the vote , defeating Readjuster John T . Stovall . 1882 . Cabell was re - elected with 52 . 99 % of the vote , defeating Readjuster William E . Sims . 1884 . Cabell was re - elected with 55 . 04 % of the vote , defeating Republican J . W . Hartwell . 1886 . Cabell lost his re - election bid .
INS Godavari ( F20 ) INS Godavari ( F20 ) is the lead ship of her class of guided - missile frigate s of the Indian Navy . Built by Mazagon Dock Limited in Mumbai , she was commissioned on 10 December 1983 . Operations . Operation Cactus . In 1988 , following an attempted coup d ' état against Maldivian President Maumoon Abdul Gayoom by Sri Lankan mercenaries , India launched Operation Cactus to restore the democratically elected government . After Indian paratroopers restored the presidency , the mercenaries captured Maldivian hostages on board a freighter and fled towards Sri Lanka . " INS Godavari " and successfully intercepted the freighter , rescued the hostages and arrested the mercenaries off the Sri Lankan coast . UNOSOM II . While the UN Security Council Resolution 954 , extended the UN mandate for UNOSOM II in Somalia to March 1995 , the United States and other NATO members of the mission abandoned the peacekeeping effort and withdrew from Somalia over a year earlier . As the mission approached its scheduled end , the situation on the ground continued to deteriorate . With no other international support forthcoming , INS " Godavari " along with and INS Shakti were deployed to Mogadishu in December 1994 to support the withdrawal of the Indian Army ' s 66 Brigade , including the 2nd Battalion , Jammu & Kashmir Light Infantry ( 2 JAKLI ) . Pakistan Naval Ship " Babur " brushed with INS " Godavari " in June 2011 while escorting Egyptian ship MV Suez . This incident triggered a diplomatic row between India and Pakistan .
Thomas Laughnan Thomas Laughnan VC ( August 1824 – 23 July 1864 ) was an Irish recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . Details . He was approximately 33 years old , and a Gunner in the Bengal Artillery , Bengal Army during the Indian Mutiny when the following deeds took place at the Relief of Lucknow for which he was awarded the VC . He died in County Galway on 23 July 1864 . The medal . His Victoria Cross is displayed at the Royal Artillery Museum , Woolwich , London . References . Listed in order of publication year
William Harvey Carney William Harvey Carney ( February 29 , 1840 – December 9 , 1908 ) was an African American soldier during the American Civil War . He was awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions during the Battle of Fort Wagner . His actions at Fort Wagner preceded those of any other black recipient . Ironically , he was not awarded the Medal of Honor for nearly 37 years after the action and thus became the last African - American to be awarded the Medal for Civil War service . The first recipient having been Robert Blake , in 1864 . After the war he worked at a post office and was a guest speaker at public events until his death in 1908 . Biography . Carney was born simply as " William , " a slave in Norfolk , Virginia on February 29 , 1840 . He ended up escaping through the Underground Railroad , and found his father living in Massachusetts . The two later bought the rest of their family out of slavery . Carney served with the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry as a Sergeant . He took part in the July 18 , 1863 , assault on Fort Wagner in Charleston , South Carolina . He received the Medal Of Honor for saving the American flag and planting it on the parapet despite being wounded several times . Recognizing the troops had to retreat under fire , Carney struggled back across the battlefield , being wounded twice more . He eventually made his way back to the Union lines , and turned over the colors to another survivor of the 54th , modestly saying " Boys , I only did my duty ; the old flag never touched the ground ! " Later life . Carney was awarded the Medal of Honor May 23 , 1900 , nearly 37 years later . More than half such awards from the Civil War were presented 20 or more years after the fact . In later life , Carney was a postal employee and popular speaker at patriotic events . He died in Boston , Massachusetts , and is buried in the family plot at Oak Grove Cemetery in New Bedford , Massachusetts . Engraved on his stone monument is a gold image of the Medal of Honor . Honors and awards . Medal of Honor citation . Rank and Organization : Citation : When the color sergeant was shot down , this soldier grasped the flag , led the way to the parapet , and planted the colors thereon . When the troops fell back he brought off the flag , under a fierce fire in which he was twice severely wounded . Other honors . The attack on Fort Wagner is depicted in the film " Glory " . Carney ' s face is shown on the monument to Robert Gould Shaw and the 54th on the Boston Common designed by Augustus Saint Gaudens . The Sgt . Carney Salute — folding of a flag on a staff in a manner to allow immediate unfurling — was developed by California Scoutmaster J . S . Fox at the 1997 Boy Scout National Scout Jamboree after studying the creases and folds of Civil War Regimental Flags . A New Bedford , Massachusetts elementary school was named in his honor .
Armee - Abteilung Gronau Armee - Abteilung Gronau ( Army Detachment Gronau ) was an army level command of the German Army in World War I . It was formed from " Armee - Gruppe " Gronau on 18 September 1916 and was disbanded on 27 March 1918 . It served on the Eastern Front throughout its existence . " Armee - Gruppe " Gronau . " Armee - Gruppe " Gronau was formed from XXXXI Reserve Corps on 20 September 1915 . It was named for its commander , General der Artillerie Hans von Gronau , former commander of XXXXI Reserve Corps . It was assigned to the Army of the Bug throughout its existence . On 18 September 1916 it was raised to the status of an " Armee - Abteilung " . " Armee - Abteilung " Gronau . On 18 September 1916 " Armee - Gruppe " Gronau was raised to the status of an Army Detachment as " Armee - Abteilung " Gronau . It remained on the Eastern Front until dissolved on 27 March 1918 . Commanders . " Armee - Gruppe " / " Armee - Abteilung " Gronau was commanded throughout its existence by General der Artillerie Hans von Gronau .