naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Légion Noire La Légion Noire ( The Black Legion ) was a military unit of the French Revolution ary Army . The only action of any note that it took part in was the unsuccessful last invasion of Britain in February 1797 . The Legion was created on the orders of General Hoche to take part in a three pronged attack against Ireland and Britain . It was commanded by chef de brigade William Tate . Troop composition . According to the prisoner returns submitted by Lieutenant General James Rooke after the invasion , the legion numbered 46 officers and 1178 men . Tate stated that he had lost eight men in the landing and that four men had been lost to enemy action . Whilst many of the legion were prisoners and convicts drafted against their will ( it seems some were British prisoners ) the commander of the British forces Lord Cawdor said that 600 of them were French troops of the line " Grenadiers all over six foot and as fine a body of men as I have set eyes on " . The legion was equipped with British army materiel , arms and uniforms captured at the unsuccessful Franco - British Landings at Quiberon . The red British uniforms were dyed , with various degrees of success , a brown / black colour from which the unit got its nickname . The unit ' s correct designation was : " La Seconde Légion des Francs " . Tate did not speak French and had to rely on his French and Irish officers to communicate with his forces . The main purpose of the Legion ' s proposed invasion of Great Britain was to act as a diversionary measure to draw resources away from the main thrust of the campaign : a landing at Bantry Bay on the west coast of Ireland . La Legion ' s original target of Liverpool was changed to Bristol , at that time the second city in the country . A second diversionary force , La légion des Francs , under General Quantain , was instructed to attack Newcastle upon Tyne and destroy local shipping . This force set out from Dunkirk in November of 1796 but turned back at Flushing in the Netherlands after bad weather caused the loss of several invasion barges . Once back in port many of the soldiers , who appear to also have been criminal conscripts , refused to re - embark and the project was abandoned . Further reading . Rose , Richard , The French at Fishguard : Fact , Fiction and Folklore , Transactions of the Hon . Society of Cymmrodorion , Vol . 9 , 2003 .
USNS Abiqua ( T - AO - 158 ) Abiqua ( MC hull 548 ) was laid down on 18 June 1943 by the Alabama Drydock and Shipbuilding Company , Mobile , Alabama . ; launched on 22 September 1943 ; sponsored by Mrs . George Bliss Jones ; and delivered to the Cities Service Company for operation on 31 October 1943 . Abiqua was among the ships transferred by the Maritime Administration to the Navy in response to the Suez crisis of 1956 . She was accepted by the Military Sea Transportation Service ( MSTS ) on 21 December 1956 but operated for MSTS by a civilian crew under contract with a commercial firm listed as Matra - lines , but not further identified . As the crisis subsided , Abiqua was returned to the Maritime Administration and struck from the Navy list on 30 September 1957 . Following her deactivation , Abiqua returned to the Alabama Drydock and Shipbuilding Co . , Mobile , Ala . The afterpart of Abiqua was joined to the forepart of SS Windsor ( formerly Bear Paw ) to form a dry cargo ship which retained the name Abiqua . The old forepart of Abiqua was joined to the afterpart of Windsor to form a storage vessel which was renamed Bear Paw . The bow and midbody from Abiqua were towed to the Bethlehem Steel Co . , at Beaumont , Tex . , and converted into a tank barge , which was renamed Tide Mar XIX .
Pretoria Highlanders The Pretoria Highlanders Regiment is a regiment of the South African Army . As a reserve unit , it has a status roughly equivalent to that of a British Territorial Army or United States Army National Guard unit . History . The regiment was founded by Peter Lawrence Goudie on the outbreak of World War II in 1939 . He recruited 1 , 400 men within six weeks and also raised the funds to equip them with Highland uniforms . During World War II the regiment , as part of 7 South African Infantry Brigade , took part in " Operation Rose " , the invasion of Madagascar by South African forces in June 1942 . As far as is known , this is the first ( and only ) amphibious operation in which South African troops ever participated . In 1946 , the PH were converted to artillery and renamed " 1 Anti - Tank Regiment ( PH ) " . When the Army was reorganised in 1960 , for internal security duties , the regiment was converted to armour and reverted to its original name of " Pretoria Highlanders " . Regimental Symbols . Uniform : Headdress : khaki balmoral , black glengarry ; Tourie ( on both ) : bottle green . Tartan : Hunting Stewart ( kilt ) ; Sporran : white with two black tails . Hose : green with tops of regimental tartan , green garter flashes . Nickname : " Jacaranda Jocks " ( Pretoria is known as " the jacaranda city " )
Abinger Castle Abinger Castle is a mound that was topped by a small , fortified wooden castle during part of the 12th century CE at Abinger Common , between Guildford and Dorking in Surrey . The castle reached a fairly prominent vantage point with a half - panorama overlooking the two roads that diverge by the neighbouring church , having descended from the Leith Hill escarpments at the border of West Sussex . History . It was built as a motte and bailey castle around 1100 and founded by William fitz Ansculf . It was built of wood and remodelled in 1140 . It had a longer life than most castles of this type , surviving until 1153 . Surroundings . Manor . Equally at the start of the rise of land to the west of the core neighbourhood of the dispersed village is the manor house just 20m south of the mound . This manor , recorded in the Domesday Book , was re - sited here in 1688 by major mid - south Surrey landowner and writer John Evelyn , rebuilt in 1872 / 3 , using some old materials following a new design by Alfred Waterhouse and it is a listed building in the initial category , Grade II . Church . Approximately a firth of the size of the mound , St James ' s Church approximately 100m east is just as with the castle of the early 12th century , according to the Victoria County History but the earliest current part is its chancel rebuilt circa 1220 and north chapel of similar date . Bombed in World War II , it was restored in 1950 by Frederick Etchells . It is listed in the mid - category , Grade II * . Mesolithic site . This very small , much smaller than the mound , Scheduled Ancient Monument is formed of the scant mesolithic remains of a dwelling site also on the western rise to Abinger Common , west of the manor . Research and remains . It was excavated by Dr Brian Hope - Taylor in 1949 when the sites of many of the posthole s were found . The central mound ( " motte " ) remains , suspected to be of approximately the same height as it originally was , and is a Scheduled Ancient Monument
Chidorigafuchi National Cemetery The recovery of remains from the Pacific War presented an unprecedented problem for the Japanese government , as some soldiers could not be identified due to harsh battlefield conditions , and the families of others had perished in the extensive air raids on Japan and atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki . In 1952 , the recovery committee began storing human remains in the offices of the Ministry of Welfare while it sought a more permanent structure to house and honor the dead . In 1953 the Cabinet of the Prime Minister ordered a " tomb of the unknown soldier " constructed , the site was purchased in 1956 , and it was completed in March 1959 . It is a public institution and is infrequently visited by the Emperor and Prime Minister . The cemetery is sometimes mentioned in connection with the Yasukuni Shrine debate , but Chidorigafuchi serves a separate purpose . The cemetery houses the actual remains of unidentified soldiers , in place of the usual family grave . Yasukuni Shrine honors not only unidentified soldiers from the Pacific War but all people who died for the sake of the country . However , in 2006 a Liberal Democratic Party leader proposed that the cemetery be expanded so that it might honor all war dead in a way akin to Arlington National Cemetery . Legally speaking , it is not considered a graveyard due to the use of communal plots , but rather a " storeroom " .
Xiong Yan ( dissident ) Xiong Yan ( 熊焱 ) is a Chinese dissident who served as a chaplain in U . S . Army in Iraq . Currently , he serves as a U . S . Army chaplain at the Warrant Officer Career College at Fort Rucker , Alabama . He joined the Chinese Communist Party in 1985 and formally withdrew his membership from the CCP on June 4 , 1989 after the Tiananmen Square Massacre . He was a student leader during the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 . He was detained for 19 months in a Laogai ( 勞動改造 ) , for his pro - democratic activities and fled China in 1992 to United States , where he studied theology in Boston . He went on to join the US Army . In 2005 he announced again in The Epoch Times that he withdrew his membership of the Chinese Communist Party . He is still active in overseas China democracy movement . In 2009 , he made a trip to Hong Kong to attend a candlelight vigils on the June 4 anniversary of the Tiananmen crackdown . This was the first time for him , in 17 years to return to China since 1992 . Xiong Yan studied at Beijing University Law School from 1986 - 1989 . He came to the United States of America as a political refugee in 1992 . Xiong Yan was awarded his Doctorate from Gordon - Conwell Theological Seminary May 2009 . Xiong Yan is the author of two books . The first " From Tian An Men Square to Iraq " was published in Hong Kong in 2009 . The second is a book of poetry published in 2010 titled " Being and Joy " .
Group Army A Group Army ( 集團軍 in traditional Chinese / 集团军 in simplified Chinese ; " jituan jun " ) , is a major Chinese formation . Some may use or translate it loosely to mean the same as Army Group and through various time periods or history , depending on whether the military formation is under Nationalist China ( ROC ) or Communist China ( PRC ) , Chinese Army Group or Group Army could be equivalent to field army or army group in other militaries but NOT necessarily so . This is because while 军 in Chinese means " corps " when classifying by size or number of troops , it also means ( and more frequently so ) in common and less precise military usage - any significant grouping of combat troops / i . e . army ( usually corps size or larger ; including Army or Army Group as per defined by most international military forces ) . Adding confusion to multiple Chinese definitions of Group Army or Army Group is also made by literal translation or ' conversion ' by non Chinese translators or military experts who do not really understand 军 by itself does have different meanings ; with situations made worse by Chinese usage - both from PRC and ROC which have used both meanings rather interchangeably . Hence any observer should ideally look at the number of troops ( size ) or component units i . e . numbers of Brigade , Division , Corps or Army of any Chinese Group Army or Army Group before comparing and working out the corresponding equivalence to other military formation - especially those from the NATO or Western militaries . People ' s Liberation Army . As of 15 March 1967 , the Central Intelligence Agency identified some 35 field armies : Potential disbanded field armies may have included : From 1997 to 2000 , force reductions resulted in the disbandment of three group armies : the 28th ( BMR ) , 64th ( Dalian , Liaoning , SMR ) , and the 67th Group Army at Zibo , Shandong , in the Jinan Military Region . ( Blasko , 2006 , 74 ) In September 2003 , a further series of reductions were announced , and from 2003 to 2006 the 24th Group Army at Chengde , Hebei , the 63rd at Taiyuan , Shaanxi ( both BMR ) , and the 23rd Group Army at Harbin in the Shenyang Military Region were eliminated . ( Blasko , 2006 , 75 ) . The People ' s Liberation Army Ground Force has 18 regular 集团军 or ' Group Armies ' . However , a modern Chinese Group Army is a corps - sized combined arms formation with gross manpower ranging from 45 , 000 to 60 , 000 personnel . Each of the PLA ’ s seven military regions is assigned with two or three group armies . Other PRC Chinese language sources typically describe each Group Army has having 2 or 3 Divisions ( mainly Infantry but some are Armour , Motorized or Artillery Divisions ) and further augmented by several Brigade or regiment sized ' combat arms ' / ' support - arms ' formations e . g . artillery , armour , air defence artillery , motorized ( infantry ) , aviation / helicopter regiment etc . National Revolutionary Army . By the end of the Second Sino - Japanese War , the National Revolutionary Army had organized 40 Group Armies . These were roughly equivalent to a field army in other military terminology . Source
Fiat 3000 The Fiat 3000 , whose design was based on that of the French Renault FT - 17 , was the first tank to be produced in series in Italy . It was to be the standard tank of the emerging Italian armored units in World War I . History . Although 1400 units were ordered , with deliveries to begin in May 1919 , the end of the war caused the original order to be cancelled and only 100 were delivered . The first Fiat 3000s entered service in 1921 and were officially designated as the " carro d ' assalto " Fiat 3000 , Mod . 21 . ( Fiat 3000 assault tank , Model 21 ) . Tests of the Model 21 revealed that the armament , consisting of two 6 . 5mm machine guns , was inadequate , and adoption of a 37mm gun as main armament was urged . The up - gunned version of the 3000 , armed with a 37 / 40 gun , was tested in 1929 and was officially adopted in 1930 with the designation of " carro d ' assalto " Fiat 3000 , Mod . 30 . The Model 30 , in addition to its improved armament , also differed from the Model 21 in that it had an improved engine developing more power , its suspension was improved , the engine compartment had a different silhouette , and external stores were stowed differently . Some Model 30s were also produced with two 6 . 5mm machine guns as main armament , as on the Model 21 , in lieu of the 37mm gun . A limited number of Model 21 vehicles were exported to Albania , Latvia and Abyssinia ( Ethiopia ) prior to 1930 . The designations of these tanks were changed prior to the outbreak of World War II , in accordance with the identification system that was adopted throughout the war by the Italians . The Model 21 was redesignated the L . 5 / 21 , and the Model 30 was redesignated the L . 5 / 30 . The Fiat 3000 ( Model 21 ) was first used in action in February 1926 in Libya , and subsequently also saw action against the Ethiopians in 1935 . The Italians did not employ any of these tanks in Spain during the Spanish Civil War , however . With Italy ' s entry into World War II in June 1940 , a limited number of Fiat 3000s still in service with the Italian Army were employed operationally on the Greek - Albanian front . They were also among the last Italian tanks to oppose the Allies , as in July 1943 , when the Allies landed in Sicily , two Italian tank companies on the island were still equipped with the 3000 . One company was dug in and their vehicles were used as fixed fortification s , while the other company was used in a mobile role , with few of the tanks surviving the Allied drive .
215th Infantry Division ( German Empire ) The 215th Infantry Division ( German : 215 . Infanterie - Division ) was a unit in the German Imperial Army during World War I . Created in September 1916 , it primarily saw service on the Eastern Front and in the Ukraine . Chronology . 1916 1917 1918 1919
Defection In politics , a defector is a person who gives up allegiance to one state in exchange for allegiance to another , in a way which is considered illegitimate by the first state . More broadly , it involves abandoning a person , cause or doctrine to which one is bound by some tie , as of allegiance or duty . This term is also applied , often pejoratively , to anyone who switches loyalty to another religion , sports team , political party , or other rival faction . In that sense , the defector is often considered a traitor by his original side . International politics . The physical act of defection is usually in a manner which violates the laws of the nation or political entity from which the person is seeking to depart . By contrast , mere changes in citizenship , or working with allied militia , usually do not violate any law . For example , in the 1950s , East German s were increasingly prohibited from traveling to the western Federal Republic of Germany where they were automatically regarded as citizens according to Exclusive mandate . The Berlin Wall and fortifications along the Inner German border were erected by the Communist East German Democratic Republic in 1961 to enforce the policy . When people tried to " defect " from the GDR they were to be shot on sight . Several hundred people were killed along the border in their Republikflucht attempt . Official crossings did exist , but permissions to leave temporarily or permanently were seldom granted . On the other hand , the GDR citizenship of some " inconvenient " East Germans was revoked , and they had to leave their home on short notice against their will . Others , like singer Wolf Biermann , were prohibited from returning to the GDR . During the Cold War , the many people illegally emigrating from the Soviet Union or Eastern Bloc to the West were called defectors . Westerners defected to the Eastern Bloc as well , often to avoid prosecution as spies . Some of the more famous cases were British spy Kim Philby , who defected to Russia to avoid exposure as a KGB mole , and 22 Allied POWs ( one Briton and twenty - one Americans ) who declined repatriation after the Korean War , electing to remain in China . When the individual leaves his country and provides information to a foreign intelligence service , he is a HUMINT source defector . In some cases , defectors remain in the country or with the political entity they were against , functioning as a defector in place .
Charles G . Abrell Charles Gene Abrell ( August 12 , 1931 – June 10 , 1951 ) was a Corporal in the United States Marine Corps who served with Company E , 2nd Battalion 1st Marines , 1st Marine Division , during the Korean War . He posthumous ly received the Medal of Honor for his heroic actions and sacrifice of life on June 10 , 1951 near Hangnyong , Korea while advancing his platoon against enemy fire . He hurled himself into an enemy bunker with a live grenade , killing the enemy gun crew and himself in the explosion . Biography . Charles Abrell was born in Terre Haute , Indiana in 1931 . He attended school in Las Vegas , Nevada , and then enlisted in the Marine Corps on August 17 , 1948 at age 17 . Following recruit training at Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island , South Carolina , he was assigned to Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune , North Carolina , and also served aboard the USS Noble before going to Korea with the 1st Marine Division . He was in combat at Inchon , Seoul , Wonsan , Chosin Reservoir , and Hanghum before the fatal assault on a hill near Hwachon for which he was awarded the Medal of Honor . Charles Abrell is buried in the West Lawn Cemetery in Farmersburg , Indiana . Awards and decorations . CPL Abrell ' s awards include : Medal of Honor citation . The President of the United States in the name of the Congress takes pride in presenting the Medal of Honor posthumously to CORPORAL CHARLES G . ABRELL UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS for service as set forth in the following citation : signed Harry S . Truman In memory . In 1982 , the Indiana Historical Bureau placed a historical marker in northern Terre Haute commemorating Abrell ; it is one of twelve markers in Vigo County . In June 2001 , a life - sized bronze statue of Charles Abrell on the grounds of the Vigo County Courthouse , Indiana , was dedicated in honor of those who served in Korea .
French submarine Doris ( Q 135 ) Doris was a " Circé " - class coastal submarine of the French Navy , in service from 1928 until May 1940 , when she was sunk off the Dutch coast by the German submarine . The wreck was rediscovered by Dutch divers in 2003 . Service . " Doris " was already obsolete by the beginning of the Second World War . The " Circé " - class was designed shortly after the First World War , around 1923 . That was the year the shipyard at Toulon begun construction on " Doris " and her three sister ships . She was launched in 1927 and commissioned in 1928 . By the beginning of the Second World War the boat was part of the 10th French submarine flotilla , which was moved to English port of Harwich in April 1940 to reinforce the Royal Navy . " Doris " , under captain Jean Favreul , crossed the English Channel on 14 April . During that time " Doris " suffered damage to the engine of the main gas compressor , responsible for producing the air to ascend after a dive . The machine could not be repaired in Harwich , nor could the work be done in France as there was no spare part ; the original compressors had been designed and produced in Germany . Despite being significantly crippled and unable to dive , " Doris " was ordered on 6 May 1940 to prepare for a sortie on patrol in the North Sea , north of the Frisian Islands , off the Dutch coast , guarding the east entrance to the English Channel , in anticipation of a possible German invasion of England . The captain and the crew openly admitted in their letters to their families that they were not expecting to come back . On 8 May the five British and seven French submarines , including " Doris " , departed to carry out their patrol . On the following night , shortly after midnight , " Doris " was torpedoed and sunk north west of the Dutch coast , 30 miles from Den Helder , by the German submarine " U - 9 " under Wolfgang Lüth at . The entire crew of " Doris " , and three Royal Navy personnel , were lost . Rediscovery . Dutch divers Hans van Leeuwen and Ton van der Sluijs discovered the wreck of " Doris " in 2003 .
Iftikhar Khan Major General Muhammed Iftikhar Khan was born on 10 January 1909 . He is the brother of Pakistan ' s first General Muhammed Akbar Khan . After attending Sandhurst he was commissioned a Second Lieutenant on the Unattached List for the Indian Army on 29 August 1929 . He then spent a year on attachment to the 2nd battalion the Manchester Regiment . He was posted to the 7th Light Cavalry and joined the Indian Army on 16 October 1930 . He was promoted Lieutenant on 29 November 1931 . He then transferred to the 3rd Cavalry on 1 October 1932 , a regiment which was then in the process of being Indianised . He was promoted Captain 29 August 1938 . During the late 1930s he served as first the Quarter Master then the Adjutant of this regiment . In 1942 he was attached to the No . 2 Indian Armoured Corps Training Center . In 1945 he was the second in command of the 45th Cavalry , a war raised armoured unit then serving in Burma . He was promoted Major 29 August 1946 . He commanded the 7th Light Cavalry in Japan as part of the Occupation Forces from September to December 1946 . On partition he opted to join the Pakistan Army . He was quickly promoted to Major General and on 1 January 1948 assumed the command of 10th Division . He had been nominated to become the first local Commander in Chief ( C - in - C ) of the Pakistan Army after General Douglas David Gracey ' s retirement . However , he died in a Pakistan Airways Dakota which was flying from Lahore to Karachi when it crashed near Karachi on 13 December 1949 killing him along with Brigadier Sher Khan and 24 others before he could assume the post . He was on his way to Karachi to proceed to England for a course at the Imperial Defence College ( IDC , Camberley )