naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
USS Hamilton ( 1809 ) The first USS " Hamilton " was a United States Navy schooner which served on Lake Ontario from 1812 to 1813 during the War of 1812 . " Hamilton " was built at Oswego , New York , as the merchant ship " Diana " in 1809 for the merchant Matthew McNair . On 21 October 1812 , the U . S . Navy purchased her for use on Lake Ontario , based at Sackets Harbor , New York . Her name was changed to " Hamilton " on 5 November 1812 , in honor of the United States Secretary of the Navy Paul Hamilton ( 1762 - 1816 ) . " Hamilton " was not a large or specialized warship ; instead , she was a simple ship that was pressed into U . S . Navy service . With the conversion of " Hamilton " to a man - of - war problems came up such as the decks not being strong enough to carry naval guns and the bulwarks not being high enough to provide enough protection for the gun crews . Nonetheless , the 76 - gross ton " Hamilton " was armed with eight 12 - pound carronades and one swiveling 24 - or 32 - pound " Long Tom " cannon mounted amidships . " Hamilton " , under the command of a Lieutenant Winter , and the schooner sank during a sudden squall off Fourteen Mile Creek near present - day Hamilton , Ontario , Canada , around 2 : 00 a . m . on 8 August 1813 . Sixteen men survived from the two ships , but the sinkings took more than 80 men to their deaths . Ned Myers , a survivor of " Scourge " , told his story to James Fenimore Cooper ; according to Myers , about eight men from " Hamilton " were saved and about 42 were lost . The site of the sunken ships was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1976 . The Ontario Heritage Act was amended in 2005 to provide special protection to the wrecks of " Hamilton " and " Scourge " because of their historical and cultural significance and because they contain human remains .
97th ( The Earl of Ulster ' s ) Regiment of Foot The 97th ( The Earl of Ulster ' s ) Regiment of Foot was an infantry regiment of the British Army , formed in 1824 and amalgamated into The Queen ' s Own ( Royal West Kent Regiment ) in 1881 . The regiment was raised in 1824 , taking its title from Prince Frederick , Duke of York and Albany and Earl of Ulster . In November 1832 , the regiment ' s cricket team played the Colombo Cricket Club at the Rifle Green in Colombo , in the first recorded cricket match in Ceylon ( Sri Lanka ) .
William Muspratt William Muspratt ( 1759 - 1797 ) was an able seaman on His Majesty ' s Armed Ship " Bounty " . After participating in the Mutiny on the Bounty on 28 April 1789 , he was court - martial ed at Spithead in September 1792 , sentenced to death , but escaped the hangman ' s noose after his conviction was overturned on appeal . He returned to active service in the British navy , and perished in 1797 aboard HMS " Bellerophon " . Mutiny . On the books of the " Bounty " , Muspratt is listed not only as an able seaman but also as the ship ' s tailor . His status as a craftsman did not grant any special privileges and , like the other AB ' s of the ship ' s crew , Muspratt was subject to the discipline of the ship ' s captain , William Bligh . Upon the " Bounty ' s " landfall in Tahiti in late 1788 , Muspratt soon fell afoul of his commanding officers and was sentenced in December to endure a dozen lashes with the cat o ' nine tails for " neglect of duty . " The seaman appears to have responded to this treatment by attempting to desert the ship , for on January 5 , 1789 , he absconded with two shipmates . All were recaptured and Muspratt was re - sentenced to four dozen additional lashes . Soon after the " Bounty " made sail for the West Indies in early 1789 , the mutiny occurred . Witnesses later testified that Muspratt was armed during the take - over with a musket , which he never used nor fired . The mutineer left the " Bounty " when it again called at Tahiti and did not accompany the inner core of the mutineers to their eventual destination in the Pitcairn Islands . Bligh had meanwhile returned to England and written out descriptions of the mutineers ; from this record we learn that Muspratt was " 5 feet 6 inches high . Dark complexion , brown hair , slender made . Very strong black beard under his scarred chin . Tattooed in several places . " When HMS " Pandora " arrived in Tahiti to try to recapture those mutineers that could be found , Muspratt was among those recaptured and returned to England to stand trial for mutiny . One key element in the outcome of this trial was that Muspratt , although a common seaman , was able to find an attorney to defend him . Although eyewitness testimony depicted the seaman as having been armed during the mutiny , and he was convicted and sentenced to death , he was able to successfully appeal his conviction and return to the ranks . His subsequent service was short , however . His will , probated in January 1798 , indicated that his service ended aboard HMS " Bellerophon " , a ship of the line .
Operation Gothic Serpent Operation Gothic Serpent was a military operation ordered by the United States government with the goal of capturing Somali warlord Mohammed Farrah Aidid . The battle that followed was known as the Battle of Mogadishu . Background . In December 1992 , U . S . President George H . W . Bush ordered the U . S . military to join the U . N . in a joint operation known as Operation Restore Hope , with the primary mission of restoring order in Somalia . The country was divided politically and various zones of the country were claimed by various warlords . The situation deteriorated quickly . In May 1993 , all the individual armies participating in the civil war agreed to a disarmament conference at the invitation of Somali warlord , Mohamed Farrah Aidid . The Somali National Alliance had been formed in June 1992 . Aidid named himself President of Somalia , and organized the other warlords to be under his authority . Civilians also greatly resented the international presense and would frequently attack coalition soldiers . On June 5 , 1993 , 24 Pakistani soldiers were ambushed and killed in an Aidid - controlled area of Mogadishu . The next day , the U . N . ' s Security Council issued Resolution 837 , calling for the arrest and trial of the individuals responsible for the ambush , namely Aidid . U . S . warplanes and U . N . troops began an attack on Aidid ' s stronghold . Aidid , however , showed no desire to surrender and ordered his forces into battle . On October 3 , 1993 , the Unted States government received intelligence suggesting that two of Aidid ' s lieutenants were hiding in a building in central Mogadishu . A task force was organized to arrest these men . The men were captured , and loaded onto a convoy of vehicles , along with an American serviceman who had been injured falling from a helicopter . Aidid ' s militia , aided by armed civilians including women and children attacked the convoy . One service member was killed by small arms fire . A Black Hawk helicopter , " Super Six Four " , was downed by an RPG . The pilots were killed but the crew survived , and the soldiers closest to the scene attempted a rescue . Eventually , all remaining forces in the field converged on the crash site . The American soldiers found themselves surrounded by the Habr Gidr militia . The Somalis did not bombard the site with mortars out of concern of civilian hostages . the Somalis charged at the downed helicopter but were repelled each time . Eventually , a rescue convoy of the U . S . Army ' s 10th Mountain Division , Malaysian , and Pakistani forces was able to rescue the party . edit U . S . withdrawal . All military actions were ceased on October 6 , except in cases of self - defense . Clinton called for a full withdrawal by March 31 , 1994 . Most troops were out of the country by March 25 , 1994 . The U . N . withdrew as well .
2013 Colombian clashes On July 20 , 2013 , two clashes occurred in Colombia between government forces and Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia ( FARC ) guerrillas . Nineteen soldiers were killed in the deadliest day since peace talks began in November 2012 . The attacks came one day after FARC captured a vacationing U . S . Marine veteran , Kevin Scott Sutay . Background . Since the 1960s , the Colombian government has been in periodic conflicts with Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia ( FARC ) rebels . An estimated 600 , 000 people have died in the 50 - year - long conflict , with an additional 3 . 7 million people displaced . In November 2012 , peace negotiations between the two sides began in Oslo , Norway and Havana , Cuba . At the time of the 20 July attacks , negotiations were ongoing . A few days prior , FARC ' s chief negotiator said the conflict was nearing its end . Three previous attempts to peacefully end the conflict failed . The Colombia government estimates that FARC has 8 , 000 active fighters , down from 16 , 000 in 2001 . Attacks . In southern Colombia , FARC said it had captured a former U . S . Marine in El Retorno on 19 July , but was willing to release him to senator Piedad Cordoba to show commitment to the peace talks . A statement by the U . S . government said the man was in the area as a tourist , not as a part of a military mission . Historically , the United States has aided the Colombian military . In the town of El Doncello in southwest Colombia , a battle between the army and FARC left 4 soldiers and 6 FARC members dead on 20 July . Three other soldiers were injured and two rebel fighters were captured . Hours later , about 70 rebels ambushed a group of government soldiers guarding an oil pipeline on 20 July in El Mordisco , a rural area of Arauca in eastern Colombia . Fifteen soldiers were killed in the attack and twelve rebels were captured . The government attributed the attack to FARC activity . Overall , 20 July was the deadliest day since peace talks began . Response and aftermath . Colombia ' s president Juan Manuel Santos traveled to Arauca to the site of the ambush . There , he promised to retaliate with " the entire machinery " of war . " Just as we have extended our hand and are in negotiations , so do we have a big stick . We have decisive military force and will apply it , " he said . He did , however , reiterate that the government was optimistic about the peace talks and said he hoped " the guerrillas will come to their senses " and continue with the talks . Santos also stated that he would not allow the FARC rebels to make a media circus of the release of the American soldier that was kidnapped after the group " flagrantly violated " a promise to end the kidnappings before peace talks began . On 22 July , two FARC members were killed during a military operation in southwest Cauca . The same day , FARC offered to arm coca farmers that have been protesting against coca eradication . Peace talks between FARC and the Colombian government are expected to resume on 28 July .
Plattsburgh Bay Plattsburgh Bay was the site of the Battle of Plattsburgh , a naval and land engagement on September 11 , 1814 . During the battle , U . S . land and naval forces repulsed the last foreign invasion attempt on the northern states during the War of 1812 . It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1960 . ,
103rd ( Tyneside Irish ) Brigade The Tyneside Irish Brigade was a British First World War infantry brigade of Kitchener ' s Army , raised in 1914 . Officially numbered the 103rd ( Tyneside Irish ) Brigade , it contained four Pals battalion s from Newcastle upon Tyne , largely made up of men of Irish extraction . ( Another Newcastle brigade — the 102nd ( Tyneside Scottish ) — contained Tynesiders with Scottish connections ) . History . The brigade ' s four battalion s were known as the 1st to 4th Tyneside Irish . When taken over by the British Army , these became battalions of the Northumberland Fusiliers . Along with the 101st and 102nd Brigades , the Tyneside Irish made up the 34th Division which arrived in France in January 1916 and first saw action in the Battle of the Somme that year . On the first day on the Somme , the 34th Division attacked astride the Albert - Bapaume road at La Boisselle . The brigade ' s task was to follow up the main attack by the 101st and 102nd Brigades and advance on a line from Pozières to Contalmaison . Advancing at the same time as the main attack , the brigade started from the reserve trenches on the Tara - Usna Line . The four battalions , marching in extended line ( from left to right ; the 2nd , 3rd , 1st and 4th ) , advanced down into Avoca Valley and then up the other side to the British front - line trench . From there they had to cross no man ' s land , pass through the German front - line and advance to their objectives . However , the main attack was an almost complete failure and the Tyneside Irish were utterly exposed to the machine gun s of the German defences . The brigade suffered heavy casualties even before its battalions reached the British front - line . Opposite La Boisselle the brigade was halted but on the right , elements of the 1st and 4th battalions were able to advance up ' Sausage Valley ' and pass through the German front - line . Two small parties met up behind the German support trench and pushed on towards their objective of Contalmaison . Their effort was in vain as they were eventually killed or captured . The 1st battalion suffered 620 casualties on 1 July ( 18 officers and 602 other ranks ) , its commander , Lieutenant Colonel L . M . Howard , was among the dead . The 4th battalion suffered 539 casualties ( 20 officers and 519 other ranks ) . While the commanders of the 2nd and 3rd battalions were both wounded , as was the Brigade commander , Brigadier General N . J . G . Cameron . The brigade ' s losses on 1 July were so severe that on the 6th , it , along with the 102nd ( Tyneside Scottish ) Brigade , was transferred to the 37th Division , swapping with the 112th Brigade . The two brigades returned to the 34th Division on 22 August . In February 1918 the 1st , 3rd and 4th Tyneside Irish battalions were disbanded and the remaining battalion , the 2nd , was transferred to the 116th Brigade of the 39th Division . From then on the Tyneside Irish Brigade ceased to exist and the brigade was simply the 103rd Brigade .
José María Tornel José María de Tornel y Mendívil ( 1795 – 1853 ) was a 19th century Mexican army general and politician who greatly influenced the career of President Antonio López de Santa Anna . Birth . José Maria Tornel y Mendívil was born March 1 , 1795 in the town of Orziba , Veracruz , New Spain ( Mexico ) to Julian Tornel , a prominent shopkeeper , and Manuela Jacinta Bernarda Mendívil Vidal . Career . Tornel was prominent among the " santanistas , " a group of politicians and officials who helped Santa Anna return to power frequently , despite defeats in the 1836 Texas Revolution and the 1846 – 48 Mexican - American War . Tornel advocated a federalist agenda in the 1820s . During that time , Tornel y Mendivil became Mexico ' s first president Guadalupe Victoria ' s right arm . Victoria named Tornel the Mexican ambassador to the United States . His mission was to inform Victoria on Americans ' ambitions to take Texas . Thanks to that collaboration , Victoria ' s government came victorious in the Fredonian Rebellion . Although Tornel supported federalism during the Victoria presidency , he changed his political views to support Santa Anna ' s reactionary dictatorship in the 1850s . He helped orchestrate the Plan of Cuernavaca revolt in 1834 . Tornel served as Minister of War , and helped plan the campaign that led to the Battle of the Alamo . Santa Anna ' s adopted U . S . - born son , John Hill , grew up in Tornel ' s household . Writings . “ The loss of Texas will inevitably result in the loss of New Mexico and the Californias . Little by little our territory will be absorbed until only an insignificant part is left to us . . . Our national existence . . . will end like those weak meteors that , from time to time , shine fitfully in the firmament and disappear . ” José Maria Tornel y Mendivil Riva Palacio , Vicente ( 1940 ) . Mexico Through the centuries , comprehensive general history of social development , political , religious , military , artistic , scientific and literary of Mexico from a remote antiquity to the present time , work , unique . ( G . S . Lopez edition ) . Mexico .
Alférez ( rank ) Alférez is a junior officer rank in the militaries of Spain , Argentina , Chile and Uruguay . The Spanish word was derived from the Arabic الفارس ( " al - fāris " ) , meaning " horseman " or " cavalier " . The variant alferes is used in Portugal and was formerly also used in Brazil . A naval variant , " frigate alférez " , is used in Spain , Dominican Republic and Peru . " Alférez " is often translated as ensign . " Alférez " was the Spanish officer rank associated with the carrying of a unit flag . " Alférez " is also sometimes translated as sub - lieutenant or second lieutenant . These translations are approximate . The rank of " alférez " was first used by Spanish armies during the " reconquista " in the middle ages . During that time " alférez " was the leader of the retinue of a king or high - ranking nobleman . The famous warrior El Cid was the " alférez " of King Alfonso VI of Castile and Alfonso Núñez was the " alférez " of Duke Raymond of Galicia . The NATO rank code is OF - 1 . Argentina . In Argentina , the rank of " alférez " is used by both the air force and the gendarmerie . It is , however , used differently in the two services . The air force uses the rank for newly qualified officers , while the gendarmerie uses " alférez " ranks as an equivalent for the army ' s " lieutenant " ranks . The other armed forces of Argentina do not use the rank of ensign . Chile . In Chile , an officer cadet is known as a " sub - alférez " . On graduating from officer training , he becomes an " alférez " for a year while carrying out training specific to his arm . After this the " alférez " is promoted to sub - lieutenant . Peru . Frigate " alférezaa " is the lowest naval officer rank . Spain . " Alférez " is the lowest officer rank in Spain , immediately below lieutenant . Frigate " alférez " is the lowest naval officer rank . Dominican Republic . " Alférez " is used in the Dominican Navy , with frigate " alférez " ( second lieutenant ) and ship " alférez " ( first lieutenant ) being the lowest naval officer ranks .
Battle Studies Battle Studies is a book by Ardant du Picq , a colonel in the French Army who was killed in 1870 in the Franco - Prussian War . The work was never completed , but Du Picq had written many chapters completely and left sufficient notes behind to complete the book . Themes of the book . The theme of the book , according to Marshal of France Ferdinand Foch , is that " moral force " is the most powerful element in the strength of armies and the preponderating influence in the outcome of battles . In general form , he states : The goal of the army . Combat is the object , the cause of being , and the supreme manifestation of an army . Every measure that does not keep combat as the object of the army is fatal . All the resources accumulated in time of peace , all the training , and all the strategic calculations must have the goal of combat . Man in combat . Du Picq ' s work attempts to deal with the principles of warfare as an empirical study , based on case studies of battles . " Battle Studies " became a key textbook in the French Army ' s École de Guerre in the years leading to World War I .
USS Yuma ( YTM - 748 ) The third USS " Yuma " ( YTM - 748 ) was a medium harbor tug that served in the United States Navy from 1964 to 1976 . " Yuma " was built at San Diego , California , by National Steel and Shipbuilding Company ( NASSCO ) , for the United States Army , which took delivery of her in 1954 , and designated her " large tug " " LT - 2078 " . The U . S . Navy acquired " LT - 2078 " from the Army in September 1964 . The Navy classified her as a medium harbor tug , designated her YTM - 748 , and commissioned her as USS " Yuma " . " Yuma " was assigned to the 12th Naval District and served as a harbor tug at San Francisco , California , until placed out of service in August 1976 . She was then assigned to the Pacific Reserve Fleet and berthed at Bremerton , Washington . She was sold for scrapping on 17 March 1987 . Shipbuildinghistory . com : National Steel and Shipbuilding Company ( NASSCO ) , San Diego CA claims that " Yuma " " later " served under the name " Delaware " and " now ' is named " Mobile Point " , but no information is available with which to explain at what point in her life and under what circumstances this happened , or to explain the discrepancy between this assertion and the Naval Vessel Register report that the tug was sold for scrapping in 1987 . She may have been sold for scrapping , but then retained in commercial service instead of being scrapped . Resolution of this issue awaits further research .
Goodyear GA - 400R Gizmo Goodyear developed the GA - 400R Gizmo for one man helicopter duties such as liaison and observation . Development . Goodyear started developing light helicopters in 1954 . The GA - 400R was the third in the series . The helicopter was not put into production . Design . The one man helicopter was designed to be light weight and simple . The airframe is made of welded aluminum tubing . The rotor blades have wooden cores with fiberglass surfaces . The engine is a Johnson outboard marine engine . The transmission used rubber belts . The Gizmo has demonstrated low autorotation sink rates of 1200 ft / min . Operational history . First test flights were performed at Akron , Ohio in 1954 . The GA - 400R was tested by the United States Navy in 1957 at Patuxent River Naval Air Base in Maryland . In 1966 , Goodyear donated the prototype to the EAA Airventure Museum in Oshkosh , Wisconsin .