naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Department of Defense Medal for Distinguished Public Service The Department of Defense Medal for Distinguished Public Service is the highest award that is presented by the Secretary of Defense , to a private citizen , politician , non - career Federal employee , or foreign national . It is presented for exceptionally distinguished service of significance to the Department of Defense as a whole , or a DoD Component or function , where recognition at the component level would not be sufficient for the service rendered . Eligibility . To be eligible for consideration the individual must have rendered exceptionally distinguished service of significance to the Department of Defense as a whole . Recognition may also be given for distinguished service of such exceptional significance to a Department of Defense Component or Function that recognition at the Component level would be insufficient . The service or assistance may have been rendered at considerable personal sacrifice and inconvenience and should be motivated by patriotism , good citizenship , and a sense of public responsibility . Normally , it is required that nominees have a direct working relationship with the most senior officials in the Federal government , e . g . , Secretary of Defense , Deputy Secretary of Defense , Chairman , Joint Chiefs of Staff , Secretary of State . An individual may receive this award more than once with subsequent awards consisting of a bronze , silver , or gold palm , respectively . Description . The award consists of a gold medal , a miniature medal , a rosette , and a citation signed by the Secretary of Defense . The obverse of the medal depicts an eagle facing to the right clutching three arrows , below the eagle is a half laurel wreath . Above the eagle are thirteen stars with rays between the stars . This imagery is identical to the seal of the Department of Defense . The reverse contains the inscription " TO . . . FOR DISTINGUISHED PUBLIC SERVICE TO THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE " . The edge of the medallion is surrounded by a laurel wreath on both the obverse and reverse . The medal is suspended from ribbon containing one central strip in maroon , with a white stripe on each side separating it from two blue stripes , with a thin white stripe at each edge .
Battle of Stalingrad The Battle of Stalingrad was a major battle of World War 2 in which Nazi Germany and its allies fought the Soviet Union for control of the city of Stalingrad in southwestern Russia . The battle took place between 23 August 1942 and 2 February 1943 . It was among the largest on the Eastern Front and was marked by its brutality and disregard for military and civilian casualties . It was amongst the bloodiest battles in the history of warfare with the higher estimates of combined casualties amounting to nearly two million . In its defeat , the crippling losses suffered by Germany ' s military proved to be insurmountable for the war . The battle was a turning point in the war after which the German forces attained no further strategic victories in the East . The German offensive to capture Stalingrad commenced in late summer 1942 , supported by intensive " Luftwaffe " bombing which reduced much of the city to rubble . The German offensive eventually became bogged down in house - to - house fighting ; and despite controlling over 90 % of the city at times , the " Wehrmacht " was unable to dislodge the last Soviet defenders clinging tenaciously to the west bank of the Volga River . In November 1942 , the Red Army launched Operation Uranus ; a two - pronged attack , targeted at the inferior Romanian and Italian forces which were protecting the German 6th Army flanks . The success of these attacks caused the weakly held flanks to collapse and the 6th Army to be cut off and surrounded inside Stalingrad . As the Russian winter set in , the 6th Army weakened rapidly from cold , starvation and ongoing Soviet attacks . Command ambiguity coupled with Adolf Hitler ' s resolute belief in the " power of the will " and the value of " standing fast " further compounded the German predicament . Eventually , the failure to break the encirclement by relieving German forces , coupled with the failure of re - supply by air , caused the final collapse . By early February 1943 , German resistance in Stalingrad had ceased and the remaining elements of the surrounded 6th Army had either surrendered or had been destroyed .
Avraami Zavenyagin Lieutenant - General Avraami Pavlovich Zavenyagin ( 1 May 1901 , Uzlovaya - 31 December 1956 ; his first name is also sometimes given as Avram or Abraham ) was a leading figure in the Soviet nuclear projects of the 1940s and 1950s . A protégé of Lavrenti Beria , Zavenyagin survived the purge after the death of Joseph Stalin because of a long friendship with Nikita Khrushchev which dated back to the 1920s . He died of a heart attack .
Bennington Battle Monument The Bennington Battle Monument is a 301 or 306 ft ( 93 m ) stone obelisk located at 15 Monument Circle , in Bennington , Vermont . The monument commemorates the Battle of Bennington during the Revolutionary War . In that battle , on August 17 , 1777 , Brigadier General John Stark and 1 , 400 New Hampshire men , aided by Colonels Warner and Herrick of Vermont , Simonds of Massachusetts , and Moses Nichols of New Hampshire , defeated two detachments of General Burgoyne ' s British army , who were apparently seeking to capture a store of weapons and food maintained where the monument now stands . While the battle is termed the Battle of Bennington , it actually occurred about away , in New York ; the Bennington Battlefield , a U . S . National Historic Landmark is entirely within New York State . In 1877 a local historical society began to plan a monument for the battle ' s centenary , and considered many designs . One which called for a slender stone column only tall was showcased during the battle ' s centennial celebration , which was attended by President Rutherford B . Hayes . The committee eventually accepted J . Phillip Rinn ' s design with some changes . The monument ' s cornerstone was laid in 1887 , and it was completed in November 1889 at a total cost of $ 112 , 000 ( including the site ) . It is constructed of Sandy Hill Dolomite from present day Hudson Falls , New York , a blue - gray magnesian limestone containing numerous fossils . Dedication ceremonies were delayed until 1891 , when President Benjamin Harrison attended the ceremonies and held a reception at the nearby Walloomsac Inn . Today the Bennington Battle Monument is a Vermont State Historic Site . From its observatory level at , which can be reached by elevator ( but not the stairs , which are closed ) , one can see Vermont , New York , and Massachusetts . A kettle captured from General Burgoyne ' s camp at Saratoga is visible in the monument along with a diorama of the second engagement , and information on how the monument was built . Statues of John Stark ( " Live free or die " ) , Seth Warner , and other notables ornament the grounds . The monument , while from the relevant battlefield , is located very close to what was once the site of the Catamount Tavern , where Ethan Allen and the Green Mountain Boys planned their attack on Fort Ticonderoga in 1775 .
1st Maintenance Battalion The 1st Maintenance Battalion is a battalion of the United States Marine Corps that provide intermediate - level maintenance for the I Marine Expeditionary Force ’ s tactical ordnance , engineer , motor transport , communications electronics and general support ground equipment . The Marines and Sailors of 1st Maintenance Battalion are regularly assigned and deployed around the world with task - organized logistics command elements that deliver responsive , exceptional tactical logistics support to I MEF units . The command is based out of Las Pulgas , Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton , California and is organized under the command of Combat Logistics Regiment 15 within 1st Marine Logistics Group . Mission . Provide intermediate - level maintenance support , to include wheeled and tracked vehicle recovery , salvage and disposal , and general maintenance support , for I MEF ’ s ground equipment in order to improve and sustain MAGTF ’ s combat power . Provide Secondary Reparable Management , including inventory management , storage , financial accounting , and maintenance for secondary and low - density repairables .
16th Alpini Regiment The 16th Alpini Regiment ( ) was a short lived ( 1991 - 2004 ) light Infantry training regiment of the Italian Army , specializing in Mountain Combat . The Alpini are a mountain infantry corps of the Italian Army , that distinguished itself in combat during World War I and World War II . The regiment was based in the city of Belluno and consisted of the single Belluno battalion . The main task of the regiment was the training of the recruits for the Alpini regiments based in the Veneto and Friuli - Venezia Giulia regions of northern Italy . First subordinated to the Alpine Brigade Cadore it passed to the Alpine Brigade Julia after Cadore was dissolved in 1997 . Soon afterwards Julia ceded the regiment to the Alpini Corps Command . With the suspension of compulsory military service in Italy the regiment was dissolved on November 30 , 2004 . During its short existence the regiment trained approximately 85 . 000 soldiers .
Emilio Kosterlitzky Emilio Kosterlitzky ( 1853 – 1928 ) was a Russia n - born polyglot linguist and soldier of fortune who eventually became a spy for the United States . Biography . Emil Kosterlitzky was born on November 16 , 1853 in Moscow , to a German mother and Russian Cossack father . He was noted for his language ability ; he spoke English , French , Spanish , German , Russian , Italian , Polish , Danish and Swedish . In his teens , Emil joined the Russian Navy as a midshipman . By 1871 , at the age of 18 , he deserted his ship in Venezuela . Kosterlitzky then traveled to the Mexican state of Sonora , where he changed his name to " Emilio " and joined the Mexican Army . During the 1880s he fought in the Mexican Apache Wars . He also assisted American troops pursuing Apaches across the border under the 1882 United States – Mexico reciprocal border crossing treaty . Kosterlitzky became known to the American troops , who called him the " " Mexican Cossack " " . In 1885 , Kosterlitzky was appointed commander of the " Gendarmería Fiscal " , the customs guard for the Mexican government , by President Porfirio Díaz . In 1913 , Kosterlitzky was captured in Nogales , Sonora , by revolutionaries during the Mexican Revolution . He was jailed until 1914 , when he , his wife , Francesca , and two daughters moved to Los Angeles , California , in the United States , where he became a translator for the U . S . Postal Service . During World War I , he pretended to be a German physician . He returned to Mexico in 1927 , to investigate a plot against the government of the state of Baja California . Kosterlitzky died in Los Angeles on March 2 , 1928 , and is buried in Calvary Cemetery in East Los Angeles .
Fort Rouillé Fort Rouillé or Fort Toronto was a French trading post located in Toronto , Ontario , Canada , that was established around 1750 but abandoned in 1759 . The fort site is now part of the public lands of Exhibition Place . It is also the name of a street , located approximately north of the fort site , running south from Springhurst Avenue to the railway tracks . The fort was built by missionary Father François Xavier Dufaux . It was one of three French fortifications in Toronto . The others were : History . Its construction was ordered by the Marquis de la Jonquière , then governor of New France , in order to further establish a French presence in the area , and to intercept the trade of Indians travelling towards a British fur - trading post in present - day Oswego . It was a small palisaded fort with a bastion at each of its four corners , and containing five main buildings : a " corps de garde " , storeroom , barracks , blacksmithy , and a building for the officers . A drawing purported to date from 1749 shows the fort adjacent to Lake Ontario , whereas today it is situated on top of a small hill a hundred metres or so from the lake ' s current shoreline . The fort was abandoned and burned by the French garrison in July 1759 , who were recalled to reinforce Quebec City from the invading British forces . Vestiges of the fort remained for many years afterwards , but the site was graded over and sodded in preparation for the establishment of the nearby Scadding Cabin in 1879 . The fort was named for Antoine Louis Rouillé , " comte " de Jouy and French Minister of Marine and Colonies . Structure . A wall surrounded the fort with an entrance to the south facing Lake Ontario and a small road ( " chemin " ) . The 180 ft x 180 ft fort consisted of five buildings : Fort Rouillé Monument . Today , a large obelisk marks the spot where the original French - built Fort Rouillé was erected . The grounds were excavated in 1979 and 1980 by the Toronto Historical Board , and again in 1982 by the Youth Committee of the Toronto Sesquicentennial Board . The outline of the original fort has been marked out in concrete around the obelisk . Two commemorative plaques – one in English , and one in French – are attached to the base of the obelisk , placed there by the Ontario Heritage Foundation . To the north a third plaque commemorates the excavation done on the site , and to the west a fourth plaque commemorates a visit to the site by Bertrand Delanoë , mayor of Paris , on September 6 , 2003 . A concrete outline of the original fort is marked on the ground and is visible here . The obelisk is flanked by a cannon and a mortar , dating from the 1850s . Perhaps ironically , they are all British . A second cannon , present on the west side of the obelisk as recently as 2005 , has since been removed . Plaque . The English - language plaque erected by the Ontario Heritage Foundation in 1957 at the Fort Rouillé monument reads :
Niki - class destroyer The " Niki " class of destroyer s were ordered by the Royal Hellenic Navy before World War I when the Greek government embarked on a naval buildup after losing the Greco - Turkish War of 1897 . These four ships were ordered from Germany in 1905 and were built in the Vulcan shipyard at Stettin . During World War I , these ships were seized by the French Navy when Greece did not enter the war on the side of the allies , and were returned to the Hellenic Royal Navy in 1917 when Greece declared war . The class consisted of four destroyers : " Niki " , " Aspis " , " Doxa " and " Velos " .
USS Avocet ( AMCU - 16 ) USS " LCI ( L ) - 653 " was an built for the United States Navy during World War II . Decommissioned after the war , she was reactivated in 1953 as minehunter USS " Avocet " ( AMCU - 16 ) . She was named for the avocet , a long - legged , web - footed shore bird possessing a slender , up - curved bill , found in western and southern states . She was sold in 1960 and her ultimate fate is unknown . Operational history . " Avocet " was laid down as " LCI ( L ) - 653 " on 14 June 1944 at Barber , New Jersey , by the New Jersey Shipbuilding Corp . ; launched on 14 July 1944 ; and commissioned on 21 July 1944 . World War II Pacific operations . Assigned to the Pacific during the last year of World War II , " LCI ( L ) - 653 " served in the Philippines in the spring of 1945 . She participated in the occupation of many of the smaller islands around Mindanao and of those that comprise the Sulu Archipelago . Post - War operations . After the war , the ship returned to the United States and was placed out of commission , in reserve , on 6 June 1946 . On 7 March 1952 , " LCI ( L ) - 653 " was reclassified as a minehunter and was named " Avocet " ( AMCU - 16 ) . Her conversion began on 1 July 1953 at the Puget Sound Naval Shipyard , and she was recommissioned there on 9 December 1953 , Lt . James E . McMullen in command . Minesweeping operations . However , her return to active duty proved brief . For less than 15 months , " Avocet " operated out of San Diego conducting experiments for the Naval Electronics Laboratory . She also served as a sonar training ship and participated in mine hunting exercises . On 23 February 1955 , she arrived in San Francisco where she began preparations for inactivation . While undergoing inactivation overhaul , she was reclassified as a coastal mine - hunter with the designation MHC - 16 . " Avocet " was towed to Stockton , California , on 5 May 1955 and was decommissioned there on 20 May 1955 . Her disposal was approved on 21 December 1959 , and her name was struck from the Navy list on 1 January 1960 . Awards . " Avocet " earned one battle star during World War II as " LCI ( L ) - 653 " .
Vahram Pahlavouni Vahram Pahlavouni ( 967 – 1045 ) was an Armenian army commander ( sparapet ) and Prince of Bjni and Nik in Bagratuni Armenia . He was the head of the noble family of Pahlavouni , who held the hereditary title of sparapet in the Bagratuni kingdom of Ani . In 1041 Vahram Pahlavouni prepared the coronation of the successor to Smbat III , the king ’ s nephew Gagik II who at that time was only fourteen years old . The Byzantine emperor , was aiming to take control of Ani and its surroundings and annex them to the Empire . To that end , he began supporting the rebel Vest Sarkis , an Armenian pro - Byzantine prince and adviser of king Smbat III , who took over the city of Ani with the intention of handing it over . The princes and nobles that remained loyal to the Bagratuni dynasty , rallied around Vahram Pahlavouni and resisted three assaults of the Byzantine Army over the Kingdom of Ani , compelling the imperial forces to retreat . The Byzantines then sent a very large army through the southern part of Bagratuni Armenia and at the same time convinced the king of Caucasian Albania to attack Armenia from the east . During a fierce battle that was fought in 1042 under the walls of the capital city of Ani , general Vahram Pahlavuni heavily defeated the Byzantine army , killing at least 20 , 000 men . This victory allowed Vahram Pahlavuni along with Catholicos Petros Guedadarts to crown Gagik II as king of Armenia and subsequently take the fortress of Ani , which was in the hands of Vest Sarkis . The latter ran to the fortress of St . Mary and was eventually captured . After these victories , Vahram and the new Armenian king defeated an army of the Seljuk Turks and the security of the kingdom was temporarily restored . Nevertheless , Byzantine diplomacy , the treachery of Catholicos Petros and the young king ' s political mistakes led to the occupation of Ani by Byzantine troops in 1045 . After this tragic event , Armenian statehood in Greater Armenia continued for a few more decades through the Armenian Kingdoms of Kars , Siunik and Lori , the former vassals of the Kingdom of Ani . Vahram ' s military talent and heroic contributions were sung in Armenian literature and popular songs . Vahram built the Marmashen fortress and Marmashen monastery where he was probably buried as well .
Roger Williams ( soldier ) Sir Roger Williams ( 1539 / 1540 - 12 December 1595 ) was a Protestant Welsh soldier of fortune . Born in Penrhos , Monmouthshire , Williams was said by Anthony Wood to have attended Brasenose College , Oxford . He spent most of his life soldiering , mainly on the continent . He was in the Netherlands fighting on behalf of William the Silent , Prince of Orange , when the latter was assassinated , and helped capture the assassin , Balthasar Gérard . Williams was recognised as an expert on military matters by his contemporaries , and wrote " A brief discourse of war " ( 1590 ) . In 1585 he was sent to the Low Countries with an army under the Earl of Leicester ' s command , to confront the Spanish forces under the Duke of Parma . Though the campaign was not a success , Leicester wrote : " Roger Williams is worth his weight in gold , for he is noe more valiant than he is wise " and he was duly knighted after the Battle of Zutphen in 1586 by Leicester . Williams accompanied Sir Francis Drake to Portugal , and later fought on behalf of the French Huguenots . In 1587 , Williams and his regiment were in Sluys ( Sluis ) when the Duke of Parma laid siege to the town . After a heroic defence , marked by acts of heroism and genius on both sides , the English and Dutch defenders were forced to surrender on 4 August . Parma gave generous terms ; the garrison marched out with all their banners and baggage and all the honours of war . Parma sought Williams out and offered him a command where he would not have to fight either his fellow - countrymen or his co - religionists . Williams replied politely that if he ever fought in the service of any other than his queen , Elizabeth , it would be in the service " of that hero of the Protestant cause , King Henry of Navarre . " He went on to serve Henry during the late 1580s and 1590s . He also fought for the Protestant Elector of Cologne , Gebhard Truchsess von Waldburg , and fought with the Dutch soldier of fortune , Martin Schenck von Nydeggen in Westphalia .
Battle of Ambur The Battle of Ambur ( 3 August 1749 ) was the first major battle of the Second Carnatic War . It marked the end of Mughal centralized power and the initiation of European influenced powers . The battle was initiated by Muzaffar Jung and supported by Joseph François Dupleix and led by Chanda Sahib , who sought to overthrow Anwaruddin Muhammed Khan , the Nawab of the Carnatic , for supporting Nasir Jung ' s claim to be Nizam of Hyderabad . French forces were decisive in giving the allies victory ; Anwaruddin Muhammed Khan was killed in the battle and Chanda Sahib seized control of the Carnatic . Background . Since the beginning of the Second Carnatic War Anwaruddin Muhammed Khan , the Nawab of the Carnatic , had warned the Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah of an irreversible power struggle in the Carnatic and how he wanted his interests to be legitimized by Nizam - ul - Mulk , the Nizam of Hyderabad who had nominated him in the first place . Nizam - ul - Mulk died in 1748 and was succeeded as Nizam by his grandson Muzaffar Jung . This decision was confirmed by the Mughal Emperor Ahmad Shah Bahadur but rejected by Nasir Jung , Nizam - ul - Mulk ' s son , who captured the city of Hyderabad after a coup . Muzaffar Jung fled Hyderabad and tried to gain new allies . He received the support of the French Governor - General Joseph François Dupleix , who helped release Chanda Sahib the son - in - law of Dost Ali Khan , who was imprisoned after being overrun by the Marathas and after his father - in - law was killed in the fray . Chanda Sahib sought the investiture of the Mughal Emperor Ahmad Shah Bahadur by declaring himself " Nawab of Tinnevelly " and gathered his own army of 3500 men and even received 400 French infantry from Dupleix . Because Muzaffar Jung was the chosen successor of Nizam - ul - Mulk his loyalists exceed 30 , 000 . Together they marched towards Arcot , the capital of the Carnatic and sought to eliminate Anwaruddin Muhammed Khan , who supported Nasir Jung ' s claim to the Hyderabadi throne . Instead of entrenching himself in Arcot , Anwaruddin Muhammed Khan decided to advance towards the allied forces with his own 20 , 000 battle - strong army . Battle . On 3 August 1749 , the allied forces of Dupleix , Chanda Sahib and Muzaffar Jung met those of Anwaruddin Muhammed Khan at Ambur . Anwaruddin Muhammed Khan ' s forces managed to create a formidable stance by gathering around their howdah s despite being outnumbered 3 to 1 , but it was the disciplined French infantry forces led by De Bussy that completely reversed the course of the battle against Khan . Anwaruddin Muhammed Khan was shot and killed in a fierce confrontation while commanding his forces from a howdah . The next day Muzaffar Jang and Chanda Sahib victoriously entered Arcot and Chanda Sahib became the next Nawab of the Carnatic . Anwaruddin Muhammed Khan ' s son , Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah , fled south to Trichinopoly , where he hid and sought the assistance of the British . Aftermath . The Battle of Ambur convincingly demonstrated the superiority of European arms and methods of discipline and infantry warfare .