naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Cannon fodder Cannon fodder is an informal , derogatory term for military personnel who are regarded or treated as expendable in the face of enemy fire . The term is generally used in situations where soldiers are forced to deliberately fight against hopeless odds ( with the foreknowledge that they will suffer extremely high casualties ) in an effort to achieve a strategic goal . An example is the trench warfare in World War I . The term may also be used ( somewhat pejoratively ) to differentiate infantry from other forces ( such as artillery , air force or the navy ) , or to distinguish expendable low - grade or inexperienced soldiers from supposedly more - valuable veterans . The term derives from fodder , as food for livestock . Soldiers are the metaphorical food for enemy cannon fire . Origins of the term . The concept of soldiers as fodder , as nothing more than " food " to be consumed by battle , dates back to at least the sixteenth century . For example , in William Shakespeare ' s play " Henry IV , Part 1 " there is a scene where Prince Henry ridicules John Falstaff ' s pitiful group of soldiers . Falstaff replies to Prince Henry with cynical references to gunpowder and tossing bodies into mass grave pits , saying that his men are " " good enough to toss ; food for powder , food for powder ; they ' ll fill a pit as well as better [ men ] . . . " " The supposedly first attested use of the expression " cannon fodder " belongs to a French writer , François - René de Chateaubriand . In his anti - Napoleonic pamphlet " De Buonaparte et des Bourbons " , published in 1814 , he criticized the cynical attitude towards recruits that prevailed in the end of Napoleon ' s reign : " " On en était venu à ce point de mépris pour la vie des hommes et pour la France , d ' appeler les conscrits la matière première et la chair à canon " " — " " the contempt for the lives of men and for France herself has come to the point of calling the conscripts ' the raw material ' and ' the cannon fodder " ' . " Human wave attacks . Cannon fodder infantry are the core participants in human wave attack s , where massive waves of poorly armed , poorly trained , and ill - equipped soldiers are sent in a charging attack designed to overwhelm defenders with numbers rather than superior strategy , movement , or technology . These attacks are popular among militaries which possess very large numbers of conscript soldiers , but lack the means or funding to train or arm them to the same standard as their enemy .
2nd Alpine Signal Regiment The 2nd Alpine Signal Regiment ( ) is a Signals regiment of the Italian Army , specializing in Mountain Combat . It is based in the city of Bolzano and consists of the Gardena and Pordoi battalions . The Alpini are a mountain infantry corps of the Italian Army , that distinguished itself in combat during World War I and World War II .
SS Empire Cymric Empire Cymric was a 4 , 820 GRT Ferry that was built in 1944 by Harland & Wolff Ltd , Belfast as LST ( 3 ) HMS " LST 3010 for the Royal Navy . She was transferred to the Koninklijke Marine in 1945 , serving as HNLMS " LST 3010 . In 1947 , she was transferred back to the Royal Navy and renamed HMS " Attacker . The ship was requisitioned by the Ministry of Transport in 1954 and renamed " Empire Cymric " . Requisitioned briefly during the Suez Crisis in 1956 as HMS " Empire Cymric , she served until 1962 , and was scrapped in 1963 . Description . The ship was built in 1944 by Harland & Wolff Ltd , Belfast . The ship was long , with a beam of . She had a draught of . She was assessed at 4 , 820 GRT , The ship was propelled by a 5 , 500 ihp triple expansion steam engine which was supplied by two 3 - drum boilers . It drove twin screw propellers and could propel the ship at . In Royal Navy service , armament was 8 x 20mm AA guns . History . " LST 3010 " was launched on 30 September 1944 . She was commissioned into the Royal Navy on 5 April 1945 . " LST 3010 " was transferred to the Koninklijke Marine in 1945 . In February and March 1946 , " LST 3010 " was in service in Java , Dutch East Indies , where a war of independence was taking place . In 1947 , she was returned to the Royal Navy and was renamed " Attacker " . She was chartered by the Ministry of Transport and converted to a ferry . In 1955 , she was sold to the Atlantic Steam Navigation Company and renamed " Empire Cymric " . Operated on the Preston , Lancashire - Belfast , Northern Ireland route , " Empire Cymric " was requisitioned by the Royal Navy ofr use during the Suez Crisis . She was escorted from Malta to Port Said , Egypt by , which escorted her back to Malta after the crisis was over . She served until 1963 , arriving on 1 October at Faslane , Dunbartonshire for scrapping .
Gabriele de Paolis General Gabriele Aimone Lanza de Paolis , Baron of Castrignano ( 7 March 1924 - 4 November 1984 ) was an Italian officer . De Paolis was born at Benghazi in Italian Libya . After graduating in Italian Royal Military academy in the 1950 he became deputy general of NATO in the 1978 . He died at Lecce , Italy .
Julius Ochs Adler Julius Ochs Adler ( December 3 , 1892 – October 3 , 1955 ) was an American publisher , journalist , and highly decorated United States Army officer with the rank of Major general . Biography . Adler was born on December 3 , 1892 , in Chattanooga , Tennessee , the son of Harry Clay Adler and Ada Ochs . After graduating from Princeton University in 1914 he was employed by " The New York Times " . He was commissioned as a second lieutenant in April 1917 , was promoted to captain in August 1917 , and served as a Company Commander ( " Company H " ) in the 306th Infantry Regiment , 77th Division , on the Western Front , seeing action in the Lorraine , Aisne - Marne , Vesle and Meuse - Argonne offensives . Adler , by then a major , was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross after an action at St . Juvin , on 14 October 1918 . Adler returned to " The New York Times " in May 1919 , served as vice president and treasurer , becoming general manager in 1935 after the death of his uncle , Adolph Ochs . Having received promotions to lieutenant colonel in 1923 and to colonel in 1930 in the Army Reserve , Adler was reactivated in October 1940 to serve as the commander of the 113th Infantry Regiment , 44th Division , at Fort Dix , New Jersey . Promoted to brigadier general in July 1941 , from September 1941 he was Assistant Divisional Commander , 6th Infantry Division . Adler was relieved from duty on 17 November 1944 because of illness . He served as Commanding General of the 77th Division ( Army Reserve ) from November 1946 into 1948 , receiving promotion to major general on 24 January 1948 , and was President of the Senior Army Reserve Commanders Association , 1949 - 1951 . Adler was the president and publisher of " The Chattanooga Times " , and general manager of " The New York Times " until his death on October 3 , 1955 . He is buried in Arlington National Cemetery , in section 2 , site 4957 - A , map O , grid W 32 . 5 . Personal life . Adler married to Barbara Stettheimer in 1922 . They had two daughters and a son . Adler was a Freemason . He was a member of Justice Lodge No 753 of the 6th Manhattan Masonic District in New York City . Awards and decorations . During World War I Adler was awarded : Distinguished Service Cross citation . The President of the United States of America , authorized by Act of Congress , July 9 , 1918 , takes pleasure in presenting the Distinguished Service Cross to Major ( Infantry ) Julius O . Adler , United States Army , for extraordinary heroism in action while serving with 306th Infantry Regiment , 77th Division , A . E . F . , at St . Juvin , France , 14 October 1918 . Accompanied by another officer , Major Adler was supervising the work of clearing the enemy from St . Juvin where they suddenly came upon a party of the enemy numbering 150 . Firing on the enemy with his pistol , Major Adler ran toward the party , calling on them to surrender . His bravery and good marksmanship resulted in the capture of 50 Germans , and the remainder fled .
Operation Support Operation SUPPORT is the name given to Canadian Forces activities directly after the terrorist attacks of September 11 , 2001 . The CF had two immediate goals : to provide support for stranded aircrew and passengers from diverted commercial flights , and to increase emergency preparedness . Transport Canada called their operation Yellow Ribbon . Stranded travellers were received at several CF bases and stations , including Goose Bay , Gander and Stephenville , Newfoundland and Labrador , and Halifax , Shearwater and Aldershot , Nova Scotia . Also , CF units in the Atlantic region provided thousands of beds and ration packs ; nine CF transport aircraft delivered about 8 , 800 cot s , 8 , 300 blankets and 55 support personnel to places where commercial flights had been diverted . CF aircraft also transported Canada Customs and Revenue Agency officials to those locations so stranded travellers could clear Customs and enter Canada — many of them to accept the hospitality of the communities in which they found themselves . Several steps were taken to increase emergency preparedness . Additional CF - 18 fighters were assigned to NORAD . The Disaster Assistance Response Team ( DART ) was placed on stand - by at 8 Wing Trenton , Ontario . Also , HMC Ships " Preserver " , " Iroquois " and " Ville de Québec " were put in a higher state of readiness in case they were required to go to a U . S . port to provide humanitarian assistance .
Sri Lankan military academies The Sri Lankan military academies are military academies for the training and tertiary education of commissioned officer s for the Sri Lankan armed forces . Nature of the service academies . Since the minimum prerequisite to a commissioned officer in the Sri Lankan armed forces is passing the G . C . E advance level examination , most of the cadet officer s who join the regular armed forces do so soon after leaving school , without entering university . Due to this a limited number of cadet officers of the regular armed forces are accepted into the General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University to undergo both basic training and academic studies leading up to an undergraduate degree . Vast majority of regular and all of the volunteer ( reservist ) cadet officers of the Army , Navy and the Air Force receive their basic training at their respective military academies . There they have the option of following undergraduate degree at some state universities .
Fort Zeelandia ( Guyana ) Fort Zeelandia is located on Fort Island , a fluvial island of the Essequibo River delta in the Essequibo Islands - West Demerara region of Guyana . Not to be confused with Fort Zeelandia in Paramaribo , Suriname , the current brick fort was built in 1743 for the Essequibo colony , replacing an earlier wooden fort built in 1726 , and is among the oldest structures in Guyana . The fort replaced Fort Kyk - Over - Al as the capital of Essequibo in 1739 . Description . The small fort is a 15 x 20 m structure surrounded by four ramparts at each corner . Constructed during the Dutch possession of the region , the fort was a vital defensive fortification strategically located at the mouth of the Essequibo River . History . From the beginning of the 18th century , the commanders of Essequibo recommended that the location of the colony ' s administrative centre be removed as a result of the relocation of the Dutch settlers on the fertile banks of the Essequibo River . In 1726 , it was resolved that a fort should be constructed to protect the planters and the interest of the Dutch West India Company ( DWIC ) . In 1726 , Leslorant , an engineer was sent from the Netherlands to construct a horn work with wooden redoubt and a strong palisade of the northern point of Vlaggeneiland ( Flag Island ) . In August 1738 , Laurens Storms van Gravesande , the Secretary to Commander Gleskerk , inspected the fort and reported that the structure was falling to pieces . He recommended to the Directors of the Netherlands that a new fort of brick be built to defend the interest of the DWIC . Construction of the fort commenced in 1740 and with the labour of enslaved Africans the structure was completed in 1743 . Brick was baked on the spot and mortar and trass were imported from Barbados and the Netherlands . The entire complex was however completed in 1749 as construction was delayed as a result of the shortage of building materials and labour . The completed structure was then christened Fort Zeelandia after the County of Zeeland in the Netherlands , from which many of the original settlers had originated . The Lozenge shaped design of the fort , submitted by Gravesande , is similar to other forts constructed in West Africa during that period . Fort Zeelandia consisted of a redoubt of fifty square feet , with walls thick enough to endure the heaviest ordnance . There were two stories ; the lower served as a warehouse for provisions and a safe powder house whilst the upper floor housed the soldiers , with a room for the non commissioned officers . 20 portholes , consisting of two and three pounders were found on each storey . World Heritage status . This site , along with the Court of Policy Building , was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Site Tentative List on November 15 , 1995 in the Cultural category . References . Fort Zeelandia ( including Court of Policy Building ) - UNESCO World Heritage Centre Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 04 .
James E . Flynn James Edward Flynn ( 1842 – 1913 ) was a Union Army soldier during the American Civil War . He received the Medal of Honor for gallantry during the Siege of Vicksburg on May 22 , 1863 . Union assault . On May 22 , 1863 , General Ulysses S . Grant ordered an assault on the Confederate heights at Vicksburg , Mississippi . The plan called for a storming party of volunteers to build a bridge across a moat and plant scaling ladders against the enemy embankment in advance of the main attack . The volunteers knew the odds were against survival and the mission was called , in nineteenth century vernacular , a " forlorn hope " . Only single men were accepted as volunteers and even then , twice as many men as needed came forward and were turned away . The assault began in the early morning following a naval bombardment . The Union soldiers came under enemy fire immediately and were pinned down in the ditch they were to cross . Despite repeated attacks by the main Union body , the men of the forlorn hope were unable to retreat until nightfall . Of the 150 men in the storming party , nearly half were killed . Seventy - nine of the survivors were awarded the Medal of Honor . Medal of Honor citation . " For gallantry in the charge of the volunteer storming party on 22 May 1863 . "
INS Makar INS Makar is a catamaran hull hydrographic survey vessel of the Indian Navy . It is the first vessel of her class and was built indigenously in India by Alcock Ashdown Limited , Gujarat . History . Laid down in 2008 , she was launched two years later at Bhavnagar and was commissioned into the Navy at the Seabird Naval Base , Karwar in September 2012 by the then Flag Officer Commanding - in - Chief of the Western Naval Command , Vice Admiral Shekhar Sinha . She is named for the constellation of Capricorn . Role . The INS Makar is tasked with undertaking hydrographic surveys for producing navigational chart s and is capable of collecting marine environment al information by conducting limited oceanographic survey s . Equipment . Equipped with four engines and two bow thrusters , INS Makar has an Integrated Platform Management System that combines the vessel ' s power , navigation and propulsion system s . She also carries onboard survey motorboats , autonomous underwater vehicle s and remotely operated vehicle s for carrying out surveys . INS Makar is further fitted with a wide range of survey equipment that includes sounding systems , bottom profilers and an advanced electronic positioning system . Air conditioned data processing facilities are available on board the INS Makar ' s caravan .
Vickers Jockey The Vickers Type 151 Jockey was an experimental low - wing monoplane interceptor fighter powered by a radial engine . It was later modified into the Type 171 Jockey II which had a more powerful engine and detailed improvements . Only one was built , and this was lost before its development was complete , but the knowledge gained enabled Vickers to produce the more refined Venom . Development . In the late 1920s the idea of the interceptor fighter was forming . To deal with the faster and higher flying bombers , fighters had both to be fast at height and quick to get there . The Air Ministry was keen to determine the best aircraft configuration and sought , under Air Ministry specification F . 20 / 27 , manufacturers to build biplanes and both low - and high - wing monoplanes . Vickers were asked for a prototype low wing fighter , and this became ( somewhat unofficially ) called the " Jockey " , or sometimes the Jockey I . This name covered both Vickers Types 151 and 171 ; the Jockey II was an early name for the later Venom . The Type 151 Jockey was a compact and rather angular low cantilever wing monoplane , built using the Wibault - Vickers corrugated skinned all metal method as used , for example on the Vireo . The unstressed skin was riveted onto a largely duralumin structure , a few steel tubes forming highly stressed members . The parallel chord , square tipped wing used the thick , high lift RAF 34 cross section Vickers had employed previously on the Viastra . The tailplane was equally rectangular and the fin clipped . All control surfaces apart from the rudder were unbalanced . The pilot ' s open cockpit was at the highest part of the fuselage at mid - chord . The 480 hp ( 360 kW ) Bristol Mercury IIA 9 - cylinder radial was initially mounted without a cowling . A single axle undercarriage had legs attached to front and rear wing spars . The Jockey was taken to RAF Martlesham Heath for its first flight in April 1930 and subsequent testing . A rear fuselage vibration was at first thought to be aerodynamic but proved to be structural ; it was cured after Barnes Wallis redesigned the internal bracing . The rudder was modified , its balance removed and a trim tab installed . Spats were added to the undercarriage and a Townend ring enclosed the engine . The same aircraft was re - designated the Type 171 Jockey when the Mercury was replaced by a 530 hp ( 395 kW ) supercharged Bristol Jupiter VIIF . The intention to power the Jockey with a supercharged Mercury IVS2 was never realised after the sole Jockey was lost to a flat spin on 15 July 1932 , crashing at Woodbridge , Suffolk , pilot successfully bailing out at 5 , 000 feet . The results of the tests had been sufficiently good to encourage Vickers to refine its design into the Vickers Venom .
Highbury Hill , Clutton Highbury Hill in Clutton , Somerset , England is the site of the earthwork remains of an Iron Age univallate hillfort . It occupies an area of woodland at the end of a narrow ridge . It is a Scheduled Ancient Monument . The site lies in an area of woodland at the south eastern end of a narrow ridge with steep slopes around it . There is a outer bank which is long with a shallow wide ditch . Some Roman silver coins were found at the site in the late 18th century . Background . Hill forts developed in the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age , roughly the start of the first millennium BC . The reason for their emergence in Britain , and their purpose , has been a subject of debate . It has been argued that they could have been military sites constructed in response to invasion from continental Europe , sites built by invaders , or a military reaction to social tensions caused by an increasing population and consequent pressure on agriculture . The dominant view since the 1960s has been that the increasing use of iron led to social changes in Britain . Deposits of iron ore were located in different places to the tin and copper ore necessary to make bronze , and as a result trading patterns shifted and the old elites lost their economic and social status . Power passed into the hands of a new group of people . Archaeologist Barry Cunliffe believes that population increase still played a role and has stated " [ the forts ] provided defensive possibilities for the community at those times when the stress [ of an increasing population ] burst out into open warfare . But I wouldn ' t see them as having been built because there was a state of war . They would be functional as defensive strongholds when there were tensions and undoubtedly some of them were attacked and destroyed , but this was not the only , or even the most significant , factor in their construction " .
Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Gaetulicus Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Gaetulicus ( d . 39 ) was a Roman general and politician . He was involved in a plot against the emperor Caligula and was executed after its discovery . Biography . Gaetulicus was Consul in 26 AD . He later became Legate of Germania Superior , possibly in succession to his brother . He served there from 29 - 39 AD while his father - in - law governed Germania Inferior . He was well liked by his troops but his easy - going ways led to a relaxation of discipline , which left the province of Gaul open to invasions by Germanic tribes . Gaetulicus was an ally of the notorious prefect of the praetorian guard , Sejanus , and his daughter was betrothed to Sejanus ’ son . He survived Sejanus ’ fall in 31 by reputedly writing to the emperor Tiberius with subtle threats regarding his potential for power being in control of the largest legions . Gaetulicus sought to curry favour with Tiberius ’ successor Caligula , writing flattering comments about that emperor ’ s birth , perhaps in the hope of securing a command in the projected invasion of Britain . All the same he became involved in a murky conspiracy against Caligula in 39 , possible in league with Lepidus , the husband of Caligula ’ s late sister Drusilla and a close friend of the emperor . Caligula got wind of the plot and had Gaetulicus executed , probably in early October of that year . Gaetulicus ' writing is used as a source for Suetonius ' " Lives of Twelve Caesars " and Tacitus ' " Annals . " He is mentioned by name in Suetonius ' Life of Caligula ( Gaius ) 8 . Gaetulicus was a poet of some note . He wrote erotic verses that inspired Martial , who cited him as a precedent for the free use of language .
Tactical recognition flash A Tactical Recognition Flash ( TRF ) is a coloured patch worn on the arm of combat clothing by members of the Royal Navy , British Army and Royal Air Force as well as a number of other Commonwealth militaries to distinguish their Regiment or Corps in the absence of a cap badge . It is similar to but distinct from the DZ Flash es worn by members of Airborne Forces . The colours of the TRF are sometimes derived from the unit ' s stable belt . The Light Dragoons Flash here is often called the Balaklva Flash . It is actually a distinction that was awarded by the Colonel in chief Baden Powell . It is actually blue and white . TRFs should not be confused with formation signs or insignia , which are used to denote the formation ( usually brigade or division or a higher headquarters ) and are worn in addition to TRFs by a member of any regiment or corps serving in that formation . Naval Service . In 2007 , the Royal Navy introduced a new TRF for CS95 , which is the RN Corporate Logo , as found on the official RN website . This short lived idea was abolished in late 2008 by a decision of the Naval Service Clothing Committee , along with the large " Royal Navy " breast patch , and will be replaced in 2009 by a curved shoulder patch with the same wording .