naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
George C . Burling George Childs Burling ( February 17 , 1834 – December 24 , 1885 ) was a United States Union Army officer during the American Civil War , serving mostly as colonel and commander of the 6th New Jersey Volunteer Infantry . Burling was born in Burlington County , New Jersey , raised on his father ' s farm and educated at a private school in Norristown , Pennsylvania . He was a coal merchant and a militia officer before the war . Burling ' s militia company was mustered into the volunteer service for a three - month term in July 1861 , but it became company F of the 6th New Jersey with a three - year enlistment on September 9 , 1861 . Burling became the regiment ' s major on March 19 , 1862 and lieutenant colonel on May 7 of that year . Burling was wounded at the Second Battle of Bull Run in August 1862 . When Colonel Gershom Mott , commander of the 6th New Jersey , became a general , Burling was promoted to colonel . Burling commanded the regiment at the Battle of Chancellorsville , where he was wounded . His most notable service was as commander of his brigade ( once known as the " Second New Jersey Brigade " of III Corps ( ACW ) but reorganized to include troops from other states ) at the July 1863 Battle of Gettysburg , Pennsylvania . His brigade was in reserve at the beginning of the second day ' s fighting on the left flank of the Army of the Potomac , but regiments were moved about separately as higher commanders saw fit . One regiment , 6th New Jersey , fought near Devil ' s Den . 8th New Jersey and 115th Pennsylvania fought in the Wheatfield . 7th New Jersey and 2nd New Hampshire supported artillery deployed at the Peach Orchard . 5th New Jersey was on the Emmitsburg Road . The brigade entered the battle with an estimated 1 , 396 troops and lost , according to Burling , 513 officers and men . Burling resigned March 4 , 1864 because of ill health . He was awarded the brevet promotion to brigadier general , United States Volunteers on March 13 , 1865 , for " gallant and meritorious services in the Battle of Gettysburg , Pa . " Burling married in October 1862 . After the war , he and his wife lived on a farm outside Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . Burling was employed for a time by the Pennsylvania Railroad and died at his home in Philadelphia of pulmonary cancer two decades after the war ended . He is buried in Harleigh Cemetery , Camden , New Jersey , in the Trinity Section , Lot 118 . He is one of three Civil War Union Brevet Generals interred in the cemetery , along with Colonel William Joyce Sewell of the 5th New Jersey Volunteer Infantry and Colonel Timothy C . Moore of the 34th New Jersey Volunteer Infantry .
Manlio Brosio Manlio Giovanni Brosio ( July 10 , 1897 – March 14 , 1980 ) was an Italian lawyer , diplomat , politician and the fourth Secretary General of NATO between 1964 and 1971 . Brosio was born in Turin and studied law in the local university . During the World War I , he served in Alpine regiment as an artillery officer . After the war , he graduated and in 1920 he entered politics . Later his political activity was barred because of his opposition of Fascism . During World War II , after Allied invasion of Italy in 1943 ; Brosio went underground and later became a member of the National Liberation Committee . After the war he re - entered politics , and became a deputy prime minister and in 1945 , a minister of Defense . In January 1947 , Brosio became the Italian ambassador to Soviet Union and got involved with the peace treaty negotiations between the countries . In 1952 he became ambassador to the UK , to the USA in 1955 and from 1961 – 1964 to France . On May 12 , 1964 the NATO council chose Brosio to succeed Dirk Stikker as a secretary general . He resigned September 3 , 1971 . On September 29 , 1971 , U . S . President Richard Nixon awarded him the Presidential Medal of Freedom . Brosio died in Torino .
4th Fighter Squadron ( Commando ) The 4th Fighter Squadron ( Commando ) is an inactive United States Air Force unit . Its last assignment was with the 3d Air Commando Group , based at Chitose , Japan . It was inactivated on 25 March 1946 . History . Operational history . Combat in Southwest and Western Pacific , 8 January - 7 July 1945 .
Hilltop castle A hilltop castle is a type of hill castle that was built on the summit of a hill or mountain . The chief advantage of such a strategically selected site was its inaccessibility . The steep flanks of the hill made assaults on the castle difficult or , depending on the terrain , even impossible . In addition , it often commanded excellent fields of view and fire over the surrounding countryside . The sheer height of the castle above the local area could also protect the occupants of the castle from bombardment . In addition , the prominent location of such a castle enhanced its status as a residence . Nevertheless hilltop castles presented their logistic difficulties . Without sufficiently strong pumps , water supply could be problematic if there was no well in the vicinity . The transport of food , working animal s and other goods was also made more difficult by the location and the adverse weather usually found on hilltops made living conditions in such a castle less comfortable . Another problem was the isolation of such castles . The withdrawal of armed foot soldiers into the castle was hampered by the terrain ; all the more so for cavalry . Its control over the surrounding region was therefore not always adequate . The Cathars used a number of inaccessible hilltop castles as refuges , such as Château de Montségur which stands on the summit of a steep rocky mountain . Like other hill castles , hilltop castles lost their significance during the course of the Middle Ages . The rise of towns as economic and political centres reduced the value of such castles for trade and governance .
S . Ward Casscells S . Ward Casscells ( 19522012 ) was a cardiologist who served with the Army in Iraq and later was Assistant Secretary of Defense for Health Affairs . Among other honors , he was the recipient of the Distinguished Public Service Medal , the Army ' s Order of Military Medical Merit , and the General Maxwell Thurman Award .
Regulation Colours United Kingdom military units usually carry two Regulation Colours . These are the Regulation Queen ' s Colour and Regulation Regimental Colour . These are often referred to as the Standard or Ensign . Colours are the identifying battle flags carried by military regiments to show where their respective troops should rally to in battle . Originally these were 6 ' 6 " x 6 " in size , though have now been reduced to 3 ' 9 " x 3 ' , as regiments no longer carry their colours on the battlefield . Prior to 1743 , each regiment was responsible for the design and quantity of standards carried , often with each company having its own design . In that year King George II issued a royal warrant to require each regiment to have , as their first colour , the King ' s colour . It was also to consist of the Union flag throughout , as a symbol of royal allegiance . The second colour was to be the colour of the facings ( uniform linings ) of each Regiment , with the Union flag in the upper canton . When Regiments had red or white facings , this was to be replaced by the red cross of St George on a white background . A second royal warrant was issued in 1747 , requiring the Regimental number to be displayed on the colours . As many regiments at that time were known by the name of the Regimental Colonel instead of a number , this requirement was often ignored . On July 1 , 1751 a third royal warrant was issued stating " " No Colonel is to put his Arms , Crest , Device , or Livery on any part of the Appointments of the Regiment under his Command . " " Over time , these colours have evolved to include the battle honors awarded to each Regiment , though these have also been limited . Only one British Regiment carries more than two colours on parade . This is the Duke of Wellington ' s Regiment ( West Riding ) . The ' Dukes ' , uniquely , carry four colours . The second pair consists of a stand of honorary battle flags , which are the original size of 6 ' 6 " x 6 ' . These honorary colours , Queen ' s honorary colour and regimental honorary colour , were awarded to the 76th Regiment of Foot , which later to become the 2nd Battalion of the Duke of Wellington ' s Regiment in 1808 , by the Honorable East India Company for their distinguished services during the Battle of Ally Ghur and again at Delhi between 1802 and 1804 .
HMS J2 HMS " J2 ( later HMAS " J2 ) was a " J " - class submarine built for the Royal Navy by HM Dockyard at Portsmouth in Hampshire and launched on 6 November 1915 . " J2 " torpedoed and sank the German submarine between the Orkney Islands and Norway on 7 July 1917 . She was transferred to Australia on 25 March 1919 , and operated out of Geelong until she was paid off on 12 July 1922 " J2 " was sold on 26 February 1924 . She was scuttled in the ship graveyard off Port Phillip Heads at . The J2 wreck , also known as " 39 Metre Sub " , " 130 Foot Sub " , " Broken Sub " or " Deep Sub " , is submerged in of water . The wreck lies on its keel running North - South with its bow pointing out to sea . During its scuttling the bow section broke off , exposing the forward torpedoes tubes and bow modifications . The wreck is accessible by experienced divers , but it is the deepest and most difficult of the four J class submarine wrecks in the area .
David Ross Lauder David Ross Lauder VC ( 31 January 1894 – 4 June 1972 ) was a Scottish recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . Details . He was 21 years old , and a private in the 1 / 4th Battalion , The Royal Scots Fusiliers , British Army during the First World War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC . On 13 August 1915 at Cape Helles , Gallipoli , Turkey , Private Lauder was with a bombing party retaking a sap when he threw a bomb which failed to clear the parapet and fell amongst the bombing party . There was no time to smother the bomb and Private Lauder at once put his foot on it , thereby localizing the explosion . His foot was blown off , but the remainder of the party escaped unhurt .
Sir William James , 1st Baronet Commodore Sir William James , 1st Baronet , FRS ( c . 1721 – 16 December 1783 ) was a British naval commander known for his successful campaigns against Indian native navies . A poor Welsh miller ' s son from Haverfordwest , Pembrokeshire , James ran away to sea in 1732 and by 1738 was commanding his own ship and serving in the West Indies . Nine years later , in 1747 , he joined the East India Company and was appointed commodore of its Bombay Marine naval forces four years later . He is particularly associated with an action on 2 April 1755 when , commanding the Bombay Marine Ship " Protector " he attacked and destroyed the fortress of Tulaji Angre ( also spelt Tollagee Angria ; son of Kanhoji Angre , described by English revisionists as a " pirate " , by local revisionists as the " admiral " of the Maratha Empire navy ) at Severndroog ( an English representation of the latter part of " Janjeera Soowumdroog " or Suvarnadurg ) , in Konkan , along the western coast of India , between Mumbai and Goa . He had initially been instructed only to blockade the stronghold , but through his intimate knowledge of the rocky coastline was able to get close enough to blow up the fortress . Although the East India Company had spent considerable sums providing protection from piracy , he only received £100 in reward . In February 1756 , he supported the capture of Gheriah ( now Vijaydurg ) by Colonel Robert Clive and Admiral Charles Watson , and was active in numerous skirmishes against the French , helping to consolidate the British position in India . He returned to England in 1759 , settling in Eltham in south - east London , and later became chairman of the directors of the East India Company , a governor of Greenwich Hospital and a fellow of the Royal Society for his contribution to navigation . Created a baronet in 1778 , he died of a stroke at his daughter ' s wedding in 1783 , and was buried at Eltham . The following year a folly , Severndroog Castle ( designed by East India Company architect Richard Jupp ) , was built as a memorial to him by his wife , Lady James of Eltham , on nearby Shooter ' s Hill in south - east London . His title passed to his son Edward William and became extinct on the latter ' s own death .
Aero Ae 02 The Aero Ae 02 was the first fighter aircraft to be designed and built in Czechoslovakia , first flying in 1920 . Designed by Husnik and Vlasak , it was of conventional biplane configuration . The orthodox two spar upper wing was straight , without dihedral and constructed in one piece , was supported above the fuselage on two sets of outward sloping N struts and an inverted V cabane . The lower wing was in two sections attached to stub ' winglets ' on the fuselage . Top and bottom planes were separated by one built up strut of [ formation with the main upright of the strut between the rear spars of the wings and the ' feet ' pointing forward and attached to the front strut . Balanced ailerons were fitted to the top wing only operated by a rod and tubular hinge mechanism , rather than the more usual cables . A lifting cantilevered tailplane was fitted with divided and balanced elevators and the triangular tail fin carried a balanced rudder . The fuselage was designed to be built in Duralumin , but the prototype used welded steel tube . It was of approximately rectangular section with slightly convex panels all round and was internally wire braced . An auxiliary petrol tank of aerofoil section was mounted between the wheels and could be jettisoned by means of a quick release mechanism . The aircraft ' s performance was adequate for a fighter of its day , but the Czechoslovak Air Force was not interested in purchasing it . Flown by Josef Novak , the Ae 02 went on to win the Silver Cup at the Czech Aeroclub ' s annual flying meet of 1921 for best overall performance . Development continued as the Ae 04 .
Combat Medical Badge The Combat Medical Badge is an award of the United States Army which was first created in January 1945 . Any member of the Army Medical Department , at the rank of Colonel or below , who is assigned or attached to a medical unit ( company or smaller size ) which provides medical support to a ground combat arms unit during any period in which the unit was engaged in active ground combat is eligible for the CMB . According to the award criterion , the individual must be performing medical duties while simultaneously being actively engaged by the enemy ; strict adherence to this requirement and its intrepretation ( e . g . , distant mortar rounds vs . direct small arms fire ) will vary by unit . As of June 3 , 2005 , Special Forces medics are no longer eligible for award , but may now receive the Combat Infantryman Badge . A revision has allowed aviation medics to be eligible for the CMB . The non - combat proficiency equivalent is the Expert Field Medical Badge . The Combat Medical Badge is retroactive to December 6 , 1941 . The original decoration was considered a one - time decoration , however this directive was rescinded in 1951 allowing for multiple awards of the Combat Medical Badge denoted by stars encircling the decoration . To date there has only been one person to have earned the Combat Medical Badge with two stars . The directive was again altered in 1969 to specify that only one award of the Combat Medical Badge is authorized for service in Vietnam , Laos , the Dominican Republic , South Korea ( subsequent to 4 January 1969 ) , El Salvador , Grenada , Panama , Southwest Asia , Somalia , Iraq and Afghanistan regardless of whether an individual has served in one or more of these areas . In 1947 , a policy was implemented that authorized the retroactive award of the Bronze Star to soldiers who had received the Combat Medical badge during the Second World War . The basis for doing this was that the Combat Medical Badge was awarded only to soldiers who had borne combat duties befitting the Bronze Star Medal and also that both awards required a recommendation by the commander and a citation in orders . The CMB is authorized for award for the following qualifying periods : With the changes in military structure there has been some questions when it comes to the term direct support in the badge ' s eligibility . A statement was added to Army Regulation 600 - 8 - 22 to address this issue . As of June 2011 , the badge and its sew - on equivalent may be worn on the Army Combat Uniform ( ACU ) .
Italian submarine Alagi Italian submarine " Alagi " was an Italian " Adua " - class submarine serving in the Regia Marina during World War II . She was named after the Amba Alagi mountain in Ethiopia . " Alagi " was built in the CRDA shipyard , in Monfalcone . She was laid down on 19 March 1936 , launched 15 November of the same year , and commissioned on 6 March 1937 . On 8 June 1942 , " Alagi " torpedoed and sank the Italian destroyer " Antoniotto Usodimare " in a friendly fire incident . In August 1942 " Alagi " operated along the Italian Fleet to intercept and block an Allied convoy to Malta ( Operation " Pedestal " ) . She succeeded in damaging the Royal Navy cruiser , and sinking the M / V " Clan Ferguson " on 12 August . " Alagi " , a member of the 7th Group - 71st Squadron of the submarine fleet , was still operating on 8 September 1943 , when the Allies and Italy signed the armistice . " Alagi " arrived in Malta with the Regia Marina fleet . She was sold for scrap on 1 February 1948 .
19th Division ( Imperial Japanese Army ) The was an infantry division in the Imperial Japanese Army . Its call sign was the . History . The 19th Division and the 20th Division were raised on 24 December 1915 as a garrison force for Korea . After Japan ' s victory in the Russo - Japanese War , and subsequent occupation , and then annexation of Korea , the need was felt for a dedicated garrison force , raised from people with local knowledge . The 19th Division was stationed in far northeast Korea , in what is now North Hamgyong Province . After the Manchurian Incident , the 19th Division was called upon to provide assistance in Invasion of Manchuria , during which it occupied Changchun and Harbin , and in the subsequent Pacification of Manchukuo . It continued to be stationed in Manchuria afterwards . In July 1938 , it was one of the Japanese divisions at the Battle of Lake Khasan against the Soviet Union . Afterwards , with increasing tension and subsequent border clashes the 19th Division had 500 killed and 900 wounded from 6 August to 11 August 1938 . It was then recalled to the Korean border area with the Soviet Union . In May , 1943 , the 74th Infantry Regiment was elevated into the 30th Division . In December 1944 , the remainder of the 19th Division was transferred to the Japanese Fourteenth Area Army in the Philippines . It was largely annihilated in combat in the mountains of central Luzon by joint the U . S . & Allied Philippine Commonwealth troops during the subsequent Battle of Luzon and ceased to be a functional unit at that time . Organization . The order of battle for the 19th Division included :
Georgy Orbeliani Prince Georgy Ilyich Orbeliani ( ; ; 1853 – 1924 ) was general in the Imperial Russian Army during the Russo - Japanese War of 1904 - 1905 . Biography . Of ethnic Georgian birth , Orbeliani was the son of General Prince Ilya Dmitriyevich Orbeliani , a scion of the noble House of Orbeliani , and Princess Varvara Gruzinskaya , daughter of Prince Ilia of Georgia . Born in 1853 , after graduating from the Page Corps , he entered service as a junior officer in the prestigious Hussar Regiment of the Imperial Life Guards . Prince Orbeliani first saw combat in the Caucasus theater of the Russo - Turkish War ( 1877 - 1878 ) , during which he was awarded the Order of St . Anne ( 4th class ) and Order of St . Vladimir ( 4th class with swords and bow ) for bravery in combat . He was subsequently posted to the Transcaspian Region after the Panjdeh Incident as part of the commission to fix the border of the Russian Empire with Afghanistan . From 1898 to 1899 , Prince Orbeliani was a military attache posted to British India where he observed the maneuvers of the British Indian Army . Prince Orbeliani was promoted to major general in 1904 and assigned command of the Caucasian Cavalry Brigade , which played an active role in the Russo - Japanese War of 1904 - 1905 in Manchuria . War correspondent Francis McCullagh commented on the diverse ethnic backgrounds of Oebeliani ' s Brigade in his book " With the Cossacks " , but also mentioned that most of his men could not communicate well with other units due to their lack of ability in the Russian language . Prince Orbeliani was awarded with the Order of St . Stanislav ( 1st class with swords ) and Order of St . Anne ( 1st class with swords ) and the Golden Sword of St . George for bravery . Following the end of the war , Prince Orbeliani was appointed commander of the Kuban Cossack Army in 1910 with the rank of lieutenant general . He went into the reserves in November 1913 . Prince Orbeliani returned to active duty at the start of World War I , and was appointed supreme commander of medical evacuation services . He died in 1924 . Family . Prince Orbeliani was married to Princess Mariam Alexandrovna Orbeliani ( 1868 – 1915 ) . Their children were :
Dolwyddelan Castle Dolwyddelan Castle ( ) is a Welsh castle located near Dolwyddelan in Conwy County in North Wales . It was built in the 13th century by Llywelyn the Great , Prince of Gwynedd and North Wales . Construction . The castle was built , using local grit and slate rubble , in the early thirteenth century as one of the Snowdonian strongholds of the princes of Gwynedd . It consisted of one rectangular tower with two floors . The second tower was added by Edward I during the repairs in 1283 - 1284 and linked by an irregular curtain wall with a courtyard in the centre . A third story was added to the main keep in the late 15th century , and was heavily restored in 1848 . History . The Welsh castle , built in the early 13th Century , functioned as a guard post along a main route through North Wales . It was reputed to be the birthplace of Llywelyn the Great , though it is now thought that he was born at Tomen Castell , a small tower that previously stood on a nearby hill . On 18 January 1283 it was captured by Edward I of England ' s forces during the final stages of his conquest of Wales . The castle was then modified and strengthened until at least 1286 for occupation by an English garrison with recorded repairs including carpentry , the bridge , and the water mill . Edwardian troops maintained a military presence here until 1290 . As the long - term strategy of control in Wales began to rely on military and administrative centres accessible by sea , the inland castles became obsolete . In the 15th century , an upper story was added to the keep by local lord Maredudd ap Ieuan who acquired the lease in 1488 . It was restored and partly re - modelled in the 19th Century by Lord Willoughby de Eresby , who added the distinctive battlement s . In 1930 the building was placed under the guardianship of the Ministry of Works . Present day . The castle is now under the protection of CADW , which is part of the Welsh Assembly ' s historic environment division . Media appearances . In 1980 the location was used for all the outdoor shots of Ulrich ' s castle during the making of the film " Dragonslayer " .