naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
USS Capella ( AK - 13 ) USS " Capella " ( AK - 13 ) was a cargo ship in the United States Navy during World War II . She was named for the star . " Capella " was built in 1920 as " Comerant " by American International Shipbuilding Corporation , Hog Island , Pennsylvania , under a Shipping Board contract ; acquired by the Navy 20 November 1921 ; and commissioned 8 December 1921 , Lieutenant Commander S . W . Hickey , USNRF , in command . " Capella " arrived at San Diego , California , 19 March 1922 to carry cargo along the west coast until July , when she returned to the east coast for similar duty in the next 4 months . Back in California waters in November , " Capella " sailed to Japan in October 1923 to bring food and medical supplies , donated by American citizens , as well as water for the relief of earthquake - desolated Yokohama . The cargo ship resumed west coast operations until February 1924 when she returned to Norfolk , Virginia . " Capella " was decommissioned and placed in reserve there 1 September 1924 . She was recommissioned 10 November 1938 , and resumed supply runs along the east and west coast in alternate periods , on occasion penetrating Alaskan waters . As war threatened and the United States began the buildup of Western Hemisphere bases acquired from the British , " Capella " was recalled to the east coast late in September 1940 . The veteran cargo ship furrowed east coast waters , supporting bases from the Panama Canal Zone to Newfoundland with cargoes brought from Atlantic ports until 1944 . In June she cleared on the first of four transatlantic convoy crossings to Scotland , and North and West Africa , all so safely guarded as to be made without incident . In 9 April 1942 , " Capella " was hit by a friendly torpedo fired from PT - 59 , causing eight injuries , but no deaths . " Capella " returned to Caribbean cargo duty in June 1945 , and on 30 November 1945 was decommissioned at Norfolk , Virginia . She was transferred to the War Shipping Administration in July 1946 .
Gliwice Castle The so - called Piast ' s Castle in Gliwice , southern Poland dates back to the mid - 14th century . It consists of a tower from 1322 , which was originally part of the city walls , and an adjoining building which was probably an armory . Modifications were carried out in the 15th century , between 1558 - 61 it became the residence of Friedrich von Zettritz . Later it was an armory , a jail , a magazine and since 1945 a museum . Between 1956 - 59 it was thoroughly rebuilt and partially reconstructed . Since that time it is claimed to be a Piast castle , although no sourced evidence backs this claim . Since 1959 the castle has been part of the Gliwice Museum .
Eli L . Whiteley Eli Lamar Whiteley ( December 10 , 1913 – December 2 , 1986 ) was a Captain in the United States Army who received the Medal of Honor for his actions in Sigolsheim , France during World War II . He was drafted in the Army in April 1942 . Medal of Honor citation . While leading his platoon on December 27 , 1944 , in savage house - to - house fighting through the fortress town of Sigolsheim , France , he attacked a building through a street swept by withering mortar and automatic weapons fire . He was hit and severely wounded in the arm and shoulder ; but he charged into the house alone and killed its 2 defenders . Hurling smoke and fragmentation grenades before him , he reached the next house and stormed inside , killing 2 and capturing 11 of the enemy . He continued leading his platoon in the extremely dangerous task of clearing hostile troops from strong points along the street until he reached a building held by fanatical Nazi troops . Although suffering from wounds which had rendered his left arm useless , he advanced on this strongly defended house , and after blasting out a wall with bazooka fire , charged through a hail of bullets . Wedging his submachinegun under his uninjured arm , he rushed into the house through the hole torn by his rockets , killed 5 of the enemy and forced the remaining 12 to surrender . As he emerged to continue his fearless attack , he was again hit and critically wounded . In agony and with 1 eye pierced by a shell fragment , he shouted for his men to follow him to the next house . He was determined to stay in the fighting , and remained at the head of his platoon until forcibly evacuated . By his disregard for personal safety , his aggressiveness while suffering from severe wounds , his determined leadership and superb courage , 1st Lt . Whiteley killed 9 Germans , captured 23 more and spearheaded an attack which cracked the core of enemy resistance in a vital area .
David Liddell Major David Liddell , MC ( 9 January 1917 , Hankow , China — 20 March 2008 ) was a Scottish soldier , insurance broker and farmer . A British Army World War II commander awarded an immediate MC for his outstanding service in Italy while serving with the 12th Battalion Cameronians ( Scottish Rifles ) . On 23 December 1943 , he commanded the reinforcements to the Essex 5th Battalion Regiment , which was sent to capture the Italian village of Villa Grande , near Termoli , which was being held by the German 1st Parachute Division . Family . His wife Joan , sister of the artist Rodney Russell , predeceased him , and Liddell was survived by two sons and a daughter . His brother was Ian Oswald Liddell VC .
Judge Advocate General ( India ) The post of Judge Advocate General in India is held by a major general who is the legal and judicial chief of the Army . The Indian Army has a separate JAG branch which consists of legally - qualified army officers . Officers can either be commissioned directly into the JAG Branch or can be sidestepped from other branches , arms or corps . JAG officers provide legal help to the military in all aspects , in particular advising the presiding officers of courts - martial on military law .
Ahmed Muhtar Pasha Gazi Ahmed Muhtar Pasha or Ahmed Muhtar Pasha ( 1 November 1839 ; Bursa — 21 January 1919 ; Istanbul ) was a Turkish Ottoman grand vizier and general . Biography . He was born at Bursa in Turkey and was educated in the Ottoman military college in Constantinople . He was promoted rapidly and eventually became professor and then governor of the school . In 1856 , he served as an adjutant during the Crimean War ; in 1862 , as a staff officer in the extremely unsuccessful Montenegrin campaign ; and in 1870 - 1871 , quelled rebellions in Yemen . He gained the titles of Pasha and Marshal and in 1873 was made commander of the Second Army Corps . During the 1875 uprisings in Bosnia and Herzegovina , he assumed control of the Turkish forces there ; and on the outbreak of the Russo - Turkish War , 1877 - 1878 , he was sent to take charge of operations in Erzurum . Although the Russians ultimately defeated the Turks in the war , Moukhtar ' s victories against them in the eastern front won him the title " Ghazi " ( " Victorious " ) . In 1879 , he was appointed the commander of Turkey ' s frontier with Greece , before being sent in 1885 to serve as the Turkish High Commissioner in Egypt . His final promotion was to Grand Vizier in July 1912 , largely due to his prestige as an old military hero , but he resigned on 29 October 1912 , since the First Balkan War that had erupted early that month had caught his administration off - guard and he was blamed for the sudden defeats . Ahmed Muhtar Pasha died in 1919 . His son Mahmud Muhtar Pasha was also a high - ranking commander in the Ottoman Army and the Minister of Ottoman Navy .
Château de Gisors The Château de Gisors is a castle in the town of Gisors in the départment of Eure , France . The castle was a key fortress of the Dukes of Normandy in the 11th and 12th centuries . It was intended to defend the Anglo - Norman Vexin territory from the pretensions of the King of France . History . King William II of England ordered Robert of Bellême to build the first castle at Gisors . Henry I of England built the octagonal stone keep surmounting the motte ; his work at Gisors was part of a programme of royal castle building in Normandy during his reign to secure the region against the aspirations of the French crown . It saw the construction of more than 25 castles . In 1193 , the castle fell into the hands of the King of France and thereafter lost a good part of its importance as a frontier castle . It is also known for its links with the Templars . Put into their charge by the French king between 1158 and 1160 , it became the final prison of the Grand Master of the Order , Jacques de Molay , in 1314 . Although it has been estimated that the bailey could have housed 1 , 000 soldiers , in 1438 ( during the Hundred Years ' War ) the English garrison numbered just 90 . By 1448 , this had decreased to 43 . Description . The first building work is dated to about 1095 , and consisted of a motte , which was enclosed in a spacious courtyard or bailey . Henry I of England , Duke of Normandy , added an octagonal stone keep to the motte . After 1161 , important reinforcement work saw this keep raised and augmented ; the wooden palisade of the motte converted to stone , thus forming a chemise ; and the outer wall of the bailey was completed in stone with flanking towers . The octagonal keep is considered one of the best preserved examples of a shell keep . A second keep , cylindrical in shape , called the Prisoner ' s Tower ( " tour du prisonnier " ) , was added to the outer wall of the castle at the start of the 13th century , following the French conquest of Normandy . Further reinforcement was added during the Hundred Years ' War . In the 16th century , earthen ramparts were built . Since 1862 , Château de Gisors has been recognised as a " monument historique " by the French Ministry of Culture .
Treaty of Bakhchisarai The Treaty of Bakhchisarai was signed in Bakhchisaray , which ended the Russo - Turkish War ( 1676 – 1681 ) , on January 3 , 1681 by Russia , the Ottoman Empire , and the Crimean Khanate . They agreed to a 20 - year truce and had accepted the Dnieper River as the demarcation line between the Ottoman Empire and Moscow ' s domain . All sides agreed not to settle the territory between the Southern Bug and Dnieper rivers . After the signing of the treaty , the Nogai hordes still retained the right to live as nomads in the southern steppes of Ukraine , while the Cossacks retained the right to fish in the Dnieper and its tributaries ; to obtain salt in the south ; and to sail on the Dnieper and the Black Sea . The sultan then recognized Muscovy ' s sovereignty in the Left - bank Ukraine region and the Zaporozhian Cossack domain , while the southern part of the Kiev region , the Bratslav region , and Podolia were left under Ottoman control . Despite the treaty , Russia joined a European coalition against the Ottoman Empire in 1686 .
HMS Rose ( 1783 ) HMS " Rose " was a 28 - gun " Enterprise " - class sixth - rate frigate of the Royal Navy . The " Rose " was first commissioned in August 1783 under the command of Captain James Hawkins . Fate . " Rose " , under the command of Captain Matthew Scott , left Port Royal , Jamaica on 26 June . The next day she encountered a merchant vessel that passed on the news that Admiral Sir John Jervis and his fleet were off Basse Terre , which news led Scott to attempt to meet up with them . The night of 28 June was dark , and rain squalls hid the sound of breakers , with the result that at 9pm " Rose " hit a reef off Rocky Point , Jamaica . The crew threw guns overboard and cut away her anchors , top masts and mizen - mast , all in a futile attempt to lighten her and get her off the rocks . In the morning , as she filled with water , her crew abandoned ship in her boats and on rafts they fashioned out of booms and spars .
HX convoys The HX convoys were a series of North Atlantic convoys which ran during the Battle of the Atlantic in World War II . They were east - bound convoys and originated in Halifax , Nova Scotia from where they sailed to ports in the United Kingdom . They absorbed the BHX convoys from Bermuda en route . Later , after the United States had entered the war the HX convoys began at New York . They were designated fast convoys , that is , made up of ships that could make 9 - 13 knots . A parallel series of slow convoys , the SC series , was run for ships making 8 knots or less , while ships making more than 13 knots sailed independently , until 14 - knot CU convoys were organized in late 1943 . HX convoys were organized at the beginning of the Atlantic campaign and ran without major changes until the end , the longest continuous series of the war . HX - 1 set sail on September 16 . 1939 and contained 18 merchant ships , escorted by HMCS " St Laurent " and HMCS " Saguenay " to an Atlantic rendezvous with Royal Navy ships HMS " Berwick " and " HMS York " . The HX designation also perpetuated a similar series that ran in World War I , between 1917 and 1918 . A total of 377 convoys ran during the campaign , conveying a total of approximately 20 , 000 ships . 38 convoys were attacked ( about 10 % ) , resulting in losses of 110 ships in convoy ; a further 60 lost straggling , and 36 while detached or after dispersal , with loses from marine accident and other causes , for a total loss of 206 ships , or about 1 % of the total . The largest convoy of World War II was HX 300 which sailed for the UK via New York on 17 July 1944 , with 167 merchant ships . It arrived in the UK , without incident , on 3 August 1944 . As fast convoys they were less vulnerable to U - boat attack than the slow convoys , but they still witnessed some of the great convoy battles of the war . Of the 40 convoys during the campaign which lost more than 6 ships , 5 were in the HX series . Among the best known HX convoy battles were :
Kosmos 2475 Kosmos 2475 ( meaning " Cosmos 2475 " ) is one of a set of three Russia n military satellites launched in 2011 as part of the GLONASS satellite navigation system . It was launched with Kosmos 2476 and Kosmos 2477 . This satellite is a GLONASS - M satellite , also known as Uragan - M , and is numbered Uragan - M No . 743 . Kosmos 2475 / 6 / 7 were launched from Site 81 / 24 at Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan . A Proton - M carrier rocket with a Briz - M upper stage was used to perform the launch which took place at 16 : 51 UTC on 4 November 2011 . The launch successfully placed the satellites into Medium Earth orbit . It subsequently received its Kosmos designation , and the international designator 2011 - 064C . The United States Space Command assigned it the Satellite Catalog Number 37869 . It is in the first orbital plane of the GLONASS constellation , in orbital slot 8 . It started operations on 20 September 2011 .
David Armine Howarth David Howarth ( 28 July 1912 – 2 July 1991 ) was a British naval officer , boatbuilder , historian and author . After graduating from the University of Cambridge , he was a radio war correspondent for the BBC at the start of World War II . Howarth joined the Navy after the fall of France . He became involved in the Special Operations Executive ( SOE ) and ultimately in the Shetland Bus , an SOE operation manned by Norwegians running a clandestine route between Shetland and Norway . He was second in command at the Naval base in Shetland . For his successful efforts in the espionage of the German presence in Norway , he received King Haakon VII ' s Cross of Liberty . The King also made Howarth a Chevalier First Class in the Order of St Olav . After the war , he wrote several books about the war in general and of specific events in the war . Howarth died on 2 July 1991 at the age of 78 . Following his request before death , his ashes were buried at sea in Lunna Voe , Shetland , near Lunna House , the first base of the Shetland Bus operation .
Sexual orientation and the military of the Netherlands In 1974 , the Netherlands was the first country to ban discrimination against gays in the military . Sheehan controversy . On March 18 , 2010 , after U . S . President Obama announced that he wanted to put an end to the Don ' t Ask , Don ' t Tell policy , former U . S . general and high ranking NATO official John Sheehan blamed homosexuals serving in the Dutch military for the fall of Srebrenica to Serb militias in the Bosnian War fifteen years earlier , stating that homosexuals had weakened the Dutch UN battalion charged with protecting the enclave . In the U . S . Senate , Sheehan said that European countries had tried to " socialize " their armed forces by letting people serve in the army too easily , which according to him , left them weakened . He claimed that his opinion was shared by the leadership of the Dutch armed forces , mentioning the name " Hankman Berman " , most probably referring to the then chief of the Dutch defence staff , Henk van den Breemen . Dutch authorities dismissed Sheehan ' s statements as " disgraceful " and " total nonsense " . Dutch advocates of gay rights , organized in the " " Pink Army " " ( foundation ) and the Stichting Homosexualiteit en Krijgsmacht ( " Foundation Homosexuality and Armed Forces " ) , announced a libel lawsuit against Sheehan to be filed in California . Eventually , after a categorical denial of the comments by the Dutch general who was misquoted by Sheehan , Sheehan apologized for the comments and repealed his testimony , resulting in the withdrawal of the legal threat .
Robert T . Hastings , Jr . Robert T . Hastings , Jr . is an American Public Relations professional who has served as an executive in several aerospace & defense corporations and as a political appointee in the Administration of President George W . Bush where he was the senior public affairs official and principle spokesman for the U . S . Department of Defense in 2008 - 2009 . Hastings was appointed Principle Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Public Affairs in March 2008 and subsequently nominated by President Bush to be the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Public Affairs . Department of Defense Public Affairs . Hastings served as principal staff advisor and assistant to Secretary of Defense Robert Gates and Deputy Secretary of Defense Gordon England for strategic communication , public information , internal information , and community relations as well as information training and audiovisual support to DoD activities , leading a worldwide public affairs community of nearly 4000 military and civilian personnel . During his tenure with the Pentagon , Hastings was a driving force in the development of the Department ’ s Strategic Communications concept of operations . Working with the Service Public Affairs Chiefs and Combatant Command Public Affairs Directors , he fostered cohesion and partnership among the diverse elements of the Defense public affairs community . He also established the Defense Media Activity , a significant reorganization of DoD Public Affairs which consolidated more than 2000 military and civilian Public Affairs personnel into a single command responsible for the military ’ s worldwide internal information activities . Corporate Public Relations Career . Robert Hastings has worked as the senior corporate communications officer at several US aerospace and defense companies to include BAE Systems North America , Northrop Grumman Information Systems and Bell Helicopter . He has also been active with the Public Relations Society of America ( PRSA ) , holding a number of appointed and elected roles to include the National Capital Chapter Board of Directors , Co - chair of the 2010 International Conference , and professional advisor to the Public Relations Student Society of America . In 2010 he was awarded PRSA ' s Lloyd B . Dennis Distinguished Leadership Award .
Yarmouth Castle Yarmouth Castle is a small off - square blockhouse built by Henry VIII in 1547 , to guard Yarmouth harbour on the Isle of Wight . It was built as part of Henry ' s second device programme to fortify the English coast with a chain of coastal defences known as Device Forts or Henrician Castles . These were built to guard against the threat of foreign invasion . As it is a later fortification it did not have the earlier rounded or concentric shape but a square keep with angular bastions . It is now owned by English Heritage .
Falarica Falarica , also Phalarica was an ancient Iberian ranged pole weapon which were sometime used as an incendiary weapon . Design . The Falarica was a heavy javelin with a long , thin iron head of about 90 centimeters in length attached to a wooden shaft of about equal length . The iron head had a narrow sharp tip , which made the falarica an excellent armour - piercing weapon . The Iberians used to bind combustible material to the metal shaft of the weapon and use the falarica as an incendiary projectile . The incendiary javelin would hit the shield s or siege works of the enemy often setting them ablaze . The falarica could also be launched by the use of spear thrower s or siege engine s to increase its range and velocity . " the besieged were protected and the enemy kept away from the gates by the falarica , which many arms at once were wont to to poise . . . when hurled like a thunderbolt from the topmost walls of the citadel , it clove the furrowed air with a flickering flame , even as a fiery meteor speeding from heaven to earth dazzles mens eyes with its blood red tail . . . and when in flight it struck the side of a huge tower , it kindled a fire which burnt until all of the woodwork of the tower was utterly consumed " Etymology . Falarica comes from either ancient Greek " phalòs " ( φαλòς ) , because it came out of a " phala " ( an ancient round tower posted on cities ' walls and was used to fire the falaricas ) , or from " phalēròs " ( φαληρòς ) " shining " as it was enwrapped with blazing fire . Origin . Although in some texts the term falarica is used as a poetic description for a Roman weapon , its origin seems to be from the Western Mediterranean and in most respects it was similar to the pre - Marian pilum . There are references to its use when the Iberians fought against the Carthaginian invasions . There are remains of falarica amongst Iberian and Celtiberian archaeological deposits from the 3rd century BC to the 1st century AD .
Cispadane Republic The Cispadane Republic ( ) was a short - lived republic located in northern Italy , founded in 1796 with the protection of the French army , led by Napoleon Bonaparte . In the following year , it was merged into the Cisalpine Republic . On 16 October 1796 , a congress was held in Modena after the previous ruler , Duke Hercules III , had fled to Venice to escape the French advance . The congress was formed by representatives from the provinces of Modena , Bologna , Ferrara and Reggio Emilia . The congress was unofficially organized by Napoleon , whose French army had swept through northern Italy earlier in the year , and needed to settle the situation in Italy and gather new troops for an offensive against Austria . The congress proclaimed that the four provinces would form the " Repubblica Cispadana " and invited other Italian populations to join them . A civic guard , composed of mounted hunters and artillery , was formed . In the 7 January 1797 session , in Reggio Emilia , the congress decided to form a government . The flag , the first tricolore in Italy , was a horizontal tricolour , with red ( top ) , white and green stripes . In the center was an emblem composed of a quiver , accolade to a war trophy , with four arrows that symbolized the four provinces forming the Republic , all within a crown of bay . According to its constitution , the Republic was governed by a directory based on the French Directory ; it had a bicameral parliament composed of a Council of Sixty and a Council of Thirty , and was divided into departments and municipalities . On 9 July 1797 , the Cispadane Republic united with the Transpadane Republic to form the Cisalpine Republic .