naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
83rd Infantry Division ( Wehrmacht ) The 83rd Infantry Division , ( ) , was a German military unit that fought in several notable actions during World War II . History and organisation . Formation . The division was formed December 1 , 1939 , at Bergen , and consisted of reservists from the north of Germany ( " Wehrkreis " II , X , XI and XX ) . It had the following organisation : 1940 - 1 ; France . The division took part in the Nazi German invasion of France in 1940 and spent 1941 on occupation duty . In early 1942 it was sent to the Eastern Front , being assigned to the Third Panzer Army of Army Group Centre . 1942 ; Velikiye Luki . Initially the division was split up and used in various sectors , some elements being employed in anti - partisan operations . The division was present at Velikiye Luki in late 1942 . The town itself was garrisoned by the division ' s Infantry Regiment 277 , along with the divisional artillery and pioneer battalion , under the command of a Lieutenant - Colonel von Saß . This force was encircled by units of Galitsky ' s 3rd Shock Army in the Battle of Velikiye Luki and destroyed after a siege of almost two months . 1943 - 4 ; Nevel , Courland . During 1943 - 4 the 83rd Division took part in defensive battles of Army Group Centre and Army Group North , having been transferred to the Sixteenth Army in October 1943 . By late 1943 it had been reduced to four grenadier battalions . Towards the end of 1944 Army Group North had been pushed into the Courland Pocket , where the division was involved in repulsing the first of the Soviet attempts to reduce the encircled force . At the end of the year it was evacuated by sea , and sent to reform at Thorn . It was now assigned to the Second Army of Army Group Vistula , where it would take part in the defence against the Soviet East Prussian Offensive . 1945 ; Graudenz , Samland . The staff and one regiment , Grenadier Regiment 257 , were lost in Graudenz after being ordered to hold the town , which was encircled by the 2nd Belorussian Front on February 18 , 1945 , at all costs . The defenders capitulated on March 5 . The remaining troops were transferred by sea to Samland , where several German divisions were conducting a defence . They were pushed back towards Pillau , where elements of the 83rd Division formed the final rearguard defending the harbour mole on 25 April ( the divisional commander Maximilian Wengler was killed at Neutief where the last German position was being held by Major - General Karl Henke ) . Other parts of the division surrendered to Soviet forces on the Hela peninsula . War crimes accusations . In 1946 several captured officers of Infantry Regiment 277 , including its former commander Eduard Freiherr von Saß , were executed in Velikiye Luki for crimes committed against the civil population of the city . It should also be noted that the division took part in anti - partisan operations , such as Operation " Greif " at Vitebsk .
Kosmos 2340 Kosmos 2340 ( meaning " Cosmos 2340 " ) is a Russian US - K missile early warning satellite which was launched in 1997 as part of the Russian Space Forces ' Oko programme . The satellite is designed to identify missile launches using optical telescopes and infrared sensors . Kosmos 2340 was launched from Site 16 / 2 at Plesetsk Cosmodrome in Russia . A Molniya - M carrier rocket with a 2BL upper stage was used to perform the launch , which took place at 08 : 59 UTC on 9 April 1997 . The launch successfully placed the satellite into a molniya orbit . It subsequently received its Kosmos designation , and the international designator 1997 - 015A . The United States Space Command assigned it the Satellite Catalog Number 24761 .
CSS Lady Davis CSS Lady Davis was a gunboat in the Confederate States Navy during the American Civil War . Originally the Richmond iron steam tug " James Gray " , built at Philadelphia , Pennsylvania in 1858 , " Lady Davis " was purchased in March 1861 by Governor Francis Wilkinson Pickens of South Carolina , who armed her and placed in command Lieutenant William Gaillard Dozier , South Carolina Navy , with orders to thwart reinforcement of Fort Sumter by Union troops . On May 7 , 1861 " Lady Davis " was purchased by the Confederacy for $ 32 , 000 and commissioned in the Confederate Navy , operating thereafter along the Georgia and South Carolina coasts . Lieutenant Thomas P . Pelot , CSN , took command about 5 days later , relieving Lieutenant Edward Cantey Stockton , South Carolina Navy . At that time , the little gunboat served as flagship of Commodore Josiah Tattnall ' s Savannah Defense Squadron , consisting of CSS " Savannah " , CSS " Sampson " and CSS " Resolute " . On May 19 , " Lady Davis " began her career with distinction by capturing and taking into Beaufort , South Carolina the " A . B . Thompson " , a full - rigged ship of 980 tons and a crew of 23 out of Brunswick , Maine , whom she encountered off Savannah while on an expedition seeking the U . S . armed brig Perry . The exploit culminated in acrimonious litigation to decide whether an Army captain and a dozen of his soldiers should share in the prize money . Captain Stephen Elliott , Jr . , CSA , happened to be on board and acted as pilot during the capture and afterward , while his men claimed to have helped bring in the prize . On the following day , the crew were reenlisted into the Confederate States Navy , the State officers being replaced by regulars between then and June 1 . " Lady Davis " ' s rifled gun remained the property of South Carolina , on loan , while the other , a 24 - pounder howitzer , was a gift outright to the Confederacy . By November , Lieutenant John Rutledge commanded her . She joined in the battle of Port Royal , South Carolina on November 7 , 1861 . Although her engines were transferred to CSS " Palmetto State " late in 1862 , well built iron hulls were in great demand and she was able to continue her successful career as a privately owned blockade runner out of Charleston , South Carolina . With the occupation of Charleston in 1865 by Federal forces , " Lady Davis " was captured and turned over to the Light House Board by Admiral John A . Dahlgren , who praised her hull , while noting that she was , again , minus her machinery , whose disposition is not recorded .
Kosmos 2425 Kosmos 2425 ( meaning " Cosmos 2425 " ) is one of a set of three Russia n military satellites launched in 2006 as part of the GLONASS satellite navigation system . It was launched with Kosmos 2424 and Kosmos 2426 . This satellite is a GLONASS - M satellite , also known as Uragan - M , and is numbered Uragan - M No . 716 . Kosmos 2424 / 5 / 6 were launched from Site 81 / 24 at Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan . A Proton - K carrier rocket with a Blok DM upper stage was used to perform the launch which took place at 20 : 18 UTC on 25 December 2006 . The launch successfully placed the satellites into Medium Earth orbit . It subsequently received its Kosmos designation , and the international designator 2006 - 062A . The United States Space Command assigned it the Satellite Catalog Number 29670 . It is in the second orbital plane in orbital slot 15 . It started operations on 12 October 2007 .
Waheed Arshad Lieutenant General Waheed Arshad , HI ( M ) , TBt , afwc , fsc ( t ) , psc , is a three - star general in the Pakistan Army who is currently serving as the Chief of General Staff ( CGS ) at the General Headquarters . His previous appointments at the GHQ include ; IG Training and Evaluation ( IGT & E ) , Vice Chief of General Staff ( VCGS ) and DG Planning at COAS Secretariat . Arshad also served as the chief Army spokesman heading the Inter Services Public Relations from 2007 to 2008 . Army career . Waheed Arshad was commissioned in the Armoured Corps of Pakistan Army in October 1975 in the 52nd PMA Long Course . He is a graduate of Command and Staff College Quetta ; Turkish War College , Istanbul , Turkey ; and National Defence College , Islamabad . He holds masters degrees in War and Strategic Studies from Quaid - i - Azam University , Islamabad and diploma in Turkish Language from National University of Modern Languages , Islamabad . Command , staff and instructional appointments . During his career , he served as Brigade Major of an Independent Armored Brigade Group and remained on the faculty of Pakistan Military Academy Kakul , School of Infantry and Tactics , Quetta and National Defence College , Islamabad . He commanded an Armored Regiment and both an Armored and Infantry Brigades . He has also served as General Staff Officer Grade - 1 and Director Military Operations at Military Operations Directorate . Senior appointments . Waheed Arshad was promoted as Major - General on 7 January 2005 . He was then sent as GOC 26th Mechanized Division in Bahawalpur where he served till April 2007 . He then proceeded to relieve Maj - Gen Shaukat Sultan as DG Inter Services Public Relations . In January 2008 , Arshad was appointed as the DG Planning at COAS Secretariat , heading the army ' s think - tank . This post was established by the former Army Chief General Jehangir Karamat . Maj - Gen Khalid Kidwai ( who retired as Lt - Gen and chief of Strategic Planning Division ) and Maj - Gen Ahsan Saleem Hyat ( who retired as General in the capacity of VCOAS ) held the appointments of DG Planning in the past . In October 2008 , Waheed Arshad was appointed as the Vice Chief of General Staff ( VCGS ) of the Army replacing Lt Gen Muhammad Yousaf who took over the XXXI Corps at Bahawalpur . Arshad was promoted as Lieutenant - General in April 2010 and took over as IG Training and Evaluation ( IGT & E ) . Barely six months later in October 2010 he took over as Chief of General Staff ( CGS ) , the most coveted posting in Pakistan Army . He replaced the recently - promoted General Khalid Shameem Wynne who was appointed as Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee . Personal life . Waheed Arshad is married and has three children . References .
Army Group Ostmark Army Group Ostmark ( " Heeresgruppe Ostmark " ) was a German army group formed very late in World War II . Army Group Ostmark was formed on 2 April 1945 from the remnants of Army Group South ( " Heeresgruppe Süd " ) . Army Group Ostmark was operational in Austria and Czechoslovakia . Army Group Ostmark was one of the last major German military formations to surrender to the Allies . The only commander of this army group , Dr . Lothar Rendulic , surrendered it in Saint Martin , Upper Austria , on May 7 , 1945 .
Benjamin Freakley Benjamin C . Freakley ( born 21 August 1953 ) is a retired United States Army lieutenant general , and a professor & policy advisor at Arizona State University . Born in Woodstock , Virginia , Freakley was commissioned as an infantry officer in 1975 , and served in Operation Desert Storm , Operation Iraqi Freedom , and Operation Enduring Freedom - Afghanistan before retiring in 2012 . After retirement Freakley began a career in education . Early life . Born in Woodstock , Virginia , he graduated from Central High School in Woodstock in 1971 . Freakley also became an Eagle Scout . Applying for admission to three senior military colleges ( Virginia Military Institute , The Citadel , and West Point ) , he ended up graduating from West Point with the Class of 1975 . Military career . Being commissioned as a second lieutenant of infantry in 1975 , he was assigned to the 506th Infantry Regiment until 1979 . He then was an aide - de - camp to the commanding general of the Military District of Washington , before being sent to West Germany to serve with the 2nd Battalion , 30th Infantry Regiment . During Operation Desert Shield , Freakley worked on the war plans , and served as battalion executive officer of the 3rd Battalion , 7th Infantry Regiment . Operation Desert Storm found him serving as the operations officer of the 1st Brigade of the 24th Infantry Division . After Operation Desert Storm , Freakley commanded the 1st Battalion of the 5th Cavalry Regiment , before serving in staff positions with the 24th Infantry Division and III Corps , until being placed in command of the 3rd Brigade of the 1st Cavalry Division . 1999 found Freakley commanding the operations group at Fort Irwin ' s National Training Center , before serving in staff positions at the National Military Command Center and Joint Staff . In 2003 , Freakley served as assistant division commander , under David Petraeus , of the 101st Airborne Division , which found Freakley involved in combat in Iraq a second time during Operation Iraqi Freedom . After Iraq , Freakley became the Chief of Infantry at Fort Benning , during which time the Infantry Center became part of the Maneuver Center of Excellence . In 2005 , Freakley commanded the 10th Mountain Division as it was deployed to Afghanistan , where he also became the commanding general of Combined Joint Task Force - 76 . In 2007 , Freakley took command of Accessions Command , where he remained until he retired in 2012 . Post - military career . After retiring from the army , Freakley became a professor at Arizona State University , and special advisor to the university ' s president . Awards and decorations . Freakley has received the following awards : Freakley was also named the policy leader of the year , by the National Association of State Boards of Education in 2010 .
Battle of Thurii The naval Battle of Thurii was fought between Ancient Rome and the Greek colony of Tarentum Following the battle , Tarentum appealed for aid to Pyrrhus , ruler of Epirus , for military aid . Motivated by his diplomatic obligations to Tarentum , and a personal desire for military accomplishment , Pyrrhus landed a Greek army of some 25 , 000 men and a contingent of war elephant s on Italian soil in 280 B . C , where his forces were joined by the Greeks and a portion of the Samnites who revolted against Roman control . The battle . The Romans had 30 , 000 men against the small 10 , 000 men of Tarentum who fought bravely but were overwhelmed by the Romans numbers and the effectiveness of the Roman legion .
Jozef Turanec Jozef Turanec ( 7 March 1892 Sučany – 9 March 1957 , Leopoldov ) was a Slovak General during World War II . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross ( ) . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded by the Third Reich to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership .
SM UB - 71 SM " UB - 71 " was a German Type UB III submarine or U - boat in the German Imperial Navy ( ) during World War I . She was commissioned into the German Imperial Navy on 23 November 1917 as SM " UB - 71 " . " UB - 71 " was serving in the Mediterranean when she was sunk by depth charges from off Menorca on 21 April 1918 . Construction . She was built by Friedrich Krupp Germaniawerft of Kiel and following just under a year of construction , launched at Kiel on 12 July 1917 . " UB - 71 " was commissioned later that same year . Like all Type UB III submarines , " UB - 71 " carried 10 torpedoes and was armed with a deck gun . " UB - 71 " would carry a crew of up to 3 officer and 31 men and had a cruising range of . " UB - 71 " had a displacement of while surfaced and when submerged . Her engines enabled her to travel at when surfaced and when submerged .
6th Air Division ( Japan ) The 6th Air Division ( 第六飛行師団 , Dai 6 Hikō Shidan ) was a land - based aviation force of the Imperial Japanese Army . It was formed on 25 November 1942 , as part of the Eighth Area Army . It was incorporated into the Fourth Air Army based at Rabaul in June 1943 . The division moved its headquarters to Wewak on 9 July 1943 . After being reduced in men and aircraft due to Allied aerial attacks and bombing missions by 31 May 1944 , the division was disbanded in August at Hollandia .
Varnado Simpson Private First Class Varnado Simpson ( October 7 , 1948 - May 4 , 1997 ) was an American soldier of the US Army who participated in the My Lai Massacre , murdering , torturing and mutilating Vietnamese villagers . He claimed to be wracked with remorse after the killings , and eventually committed suicide nearly 30 years later . Early career . Simpson joined the U . S . Army in 1967 , at the age of 18 , and the following year was posted to South Vietnam . He was assigned to Second Platoon , Charlie Company , under the command of Captain Ernest Medina . At My Lai . Under Captain Medina ' s command , Simpson participated in the massacre at the village of My Lai , where he reportedly killed at least eight unarmed villagers , including a mother and her baby . " TIME " magazine quotes him as stating : " I shot them , the lady and the little boy . He was about two years old . " His official statement on the event was succinct : " I killed about eight people that day . I shot a couple of old men who were running away . I also shot some women and children . I would shoot them as they ran out of huts or tried to hide . " After My Lai . Personal tragedies . In 1977 , Simpson ' s 10 - year - old son was accidentally killed by a random shot fired by some neighborhood teenagers . Simpson recalled the day later by stating , " He died in my arms . And when I looked at him , his face was like the same face of the child that I had killed . And I said : This is the punishment for killing the people that I killed . " Simpson ' s daughter died of meningitis a few years before he died . Post - Traumatic Stress Disorder . In 1982 , he was admitted to a Veterans Affairs hospital in Jackson , Mississippi , where he was diagnosed with chronic and severe Post - Traumatic Stress Disorder after recounting his actions in the village , as well as his recurring fears that the dead villagers would come back to wreak vengeance upon him . In 1989 , in an interview for the British documentary " Four Hours in My Lai " , Simpson claimed to have killed about 25 people and added scalping and bodily mutilation to his description of events . " The baby ’ s face was half gone , my mind just went … and I just started killing . Old men , women , children , water buffalo es , everything … I just killed … That day in My Lai , I was personally responsible for killing about 25 people . Personally . Men , women . From shooting them , to cutting their throats , scalping them , to . . . cutting off their hands and cutting out their tongues . I did it . " , he said . At this point he was being heavily medicated for psychological disorder s , and it is unclear which memories of the events are more accurate . For years , Simpson had lived with all his doors and windows locked and shuttered . Suicide . After three unsuccessful attempts , Simpson committed suicide in his home on Sunday , May 4 , 1997 , at the age of 48 , with a self - inflicted gunshot wound to the head .
USS Skenandoa ( YTB - 835 ) USS " Skenandoa " ( YTB - 835 ) is a United States Navy large district harbor tug named for Oneida Chief Oskanondonha also known as Skenandoa . " Skenandoa " was the second US Navy ship to bear the name . Construction and commissioning . The contract for " Skenandoa " was awarded 5 June 1973 . She was laid down down on 9 September 1974 at Marinette , Wisconsin , by Marinette Marine and launched 3 April 1975 . Operational history . " Skenandoa " initially was assigned to the 12th Naval District at San Francisco , California , aiding ships in berthing and docking maneuvers and providing waterfront fire protection . Sometime prior to October 2008 , " Skenandoa " was transferred to Bremerton , Washington , where she is in active service .
Royal Naval Supply and Transport Service The Royal Naval Supply and Transport Service , or RNSTS , was the civilian manned logistic s service that supported the British Royal Navy and Royal Fleet Auxiliary ( RFA ) ; being part of the MOD ( Navy ) . It was formed in 1965 and was abolished in 1994 , its role ( excluding the Royal Fleet Auxiliary ) being taken over by the Naval Bases and Supply Agency . Responsibilities . The RNSTS was responsible for the maintenance , distribution and clerical oversight of all forms of stores between depot and ship . This included : Some RNSTS personnel served at sea on RFA replenishment ships . During the Falklands War the RNSTS was responsible for supplying the task force , as well as pressing over 50 commercial ships such as the Queen Elizabeth 2 into military service ( known as STUFT , or Ships Taken Up From Trade ) . The head of the RNSTS was the Director General Supply and Transport ( Navy ) , or DGST ( N ) . On 21 October 1982 , following the conclusion of the Falklands operation , Sir Frank Cooper , PUS , sent a message to DGST ( N ) including After some 30 years in being ( it was formed from the separate Directorates of Stores , Victualling , Armament Supply and Movements in 1965 ) the RNSTS ceased to be on absorption into the Naval Bases and Supply Agency ( part of the Naval Support Command ) on 1 April 1994 .
Franciszek Latinik Franciszek Ksawery Latinik ( 17 July 1864 in Tarnów - 29 August 1949 in Kraków ) was a Polish military officer , Colonel of Austro - Hungarian Army and Divisional General of Polish Army . Biography . He graduated from the Cadets School in Łobzów ( currently a part of Kraków ) and since he 1882 served in the Austro - Hungarian Army . In 1891 he graduated from the Academy of the General Staff in Vienna . During World War I he commanded the 100th Infantry Division , with which he fought in the battle of Gorlice 2 – 4 May 1915 . In the same year he received the rank of Colonel and fought on the Eastern Front in Russia and Romania . In 1916 commanded the Infantry Brigade on the Italian Front where he was seriously wounded . After Poland gained the independence , he joined the Polish Army . From November 1918 he commanded the military district in Cieszyn . He commanded Polish defence during the invasion of Cieszyn Silesia in January 1919 by Czech forces . He was in active service also during Polish - Soviet War . He was a military governor of Warsaw during the Battle of Warsaw and commanded the 1st Polish Army . Latinik retired from active service since March 1925 , after being conflicted with some former members of Polish Legions . In 1934 he published his memoirs from the conflict over Cieszyn Silesia , named " Walka o Śląsk Cieszyński w r . 1919 " . He was also an author of publications titled " Żołnierz polski pod Gorlicami 1915 " ( Przemyśl , 1923 ) and " Bój o Warszawę . Rola wojskowego gubernatora i 1 - ej armii w bitwie pod Warszawą w 1920 r . " ( Bydgoszcz , 1931 ) . He wrote one chapter for the book about general Tadeusz Rozwadowski , which was published in Kraków in 1929 . He died in 1949 . He was buried at the Rakowicki Cemetery , in the family tomb . In 1902 he married Helena Stiasny - Strzelbicka . They had three daughters : Anna ( 1902 – 1969 , married to Kazimierz Popiel ) , Irena ( 1904 – 1974 , married to Adam Vetulani ) and Antonina ( 1906 – 1989 , married to Andrzej Rieger ) . Latinik ' s grandsons are Andrzej Popiel , Janusz Rieger and Jerzy Vetulani . Latinik was awarded with following military and civil awards : Silver Cross of the Virtuti Militari , Commander ' s Cross of the Polonia Restituta , Cross of Valour ( " Krzyż Walecznych " , twice ) , Legion of Honour Officier , Order of the Crown ( Romania ) , Military Merit Cross ( Austria - Hungary ) , Order of Franz Joseph and Iron Cross ( 1st and 2nd class ) .