naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Carlo Bergamini ( admiral ) Carlo Bergamini ( October 24 , 1888 – September 9 , 1943 ) was an Italian admiral . Early life . Born in San Felice sul Panaro , Bergamini became a Guardiamarina ( ensign ) in 1908 . He participated in the Italian - Turkish war as an officer on the armoured cruiser " Vettor Pisani " . During World War I , he was the chief of artillery on the cruiser " Pisa " . In 1918 he received a silver medal for his bravery during an operation off the coast of Albania . In the time between World War I and World War II , he rose to the rank of Ammiraglio di Divisione . In those years Bergamini was also the commander of the destroyer " Giacinto Carini " . World War II . While Italy remained neutral , Bergamini headed the 4th and then the 9th Naval Division . He then became the Chief of Staff of the 1st Squadra Navale . He participated in the Battle of Cape Spartivento ( known in Italy as the Battle of Cape Teulada ) on board the battleship " Vittorio Veneto " . After a brief time at the Italian high command he was again named commander of 9 Naval Division ( flagship " Vittorio Veneto " ) and then head of 5th Naval Division ( flagship " Caio Duilio " ) . On 5 March 1943 , he became head of Squadra Navale ( the whole Italian fleet ) , replacing Admiral Angelo Iachino . In the early hours of 8 September 1943 , the fleet was poised to oppose the Allied landing at Salerno ; later that evening , he was told of the Italian Armistice . He was ordered to reach Allied controlled Tunisia and his fleet left La Spezia , for the Italian controlled naval base at La Maddalena . On 9 September 1943 , Bergamini received news that La Maddalena had fallen to the Allies . The fleet then headed for Tunisia . Later that afternoon , Bergamini ' s fleet was attacked by a wing of German bombers near Porto Torres . Bergamini ' s flagship " Roma " did not open fire immediately , following orders from Pietro Badoglio ; when the ships opened fire it was clear that the German planes were staying out of range of the Italian anti - aircraft guns . Subsequently , " Roma " was hit by a Fritz X guided bomb , a weapon unknown to the Italians at the time . Bergamini , the ship ' s captain and 1 , 350 other crew members were killed when the ship exploded and sank . Bergamini was buried at sea near the island of Asinara . The Italian frigate Carlo Bergamini , launched 1960 , was named for him . The first of the Italian Marina Militare FREMM multipurpose frigate will also be named in his honor .
Future Offensive Air System The Future Offensive Air System was a study which sought to replace the Royal Air Force ' s strike capability currently provided by the Tornado GR4 . Initial operation capability was expected around 2017 . The FOAS was cancelled in June 2005 and was replaced by the Deep and Persistent Offensive Capability ( DPOC ) requirement , which was itself cancelled in the 2010 SDSR . In 2012 France signed an MoU to join the RAF ' s latest programme for an unmanned Future Combat Air System ( FCAS ) , which will likely be based on BAe ' s Taranis demonstrator . Cancellation . In March 2005 the UK joined the United States ' Joint - Unmanned Combat Air System programme . In December 2005 the UK government published its Defence Industrial Strategy , a part of which was the announcement of increased funding for UCAV technology de - risking and development and the funding for a UCAV Technology Demonstrator Program . The 2006 US Quadrennial Defense Review stated that the J - UCAS program would be terminated . Options . The capability required may have been provided by any number of systems ; Contractors . Two industry teams were competing for the contract , one led by BAE Systems and the other by LogicaCMG .
George Nafziger George F . Nafziger ( born 1949 ) is an American writer and editor of numerous books and articles in military history . Biography . He was born in 1949 , in Lakewood , Ohio to Betty and George Nafziger . He earned his BS from Miami University in 1971 , his MBA from Miami University in 1976 , and his Ph . D . in Military History from The Union Institute in 1999 . He was commissioned as an Ensign USN in 1971 and served 4 years on active duty , including two tours to Vietnam aboard the USS Hull ( DD - 945 ) . In 1975 he left the regular Navy and joined the Reserves in 1977 . He retired from the US Navy Reserves as a Captain in 1995 . Nafziger is a former director of the Napoleonic Society of America and the Napoleonic Alliance . He served on the board of directors of HMGS East . Nafziger is the owner of The Nafziger Collection publishing house , specializing in military history . As of 2013 , it produces 385 different titles on military history ranging from the Middle Ages through the Korean War , with a heavy emphasis on the Wars of the French Revolution , the Napoleonic Wars , and World War II . As a publisher of obscure military works , he is constantly seeking authors with unpublished manuscripts on military history that are seeking a publisher . He worked in a US Department of State program known as ACOTA , where he trained African officers in peacekeeping operations from 2002 to 2012 . Rambaud , A . , " The Russians and Prussians During the Seven Years War " Translated by George Nafziger , ( self published 2013 )
Forward Air Control Development Unit RAAF The Forward Air Control Development Unit ( FACDU ) was a Royal Australian Air Force unit tasked with providing training in forward air control to RAAF pilots . It was formed in 2002 from No . 76 Squadron ' s C Flight and was merged with the RAAF Special Tactics Project on 3 July 2009 to form No . 4 Squadron .
Val Verde County Airport Val Verde County Airport is a former airport , located in Del Rio , Texas . Airport operations ended in 1959 . Today the former airport is a residential site . History . The airport was established by the Air Service , United States Army in 1919 as a military airfield . It was constructed as a base for observation overflights along the Mexican Border . During this period , Mexico was enduring a period of revolution and unrest , which led to border violations and the deaths of American citizens . Flight " A " of the 90th Squadron ( Surveillance ) arrived at Del Rio Field on 12 June 192with de Havilland DH - 4 aircraft , and flew observation missions along the border . The 90th operated from Del Rio until the Border Patrol operation ended in June 1921 . The next use of the airfield was when the Department of Commerce refitted the facility as one of its network of Intermediate Landing Fields , which were established in the 1920s & 1930s to serve as emergency landing fields along commercial airways between major cities . It was opened in November 1937 as Val Verde County Airport . On September 26 , 1942 , during World War II , the airport was taken over by the United States Army Air Forces and used as a contract primary pilot training airfield under the AAF Gulf Coast Training Center ( later Central Flying Training Command ) . Flying training was performed with Fairchild PT - 19 s as the primary trainer . Also had several PT - 17 Stearman s and a few P - 40 Warhawk s assigned . The training school was inactivated at the end of the war , and the airport was returned to civil control on January 11 , 1946 . During the postwar years , the airport remained dormant . It was re - activated by the United States Air Force in 1952 as an auxiliary landing airfield supporting the pilot training mission of Laughlin AFB . In 1958 it was re - designated Laughlin Service Annex , and was disposed of in 1959 . Val Verde County Airport was presumably never reused after that point for civilian aviation , undoubtedly caused by its proximity to Laughlin AFB . The land was sold to private developers and houses and streets began to be overlaid over the former airport . However , the runways remained visible in aerial photography over the years , with some of the runways being converted into streets . Today , some of the old runways remain abadoned but quite visible in aerial imagery .
Udi Adam Aluf Ehud " Udi " Adam ( ) ( born January 22 , 1958 ) was a General in the Israel Defense Forces and the former head of the Israeli Northern Command . Adam has received a B . A . in Psychology and Sociology from Bar Ilan University and later studied at the School for War Studies in Paris , where he received a M . A . in Strategic Studies . His father was General Yekutiel Adam , former Deputy Chief of Staff of the Israeli Defence Forces , who was killed during the Lebanon War on June 10 , 1982 . Adam ' s military career began in 1976 when he joined the Israeli Armor Corps . Before becoming the Aluf in charge of the Northern Command in 2005 , he was the Director of the Israeli Technological and Logistics Directorate . As head of the Northern Command , Adam led and coordinated Israeli forces against Hezbollah during the 2006 Israel - Lebanon conflict . On August 8 , 2006 , IDF Deputy Chief of Staff Moshe Kaplinsky was surprisingly appointed to the Northern Command as a special representative of the Chief of Staff in response to criticism by the government over the Command ' s handling of the conflict . Adam announced his resignation on September 13 , amid continuing criticism of the war ' s conduct .
Anglo - Soviet Agreement The Anglo - Soviet Agreement was a formal military alliance signed by the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union against Germany on July 12 , 1941 ; shortly after the German invasion of the latter . Both powers pledged to assist each other and not make separate peace with Germany . The USA perceived this to mean that the USSR intended to support the re - establishment of independent Polish , Czech , and Yugoslav states at the end of the war . ( Lynn Davis 2000 ) Terms of the Agreement . The treaty was drawn up and signed in the English language and later translated into Russian , whereupon agreement between parties was established and authenticity recognized . According to the Anglo - Soviet Agreement , the following conditions were settled upon by both governments of the United Kingdom and Russian Socialist Soviet Republic :
Tactical bombing Tactical bombing is the aerial bombing aimed at targets of immediate military value , such as combatants , military installations , or equipment . This is in contrast to strategic bombing , attacking enemy cities and factories to debilitate the enemy ' s capacity to wage war , the enemy ' s future military production , as well as the enemy ' s civilians ' will to continue the war . A tactical bomber is a bomber aircraft with an intended primary role of tactical bombing . Tactical bombing is basically employed for two assignments : aircraft providing close air support attack targets in proximity to friendly ground forces , acting in direct support of the ground operations ( as a " flying artillery " ) . Air interdiction attacks , by contrast , attack tactical targets that are not in contact with friendly units . Historically , the tactical bombing was the first type of bombing mission . It began in World War I when pilots dropped small bomb s over the side of their open cockpits onto enemy troops below . One of the first examples of this was at the Battle of Neuve Chapelle in 1915 when the Royal Flying Corps dropped bombs on German rail communications . By World War II , a number of specialized aircraft were developed to fulfill the role , including various fighter - bomber s . For instance , in the Korean War , tactical bombing missions were sometimes carried out by earlier - era fighters , such as the F4U Corsair . In Vietnam War , missions were often directed by forward air controller s ( FACs ) flying small propeller planes . The FAC would mark targets with smoke , often in coordination with infantry on the ground . The bombers orbiting overhead would then roll in to hit the target . In the modern era , precision - guided munitions or " smart bombs " can be directed with extreme accuracy .
USS Itasca ( SP - 810 ) The second USS " Itasca " ( SP - 810 ) , later USS " SP - 810 " , was a United States Navy patrol vessel in commission from 1917 to 1919 which was employed as a hospital boat . " Itasca " was built as a private wooden motorboat of the same name in 1908 by the Stamford Motor Construction Company at Stamford , Connecticut . In 1917 , the U . S . Navy leased her from her owner , Henry Henke , for use as a section patrol boat during World War I . Sources differ on her commissioning date , claiming both that the Navy took control of her from Henke at Norfolk , Virginia , on 10 August 1917 and commissioned her as USS " Itasca " ( SP - 810 ) on 18 August 1918 , and that she was commissioned in July 1917 . Although armed for use as a patrol boat , " Itasca " served as a hospital boat in the Norfolk area for the rest of World War I and into early 1919 . She was renamed USS " SP - 810 " in April 1918 . " SP - 810 " was returned to Henke on 26 February 1919 .
Fairey F . 2 The Fairey F . 2 was a British fighter prototype in the late 1910s . It was the first aircraft designed entirely by the Fairey Aviation Company . Development . The F . 2 was ordered by the Admiralty in 1916 as a massive , three - seat long - range fighter . Powered by two Rolls - Royce Falcon engines , it was a three - bay biplane with a four - wheel " bedstead " main undercarriage , the wings folding aft from a point outboard of the engines . Armament consisted of a . 303 in ( 7 . 7 mm ) Lewis Gun on a Scarff ring on the extreme nose and a similar installation immediately aft of the wings . Operational history . Built at Harlington the F . 2 was transported by road to Northolt Aerodrome where it first flew on 17 May 1917 ; however , by then Admiralty interest in the project had waned . The fighter was found to be hard to handle and slow , and as such no further production was continued .
Chicken ' s Neck ( Pakistan ) The Chicken ' s Neck or the Akhnoor Dagger is the name for a narrow strip of Pakistani territory that extends into Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir south of Akhnoor . The sensitive piece of land that lies on the " de facto " Indo - Pakistani border on the west side of the disputed region of Kashmir is part of Punjab Province ' s Sialkot District and measures roughly 170 km² . It has been a focal point in all the wars involving India and Pakistan as it is seen as a corridor towards most of Jammu and Kashmir . One of the main thrusts of the Operation Grand Slam in the Indo - Pakistani War of 1965 was to capture Akhnoor through the Chicken ' s Neck which could potentially choke the Indian Army in the region ; the plan however failed . During the 1971 war Indian troops of 19 Infantry Brigade under Brigadier ( later Lieutenant General ) Mohindar Singh were able to take possession of this strip of land .
Ira Hough Ira Hough ( July 2 , 1842 – October 18 , 1916 ) was a Union Army soldier during the American Civil War . He received the Medal of Honor for gallantry during the Battle of Cedar Creek fought near Middletown , Virginia on October 19 , 1864 . The battle was the decisive engagement of Major General Philip Sheridan ’ s Valley Campaigns of 1864 and was the largest battle fought in the Shenandoah Valley . Hough joined the army from Middletown , Indiana in May 1864 , and was discharged in August 1865 . Medal of Honor citation . “ The President of the United States of America , in the name of Congress , takes pleasure in presenting the Medal of Honor to Private Ira Hough , United States Army , for extraordinary heroism on 19 October 1864 , while serving with Company E , 8th Indiana Infantry , in action at Cedar Creek , Virginia , for capture of flag . ”
Fritz - Hubert Gräser Fritz - Hubert Gräser ( 3 January 1888 – 4 November 1960 ) was a German officer . Having served in World War I , he was a general during World War II and recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross and its higher grade Oak Leaves and Swords was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership .
USS Harold C . Thomas ( DE - 21 ) USS " Harold C . Thomas " ( DE - 21 ) was an constructed for the United States Navy during World War II . It was promptly sent off into the Pacific Ocean to protect convoys and other ships from Japanese submarines and fighter aircraft . At the end of the war , she returned to the United States proudly with two battle stars . She was launched on 18 December 1942 by the Mare Island Naval Shipyard , Vallejo , California , as HMS " Essington " ( BDE - 21 ) for the British Royal Navy ; later designed for U . S . Navy use ; and commissioned on 31 May 1943 , Comdr . H . Reich in command . World War II Pacific Theatre operations . After three voyages escorting merchantmen from San Francisco , California , to Pearl Harbor , " Harold C . Thomas " served with ComSubTraPac from 2 to 20 November 1943 . Sailing from Pearl Harbor on 20 November with a convoy of merchantmen and cargo ships , she reached Abemama , Gilbert Islands , on 28 November , a week after Vice Admiral R . A . Spruance began the occupation of those islands . " Harold C . Thomas " spent the rest of the year in the Gilberts on patrol and escort duty . After undergoing availability early in 1944 , " Harold C . Thomas " sailed as flagship for Escort Division 10 , on 29 February . Reaching Eniwetok , Marshall Islands , on 11 March , she did escort work until 30 March when she became part of a hunter - killer carrier group on anti - submarine patrol east of the Marshalls . Returning to Pearl Harbor on 6 May , the destroyer escort spent the remainder of the year in the vital but unsung work of shepherding merchantmen , cargo ships , and transports through the back staging area , up to their assembly points for invasion forces . This duty took " Harold C . Thomas " to the Marshall , Admiralty , Palau , and Marianas Islands . She also performed some submarine training work at Pearl Harbor . On 21 November " Harold C . Thomas " rescued seven men from a PBM flying boat which had crashed at sea off Majuro Atoll . Departing Pearl Harbor on 21 January 1945 , she reached San Francisco , California , six days later and proceeded to San Diego , California , for badly needed repairs . " Harold C . Thomas " returned to Pearl Harbor on 5 April and spent the rest of the war in submarine training and escort duty . Attending the Signing at Tokyo Bay . The long Pacific war ended on 1 September with the signing of the unconditional surrender on board in Tokyo Bay , and " Harold C . Thomas " sailed for the States 20 days later , putting into San Pedro , California , on 27 September . End - of - War Decommissioning . She decommissioned on 26 October 1945 . She was sold to the Pacific Bridge Co . , San Francisco , California , on 25 November 1946 and was scrapped on 26 March 1947 .
Fritz Christen Fritz Christen ( June 29 , 1921 – September 23 , 1995 ) was a decorated soldier of the Totenkopf division of the Waffen - SS during World War II . Operation Barbarossa . Having missed the Polish campaign , and having cut its teeth successfully in France , the Totenkopf division was heavily embroiled in combat on the Eastern front from the first days of the German invasion of the Soviet Union . On the morning of September 24 , 1941 , Christen and his anti - tank battery were engaging Russian targets north of the village of Lushno ( Luzhno ) . In an initial engagement , Soviet skirmishers killed all of the other men of the battery . While exposed to artillery and small arms fire , Christen manned his 50mm cannon alone , holding on without supplies or provisions for the next three days . When a counterattack by other Totenkopf troops recaptured Lushno , Christen was credited with having knocked out 13 Soviet tanks and killed nearly 100 enemy soldiers singlehandedly . The soldiers that greeted him were baffled that a single artilleryman could hold his position against hundreds of Soviet troops and a formidable armor presence . For this stunning act of individual bravery , SS - Obergruppenführer Theodor Eicke awarded Christen with the Iron Cross , First Class and recommended him simultaneously for the Knight ' s Cross . Subsequently , Hitler awarded him the Knight ' s Cross , making Christen the first enlisted man in his division to be given the honor . Further service . Christen served with distinction for the remainder of the war . In spring 1945 , he was captured by the Americans along with the remainder of the depleted Totenkopf division in Czechoslovakia . The American and British military policy was to treat the SS as a criminal organization and to repatriate the SS soldiers to the Red Army . In Russia , the Totenkopf division could expect especially cruel treatment due to their reputation as an organization that committed outrageous war crimes on Russian soil . Release . Soviet - held POWs , especially those from the Waffen - SS , often died in their lengthy captivity . Christen , along with many of the men in his unit , endured ten years in a Soviet gulag before being returned to Germany in 1955 . He died of natural causes in 1995 .
Camp Howze , Texas Camp Howze was an infantry replacement training center located adjacent to the town of Gainesville in Cooke County , Texas . It was named for Major Robert Lee Howze , a Medal of Honor recipient . History . As the army and the rest of the United States , prepared to enter World War II , the active posts of the United States Army were inadequate for training the numbers of draftees necessary to fill the army ' s wartime ranks . Several infantry replacement training centers were constructed , particularly in Texas , to accommodate the large number of new soldiers . Camp Howze was one such camp , and development began in December 1941 . By 1942 , trainees began arriving by train and bus from all over the country and the population of both Camp Howze and Gainesville quickly increased . The first commander was Major General John H . Hilldring . With a capacity of 39 , 963 soldiers , the camp was one of the largest training centers in the country . It was responsible for the preparation of several hundred thousand soldiers for both the European and Pacific campaigns . Divisions that were trained at Camp Howze included the 84th , 86th , and 103rd Divisions of the U . S . Army . The camp also housed as many as 3000 Prisoners of War including Italian artist Alberto Burri . As World War II waned , the post was declared excess and closed in 1946 . Farmers who had voluntarily and involuntarily given up land for the establishment of the camp were allowed to repurchase the property if desired . Some did , but many did not and towns such as Marysville and Sivells Bend never recovered from the war years . Gainesville , on the other hand , benefited greatly from Camp Howze and the $ 20 million spent by the federal government . Additionally it benefited as citizens of the smaller towns in the area moved to Gainesville to be nearer construction and other jobs , many fueled by Camp Howze . Today , the Gainesville municipal airport and various industries occupy the former land of the camp . Much of the training area returned to farm land , particularly in the Red River valley . In the 21st Century , the army , and more specifically the U . S . Army Corps of Engineers , has returned to the former camps , including Camp Howze , to remove unexploded ordnance left over from years of training . References . Camp Howze also was a United States Army base in South Korea .