naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Biržai Castle Biržai Castle is a castle in Biržai , Lithuania . Construction of the earth bastion - type castle started in 1586 by the order of Krzysztof Mikołaj " the Lightning " Radziwiłł . In 1575 , preparing for this construction , a dam was built on the Agluona and Apaščia rivers at their confluence , and the artificial Lake Širvėna , covering about 40 km² , was created . Major castle building works were finished in 1589 . History . Since the second half of the 17th century , the castle has been the main seat of the Biržai - Dubingiai Radziwiłł family line , which was transferred here from the Dubingiai Castle . Biržai Castle served as a major defensive structure during the wars with Sweden . The castle was reconstructed from ruins in the 1980s , in the Renaissance - Baroque style . The residential manor of the castle houses a library and a regional history museum " Sėla " ( literally " Selonia " ) , founded in 1928 .
Erich Straube Erich Straube ( 11 December 1887 – 31 March 1971 ) was a German general who held several corps level commands during World War II . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross and its higher grade Oak Leaves was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership .
Battle of Placentia ( 271 ) The Battle of Placentia was fought in 271 between a Roman army led by Emperor Aurelian and the Juthungi tribe , near modern Piacenza . Background and the battle . Since the winter of 270 , the Roman army had been occupied with repulsing a Vandal invasion at the Danube frontier . The expedition was ultimately successful , however , the Juthungi tribe seized the opportunity by invading Italia , counting on the absence of the Roman army . Emperor Aurelian , who was in Pannonia with an army to control the withdrawal of the Vandals , hastily moved into Italia but , as he approached Milan , he received news that the enemy was already moving south - east , after sacking Placentia . According to the Anonymous Continuator of Cassius Dio , he immediately sent them a message demanding their surrender , which they rejected by saying that if he wanted to challenge them they would show him how a free people could fight . Finally , they surprised the exhausted Roman army with an ambush at a wood near Placentia , and the Emperor was defeated . Aftermath . The news of this humiliating defeat produced two short - lived military revolts . The Juthungi continued to move on Via Emilia towards Rome . Since no remarkable military force was left between the invaders and the capital , panic spread through the city which had grown far beyond its old walls . According to Historia Augusta , the Sibylline Books were consulted , and religious ceremonies performed to call for the gods ' help . The Romans escaped disaster when Emperor Aurelian soundly defeated the Juthungi at the Battle of Fano , leading to great celebration throughout the city .
Order of Franz Joseph The Imperial Austrian Franz Joseph Order was founded by the Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria on December 2 , 1849 on the first anniversary of his accession to the imperial throne . Classes . The order was originally awarded in three classes : " Grand Cross , " " Commander ' s Cross , " and " Knight ' s Cross . " In 1869 , the class of " Commander with Star " was added , which ranked immediately below the Grand Cross . The " Officer ' s Cross " , which ranked between Commander and Knight , was introduced on February 1 , 1901 . The order ceased to exist with the dissolution of the Austro - Hungarian Empire in 1918 . It was not re - established with the foundation of the Republic of Austria . Description . Knights wore the decoration suspended from a triangular ribbon on the left breast . Officers wore it on the left breast without a ribbon . Commanders wore the decoration at the neck , as did Commander with Star , who in addition also wore a breast star . The Grand Cross was worn suspended from the shoulder and also came with a breast star . The ribbon of all classes of the order was plain red . In common with the other Austro - Hungarian awards of the period , the Franz Joseph Order was further distinguished with the addition of the War decoration and Swords which could be awarded for military merit . However , if soldiers were honoured , it was usually for distinguished service as opposed to gallantry in the face of the enemy . Recipients . Honorees of the order include Anton Bruckner and Émile Baudot .
USS Schuyler ( AK - 209 ) USS " Schuyler " ( AK - 209 ) was an Alamosa - class cargo ship that was constructed for the U . S . Navy during the closing period of World War II . She served with distinction in the Pacific Ocean theatre of operations and returned home in 1946 to be placed into the " mothball " fleet where she silently remained until she was scrapped in 1971 . Built in Sturgeon Bay , Wisconsin . " Schuyler " ( AK - 209 ) was laid down under U . S . Maritime Commission contract ( MC hull 2163 ) on 27 May 1944 by Leathern D . Smith Shipbuilding Co . , Sturgeon Bay , Wisconsin ; sponsored by Miss Marilyn Hughes ; acquired by the Navy on 20 June 1945 ; and commissioned on 13 July 1945 , at Galveston , Texas , Lt . B . G . Fold , USNR , in command . World War II service . " Schuyler " loaded cargo at Gulfport , Mississippi , and Mobile , Alabama , and sailed from the latter port on 9 August 1945 for the Pacific Ocean . She arrived at Leyte on 28 September ; but , due to the end of the war , neither the cargo nor the ship was required there . She remained in the Philippine Islands until the cargo was purchased by the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration for distribution in China . The ship then proceeded to Shanghai and discharged her cargo there between 18 January and 22 March . She arrived at Yokosuka on 27 March , was decommissioned and simultaneously returned to the War Shipping Administration on 22 April 1946 , and struck from the Navy List on 5 June 1946 . Post - war inactivation . After service under charter to the Japanese government , the ship was laid up on 10 December 1954 in the National Defense Reserve Fleet at Olympia , Washington , where she remained until sold on 5 February 1971 for scrapping .
10Kh 10Kh was the designation for the initial series of Soviet Union pulse jet engine powered air - launched cruise missile s , reverse engineered from the Fieseler Fi 103 ( V - 1 ) flying bomb . cruise missile s developed in the 1950s ( and cancelled in the same decade ) by the OKB - 51 under the leadership of Vladimir Chelomey and based on the V - 1 flying bomb . History . Reports of the German V - 1 flying bomb attacks on London prompted Stalin to order a programme to develop a Soviet equivalent , that programme commencing in June 1944 . Vladimir Chelomey , who had been working on pulse jet engines , was assigned to the project in October 1944 and given control of the OKB - 51 design bureau following the death of famous designer N . N . Polikarpov . The programme was assisted by the recovery of a partial V - 1 by Soviet forces at the Blizna test range in Poland . The initial V - 1 copy was called 10Kh and later " Izdeliye 10 " ( " Article 10 " ) . Serial production was scheduled to commence in March 1945 with 100 per month , increasing to 450 per month later that year . By the end of 1944 the development of the D - 3 pulse engine that propelled the 10Kh was at the prototype stage and the first production 10Kh was ready on 5 February 1945 . As no launching ramps had been constructed , the first test was an air launch from a Petlyakov Pe - 8 heavy bomber on 20 March 1945 , near Tashkent . By 25 July , 66 missiles had been launched , of which 44 transitioned to autonomous flight , 22 of these reaching the range target and 20 maintaining the required heading . A batch of improved 10Kh ( " Izdeliye 30 " ) were constructed with wooden wings , and 73 more air launches were performed in December 1948 . A ground - launched variant called the 10KhN was also tested in 1948 , which used rocket - assisted takeoff from a ramp . The purpose of the first tests was to determine the feasibility of dropping the 10Kh missile from an aircraft in flight and , about below the plane , ignite the pulse jet , but only six out of 22 missiles did so correctly . The second series of tests were on corrected faults in the missiles , allowing a success of 12 out of the 22 launched . The final tests were conducted to determine the precision ( six of 18 missiles launched impacted the target ) and effectiveness ( from four missiles , three detonated successfully ) . How ' Kh ' got into the designation of Soviet missiles . Chelomey used the letter X ( like eXperimental ) of the Roman alphabet in his work designations of missiles designed by his bureau . The Roman letter X also exists in Cyrillic , however , and means ( and is pronounced ) ' Kh ' . So the initial eXperimental designation got into the official Sovier missileers ' parlance in the " Russified " pronunciation of ' Kh ' .
Isaiah Stillman Cavalry Major Isaiah Stillman ( 1793 – 15 April 1861 ) led Illinois militia in the first armed confrontation of the Black Hawk War against Black Hawk ' s Sauk Indian Band . The first armed confrontation would be named Battle of Old Man ' s Creek , but would later be named Stillman ' s Run . Isaiah Stillman was born and raised in the state of Massachusetts , but he left the east and traveled to Illinois to become a trader of pots , pans , and other items . For a time , he lived in Coopers Creek Landing in Fulton County , before deciding to join the Illinois militia as a captain at the age of 35 in 1827 . By the early part of 1832 , Isaiah had attained the rank of Brigadier General - elect . With this new position , he gained the responsibility of defending everything west of the Illinois River . This land was mostly an empty place , with few First Nation ' s tribes and settlements . In April 1832 , Governor Reynolds Governor of Illinois John Reynolds ordered Stillman to raise a battalion for the Illinois militia . He was unable to recruit a full battalion , so he was made a major rather than a general . The next year after Black Hawk War , he was promoted to general . He died in Kingston , Peoria County , on April 15 , 1861 , at the age of 67 . He is buried in Peoria .
Battle of Landshut ( 1809 ) The Battle of Landshut took place on April 21 , 1809 , between the French , Württembergers ( VIII Corps ) and Bavarians ( VII Corps ) under Napoleon which numbered about 77 , 000 strong , and 36 , 000 Austrians under the General Johann von Hiller . The Austrians , though outnumbered , fought hard until Napoleon arrived , when the battle subsequently became a clear French victory . Prelude . There were in fact two engagements at Landshut . The first occurred on 16 April when Hiller pushed a defending Bavarian division out of the town . Five days later , after the French victory at Abensberg , the left wing of the Austrian army ( 36 , 000 men ) withdrew on Landshut ( this force was once more led by Hiller ) . Napoleon believed that this was the main Austrian army and ordered Lannes to pursue the enemy . Lannes ’ s troops caught up with Hiller on the twenty - first . Hiller had decided to defend Landshut to allow his baggage train to withdraw . At Landshut the Isar river was spanned by two bridges with a small island in the center . Hiller had positioned cavalry outposts to the north of the town . His main force was deployed in Landshut and to the south on higher ground . Early in the morning Hiller was informed that a French force ( 57 , 000 men ) had crossed the Isar upstream at Moosburg . Masséna led this force . The battle . Hiller realized that he would be unable to hold his position for long , as Masséna was trying to block him from escaping . At this point his cavalry were forced back by Lannes ’ s troops and the Austrians were pushed back into Landshut . The French now quickly seized the northern bridge over the river , and the Austrians withdrew into the main part of the town to defend the southern bridge . The Austrians tried to set fire to this second bridge , but owing to the rainfall over the previous days , this was only partially successful . However the Austrians did manage to close the gates at the end of the bridge . The French were now faced with attacking across the smoldering bridge . Napoleon ordered his aide General Georges Mouton ( later comte de Lobau ) to assume command of the attacking grenadiers of the 17th Line . In the face of heavy Austrian fire from all sides , Mouton ordered his men to attack without firing their muskets . The grenadiers reached the gateway and broke it down , allowing Bavarian troops to quickly reinforce the breach . The fighting now continued in the streets of Landshut itself . However the French had crossed a bridge immediately to the west of the town and were now entering Landshut from the south . Consequences . Many of the defenders were captured , but Hiller was able to retreat with the bulk of his force toward Neumarkt am Wallersee . Landshut finally fell to the French just after noon . The Austrian force had suffered around 10 , 000 casualties as well as losing 30 cannon , but more importantly they had lost a large number of caissons , a pontoon train , and thousands of supply wagons . The victorious French forces spent much of the afternoon ransacking these supplies .
Heinrich Werner ( physician ) Heinrich Werner ( May 14 , 1874 – 1946 ) was a German physician born in Mühlhausen , Saxony . He studied medicine at the Kaiser Wilhelm Academy in Berlin , and subsequently served as a military physician in various capacities in the German colonies of German East Africa , German Southwest Africa ( 1904 – 1906 ) and Kamerun ( 1914 ) . Within this time period he also worked as a medical clinician in Hamburg ( 1906 - 1913 ) . During World War I he was a corps - and army hygienist in Belgium , Russia and Romania . After the war , he retired with the title of " Generaloberst " , practicing medicine in Berlin as a specialist of infectious diseases . Werner is remembered for his description of trench fever during an outbreak of the disease in World War I . The disorder is sometimes referred to as " Werner – His disease " , named in conjunction with Swiss anatomist Wilhelm His , Jr . , who also described the malady . The disease is caused by the parasite " Rickettsia quintana " , and transmitted to humans by the body louse " Pediculus humanus corporis " . During his career , Werner published a number of articles on tropical and parasitic diseases .
41 - foot Utility Boat , Large The USCG Utility Boat , or UTB , is a standard utility boat used by the United States Coast Guard for a variety of inshore missions . The 41 ft ( 12 m ) UTB is designed to operate under moderate weather and sea conditions where its speed and maneuverability make it an ideal platform . There are presently 172 operational boats . Currently these boats are being phased out , although many will remain in operation for several years to come . The boats are welded 5086 aluminum , with a molded fiberglass superstructure and twin Cummins diesel engines with conventional shafts and propellers . They are capable of light towing , and were originally fitted with demountable fire monitors , although most have been removed . Typical boat crew is 3 . They were constructed at the Coast Guard Yard in Baltimore , Maryland , from 1972 to 1979 . Beginning in 2008 , these aging boats will be retired and replaced with the Response Boat - Medium over a 6 – 10 year period .
USS Dayton ( CL - 105 ) USS " Dayton " ( CL - 105 ) was a " Cleveland " - class light cruiser of the United States Navy . The ship is named after the city of Dayton , Ohio . The ship was launched 19 March 1944 by New York Shipbuilding Corporation , Camden , New Jersey , sponsored by Mrs . H . Rueger , and commissioned 7 January 1945 , Captain Paul William Steinhagen in command . Construction for the " Dayton " was underwritten in part by the citizens of the City of Dayton Ohio through the purchase of war bonds . Service history . " Dayton " arrived at Pearl Harbor 15 May for training , and reached San Pedro Bay , Leyte , 16 June to join the 3rd Fleet . On 1 July , she sortied with the Fleet for the final strikes along the Japanese coast , screening the fast carrier task groups and conducting shore bombardments . She entered Tokyo Bay 10 September and , except for a brief period of upkeep at Eniwetok , remained on occupation duty until 7 November when she got underway for San Pedro , California , arriving 19 November . " Dayton " sailed from San Pedro 24 January 1946 and arrived at Pearl Harbor 6 days later en route to Japan . Her orders were changed and on 7 February she sailed to join the U . S . Atlantic Fleet , conducting training at Guantanamo Bay on her way to Norfolk , Virginia , her assigned home port . On 3 February 1947 , " Dayton " sailed from Norfolk for a tour in the Mediterranean , exercising off Malta , and paying calls , including a diplomatic visit to Istanbul , Turkey , returning to Boston in June of the same year . The ship sailed again for the Mediterranean in late July , where she served as the flagship of the Commander of Naval Forces , Mediterranean ( COMNAVMED ) . During this cruise the ship was dispatched to Bari , Italy to load rockets needed by the U . S . and British forces protecting Trieste from insurgents allied with Yugoslavia . This deck cargo was unloaded in Trieste following a high speed run to that city in October 1947 . This visit coincided with the announcement by the Western powers that Trieste would be turned over to newly formed Italian government . The citizens of the city chose the opportunity to demonstrate in favor of the decision and the crowd surged onto the pier where the Dayton was tied , causing concern over the security of the ship . The ship then sailed to Venice , tying up at San Marcos square . After a short visit in that city the ship returned to Trieste and shortly after returned to the U . S . on 30 November 1947 . Following local operations from Newport and another cruise to the Mediterranean between 9 February and 26 June 1948 , " Dayton " was placed out of commission in reserve at Boston 1 March 1949 . She was stricken from the Naval Register on 1 September 1961 , and sold 6 April 1962 , to Boston Metals , Baltimore MD . Awards . " Dayton " received one battle star for World War II service .
ABG fast interceptor craft ABG fast interceptor crafts are a series of thirteen high - speed interceptor boats designed and supplied in knocked down kits by Henderson based Global Marine Design ( Headed by Gavin Mair ) and assembled by ABG Shipyard , Surat for the Indian Coast Guard . Design . They are wide aluminum hulled water jet propelled vessels for operations in close coastal and shallow waters . They Have an endurance of 500 nautical miles at 25 knots and capable of doing high speed up to 45 knots and are fitted with a 12 . 7 mm ‘ Prahari ’ Heavy Machine Gun ( HMG ) . They have a crew of eleven enrolled personnel , with one officer and ten sailors . Orders . Initially two units were ordered by Indian Coast Guard for evaluation during 1999 - 2000 at a cost of Rs 26 . 5 crore . The first unit ( C - 141 ) was launched in October 2000 and was delivery in 2001 . The second unit ( C - 142 ) was delivered on 08 Feb 2002 . They were commissioned at Porbandar and were extensively tested by the Coast Guard for ascertaining their speed and design specifications . The boats achieved the desired speed during trials . There after a follow - on order was placed on 30 March 2006 for 11 boats . The cost price of each unit in follow - on order was Rs 17 . 63 crore , aggregating to Rs 193 . 94 crore for the whole order .
Heinkel HD 22 The Heinkel HD 22 was a trainer designed in Germany during the 1920s . It was a conventional single - bay biplane with staggered wings braced with N - type interplane struts . The pilot and instructor sat in tandem , open cockpits , and the main units of the fixed , tailskid undercarriage were linked by a cross - axle . The main producer of the type was Manfred Weiss in Hungary , who built the design to equip the Hungarian Air Force , which was at that time masquerading as civil flying clubs . Around 30 aircraft were purchased , making this the most significant user of the type . One HD 22 was purchased by the US Army Air Corps for use by the US military attache in Germany .
USS George H . Johnson ( SP - 379 ) USS " George H . Johnson " ( SP - 379 ) was the proposed name and designation for a freight lighter that the United States Navy considered for World War I naval service but never acquired . " George H . Johnson " was built as a commercial freight lighter in 1912 by W . G . Abbott at Milford , Delaware . She was the property of the T . Johnson Company of New York City when the U . S . Navy inspected her in 1916 or early 1917 for possible naval use during World War I . The Navy assigned her the section patrol number SP - 379 but never acquired her , and she saw no naval service .
Heinrich Freiherr von Lüttwitz Heinrich Diepold Georg Freiherr von Lüttwitz ( 6 December 1896 – 9 October 1969 ) was a German general of the Panzer troops , serving during World War II . His cousin s Smilo Freiherr von Lüttwitz and Hyazinth Graf Strachwitz von Gross - Zauche und Camminetz were also decorated with the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords , the latter also received the " Diamonds " . Battle of the Bulge , " Nuts ! " . In 1944 , in the Battle of the Bulge , Lüttwitz ' s troops had surrounded the US forces commanded by US General Anthony McAuliffe . Lüttwitz ' s demand for the US troops to surrender was the following : To the U . S . A . Commander of the encircled town of Bastogne . < br > < br > The fortune of war is changing . This time the U . S . A . forces in and near Bastogne have been encircled by strong German armored units . More German armored units have crossed the river Our near Ortheuville , have taken Marche and reached St . Hubert by passing through Hompre - Sibret - Tillet . Libramont is in German hands . < br > < br > There is only one possibility to save the encircled U . S . A . troops from total annihilation : that is the honorable surrender of the encircled town . In order to think it over a term of two hours will be granted beginning with the presentation of this note . < br > < br > If this proposal should be rejected one German Artillery Corps and six heavy A . A . Battalions are ready to annihilate the U . S . A . troops in and near Bastogne . The order for firing will be given immediately after this two hours term . < br > < br > All the serious civilian losses caused by this artillery fire would not correspond with the well - known American humanity . < br > < br > The German Commander . He received the following reply from McAuliffe : To the German Commander . < br > < br > NUTS ! < br > < br > The American Commander McAuliffe ' s reply , " Nuts ! " was explained to the German negotiators as the equivalent of " go to hell ! "
MSM MK2 mine The MSM MK2 ( also known as the PM - 87 ) is a Finnish belly attack anti - tank mine . The mine has a circular ribbed plastic case that is tapered towards the bottom . It uses an electronic fuze with a combination magnetic and seismic fuze ; it also has an anti - handling device . The mine is armed by inserting an arming pin , which completes an electronic circuit . The mine indicates that it is armed by lighting a small LED light which switches off after 10 minutes . When a vehicle approaches , vibrations travelling through the ground trigger the seismic sensor , which activates the magnetic sensor . When a vehicle passes over the mine , the warhead is triggered . First a clearing charge fire , removing up to 100 millimeters of earth from the top of the mine , then a copper - lined Misznay Schardin effect warhead is triggered . This projects a slug of copper at high velocity into the bottom of the target . The mine is believed to be in Finnish service .