naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Siege of Iwatsurugi Castle The Siege of Iwatsurugi was fought in the year 1554 . The siege was just one of a number of military actions that Shimazu Takahisa had to take against his rebellious " kokujin " vassals . Iwatsurugi Castle was a castle located near the coast , in the vicinity of modern - day Shigetomi Beach in Aira . During the siege , Ijuin Tadaaki , one of the Shimazu generals , maneuvered five ships to within range and proceeded with an offshore bombardment of the enemy garrison , a few of which were killed . The siege lasted a few weeks until the castle fell .
Sagami General Depot The Depot . Sagami General Depot is located in the city of Sagamihara , Kanagawa Prefecture , Honshu , Japan . Sagami Depot is home to the 35th Combat Sustainment Support Battalion ( CSSB ) , the Defense Commissary Agency Central Distribution Center , the US Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine - Pacific , The US Army Science and Technology Center Far East , the Defense Reutilization and Marketing Office for US forces in Japan , and Army Medical Storage . History . From 1935 to the end of WWII , this location was known as the Sagami Army Arsenal , where Mitsubishi developed and manufactured tanks for use by the Imperial Japanese Army .
Ansaldo A . 300 The Ansaldo A . 300 was an Italian general - purpose biplane aircraft built by the Ansaldo company ( now part of FIAT ) of Turin from 1920 to 1929 . It also served as a light bomber , transport , fighter and reconnaissance aircraft , and finally as an advanced trainer , with examples in service as late as 1940 . 50 examples were also license - built in Poland at ZM E . Plage & T . Laśkiewicz , but were not a success due to poor quality . Development . Based on Ansaldo ' s highly successful World War I Balilla and S . V . A scouts , the A . 300 was a conventional single - engined two - bay open cockpit biplane of mixed metal and wood - and - fabric construction , powered usually by a water - cooled Fiat A . 12 bis V12 engine . Most variants had two fixed Vickers gun s and one mobile gun mounted in the rear cockpit . It first flew in 1919 . Early examples were two seaters , but the A . 300 / 3 was a three - seater intended for reconnaissance use , of which around 90 were delivered . The most significant variant was the A . 300 / 4 , again mostly three - seaters , which started full production in 1923 , just as Ansaldo was absorbed into FIAT . This became the standard multi - role aircraft in the newly formed Regia Aeronautica and served in Italy , Sicily , Sardinia , Corfu , Libya and Eritrea . Operational history . The A . 300 was one of the most numerous aircraft of its time , with the production run of the A . 300 / 4 alone , at 700 units , exceeding the total production of any other type of the 1920s except the Breguet XIX and Potez 25 . Despite this , and possibly because it was Italian rather than French or British , it remains one of the least documented contemporary types , certainly the most obscure produced in anything like these numbers .
Clement W . Payton Lieutenant Clement Wattson Payton , DFC ( 13 April 1897 — 2 October 1918 ) was an English World War I flying ace credited with 11 official victories . Early life . Clement Wattson Payton was born to Elizabeth Croydon and Joseph Wattson Payton on 13 April 1897 . He was born in Walsall , Staffordshire , England . He resided at " Westfield " , Torquay , England . World War I . Payton joined the Royal Naval Air Service in November 1917 . After training , he was posted to 10 Naval Squadron on 31 March 1918 . He awoke the next morning in the brand new Royal Air Force . Payton served as a Sopwith Camel fighter pilot in France . His first success came on 20 May 1918 , when he drove down a German Albatros D . V fighter plane out of control over Menen , Belgium . The next day , he teamed with squadronmates Solomon Clifford Joseph and Albert Leslie Jones to destroy a German observation balloon at Pont Riquen . On 26 May , another Albatros D . V fell under his guns . The following day , he teamed with Lawrence Coombes in driving down a Pfalz D . III fighter over Bailleul . On 1 June 1918 , he again teamed with Coombes ; this time , they shared in the destruction of a German two - seater reconnaissance plane , and Payton joined Coombes in acedom . On 15 June , Payton drove down an Albatros D . V out of action . Payton did not score again until 11 August 1918 , when he began a string of five destructions of the German ' s new fighter , the Fokker D . VII , including a shared win with Ivan Couper Sanderson . The last of these wins , on 1 October 1918 , left Payton with a tally of a shared destruction of a balloon , shared victory in two destructions of enemy planes , solo destructions of five enemy fighters , and three enemy planes driven down out of control . Clement Wattson Payton was killed in action on 2 October 1918 after winning the Distinguished Flying Cross . He was downed by ground fire while bombing an enemy supply train in the vicinity of Courtrai . He is buried in Plot II . B . 6 , Harlebeck New British Cemetery , Harlebeck , Belgium . Legacy . His Distinguished Flying Cross was gazetted two months after his death , on 3 December 1918 : " A gallant and skilful pilot who has himself destroyed two enemy machines and driven down two out of control . Assisted by other pilots , he has also accounted for four others . On 23 August , in a bombing raid , one of our machines , compelled to descend owing to engine trouble , was heavily engaged by anti - aircraft fire . Observing this , Lt . Payton , with great courage , attacked the hostile batteries at a very low altitude , silencing several of them . He was also posthumously awarded the Belgian " Croix de guerre " on 15 July 1919 .
George Philip Bradley Roberts Major - General George Philip Bradley Roberts CB , DSO , MC , ( 1906 – 1997 ) , better known as " Pip " , was a British commander of an armoured division during the Second World War . Military career . Roberts was born in Quetta , British India , in 1906 and was educated at Marlborough College and the Royal Military College , Sandhurst . He was commissioned into the Royal Tank Corps in 1926 . He was posted to Egypt with the Royal Tanks Corps from 1928 to 1931 . Roberts was an instructor at the Tank Driving and Maintenance School at Bovington , Dorset , from 1933 to 1937 . He was again posted to Egypt for 1938 and 1939 . He commanded the 11th Armoured Division ( the " Black Bull " ) in North West Europe from 1944 to 1946 . Roberts commanded the 7th Armoured Division in 1947 . He then became Director of the Royal Armoured Corps and retired from the Army in September 1949 . His book " From the Desert to the Baltic " is an account of all his wartime battles .
Brigade of Guards The Brigade of Guards ( sometimes , and less formally , known as the Guards Brigade ) is a historical elite unit of the British Army , which has existed sporadically since the 17th century . Its motto is " Honi soit qui mal y pense " ( Old French ) , " Shamed be whoever thinks poorly of it " , which is also the motto of the Order of the Garter . The Brigade of Guards was formally reformed on July 14 , 1948 as the administrative depot for the regiments of foot guards , in line with the rest of the infantry . In line with the reforms of the army , it was renamed as the Guards Division on July 1 , 1968 .
G . I . Joe ( pigeon ) G . I . Joe ( March 24 , 1943 in Algiers - June 3 , 1961 in Detroit ) was a pigeon noted for his service in the United States Army Pigeon Service . During World War II , G . I . Joe saved the lives of the inhabitants of the village of Calvi Vecchia , Italy , and of the British troops occupying it . Air support had been requested against German positions at Calvi Vecchi on 18 October 1943 , but the message that the British 169th Infantry Brigade had captured the village , delivered by G . I . Joe , arrived just in time to avoid the bombing . Up to a thousand men were saved . On 4 November 1946 , G . I . Joe was presented the Dickin Medal for gallantry by Major - General Charles Keightley at the Tower on London , the citation credits him with " the most outstanding flight made by a United States Army homing pigeon in World War II " . G . I . Joe was the 29th and the first non - British recipient of the medal . After World War II , he was housed at the U . S . Army ' s Churchill Loft at Fort Monmouth in New Jersey along with twenty - four other heroic pigeons . He died at the Detroit Zoological Gardens at the age of eighteen , and was mounted and displayed at the U . S . Army Communications Electronics Museum at Fort Monmouth .
Combat loading Combat loading is a method of loading cargo into the ships that will carry it to the site of an amphibious landing . It gives primary consideration to the ease and sequence with which troops , equipment , and supplies can be unloaded ready for combat , rather than to the efficient use of cargo space . The art and science of combat loading were developed in World War II , and contributed greatly to the success of Allied amphibious campaigns . Attack cargo ships were assigned a specially - trained Marine Corps officer called the " Transport Quartermaster " or " Combat Cargo Officer " to oversee their proper combat loading . When a ship is combat loaded , each item must be stored so it can be unloaded at a time and in a sequence that will most effectively support the planned activities ashore . Whenever possible , the loading scheme must also provide flexibility to accommodate changes in the tactical plan , and to allow access to cargo that is required to meet emergency calls for equipment or supplies . Methods . There are three basic methods of arranging items in a cargo hold : Combat loading normally requires the use of each of these methods , with the vertical and block method predominating .
Lloyd Stogell Shapley Lloyd Stogell Shapley was a United States Navy Captain who served as the 32nd Naval Governor of Guam . Shapley served as governor from April 7 , 1926 to June 11 , 1929 . As governor , he pushed for the Navy to approve a Flag of Guam ; he succeeded in gaining approval in 1929 , though the design changed 19 years later . The flag consisted of a blue field with a central red - lined figure containing a Guamanian sling stone . During his time in office , he had already retired from Naval service .
643d Bombardment Squadron The 643d Bombardment Squadron is an inactive United States Army Air Forces unit . After training with Douglas A - 20 Havoc s in the United States the squadron deployed to the European Theater of World War II , where it engaged in combat until the Surrender of Germany . It was last assigned to the 409th Bombardment Group at Westover Field , Massachusetts , where it was inactivated on 7 November 1945 . History . The 643d Bombardment Squadron was activated in June 1943 at Will Rogers Field , Oklahoma as one of the four original squadrons of the 409th Bombardment Group . The squadron trained under Third Air Force in Oklahoma , Texas and Louisiana with A - 20 Havoc light bombardment aircraft . The squadron deployed to the European Theater of Operations ( ETO ) in March 1944 , where it became part of IX Bomber Command of Ninth Air Force . The 643d initially flew sweeps over Occupied France from its base in England , attacking coastal defenses , V - 1 flying bomb and V - 2 rocket sites , airfields , and other targets in France in preparation for Operation Overlord , the invasion of Normandy . After D - Day , the squadron supported ground forces during the Battle of Normandy by hitting gun batteries , rail lines , bridges , communications , and other objectives . During July 1944 , it aided the Allied offensive at Caen and the breakthrough at Saint - Lô with attacks on enemy troops , flak positions , fortified villages , and supply dumps . The squadron moved to Advanced Landing Ground s in France in September 1944 , providing Third Army with close air support in its advance toward Germany through November . In December , the squadron converted to Douglas A - 26 Invader s . It then participated in the Battle of the Bulge by attacking lines of communications and logistics . The squadron continued combat operations until May , flying its last combat mission against an ammunition dump in Czechoslovakia on 3 May . The unit returned to the United States and initially was assigned to Seymour Johnson Field , North Carolina where it prepared to deploy to the Pacific Theater of Operations ( PTO ) for operations against the Japanese Home Islands . The deployment to the Pacific Theater was cancelled with the Surrender of Japan in August . The 643d was inactivated at Westover Field , Massachusetts in early November .
USS Bridget ( DE - 1024 ) USS " Bridget " ( DE - 1024 ) was a in the United States Navy . She was named for Francis Joseph Bridget , a naval aviator who served on the Commander ' s Staff of Patrol Wing 10 during the Japanese attack on the Philippines on 8 December 1941 . He was taken prisoner with the American forces on Bataan and was killed 15 December 1944 when a Japanese prison ship in which he was embarked was sunk off Olongapo , Luzon , Philippine Islands .
Bev Koester Charles Beverley ( Bev ) Koester , ( January 13 , 1926 – February 1 , 1998 ) was a Canadian naval officer , civil servant and Clerk of the Canadian House of Commons . Born in Regina , Saskatchewan , he graduated from the Royal Canadian Naval College at Royal Roads , British Columbia in 1944 . He served during the Second World War in Scotland , and in 1945 was involved in the liberation of Oslo and Copenhagen . He stayed in the Navy until 1960 , retiring as a Lieutenant Commander . He attended the University of Saskatchewan and the University of Alberta and taught history at the University of Regina , later becoming head of the history department . He was the author of " Footprints in Time – Saskatchewan " ( House of Grant , Canada , 1965 ) ; " Mr . Davin MP " ( Western Producer Prairie Books , 1980 ) ; " The Measure of the Man " ( Western Producer Prairie Books , 1976 ) and the editor of " Bourinot ' s Rules of Order " , a handbook on Canadian parliamentary procedure . From 1960 to 1969 , he was an officer of the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan as a Clerk Assistant and a Clerk . From 1969 to 1975 he taught history at the University of Regina . In 1975 , he became Clerk Assistant at the Canadian House of Commons and was appointed Clerk in 1980 . He was the first clerk of the Canadian House of Commons who was a career civil servant . During his time as clerk , television cameras were introduced into the House of Commons . He retired in 1987 . He also served twice as temporary senior Clerk of the British House of Commons , becoming the first clerk from a Commonwealth country to serve as clerk in Britain . In 1989 , he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada . He died in Kingston , Ontario .
Battle of Owyhee River The Battle of Owyhee River took place during the Snake War in 1866 in response to Paiute attacks along the Boise River . Background . Lt . Col . Georg Crook had recently arrived to assume command of the District of Boise in November , 1866 . Crook set out with one company from the 1st U . S . Cavalry on December 18 . Bad weather , rough terrain , growing opposition from his own ranks and unreliable guides all plagued Crook from the start . Yet , Crook pushed on until he reached the Paiute camp of Chief Howluck ( Bigfoot ) along the Owyhee River in southeast Oregon . Battle . On the morning of December 26 , Crook ' s men caught the Paiutes asleep in their camp . However after the first shots were fired , Chief Howluck determined to stay and fight . The native warriors taunted the soldiers , who returned a deadly accurate fire on the warriors . Quickly into the fighting almost every mounted warrior was shot down . The rest sought refuge behind rocks , remaining there until mid - day when they retreated . Aftermath . Crook had caused considerable damage to Howluck ' s warriors . 30 were killed and another 7 captured . Crook lost 1 man wounded and another mortally wounded . Crook commented the battle " . . . ended any more depredations from that band " . Among the native horses and stores captured was a Wells Fargo mail pouch lost in the earlier Paiute raid . Crook did not immediately return to Boise , but continued his expedition engaging the Paiutes again at the battle of Steen ' s Mountain .
23rd U - boat Flotilla 23rd U - boat Flotilla ( " 23 . Unterseebootsflottille " ) was a unit of the German " Kriegsmarine " during World War II . The flotilla was first formed in Salamis , Greece , on 11 September 1941 under the command of " Kapitänleutnant " Fritz Frauenheim . It operated in the eastern Mediterranean and sank 12 ships for a total of . In May 1942 the flotilla was merged into " 29th U - boat Flotilla " , based at La Spezia , Italy . The flotilla was re - founded in September 1943 as a Training Flotilla under the command of " Korvettenkapitän " Otto von Bülow , based at Danzig . It trained new U - boat commanders in attack techniques ( " Kommandantenschiesslehrgang " , " Commanders shooting training course " ) . The flotilla was disbanded in March 1945 . Assigned U - boats . Nine U - boats were assigned to this flotilla during its combat service in 1941 – 1942 .
Battle of Rovno The Battle of Rovno was a World War II battle between remnant forces of the German XIII Army Corps and the Red Army in and around the Ukrainian city of Rovno on 2 February 1944 . Army Group South had instructed XIII corps to establish new defensive positions on the Sdolbuno - Uscie - Rovno - Zolotyov line in order to delay the advancing Red Army who were aggressively pursuing the retreating Army Group as part of the Korsun – Shevchenkovsky Offensive . The Soviet 13th and 60th Armies attacked along this defensive line , penetrating the defences at Sdolbuno and within hours all German forces within the city of Rovno were surrounded . The city was finally liberated when the last German forces capitulated on 5 February 1944 . This particular battle aided to the collapse of the Nazi army . It gave the Soviets a strategic territory position which helped them during the war .
Michael Bettaney Michael John Bettaney ( born 13 February 1950 ) was an intelligence officer working in the Counter - espionage branch of MI5 who was convicted at the Old Bailey in 1984 of offences under section 1 of the Official Secrets Act 1911 after passing sensitive documents to the Soviet Embassy in London and attempting to act as an agent - in - place for the Soviet Union . Born in Fenton , Stoke on Trent , Bettaney attended Pembroke College , Oxford , and graduated from the University , where he was allegedly known for his personal admiration of Adolf Hitler , and for singing the " Horst - Wessel - Lied " in local public houses . One time , while being arrested for public drunkenness , he shouted " You can ' t arrest me , I ' m a spy ! " at the arresting officer . He was vetted for betrayal by internal agents twice , and both times was declared a loyal agent . While working at the Russia desk of MI5 , he took a large number of secret documents home with him from the office , before trying to turn over some selected highlights to the Head of KGB Station General Guk . Bettaney did not know that another member of the Station , KGB Colonel Oleg Gordievsky , was an MI6 agent . Gordievsky informed MI6 and the British authorities managed to identify and arrest him . Bettaney was sentenced to 23 years in prison , and was released on parole in 1998 .
Upshot - Knothole Encore Upshot - Knothole Encore was a nuclear weapons test conducted by the United States as part of Operation Upshot - Knothole . It took place on May 8 , 1953 in Yucca Flat , in the Nevada Test Site . < ref name = " DOE / NV - 209 " > U . S . Department of Energy / Nevada Operations Office , " United States Nuclear Tests - July 1945 through September 1992 " , December 2000 , DOE / NV - 209 Rev 15 < / ref > Test location . The test device , codenamed " Encore " , was detonated at 8 : 30 local time by performing an airdrop of a Mk - 6D bomb from 19 , 000 feet with a B - 50 Superfortress over Area 5 at the Nevada Test Site . At 2 , 423 feet , the bomb detonated , although it was fifteen feet west and nine hundred and thirty seven feet south of its designated target . The estimated yield of the weapon was 30 - 36 kilotons , although it yielded twenty - seven kilotons . In the codename " Encore " , the letter " E " was a reference to the " effects " of weapons testing . Effects testing . As Encore was an effects test , multiple objects were subjected to the blast , including trees . Since the Nevada Test Site sits in a desert and does not contain trees , the United States Forest Service transported 145 Ponderosa pine s from a nearby canyon to Area 5 . The trees were then placed in holes at Frenchman Flat , and cemented into the ground , 6 , 500 feet from ground zero . The initial release of thermal radiation ignited many of the trees , and the subsequent blast wave blew them over . Soldiers were brought in to view the blast as part of the Desert Rock exercises . 3 , 500 soldiers from all over the country participated in the exercises , and were formed into Combat Battalion teams . In addition to this , six hundred high - ranking personnel and congressmen were on hand to view the exercises , which were aimed to " indoctrinate troops in atomic weapons in order that they will know how to protect themselves and their equipment in event of an enemy atomic attack in combat situations " .
Kabinettskriege Kabinettskriege ( English : " Cabinet Wars " , singular " Kabinettskrieg " ) is the German expression referring to the type of wars which affected Europe during the period of absolute monarchies , from the 1648 Peace of Westphalia to the 1789 French Revolution . It is also known as " war between princes . " Such wars involved small armies , noble officer corps , limited war goals , and frequently changing coalitions among the belligerents . The terms of " Kabinettskriege " plays on " Kabinettsregierung " ( Cabinet government ) , " Kabinettsjustiz " ( Cabinet law ) , etc . In contrast with precedent wars of religion s , and 20th century total war s or revolutionary people ' s war , " cabinet wars " had limited goals . Clausewitz theorized this in " On War " by stating that " war was the continuation of politics by other means , " thus placing the military under civilian control . The Thirty Years ' War , based on religious conflict , had been marked by wild plunders and marauding armies . Order was reestablished by the 1648 Treaty of Westphalia , which formulated the rules of international relations for the next centuries , in particular respective to the laws of war ( " jus ad bello " and " jus in bellum " ) . During the Age of Enlightenment and under the direction of the " enlightened despots , " wars became more regulated , although the civilian population was still a current victim of mercenaries . Such scenes as the 1572 St . Bartholomew ' s Day massacre became exceptional . Thus , Berlin was not plundered during the Seven Years ' War of 1756 - 1762 , despite having fallen into enemy hands not once but twice . Cabinet wars , which mostly took place between 1650 and 1792 , included the : The invention of the " levée en masse " ( mass conscription ) during the French Revolution put an end to cabinet wars . Further wars were not simply due to conflict between princes , but involved nationalism and conflicts over the boundaries of nation - states . Thus , the Peninsular War was called by Spanish the " independence war " ; this conflict also led to the first guerrilla warfare , against the regular Napoleonic army . The Crimean War ( 1854 - 1856 ) could be classified , however , among the " cabinet wars , " as it was conducted with limited goals and released only moderate passions from the people of the involved belligerent states .