naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Volker Wieker Volker Wieker ( born 1 March 1954 in Delmenhorst , Lower Saxony ) is the Chief of Staff ( " Generalinspekteur " ) of the " Bundeswehr " , the German armed forces . As the highest - ranking officer of the Bundeswehr he is the government ' s chief military adviser and the general ultimately in charge of its operations . Trained as an artillery officer , General Wieker served in every major foreign Bundeswehr deployment since 1996 , including Bosnia , Kosovo and Afghanistan . Biography . Wieker was born in Delmenhorst and joined the Bundeswehr in 1974 for officer training in the army ' s artillery branch . He studied Geodesy at the Bundeswehr University of Munich and served as an officer in an armored artillery battalion in Wildeshausen . He passed his General Staff training at the Führungsakademie der Bundeswehr ( Hamburg ) in 1989 , followed by the US Army ' s Command and General Staff Officer Course at Fort Leavenworth , Kansas . Upon his return to Germany , he was assigned as the operations officer of an armored brigade in Augustdorf . Following battalion command with an armored artillery battalion in 1993 - 96 , Wieker was deployed as the operations and training officer for the German Army Contingent IFOR in Bosnia - Herzegovina . Upon his return , he was assigned to the Federal Ministry of Defence ( Germany ) in Bonn as Military Assistant of the Federal Minister of Defence ( 1997 – 1999 ) . In 1999 , he led a ministerial task force on the future force structure of the German Army , before taking command of an armored infantry brigade in Schwerin later that year . From May to December 2001 Wieker deployed to Kosovo as Commander , Multinational Brigade South and Commander of the 3rd German KFOR contingent . In 2002 , he became Chief of Staff of the Army Office in Cologne , followed by Chief of Staff in the Army Staff in 2004 . In July 2008 , Wieker took command of the 1st GE / NL Corps in Münster . Since 9 October 2009 Wieker served as Chief of Staff of ISAF in Kabul , Afghanistan . On 18 December 2009 German Minister of Defence Karl - Theodor zu Guttenberg announced his intention to appoint Wieker Chief of Staff ( Generalinspekteur ) of the Bundeswehr . Two days after his promotion to four - star general on 19 January 2010 , Wieker was formally appointed Chief of Staff of the Bundeswehr . Volker Wieker is married and has two children .
AIM - 92 Stinger The AIM - 92 Stinger or ATAS ( Air To Air Stinger ) is an air - to - air missile developed from the shoulder - launched FIM - 92 Stinger system , for use on helicopters such as the AH - 64 Apache , Eurocopter Tiger and also UAVs such as the MQ - 1 Predator . The missile itself is identical to the shoulder - launched Stinger . Development . The US Army has used the ATAS variant on its OH - 58D Kiowa Warrior and UH - 60 Black Hawk helicopters in the air - to - air role . In a 19 November 1996 demonstration , a Stinger ( ATAS ) Block - 1 missile was launched from an OH - 58D piloted by CPT Bob Blanchett at Yuma Proving Ground and successfully destroyed a QUH - 1 drone helicopter deploying countermeasures at a range greater than 4 , 500 meters . All Air - to - Air Stinger ( ATAS ) Block II missiles will be modified existing Stinger RMP missiles ( FIM - 92C ) . Block II will incorporate various improvements including a new staring IR focal plane array seeker , a new battery , and advanced signal processing capabilities . The seeker permits engagements of helicopters in clutter out to the 8 km maximum physical range of the missile , also improved accuracy and IRCCM capabilities , and will provide a full night capability . The Block II missile also supports seeker slaving ( steering the missile ' s seeker off - axis before launch to lock onto targets ) . This was first demonstrated on 6 November 1997 at Yuma . ATAL is an upgrade to the Air - to - Air Stinger launcher fielded on the OH - 58D Kiowa Warrior and Blackhawk helicopters . In mid 2000 , tests were carried out with the ATAL system mounted on the AH - 64 Apache " Longbow " helicopter . Nine missiles were fired , eight of which scored direct hits against simulated hovering helicopter targets in a clutter environment . The missiles were launched with the Longbow helicopter traveling at speeds from hovering to 136 knots , side slips up to 30 knots , partial power descents , pull - up maneuvers , hovering pedal turns , push - over maneuvers , and a 22 - degree bank . Operational history . An Iraqi MiG - 25 shot down a Predator drone performing reconnaissance over the no fly zone in Iraq on 23 December 2002 . Predators had been armed with Stingers , and were being used to " bait " Iraqi fighter planes , then run . In this incident , the Predator didn ' t run , but instead fired one of the Stingers after the MiG engaged with its own missiles . The Stinger ' s heat - seeker probably became " distracted " by the MiG ' s missile and so missed the MiG , and the Predator was destroyed . This was the first time in history a conventional aircraft and a drone had engaged in combat . General characteristics ( Block I ) . " As FIM - 92A Stinger "
Francis Fitzpatrick Francis Fitzpatrick VC ( 1859 – 10 July 1933 ) , born in Tullycorbet , County Monaghan was an Irish recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . Military career . He was about 20 years old , and a Private in the 94th Regiment of Foot ( later The Connaught Rangers ) , British Army during the Basuto War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC . On 28 November 1879 during an attack on Sekukuni ' s Town , South Africa , Private Fitzpatrick and another private ( Thomas Flawn ) with six men of the Native Contingent , were with a lieutenant of the 1st Dragoon Guards when he was badly wounded . The natives carried the wounded officer at first , but when the party was pursued by about 30 of the enemy they deserted and the lieutenant would have been killed but for the gallantry of the two privates - one carrying him and the other covering the retreat and firing on the enemy . Later life . Fitzpatrick died in Glasgow , Scotland , on 10 July 1933 . The medal . His Victoria Cross is displayed at the National Army Museum " ( Chelsea , England ) " . References . Listed in order of publication year
Operation Nimbus Stream Operation Nimbus Stream was the 1975 ( July - Oct ) clearance of naval mines off the Egyptian cities of Port Said and Damietta . On board , US Navy Helicopter Mine Countermeasures Squadron HM - 12 , flying Sikorsky CH - 53 Sea Stallion helicopters and towing MK - 105 hydrofoil sleds , performed the mine sweeping operation . A detachment from Marine Medium Helicopter Squadron HMM - 261 , flying Boeing Vertol CH - 46 Sea Knight , helicopters provided airborne search and rescue stand - by support . The main body of HMM - 261 had been off - loaded at Sigonella , Sicily prior to departure for Egypt . See Musketeer , Nimbus Moon , Nimbus Spar and Nimbus Star .
DARPA XG The neXt Generation program or XG is a technology development project sponsored by DARPA ' s Strategic Technology Office , with the goals to " develop both the enabling technologies and system concepts to dynamically redistribute allocated spectrum along with novel waveforms in order to provide dramatic improvements in assured military communications in support of a full range of worldwide deployments . " In the Wireless World Research Forum of 27 October 2003 , Preston Marshall , program manager of DARPA XG Program , said " The primary product of the XG program is not a new radio , but a set of advanced technologies for dynamic spectrum access . "
Sabre ( tank ) Sabre is a variation of the Combat Vehicle Reconnaissance ( Tracked ) , featuring the turret from a Fox reconnaissance vehicle mounted on the hull of a Scorpion . This hybrid vehicle was introduced as a less expensive way of producing a similar vehicle to the FV107 Scimitar , but with a slightly lower profile turret . It was brought into service in 1995 . During initial combat exercises , several flaws were identified . In particular , the vehicle lacked defensive capabilities . As such , modifications were made to the turret of the Sabre to include redesigned smoke grenade launchers and the L94A1 7 . 62 mm chain gun replacing the standard 7 . 62 mm general - purpose machine gun , for anti - personnel use . An ammunition hopper sits on the side of the machine gun allowing the weapon to be quickly reloaded compared to belt - fed machine guns . The marriage of the Fox turret and Scorpion chassis was not successful and Sabre was withdrawn from British Army service in 2004 .
Lochmaben Castle Old Lochmaben Castle Motte motte - and - bailey castle was built c . 1160 ( south of the current castle ruins ) by the Bruce family , Lords of Annandale . It is possibly the birthplace of Robert the Bruce , born 1274 . Old Lochmaben Motte or Castle Hill is the second green and third tee of Lochmaben Golf Course . It may have been similar to Annan Castle & Motte Lochmaben Castle is a ruined castle in the town of Lochmaben , the feudal Lordship of Annandale , and the united county of Dumfries and Galloway . According to the Historic Scotland notice board ( see photo ) it was built by Edward I in AD1298 and later rebuilt during the reign of James IV of Scotland . About AD1298 King Edward replaced the " Old Lochmaben Castle Motte " with the much sturdier structure at the south end of Castle Loch and its remains still show the massive strength of its defences . On 4 February 1384 / 5 Archibald Douglas , Lord of Galloway , with the assistance of the Earls of March and Douglas , after a siege of nine days , took Lochmaben Castle from the English and " razed it to the ground " . The castle and barony became a possession of the Earls of March , but when the 10th Earl was forfeited and then reinstated , in 1409 , it is noted that it was " with the exception of the castle of Lochmaben and the Lordship of Annandale " . By July 1455 the castle was in the possession of Alexander Stewart , Duke of Albany , etc . , ( d . 1485 ) . Lochmaben Castle annexed to the Crown . On 1 October 1487 , following the death in AD1485 of Alexander Stewart , Duke of Albany , both the Lordship and the castle were annexed to the Crown by Act of Parliament . On 16 January 1508 / 9 , at Edinburgh , Sir Robert Lauder of The Bass ( d . 1517 / 8 ) , knight , was appointed " Captain and Keeper of the King ' s castle and fort of Lochmaben , with all pertinentes " and other privileges etc . , for three years . In 1605 the Depute Lieutenant of the Borders , Sir William Cranstoun of that Ilk ( later 1st Lord Cranstoun ) , was Keeper of Lochmaben Castle . Lochmaben Castle remained important and had a turbulent history until some time after the early 17th century by which time it had seen its last siege and was gradually abandoned .
Gheorghe Cosma Gheorghe Cosma ( born 1892 , died 1969 ) was a Romanian Major - General during World War II . He began his career in 1940 as Chief of Staff Higher Technical Department . In 1941 , he served as Commanding Officer 6th Artillery Regiment and Chief of Staff Higher Technical Department . He was Commanding Officer 9th Artillery Brigade in 1942 , and in 1943 was Commanding Officer 13th Artillery Brigade and General Officer Commanding Artillery VII Corps . He became a prisoner of war in 1944 , but that same year served as General Officer Commanding Artillery Mountain Corps . In 1945 , he was General Officer Commanding Artillery 4th Army , General Officer Commanding 18th Division , General Officer Commanding 19th Division , and Commandant Artillery Instruction Center . Cosma went into reserve in 1945 and retired in 1947 . References . < br >
Hansjürgen Reinicke Hans - Jürgen Rudolf Reinicke ( 10 August 1902 – 29 January 1978 ) was a Kapitän zur See , commander of German cruiser Prinz Eugen , in the German navy during the Second World War and recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross . Captain Reinicke was chief of staff to vice admiral Otto Ciliax during the Channel Dash , the transit of the ships of the Brest Group through the English Channel .
Battle of Serravalle ( 1544 ) The Battle of Serravalle took place on June 2 – 4 , 1544 , at Serravalle , in the Apennine Mountains , San Marino , between the Spanish - Imperial army commanded by Don Alfonso d ' Avalos , Marquis del Vasto , and a force of freshly raised Italian mercenaries in French service , led by Pietro Strozzi , member of the rich and famous Florentine family of the Strozzi , and Giovan Francesco Orsini , Count of Pitigliano , during the Italian War of 1542 – 1546 . Background . Despite the collapse of the Spanish - Imperial army under Alfonso d ' Avalos at the Battle of Ceresole ( " Spanish : Cerisoles " ) , the battle proved to be of little strategic significance . At the insistence of Francis I of France , the French army resumed the Siege of Carignano , where Pirro Colonna held out for several weeks . Soon after the city ' s surrender , the impending invasion of France itself by the forces of the Emperor Charles and Henry VIII of England , forced Francis to recall much of his army from Piedmont , leaving the Count of Enghien without the troops he needed to take Milan . The Spaniards , holding all the strong places of Lombardy , were enabled to prevent d ' Enghien from any further success . The Battle . Pietro Strozzi , an Italian military leader in French service , who had collected an army of over 10 , 000 soldiers at Mirandola , advanced boldly to Milan , in the hopes of joining d ' Enghien there , but on 2 – 4 June , the Spanish - Imperial army commanded by Don Alfonso d ' Avalos intercepted and defeated the Franco - Italian army of Pietro Strozzi and the Count of Pitigliano . The Strozzi ' s army was destroyed and the Spaniards obtained the total control of the Lombardy , ending the French offensive of the François de Bourbon , Count of Enghien , to try to capture the Duchy of Milan . The brilliant French victory at Ceresole occurred two months earlier , finally resulted useless . Consequences . The Milanese would remain in hands of the Emperor Charles , and in the end of the war saw a return to the status - quo in northern Italy . In May , 1544 , the Emperor invaded France with two armies . One of them , led by the Imperial commander Ferrante Gonzaga , Viceroy of Sicily , captured Luxembourg and moved towards Commercy and Ligny . On 8 July , Ferrante Gonzaga besieged Saint - Dizier , and the second army led by the Emperor Charles stationed in the Electorate of the Palatinate , soon joined him . Meanwhile , Henry VIII , had sent an army of some 40 , 000 men to Calais under the command of Thomas Howard , Duke of Norfolk , and Charles Brandon , Duke of Suffolk .
Thirty Tyrants ( Roman ) The Thirty Tyrants ( Latin : Tyranni Triginta ) were a series of thirty rulers that appear in the " Historia Augusta " as having ostensibly been pretenders to the throne of the Roman Empire during the reign of the emperor Gallienus . Given the notorious unreliability of the " Historia Augusta " , the veracity of this list is debatable ; there is a scholarly consensus that the author deliberately inflated the number of pretenders in order to parallel the Thirty Tyrants of Athens . The source actually gives 32 names but as the author , writing under the name of one Trebellius Pollio , places the last two under the reign of Maximinus Thrax and Claudius II respectively , this leaves thirty pretenders supposedly under the reign of Gallienus . The following list gives the Thirty Tyrants as depicted by the " Historia Augusta " , along with notes contrasting the Historia Augusta ' s claims with their actual historical position : Notwithstanding the author ' s pretensions regarding the time during which these persons aspired to the throne , this list includes : Leaving nine pretenders roughly contemporary with Gallienus . According to David Magie ( the editor of the Loeb Classical Library edition of the " Historia Augusta " ) , at least some of these men issued coins .
Rayleigh Castle Rayleigh Castle ( also known as Rayleigh Mount ) was a masonry and timber castle built near the town of Rayleigh in Essex , England in the 11th century shortly after the Norman conquest . All that exists today are the earthwork remains of its large motte - and - bailey . Details . Rayleigh is one of 48 castles mentioned in the Domesday Survey of 1086 and the only one in the county of Essex . The Survey records that Swein ( other spellings are Sweyn , Sweyne , and Suen ) built the castle in his manor . He was the son of Robert FitzWimarc , a Norman lord and favourite of Edward the Confessor ( r . 1042 – 1066 ) . Swein was one of the wealthiest landowners in post - Conquest Essex , and the Survey records that in 1086 his lands were worth £255 . As Swein was the son of a favourite of Edward it is likely that he did not arrive with William the Conqueror in 1066 , but was instead born in England . Most land owners with significant holdings at the time of the Domesday Survey had disjointed , scattered properties however Swein was one of the exceptions and most of his land was within the hundreds of Rochford and Barstable with Rayleigh Castle as the administrative centre . Adian Pettifer notes that Rayleigh ' s plan is similar to that of two other castles in Essex : Pleshey and Ongar . On Swein ' s death the castle passed to his son Robert de Essex ( c . 1085 - before 1159 ) and thence to his grandson Henry d ' Essex . Around 1140 the motte was covered in stone rubble . Henry was accused of cowardice in battle in 1163 and subject to a trial by combat which he lost . The castle and its estates were confiscated to become the property of the king , Henry II . Extensive alterations were made to it in 1172 and in 1183 - 4 . The property given by King John to Hubert de Burgh in around 1200 who probably used it as a source of building materials for the castle which he started building in 1230 about away at Hadleigh . On the death of Hubert ' s son in the latter half of the 13th century , ownership of the castle reverted to the Crown . Documents dating between 1279 and 1303 refer to the motte being used for pasture , which probably means that the castle was no longer used as a fortification . In 1394 King Richard II gave permission for the townspeople of Rayleigh to use the foundations of the castle as a source of stone . Since the foundations are explicitly mentioned in the document giving permission , it is unlikely that any other masonry structures remained by then . The site of the castle was used for grazing sheep after it fell into disuse . Photos taken in the 1920s show the mount free from any large trees or shrubs as the grazing prevented their growth , however since the grazing stopped , large trees have grown on the site . The National Trust who manage the site have no plans to remove the trees for fear of disturbing any potential archaeology below . The Second World War Convoy rescue ship " Empire Rest " was originally laid down as a Castle class corvette to have been named HMS " Rayleigh Castle " after the ruins .
342d Fighter - Day Wing The 342d Fighter Day Wing ( FDW ) is an inactive United States Air Force wing . Its last duty assignment was at Myrtle Beach AFB , South Carolina . History . Operational history . On 25 July 1956 , the 342d Fighter Day Wing was established and activated at Myrtle Beach AFB , South Carolina . The Wing ' s subordinate components were the 342d Fighter - Day Group ; the 342d Air Base Group and the 455th Fighter - Day Group , all being assigned to the wing as subordinate units . The Wing Commander was Colonel Robert G . Emmens . The total manpower force of the 342d FDW at the time of its activation was 20 Officers , 1 Warrant Officer and 241 enlisted men , with the majority of the personnel being reassigned from the 4434th Air Base Squadron , ( established on 9 April 1956 ) being redesignated as the 342d Air Base Group on 25 July 1956 . On 10 September 1956 , the 342d FDW received a new commander , Colonel Francis S . Gabreski . Colonel Emmens assumed the role of Deputy Base Commander at that time . The 342 FDW ' s mission was officially that of a fully functional fighter - day wing . In reality , the efforts and activities of the 342 FDW were directed to reach operational capabilities by overcoming the problems and obstacles inherent in the activation of a new fighter wing on a base sill largely under construction . Close liaison was maintained between units at Shaw AFB , SC for many activities . There were regularly scheduled truck convoys between Shaw and Myrtle Beach during the Wing ' s development . The 342 FDW lasted 117 days until 18 November 1956 . On 19 November , the Air Force redesignated the unit as the 354th Fighter - Day Wing , absorbing all personnel and assets of the 342d FDW . The 342d FDW and 342d FDG was inactivated along with the 455th Fighter - Day Group
Hans Bergen Hans Bergen ( 5 March 1890 – 17 February 1957 ) was a highly decorated Generalleutnant in the Wehrmacht during World War II who commanded several divisions . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . Hans Bergen was captured in 1945 by the Western Allies and was released in 1947
MONARC Modular Naval Artillery Concept ( MONARC ) was a study of the German defence industry about mounting the turret of the PzH 2000 self - propelled howitzer on a naval ship of frigate size . The size required above and below deck and the weight of this turret are not much different from the OTO Melara 76mm gun system , the standard naval gun of the German Navy . But to deal with the much greater recoil of the 155 mm artillery piece on such a vessel , a flexible mount with damping elements had to be designed . This mount and a PzH 2000 ' s turret was fitted experimentally in December 2002 on the Type 124 Sachsen class frigate " Hamburg " at the shipyards of HDW in Kiel , when she was still fitting out . In 2004 the fire - control system was tested with a PzH 2000 strapped onto the helicopter deck of " Hessen " , another Type 124 frigate . The feasibility of using even the unmodified PzH 2000 with unguided " dumb " rounds to attack naval targets had been proven previously by the Swedish Coastal Artillery with tests performed in May 1996 . Rheinmetall , the producer of PzH 2000 ' s gun system , plans to design special smart naval rounds that will boost the range of the gun from 30 km with standard NATO ammunition and 40 km with assisted rounds to over , more than that of many anti - ship missile s . The future F125 class frigate was intended to make use of this concept . While the intricate elastic mounting system handled the recoil adequately , adapting all of the PzH - 2000 ' s systems for the corrosive naval environment proved more difficult than expected and MONARC appears to have been removed from F125 plans . The F125 class will now mount the new developed Otobreda 127 / 64 naval gun , which has a range of more than 120 km when using guided Vulcano ammunition .
Château de La Palice The Château de La Palice is a castle , developed into a " xhâteau " , in the " commune " of Lapalisse in the Allier " département " of the Auvergne " région " of France . History . Built between the 11th and 13th centuries , the feudal part of the castle was acquired by Jacques I de Chabannes in 1430 . His grandson , Jacques II , " maréchal " of France , built the Renaissance wing at the beginning of the 16th century out of rose - coloured bricks , endowing the castle with sobriety and elegance . This wing replaced the wall connecting the fortress to the Gothic style chapel , itself built c . 1470 . The ceilings have raised colourful box beam s inlaid with gold . Today , the fully furnished living rooms contain many historical artefacts as a museum of the castle ' s history . The Château de La Palice is listed as a " monument historique " by the French Ministry of Culture .