naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
V - 1 flying bomb The V - 1 Buzzbomb is a German missile and the first guided bomb in the world . Description . The V - 1 was developed by the German Air Force ( Luftwaffe ) during WWII and was used from June 1944 and March 1945 , being used to attack targets in Southeast England and Belgium , mainly the cities of London and Antwerp . The first V - 1 bomb hit London on June 13 , 1944 . The V - 1s were launched from sites along the Channel ( Pas - de - Calais ) And the coast of the Netherlands until they were subjugated by the Allied forces . However , once the allies captured the points where the launchers were concentrated , the Germans resorted to aircraft of the Luftwaffe , having adapted to V - 1 to be launched from Heinkel He 111 / H - 22 . The bombers dropped a total of 1 . 176 V - 1 flying bombs this way . The V - 1 later received help from the more sophisticated V - 2 rocket . The British gave her the nickname buzzer bomb or buzz bomb , because of the sound it produced . It was easily identifiable , and people knew that there was a V - 1 coming . It ' s engine was shut down after it traveled a predetermined distance . The pump has obtained an average success . How was flying straight and steady speed , it was relatively easy to butcher them with guns . Moreover , so some V - 1 appeared in screen of the British radar , RAF sent their interceptors Gloster Meteors to knock them down . When all else failed , the pilots used the wings of its planes to divert the missile and make him fall in a safe place . It was these failures that forced the Germans to use the V - 2 Rocket . Despite this , the United States later developed their own version , the JB - 2 Loon .
Topal Osman Pasha Topal Osman Pasha ( died 1733 ) was a Grand Vizier in the Ottoman Empire . Osman was born in Morea and was educated in the Seraglio at Constantinople . At the age of twenty - six he attained the rank of Beylerbeyi ; and was sent on a mission to the Governor of Egypt . On the voyage his ship encountered a Spanish corsair and Osman was captured after a fight in the course of which he received a wound which lamed him for life , whence he obtained his name of Topal . He became Grand Vizier on September 21 , 1731 . Topal Osman was superseded in the Grand Vizierate in 1732 . Before Topal Osman had been long in retirement , the military victories of the Persian army of Nader Shah made the sultan again require his services ; and he was sent into Asia as generaIissimo of the Turkish armies in that continent , and was invested with almost unlimited powers . He marched to encounter Nader and on July 19 , 1733 , defeated him in a pitched battle , near the banks of the Tigris close to Baghdad . The victory thus gained by Topal Osman on the Tigris , rescued Baghdad and he again defeated the Persians , near Leilan , in the same year . But in a third battle with Nader , near Kirkuk , the Turks were decisively defeated by Persians ; and Topal Osman himself died fighting sword in hand . He killed by Allahyar Beig Gerayli And his head was cut . His body was borne off the field by some of his attendants , and was afterwards brought for burial to Constantinople .
Tokutaro Sakurai Biography . Sakurai was born in Fukuoka as the eldest son of a samurai retainer of the Fukuoka Domain . He attended military preparatory schools , and graduated from the 30th class of the Imperial Japanese Army Academy in May 1918 and was initially assigned to the IJA 36th Infantry Regiment . He graduated from the 37th class of the Army Staff Collage in November 1925 . During his career , he served as an instructor at the Army Toyama School , as a military advisor to the National Revolutionary Army in Beijing , on the staff of the IJA 10th Division , on the staff of the IJA 8th Combined Brigade , battalion commander on the IJA 24th Infantry Regiment , instructor at the Army Infantry School , and on the staff of the China Expeditionary Army and the IJA 1st Army . He was promoted to colonel in August 1939 . During the Second Sino - Japanese War , he was a member of the Japanese negotiating team on the Hebei – Chahar Political Council assigned to the headquarters of the China Expeditionary Army . Sakurai was subsequently appointed chief of staff of the IJA 34th Division , which was at the Battle of Zaoyang – Yichang in 1940 . In 1941 , he served as an instructor at the Military Police School , and in 1942 was appointed commander of the IJA 65th Infantry Regiment based in Hubei . In August 1943 , he was promoted to major general . Subsequently , as commander of the Infantry Group of the IJA 55th Division , Sakurai was assigned to the Japanese Burma Area Army and served as military advisor to the Burma National Army . He was the main Japanese commander at the Battle of the Admin Box from 5 February to 23 February 1944 . He returned to Japan in April 1945 . Appointed commander of the IJA 212th Division , one of the new divisions raised to contest Operation Coronet , the projected American invasion of Japan , he was based near his native Fukuoka at the time of the surrender of Japan . In December 1961 , Sakurai was arrested for illegal possession of firearms and swords , and on suspicion of assisting an ultra rightist organization in weapons training and planning a coup . However , he was released due to insufficient evidence . In June 1966 , Sakurai took the tonsure , becoming a Buddhist priest , and lived at the temple of Ruriko - ji in Yamaguchi until his death in 1980 . Notes .
Phineas Bowles ( died 1722 ) Phineas Bowles ( died 1722 ) was an English army major - general . Life . Bowles is first mentioned in the " Military Entry Books " in January 1692 , when he was appointed captain - lieutenant in the regiment of Colonel W . Selwyn , later the 2nd Queen ' s , then just arrived in Holland from Ireland . In July 1705 he succeeded Colonel Caulfield in command of a regiment of foot in Ireland , with which he went to Spain and served at the Siege of Barcelona . According to memoranda of General Erie , Bowles ' s was one of the regiments broken at the bloody battle of Almanza . It appears to have been reorganised in England , as Narcissus Luttrell mentions Bowles ' s arrival in England on parole , and afterwards that he was at Portsmouth with his regiment , awaiting embarkation with some troops supposed to be destined for Newfoundland . Instead , he again went with his Regiment to Spain , where it was distinguished at the battle of Saragossa in 1710 , and was one of the regiments surrounded in the mountains of Castile , and made prisoners , in December of the same year . After this Bowles ' s regiment disappeared from the rolls , and its colonel remained unemployed until 1715 , when , as a brigadier - general , he was commissioned to raise a corps of dragoons , of six troops , in Berkshire , Hampshire , and Buckinghamshire , to rendezvous at Reading . This corps became the 12th Royal Lancers . In 1719 Bowles was transferred to the colonelcy of the 8th dragoons . He died in 1722 . His cousin ' s son Phineas Bowles ( 1690 – 1749 ) was a lieutenant - general .
150th Indiana Infantry Regiment The 150th Indiana Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment from Indiana that served in the Union Army between March 9 and August 5 , 1865 , during the American Civil War . Service . Recruited from the 8th district , the regiment was organized at Indianapolis , Indiana , with a strength of 1 , 082 men , and mustered in on March 9 , 1865 . It left Indiana for Harper ' s Ferry , West Virgina on March 13 . The regiment saw duty at Charleston , West Virginia , Winchester , and Stevenson ' s Depot , remaining there until June 27 . It then proceeded to Jordan ' s Springs , Virginia , and remained there until it was mustered out on August 5 , 1865 . During its service the regiment incurred thirty - four fatalities , and another fifty men deserted .
11th Regiment Kansas Volunteer Infantry The 11th Kansas Volunteer Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War . Service . The 11th Kansas Infantry was organized at Camp Lyon near Fort Leavenworth , Kansas from August 29 through September 14 , 1862 . It mustered in on April 3 , 1862 for three years under the command of Colonel Thomas Ewing , Jr . . The regiment moved to Fort Scott , Kansas , October 4 – 9 , 1862 , then to Pea Ridge , Arkansas , October 15 – 19 . It was attached to 1st Brigade , 1st Division , Army of the Frontier , Department of Missouri , to February 1863 . District of Rolla , Department of Missouri and District of Kansas , Department of Missouri , to April 1863 . The 11th Kansas Infantry ceased to exist at the end of April 1863 when it was mounted and changed to the 11th Kansas Cavalry . Detailed service . Action at Old Fort Wayne or Beattie ' s Prairie , near Maysville , October 22 , 1862 . Cane Hill , Boston Mountains , November 28 . Boston Mountains December 4 – 6 . Reed ' s Mountain December 6 . Battle of Prairie Grove December 7 . Expedition over Boston Mountains to Van Buren December 27 – 31 . Moved to Springfield , Mo . , January 1863 , and duty there until February 17 . Moved to Forsyth , Mo . , thence to Fort Scott , Kan . On furlough March . Moved from Fort Scott to Salem , Mo . , thence to Kansas City , Mo . , April 6 – 20 .
Castello Baradello The Castello Baradello is a military fortification located on a 430 m high hill next to the city of Como , northern Italy . History . The castle occupies the ancient site of " Comum Oppidum " , the original settlement of Como , dating from the 1st millennium BC . Later it was one of the last Byzantine strongholds in the area , surrendering to the Lombards in 588 . The castle was restored during the War of the Lombard League , with the help of emperor Frederick Barbarossa ( 1158 ) . Barbarossa officially donated it to the citizens of Como in 1178 . Napoleone della Torre died here in 1278 , having been imprisoned here by Ottone Visconti after the Battle of Desio ; his nephew Guido was able to escape in 1283 , as well as his brothers Corrado and Enrico the following year . Azzone Visconti resotred and enlarged the fortification after conquering Como in 1335 , and built another castle , the Castello della Torre Rotonda ( " Castle of the Round Tower " , now lost ) and a citadel . In 1527 , by order of emperor Charles V , the castle was dismantled , with the exception of the tower , to prevent it fell to the French troops that had invaded the duchy of Milan . After belonging to monks and then to privates , the castle was restored in 1971 . Description . The most preserved element is a square tower , measuring 8 . 20 x 8 . 35 m at the base , and standing at 27 . 50 m . It once had Guelph - type merlons . The walls are of Byzantine origin ( 6th - 7th century ) ; these were later heightened and provided with Guelph merlons , while another external line of walls was added . Also from the 6th century are the Chapel of St . Nicholas and quadrangular tower ( 4 . 40 x 4 . 15 m at the base ) , which was used as the castellan ' s residence .
UUM - 44 SUBROC The UUM - 44 SUBROC ( SUBmarine ROCket ) was a type of submarine - launched rocket deployed by the United States Navy as an anti - submarine weapon . It carried a 5 kiloton nuclear warhead . Development . Development began in 1958 , with the technical evaluation being completed in 1963 . That year , the US Navy received the first rounds and soon reached Initial Operation Capability ( IOC ) aboard the attack submarine " Permit " . When SUBROC reached IOC The US Navy ' s admiral in charge of weapons procurement stated that SUBROC was " . . a more difficult technical problem than Polaris . " SUBROC was never used in combat , and all were decommissioned following the end of the Cold War in 1989 . Because the nuclear warhead was an integral part of the weapon , SUBROC could not be exported to other navies , and there is no evidence that any were supplied to other NATO allies under the well - established arrangements for supplying other dual - key nuclear weapons . Towards the end of the 1970s , a planned successor , the UUM - 125 Sea Lance , was frequently delayed due to funding problems and eventually canceled . Operation . SUBROC could be launched from a 21 inch submarine torpedo tube . After launch , the solid fuel rocket motor fires and SUBROC rises to the surface . The launch angle then changes and SUBROC flies to its destination following a predetermined ballistic trajectory . At a predetermined time in the trajectory , the reentry vehicle ( containing the warhead ) separates from the solid fuel motor . The warhead , a W55 1 to 5 kiloton nuclear depth bomb , drops into the water , sinking rapidly before exploding in proximity to its target . A direct hit was not necessary . Technically , its tactical use was as an urgent - attack long - range weapon that could attack time - urgent submarine targets that could not be attacked with any other weapon without betraying the position of the launching submarine by calling for an air - strike , or where the target was too distant to be attacked quickly with a torpedo launched from the submarine . The tactical rationale for SUBROC was similar to that for ASROC or Ikara . An added advantage was that SUBROC ' s approach to the target was not detectable by the target in time to take evasive action , although the warhead yield would appear to make evasive maneuvers unrealistic . However , SUBROC was less flexible in its use than Ikara or ASROC : since its only payload was a nuclear warhead , it could not be used to provide stand - off fire in a conventional ( i . e . , non - nuclear ) engagement .
49th Infantry Division Parma The 49th Infantry Division Parma was an infantry division of the Italian Army during World War II . The " Parma " Division was a regular division of the Italian Army , in September 1940 , it was sent to Albania in preparation for the Greco - Italian War , when it was part of the Italian XXVI Corps . It remained in Albania for the rest of the war as an occupying force . The division was disbanded in September 1943 , after the Italian surrender to the Allies . Commander . General Attilio Grattarola
Chief of the Defence Staff ( Sri Lanka ) The Chief of the Defence Staff ( CDS ) is the most senior appointment in the Sri Lankan Armed Forces . CDS is the highest - ranking military officer in the armed forces and outranks all respective heads of each service branch , however CDS does not have operational command authority over them or their service branches , however overseas inter service corporations and the implementation of joint operations of the Sri Lankan armed forces . Coordination of inter - service joint operations are handled by the Office of the Chief of Defence Staff formally known as the " Joint Operations Headquarters " . General Jagath Jayasuriya currently functions as the Chief of Defence Staff . The CDS is the Chairman of a Committee made up of service commanders and is a member of the National Security Council . History . The post could be traced back to post of General Officer Commanding ( GOC ) of the " Joint Operations Command " when General T . I . Weerathunga was first appointed to it on November 2 , 1985 . The Joint Operations Command was created in 1985 due to the need of co - ordinating of operations among the tri - services and the police with the escalation of the Sri Lankan Civil War . The post itself was created in 1999 replacing the civilian post of chief of the " Joint Operations Bureau " which had existed briefly in 1999 . Its powers expanded under the " Chief of Defence Staff Act No . 35 of 2009 " . In recent years , the Chief of the Defence Staff was appointed to the highest rank in the branch of the Sri Lankan armed forces to which he belonged ( equivalent to a US " four - star " rank ) being a General , an Admiral or an Air Chief Marshal . According to the new Bill , the President of Sri Lanka appoints to the post of Chief of Defence Staff any person presently serving as Commander of the Army , Navy or the Air Force , to function under the direction , supervision and control of the Permanent Secretary to the Ministry of Defence .
Danilo Atienza Air Base Danilo Atienza Air Base is a military base used by the Philippine Air Force . Overview . On 1 September 1971 , the base was turned over the Philippine Navy and Air Force , with the facility being renamed Sangley Point Air Base . The two services jointly operated the facility . During the December 1989 coup attempt , the base was seized by rebellious military personnel . During the brief period of combat between loyalist and revolutionary elements of the military , a squadron of four F - 5A ' s led by Major Danilo Atienza repeatedly bombed and strafed Sangley Point Air Base , destroying several T - 28 combat planes belonging to the coup forces . Unfortunately , Major Atienza ' s plane crashed during the otherwise successful operation , and he was killed . After the coup was put down , Sangley Point Air Base was renamed as the Major Danilo Atienza Air Base in 1992 . As of 2009 the base was home to the Philippine Air Force ' s 15th Strike Wing , 451st Supply Squadron , 570th Composite Tactical Wing , and 1308th Dental Dispensary . It was also home to the Philippine Navy ' s MF - 30 and MF - 40 Squadrons and Naval Air School Center ( NATS - 50 ) .
Changi Air Base ( East ) Changi Air Base ( East ) , or Changi East Complex is a new facility extending the facilities of Changi Air Base , the existing facilities hence renamed Changi Air Base ( West ) . Built on 2 square kilometre site of reclaimed land , the new base is located approximately 2 kilometres east of Singapore Changi Airport and approximately 1 . 5 kilometre west of Changi Naval Base . Ground breaking took place on 15 July 2002 , it was officially opened on 29 November 2004 . The runway ( 02R / 19 ) length is approximately 2 , 748 metres ( 9 , 015 ft ) . Location . The new base houses the Republic of Singapore Air Force ' s 145 Squadron , which comprises the extended - range , attack oriented F - 16D Block 52 + Fighting Falcons , as well as the 208 Squadron , the 808 Squadron and the 508 Squadron . The proximity of the South China Sea to the air base gives it an advantage over Tengah Air Base and Paya Lebar Air Base as the F - 16 jets from Changi can make a faster and shorter trip out to training areas over the South China Sea , compared to their counterparts from other air bases . The 145 Squadron can save as much as five to seven minutes transit time , which means they also save on fuel and further reducing costs . In the future , the runway will be extended for the expansion of Singapore Changi Airport . Singapore Airshow connection . Also , located just beyond the northern edge perimeter fencing of the air base is the permanent venue of the new Changi Exhibition Centre for the Singapore Airshow which was completed in September 2007 and had hosted the recently inaugurated Singapore Airshow 2008 in February 2008 . 40th Anniversary of Five Power Defence Arrangements . On 1 November 2011 , Singapore hosted the Five Power Defence Arrangements ( FPDA ) ' s 40th anniversary celebrations , with the defence ministers , aircraft and servicemen from all five signatory countries converging on the air base to participate in the event . Amongst the participating aircraft spotted roosting at the dispersal area of the air base were Republic of Singapore Air Force ' s F - 15SG Strike Eagle , Royal Air Force ' s Typhoon FGR4 , Royal Australian Air Force ' s F / A - 18A Hornets , Royal Malaysian Air Force ' s F / A - 18D Hornets and Royal New Zealand Air Force ' s P - 3K2 Orions . Later , a gala dinner was hosted by Singapore ' s defence minister - Dr Ng Eng Hen at Singapore ' s Istana whereupon they called on the Prime Minister of Singapore - Mr Lee Hsien Loong to discuss a multitude of issues . Codenamed " Exercise Bersama Lima " , the three days joint exercise is expected to test the readiness and cooperation between all participating countries and should conclude on 4 November 2011 .
Stalag I - A Stalag I - A was a German prisoner - of - war camp located near the village of Stablack , about north - west of Preußisch Eylau , East Prussia ( now Bagrationovsk in Russian Kaliningrad Oblast ) . The camp was built in late 1939 by Polish prisoners of war . In 1940 the Poles were joined by Belgian and French prisoners , and by Russians in 1941 . Some British and Italian prisoners were also there . On 25 January 1945 , as Russian troops approached , the camp was abandoned and all prisoners were evacuated to the west . Kommandos of Stalag I - A . Few of the men registered at Stalag I - A were housed at the main camp , as most were assigned to " Kommando s " ( sub - camps ) spread over the entire district .
2nd Fleet ( Imperial Japanese Navy ) The was a fleet of the Imperial Japanese Navy . History . First established on 28 December 1903 , the IJN 2nd Fleet was created by the Imperial General Headquarters as a mobile strike force of cruiser s and destroyer s to pursue the Imperial Russian Navy ' s Vladivostok - based cruiser squadron while the remaining bulk of the Japanese fleet ( the IJN 1st Fleet ) continued to blockade Port Arthur in hopes of luring the battleship s of the Russian Pacific Fleet out into a classic line - of - battle confrontation . As the main mobile force in the Imperial Japanese Navy , the IJN 2nd Fleet saw the bulk of all future combat operations from the time of its inception until this dissolution at the end of World War II . Commanders of the IJN 2nd Fleet . Commander in chief Chief of Staff
USS Jefferson City ( SSN - 759 ) USS " Jefferson City " ( SSN - 759 ) , a , was the only ship of the United States Navy to be named for Jefferson City , Missouri . The contract to build her was awarded to Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company in Newport News , Virginia on 26 November 1984 and her keel was laid down on 21 September 1987 . She was launched on 17 August 1990 sponsored by Mrs . Susan A . Skelton , and commissioned on 29 February 1992 , with Commander Russell Harris in command . Homeport is the Point Loma Sub Base in San Diego , CA .
Star of South Africa ( military decoration ) The Star of South Africa was a South African military decoration that was in use from 1952 to 1975 . It was awarded to senior military officers , for exceptionally meritorious service . History . The decoration formed part of the series of military decorations introduced by the South African government in April 1952 . It was formally instituted by Queen Elizabeth II on 26 January 1953 . In effect , it took the place of the Commander of the Order of the British Empire , which had been awarded to senior South African officers during World War II . It was named after the first large diamond to be found in South Africa . Criteria . The Star of South Africa was awarded to officers of the South African Defence Force , for exceptionally meritorious service in peace or war . In practice , it was conferred only on officers of general or flag rank . Description . The decoration consists of eight five - pointed silver stars , of different sizes , which are superimposed on each other . The reverse displays the South African coat of arms . Those minted before 31 May 1961 have Queen Elizabeth II ' s royal cipher above the coat of arms . The SSA was worn around the neck , on a 44mm wide orange ribbon with three green stripes .