naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Fernándo Norzagaray y Escudero Fernándo Norzagaray y Escudero was a Spanish soldier and colonial governor . Of Basque descent , he was a lieutenant general before becoming the 104th Governor of Puerto Rico and the 78th Governor of the Philippines under Spanish colonial rule . He also had a political career in Spain . In 1840 he was briefly Minister of War . On his return to Spain in 1860 he was made a senator , but he died the same year . Puerto Rico . He did extensive infrastructure work in Puerto Rico . One example was the bridge known as General Norzagaray ' s Grand Bridge , which crossed the Los Frailes stream . Arsenals were constructed , and a cavalry was created . Philippines . Norzagaray authorized establishments of houses of foreign currency exchange on June 18 , 1857 , just two months after his ascendancy to governor . He ordered local administration reforms in September 1858 and reorganized the infantry in September 1859 . In April 1859 , ten Jesuit priests arrived in the Philippines , after being allowed again in the archipelago , to persuade Norzagaray to grant a Jesuit school be made . They were given the Escuela Municipal , which is the only primary school in Manila , on October 1 , 1859 . In 1858 he established a botanical garden , the " Jardín Botánico " , on the site now known as Mehan Garden . Cochinchina Campaign . He sent Philippine troops to Cochinchina , southern Vietnam , in 1858 in a joint campaign with the French . Both Spain and France claimed to be defending Catholicism in Vietman , with Spain reacting to the execution of bishop José María Díaz Sanjurjo at Nam Dinh , northern Vietnam , on July 20 , 1857 . The expedition raised hopes of increasing Philippine trade in Asia , however , Spain and its colony gained little long - term benefit from the four - year campaign . At the Siege of Tourane , the Spanish navy was represented by the armed despatch vessel " El Cano " , only one of the initial 13 warships used during the campaign . The transport included a marine artillery battery and 1 , 000 troops drawn from the Spanish garrison of the Philippines , mostly Tagalogs and Visayans . It was put under the command of the French Admiral Charles Rigault de Genouilly . The combined Franco - Spanish force was forced to evacuate Tourane , giving way to the Vietnamese . The same force was used in the Siege of Saigon , which was put under the same French admiral , and garnered a victory for the combined Franco - Spanish force . In 1860 , most of the Spanish forces under the command of Admiral Bernardo Ruiz de Lanzarote were withdrawn on French request . France went on to develop a colony in Vietnam . Legacy . The town of Norzagaray , which was formerly known as Casay , was named in his honor . During his term , he separated Casay from Angat and made the former a distinct town .
Alfred Cecil Herring Major Alfred Cecil Herring ( 26 October 1888 – 10 August 1966 ) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . Details . He was 29 years old , and a temporary second lieutenant in the Royal Army Service Corps , British Army , attached to 6th ( S ) Battalion , The Northamptonshire Regiment during the First World War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC . On 23 / 24 March 1918 at Montagne Bridge , France , the enemy had gained a position on the south bank of the canal and Second Lieutenant Herring ' s post was surrounded , but he immediately counter - attacked and recaptured the position , together with 20 prisoners and six machine - guns . During the night the post was continually attacked , but all attacks were beaten off , largely because Lieutenant Herring was frequently visiting his men and cheering them up . It was owing to his bravery and magnificent handling of his troops that the enemy advance was held up for 11 hours at a very critical period . Further information . He was born in Tottenham , North London . He later achieved the rank of major . He was a Chartered Accountant by profession In 2006 , a new pub on Green Lanes , Palmers Green , in North London , run by the Wetherspoons chain , was named after him . The medal . His Victoria Cross is displayed at the Royal Logistic Corps Museum , Camberley , Surrey .
30th Fighter Division ( Germany ) 30 . Jagd Division ( 30th Fighter Division ) was one of the primary divisions of the German Luftwaffe in World War II . It was formed in September 1943 in Berlin and disbanded on 16 March 1944 . The Division was subordinated to the Luftwaffenbefehlshaber Mitte ( September 1943 – February 1944 ) and the I . Jagdkorps ( February 1944 – March 1944 ) .
G . A . Chandrasiri Major General G . A . Chandrasiri , RWP , USP , ndc , psc , SLAC ( born 1954 ) is a Sri Lankan general , who was the former Commander Security Forces Headquarters - Jaffna ( SF HQ ( J ) ) ; General Officer Commanding , 52 Division ; , Director General General Staff , Joint Operations Headquarters ; Brigade Commander Armoured Brigade and Commander , Area Headquarters Mannar . He is the current Governor of Northern Province . Chandrasiri joined the army in 1974 , after basic training he was commissioned in to the 1st Reconnaissance Regiment , Sri Lanka Armoured Corps in 1976 as a Second Lieutenant . After serving as a Troop Leader in the Ceylon Armoured Corps , he served as Officer Instructor , staff officer , adjutant , squadron commander of the Sri Lanka Armoured Corps . Thereafter he served as the Commandant , Armoured Corps Training Centre and following a snit as a staff officer in forward commands he became the Commanding officer the 4th Armoured Regiment , Sri Lanka Armoured Corps before becoming the Centre Commandant , Regimental Centre , Sri Lanka Armoured Corps . Promoted to the rank of Brigadier , he became the Brigade Commander , 531 Brigade ; Director of Humanitarian Law , Army Headquarters ; Military Security Coordinator , Presidential Security Unit . Becoming the Director of Armour , he became the Brigade Commander of the Independent Armoured Brigade . Thereafter he became the Deputy General Officer Commanding , 21 Division ; Commander , Area Headquarters Mannar ; General Officer Commanding , 52 Division and Director General General Staff , Joint Operations Headquarters . In the final stages of the Sri Lankan Civil War he was appointed Commander Security Forces Headquarters - Jaffna , during which his command resisted several attacks on the Jaffna peninsula by the LTTE until a successful offensive by his divisions pushed the LTTE out of the Jaffna peninsula and recaptured the statistic Elephant Pass . Following the end of the war he was appointed by the President as Competitive Authority for approximately 3 , 000 , 000 internally displaced personnel and was in charge of the resettlement process . In 2009 , he retired from the army and was appointed Governor of Northern Province . General Chandrasiri is a graduate of the Defence Services Command And Staff College , Mirpur and National Defence College , India . He has received armoured warfare training in India , Fort Knox and attended the Senior Command Course in Mhow . He was awarded the Rana Wickrama Padakkama , Uttama Seva Padakkama ( USP ) , the Sri Lanka Armed Services Long Service Medal , the Ceylon Armed Services Long Service Medal , the Purna Bhumi Padakkama , Vadamarachchi Operation Medal and the Riviresa Campaign Services Medal . See also . Northern Theater of Eelam War IV
Elks National Veterans Memorial The Elks National Veterans Memorial is a Beaux Arts - style domed building at 2750 North Lakeview Avenue in Chicago , Illinois . The structure was planned by the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks , who wished to honor members of their order who had served in World War I . A design competition was administered by the American Institute of Architects . Architect Egerton Swartwout ' s design was selected for the building , which was constructed between 1924 and 1926 . Fine marble was imported from Greece , Austria , France , Belgium and Italy , as well as from Vermont , Tennessee , Alabama and Missouri . High quality limestone came from Indiana . The building ' s lavish construction and interior decoration and artwork have caused it to be described as " one of the most magnificent war memorials in the world . " The building features sculptures by Adolph A . Weinman , Laura Gardin Fraser , and James Earle Fraser , and murals by Eugene Savage and Edwin Blashfield . The rotunda features murals and statues depicting the Elks ' four cardinal virtues : charity , justice , brotherly love , and fidelity . The friezes portray the " Triumphs of War " on one side and " Triumphs of Peace " on the other . The entrance is flanked by two large bronze sculptures of elks . The Elks rededicated the memorial in 1946 , 1976 , and 1994 to honor veterans of World War II , the Korean War , the Vietnam War , and all subsequent conflicts . On October 1 , 2003 , the City of Chicago granted the memorial landmark status . Besides its status as a memorial , the building serves as the national headquarters of the Elks .
Sancho II of León and Castile Sancho II ( 1036 / 8 – 7 October 1072 ) , called the Strong ( " el Fuerte " ) , was King of Castile ( 1065 – 72 ) , Galicia ( 1071 – 72 ) and León ( 1072 ) . Born at Zamora , Sancho was the eldest son of Ferdinand I of Castile and Sancha of León , the eventual heiress to the Leonese crown . He was married to Alberta , a woman , probably foreign , of unknown origin . He succeeded in Castile while his younger brother Alfonso succeeded in their mother ' s inheritance of León and Galicia was given to the youngest son García . In 1068 , Sancho defeated his cousins Sancho IV of Navarre and Sancho of Aragón in the War of the Three Sanchos . He reconquered Bureba , Alta Rioja , and Álava , which his father had given to Sancho of Navarre ' s father , García , in return for aid against Bermudo III of León . In that year , he defeated Alfonso , his brother , at Llantada , but he soon teamed up with him to conquer Galicia . They succeeded ( 1071 ) and partitioned it , but Sancho then turned on Alfonso . With the aid of his " alférez " El Cid , he defeated Alfonso at Golpejera ( 1072 ) . He then forced him into exile in Toledo and took over León as king , being crowned in the city of León on 12 January 1072 . . Some Leonese resistance still persisted , and his sister , Urraca , Lady of Zamora , held that city against his rule . He had surrounded the city and begun a siege , when a Zamoran noble , named Vellido Dolfos , assassinated Sancho on 6 October 1072 . Vellido had gained entry to Sancho ' s camp pretending to be a deserter , and sought a private conference with Sancho to tell him the weakness of the Zamoran defence . Once before Sancho , however , he used the king ' s own sword to impale him in the back . Fleeing , he was chased back to Zamora by El Cid but escaped into the town through a gateway since called " Portillo del Traidor " ( " gateway of the traitor " ) . Sancho was succeeded in his kingdoms by the brother he had previously deposed , Alfonso . He was buried in San Salvador de Oña .
Josef Rölleke Josef Rölleke ( 23 August 1924 - 6 October 2011 ) was an Unterscharführer in the Waffen SS during World War II who was awarded the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross , which was awarded to recognize extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership by Nazi Germany during World War II .
Operation Nightingale Operation Nightingale was the codename of the Singapore Armed Forces ' ( SAF ) humanitarian mission to the 1991 Gulf War . Background . Following the invasion of Kuwait by Iraq on the August 2 , 1991 , a massive international coalition was formed to deter and repel Iraqi forces in Kuwait . A request was made by the British Government for medical assistance . In response , a 30 - strong SAF medical team led by MAJ ( Dr ) Tan Chi Chiu of the 205th General Hospital was assembled and flown to Saudi Arabia in a mission codenamed Operation Nightingale on January 20 . Operation . The medical team was based in the British Army Rear Hospital at King Khalid International Airport in Riyadh and treated a total of 210 casualties . The mission ended on March 13 , 1991 after a total of 54 days .
Louis Hébert ( Confederate Army officer ) Louis Hébert ( 1820 – 1901 ) was an American educator , civil engineer , writer and soldier who became a brigadier general in the Confederate Army during the American Civil War . Biography . Born in Bayou Goula , Iberville parish , Louisiana , first cousin of engineer Paul Octave Hébert , Louis Hébert graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1845 , resigned his commission in 1847 to run his ailing father ' s plantation , and like his cousin became a state militia officer and chief engineer of the state of Louisiana ( 1855 – 1860 ) . Commissioned Colonel of the 3rd Louisiana Infantry , Hébert fought with his regiment at Wilson ' s Creek and led Benjamin McCulloch ' s infantry brigade at the Pea Ridge , where Hébert was captured . After prisoner exchange , Hébert was appointed brigadier general in late May 1862 , leading a brigade at Iuka , as well as Corinth and Vicksburg . At the last battle he was again made a prisoner of war . He was however again paroled . He then served in rebel operations in North Carolina as chief engineer of the department , and commanded the heavy artillery at Fort Fisher . After the war Hébert was an editor and publisher of a local St . Martin ' s parish newspaper and taught at several private schools . He died in 1901 . Because his burial site was located on private land , with assistance from the Sons of Confederate Veterans in October 2002 his remains were disinterred and moved to St . Joseph ' s cemetery in nearby Cecilia .
Dolabra The dolabra is a versatile tool used by the people in Italy since ancient times . The dolabra could serve as a pickaxe used by miners and excavators , a priest ' s implement for ritual religious slaughtering of animals and as an entrenching tool ( mattock ) used in Roman infantry tactics .
Nymphidius Sabinus Gaius Nymphidius Sabinus ( c . 35 – 68 ) was a Prefect of the Praetorian Guard during the rule of Emperor Nero from 65 until his death in 68 . He shared this office together with Gaius Ophonius Tigellinus , replacing his previous colleague Faenius Rufus . During the second half of the 60s , Nero grew increasingly unpopular with the people and the army , leading to a number of rebellion s which ultimately caused his downfall and suicide in 68 . Nymphidius took part in the final conspiracy against Nero and persuaded the Praetorian Guard to desert him , but when he attempted to have himself declared emperor , he was killed by his own soldiers . Life . Nymphidius Sabinus was the son of an imperial freedwoman , Nymphidia ( daughter of Gaius Julius Callistus ) . Some speculate that his father was a gladiator named Martianus , but there are also claims he was the illegitimate son of the former Roman Emperor Caligula . After the Pisonian conspiracy against his alleged first cousin Nero in 65 A . D . , executions created the opportunity for many to rise in Rome into positions of power . Among those to advance was Nymphidius , who became a colleague of Praetorian prefect Tigellinus in the Praetorian Guard after the latter ' s previous partner Faenius Rufus was put to death . Nymphidius gradually consolidated some authority over the Praetorians , and his promise of material reward increased their willingness to declare for Galba during the provincial revolts of 68 A . D . which led to the senatorial rejection of Nero and to his suicide that same year . Between the death of Nero and the arrival of Galba at Rome , Nymphidius wasted no time : he orchestrated the " resignation " of Tigellinus and stood as sole commander of the praetorian guard . Galba , however , appointed a replacement for Tigellinus , Cornelius Laco , and took several further steps to eliminate potential rivals ( e . g . , the murder of Lucius Clodius Macer in Africa Province ) , all of which must have made Nymphidius uneasy . No longer content to help others to the throne , Nymphidius declared that he himself was a legitimate successor to Nero — a claim which he supported with the dubious assertion that he was the illegitimate son of the former emperor Caligula . Probably to further his claim , he also took Nero ' s favourite Sporus as wife , while Nero ' s body was still burning at the funeral pyre , calling him Poppaea as well . The Praetorians recognized that Galba ' s approach counted for more than Nymphidius ' presence , and killed the would - be usurper before their new Emperor arrived at Rome . Nymphidius is significant not only because he played an instrumental part in the downfall of Nero , but also because he illustrates the heights to which even men of low birth could rise on their own initiative , as well as the tremendous importance of Praetorian loyalty for imperial succession in the turbulent Year of the Four Emperors which followed the death of Nero . References .
Germanic Legion The Germanic Legion was a military unit of the French Revolutionary Wars , theoretically made up of German volunteers fighting under French command . It was set up in September 1792 and dissolved on 22 June 1793 . History . The idea of forming an army corps from pro - Revolutionary German volunteers was born in summer 1792 . It was most probably the example of the légion des Belges and légion des Liégeois unis which gave the Prussian Anachasis Cloots and Saxon Saiffert , both resident in Paris , the idea of such a Legion , at first to be called a Prussian Legion then a Vandal Legion . It rapidly hit recruitment problems , however , since there few expatriate Germans in France were in favour of the Revolution . Cloots thus had the idea of recruiting deserters from the Austrian and Prussian armies . A decree of the Legislative Assembly of August 1792 granted such deserters a pension for life of 100 livres should they join the unit . Cloots and his military adjutants colonels Dambach and van Hayden , however , felt the Germanic Legion must not just become a refuge for deserters but the " core of future German liberty " . Saiffert composed a hymn with the chorus " Arise ye oppressed people ; stand up , you who speak the same language , be free like the French " ( " Lève - toi peuple opprimé ; debout , vous qui parlez la même langue , soyez libres comme les Français " ) . A " capitulation " ( i . e . a treaty ) was concluded by the future legion ' s leaders and the Minister for War , stipulating that the Legion would never be deployed against Austrian or German troops and that that no Frenchman would be accepted into it . The Legion ' s existence was officialised by a law of 4 September 1792 , but the capitulation was very soon violated , with Frenchman being admitted into the Legion ( mainly Germanophone Alsatians and Lorrainians ) . Marceau and Augereau also served in it . At first used to re - establish order in the Chartres region , it was then sent to the Ardennes front , again breaching the capitulation . After the outbreak of the War in the Vendée , the Legion was deployed to Western France , where it carried out the fusillades de Nantes . At the same moment its leaders were accused of " despotism " and certain officers such as Marceau were relieved by the représentants en mission to the Vendée . More and more members of the Legion switched to the vendéen side and the legion was finally disbanded on 22 June 1793 , with its members redistributed into French units .
Battle of Jowhar ( 2006 ) The Battle of Jowhar was a battle in the 2006 Somali War fought between the Islamic Courts Union ( ICU ) and affiliated militias against Ethiopia n and Transitional Federal Government ( TFG ) forces for control of the town of Jowhar ( located at ) . It began on December 27 , 2006 , when retreating ICU forces regrouped near their stronghold of Jowhar . It became the last major town and strategic stronghold of the ICU to fall to Ethiopian and TFG forces before the latter overtook Mogadishu two days later . Background . After failing to contain the TFG / Ethiopian push in the Battle of Baidoa , the ICU had gone into what it called a " tactical retreat " , pulling from the front lines towards Mogadishu . Jowhar , a major city which had been taken from the ARPCT in June , had become a stronghold of the ICU and was where many had retreated to . Hundreds of civilian refugees fled Jowhar in anticipation of the fighting , adding to humanitarian concerns created by floods , hunger and disease . Battle . Reports from Jowhar said that fighting began on December 27 in the town of Jimbale . Islamist fighters used irrigation canals as fortifications in defending the town in a bid to halt a general retreat . It was reported to be taken by Ethiopian / TFG forces in a dawn attack , using artillery , mortars and heavy machine guns . Former warlord and past ruler of Jowhar , Mohammed Dheere , led the assault . At 10 : 00am , ICU forces were reported pulling out of town . At 10 : 30am , witnesses reported seeing heavily armed Ethiopian troops with tanks entering the former ICU stronghold . Casualties are unknown at this time . Some reports say that ICU soldiers left without putting up a fight . According to one witness , ICU troops later retreated from the town before Ethiopian troops could advance . However , fighting could still be heard at a military camp south of Jowhar . Aftermath . The loss of Jowhar led the ICU to retreat further to Balad in middle Shabelle province , a town 30 kilometres away from Mogadishu . This created chaos in the town , according to some sources , including looting . Returning warlord Dheere , purportedly wearing an " I Love Jowhar " t - shirt told the crowd gathered after the battle , " We will attack Mogadishu tomorrow , from two directions . " He was referring to the advance taking place on the main road between Baidoa and Mogadishu , where sounds of battle could still be heard at the village of Lego . Fighting was also reported at a military camp south of Jowhar . After the battle in Jowhar , thousands of Ethiopian and government - allied Somali troops , accompanied by tanks , continued south towards Balad , the next major town on the road to the capital ( 30 km , 18 miles north of Mogadishu ) . They were reported passing through Qalimow village ( 40 km , 25 miles north of Balad ) by a local resident . Later in the day , they were reported occupying Balad , where the column halted to avoid causing civilian casualties in Mogadishu .