naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Arent Schuyler Arent Schuyler was born in Rensselaerswyck ( now Albany , New York ) on June 25 , 1662 and died in Belleville , New Jersey on November 26 , 1730 . A member of the influential Schuyler family ( among the first settlers to New Netherland ) , during his lifetime he was a surveyor , " Indian agent " , miner , merchant , and land speculator . Schuyler participated in the military actions an early French and Indian War in Canada in the 1690s . In 1694 , Schuyler traveled into north - western New Jersey to investigate rumors that the French were trying to incite the local Lenni - Lenape population to rebel against the English . Schuyler found no evidence of a rebellion , but discovered a rich fertile valley where the Lenni - Lenape grew a variety of crops . Schuyler reported his findings to the English and then convinced Major Anthony Brockholst , Samuel Bayard , Samuel Berry , Hendrick and David Mandeville , George Ryerson and John Mead to invest in the purchase of the land he referred to as the Pompton Valley . The seven chose Schuyler to be negotiator with the Lenape for the rights to the area . Samual Bayard , however , was chosen to negotiate with the East Jersey Company , which maintained land rights over the area that is now Wayne . Approximately 5 , 000 acres ( 20 km² ) were purchased on November 11 , 1695 . He built the Schuyler - Colfax House along the Pompton River . In 1710 , he bought a large tract on New Barbadoes Neck . The new purchase ( present - day Kearny , North Arlington , and Lyndhurst and Kingsland ) had a significant deposit of copper , and the family became wealthy as they started to mine the metal at the Schuyler Copper Mine . Arent Schuyler married three times : to Jenneke Teller , to Swantje Van Duyckhuysen , and to Maria Walter ( s ) , the daughter of Robert Walter ( s ) and Catharine Leisler . He had eleven children ; among them were Adonijah , John , and Peter . Peter Schuyler was responsible for the introduction of the first steam engine assembled in the United States . Schuyler Avenue ( Kearny ) recalls the early settlers .
Crossing the T Crossing the T or Capping the T is a classic naval warfare tactic attempted from the late 19th to mid 20th century , in which a line of warship s crossed in front of a line of enemy ships , allowing the crossing line to bring all their guns to bear while receiving fire from only the forward guns of the enemy . It only became possible to bring " all " of a ship ' s main guns to bear in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries with the advent of steam - powered battleships with rotating gun turrets , which were able to move faster and turn quicker than sailing ships , which had fixed guns facing sideways . The tactic became obsolete with the introduction of missile s and aircraft as long - range strikes are not dependent on the direction the ships are facing . Tactics . When going into battle , ships would assume a battle line formation called " line astern " , in which one vessel followed another in one or more parallel lines . This allowed each ship to fire over wide arcs without lofting salvo es above friendly vessels . Each ship in the line generally engaged its opposite number in the enemy battle line . Steaming with the enemy off to the side ( by crossing the T ) enabled a ship to launch salvoes at the same target with both the forward and rear turrets , maximizing the chances for a hit . It also made ranging error less critical for the ship doing the crossing , while simultaneously more critical for the ship being crossed . In military terms , this is known as enfilade fire . The tactic , designed for heavily armed and armored battleships , was used with varying degrees of success with more lightly armed and armored cruisers and heavy cruisers . Advances in gun manufacture and fire - control systems allowed engagements at increasingly long range , from approximately 6 , 000 yards ( 5500 m ) at the Battle of Tsushima in 1905 to 20 , 000 yards ( 18 000 m ) at the Battle of Jutland in 1916 . The introduction of brown powder , which burned less rapidly than black powder , allowed longer barrels , which allowed greater accuracy ; and because it expanded less sharply than black powder , it put less strain on the insides of the barrel , allowing guns to last longer and to be manufactured to tighter tolerances . The addition of radar allowed World War II ships to fire further , more accurately , and at night . Battles . Notable battles in which warships crossed the T include :
Aerial observer Aerial Observer - Air Force Reconnaissance . An Aerial Observer is the functional position of gathering information visually from an airborne platform for use by military or commercial purposes . This history started when the first balloons were flown in Europe . In the early twentieth century it developed with the invention of biplanes and mono - winged aircraft . During World War I and II there was a tremendous amount of intelligence gathered through these means . These crewmembers would use optical and photographic means to record their observations . In the Vietnam War , aerial observers also might be Forward Air Controller s ( FACs ) . These O - 1 Bird Dog , O - 2 Skymaster and OV - 10 Bronco pilots would slowly fly over an area and direct bombing by radio to fast moving jet aircraft . Observer is the Royal Navy ' s term for its Fleet Air Arm navigator / radar / weapons system operators , both in two seat fixed wing combat aircraft such as the Sea Vixen and F4K Phantom and anti - submarine helicopters such as the Westland Lynx . The US Navy ' s equivalent is the radar intercept officer ( RIO ) . Although today sometimes a manned aircraft is still utilized , industry and the military use both satellites and remotely piloted vehicles ( RPV ) for this function .
961st Airborne Air Control Squadron The 961st Airborne Air Control Squadron ( 961 AACS ) is part of the 18th Wing at Kadena Air Base , Japan . It operates the E - 3 Sentry aircraft conducting airborne command and control missions . Mission . Provide airborne command and control , long - range surveillance , detection and identification information for commanders in support of U . S . goals . History . The squadron was an operational and later replacement training unit from , 1942 – 1944 . It went on to fly combat missions in the Western Pacific from , c . 6 April – 14 August 1945 . The 961st flew radar surveillance missions along East Coast of the United States from , 18 December 1954 – 31 December 1969 . The squadron assisted with the coverage of salvage operations of downed Korean Air Lines Flight 007 , 1 – 10 September 1983 . It has served as the airborne command and control for the commander , United States Pacific Command and supported US forces counter air interdiction , close air support , search and rescue , reconnaissance , and airlift operations since 1980 .
Château de Montaigut The Château de Montaigut is a castle in the French " commune " of Gissac in the " département " of Aveyron . The first traces of the Château de Montaigut date from the 10th century . Built on a rocky outcrop dominating the valley of the Dourdou de Camarès river , it defended the town of Saint - Affrique against attacks from the south . Enlarged and transformed in the 15th century by the Blanc family , it was restored several times before falling into ruin . The association " Amis du château de Montaigut " , which took ownership in 1968 , undertook a massive restoration . The castle was finally saved in 1989 . The castle is built on a Middle Ages necropolis . The castle has beautiful vaulted rooms served by a spiral staircase , a cellar , a cistern carved in the rock , a guard room and prison , bedrooms and kitchens . Visitors can admire 17th century plasterworks . Today , the castle has become a permanent centre for cultural events . The Château de Montaigut is one of a group of 23 castles in Aveyron who have joined together to provide a tourist itinerary as the " Route des Seigneurs du Rouergue " . It is listed as a " monument historique " by the French Ministry of Culture .
Marnia Airfield Marnia Airfield is an abandoned military airfield in Morocco , located approximately 9 km west of Tangier and 37 km north - northeast of Asilah . History . The airfield was constructed as a temporary facility , with a hard earth or pierced steel planking ( PSP ) runway and parking apron . with few or no permanent structures , Tents were used for ground support operations and personnel billeting . It was used for a brief two - week period by the Twelfth Air Force 86th Bombardment Group , flying A - 20 Havoc s from the field in early and mid - June 1943 during the North African Campaign . After the 86th moved east to Tafaraoui Airfield , Algeria , the airfield was dismantled and the land returned to civil authorities . Today the area where Marnia Airfield was constructed is now an agricultural area , with little or no evidence of its existence .
SpeakEasy SpeakEasy was a United States military project to use software - defined radio technology to make it possible to communicate with over 10 different types of military radio s from a single system . History . " The SpectrumWare project applied a software - oriented wireless communications approach with distributed signal processing . The research direction of the SpectrumWare project was heavily influenced by two software radio efforts : the military SpeakEasy project and the commercial products of the Steinbrecher Corporation . According to Upmal and Lackey in “ SPEAKeasy , the Military Software Radio ” IEEE Communications Magazine ( NY : IEEE Press ) 1995 , the SpeakEasy project was started in 1991 and was the first large - scale software radio . SpeakEasy was motivated in large part by the communications interoperability problems that resulted from different branches of the military services having dissimilar ( non - interoperable ) radio systems . This lack of communications interoperability can be directly linked to casualties in several conflicts . SpeakEasy had a very aggressive goal of implementing ten different radio waveforms in software on a single platform . The designers chose the fastest DSP available at the time , the Texas Instruments TMS320C40 processor , which ran at 40 MHz . Since this was not enough processing power to implement all of the waveform processing , the system boards were designed to each support four ’ C40s as well as some FPGAs . In 1994 , Phase I was successfully demonstrated ; however it involved several hundred processors and filled the back of a truck . Moore ’ s Law provides a doubling in speed every eighteen months , and since it had taken three years to build the system and write all of the software , two doublings had taken place . This seemed to indicate that the number of processors could be reduced by a factor of four . However , SpeakEasy could not take advantage of these newer faster processors , and the reason was the software . The software was tied to ’ C40 assembly language , plus all of the specialized glue code to get four C40s to work together with the code for the particular chosen FPGA . The observation was that it had taken three years to write software for a platform that Moore ’ s Law made obsolete in eighteen months . Further - more , a software radio pushes most of the complexity of the radio into software , so the software development could easily become the largest , most expensive part of the system . These observations led to software portability being a key goal of the SpectrumWare project . "
USRC South Carolina USRC " South Carolina " was one of the first ten cutters operated by the United States ' Revenue Cutter Service ( later to become the US Coast Guard ) . Operational service . " South Carolina " was not launched until 1793 , however , due to the recalcitrance of state officials who were loath to support or enforce the United States ' customs and navigation laws . Nevertheless , Cochran drew his pay during the time of her construction and so therefore probably chartered a private vessel to conduct patrols until the " South Carolina " entered service . Little is known about this cutter other than that she was a schooner that displaced 38 tons . Her journals and official correspondence have not survived and there is little mention of her in local papers . The only incident that garnered published notice was when the governor ordered the cutter to transport a company of soldiers ( artillerymen from Fort Johnson ) down the waterway to protect a stranded British merchant vessel , the " Aracabessa " , from another vessel that may have been a French privateer . By the time the cutter got underway and arrived at the scene , the " Aracabessa " was burning from stem to stern . The privateer was nowhere to be seen and later captured two American vessels further out to sea . The " South Carolina State Gazette " noted : On Tuesday , the 17th inst . [ 1797 ] when the Revenue Cutter was ordered by the governor to go down to five fathom hole to protect the English ship " Oracabessa " from the French pirate who burned her , a detachment of 20 of Capt . Kaldensen ' s corps of Artillerists was put on board . By the time they got to Cumming ' s Point only five of the 20 , and the commanding officer , Lieut . Robertson , were able to keep their feet , all the remainder were thrown down with sea sickness - - a clear proof that we stand in need of other marines for our celebrated cutter than the artillerists of a fort . " It would be a few years before the Marine Corps and the Revenue cutters cooperated but the suggestion was prescient . Depredations such as that which befell " Aracabessa " and the American merchant ships , among others , did motivate the government to begin building a navy . " South Carolina " was sold on 5 June 1798 to Captain Oliver Pendleton for $ 630 . 00 .
Edward Settle Godfrey Edward Settle Godfrey ( October 9 , 1843 – April 1 , 1932 ) was a United States Army Brigadier General who received the Medal of Honor for leadership as a captain during the Indian Wars . Early life and education . Godfrey was born October 9 , 1843 in Ottawa , Ohio . He enlisted as a private in the US Army during the American Civil War in 1861 . He served in Company D , 21st Ohio Infantry . Because of his skills , he was admitted to the United States Military Academy at West Point and graduated in 1867 . Career . Godfrey joined the 7th United States Cavalry and as a lieutenant was a survivor of Battle of the Little Bighorn . He wrote an account of the battle and his experiences in it , originally published in " Century Magazine " in January 1892 , which was highly influential in shaping perceptions of the battle and Custer ' s generalship . Despite being severely wounded at the Battle of Bear Paw Mountain against Chief Joseph and the Nez Perce Indians , September 30 , 1877 , Godfrey continued to lead his men in battle . He received the Medal of Honor in 1894 for his leadership actions during this battle . Godfrey was brevet ed major on February 27 , 1890 . He served in Cuba in 1898 during the Spanish – American War and in the Philippine - American War overseas ( 1899 – 1902 ) . He retired from the Army on October 9 , 1907 with the rank of Brigadier General . At the ceremony of the burial of the Unknown Soldier from World War I in Arlington , Virginia , Godfrey led two platoons of Medal of Honor awardees as participants . Godfrey died on April 1 , 1932 at Cookstown , New Jersey . He was buried with full military honors at Arlington National Cemetery in Section 3 . His second wife , Ida Emely Godfrey , was buried with him after her death . Marriage and family . His first wife died before the turn of the century . Their surviving children in 1932 were Mary Godfrey and E . S . Godfrey , Jr . , who became a physician . On October 6 , 1892 , Edward married Ida D . Emely Godfrey ( 1856 – 1941 ) , his second wife . Medal of Honor citation . Rank and organization : Captain , 7th U . S . Cavalry . Place and date : At Bear Paw Mountain , Mont . , 30 September 1877 . Entered service at : Ottawa , Putnam County , Ohio . Born : 9 October 1843 , Ottawa , Ohio . Date of issue : 27 November 1894 . Citation : Led his command into action when he was severely wounded .
Connally Findlay Trigg Connally Findlay Trigg ( September 18 , 1847 – April 23 , 1907 ) was a United States Congressman from Virginia and a Confederate soldier during the American Civil War . He was born in Abingdon , the county seat of Washington County , Virginia . He attended the common schools , studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1870 and commenced practice in Abingdon . He was the son of Dr . Daniel Trigg of Abingdon and Anna Munford Tompkins , who was a lineal descendant of William Byrd of Westover and Robert " King " Carter . This also made him a cousin of General Robert E . Lee . During the Civil War , he was a private in the First Virginia Cavalry and also served in the Confederate States Navy . After the war , he was elected Commonwealth attorney for Washington County in 1872 , which position he held until he resigned in 1884 to become a candidate for Congress . He was elected as a Democrat to the Forty - ninth Congress ( March 4 , 1885 to March 3 , 1887 ) . He resumed the practice of law . He died in Abingdon on April 23 , 1907 and was buried in Sinking Spring Cemetery .
Gassantoda Castle Gassantoda Castle ( 月山富田城 , " Gassantoda - jō " ) is a mountain castle , or " yamashiro " , located in Yasugi , Shimane Prefecture , Japan . Today , only its ruins still stand . Significance . Gassantoda Castle is regarded as among Japan ' s Five Greatest Mountain Castles , along with Kasugayama Castle , Nanao Castle , Kannonji Castle and Odani Castle . Now it is one of Japan ' s nationally - designated historical ruins .
Charles L . Barrell Lieutenant Charles L . Barrell ( August 1 , 1842 to April 18 , 1914 ) was an American soldier who fought in the American Civil War . Barrell was awarded the country ' s highest award for bravery during combat , the Medal of Honor , for his action near Camden , South Carolina , in April 1865 . He was presented with the award on 14 May 1891 . Biography . On 2 August 1862 Barrell enlisted at Leighton , Allegan County , Michigan into Company C of the 102d U . S . Colored Troops as a flag holder for the Grand Army of the Republic . He attained the rank of First Lieutenant on 3 January 1863 . Barrel died in Ann Arbor , Michigan and is buried at Hooker Cemetery , Wayland , MI .
Siberian Cossacks Siberian Cossacks were Cossacks who settled in the Siberian region of Russia from the end of the 16th century , following the Yermak Timofeyevich ' s conquest of Siberia . In early Siberia practically the whole Russian population , especially the serving - men were called Cossacks , but only in the loose sense of being neither land - owners nor peasants . Most of these people came from northwest Russia and had little connection to the Don Cossacks or Zaporozhian Cossacks . In 1808 , Alexander I created the Siberian Cossack Host . In 1867 the Semirechye Cossacks were created out of the Siberian Cossack to serve in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan . Siberian cossacks participated in many military conflicts of the 19th and 20th centuries . In 1918 Siberian Cossack Host was officially disbanded . Many Siberian Cossacks formed military units and joined admiral Aleksandr Kolchak in his struggle against the Bolsheviks . During World War II , most Siberian Cossacks fought for the Soviets . But some Siberian Cossacks joined the German 1st Cossack Division . They made up the 2nd Regiment of the 1st Brigade . In 1945 most of them were transferred by the Allies to the Soviets . Currently a regiment of the Russian Ground Forces at Borzya in the Eastern Military District has the title " Cossack " .
Salisbury screen The Salisbury screen , invented by American engineer Winfield Salisbury in 1952 , was one of the first concepts in radar absorbent material , later known as " stealth technology " , used to prevent enemy radar detection of military vehicles . It was first applied to ship radar cross section ( RCS ) reduction . There have been many design refinements to the concept since that time , motivated by the increasing interest in stealth technology . How it works . Salisbury screens operate on the same principle as optical antireflection coating s used on the surface of camera lenses and glasses to prevent them from reflecting light . The easiest to understand Salisbury screen design consists of three layers : a " ground plane " which is the metallic surface that needs to be concealed , a lossless dielectric of a precise thickness ( a quarter of the wavelength of the radar wave to be absorbed ) , and a thin glossy screen . To understand the cancellation of the waves requires an understanding of the concept of interference . When two electromagnetic wave s that are coherent and are traveling in the same space interact , they combine to form a single resultant wave . If the two waves are " in phase " so their peaks coincide , they add , and the output intensity is the sum of the two waves ' intensities . However , if the two waves are a half - wavelength " out of phase " , so the positive peaks of one wave coincide with the negative peaks of the other , the two waves subtract , and the difference is zero . The thickness of the dielectric is made equal to a quarter of the wavelength ( λ / 4 ) of the expected radar wave . Since the second wave ( in step 2 . ) travels the thickness of the dielectric twice ( once going in and once coming out ) , the extra distance it travels is a half - wavelength ( λ / 2 ) . So it is a half wavelength out of phase with the first wave when they combine , and the two waves cancel . Disadvantages . There are significant disadvantages to the concept which have limited the use of Salisbury screens . One is that the simple Salisbury design above works well only at a single radar frequency , so the enemy needs only to change its frequency to defeat it . More complicated multilayer Salisbury designs can cover a band of frequencies , but only by increasing the thickness , and the best cover only a fraction of the radar spectrum . Another problem is the thickness of the screen itself . Radar wavelengths range between 10 cm and 1 mm , thus the thickness of the screen ( a quarter - wavelength ) must be at most 2 . 5 cm , and multilayer screens are much thicker . Adding this much bulk to the surfaces of aircraft can unacceptably degrade aerodynamic performance . Research is being conducted on ultra thin Salisbury screens using the Sievenpiper HIGP ( high impedance ground plane ) ( source : Wiley Periodicals , Inc . , Microwave Opt . Technol . Lett . ) , which shows remarkable improvements to the thickness of the screen .