naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Second Battle of Amba Alagi The Battle of Amba Alagi was fought in May 1941 , during World War II , part of the East African Campaign . After the Italian defeat at Keren in April 1941 , the Prince Amedeo , Duke of Aosta withdrew his forces to the mountain stronghold at Amba Alagi . The mountain had galleries carved into the rock to protect the defending troops and hold ample ammunition and stores and the Italian troops thought themselves to be impregnable . The initial attacks on the approaches to Amba Alagi by British troops under Major - General Mayne from the north , commenced on May 4 with a pincer from the eastern and western sides . There was hard fighting in the jagged mountainous terrain but Mayne ' s troops were joined on May 12 by Brigadier Dan Pienaar ' s 1st South African Brigade , which had captured the Italian garrison of Dessie ( April 20 ) located 200 miles south of Amba Alagi , and by May 14 Amba Alagi was completely surrounded . A final assault was planned for the next day but a lucky strike by an artillery shell hit an Italian fuel dump , sending a stream of oil into their last remaining drinking water forcing the Italians to end any resistance . The Italian commander began ceasefire negotiations on 16 May 1941 . The Duke of Aosta and his garrison surrendered to British commander , Sir Alan Cunningham on 19 May 1941 . This capitulation marked the end of any significant Italian resistance in East Africa , although some garrisons would continue to fight until November . The film " La Pattuglia dell ' Amba Alagi " , shot in 1953 by Flavio Calzavara , glorifies the Italian defense against the British .
Sotnik Sotnik or Sotnyk ( , , ) was a military rank among the Cossack " starshyna " ( officers ) , Strelets Troops ( 17th century ) in Muscovy and Imperial Cossack cavalry ( since 1826 ) , the Ukrainian Insurgent Army , the Ukrainian Galician Army , and the Ukrainian People ' s Army . Military rank . Literally it means " commander of hundred men " in most Slavonic languages . In the Russian rank structure sotnik was developed into Poruchik which eventually turned into Lieutenant . The Ukrainian rank structure contained sotnyk rank well into the 20th century and was equivalent with captain , The rank did not officially change , but rather fell out of use after the elimination of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army by the Soviet Army and intelligence services . The word is often translated as Captain , however the Lieutenant transliteration is also in common usage , and for the sake of the historical and social clarity the original rank name is used . Administrative rank . Holders of the rank also served as leaders of territorial units . In the Cossacks ' paramilitary society of the Zaporozhian Host , Cossack Hetmanate , and Sloboda Ukraine , territories were organized along the lines of military organization and commanded by officers . During the Khmelnytsky Uprising and in the Cossack Hetmanate ( 17th - 18th centuries ) , " sotnyks " were leaders of territorial administrative subdivisions called " sotnyas " . Such sotnyks were subordinated to " polkovnyks " ( colonel ) who were in control of a polk ( primary administrative division ) and a regiment ( military unit ) .
Tomas Young Tomas Young ( born November 30 , 1979 ) is an American military veteran of the Iraq War . He was paralyzed by a bullet to the spine while deployed in Iraq . One of the first veterans to come out publicly against the war , he has spent most of his life since the war protesting . Young ' s conditions have worsened due to various medical complications and he is currently on hospice care , awaiting his death . Military career . Two days after the September 11 attacks , Young was inspired by President George W . Bush to enlist in the United States Army . There he hoped to earn money for college through the G . I . Bill and , in his words , " exact some form of retribution " on those who caused 9 / 11 . On April 4 , 2004 , five days after being sent to Iraq , Young was shot while riding in an open , unarmored truck during an ambush staged by rebels in Sadr City . One of the bullets pierced his spine and left him paralyzed from the chest down . He returned home to Kansas City , Missouri and joined the Iraq Veterans Against the War ( IVAW ) . He has since become a public critic of the Iraq War . " Body of War " . " Body of War " is a documentary directed by Ellen Spiro and Phil Donahue which follows Young as he adapts to his paralyzed body and questions his motives to enlist in the army . The Last Letter . In March 2013 , " Truthdig " columnist Chris Hedges published an interview with Young about his worldview and circumstances . Young was in hospice care at the time of the interview , which was conducted at his home in Kansas City . Although he has contemplated suicide on various occasions , he decided " to go on hospice care , to stop feeding and fade away . This way , instead of committing the conventional suicide and I am out of the picture , people have a way to stop by or call and say their goodbyes . " That same month , on the tenth anniversary of the Iraq War , " Truthdig " published " The Last Letter " by Young directed towards George W . Bush and Dick Cheney . In the letter , Young accuses Bush and Cheney of war crime s ; says that millions of Americans and Iraqis know " who you [ Bush and Cheney ] are and what you have done " ; condemns " the inadequate and often inept care provided by the Veterans Administration " ; and expresses his belief that he and other veterans were viewed as expendable by the Bush Administration . He ends by expressing hope that U . S . leaders will have the courage to apologize for the damage wrought by the war .
Battle of Sobota The Battle of Sobota was a battle that took place near Sobota , Poland , on 23 August 1655 , between the armies of the Polish - Lithuanian Commonwealth on the one hand and of Sweden on the other . After Charles X Gustav ' s entry into Poland , he made camp at Kolo . Here the Swedish king received representatives from John II Casimir of Poland in an attempt to sue for peace . The Polish attempts were in vain and the Swedish king marched towards Warsaw . John II Casimir put up a small army in order to hinder the Swedish advance while seeking assistance from other rulers . The forces clashed on 23 August , resulting in a Swedish victory as the Polish forces were routed after rapid , but intense fighting . After the battle , Charles X Gustav left the majority of his army under the command of field marshal Arvid Wirtenberg von Debern while he himself continued his march towards Warsaw with about 2000 cavalry and 1200 infantry . Warsaw fell with no resistance on 29 August .
Charles Hammann Charles Hazeltine Hammann ( March 16 , 1892 – June 14 , 1919 ) was an officer in the United States Navy , an early naval aviator , and a recipient of the Medal of Honor . Biography . Born in Baltimore , Maryland , Hammann attended Baltimore Polytechnic Institute , and joined the Naval Reserve in October 1917 . He was awarded the Medal of Honor , when , as a pilot of a Macchi M . 5 seaplane on August 21 , 1918 , off the Austro - Hungarian coast , he dived down and landed next to a downed fellow pilot , brought him aboard , and although his plane was not designed for the double load , brought him to safety amid constant danger of attack by Austrian planes . An enlisted pilot at the time , he was commissioned as an Ensign in October 1918 . Hammann was killed while on active duty at Langley Field , Virginia , June 14 , 1919 . Namesakes . Two ships have been named USS " Hammann " for him . The first was the , a World War II - era " Sims " - class destroyer in the service of the United States Navy . The second was the , an Edsall - class destroyer escort built for the United States Navy during World War II . Medal of Honor citation . Rank and organization : Ensign , U . S . Naval Reserve Fleet . Born : March 16 , 1892 , Baltimore , Md . Appointed from : Maryland . Citation : For extraordinary heroism as a pilot of a seaplane on 21 August 1918 , when with 3 other planes Ens . Hammann took part in a patrol and attacked a superior force of enemy land planes . In the course of the engagement which followed the plane of Ens . George M . Ludlow was shot down and fell in the water 5 miles off Pola . Ens . Hammann immediately dived down and landed on the water close alongside the disabled machine , where he took Ludlow on board . Although his machine was not designed for the double load to which it was subjected , and although there was danger of attack by Austrian planes , he made his way to Porto Corsini .
Samuel Beatty ( general ) Samuel Beatty ( December 16 , 1820 – May 26 , 1885 ) was an American soldier , sheriff , and farmer from Ohio . He was a brigadier general in the Union Army during the American Civil War . In 1866 , he was awarded the brevet grade of major general of volunteers . Early life and career . Beatty was born in Mifflin County , Pennsylvania , but was raised in Stark County , Ohio . He served as a lieutenant in the Third Ohio Infantry during the Mexican - American War in the 1840s , and then was the sheriff of Stark County in the late 1850s . Civil War service . When the Civil War erupted , he formed a volunteer unit that mustered in as Company A of the 19th Ohio Infantry — the “ Canton Light Guards . ” Beatty was elected as the regiment ' s first colonel . After initial organization and training at the local fairgrounds , the regiment was transported to Camp Chase in Columbus , Ohio , for additional drilling . Beatty led the 19th Ohio in a series of battles in western Virginia , including the Battle of Rich Mountain . He fought at the Battle of Shiloh in the spring of 1862 . He subsequently commanded a brigade ( 11th Brigade , Fifth Division , II Corps ) in the Army of the Cumberland at the Battle of Perryville in Kentucky that autumn . Beatty , although still a colonel in rank , took command of Brig . Gen . Horatio Van Cleve ’ s division of Maj . Gen . Thomas L . Crittenden ' s wing during the Battle of Stones River after the general was wounded . His men were driven back by a charge by Confederates under John C . Breckinridge . They rallied after federal artillery gathered by Crittenden ' s artillery chief , Captain John Mendenhall , bombarded Breckenridge ' s troops . Promoted to brigadier general backdated to November 1862 , Beatty ' s personal bravery at the Battle of Chickamauga in September 1863 received the commendation of XXI Corps commander Thomas L . Crittenden , who wrote , " With pride I mention the name of Brig . Gen . Samuel Beatty for his conduct on this occasion . " Beatty led a brigade in the IV Corps of the Army of the Cumberland during the Atlanta Campaign . Beatty was mustered out of the volunteer service on January 15 , 1866 . He was awarded the brevet grade of major general of volunteers , to rank from March 13 , 1865 , for his actions at the Battle of Nashville , leading the division of Brig . Gen . Thomas J . Wood , who was acting corps commander , by nomination of President Andrew Johnson on January 13 , 1866 and confirmation by the U . S . Senate on March 12 , 1866 . This brevet promotion made him the highest ranking Union Army officer from Stark County . Postbellum career . After the war , Beatty returned to Stark County and farmed in Jackson Township . He died at home and was buried in the City Cemetery in Massillon , Ohio .
Tian Mingjian incident The Tian Mingjian incident was an act of spree killing that occurred on September 20 , 1994 in Beijing , China , when a People ' s Liberation Army officer First Lieutenant Tian Mingjian ( Chinese : 田明建 ) killed and injured several people at his military base in Tongxian County and afterwards drove towards Jianguomen , where he continued his shooting spree and indiscriminately fired at people in the streets . Dozens were killed or wounded , including an Iranian diplomat and his son who was driving nearby , before Lt . Tian was finally shot dead by a police sniper . Being reprimanded after a quarrel with superiors , because his wife was forced to have an abortion and died , Lt . Tian , 31 , armed himself with a type 81 assault rifle and began shooting , killing five soldiers and officers , including the Communist Party political commissar of the camp , and injured at least ten more , before he fled the military base in Tongxian County . While his fellow soldiers were ordered to change into civilian clothing , in order not to disturb the public when they are searching for the deserter , Tian hijacked a jeep and headed towards Beijing . Arriving in Tiananmen Square at 7 : 20 am , he jumped out , started shooting people at random and riddled a passing bus with bullets . 17 people were killed , among them Iranian diplomat Yousef Mohammadi Pishknari and his son . Dozens were injured on his trail towards Jianguomen , while police desperately tried to apprehend him . Eventually Lt . Tian was besieged at Yabao Road and heavy police fire forced him to flee into a dead end , where he was killed by a sniper .
USS Francovich ( DE - 379 ) The first USS " Francovich " ( DE - 379 ) was a proposed World War II United States Navy that was never completed . The name " Francovich " was assigned to DE - 379 on 31 May 1944 . She was scheduled to be built at Consolidated Steel Corporation at Orange , Texas , but her construction was cancelled on 6 June 1944 . The name " Francovich " was reassigned to destroyer escort USS " Francovich " ( DE - 606 ) , which was converted during construction into fast transport USS " Francovich " ( APD - 116 ) .
Gerd - Paul von Below Gerd - Paul Valerian Georg Heinrich von Below ( 30 November 1892 – 8 December 1953 ) was a highly decorated Generalmajor der Reserve in the Wehrmacht during World War II . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . Gerd - Paul von Below was captured by Soviet troops in May 1945 and died in captivity in 1953 .
Second Infantry Fusiliers Division Polish 2nd Fusilier Division or 2nd Rifle Division ( , or " 2e Division d ' Infanterie Polonaise " ) was part of the recreated Polish Army in France in 1940 . The division ( numbering 15 , 830 soldiers ) was commanded by Brigadier - General Bronisław Prugar - Ketling , and was based from late December 1939 to May 1940 at Parthenay in Eastern France . Under Prugar - Ketling the division was charged with holding the defences around Belfort , Alsace . Assigned to part of the French reserves , XXXXV corps . Engaged in heavy fighting from June 17 to 19 near the Doubs and Saône rivers , it stopped a German attack on the Clos - du - Doubs hills . but due to the ( unknown to the Poles ) rapid retreat of the nearby French forces it was surrounded by the Germans ; nonetheless it managed to break through to Switzerland over 20 – 21 June 1940 , where its soldiers were interned for the rest of the war , although many " escaped " back into France and eventually made their way to England to rejoin the Polish forces there .
HMS Revenge ( 1654 ) Newbury was a 52 - gun third rate frigate built for the navy of the Commonwealth of England at Limehouse , and launched in 1654 . She was named for the Parliamentarian victories at the two battles of Newbury . After the Restoration in 1660 , she was renamed HMS " Revenge " . She spent some time carrying the flag of the senior captain of Prince Rupert ' s white ( van ) squadron , commanded by Robert Holmes . By 1677 her armament had been increased to 62 guns , though she was condemned in 1678 , and presumably broken up .
James Benjamin Lampert James Benjamin Lampert ( April 16 , 1914 – July 10 , 1978 ) was a former United States Army Lieutenant General , Superintendent of the United States Military Academy ( 1963 – 1966 ) , and early pioneer of nuclear weapons and nuclear power . Lampert was General Leslie Groves ' executive officer as part of the Manhattan Project after World War II . Early life and education . Born in Washington , D . C . on April 16 , 1914 , Lampert was the son of Lt . Col . James G . B . Lampert , USMA 1910 , who died in January 1919 while serving with the American Expeditionary Forces in Europe . He spent his childhood in Wisconsin , where his mother moved after his father died . He received an appointment to West Point as a member of the class of 1936 . Upon graduating 36th in his class of 276 , he was commissioned as a Second Lieutenant in the Field Artillery branch , but within a year transferred to the Engineer branch . He studied civil - engineering at MIT , earning his MS in 1939 . Early military career . With the onset of World War II , Lampert was assigned to the South Pacific here he commanded an engineer aviation battalion in the Fiji Islands and Solomon Islands . In January 1944 he became the XIV Corps chief engineer , where he participated in the invasion of Luzon , Philippines , and the subsequent liberation of Manila in March 1945 . During the war , Lampert was awarded the Silver Star , Legion of Merit , and Bronze Star . Following the war , Lampert joined the Air Force ' s Special Weapons Project and became the executive officer to Lieutenant General Leslie R . Groves , who was chief of the Manhattan Project ( 1947 – 1949 ) . Senior military career . Lampert was the chief district engineer in the Charleston , South Carolina and Tulsa , Oklahoma districts from 1949 to 1952 . He returned to the field of nuclear energy in 1952 , he became the Officer - in - Charge of the joint Nuclear Power Program . In 1957 , Lampert attended the National War College . He then was assigned to Saigon , Vietnam , where he became Deputy Chief for Logistics for the Military Assistance Advisory Group - Vietnam ( later MACV ) . After his tour in Vietnam , Lampert was assigned to the Pentagon as the director of military construction at the Office of the Chief of Engineers , a post he held until assuming command at West Point in as the xxth Superintendent ( 1963 – 1966 ) . After leaving the academy , Lampert was the Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense ( 1966 – 1968 ) . In 1969 he became the commanding general and high commissioner of the Ryukyu Islands until his retirement in 1972 . Post military . Lampert was a member of the Board of Director of West Point ' s Association of Graduates ( AOG ) and became AOG ' s president in 1978 . Lampert died at Walter Reed Army Medical Center in Washington , D . C . in 1978 .
Bapu Gokhale Bapu Gokhale was a general working for the Marathas in the Third Anglo - Maratha War . He was entrusted by Peshwa Baji Rao II with the preparations of the Third Anglo - Maratha War against the British in 1818 . He died on February 19 , 1818 during the battle of Ashti while defending the Peshwa from the British . He fought bravely and died with a sword in his hand just as he had wished he would have preferred to .
Fokker D . VI The Fokker D . VI was a German fighter aircraft built in limited numbers at the end of World War I . The D . VI served in the German and Austro - Hungarian air services . Design and development . In late 1917 , Fokker - Flugzeugwerke built two small biplane prototypes designated V . 13 . These aircraft combined a set of scaled - down D . VII wings with a fuselage and empennage closely mirroring those of the earlier Dr . I . The first prototype utilized a 82 kW ( 110 hp ) Oberursel Ur . II rotary engine , while the second featured a 119 kW ( 160 hp ) Siemens - Halske Sh . III bi - rotary engine . Fokker submitted both prototypes at the Adlershof fighter trials in late January 1918 . At that time , Fokker reengined the first prototype with the 108 kW ( 145 hp ) Oberursel Ur . III . Pilots found the V . 13s to be maneuverable and easy to fly . " Idflieg " issued a production contract after the V . 13s were ultimately judged to be the best rotary powered entries of the competition . Operational history . The new aircraft , designated D . VI , passed its " Typenprüfung " ( official type test ) on 15 March 1918 . The production aircraft utilized the Oberursel Ur . II , which was the only readily available German rotary engine . " Idflieg " authorized low level production pending availability of the more powerful Goebel Goe . III . Deliveries commenced in April and ceased in August , after only 59 aircraft had been completed . Seven aircraft were delivered to the Austro - Hungarian Air Service ( " Luftfahrtruppen " ) . In service , the D . VI was hampered by the low power of the Oberursel Ur . II . Moreover , the lack of castor oil and the poor quality of " Voltol , " an ersatz lubricant , severely reduced engine life and reliability . The D . VI remained in frontline service until September 1918 , and continued to serve in training and home defense units until the Armistice .
Charles Windolph Charles Windolph ( December 9 , 1851 – March 11 , 1950 ) was a soldier in Company H of the George Armstrong Custer ' s Seventh U . S . Cavalry who survived the Battle of the Little Bighorn and was the recipient of the Medal of Honor . Biography . Windolph was born in Bergen , Germany , December 9 , 1851 , to Joseph and Adelphina Koch Windolph . He arrived in the United States in 1871 , and enlisted in the army ' s 2nd US Infantry November 12 , 1871 . He deserted July 18 , 1871 , and promptly reenlisted as Charles Wrangel in 7th US Cavalry . He later surrendered and was restored to duty without punishment . He was a shoemaker and did cobbler work among his comrades . He was a participant in the Yellowstone Expedition of 1873 and the Black Hills Expedition in 1874 . Windolph took part in the Reno - Benteen hilltop action at the Battle of Little Bighorn , and was wounded in the buttock . He later received the Medal of Honor for his actions during that fight , specifically for providing covering fire for his comrades ( including Medal of Honor recipient Peter Thompson ) who went for water for the wounded on June 26 , 1876 . He was also awarded the Purple Heart many years later . He was discharged in 1883 as a Sergeant . Like Thompson , he moved to Lead , Dakota Territory , and took a job with the Homestake Mine , where he worked for 49 years . He married twice and had three children . His wife had a bakery . He was the source / subject of a book " I Fought With Custer , The Story of Sergeant Windolph " which is listed as written by Frazier & Robert Hunt , published in 1947 . He died in 1950 at age 98 , the last of the white participants in the Battle of the Little Bighorn . His remains were interred in the Black Hills National Cemetery . Windolph first married in 1882 to Mary Jones who died in 1883 . He later married a childhood friend , Mathilda Lulow . Mathilda Lulow was born ca . 1861 on the Isle of Rugen to Karl Christian Christoph Lulow and Marie Sophia Henrietta Kagelmacher . Mathilda died on 23 March 1924 and is buried with Charles Windolph in the Black Hills National Cemetery . They had children : Marie Elizabeth , Robert Nicholas , and Irene . Medal of Honor citation . Rank and organization : Private , Company H , 7th U . S . Cavalry . Place and date : At Little Big Horn , Mont . , 25 - 26 lune 1876 . Entered service at : Brooklyn , N . Y . Born : December 9 , 1851 , Germany . Date of issue : October 5 , 1878 . Citation : With 3 comrades , during the entire engagement , courageously held a position that secured water for the command .