naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Colin Grazier Able Seaman Colin Grazier GC was posthumously awarded the George Cross for the " outstanding bravery and steadfast devotion to duty in the face of danger " which he displayed on 30 October 1942 in action in the eastern Mediterranean . 30 October 1942 . On the night of 30 October 1942 an enemy submarine was reported 70 miles north of Port Said . The HM Destroyers " Pakenham " , " Petard " , " Dulverton " , " Hero " , and " Hurworth " were ordered to proceed from Alexandria to relieve the HMS " Echo " who had been searching for the submarine ( which was German U - boat " U - 559 " ) . HMS " Petard " , assisted by Wellesley aircraft of the No . 47 Squadron , located the u - boat and attacked the submarine with depth charges for nearly ten hours and finally forced the stricken boat to the surface at around 1040pm . The U - boat was caught in " Petard " ' s search - lights , and the German crew , with Captain Hans Heidtmann , were taken on board under guard , but not before they had opened seavalves and petcocks in order to scuttle the submarine before abandoning it . HMS " Petard " ' s now sought volunteers to swim over and search the damaged submarine . Lieutenant Francis Fasson RN said that he would go aboard . He stripped off his clothes and jumped into the cold sea . Colin Grazier also volunteered and followed him across . The two men were then joined by 16 - year - old NAAFI canteen assistant Tommy Brown , and they began the task of searching the rapidly sinking u - boat for any vital documents , code books or machinery . The two senior men , Fasson and Grazier , entered the submarine and passed all the information they could get their hands on to Brown who was waiting on the conning tower . Suddenly the submarine lurched and slipped beneath the waves , taking Grazier and Fasson with it . Their daring mission though remained a secret for over 30 years due to the Official Secrets Act . George Cross citation . The awards were published in the " London Gazette " on 14 September 1943 . Usefulness of the captured code books . However , they had managed to pass the vital code books that reached Bletchley Park on 24 November 1942 . They proved to be the Wetterkurzschlussel ( short weather key ) and Kurzsignalheft ( short signals ) code books , which yielded a priceless information in breaking the u - boat Enigma codes . Convoys could now be rerouted to avoid wolfpacks and losses were halved in January and February , 1943 . Legacy . In Grazier ' s home town of Tamworth there is a Hotel named after him , which contains a gallery of photographs , and an Avenue , and an office block named after Colin Grazier . In October 2002 , a commemorative sculpture was unveiled in Tamworth to honour Grazier and his two colleagues involved in the capture of documents from " U - 559 " . The sculpture , the work of Polish sculptor Walenty Pytel , takes the form of three anchors , and the date of the unveiling was chosen to coincide with the 60th anniversary of the action against " U - 559 " .
Skoda 100 mm Model 16 / 19 The Skoda 100 mm Model 16 / 19 ( 100 mm M . 16 / 19 ) was a mountain howitzer modified by Skoda Works from the design of the M . 16 , and its most notable difference was the longer barrel . It is unclear if they were newly built , or rebuilt from older howitzers . The Czech Army used this gun in both its 100 mm and 105 mm variants . After 1938 , the guns were used by the Wehrmacht as 10 cm GebH 16 / 19 ( t ) and 10 . 5 cm GebH ( t ) . In addition , some of these guns were also used by Italy and Turkey , although this needs confirmation . The gun broke down into 3 loads for transport . The gun crew was protected by an armour ed shield .
3rd Carpathian Rifle Division ( Poland ) The Polish 3rd Carpathian Rifle Division ( , sometimes translated as " 3rd Carpathian Infantry Division " ) , also commonly known as " Christmas Tree Division " due to the characteristic emblem , was an Allied unit fighting during World War II on the Italian Front . It was formed in 1942 of the Polish Independent Carpathian Brigade and the forces of General Władysław Anders ' 2nd Polish Corps evacuated from the USSR . The division participated in the North African and the Italian Campaigns ( 1941 – 1945 ) as part of the British Eighth Army . Notable actions include the victories in the Battle of Monte Cassino , Ancona and Bologna . Disbanded after the war , most soldiers chose not to return to the new , Communist Poland . After the war , the division was housed at Hodgemoor Camp in Hodgemoor Woods , Chalfont St Giles , Buckinghamshire , England . They maintained a presence there until 1962 . There were , and may still be , many Polish families in the area . Order of battle . The division ' s order of battle between 1943 and 1946 was as follows :
Anton Heinemann Anton Heinemann ( born 29 January 1921 ) was a highly decorated Leutnant in the Luftwaffe during World War II . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership .
Timeline of the 2003 invasion of Iraq This is the timeline of the events surrounding the United States led 2003 invasion of Iraq . March 19 , 2003 . As protests continued , Greenpeace demonstrators chained themselves to the gates of the Australian Prime Minister ' s residence ( The Lodge ) . The Russian government and the companies mentioned as having delivered armaments to Iraq have rejected these allegations on Monday , describing them as " inventions " and reaffirming that Moscow strictly respected the embargo imposed by UNO in Baghdad . Russian president Vladimir Putin rejected the American charges himself during a telephone conversation with George W . Bush , the Presidential press secretary indicated Tuesday , quoted by the Interfax agency . March 24 , 2003 . O brave fighters , hit your enemy with all your strength . O Iraqis , fight with the strength of the spirit of jihad which you carry in you and push them to the point where they cannot go on . March 25 , 2003 . The Red Cross warned that a humanitarian crisis was emerging in the city . The Red Cross , Save the Children and other organizations are attempting to reach the city . Kuwait also has a caravan of supply trucks heading north into Iraq . Coalition forces announced that the port city of Umm Qasr was now " safe and open " and divers began searching for mines off shore . Once the waters are clear , British ships , which are waiting off of the Iraqi coast , will land in Umm Qasr with additional medicine , food and water for the area . Coalition forces had a small supply of food and water that they began to pass out to the citizens of Umm Qasr . While fighting in Nasiriya , coalition forces discovered and confiscated weapons caches and gear to protect against chemical weapons , including a T - 55 tank , over 3 , 000 chemical suits with masks , and Iraqi munitions and military uniforms . All of this equipment was hidden in a Nasiriya hospital . March 26 , 2003 . External links . Collections of news reports :
Beardmore W . B . 1 The Beardmore W . B . 1 was a British single - engine bomber biplane of World War I developed by Beardmore . Development and design . In 1916 , George Tighman Richards , the newly appointed chief designer of the aviation department of the Scottish shipbuilder William Beardmore , designed his first aircraft for Beardmore , the W . B . 1 . This was to be a single engined bomber for the Royal Naval Air Service ( RNAS ) , which was intended to carry out long gliding attacks to achieve surprise . It was a three - bay biplane with long span high aspect ratio wings , which were highly staggered . It was powered by a 230 hp ( 172 kW ) BHP engine and first flew in early 1917 . The W . B . 1 was delivered to the RNAS at Cranwell for evaluation on 8 June 1917 . By this time however , the larger and more capable Handley Page O / 100 was in production and the W . B . 1 was rejected by the RNAS .
Satakunta Air Command The Satakunta Air Command ( , abbr . " SatLsto " ; ) is the peace - time Finnish Air Force unit , responsible for the protection of the airspace of western and western part of southern Finland . Its headquarters is not located in the present - day province of Satakunta , but in historical Satakunta and in the present - day province of Pirkanmaa , at the Tampere - Pirkkala Airport in Pirkkala . History . The Satakunta Wing was founded on 26 June 1918 in Sortavala and was moved to Suur - Merijoki , near Vyborg in 1938 . The unit was disbanded after the Winter War , but restated in Aunus in 1942 . In 1944 the unit was moved to Pori Airport and it was equipped with Messerschmitt Bf 109 s . It was the first unit of the Finnish Air Force to be equipped with jet aircraft , when it received its De Havilland Vampire s . It was later to receive Folland Gnat s and MiG - 21 s . The unit was renamed into the " Satakunta Wing " in 1957 and the headquarters was moved to Tampere in 1965 . The 21st Fighter Squadron was moved to the Pirkkala Airport in 1985 and it was the first unit to be equipped with F - 18 Hornet fighters in 1995 . The 21st Fighter Squadron is the operational unit of the wing .
Bernhard Klosterkemper Bernhard Klosterkemper ( 17 April 1897 – 19 July 1962 ) was a highly decorated Generalmajor in the Wehrmacht during World War II , a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross , awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . Bernhard Klosterkemper was captured by Allied troops in May 1945 and was held until 1947 .
John Edwin Holmes John Edwin Holmes ( December 28 , 1809 – May 8 , 1863 ) was the first Lieutenant Governor of Wisconsin . He was born in Glastonbury , Connecticut . He was ordained a Universalist minister in 1833 and preached for a short time in Michigan and Ohio . He soon began to study law in Illinois and was admitted to the Illinois bar ; he joined the Democratic Party . He moved to Jefferson , Wisconsin to practiced law In 1846 , he became a member of Wisconsin Territory ' s Territorial Council , and in 1848 , he was elected the lieutenant governor of Nelson Dewey , a position he held until 1850 . In 1853 , Holmes served in the Wisconsin State Assembly . When the American Civil War begin , he went into the United States Army joining the 22nd Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment and was a quartermaster . Holmes was taken prisoner in Brentwood , Tennessee during the Civil War . He was returned to the Union in 1863 as part of a prisoner exchange , but died soon after , in Annapolis , Maryland .
19th Royal Hussars The 19th Royal Hussars ( Queen Alexandra ' s Own ) was a cavalry regiment of the British Army , created in 1857 and amalgamated to form the 15th / 19th Hussars in 1922 . History . The regiment was originally raised in Bengal by the British East India Company in 1857 as the 1st Bengal European Light Cavalry , for service in the Indian Mutiny . During the Mutiny , a lieutenant of the regiment , Hugh Henry Gough , received the Victoria Cross . As with all other " European " units of the Company , they were placed under the command of the Crown in 1858 , and subsequently formally moved into the British Army in 1862 when they were designated as hussars as the 19th Hussars . At this time , the regiment was authorised to inherit the battle honour s of the disbanded 19th Light Dragoons . The 19th Hussars saw service in the 1882 Egyptian expedition , fighting at Tel el Kebir , and in the 1884 - 5 expedition to the Sudan at the Battle of Abu Klea . During the South African War they fought in the Siege of Ladysmith . The regiment was titled 19th ( Alexandra , Princess of Wales ' s Own ) Hussars after Alexandra , Princess of Wales . In 1908 , when Alexandra became Queen Consort , the name changed to 19th ( Queen Alexandra ' s Own Royal ) Hussars . First World War . With the outbreak of the First World War , the regiment was split up , with squadrons attached to the 4th , 5th and 6th Infantry Divisions as divisional cavalry squadrons ; all three divisions moved to France with the British Expeditionary Force , and saw action in the Battle of Le Cateau , the Retreat from Mons , the Battle of the Marne , the Battle of the Aisne and the Battle of Armentieres . The regiment was brought together again in April 1915 , and attached to the 9th Cavalry Brigade 1st Cavalry Division , with whom it would serve for the remainder of the war . It saw action at the Second Battle of Ypres , gaining battle honours for the Battle of St Julien and the Battle of Frezenberg . In 1916 , the 19th fought at the Battle of Flers - Courcelette , part of the Battle of the Somme . In 1917 it served at the Battle of Cambrai , and in 1918 at the Battle of Amiens and the Pursuit to Mons . The regiment was retitled 19th Royal Hussars ( Queen Alexandra ' s Own ) in 1921 and shortly thereafter disbanded as part of the post - War reduction in forces . A cadre was briefly resurrected in 1922 in order to amalgamate with the 15th The King ' s Hussars , to form the 15th / 19th Hussars .
Tomiji Koyanagi , was an admiral in the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II . Biography . A native of Niigata Prefecture , Koyanagi was a graduate of the 42nd class of the Imperial Japanese Navy Academy in 1914 . He served his midshipman duty on the cruiser and battleship . Commissioned a sub - lieutenant in 1915 , he was assigned to the cruiser . After completing torpedo and gunnery schools , he served on the crew of the cruiser and destroyer s , and . After graduation from the Navy Staff College in 1926 and his promotion to lieutenant commander , he was assigned his first command : the destroyer . He served as an instructor from 1929 – 1938 , specializing in destroyer operations and torpedo warfare , before returning to sea again as the commander of " Iwate " . In October 1940 , he became commander of the cruiser . At the time of the attack on Pearl Harbor , Koyanagi was captain of the battleship . He was promoted to rear admiral in December 1942 . Later , Koyanagi commanded Destroyer Squadron 10 ( DesRon 10 ) during the Guadalcanal Campaign . He was appointed Chief of Staff of the IJN 2nd Fleet under Admiral Takeo Kurita in July 1943 . A strong believer in the " Kantai kessen " naval doctrine of a decisive battle , Koyanagi criticized the battle plans for the Battle of Leyte Gulf in October 1944 , as the plan called for concentrating Japanese attacks on enemy transports rather than warships . During the Leyte campaign , he was aboard the flagship " Atago " with Kurita when the fleet was ambushed by the American submarine s and . " Atago " was hit by four torpedoes from " Darter " and capsized at 05 : 53 on 23 October 1944 . Koyanagi survived and transferred to the battleship with Kurita . He was later severely injured by fragments from a near miss on 26 October and hospitalized until August 1945 . Surviving the war , Koyanagi was promoted to vice admiral on 1 November 1945 , and retired 10 days later . After the war , Koyagani was interrogated by Lieutenant Commander James A . Field , Jr . of the United States Navy Reserve in Tokyo on 24 October 1945 . Field noted that Koyanagi clarified questions that the U . S . Navy strategists had on the Japanese decision to go north rather than enter Leyte Gulf on the morning of 25 October . Koyanagi died on 6 August 1978 .
Swordfish - class destroyer Two " Swordfish " class destroyers served with the Royal Navy . and were both built by Armstrong Whitworth at Elswick , Tyne and Wear launching in 1895 . Fitted with Yarrow boilers , they could make 27 knots and were armed with one twelve pounder and two torpedo tubes . Requirement . After ordering six prototype torpedo boat destroyers from the specialist torpedo boat yards Yarrows , Thornycroft and Laird as part of the 1892 – 1893 shipbuilding programme , the British Admiralty planned to buy larger numbers of destroyers under the 1893 – 1894 programme , with orders being spread over more shipyards . The Admiralty specified a number of broad requirement , leaving the detailed design of the ships and their machinery to the builders . The new destroyers were required top reach a trials speed of , with penalty charges imposed if the ship ' s did not meet the guaranteed speeds or were delivered late . A turtleback forecastle was to be fitted . Armament was to vary depending on whether the ship was to be used in the torpedo boat or gunboat role . As a torpedo boat , the planned armament was a single QF 12 pounder 12 cwt ( calibre ) gun , together with a secondary gun armament of three 6 - pounder guns , and two 18 - inch ( 450 mm ) torpedo tubes . As a gunboat , one of the torpedo tubes could be removed to accommodate a further two six - pounders . On 8 December 1893 , the Admiralty placed an order for a single 27 - knotter destroyer with Armstrong Mitchell & Co with an order for a second destroyer following on 7 February 1894 . The ships ' machinery was to be supplied by Belliss & Co of Birmingham . Eight Yarrow - type water - tube boilers provided steam at a pressure of , feeding two four - cylinder triple - expansion steam engines and driving two propeller shafts . Three widely spaced funnels were fitted , with the middle funnel being fatter than the other two as it handled the uptakes from four boilers rather than two as did the other funnels .
USS Zenith ( SP - 61 ) USS " Zenith " ( SP - 61 ) was an armed motorboat that served in the United States Navy as a patrol vessel from 1917 to 1918 . " Zenith " was a motorboat or yacht designed with the possibility of naval service in mind when she was constructed in 1917 at Camden , New Jersey , by the Mathis Yacht Building Company . She was acquired by the U . S . Navy on 21 April 1917 at Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , from Charles Longstreet of Philadelphia for service as a patrol vessel in World War I . She was designated SP - 61 and commissioned as USS " Zenith " at Philadelphia on 23 April 1917 . Assigned to section - patrol duty , " Zenith " conducted surveillance patrols to protect the harbors and estuaries of the 4th Naval District coastline — Pennsylvania , Delaware , and southern New Jersey — from enemy incursion , primarily against submarine and minelaying operations . She served until hostilities ended on 11 November 1918 . " Zenith " was decommissioned on 21 November 1918 , just 10 days after the armistice . That same day , her name was struck from the Navy list and " Zenith " was returned to her owner .
Army East Prussia ( Wehrmacht ) Army East Prussia ( " Armeeoberkommando Ostpreußen " , abbreviated " AOK Ostpreußen " ) was created from the " AOK 2nd Army " on 7 April 1945 . AOK Ostpreußen controlled all the troops in East Prussia and West Prussia . The army absorbed the remnants of the 4th Army . After the loss of Gdańsk ( then : Danzig ) and Gdynia ( then : Gotenhafen ) in the East Prussian Offensive the army had been isolated in the Bay of Gdansk .
Landman ( rank ) Landman ( or , in the United States Navy , Landsman ) was a military rank given to naval recruits . In the Royal Navy of the United Kingdom in the middle of the 18th century , the term Landman referred to a seaman with less than a year ' s experience at sea . After a year , the landman was generally considered an Ordinary Seaman . Later , the term evolved into a more formal rating for a seaman . Landsman was the lowest rank of the United States Navy in the 19th and early 20th centuries ; it was given to new recruits with little or no experience at sea . Landsmen performed menial , unskilled work aboard ship . A Landsman who gained three years of experience or re - enlisted could be promoted to Ordinary Seaman . The rank existed from 1838 to 1921 .
Battle of Serres The battle of Serres ( , ) took place in 1196 near the town of Serres in contemporary Greece between the armies of the Bulgarian and the Byzantine Empire . The result was Bulgarian victory . Origins of the conflict . After the beginning of the Anti - Byzantine rebellion in 1185 and especially after the victory at Tryavna the Bulgarians firmly took the initiative of the war . As a result of their efforts , the Bulgarians started capturing regions of Thrace and Macedonia from Byzantines ; the Bulgarian army used their strongholds to the north of the Balkan mountains and the Danube river as bases for the war . Between 1190 and 1195 many towns to the south and south - west were seized . During his preparation for a third campaign against Bulgaria , the Byzantine Emperor Isaac II Angelos was dethroned by his brother Alexios III Angelos who offered peace to the Bulgarian Emperor . Ivan Asen I demanded the return of all Bulgarian lands , which he knew it was impossible for the Byzantines to accept , and continued the struggle . The battle . In the same year , the Bulgarian army advanced deep to the south - west and reached the vicinity of Serres taking many fortresses on its way . During the winter , the Bulgarians retreated to the north but in the next year reappeared and defeated a Byzantine army under the " sebastokrator " Isaac near the town . In the course of the battle , the enemy ' s cavalry was surrounded and the Byzantines suffered heavy casualties and their commander was captured . Aftermath . Instead of a triumphal return , the way back to the Bulgarian capital Tarnovo ended tragically . Slightly before reaching the city of Tarnovo , Ivan Asen I was murdered by cousin Ivanko who was bribed by the Byzantines . Still , their attempts to stop the Bulgarians failed : Ivanko could not take the throne and fled to Byzantium . The Bulgarians advanced further during the reign of Kaloyan ( 1197 – 1207 ) .