naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Fall of Elam The Fall of Elam refers to the events leading up to and including the conquest of the Elamite Kingdom in western Persia . The Elamites were completely annihalated in 639 BC when their lands were finally ravaged beyond repair . Background . Clashes between the Elamites and the Assyrians had been ongoing for many years prior to 721 BC , the first recorded conflict between Elamites and Assyrians . For many centuries before that the Elamites had made it a habit of intervening in Babylonian politics . Naturally this would have placed them in conflict with the Assyrians who saw Babylon as within their sphere of influence . In 721 BC , the Babylonians rebelled against Assyria and Elamite forces attempted to aid Babylon in her revolt . Following this event , the Assyrians and Elamites clashed on numerous occasions ; at the Tigris in 717 BC , along the Elamite coast as part of an amphibious invasion in 694 BC , at the province of Der and again at the River Diyala in 693 BC ( this may have been the same battle ) . For the most part , these battles were bloody and inconclusive - though the Assyrians were able to obtain the upper hand for the most part , demonstrated by the failure of the Elamites to extend their power beyond the boundaries of Mesopotamia . After a failed attack on Babylon in 655 BC , Elamite power soon began to collapse - at the river of Ulai in the plain of Susa , an Assyrian army assaulted strong Elamite defensive positions . The Elamites were soundly beaten and the Elamite King himself beheaded whilst attempting to flee in his chariot . Although another Babylonian revolt saved Elam from immediate invasion , it would remain one of the most important objectives in the mind of the next and last Great Assyrian King ; Assurbanipal . Campaign against Elam . In 648 BC , the Elamite city of Susa was razed to the ground ; it was to be a terrible portent of events to come . In 639 BC the Assyrians moved their entire army from the west to destroy their enemies ; it would be their last and most glorious act of retribution and conquest that the Assyrians had mastered like none before . Collapse of Elam . The defeats inflicted by Assyria on Elamite offensives were one of many problems facing the Elamites ; civil war had erupted in the land , whilst her northern borders were being overrun by the Persians . In 639 BC , Assurbanipal moved into Elam and proudly documented the vengeance against Elamite incursions : With Elam destroyed , the Assyrians returned to find their Empire falling apart ; years of war had destroyed their ability to wage it . Within 34 years of Elam ' s destruction , Assyria fell as an independent political entity in the Middle East forever .
George H . Covode George Hay Covode ( August 19 , 1835 – June 25 , 1864 ) was a Pennsylvania merchant and a colonel of cavalry in the Union Army during the American Civil War . Early life . Born in Covodesville , Pennsylvania , Covode was the oldest son of John Covode , a U . S . congressman and staunch abolitionist . In his youth , George Covode was noted for his athletic proportions , being tall and well built and peculiarly fitted for the hardships of military life . He was educated in Ligonier Academy and Elders Ridge . After he left school , he engaged in mercantile pursuits for some years , but not with much success . In 1858 , he married Annie Earl of Somerset County , Pennsylvania , who died a few months after their marriage . He remarried a few years afterwards to Bettie St . Clair Robb , a granddaughter of Arthur St . Clair , a major general in the Continental Army and the ninth President of the Continental Congress . The two had one child , Sarah . Civil War . At the start of the Civil War in 1861 , Covode enlisted as a private in Company D of the 4th Pennsylvania Volunteer Cavalry , raised in Ligonier Valley , Pennsylvania . During the election of officers , he was chosen as first lieutenant . The company was soon transferred to Camp Campbell near Soldiers ' Home in Washington , D . C . . Covode was later promoted to captain of the company , and on March 12 , 1862 , to major as the 4th Pennsylvania was moved rapidly to the front . Covode and his men marched to Yorktown , Virginia , and soon saw action in the battles of Malvern Hill and the Second Bull Run . During the fall of 1862 , the regiment was encamped on the north bank of the Potomac River near Hancock , Maryland , but soon participated in the fighting at Antietam , and later at Fredericksburg . In 1863 , Covode fought at Chancellorsville , Gettysburg and others . On one occasion in Falls Church , Virginia , Covode and his troops were entirely surrounded by the Confederate troops , but dashing against them he used his sword so skillfully that he opened a way for his men to follow and all escaped . His strength made him a power in hand - to - hand contests of this kind , but in addition he was almost without any personal fear . In camp life , he was described as jovial and was always unusually good natured . He was promoted to lieutenant colonel on December 8 , 1863 , and was made a full colonel on May 28 , 1864 . Death . Covode was known to be very near - sighted , which caused trouble for him in identifying people at a far distance . On June 24 , 1864 , while in command of a brigade in Virginia , he mistook some Confederate skirmisher s for his own troops and rode toward them . He discovered his mistake too late and , as he was turning to ride away , he was shot in the arm and stomach by an enemy volley . In the retreat , he was left within the enemy lines and died a few hours later . He was interred in West Fairfield Cemetery in Westmoreland County , Pennsylvania .
Commander - in - Chief , China The Commander - in - Chief , China was a senior officer position of the British Royal Navy . The officer in this position was in charge of the Navy ' s vessels and shore establishments in China from 1865 to 1941 . He thus directed a naval formation , which was often known , even in official documents , as the China Station . From 1831 to 1865 , the East Indies Station and the China Station were a single command known as the East Indies and China Station . The China Station , established in 1865 , had as its area of responsibility the coasts of China and its navigable rivers , the western part of the Pacific Ocean , and the waters around the Dutch East Indies . The navy often co - operated with British commercial interests in this area . The formation had bases at Singapore ( Singapore Naval Base ) , HMS " Tamar " ( 1865 – 1941 and 1945 – 1997 ) in Hong Kong and Wei Hai ( 1898 – 1930 ) . The China Station complement usually consisted of several older light cruisers and destroyers , and the Chinese rivers were patrolled by a flotilla of suitable , shallow - draught gunboat s , referred to as " China gunboats " . Ships on this station usually had a distinctive livery of white hull and superstructure and dark funnels . In response to increased Japanese threats , the separate China Station was merged with the East Indies Station in December 1941 to form the Eastern Fleet .
Philip E . Smith Philip Eldon Smith ( born October 15 , 1934 ) is a former United States Air Force fighter pilot who was held captive in China for seven and a half years . Early life . Smith was born in Roodhouse , Illinois . After attending high school he completed a special two year curriculum at the Institute of Aviation , University of Illinois . USAF career . He joined the United States Air Force and in June 1957 , graduated from Air Force Pilot Training . He later flew the F - 86F , the F - 100 and then the F - 104 . He volunteered for combat duty and in September 1965 was flying the F - 104C with the 435th Tactical Fighter Squadron based at Da Nang Air Base , South Vietnam . Capture . On 20 September 1965 Captain Smith was flying his F - 104C # 56 - 883 on a mission to escort an EC - 121 over the Gulf of Tonkin when due to equipment failure and incorrect navigational commands he strayed into Chinese airspace over Hainan . His aircraft was intercepted and shot down by two Shenyang J - 6 fighters of the People ' s Liberation Army Naval Air Force . Captain Smith ejected successfully and was captured by PLA forces He was first taken to Canton for interrogation and then later transferred to Peking . Most of his captivity was spent in solitary confinement , however he did meet John T . Downey and Richard Fecteau both of whom were CIA agents captured in 1952 . Release . Due to improving US - China relations following President Richard Nixon ' s historic 1972 visit to China , Captain Smith was released on 15 March 1973 , crossing the land border into the British Crown Colony of Hong Kong . Post - release . Smith returned to USAF duty and retired with the rank of Colonel in December 1996 .
Action of 3 May 1717 The action of 3 May 1717 was a Danish attempt to destroy the Swedish squadron in Göteborg , which was led by Olof Strömstierna . The Danes were led by the famous Peter Tordenskjold . The Swedish land defense was led by Fredrik of Hessen , and it consisted of the land batteries Billingen and Rya Nabbe with 12 guns each , and the Älvsborg fortress , who had 400 soldiers with 90 guns . The Danish attack was intended as a surprise attack but failed , after the Swedes opened fire at them after they passed Älvsborg fortress . The bombardment was led as a cross - fire from the fortress and the Swedish ships - which went across the river - against Tordenskjold and his soldiers . After 5 hours of fighting , the Danes retreated after losing several ships .
Lansing Holden Lieutenant Lansing Colton Holden , Jr . was a World War I flying ace credited with seven aerial victories . World War I service . Holden dropped out of Princeton and went to France to join the fight . He was originally attached to French aviation ' s Escadrille 461 in April 1918 to defend Paris against German air attack . He then transferred to the 95th Aero Squadron in July as a Spad XIII pilot . He survived being shot down on 10 August before he scored his first victory on 29 September 1918 . After destroying that German observation balloon , it would take him almost a month to score again ; on 23 October , Holden teamed with Edward Peck Curtis to down a Fokker D . VII at 1630 hours , and then shot down another balloon solo . Four days later , Holden shot down a Hannover CL . He turned balloon buster again for his last three victories , on 30 October and 3 and 4 November 1918 . Postwar life . Holden returned to college at Princeton , graduated , and took up his father ' s profession of architect . He returned to France in 1924 , and married . The following year , he took up arms again , serving as a captain during the Rif War in Morocco , and winning the Légion d ' honneur . In 1932 , he briefly went to Hollywood to work on movies . He then returned to New York . He became an officer in the Air National Guard ' s 102nd Observation Squadron . On 13 November 1938 , while attempting a landing in dodgy weather , he crashed to his death near Sparta , Tennessee . Honors and awards . The Distinguished Service Cross is presented to Lansing Colton Holden , Jr . , First Lieutenant ( Air Service ) , U . S . Army , for extraordinary heroism in action near Montigny , France , October 23 , 1918 . Lieutenant Holden was ordered to attack several German balloons , reported to be regulating effective artillery fire on our troops . After driving off an enemy plane , encountered before reaching the balloons , he soon came upon five balloons in ascension one kilometer apart . In attacking the first , which proved to be a decoy with a basket , his guns jammed ; after clearing them he attacked the second balloon , forcing the observer to jump . His guns again jammed before he could set fire to this balloon . Moving on the third balloon at a height of only 50 meters , he set fire to it and compelled the observer to jump . He was prevented from attacking the two remaining balloons by the further jamming of his machine gun . The Distinguished Service Cross is presented to Lansing Colton Holden , Jr . , First Lieutenant ( Air Service ) , U . S . Army , for extraordinary heroism in action near St . Jean de Buzy , France , November 4 , 1918 . Flying at a low altitude to evade hostile pursuit patrols , Lieutenant Holden attacked a German observation balloon in the face of antiaircraft and machine - gun fire . Although the balloon was being rapidly pulled own , he set fire to it in its nest and also caused much damage to adjacent buildings .
USRC Wolcott ( 1831 ) The United States Revenue Cutter " Wolcott " was one of 13 cutters of the Morris - Taney Class to be launched . Named after Secretaries of the Treasury and Presidents of the United States , these cutters were the backbone of the Service for more than a decade . Samuel Humphreys designed these cutters for roles as diverse as fighting pirates , privateers , combating smugglers and operating with naval forces . He designed the vessels on a naval schooner concept . They had Baltimore Clipper lines . The vessels built by Webb and Allen , designed by Isaac Webb , resembled Humphreys ' but had one less port . The " Wolcott " , named for Oliver Wolcott , the second Secretary of the Treasury of the United States , served in Newport , Rhode Island , New Haven , Connecticut , New London , Connecticut , and Wilmington , Delaware . Ordered to Mobile , Alabama in December 1844 , she was driven ashore in Pensacola Bay during a storm . After repairs , she was attached to the U . S . Navy for service during the Mexican War to carry dispatches in the Gulf of Mexico . In September 1846 , she was stricken from the commissioned list of the Revenue Cutter Service . In June 1849 , she was laid up in Mobile for repairs and on July 3 , she was transferred to the Coast Survey . The Government sold " Wolcott " at Mobile on 8 January 1851 .
Andrew Cooney ( British Army ) Captain Andrew Cooney , BA ( Hons ) , GCGI , FRGS , AFRIN , of the Royal Logistic Corps , Territorial Army , is the youngest man to date to walk to the South Pole , as of 2013 . A native of Thurgarton , he attended Southwell Minster School , which he left at age 16 to study electronic and computer engineering at Southampton University , earning his BA ( Hons ) in Maritime Leisure Management . Cooney joined the Scouts and earned the highest scouting award ( the Queen Scout ) , later completing the Bronze , Silver and Gold Awards under the aegis of the Duke of Edinburgh ' s Award Scheme . He has since founded his own business , delivering presentations , workshops and university lectures across the UK to young people .
AAC Netheravon AAC Netheravon is a Army Air Corps base located northeast of Amesbury , Wiltshire , England and southeast of Devizes , Wiltshire . It is currently home to 7 Regiment AAC ( Volunteers ) . History . No . 1 Flying Training School . On 15 May 1919 No . 8 Training Depot Station turned into No . 8 Training Squadron which then turned into the Netheravon Flying School on 29 July 1919 and finally into No . 1 Flying Training School on 23 December 1919 . During the Second World War on 1 September 1939 the school was renamed No . 1 Service Flying Training School but was disbanded on 7 March 1942 . First World War . The following units were based at Netheravon at during this time : Inter war years . The following units were based at Netheravon at during this time : Second World War . The following units were based at Netheravon at during this time : Post war . The following unit was based at Netheravon at during this time : Army Air Corps use . The following units were based at Netheravon at some point under the command of the AAC : Units . The following units were based at Netheravon at some point : Current use . The site is now home to No . 7 Regiment AAC ( Volunteers ) .
Pave Penny The Lockheed Martin AN / AAS - 35 ( V ) Pave Penny is a laser spot tracker carried by US Air Force attack aircraft and fighter - bomber s to enable them to track a laser spot on the ground ( it does not produce a laser beam itself , so the aircraft cannot launch and guide laser - guided bomb s against ground targets without additional hardware ) . PAVE was later used as an acronym for Precision Avionics Vectoring Equipment . Pave Penny was developed in the mid - 1970s based on the earlier AN / AVQ - 11 Pave Sword laser tracker used on a few USAF F - 4 Phantom II during the Vietnam War , miniaturized using solid - state electronics . The compact ( 31 in / 78 cm ) pod , which weighs only 32 lb ( 14 . 5 kg ) is a simple laser spot tracker that searches for reflected laser light from other laser designators ( used by friendly air or ground forces ) and displays that target information on the aircraft heads - up display ( HUD ) . Unlike the LRMTS ( laser ranger and marked target seeker ) systems common to European aircraft , or the more sophisticated ASQ - 228 ATFLIR , TIALD , and LANTIRN designators , Pave Penny does not contain a laser . Pave Penny can recognize specific laser designation signals based on pre - determined four - digit codes encoded into the laser pulse , allowing it to seek out particular targets and ignore others ( to avoid , for example , several aircraft hitting the same target ) . It has no range - finding capability . Pave Penny ' s nominal range is 20 miles ( 32 km ) , although effective range is considerably shorter . The Pave Penny pod was used by USAF A - 7D Corsair II aircraft , fuselage - mounted beneath the engine intake , and the A - 10 Thunderbolt II , mounted on an external pylon designed specifically for the pod ( see photo top right ) . It was previously used by some F - 16 aircraft , although most now use LANTIRN instead . Some pods were also supplied to Singapore , where they are used on that nation ' s upgraded A - 4SU Super Skyhawk s .
873d Tactical Missile Squadron The 873d Tactical Missile Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit . Its last assignment was with 498th Tactical Missile Group stationed at Kadena Air Base , Okinawa . History . B - 29 Superfortress operations against Japan . Activated in November 1943 as one of the initial B - 29 Superfortress Very Heavy bombardment squadrons . Trained in Kansas with early model B - 29s , with frequent delays in training due to modifications of the aircraft correcting production deficiencies . When training was completed moved to Isely Field , Saipan , in the Mariana Islands of the Central Pacific Area in January 1945 and assigned to XXI Bomber Command , Twentieth Air Force . As the first B - 29 squardron in the Marianas ( 15 aircraft assigned ) , it ' s mission was the strategic bombardment of the Japanese Home Islands and the destruction of its war - making capability . Flew " shakedown " missions against Japanese targets on Moen Island , Truk , and other points in the Carolines and Marianas . The squadron conducted combat missions over Japan participating in wide area firebombing attacks , but the first ten day blitz resulting in the Army Air Forces running out of incendiary bombs . Until then the squadron flew conventional strategic bombing missions using high explosive bombs . The squadron continued attacking urban areas with incendiary raids until the end of the war in August 1945 , attacking major Japanese cities , causing massive destruction of urbanized areas . Also conducted raids against strategic objectives , bombing aircraft factories , chemical plants , oil refineries , and other targets in Japan . The squadron flew its last combat missions on 14 August when hostilities ended . Afterwards , its B 29s carried relief supplies to Allied prisoner of war camps in Japan and Manchuria Squadron was largely de - mobilized on Saipan during the fall of 1945 . Was reorganized as part of continental Air Forces , Fourth Air Force at March Field , California in November 1945 , being manned and equipped with low - hour B - 29s returned from the Central Pacific . It later was transferred to the new Strategic Air Command on 21 March 1946 , being one of SAC ' s initial bombardment squadrons . Demobilization , however , was in full swing and the unit turned in its aircraft and was inactivated on 31 March 1946 . United States Air Force . Reactivated in 1961 as a MGM - 13 Mace Surface to Surface Missile squadron in Okinawa . Inactivated with the phaseout of the weapon in 1969 .
16th Vojvodina Division The 16th Vojvodina Division ( ) was a Yugoslav Partisan division that fought against the Germans , Independent State of Croatia ( NDH ) and Chetniks in occupied Democratic Federal Yugoslavia during World War II . When it was created it consisted mostly of Serbs recruited from Hungarian – occupied Bačka . As part of the Partisan 3rd Corps then Partisan 12th Corps it spent most of 1944 engaged in hard fighting against the 13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar ( 1st Croatian ) in eastern Bosnia .
15 cm SK " Nathan " The 15 cm SK L / 45 " Nathan " or , more formally , the 15 cm SK L / 45 in Mittelpivot - Lafette ( SK - Schnelladekanone ( quick loading gun ) ) 45 caliber on a central - pivot mount was a German railroad gun used in World War I . Design & History . The Germans were desperate for long - range artillery in the early part of World War I and resorted to mounting naval guns on wheeled carriages as well as rail cars . The wheeled carriages were less than successful due to their great weight , but the rail - mounted guns rather more so . All of the naval guns received nicknames and were crewed by sailors . The 15 cm guns were called " Nathan " , " Nathan Ernst " and " Nathan Emil " although the reason for three different names isn ' t known for certain . Quite probably they were used to differentiate between models of the 15 cm gun as both the " C / 13 " and the " C / 16 " guns are known to have been used . The latter guns were originally intended for the canceled s then under construction while the former were spare guns for dreadnoughts and older light cruisers . At any rate the 15 cm guns were mounted in a well - base flatcar with two four - wheel bogies . No outriggers were fitted so the recoil energy from shots fired perpendicular to the railroad track could rock the flatcar significantly even with it chained to the ground . They were fitted with front and side gunshields , although , oddly enough , no overhead armor was fitted . They first saw service in 1918 and appear to have been mainly used for coastal defense duties . It fired naval Spgr . L / 5 ( Haube ) HE shells weighing with of explosive filler . It used the German naval system of ammunition where the base charge was held in a metallic cartridge case and supplemented by another charge in a silk bag which was rammed first . The same gun was used for coast defense duties in concrete emplacements after World War I as the 15 cm SK L / 45 .