naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Zhuge Jin Zhuge Jin ( 174 – 241 ) , Ziyu , was an official of the state of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period . Early life . Zhuge Jin was born in Yangdu County ( 陽都 ) in Langya Commandery ( 琅琊 ) , in present - day Yinan County , Shandong . He was the eldest of three brothers and became orphaned at a young age . His uncle raised him and his siblings . When Cao Cao invaded Shandong in 195 , his family was forced to flee south to Jing Province and his uncle soon died of illness . After his two sisters married into notable families with numerous relations in the area , Zhuge Jin started his journey to the east . Service under Sun Quan . After the Yang Province warlord , Sun Ce , was assassinated , Zhuge Jin was referred to Sun Ce ' s successor , Sun Quan , and became his personal secretary ( 长史 ; secretary of a general was expected to participate in military operation during Han dynasty ) . He was soon transferred to be the Central Major ( 中司馬 ) , however . Zhuge Jin joined Lu Meng ' s invasion of Jing Province , and was promoted to the General Who Pacifies the South for his performance during the campaign . When the Battle of Yiling broke out , Zhuge Jin wrote a letter to Liu Bei , asking him to abort the operation , but Liu Bei refused . Since Zhuge Jin ' s younger brother , Zhuge Liang , was the most trusted officer under Liu Bei , someone told Sun Quan that Zhuge Jin was colluding with the forces of Shu Han , however , Sun Quan openly announced that no matter what the rumor said , Zhuge Jin would not betray him , just as he would never betray Zhuge Jin . During Zhuge Jin ' s later years , he was promoted to the rank of Grand General ( 大将军 ) and Left Commander ( 左将軍 ) . He participated in several military campaigns against the state of Wei , but suffered defeats in most of them . After Zhuge Jin ' s death , his son Zhuge Ke succeeded him , and became a great Wu general , but later failed as a regent , leading to the destruction of the Zhuge clan just as Zhuge Jin foresaw Zhuge Jin also had another son named Zhuge Qiao , who was adopted by his brother Zhuge Liang .
Hohl - Sprung mine 4672 The Hohl - Sprung Mine 4672 or Hohlladungs - Spring - Mine 4672 ( HL . Sp . Mi . 4672 ) ( " hollow - charge jump mine " ) was a German anti - tank mine , together with the Panzer stab 43 . Developed during the Second World War it was the first landmine to combine a shaped charge anti - tank warhead with a tilt rod fuze . The Panzerfaust warhead was mounted in a metal holder on a wooden panel buried in the ground with a Ki . Z . 43 fuze protruding above the ground . When a vehicle passes over the mine , the rod is forced sideways triggering a black powder charge at the base of the projectile , launching the projectile out of the ground and into the belly of the vehicles . The large shaped charge was capable of penetrating over 100 mm of belly armour , significantly more than tanks of the era had . Tests conducted by the Germans suggested the mine was capable of completely destroying ( rather than merely disabling ) 85 % of the tanks it attacked , making it impossible to redeploy repaired vehicles and crew . Deliveries to the Wehrmacht began in October 1944 but the mine was not issued to combat troops until January 1945 due to manufacturing faults . Only 59 , 000 were built because it was felt that the warheads were better employed with the proven Panzerfaust technology .
Georges Leygues Georges Leygues ( ; 26 October 1857 – 2 September 1933 ) was a French politician of the Third Republic . During his time as Minister of Marine he worked with the navy ' s chief of staff Henri Salaun in unsuccessful attempts to gain naval re - armament priority for government funding over army rearmament such as the Maginot Line . Leygues ' s Ministry , 24 September 1920 – 16 January 1921 . Changes Memory . Two French warships have been named for Georges Leygues :
Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Complex 18 Launch Complex 18 ( LC - 18 ) is a launch complex at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station , Florida that was active during the late 1950s and early 1960s . It was used by Viking , Vanguard , Thor and Scout rockets . The complex consists of two launch pads , LC - 18A , which was originally built by the US Navy for the Vanguard rocket , and LC - 18B , which was originally by the US Air Force used for tests of the PGM - 17 Thor missile . The first launch from LC - 18 was a Viking rocket from LC - 18A on 8 December 1956 , on a test flight for Project Vanguard . A further Viking launch was conducted in May 1957 , and the Vanguard made its maiden flight from the complex in September . Following this , the United States first satellite launch attempt was made from LC - 18A , using Vanguard TV3 , on 6 December 1957 . The launch failed after the rocket lost thrust and exploded on the launch pad . All twelve Vanguard launches were conducted from LC - 18A , with the complex being transferred to NASA after it took over responsibility for Vanguard following its formation in 1958 . After the Vanguard ' s retirement in 1959 , LC - 18A was transferred to the US Air Force for use by Scout rockets . LC - 18B was used for 17 tests of Thor missiles between 4 June 1958 and 29 February 1960 . Following this , it was also converted for use by Scout rockets . Sixteen Scouts were launched from LC - 18 ; ten from LC - 18A and six from LC - 18B . Fifteen of the launches were suborbital sounding flights , and one was an orbit al launch with the Mercury - Scout 1 satellite for NASA . This failed to reach orbit and was destroyed by range safety 43 seconds after launch . The launches from LC - 18A used the Blue Scout Junior configuration , and were conducted between 21 September 1960 and 9 June 1965 . The launches from LC - 18B consisted of three Blue Scout I rockets and three Blue Scout II s , launched between 7 January 1961 and 12 April 1967
Balkenkreuz The straight - armed Balkenkreuz , which is a stylized version of the Iron Cross , was the emblem of the World War II " Wehrmacht " ( German Armed Forces ) and its branches : " Heer " ( Army ) , " Luftwaffe " ( Air Force ) , and " Kriegsmarine " ( Navy ) . The Iron Cross used by today ' s German " Bundeswehr " unified defense forces inherits the four white , or lighter - colored , " flanks " of the older " Balkenkreuz " that do not " cap " the ends of the cross in either case , but with the " flanks " following the flared arms of the earlier German Empire ' s Iron Cross " ( Eisernes Kreuz ) " instead . The " balkenkreuz " is often incorrectly translated as the " Balkan Cross " , but it has nothing whatever to do with the Balkans . More correct translations would be " beam cross " , " bar cross " or " balk cross " . It was first adopted in mid - April 1918 by the " Luftstreitkräfte " of World War I Germany , only about a week before the death of Manfred von Richthofen , and used from that time to the end of World War I , and its use resumed , with new standardized dimensions from the beginning of the Third Reich ' s " Luftwaffe " in 1935 , to the end of World War II in Europe , always with the central black " core " cross having a stroke width one - quarter as wide as its length from end to end . The " Luftwaffe " would use two specifications for the " Balkenkreuz " , one with narrower white " flanks " on upper wing surfaces - before July 1939 , it was used in all six regular positions on an airframe - and one with wider white " flanks " surrounding the same width ( 25 % wide as long from end to end for both versions ) central black cross beneath the wings and on the fuselage sides of German military aircraft during the war years . Late in the war , it was increasingly common for the " Balkenkreuz " national insignia to be painted on without the black - color " core cross " , using only the quartet of right - angled " flanks " for its form to reduce its visibility - this could be done in either white or black , and with both the narrow and wide - flank forms of the cross .
Antonio Gramsci Battalion The Antonio Gramsci Battalion was formed on 9 November 1943 from captured Italian soldiers who wished to continue the war by resisting Nazi German forces in Albania . In the beginning its forces amounted to 137 men who chose their own leaders : Terzilio Cardinali ( commander ) , Alfredo d ' Angelo ( political commisar ) , Giuseppe Monti ( vice commander ) and Dominico Bogatai ( vice comisar ) . One Albanian partisan , Sami Kotherja , was also appointed to battalion command . The battalion was composed of two companies . Their first battle against the Germans took place on 15 of November 1943 in Berat . After the capitulation of Italy the city of Berat was under the control of the Albanian partisans . Italian forces were not used to partisan tactics and while German forces attacked the city , the battalion forces remained static in their positions giving the Germans the opportunity to encircle them . After five hours of fierce fighting , they managed to break through German lines with great losses . The Germans executed the wounded and the prisoners they could take from the battalion . After this battle the effectives were filled with other Italians which wanted to fight against Germans . During 1943 - 1944 , the Antonio Gramsci Battalion remained an integral part of Partisan First Shock Brigade , which was considered a corps d ' elite of partisan army . It participated in all of the major battles that this partisan unit was involved in . Its commander , Terzilio Cardinali , was killed in action on July 8 , 1944 , during fights in the Diber region . The battalion took also part in the operations for the liberation of Tirana in November 1944 . After the liberation of Albania , the battalion was elevated to the rank of a brigade , composed from other Italian fighters who were dispersed in other partisan units . Later on it was elevated in the rank of the division with the same name . In May 1945 , in mutual agreement with the Italian government , its forces were repatriated to Italy with a military honor ceremony .
Battle of Hundsfeld The Battle of Hundsfeld or Battle of Psie Pole was allegedly fought on 24 August 1109 near the Silesian capital Wrocław between the Holy Roman Empire in aid of the claims of the exiled Piast duke Zbigniew against his ruling half - brother , Bolesław III Wrymouth of Poland . It was recorded by the medieval Polish chronicler Bishop Wincenty Kadłubek of Kraków in his " Chronica seu originale regum et principum Poloniae " several decades later . Tradition . The contemporary author Gallus Anonymus in his " Gesta principum Polonorum " , written between 1112 and 1118 , mentioned several armed encounters with the Imperial forces led by King Henry V of Germany . After Bolesław had invaded the Bohemian territory of Duke Svatopluk , the German king in turn started a campaign to Poland and laid siege to the towns of Bytom Odrzański and Głogów , before he moved further down the Oder River and marched against Wrocław , though to no avail . According to Wincenty Kadłubek , the Germans were ambushed by the Polish forces and the result was a complete victory of Bolesław , whereafter King Henry withdrew from Poland . Because of the many corpses left by the battle , he remarked that the " dogs which , devouring so many corpses [ of the fallen ] , fell into a mad ferocity , so that no one dared venture there . " The site became known as " dogs ' field " ( , ) and the battle a part of the collective memory of the Polish nation . Kadłubek ' s relation is however unsubstantiated ; it was already questioned in the late 19th century " Encyklopedia Powszechna " by Samuel Orgelbrand . Present - day historians claim this " great battle " was rather an unimportant skirmish , and the " Chronica " , written at the court of Bolesław ' s son Casimir II the Just almost hundred years after this incident , in this topic is not reliable . The site is now part of the Psie Pole district of modern Wrocław . The name was also given by general Stanislaw Maczek soldier to the area where over a mile long column of the German armored unit was destroyed at Hill 262 .
XXXIX Reserve Corps ( German Empire ) The XXXIX Reserve Corps ( ) was a corps level command of the German Army in World War I . Formation . XXXIX Reserve Corps was formed in December 1914 . It was part of the second wave of new Corps formed in the early stages of World War I consisting of XXXVIII - XXXXI Reserve Corps of 75th - 82nd Reserve Divisions ( plus 8th Bavarian Reserve Division ) . The personnel was predominantly made up of " kriegsfreiwillige " ( wartime volunteers ) who did not wait to be called up . It was still in existence at the end of the war . Structure on formation . On formation in December 1914 , XXXIX Reserve Corps consisted of two divisions . but was weaker than an Active Corps In summary , XXXIX Reserve Corps mobilised with 18 infantry battalions , 2 cavalry detachments , 24 field artillery batteries ( 96 guns ) , 2 cyclist companies and 2 pioneer companies . Combat chronicle . In 1915 , the German offensive in Courland was intended to be a diversion while the main effort was made further south by the German 11th Army and Austro - Hungarian 4th Army in the Gorlice – Tarnów Offensive . " Armee - Abteilung Lauenstein " ( Army Detachment Lauenstein ) was formed by upgrading XXXIX Reserve Corps of 10th Army on 22 April 1915 . It was named for its commander , Generalleutnant Otto von Lauenstein , who retained simultaneous command of XXXIX Reserve Corps . It was directly under the command of OB East . Due to its success , it was continuously reinforced until it was raised to the status of an army as the Army of the Niemen on 26 May 1915 . Generalleutnant von Lauenstein remained as commander of XXXIX Reserve Corps . Commanders . XXXIX Reserve Corps had the following commanders during its existence :
Edmond Jouhaud Edmond Jouhaud ( ; 2 April 1905 – 4 September 1995 ) was one of four French generals who briefly staged a putsch in Algeria in April 1961 . As Army General he had been the Inspector General of the Air Force in French North Africa . After the failure of the putsch , he became the deputy of Raoul Salan in the Organisation de l ' Armée Secrète . While Salan fled to Spain , Jouhaud remained out of loyalty to his birthplace . He was captured in March 1962 and rapidly sentenced to death by a military court . However , after his OAS superior Salan was given only a prison sentence in a civilian court , opinion turned against executing him . He called for the remaining activists of OAS to end their militant campaign , and after a harrowing five - month period of uncertainty his sentence was commuted by de Gaulle . He was released in 1967 . He was rehabilitated by a law passed in 1982 under the presidency of François Mitterrand . A descendant of early Algerian pioneers of Corsican descent , Jouhaud was one of the most decorated officers in the French military prior to participating in the putsch . He was notably pro - American in his political views .
Hugo Eichhorn Hugo Eichhorn ( 11 February 1911 — 27 May 1992 ) was an Obersturmbannführer ( Lieutenant Colonel ) in the Waffen SS during World War II who was awarded the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross . This was awarded to recognize extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership by Nazi Germany during World War II . Early life . Hugo Eichorn was born on 11 February 1911 in Weilmünster . He joined the NSDAP ( party number 590 . 774 ) and the SS - VT in 1937 . World War II . By the start of World War II he was in the 3rd SS Pionier Battalion , SS Division " Totenkopf " and participated in the Polish Campaign . In the spring of 1940 , he was selected to become an officer and posted to the SS - Junkerschule at Bad Tölz . He was also involved in the formation of the 5th SS Pionier Battalion for the newly formed SS Division " Wiking " . After graduation in December 1940 , he was promoted to Untersturmführer ( Second Lieutenant ) and given a platoon of the SS " Wiking " to command . He was promoted to Obersturmführer ( First Lieutenant ) and Hauptsturmführer ( Captain ) in 1942 . During this time he held the position of Battalion Adjutant platoon and company commander . He was awarded the Knight ' s Cross in January 1943 , while in command of a portion of the Pionier Battalion he held off an attack by a Soviet Regiment . In February 1943 he was also given the command of the 5th SS Pionier Battalion which he commanded until September 1943 , when he was severely wounded . After recovering from his wounds in February 1944 , he took command of the SS Pionier Training and Reserve Battalion which was stationed in Dresden , he was also promoted to Sturmbannführer ( Major ) in April 1944 . He was promoted to Obersturmbannführer ( Lieutenant Colonel ) in September 1944 and remained in command of the SS Pionier Training and Reserve Battalion until the end of the war . Post war . Eichhorn survived the war and entered into industry , he died in Gedern on the 27 May 1992 .
Arthur Meade , 5th Earl of Clanwilliam Arthur Vesey Meade , 5th Earl of Clanwilliam MC ( 14 January 1873 – 23 January 1953 ) , styled Lord Gillford between 1905 and 1907 , was a British Army officer and politician . Arthur Meade was the second , but eldest surviving , son of Admiral of the Fleet Richard Meade , 4th Earl of Clanwilliam , and Elizabeth , daughter of Sir Arthur Kennedy GCMG CB , governor of various colonies including Queensland , Hong Kong and Vancouver Island . He was educated at Eton and joined the Royal Horse Guards , becoming a captain in 1900 . In the following year he was seconded to serve with the 30th Battalion , Imperial Yeomanry , in the South African war , as major and second - in - command . He was mentioned in despatches , and was severely wounded , after which he served as Assistant Provost Marshal and Staff Captain . After a short time in India as an extra ADC to the viceroy , Lord Curzon , he returned to England in 1904 and served as adjutant of the Royal Horse Guards until 1907 , retiring and becoming a captain on the Reserve of Officers on his marriage in 1909 . Since the death of his brother in 1905 he had borne the courtesy title Lord Gillford and two years later , on the death of his father , he became the fifth Earl of Clanwilliam . After his retirement he divided his time between his property in Ireland ( Montalto , Ballynahinch , co . Down ) and London . When war broke out in 1914 he returned to the Army and served in France with his regiment from 1915 to 1919 with distinction , being mentioned in dispatches and gaining the Military Cross . On returning to London he succeeded Lord Kintore as chairman of the Carlton Club . During the 1939 – 45 war he was for some time an unpaid assistant Whip in the House of Lords with a seat on the Front Bench . Although not a very frequent speaker in the Upper Chamber , he was a valuable member of committees , both as chairman and member . He married in 1909 Muriel , daughter of the late Russell Stephenson and widow of the Hon . Oliver Howard . She died in June 1952 . There were one son and two daughters of the marriage , and the title devolved upon the son , Major John Meade , 6th Earl of Clanwilliam ( 1914 – 1989 ) . Clanwilliam died on 23 January 1953 at his home in Bagshot , Surrey .
Château de Rothenbourg The Château de Rothenbourg is a ruined castle in the " commune " of Philippsbourg in the Moselle " département " of France . History . The castle , built on a hill called " Rothenberg " or " Rodenberg " , to the north of another castle , the Château du Falkenstein , dates back to the 9th century . Around 912 , the Bishop of Strasbourg , Otbert , pursued by rebellious subjects , took refuge at " Rathburg " which is perhaps Rothenburg , and was assassinated there shortly after . The castle was certainly built by the Duke of Lorraine in the 13th century , and is constructed of dressed sandstone . At the end of the 13th century , it passed to the Counts de Deux - Ponts - Bitche . In the 14th century , Rothenburg partly belonged to Count Walram de Deux - Ponts - Bitche who gave it as a fiefdom in 1353 to Gerhard Harnasch de Weikirchen . In 1369 , Rothenburg was taken and destroyed by the Strasbourgeois . The castle seems to have given its name to the Blick de Rothenburg family , who held several fiefs from the Lords of Bitche , and who died out in 1749 . It is listed as a " monument historique " by the French Ministry of Culture and is state property . .
Paphos Castle Paphos Castle is located on the edge of Paphos harbour . It was originally built as a Byzantine fort to protect the harbour . It was then rebuilt by the Lusignans in the thirteenth century after being destroyed in the earthquake of 1222 . In 1570 it was dismantled by the Venetians . After capturing the island , the Ottomans restored and strengthened it . Throughout the ages it has seen many uses . It has served as a fortress , a prison and even a warehouse for salt during the British occupation of the island . More recently the castle serves as a backdrop to the annual open air Paphos cultural festival which takes place in September . It was declared a listed building in 1935 and represents one of the most distinctive landmarks of the city of Paphos . Several archaeological excavations have taken place to investigate its past .
USS LST - 247 USS " LST - 247 " was a tank landing ship in the United States Navy . Like many of her class , she was not named and is properly referred to by her hull designation . History . " LST - 247 " was laid down on 12 May 1943 in Evansville , IN . During World War II , " LST - 247 " was assigned to the Pacific theater and participated in the following operations : " LST - 247 " beached at Kukum Beach , on the US - held island of Guadalcanal on 21 January 1944 accompanied by LSTs " 399 " and " 200 " . She delivered over 500 tons of deck cargo , 170 tons of rolling cargo , 14 officers , and 235 enlisted men from the 106th Reconnaissance Squadron . Immediately following this , " LST - 247 " then headed for Bougainville , where she delivered additional troops and equipment . In February the crew shot down a Japanese Betty Bomber . In late March , the crew received orders to sail for Milne Bay , New Guinea , where they began preparations for the Hollandia invasion at Aitape . The ship beached at Aitape at sunrise on 23 April but damaged her anchor winch . She managed to retract from the beach by sunset . " LST - 247 " set sail for Saipan in June 1944 , where there were run - ins with the Japanese . The task group came under attack by torpedo planes on two separate occasions , and during one incident , shot down friendly aircraft when it approached unexpectedly . The ship ' s task during the Guam invasion was in picking up casualties and bringing them to Pearl Harbor , where she arrived in August 1944 . She underwent maintenance and resumed sail in January 1945 , where she participated in the February amphibious assault on the Japanese stronghold island of Iwo Jima . She retracted from Iwo Jima after spending nearly a month on the beach . By April 1945 , " LST - 247 " was back at Pearl Harbor . She set sail for Seattle to undergo extensive repairs . In August , she arrived at Pearl Harbor , where she was redesignated as a Landing Ship Tank ( Hospital ) LST ( H ) - 247 on 15 September 1945 . She was decommissioned nearly a year after this , and was sold for scrap to William H . Skinner in 1947 . " LST - 247 " was awarded one battle star for World War II service .