naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
T - 23 Tankette The T - 23 was a prototype tankette developed by the Soviet Union during the interwar period . Only 5 Examples of the vehicle were produced . Design History . The development of the T - 23 began in 1929 . The Red Army , now with experience from the earlier T - 17 tankette , began development of the T - 23 . The design featured 2 crew members ( placed on a row ) with a single 7 . 62 mm DT machine gun as the primary armament . The armour was made of riveted iron and was up to 10 mm thick on the front and sides of the vehicle . It was equipped as well with a tail , similar to that of the T - 18 tank . Many of the original design features of the tank were changed during the development . Originally the T - 23 was to contain the same 35 hp 4 cylinder engine as the T - 18 light tank but this was eventually changed to a larger 60 hp version to enable it to reach speeds of up to 40 km / h . The length of the tank was also increased by almost 30 cm from original specifications . Production . The T - 23 never proceeded past the stage of a prototype stage . The design changes introduced to the tankette caused the price of production to rival that of the T - 18 light tank itself , which had a much more powerful armament and a rotating turret . There were only 5 examples produced before the project was scrapped in favour of licencing the Carden Loyd tankette from the United Kingdom in 1930 . This design was subsequently modified into the T - 27 tankette and began full production in 1931 .
Arthur Herbert Lindsay Richardson Arthur Herbert Lindsay Richardson VC ( 23 September 1872 – 15 December 1932 ) was a British recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . Details . Born in Southport , Lancashire , in 1872 , Richardson emigrated to Canada in 1891 . After a period as a rancher he joined the North - West Mounted Police in 1894 . At the outbreak of the Second Boer War in 1900 he joined the newly raised Strathcona ' s Horse . Richardson was 27 years old , and a sergeant when the following deed , for which he was awarded the VC , took place : Richardson was the first soldier to be awarded the Victoria Cross for actions committed while serving with a Canadian unit under British command . He re - joined the NWMP in 1902 and served until ill health forced him to retire in 1907 . After his wife ' s death in 1916 , Richardson returned to Liverpool and died there in 1932 . The medal . His Victoria Cross is displayed at The Military Museums in Calgary , Alberta . His gravestone can be seen at the Liverpool Cathedral St . James Gardens .
Michał Gedeon Radziwiłł Prince Michał Gedeon Radziwiłł ( September 24 , 1778 – May 24 , 1850 ) was a Polish - Lithuanian szlachcic , senator , owner of the Nieborów and others properties . Related to Radziwiłł family from Nieśwież ( Dominik Hieronim Radziwiłł ) . He took part in the Kościuszko Uprising ( 1794 ) . On January 1807 colonel and commander of the Legion - du - Nord , and later the 5th regiment of infantry ( Duchy of Warsaw ) . Took part in siege of Gdańsk , and later stationed with his regiment in Gdańsk . In 1811 general - de - brigade . In campagne 1812 commanded the brigade of infantry in the “ Polish division ” of general Grandjean in the Jacques MacDonald ’ s 10th Army Corps . He took part in defense of Gdańsk in 1813 ( under general Jean Rapp ) and when fortress capitulated he was taken prisoner . In 1815 he resigned his commission and settled in Nieborów . In the 1830 - 31 November Uprising he was for some time Commander - in - Chief of the Polish forces and the Polish commander in the battle of Grochów . After failing of the uprising he was exiled to Yaroslavl in Russia . In 1836 returned to Poland , and died in Warsaw .
SC1000 bomb The SC 1000 ( " Sprengbombe Cylindrisch 1000 " ) was a large air - dropped general - purpose thin cased high explosive demolition bomb used by Germany during World War II . Weighing more than , it was nicknamed the " Hermann " by the Germans in reference to the portly " Luftwaffe " commander , Hermann Göring . Design . The bomb had a body of drawn steel to which a heavy pointed nose code was welded . At the after end was a base plate , just forward of which the magnesium alloy tail was tack welded onto the body , and also bolted to the tail attachment brace . Around the nose of the bomb was a " kopfring " - a metal ring , triangular in cross section , designed to prevent ground penetration . The bomb was attached to the aircraft horizontally by a H - type suspension lug . The bomb was fitted with a single transverse fuze pocket . The bomb was usually filled with a mixture of 40 % amatol and 60 % TNT , but when used as an anti - shipping bomb it was filled with " Trialen 105 " , a mixture of 15 % RDX , 70 % TNT and 15 % aluminium powder . A central exploder tube of high grade TNT was put down the centre of the explosive to ensure high order detonation . The bombs were painted sky - blue with a yellow stripe in the tail cone , unless filled with " Trialen " in which case it was replaced by the silhouette of a sinking ship in yellow , and the warning " nur gegen handelschiffen " ( " only against merchant ships " ) was stencilled on the bomb casing . Variants . There were three variants of the bomb , designated Type C , L and L2 , all of the same design , but which varied slightly in size and weight . Fuzes . The bomb was fitted with a variety of fuzes including : 2008 London bomb . In early June 2008 an SC 1000 bomb was dredged from the River Lea near Three Mills Island in London . The bomb was defused and the explosive liquefied and pumped out using steam by bomb disposal officers from the Royal Engineers before the bomb was destroyed in a controlled explosion after five days . 2013 Szczecin bomb . In June 2013 an SC 1000 bomb was recovered from the Odra in central Szczecin , Poland . The area was evacuated while the bomb was lifted from the river by military engineers , and then taken in convoy to an Army training base near Drawsko Pomorskie to be destroyed in a controlled explosion .
John Ellison Vassar John Ellison Vassar ( 1813 – 1878 ) was an American lay preacher and missionary . Biography . He was born at Poughkeepsie , New York , the cousin of Matthew Vassar , the founder of Vassar College . He worked in the Vassar brewery at Poughkeepsie , but , from religious convictions , withdrew from the company and devoted his time and money to missionary work . In 1850 he became an agent and colporteur of the American Tract Society , and traveled as its representative throughout the West . During the Civil War he was at the front with the Union Armies , and after its close , devoted himself to religious work in the South . He was popularly known as " Uncle John " Vassar . One of America ' s greatest evangelists , known for his powerful testimonies to unbelievers , even pleading with them to turn and repent and come to Christ with tears often , because of his fervent spirit .
Consolidated O - 17 Courier The Consolidated Model 2 Courier was an observation and training airplane used by the United States National Guard , under the designation O - 17 . Development . A parallel development to the PT - 3 series , the XO - 17 was a converted PT - 3 with such refinements as improved fuselage streamlining , oleo shock absorbers , wheel brakes , balanced elevators and increased fuel capacity . Used almost exclusively as a cross country flying , gunnery , photographic and radio trainer . The O - 17 had a removable fairing ( carrying a Scarff ring mounting for one . 30 cal ( 7 . 62 mm ) trainable Browning machine gun . The Royal Canadian Air Force purchased three generally similar aircraft , two Model 7 landplanes and one Model 8 floatplane , the latter with the same float gear as the NY series . The sole XO - 17A was converted from the PT - 3 as a demonstrator that failed to secure any orders . It was later fitted with the experimental Packard DR - 980 Diesel engine of 225 hp ( 168 kW ) . The Model 15 was also an O - 17 type airframe fitted with a Pratt & Whitney R - 1340 engine . It too failed to win any contracts .
Economic warfare Economic warfare is the term for economic policies followed as a part of military operation s and covert operations during wartime . The purpose of economic warfare is to capture critical economic resources so that the military and intelligence agencies can operate at full efficiency and / or deprive enemy forces of those resources so that they cannot fight the war properly . The concept of economic warfare is most applicable to conflict between nation states , especially in times of total war - which involves not only the armed forces of a nation , but mobilization of the nation ' s entire economy towards the war effort . In such a situation , causing damage to the economy of the enemy directly damages the enemy ' s ability to fight the war . Some of the types or policies followed in economic warfare include : Clear examples of economic warfare could be seen during World War II when the Allied powers followed these policies to deprive the Axis economies of critical resources . In turn , the Axis powers attempted to damage the Allied war effort via submarine warfare , and the sinking of supply ships carrying supplies , raw materials , and war related equipment .
HMS Audacious ( S122 ) HMS " Audacious " is the fourth " Astute " - class nuclear - powered fleet submarine of the Royal Navy . Several previous vessels of the Royal Navy have borne the name . Long lead items for her construction were ordered on 28 August 2006 although the actual order was not placed until 21 May 2007 . She was nearly halfway through her build programme . Some aspects of the later " Astute " class submarines will be different from boats 1 - 3 , mostly related to the combat system — primarily the command , navigation and sonar systems . This is the first Royal Navy submarine which uses a shared computer environment for the different systems , common consoles and cabinets , and commercial " off - the - shelf " hardware and software , to reduce costs and improve maintainability . These changes have been back - fitted to boat 3 , " Artful " ; the eventual aim is to back - fit the " Common Combat System " to HMS " Astute " and " Ambush " , and progressively to the rest of the Royal Navy submarine fleet . Design . Nuclear power . " Audacious ' s " nuclear reactor will not need to be refuelled during the boat ' s 25 - year service . Since the submarine can replenish her air supply and purify water under way and while submerged , she will be able to circumnavigate the planet without resurfacing . The main limitation on the submarine ' s dived endurance will be due to consumable supplies , including the three months ' supply of food carried for the 98 officers and ratings . Weapons . " Audacious " will carry a mix of 38 weapons in six 21 - inch ( 533 mm ) torpedo tubes ;
CASA 2 . 111 The CASA 2 . 111 was a medium bomber derived from the Heinkel He 111 and produced in Spain under licence by Construcciones Aeronáuticas SA ( CASA ) . The 2 . 111 models differed significantly in details from Heinkel ' s wartime He 111H design while using essentially the same exact airframe in appearance , featuring heavier armament and eventually Rolls - Royce Merlin engines . Design and development . In 1937 , during the Spanish Civil War , the Spanish Nationalist Air Force received a number of He 111Bs from Germany , which had begun to receive the improved He 111D model , receiving He 111Es following the end of the war . There was a need for more modern aircraft , however , so in 1940 , CASA negotiated a contract with Heinkel to produce 200 examples of the newer He 111 H - 16 in Seville . Setting up production was slow , with relatively little support received from Germany as World War II continued . Spain managed to locate a store of Jumo 211F - 2 engines in France , and this allowed completion of 130 Jumo powered examples ( although only 117 were delivered owing to the need to cannibalise engines ) . These were in three versions : the 2 . 111A , a medium bomber ; the 2 . 111C , a reconnaissance bomber ; and the 2 . 111F , a dual - control trainer . Operational history . The first Spanish - built aircraft flew on 23 May 1945 . Following the end of the war , access to the German - built Junkers engines became an issue , and CASA found an alternative with the Rolls - Royce Merlin 500 . In 1953 , 173 Merlin engines were ordered . The newly Merlin - powered bombers and reconnaissance bombers became the 2 . 111B and 2 . 111D , respectively ; some were re - engined , while others were built new . A nine - passenger transport , the 2 . 111T8 , was also developed and produced . Spanish 2 . 111s served into the late 1960s and , in the case of the transports , early 1970s . Many of the aircraft retired in the 1960s found second lives in movies such as " Battle of Britain " and " Patton " , due to the family resemblance to Heinkel He 111s . The CASA 2 . 111 were used in combat in the close air support role against Moroccans during the Ifni War in 1957 - 1958 . Survivors . Approximately 14 Spanish licenced built CASA 2 . 111s survive today in various conditions on display or storage . One modified Spanish 2 . 111D served as a transport for Spanish VIPs , including General Francisco Franco , before being purchased in England by the Commemorative Air Force in 1977 . It remained the last He 111 in flyable condition until 10 July 2003 , when it was destroyed in a fatal crash landing . The aircraft was attempting a landing at the Cheyenne Municipal Airport , near Cheyenne , Wyoming , while en route from Midland , Texas to an air show in Missoula , Montana . Eyewitness reports indicate the aircraft lost power to one engine on final approach and ploughed through a chain link fence before colliding with a school bus washing building under construction . Killed were CAF pilot Neil R . Stamp and co - pilot Charles S . Bates .
Tugboat Emily B Tugboat " Emily B " was owned by the Wilmington Towing Company , Wilmington , North Carolina , and was loaned to the US Navy in 1918 for use as during World War I . She was returned to her owners at the end of the war .
Bo Cai ( rebel ) Bo Cai ( died 184 ) was a Yellow Turban rebel general during the late Han Dynasty period of Chinese history . During the early stages of the rebellion , Bo defeated imperial forces led by Zhu Jun . During Zhu ' s defeat , Zhu and Huangfu Song were driven back to Changshe ( 長社 ) . However , during their escape , Bo was beaten back by a fire attack planned by Huangfu Song .
Charles Stewart Todd Charles Stewart Todd ( January 22 , 1791 – May 17 , 1871 ) was an American military officer and government official . The son of Supreme Court Associate Justice Thomas Todd , he was born near Danville , Kentucky , and graduated from the College of William and Mary in 1809 . He was a subaltern and judge - advocate of General James Winchester ' s division in the War of 1812 . In 1813 , he was made a captain of infantry , and was an aide to General William Henry Harrison in the Battle of the Thames . In March , 1815 , he was made Aide - de - Camp to Governor Isaac Shelby , with the rank of colonel . In 1817 , he was appointed Secretary of State of Kentucky . In 1820 , Todd was appointed a Confidential Agent to Gran Colombia , where he would remain until 1824 . From 1841 to 1846 he served as the fifteenth United States Ambassador to Russia . He died in Baton Rouge , Louisiana . Todd married Isaac Shelby ' s youngest daughter , Letitia , on 15 June 1816 . They had twelve children .
Pobediteli Pobediteli ( , the Victors ) is a free and non - profit Russia n project , celebrating the 60th anniversary of victory in World War II , with the goal of congratulating those who won the Great Patriotic War ( Russian name of the German - Soviet war ) for the Soviet Union . The project is aimed at attracting attention to surviving soldiers who fought for the Soviet Union . Its website contains a multimedia flash presentation covering the entire period of the German - Soviet war , beginning with the German invasion of the USSR on 22 June 1941 and ending with the unconditional surrender of Germany on 8 May 1945 , marking the end of the war in Europe , and is intended to educate people about the major events of the war . The project was the 2005 winner of the UN World Summit Award in the category " e - Culture and Heritage " .
156th Infantry Division ( Wehrmacht ) The 156th Infantry Division ( German : " 156 . Infanteriedivision " ) was a German Army infantry division in World War II . History . The 156th Infantry Division was raised in April 1945 , where it was sent to the eastern front , which was approaching westwards to the German border .
4 " / 50 caliber gun The 4 " / 50 caliber Mark 9 gun ( spoken " four - inch - fifty - caliber " ) was the standard low - angle , quick - firing gun for United States destroyers through World War I and the 1920s . United States naval gun terminology indicates the gun fired a projectile in diameter , and the barrel was 50 caliber s long ( barrel length is 4 inch x 50 = 200 inches or 5 meters ) . Description . The built - up gun with a tube , full - length jacket , and side swing Welin breech block with Smith - Asbury mechanism weighed about 2 . 7 tons . Fixed ammunition ( case and projectile handled as a single assembled unit ) with a charge of smokeless powder gave a projectile a velocity of . Range was at the maximum elevation of 20 degrees . Useful life expectancy was 500 effective full charge s ( EFC ) per barrel . Increasing awareness of the need for improved anti - aircraft protection encouraged mounting of dual purpose gun s on destroyers beginning in the 1930s . The dual - purpose 5 " / 38 caliber gun became standard for United States destroyers constructed from the 1930s through World War II . United States destroyers built with 4 " / 50 caliber low - angle guns were rearmed with dual - purpose 3 " / 50 caliber gun s . The 4 " / 50 caliber guns removed from destroyers were mounted on British Defensively Equipped Merchant Ships and American armed merchant cruisers ( auxiliary cruisers ) like SS " Stephen Hopkins " . US Navy service . The 4 " / 50 caliber gun was mounted on : UK service . Many Mark 9 guns were supplied to the United Kingdom during World War II as part of Lend - lease , both individually and on naval and merchant ships .
John Smith ( sergeant ) John Smith VC ( February 1814 – 26 June 1864 ) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . Details . Smith was 43 years old , and a sergeant in the Bengal Sappers and Miners , Bengal Army during the Indian Mutiny when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC . On 14 September 1857 at Delhi , British India , Sergeant Smith with two lieutenants ( Duncan Charles Home and Philip Salkeld ) and Bugler Robert Hawthorne showed conspicuous gallantry in the blowing in the Kashmir Gate in broad daylight under heavy fire . His citation reads :
6147th Tactical Control Group The 6147th Tactical Control Group was a United States Air Force unit that fought in the Korean War . The unit was attached to Far East Air Forces Fifth Air Force Operational Units : The 6147th Tactical Control Group originated at Taejon , South Korea , within the " operations section " of the Joint Operations Center – three pilots and two aircraft testing the airborne forward air controller concept . On 9 July 1950 , two airborne controllers flew their first mission in L - 17s borrowed from the USA 24th Infantry Division . Despite attacks from enemy aircraft , each controlled about ten flights of F - 80s . The next day , controllers testing T - 6s spotted and directed the destruction of seventeen enemy tanks . The following day the small group of controllers left for Taegu to organize as a squadron . The 6147th Tactical Control Squadron , Airborne , activated effective 1 August to provide target spotting information to tactical aircraft in flight . After the UN landings at Inchon in late September , the squadron ( nicknamed " Mosquitoes " ) , directed air strikes against retreating enemy troops ahead of the advancing UN lines and operated as the eyes of UN ground forces . Squadron controllers also conducted deep penetrations into enemy country , search and rescue , night direction for B - 26s , parachute - drop mission coordination , and artillery adjustment . As the enemy fled , the squadron moved to Kimpo AB , where the pilots were within minutes of their working areas but also within range of enemy snipers on takeoffs and landings . By late October , the squadron had moved to Pyongyang but in December retreated to Taegu , where it returned to controlling close air support missions . In January 1951 , the 6147th TCS gained a C - 47 that provided an airborne radio relay between the Joint Operations Center and controllers , enabling Mosquitoes to adapt to the changing combat situation . In April 1951 , the 6147th elevated to group - level and organized three squadrons , two of which provided airborne controllers while the third provided the U . S Army with ground tactical air control parties . A year later , the group moved to Chunchon , from where it directed interdiction missions . In the closing days of the war , it assisted allied aircraft in crushing a last - minute enemy offensive in the vicinity of the Kumsong River . The 6147th TCG earned three Distinguished Unit Citations during the war . Stations :
Airborne aircraft carrier An airborne aircraft carrier or carrier aircraft is an aircraft which can carry other smaller aircraft . Dirigible aircraft carriers . Several plans were drawn up to outfit Zeppelin - type rigid airship s to launch and recover fighters . Working prototypes include : The British R33 was used for experiments in the 1920s as part of the " Airship Development Programme " . A de Havilland Humming Bird light aeroplane with a hook fitted was slung beneath it . In October 1925 Squadron Leader Rollo Haig , was released from the R33 , and then reattached . Later that year , the attempt was repeated and the Humming Bird remained attached until the airship landed . In 1926 , it carried two Gloster Grebe fighters releasing them at the Pulham and Cardington airship stations . These rigid airship aircraft carriers utilized an internal hangar bay using a " trapeze " to hold the aircraft . However during the 1940s many alternate plans were drawn that were not realized . A popular proposal was a rigid runway situated on the top of the dirigible for both take off and landings of planes , and an elevator to move the aircraft into the hangar located inside the main assembly . This would allow a relatively innocuous vehicle to field a large amount of aircraft . These plans were abandoned due to weight / lift ratio of the dirigible and the lost internal gas space ( thus reducing the lift ) due to the installation of a large hangar . A trapeze arrangement was deployed more practicably on boats using the Brodie landing system later in WWII . Bomber aircraft carriers . During the early days of the jet age , fighter aircraft could not fly long distances and still match point defence fighters or interceptors in dogfighting . The solution was long range bombers that would carry or tow their escort fighters . This is similar in concept to cruiser warships that carried escort fighters , or the merchant aircraft carrier . Several bombers have been used by NASA as launch platforms for experimental aircraft . " Examples of such experiments in aviation history : " Transport aircraft carriers . A few aircraft have been built or modified to transport other aircraft ; these include :