naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
William John English William John English VC ( 6 October 1882 – 4 July 1941 ) was an Irish born recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . Details . English was educated at Harvey Grammar School in Folkstone , Kent from 1894 to 1898 and Campbell College , Belfast from 1898 to 1899 . The following year he went to South Africa and in November joined the Scottish Horse , a locally raised South African regiment . He served in the ranks until he was commissioned in March 1901 . He was 18 years old , and a lieutenant in the 2nd The Scottish Horse during the Second Boer War when the following deed took place on 3 July 1901 at Vlakfontein , South Africa , for which he was awarded the VC : English received the Victoria Cross in person from King Edward VII in July 1902 . Later life . He was commissioned in the Royal Army Service Corps in 1906 from the 2nd Dragoon Guards . He later achieved the rank of lieutenant colonel . He saw action in three major wars ( Second Boer War , World War I and World War II . He died of a cerebral haemorrhage , on board a ship near Egypt , on active service with the Royal Ulster Rifles in 1941 . He is buried in Maala Cemetery , Aden ( now Yemen ) . The medal . His medal group ( including the VC ) was bequeathed to his former school , Campbell College , Belfast . His medals included the Queen ' s South Africa Medal and 5 Bars ( Cape Colony , Orange Free State , Transvaal , South Africa 1901 & South Africa 1902 ) , 1914 Star with Ribbon Bar ( 5 August to 22 November 1914 ) , British War Medal , Victory Medal , 1939 - 45 Star , Africa Star , 1939 - 45 War Medal , King Edward VII Coronation 1902 Medal , King George VI Coronation 1937 Medal . The medal group has been lent by their owners , Campbell College , for a 10 - year period , from 2010 , to the Imperial War Museum , London as part of their Victoria Cross and George Cross Collection . References . Listed in order of publication year
Adamoli - Cattani fighter The so - called Adamoli - Cattani fighter was a prototype fighter aircraft designed as a private venture by two Italian aircraft builders in 1918 . They intended to build the smallest practical biplane around the most powerful engine available to them , a 149 kW ( 200 hp ) Le Rhône . The result was a reasonably conventional design , other than the fact that the wings featured hinged leading edges in place of conventional ailerons . The Farina Coach Building factory in Turin began construction of the prototype ; the Officine Moncenisio in Condove completed it . Upon completion , ground testing revealed that the engine as installed could only deliver some 80 % of its rated power , thus leaving the aircraft significantly underpowered . Limited tests continued until the end of World War I , when the Armistice made further development superfluous . See also . Comparable aircraft :
De Arte Gladiatoria Dimicandi De Arte Gladiatoria Dimicandi was written by Italian fencing master Filippo Vadi at some time between 1482 and 1487 . It consists of an opening prologue describing the art of fencing followed by colored plates illustrating specific techniques for the longsword , dagger , pollaxe , spear and club . While much of what he describes closely follows the work of Fiore dei Liberi , author of Flos Duellatorum , Vadi ' s work also differs in some respects , including his footwork and several original techniques of his own . Little is known about the author , a native of Pisa , other than the fact that he appears to have been a mid to late 15th century fencing master linked in some way to the tradition of Fiore dei Liberi and that he dedicated a fencing book to the Dukes of Urbino , in the last quarter of the 15th century . However , a of the same name appears as a governor of Reggio under the Estense family in the mid - to late 15th century . The book was dedicated to Duke Guidobaldo da Montefeltro ( the same Duke who plays a central role in Castiglione ' s " Book of the Courtier " ) and kept in the library of the Dukes of Urbino .
George Colvocoresses George Musalas " Colvos " Colvocoresses ( October 22 , 1816 – June 3 , 1872 ) was a United States Navy officer who commanded the during the American Civil War . From 1838 up until 1842 , he served in the United States Exploring Expedition , better known as the Wilkes Expedition , which explored large regions of the Pacific Ocean . Three separate geographical features , two on the west coast of the United States and another in Antarctica , were named for Colvocoresses . Early life and education . Born on the island of Chios in the Grecian Archipelago on October 22 , 1816 , during the Greek War of Independence as a member of a prominent Greek family , he was kidnapped along with his mother and two sisters and ransomed from the Turks after the massacre of the Greek population of the island in 1822 . His family ' s fortunes were devastated by the massacre . Most close relatives , including six brothers , were killed . He was enslaved at 6 years of age , but his father managed to buy back his freedom . By 1824 , Colvocoresses was sent to Baltimore , Maryland in United States by his father . He became the adopted son of Captain Alden Partridge , the founder of the American Literary , Scientific , and Military Academy ( later Norwich University ) in Norwich , Vermont . Colvocoresses entered the Navy after graduating from Norwich in 1831 . Several generations of his family , including his son , great - grandson , and great - great - granddaughter , have also graduated from Norwich and followed military careers . Naval career . In 1832 , he was appointed a midshipman , and in 1836 - 1837 attached to the frigate on the Mediterranean Squadron . From 1838 up until 1842 , he served in the United States Exploring Expedition , better known as the Wilkes Expedition of the Pacific Ocean . Colvocoresses later authored a work on the Wilkes Expedition , entitled " Four Years in a Government Exploring Expedition " ( New York , 1855 ) . On January 29 , 1862 , the vessel , under his command , captured the Confederate schooner " Stephen Hart " off the south coast of Florida , carrying assorted cargo . In early August 1864 with 115 men in 7 boats from his sloop , he conducted an expedition to gather intelligence and capture enemy prisoners . Two week later , at South Newport , Georgia , Colvocoresses led 130 men in boats , capturing a lieutenant and 38 privates of the Third South Carolina Cavalry , six overseers of saltworks he had destroyed , and 71 slaves . Colvocoresses was robbed and murdered in Bridgeport , Connecticut on June 3 , 1872 while on his way to New York . The case was never solved . Colvocoresses ' legacy . Colvocoresses was married twice . From his first union , with Adeline Maria Swasey , he had four children , including Frank E . and George P . His second marriage was with Eliza T . Halsey .
53d Fighter Wing The 53d Fighter Wing ( 53 FW ) is a disbanded unit of the United States Air Force , last stationed at Philadelphia International Airport , Pennsylvania . It was withdrawn from the Pennsylvania Air National Guard ( PA ANG ) and inactivated on 31 October 1950 . The wing was first formed as the 53d Troop Carrier Wing during World War II for command of glider and troop carrier units and its components were heavily involved in airborne operations in North - West Europe from the Normandy Landings to the crossing of the River Rhine . This wing is not related to the 53d Wing located at Eglin Air Force Base , Florida or that wing ' s predecessor units , the 53d Fighter Group and the USAF Tactical Air Warfare Center . History . World War II . The wing was formed as a World War II command and control organization for newly organized troop carrier groups and glider units being trained for overseas deployment to combat theaters . It deployed to England in 1944 and its units subsequently engaged in combat operations , carrying Army parachutists and towing gliders during Operation Overlord , Operation Market Garden and Operation Varsity . The 53d was also engaged in aerial resupply and casualty evacuation of wounded personnel as well as theater troop transport operations . It operated until V - E Day , then supported occupation units in Germany until fall 1945 . Pennsylvania Air National Guard . The wing was redesignated as a fighter wing and reactivated in 1947 as part of the PA ANG . It was a command and control organization , controlling one Bombardment Group at Philadelphia International Airport and two Fighter Groups at Greater Pittsburgh International Airport and Andrews Air Force Base , Maryland as its operational components . It was also the headquarters for an Aircraft Control & Warning Group ( AC & W Gp ) located at Harrisburg State Airport and three Air Service Groups , which were colocated with its flying groups and had flights located with each of the squadrons assigned to the flying groups . Shortly before the wing was inactivated , its 113th Fighter Group was federalized for the Korean War . At the end of October 1950 , the ANG converted to the wing - base ( Hobson Plan ) organization . As a result , the wing was withdrawn from the Air National Guard and inactivated on 31 October 1950 . Its personnel and those of its 211th Air Service Group formed the cadre for the 111th Composite Wing , while its elements in Pittsburgh formed the cadre for the 112th Fighter Wing , which were simultaneously allotted to the ANG and activated . The 153d AC & W Gp was transferred directly to the PA ANG .
Combat Logistics Battalion 22 Combat Logistics Battalion 22 ( CLB - 22 ) is a logistics battalion of the United States Marine Corps . They are part of Combat Logistics Regiment 27 and the 2nd Marine Logistics Group . The unit is based out of Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune , North Carolina and is in direct support of the 22nd Marine Expeditionary Unit ( 22nd MEU ) . Mission . Provide the MEU with mission - essential combat service support to ensure readiness , sustainment , and mission capability are achieved and maintained History . The unit currently known as CLB - 22 traces its history back to Combat Service Support Detachment 23 ( CSSD - 23 ) , the unit that for years provided combat service support to the 32nd and then 22nd MAUs . In 1986 , the unit received the designation as MEU Service Support Group 22 and has a history that parallels that of the 22nd MEU . In the fall of 1990 , shortly after the 22d MEU ’ s deployment to Liberia where they evacuated more than 2 , 300 civilians from the war - torn country , MSSG - 22 was deployed to Southwest Asia where it served as CSSD - 22 during Operation Desert Storm . In 2003 , because of the deployment of the 2nd Force Service Support Group to southwest Asia for Operation Iraqi Freedom , a unique allocation of forces proved necessary to staff MSSG - 22 for its 2004 deployment with the 22nd MEU . For that deployment , and for the first time in history , a Marine Wing Support Squadron ( MWSS ) from MCAS Cherry Point was redesignated as an MSSG and deployed with the 22nd MEU . Recently , the unit has been redesignated as Combat Logistics Battalion 22 .
Lada - class submarine The Russian Navy ' s Project 677 Lada - class submarine ( Russian : Лада ) is a class designed by the Russia n Rubin Design Bureau . The class is also referred to as the " Petersburg " ( or " Sankt Peterburg " or " Peterburg " ) class , after the lead ship . A program to develop a " fourth generation " diesel - electric submarine , it aimed to produce a highly improved version of the Project 636 Kilo class with much quieter , new combat systems , and possibly air - independent propulsion . History . The lead ship of the class , named the " Sankt Peterburg " , was launched in October 2004 and began sea trials in November 2005 . The submarine was transferred to the Russian Navy in April 2010 . Another two vessels are under construction at the Admiralty Shipyard with plans to launch four to six submarines by 2015 . The Russian Navy has set out a requirement for a total of eight Lada class submarines . In November , 2011 the Russian Navy has decided that this class of submarines will not be accepted into service , as the lead ship has fallen far short of requirements during tests . The lead boat will be retained as a test vessel to experiment with various systems , the construction of the remaining boats of the class will be frozen . On July 27 , 2012 , the Russian Navy commander - in - chief announced that construction of the Lada class submarines will resume , having undergone design changes . Characteristics . The project 677 " Lada " is a Russian diesel - electric submarine developed in the late 1990s . The submarine is designed for ASW and anti - surface warfare , defense of naval bases , seashore and sea lanes , as well as for conducting reconnaissance . The class marks the first usage of the Russian navy of a mono - hull design since the 1940s . Displacement is 25 % lower than that of its predecessor , the Kilo - class submarine . Top speed submerged is 21 knots , up from 19 for the Kilo class . She is designed for an endurance of 45 days with a complement of 34 . The submarine is equipped with automated combat control system " Litiy " , ( eng . Lithium ) . A model , designated as the project 1650 Amur is offered as an export model . Conducted sea trials in 2010 - 2011 , propulsion and sensors deemed unsatisfactory .
USS Combat ( AMc - 69 ) USS " Combat " ( AMc - 69 ) was an Accentor - class coastal minesweeper acquired by the U . S . Navy for the dangerous task of removing mines from minefields laid in the water to prevent ships from passing . " Combat " , formerly named " Comrade " , was launched 6 October 1941 by Hogdon Bros . , Goudy , and Stevens , East Boothbay , Maine ; sponsored by Miss C . Goudy ; and placed in service 24 February 1942 , Lieutenant ( junior grade ) D . A . Mitchell , USNR , in charge . World War II service . She served in the 1st Naval District in New England waters during the war . Post - war deactivation . " Combat " was transferred to the Maritime Commission for disposal 5 August 1946 .
Operation Baytown Operation Baytown on 3 September 1943 was a part of the Allied invasion of Italy during World War II . The attack was made by British XIII Corps , part of the British Eighth Army of General Bernard Law Montgomery . XIII Corps crossed the Straits of Messina from Sicily to Reggio di Calabria , covered by a heavy artillery barrage from Sicily . The intent was to tie down German forces in the area and gain an Allied a foothold at the ' toe ' of Italy . Montgomery had objected to " Baytown " as ineffective , but carried it out anyway . German commander Albrecht Kesselring and his staff did not believe the Calabria landing was the main Allied attack , which they expected at Salerno , or possibly north of Naples , or even near Rome . He therefore ordered General Traugott Herr ' s LXXVI Panzer Corps to pull back from engagement with Eighth Army and delay them by demolition of bridges and other infrastructure . A single German regiment was left to defend 17 miles of coast . Montgomery ' s objections were proved correct : German troops refused battle and Eighth Army tied down none of them , and the main obstacle to Allied advance was the terrain and German demolitions . Opposition to the landings was very light , because the few German troops in the area rapidly withdrew northward . Italian troops were poorly equipped , and demoralized by the political situation and the massive Allied bombardment ; they offered no resistance . " Baytown " was followed by Operation Slapstick and Operation Avalanche , both on 9 September , following Italy ' s surrender on 8 September . The surrender had been agreed on 3 September , but was not announced for till 8 September , and had no direct effect on " Baytown " .
Battle of Steppes The Battle of Steppes was fought in Belgium on October 13 , 1213 between Hugh Pierrepont , Bishop of Liège , and Henry I , Duke of Brabant . Cause . In 1212 , Albert II Count of Dagsburg , the last ruler of the County of Moha died without a son . < br > Both Henry I , Duke of Brabant and Louis II , Count of Loon were related to Albert and claimed the county . The Duke of Brabant , was also allied with the King of France , who threatened to invaded Flanders , the traditional ally of the Bishopric of Liège . This gave Henry I the chance to invade the Bishopric , and to besiege Liège . Badly prepared , the Duke of Brabant retreated , plundering and looting the Bishopric , setting fire to Tongeren . Bishop Hugh Pierrepont rallied his allies Louis II , Count of Loon , the Count of Rochefort and the citizens of Huy , to pursue the Brabantines . the Battle . The two parties agreed to deliver battle in the plain of Steppes . Henry I aligned his army on the higher ground with the sun in their backs . He also gave his armour to one of his knights , to avoid being targeted during the battle . Hugh put Louis II , Count of Loon on the right wing , the Count of Rochefort on the left wing and occupied himself the center with the militia from Liège and Huy . The Count of Loon attacked first , drawing Brabantine reenforcements to the right wing . Then the rest of the Liège army fiercely attacked the weakened left and center . When the knight in the armour of Henry I was killed , panic broke out and the Brabantine cavalry began to flee the battlefield . The Liège militia army , eager on revenge for the destruction in their lands , butchered the Brabantine infantry . They pursued the fleeing army for several kilometers , killing everyone they could . The wounded were savagely mutilated and no quarter was given . Consequences . The Battle of Steppes is one of the first battles where a professional army was beaten by a civilian army . < br > Moha was annexed to Liège . The battle gave birth to the local legend of the intervention by the Virgin Mary , when a statue of her reflected the sun , blinding and causing panic amidst the Brabantines . < br > This miracle is still celebrated every year in May . References . John France , " Western Warfare in the Age of the Crusades , 1000 – 1300 " ( Ithaca : Cornell University Press , 1999 ) , 166 .
Czechoslovak border fortifications during the Cold War The borders of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic ( CSSR ) with Western Europe , especially that with the Federal Republic of Germany , a NATO member ( less so with neutral Austria ) , were until 1989 fortified . The purpose was to prevent citizens of the Eastern Bloc escaping to the West , although official reports stated it was to keep Western Europeans out of the Communist nations . ( For example , the East German border fortifications were euphemistically termed an " anti - fascist protection wall " by GDR apparatchiks . ) The border system of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic wasn ' t as elaborate and fortified as that of the German Democratic Republic , but it was considered difficult to cross the border undetected . After World War II and the division of Germany in 1949 , the border areas of Czechoslovakia were already restricted areas . From 1951 onwards , this area was designated by a signal fence some kilometres inside the border , while the border itself was secured by a guarded strip with a single barbed wire fence . This fence , originally an electric fence with a voltage of 5000 V , was replaced starting in 1968 by a double wire mesh fence similar to that used on the Inner German border . In addition , the Czechs fitted their border with watch towers . In contrast with the concrete towers of the East Germans , these towers were usually made of wood or steel framework . In some areas various types of land mine were used , notably PP Mi - Ba , PP Mi - D and PP Mi . The barrier typically lay around 100 metres inside the actual boundary line . As the fence was not visible from there at some places , it repeatedly occurred that curious or careless West German strollers overlooked border markers and mistakenly entered Czechoslovak territory , which could lead to their arrest . The Czechs witnessed the drama in West Germany ' s embassy in Prague , where thousands of East Germans were hiding . This wore down the patience of the Czechoslovak authorities , who eventually gave in , letting all East Germans travel directly to West Germany from 3 November 1989 , thus breaking the Iron Curtain . On 17 November 1989 , the Velvet Revolution succeeded . The barbed wire on the borders with East Germany and Austria was removed from 5 December onwards , and from 11 December the Czechoslovak fortifications on the West German border were dismantled . The Czech Republic , Slovakia , Germany , and Austria are now all part of the Schengen Agreement , which allows border crossing without identity checks .
146th Battalion , CEF The 146th Battalion , CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War . Based in Kingston , Ontario , the unit began recruiting in late 1915 in that city and the surrounding district . After sailing to England in September 1916 , the battalion was absorbed into the 95th Battalion , CEF and the 12th Reserve Battalion on October 6 , 1916 . The 146th Battalion , CEF had one Officer Commanding : Lieut - Col . C . A . Low . The last Canadian World War I veteran , John Babcock , joined the 146th Battalion , before being transferred to the Young Soldiers Battalion as he was underage . Music . " I ' ll miss the girl : the regimental song of the 146th overseas battalion " by John E . Harte ( music & words ) and Charles E . Millner ( arrangement ) was published in Winnipeg and Toronto by Whaley , Royce & Co . , circa 1916 . First line : " I ' m going to fight for my country , dear " Chorus : " I ' ll miss the girl " . References . Meek , John F . " Over the Top ! The Canadian Infantry in the First World War . " Orangeville , Ont . : The Author , 1971 .
Culminating point The culminating point in military strategy is the point at which a military force no longer is able to perform its operations . On the offensive , the culminating point marks the time when the attacking force can no longer continue its advance , because of supply problems , the opposing force , or the need for rest . The task of the attacker is to complete its objectives before the culminating point is reached . The task of the defender on the other hand , is to bring the attacking force to its culminating point before its objectives are completed . The concept of a culminating point was formulated by the Prussia n military theorist Carl von Clausewitz in his book " On War " published in 1832 .
Antoine V de Gramont Antoine V de Gramont ( January 1672 – September 16 , 1725 ) , Duke of Guiche , and Marshal of France . Biography . French military figure and member of the Gramont family . He was the oldest child of Antoine Charles IV de Gramont and Marie Charlotte de Castelnau . At the age of thirteen , he became a musketeer and by 1687 he had become head of his regiment and had married the daughter of Anne - Jules , 2nd duc de Noailles . He participated in the siege of Philippsburg ( 1688 ) . He was made brigadier in 1694 and served in Flanders . In 1696 , he was serving under Marshal Catinat and Marshal Boufflers , and was himself made a marshal ( of Flanders ) and Colonel General of Dragoon s in 1702 . In 1704 , he made lieutenant of the royal arms and on October 26 , 1704 , Colonel General of the French guards . He became envoy to Philip V of Spain in 1705 . He was wounded at the Battle of Malplaquet ( 1709 ) . In 1712 , he became Lieutenant General of Bayonne and Lieutenant General and Governor of Navarre and Béarn . In 1715 , he became Counselor of Regents and War and in 1720 , acquired the title of " Duke of Gramont " . In 1724 , he became Marshal of France . He died a year later , evidently in his palace .