naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Congolese Air Force The Congolese Air Force ( 1990 – 2000 ) is the air branch of the Armed Forces of the Republic of the Congo , in the Republic of the Congo ( aka Congo - Brazzaville ) . Political tensions have now declined with the fall of the Cold War in Africa and most of its fighter aircraft were scrapped in 2001 . Former Cold War air force . After achieving independence from France in 1960 , the Congolese air force ( Force Aerienne Congolaise ) was started with equipment such as the Douglas C - 47s , Broussards and Bell 47Gs , these were followed by Nord Noratlas tactical transports and Sud Alouette helicopter . In the 1970s the air force switched to Soviet equipment . This included five Ilyushin IL - 14 and six turboprop Antonov An - 24 transports and an An - 26 in return for providing bases for Cuban MiG - 17 operations over Angola . These fighters and a few MiG - 15UTI combat trainers were transferred to the FAC . In 1990 these fighter were replaced by 16 USSR supplied MiG - 21MF / bis Fishbeds plus a couple of MiG - 21US trainers . Together with a Soviet training mission which stayed until late 1991 , during that time there were numerous accidents that involved both Soviet and Congolese personnel . After the Soviets left there was only limited funding for MiG operations and they were withdrawn . Six Mi - 8 helicopters were delivered from Ukraine in mid - 1997 before the Cobra rebel takeover . Aircraft used between 1988 and 2000 . The Cold War air force consisted of . - Former personnel and budget . A small , but adequate budget and personnel . Financial aid also came from the former USSR and some personnel were either Soviets or Cubans . Political and combat role . Its role was as a Communist bastion in central Africa and to counter the politically unstable , pro - Western regime in Zaire ( the then former name of the DRC ) . Its role is now one of countering cross - border smuggling operations , intermittent counterinsurgency actions in the northern provinces and successfully containing the crisis in the DRC along its border . Its first batch of aircraft , the MiG - 15s and some of the MiG - 17s , arrived in the early 1960s just after the Congo ' s independence from France and Zaire ' s independence from Belgium . It was organised into fighter , counterinsurgency , transport and support wings . Arms suppliers and personnel training . France , China and the Soviet Union supplied arms and aircraft . The Soviets and Cubans trained the air force as a whole , but France also trained some of its officers . The Congolese Air Force after 2000 . Today ' s aircraft inventory . The Congo ' s 10 military aircraft , including 3 helicopters , are operated by the Air Force . Arms suppliers and personnel training . Both France , China and the Ukraine supplied the arms and aircraft . France and China also trained the air - force as a whole , but France has also trained most of its air - force officers . Present personnel and budget . A small , but adequate budget and personnel . See also . Armed Forces of the Republic of the Congo for other armed services .
Alexander Young ( VC ) Alexander Young VC ( Ballinamana , Clarinbridge , County Galway , 27 January 1873 – 19 October 1916 ) was an Irish recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . A native of Oranmore , County Galway , Young joined the Queen ' s Bays on 22 May 1890 at Renmore . He served for a time in India , and became a Riding Instructor . He first saw active service in the Mahdist War . VC details . Young was 28 years old and a sergeant - major in the Cape Police , South African Forces during the Second Boer War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC . World War I . Young served with the South African Scottish Regiment with the rank of Lieutenant in the First World War . He was killed in action during the Battle of the Somme on 19 October 1916 . His name is included on a list of war dead in St . Nicholas ' s church , Galway . The medal . The medal is held in Lord Ashcroft ' s VC Collection . References . Listed in order of publication year
Wolin Castle Wolin Castle was a castle in the town Wolin on the island also named Wolin ( in Poland ) , owned by the dukes of Pomerania . History . When bishop Otto of Bamberg made his missionary journeys through Pomerania in the early 12th century , he was already received in Wilin in a fortified royal house . Warden s managed a wooden building and the castle district of the town into the 13th century . By then , the house was the seat of Pribislaw I , Lord of Parchim - Richenberg , an early prince in Mecklenburg . After the death of his son Pribislaw II , the Duke ' s reeves administered Wolin . The castle is first mentioned as " castrum Wolyn " in a document dated 1284 . The wooden building was torn down and a stone caste was built in its place . The complex including , among other buildings , stables , a granary , a brewery and the administrative office . During the existence of the Duchy of Pomerania , the stone castle repeatedly served as a widow seat of the Pomeranian duchesses or as a residence for non - ruling members of the House of Griffins , such as Barnim XI in his younger years . At other times , a captain lived in the main building . Philip Hainhofer , who accompanied Duke Philip II on a longish journey in 1617 , left a description of the castle in his diary . According to him the old building , where the duchess Anna Maria of Brandenburg had her widow seat from 1603 to 1618 , provided accommodation for at most ten courtiers . Portraits of princes decorated the great hall . At around the same time , a vista of Wolin was drawn , which is reproduced on the edge of the Map of Lubinus . This shows , on the right side , a building with a rectangular ground plan , decorated with a crow - stepped gable and a flèche with a copper roof and a striking turret clock . In 1620 , Wolin Castle was meant to serve as the widow seat for Sophie of Saxony , the widow of Duke Francis , but it was in such a bad shape , that it had to be demolished and replaced by a new castle in the same place . Several outbuildings were damaged in the great city fire of 1628 . When an inventory was taken in 1636 , after Duchess Sophie ' s death , a brick building with an unfinished interior was found . The adjacent former monastery church was used as a granary . The House of Griffins died out during the Thirty Years ' War , and the castle came into the possession of the Swedish governor Johan Banér ( 1596 – 1641 ) , whose heirs ceded it to the Swedish queen dowager Maria Eleonora . Her daughter , Queen Christina of Sweden sold castle and district of Wolin in 1654 to Count Clas Tott ( 1630 – 1674 ) , who mortgaged it in 1655 — the legality of this was confirmed in 1657 — to Count Christoph Karl von Schlippenbach ( 1624 – 1660 ) . The castle was badly damaged by Brandenburger and Imperial troops during the siege and storming of Wolin in 1659 , in the context of the Second Northern War . The castle burned down in 1675 when Wolin was again conquered by Brandenburg , in the context of the Great Northern War , and was never rebuilt .
Caupolicán Caupolicán ( Pilmaiquén - 1558 , Cañete ) was a Toqui , the military leader of the Mapuche people of Chile , who commanded their army during the first Mapuche rising against the Spanish conquistadors from 1553 to 1558 . Following the successful campaign of conquest by Pedro de Valdivia in Araucanía and the failure of the toqui Lincoyan to stop them , the Mapuche were persuaded by Colocolo to choose a new supreme war leader in response to the Spanish threat . Caupolicán as an Ulmen of Pilmayquen won the position of Toqui by demonstrating his superior strength by holding up a tree trunk for three days and three nights . In addition to proving his physical power , he also had to improvise a poetical speech to inspire the people to valor and unity . Caupolicán ' s death came in 1558 , at the hands of colonizing Spaniards as their prisoner . He was impaled by making him sit on a stake while his wife was forced to watch . After his death he was replaced by his son Caupolicán the younger .
Carlton W . Fulford , Jr . Carlton W . Fulford , Jr . ( born May 11 , 1944 ) is a retired United States Marine Corps four - star general who served as Deputy Commander in Chief , United States European Command ( DCINCEUR ) from 2000 to 2002 . Biography . Carlton Fulford , Jr . was born on May 11 , 1944 , in Newnan , Georgia . Fulford graduated from the United States Naval Academy in June 1966 and following graduation received his commission as a second lieutenant in the United States Marine Corps . Following completion of The Basic School , Marine Corps Base Quantico , and the Vietnamese Language School , he was assigned as a platoon commander with Company D , 1st Battalion , 5th Marines in the Republic of Vietnam . He was promoted to first lieutenant in October 1967 , and subsequently reassigned as Commanding Officer , Company F , 2nd Battalion , 5th Marines until his return from Vietnam in June 1968 . His other Fleet Marine Force assignments include : Commanding Officer , Company E , 2nd Battalion , 4th Marines ( 1971 – 1972 ) ; Executive Officer , 3rd Battalion , 8th Marines ( 1979 – 1980 ) ; G - 3 Training Officer for the 2nd Marine Division ( 1980 – 1981 ) ; Commanding Officer , 1st Battalion , 8th Marines ( 1981 – 1982 ) ; Assistant Chief of Staff G - 3 for the 1st Marine Expeditionary Brigade ( 1987 – 1989 ) ; Commanding Officer , 7th Marines ( 1989 – 1991 ) ; Commanding Officer , Regimental Combat Team 7 ( Task Force Ripper ) during Operation Desert Shield and Desert Storm ; Commanding General , 4th Marine Expeditionary Brigade ( 1991 – 1992 ) , Commanding General , III Marine Expeditionary Force ( 1994 – 1995 ) , and Commanding General , I Marine Expeditionary Force ( 1996 – 1998 ) ; Commander , U . S . Marine Corps Forces Pacific / Commanding General , Fleet Marine Force , Pacific / Commander , U . S . Marine Corps Bases , Pacific headquartered at Camp H . M . Smith , Hawaii ( 1998 – 1999 ) . His non - FMF assignments include : Company Commander , Naval Academy Preparatory School ( 1968 – 1969 ) ; Management Engineer , Marine Corps Air Station Yuma , Arizona ( 1973 – 1976 ) ; Economics Instructor , U . S . Naval Academy ( 1977 – 1978 ) ; Branch Head , Training Department , HQMC ( 1982 – 1984 ) ; Strategy Planner , Forces and Strategy Branch , United States Pacific Command ( 1985 – 1987 ) ; Commanding General , Landing Force Training Command , Atlantic ( 1991 – 1992 ) ; Director , Training and Education Division , Marine Corps Combat Development Command ( 1992 – 1994 ) ; Commanding General Marine Corps Bases , Japan ( 1994 – 1995 ) ; Vice Director , The Joint Staff ( 1995 – 1996 ) ; Director , The Joint Staff ( 1999 – 2000 ) ; and Deputy Commander in Chief , United States European Command ( 2000 – 2002 ) . In addition to The Basic School , Fulford graduated from the Infantry Officers Advanced Course ; Command and Staff College ; and the Industrial College of the Armed Forces . Fulford also earned a Master of Science degree from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute ( 1973 ) . Awards and decorations . His personal decorations include : External links .
WM - 80 MRL The WM - 80 was a multiple rocket launcher used by the People ' s Liberation Army of China and sold to other states like Armenia . The MRL system was developed by Norinco on Chinese designed Type 83 273mm 4 - tube artillery rocket system on a 8x8 truck chassis . The system ( WM - 80 ) is now replaced by the A - 100 MRL system .
2nd Michigan Volunteer Infantry Regiment The 2nd Regiment Michigan Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War . Service . The 2nd Michigan Infantry was organized by Francis William Kellogg and others at Fort Wayne in Detroit , Michigan . It mustered into Federal service for a three - year enlistment on May 25 , 1861 . Another key early supporter and recruiter was future general Israel B . Richardson . The regiment included Sarah Emma Edmonds ( aka " Franklin Thompson " ) who had enlisted in Company F disguised as a man . Anna Etheridge served as the regimental vivandiere . The regiment was mustered out on August 1 , 1865 , at Detroit . Total strength and casualties . The regiment suffered 11 officers and 214 enlisted men who were killed in action or mortally wounded and 4 officers and 143 enlisted men who died of disease , for a total of 372 fatalities .
Royal Victoria Regiment The Royal Victoria Regiment is an Infantry Regiment of the Australian Army , consisting of two battalions , the 5th / 6th Battalion and the 8th / 7th Battalion . History . The Regiment was formed in 1960 as a result of the amalgamation of all the Citizen Military Forces infantry battalions in Victoria . The regiment was formed in 1960 as the Victoria Regiment as part of the reorganisation of the Australian Army by the amalgamation of the six existing infantry regiments in Victoria : The regiment , renamed as the Royal Victoria Regiment in 1960 , was initially formed of two battalions . In 1965 . this was increased to four battalions , plus a single independent rifle company . A further reorganisation in the 1970s saw these battalions further amalgamated into the existing regimental structure . Currently the 5th / 6th Battalion recruits mainly from the areas in and around the city of Melbourne , while the 8th / 7th Battalion is responsible for the wider rural areas in Victoria . Pipes and Drums . Formed in 1899 as part of the Victorian Scottish Regiment , the 5 / 6RVR Pipes and Drums is now the band for all battalions of the Royal Victoria Regiment . Alliances . 5th / 6th Battalion , The Royal Victoria Regiment 8th / 7th Battalion , The Royal Victoria Regiment
Devastation - class ironclad The two British " Devastation " - class battleships of the 1870s , HMS Devastation and HMS Thunderer , were the first class of ocean - going capital ship that did not carry sails , and the first which mounted the entire main armament on top of the hull rather than inside it . For the first fifteen years of their lives , they were the most powerful warships in the world . Design . The genesis of the design was a request by the First Lord of the Admiralty Hugh Childers to the head of ship design at the Admiralty , Edward Reed in early 1869 for a large breastwork monitor which could steam from Queenstown ( now Cobh ) in Ireland to Halifax in Canada . At a meeting shortly afterwards of the Admiralty board it was agreed that the ship should have two guns firing shells mounted in each of two turrets protected by of armour , which would each have a 280 degree field of fire . The ship would be protected by a thick armour belt around the waterline . A very low freeboard of 4 feet 6 inches ( 1 . 4 m ) was agreed since the ship was now intended for coastal service in waters around the United Kingdom or service in the relatively calm Mediterranean . Twin steam engines and twin screws were felt necessary for security , and there was a strong feeling that masts and sails should be eliminated to reduce interference with the field of fire of the turrets , but their absence meant that the vessel could not operate far away from friendly coaling stations . A replica of the proposed turret was constructed and tested at Shoeburyness in May 1872 . The armour plate backed by of teak and a metal skin resisted hits from a 25 ton gun firing at a range of , although one shot hit a joint between plates and opened a gap wide but did not penetrate . The loss of in 1870 led to concerns about the stability of turret ships , and a committee was set up to determine whether would be safe . One effect of this was to extend the armoured breastwork with unarmoured structure to the sides of the ship and carried aft to improve the stability at large angles of heel . This greatly improved the crew comfort by adding extra accommodation and especially latrines , but since it was not armoured would have been riddled in a battle reducing the stability of the vessel . In 1871 a long model of " Devastation " was tested in a water tank , and subsequently with an long version . Once " Devastation " was completed , tests could be carried out with the real ship . This included building up a roll of 7 degrees by having 400 men run backwards and forwards across the deck 18 times . Other tests involved taking it to sea to look for rough weather , in one trial waves of 20 – 26 feet ( 6 – 8 m ) were encountered which gave the ship a 14 degree roll either way .
Ivy Campany Ivy Lillian Campany ( 23 September 1901 – 19 December 2008 ) was , at age 107 , the second from last World War I female army veteran of any country . The last was Florence Green ( 1901 – 2012 ) , who was not identified as a veteran of the conflict until January 2010 . This meant that Campany was believed to be the conflict ' s last surviving female veteran by the time of her death in December 2008 . Campany joined Queen Mary ' s Army Auxiliary Corps during World War I and would later serve as a fire watcher in World War II . She lived in Margate , Kent at the time of her death .
Emirau Airport Emirau Airport is an airfield in Emirau Island , Papua New Guinea . History . World War II . Emirau was seized unopposed by two Battalions of the 4th Marine Division on 20 March 1944 . Naval Construction Battalions arrived shortly after the landings and began construction of two coral - surfaced by airfields on the island . Inshore Airfield had 35 double hardstands capable of parking 210 fighter or light - bomber planes , while North Cape Airfield had 42 hardstands with space for parking 84 heavy bombers . Both were fully equipped with towers , lighting , and a dispensary . The aviation tank farm consisted of three tanks and nineteen together with the appropriate filling and distribution points . A reserve of was stored in drums . Emirau was the staging point for attacks on the Japanese strongholds at Rabaul and Kavieng . US Marine Corps units based here included : Royal New Zealand Air Force units based here included : There was also one Australian unit located on the island - the 474 Heavy Anti - aircraft Troop . Base roll - up commenced in December 1944 and was completed by May 1945 . Postwar . The runways remain usable .
Diego Felipez de Guzmán , 1st Marquis of Leganés Diego Mexía Felipez de Guzmán y Dávila ( 1580 – 1655 ) , Viscount of Butarque and first Marquis of Leganés , was a Spanish politician and army commander . Biography . He was the youngest son of Diego Velázquez Dávila y Bracamonte , marquis of Loriana , and Leonor de Gúzman , aunt of the Count - Duke of Olivares . Since 1600 , he fought during more than 20 years in the Spanish Netherlands in the service of Albert VII , Archduke of Austria . After his death , Diego returned to Spain where his cousin Olivares had become valido , and under his patronage , Diego soon became very influential . He became a member of the State Council in 1626 , was made " Marquis of Leganés " in 1627 and married in the same year with Polixena Spinola , the very rich daughter of the great general Ambrosio Spinola . In 1627 he was sent back to Flanders to force the States General to accept Olivares ' project of the " Unión de Armas " , and pay for an extra 12 . 000 infantry soldiers . < br > On his way back , he and general Ambrosio Spinola visited the Siege of La Rochelle by the French , on which occasion they discussed the succession of the Duchy of Mantua , which would eventually lead to the War of the Mantuan Succession . After this mission , he held several important political and military posts in the Spanish Netherlands , which earned him the title of Grandee of Spain in 1634 . On September 24 , 1635 he was named Captain General and Governor of the Duchy of Milan , and was soon involved in the Franco - Spanish War ( 1635 ) and the Piedmontese Civil War against France , Parma , Mantua and Savoy . He defeated Odoardo Farnese , Duke of Parma and Piacenza and forced him to sign a peace treaty in 1637 . He also prevented the French to take the Valtellina and won some victories against Savoy . In 1638 Leganés conquered Breme and Vercelli , and launched the next year a great offensive against Piedmont . He conquered a large number of cities , but suffered a great defeat near Casale and failed in the Siege of Turin ( 1640 ) . He was called back to Spain and in November 1641 given the command of the army of Catalonia to push back the French and Catalan troops in the Catalan Revolt . After some initial successes in defending Tarragona , he suffered a defeat in the Battle of Lerida ( 1642 ) , which made him fall from grace . In 1645 he was rehabilitated and made nominal Viceroy of Catalonia where he defended successfully the city of Lérida in 1646 . He remained viceroy until 1648 . He spent the last years of his life in Italy as president of the " council of Italy " . Art collector . The marquis of Leganés was also one of the greatest art collectors of his time , he is said to have owned a total of 1 . 330 paintings . He was also portaited by Anthony van Dyck , a painting which today can be found in the Banco Santander Foundation in Madrid .
USRC Gallatin ( 1830 ) The United States Revenue Cutter " Gallatin " was one of 13 cutters of the Morris - Taney Class to be launched . Named after Secretaries of the Treasury and Presidents of the United States , these cutters were the backbone of the Revenue Marine Service for more than a decade . Samuel Humphreys designed these cutters for roles as diverse as fighting pirates , privateers , combating smugglers and operating with naval forces . He designed the vessels on a naval schooner concept . They had Baltimore Clipper lines . The vessels built by Webb and Allen , designed by Isaac Webb , resembled Humphreys ' but had one less port . After going into commission , the " Gallatin " traveled to Wilmington , North Carolina . On 16 November 1832 , " Gallatin " was transferred to Charleston , South Carolina to help suppress the efforts by South Carolina to nullify the Tariff of 1828 . On 5 April 1833 , she sailed for Wilmington , Delaware where she remained until transferred to the Coast Survey in April 1840 . The Revenue Marine Service received her back into service in October 1848 and " Gallatin " was transferred back to the Coast Survey the following August .
USS Bullard ( DD - 660 ) USS " Bullard " ( DD - 660 ) was a " Fletcher " - class destroyer of the United States Navy , named for Rear Admiral William H . G . Bullard ( 1866 – 1927 ) . " Bullard " was launched 28 February 1943 by Federal Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Co . , Kearny , N . J . , sponsored by Mrs . H . G . Bullard , widow of Rear Admiral Bullard ; and commissioned 9 April 1943 , Commander G . R . Hartwig in command . Service history . After conducting brief operations along the eastern seaboard and in the Caribbean , " Bullard " proceeded to the Pacific , arriving at Pearl Harbor 29 August 1943 . With the exception of one voyage to California ( 10 September 1944 – 18 February 1945 ) she operated constantly in forward areas of the Pacific rendering fire support , plane guard , patrol , and radar picket services . She participated in On 11 April 1945 , during the Okinawa operation " Bullard " was slightly damaged by a Japanese " kamikaze " . Repairs completed at Okinawa , she departed on 31 May , and steamed to Leyte . Departing Leyte Gulf , 1 July , " Bullard " next participated in the 3rd Fleet raids against Japan ( 10 July – 15 August ) . After the cessation of hostilities , " Bullard " remained in the Far East engaged in occupation duties until 10 November 1945 , when she departed for San Pedro , Calif . , arriving on 3 December . She operated along the west coast during most of 1946 , and then reported to San Diego for inactivation . " Bullard " was placed out of commission in reserve on 20 December 1946 . " Bullard " was stricken from the Naval Vessel Register on 1 December 1972 . She was sold on 3 December 1973 and broken up for scrap . Awards . " Bullard " received nine battle star s for her World War II service .