naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Robert C . Oaks Robert Charles Oaks ( born February 14 , 1936 ) is a retired U . S . Air Force general who served as commander of Air Training Command and United States Air Forces in Europe . Oaks was also a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints ( LDS Church ) from 2000 to 2009 . He is a first cousin to LDS Church apostle Dallin H . Oaks . Background and education . Oaks was born on February 14 , 1936 in Los Angeles , California to Charles and Ann Oaks . He grew up in Provo , Utah , where he graduated from Brigham Young High School in 1954 . In 1959 Oaks was in the first class to graduate from the United States Air Force Academy in Colorado Springs , Colorado , receiving a Bachelor ' s Degree in Military Science . He earned a master ' s degree in business administration from Ohio State University in 1967 and graduated from the Naval War College in 1974 . Military Assignments . Upon completing pilot training , Oaks served as a fighter pilot during the Vietnam War , once being shot down over the Mekong Delta . His command positions included the 391st Tactical Fighter Squadron , Mountain Home Air Force Base , Idaho ; 86th Tactical Fighter Wing , at Ramstein Air Base , Germany ; Allied Air Forces Southern Europe , in Naples , Italy ; Air Training Command , Randolph Air Force Base , Texas ; and eventually , United States Air Forces in Europe , Ramstein Air Base , Germany . He also held several key planning and personnel staff positions at headquarters U . S . Air Force , The Pentagon , Washington , D . C . , U . S . Air Forces in Europe . He retired as a four - star General and Commander and Chief of U . S . Air Forces Europe and NATO Central Europe in 1994 after serving 34 years . Post - military . Following his retirement , Oaks was employed at U . S . Airways as Senior Vice President . In 2000 , Oaks resigned from this position when he was called to serve as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy of the LDS Church . In this capacity , Oaks served as president of the church ' s Africa East Area . In 2004 , he was called to Presidency of the Seventy , filling a vacancy created when Dieter F . Uchtdorf was called as a church apostle . In that capacity , Oaks oversaw the affairs of the church in the North America Central Area . He was released from the Presidency of the Seventy on August 1 , 2007 and served in the Second Quorum of the Seventy and as president of the Europe Area of the church until 2009 , when he was released as a general authority .
Caponier A caponier is a type of fortification structure . The word originates from the French word " caponnière . " The fire coming from the feature ( e . g . musket s , machine - gun s , case - shot etc . ) sweeps along the bottom of the attendant ditch that constricts the movement of storming infantrymen to an enfilade alignment of greatest exposure and so prevents the enemy from establishing itself there . In some types of bastioned fortifications , the caponier served only as a covered means of access to the outworks , with the bastion - trace allowing for the defence of the ditch by fire from the main parapets . History . Originally the term referred to a covered passage way that traversed the ditch between the walls of a fortress and a ravelin outside the wall . This was more than simply a passage however as fire from this point could sweep the ditch between the ravelin and the curtain wall and inflict devastating damage on any attempt to storm the wall . Thus the passageway was equipped with musket ports and cannon ports that fired along the ditch . While fortification s were evolving to the simpler polygonal style , the term was used to describe the blockhouses set in the corners of the ditch that provide the same function in that style of fort . It usually takes the form of a low blockhouse , often partly sunk into the floor of the ditch , projecting outward into the ditch with access from the main fortress via a passage through the curtain wall , or as fortresses became largely underground , via a tunnel from within the fort . The roof is vulnerable to plunging fire , and is thus usually exceedingly thick and curved to deflect falling shells , or covered with a thick layer of earth . Equipment . The caponier is usually equipped with a firing step and rifle ports to allow troops to fire along the ditch , and often has provision for small cannon to sweep the ditch as well . To clear the smoke and fumes from the firing the roof of the caponier is often provided with ventilation ports . To avoid fire from one caponier bearing on the next , caponiers are usually set at alternate corners of the fort , so that they fire towards a blank wall at the opposite end of the ditch , giving full coverage of the ditch without subjecting the next caponier to fire . The length of the straight sections of the ditch is chosen so that it can be covered by fire from a single caponier . Caponiers are often wedge shaped so that they can fire down both angles of the ditch . Counterscarp battery . An alternative to the caponier is a counterscarp battery , dug into the outer face of the corner of the ditch , giving a similar field of fire . Again reached by a tunnel from within the fort , it does not have the vulnerable roof that the caponier has , but being outside the ditch , is potentially more vulnerable to mining . Both structures may be found in the same fort . Locations of caponiers . Caponiers are a common feature of 19th - century fortifications , and are found on almost all the Victorian forts of Malta , the Palmerston Forts in UK , the Lisbon Entrenched Camp forts in Portugal , fortifications in many Nordic countries , and in :
Fort Borstal Fort Borstal was built as an afterthought from the 1859 Royal Commission on the Defence of the United Kingdom , by convict labour between 1875 and 1885 , to hold the high ground southwest of Rochester , South East England . It is of polygonal design and was never originally armed . An anti - aircraft battery was based there in the Second World War . After many years ' use as a pig farm for the nearby Young Offenders Institution it was sold in 1991 to a company hoping to make it a museum , but that proved unsuccessful and the fort has been converted into living accommodation . There is no public access to the site . External links . < br >
Gerald Frank Anderson Lieutenant Gerald Frank Anderson OBE , DFC was a South African born flying ace . During World War I , he was accredited with eight aerial victories . In later life , he went into business , then served in Her Majesty ' s Foreign Service . He was also famed as a creator of chess puzzles . Early life . Gerald Frank Anderson was born in Newcastle , Natal Province , South Africa on 24 February 1898 . World War I . See also Aerial victory standards of World War I Anderson served in 88 Squadron during World War I as the pilot of a two - seater combat airplane , a Bristol F . 2 Fighter . He scored three aerial victories personally , with the front machine gun , while the other five victories to his credit were scored by one or another of his observers . These eight victories were scored between 17 July and 30 October 1918 , amounting to two Germany airplanes set afire and destroyed and six driven down out of control . For the 30 October air battle , during which both Anderson and his observer were wounded , Anderson was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross . When gazetted postwar , the Distinguished Flying Cross citation read : On 30th October this officer was one of an offensive patrol that attacked fifty enemy machines . Six of the latter concentrated their attack on Lt . Anderson , and would have inevitably destroyed his machine had it not been for the exceptionally able manner in which he manoeuvred and fought . Although both he and his observer were wounded and the machine badly damaged , he succeeded with rare courage and skill in shooting down one and keeping the remainder at a distance . Eventually he brought his machine safely to ground about half a mile within our lines . " Post World War I . Anderson was transferred to the unemployed list of the Royal Air Force on 1 February 1919 Details of his postwar life are sketchy . Avocationally , he became a highly skilled chess player , known for composing chess problems as early as 1919 . He also played against Alexander Alekhine in 1946 in Lisbon . Voctionally , he seems to have gone into business , because on 25 June 1932 he was appointed as a liquidator of Parkhill Publicity Limited . On 18 December 1953 , he was appointed an Officer in Her Majesty ' s Foreign Service . One of his diplomatic posts was Washington , D . C . On 1 January 1959 , while serving as Second Secretary of Her Majesty ' s Embassy in Washington , D . C . , Gerald Frank Anderson was inducted into the Order of the British Empire . On 5 April 1971 , Anderson ' s wife Lilian Madge died in Rapallo , Italy . Gerald Frank Anderson died in Hove , England on 23 August 1983 .
Martin Gürz Martin Gürz ( 15 January 1918 – 26 September 1944 ) was a Sturmbannführer ( Major ) , in the Waffen - SS during World War II . He was a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross , which was awarded to recognize extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership by Nazi Germany during World War II . Martin Gürz was born on the 15 January 1918 , in Würzburg . During World War II , he volunteered to join the Waffen SS and by 1944 he was the commander of the 12th Company , 23rd SS Panzer Grenadier Regiment " Norge " , 11th SS Volunteer Panzergrenadier Division " Nordland " , which was fighting on the Northern part of the Eastern Front . In February 1944 , he assumed command of the III . Battalion after its previous commander Hanns - Heinrich Lohmann had been wounded . It was when in command of the Battalion during the fighting in the Battle for Narva Bridgehead in September 1944 , that he was posthumously awarded the Knight ' s Cross .
Air Force Court of Criminal Appeals The Air Force Court of Criminal Appeals ( AFCCA ) is an independent appellate judicial body authorized by Congress and established by the Judge Advocate General of the Air Force pursuant to the exclusive authority under ( a ) . The Court hears and decides appeals of United States Air Force court - martial conviction s and appeals " pendente lite " . Its appellate judges are assigned to the Court by The Judge Advocate General . The Judge Advocate General instructs court - martial convening authorities to take action in accordance with the Court ' s decisions . The Air Force Court of Criminal Appeals is located at Andrews Air Force Base in Washington , D . C . Jurisdiction . The court conducts mandatory review of all courts - martial of Air Force members referred to the court ( unless waived by the appellant ) pursuant to Articles 62 , 66 , 69 , and 73 of the Uniform Code of Military Justice , and , when necessary in furtherance of its jurisdiction , reviews all petitions for extraordinary relief properly filed before it . This includes : The next level of appeal from the AFCCA is the United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces .
Consolidated P2Y The Consolidated P2Y was a flying boat maritime patrol aircraft . The plane was a parasol monoplane with a fabric covered wing and aluminum hull . Development . Initially created to compete for a U . S . Navy contract dated February 28 , 1928 , the prototype Model 9 , XPY - 1 , was designed by Captain Dick Richardson and Isaac M . ' Mac ' Laddon . Beginning construction in March 1928 , the aircraft was ready for its first flight by the end of the year . Lieutenant A . W . Gorton made the first flight out of Anacostia NAS , Washington , D . C . . The production contract was opened to other bidders , and the Glenn L . Martin Company undercut and was awarded the contract to construct the plane as the Martin P3M - 1 and P3M - 2 . Three P3M - 1s and six P3M - 2s were built ; one XP2M - 1 was also built to a similar design , powered by three Wright Cyclone engines ; following the removal of the third engine it was redesignated XP2M - 2 . A new contract was placed by the U . S . Navy on May 26 , 1931 , for a prototype of a developed version of the Model 9 , XPY - 1 , designated the Model 22 Ranger by Consolidated . Incorporating features of the Model 16 Commodore such as the enclosed flight deck , designated the XP2Y - 1 by the Navy , this new prototype had the same 100 ft parasol wing , but became a sesquiplane with a smaller wing mounted lower , at the top of the hull , replacing the booms that had supported the stabilizing pontoons on the XPY - 1 . Two Wright R - 1820 - E1 Cyclone engines were located close below the top wing and had narrow - chord cowlings . A third similar engine was mounted on a strut along the centerline above the wing , but removed after the first test in April 1932 . The Navy ordered 23 P2Y - 3s as production models similar to the P2Y - 2s that were modified from the original batch of P2Y - 1 . Operational history . The Navy ordered 23 P2Y - 1s on 7 July 1931 . They were serving by mid - 1933 with VP - 10F and VP - 5F squadrons which made a number of classic long - range formation flights . " At least 21 P2Y - 1s were modified to P2Y - 2s in 1936 and flown by VP - 5F and VP - 10F until 1938 , when they were transferred to VP - 14 ( later VP - 52 ) and VP - 15 . The first P2Y - 3s reached VP - 7F in 1935 , and this version was flown by VP - 4F at Pearl Harbor and in 1939 was in operation with VP - 19 , VP - 20 , and VP - 21 ( these three squadrons being redesignated VP - 43 , VP - 44 , and VP - 14 respectively ) . By the end of 1941 all the P2Y - 2s and P2Y - 3s had been withdrawn from operational use and were at Pensacola Naval Air Station . The Colombian Air Force used one Commodore P2Y as a bomber in the Colombia - Peru War in 1932 – 1933 . The Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service evaluated the Consolidated P2Y as the " Consolidated Navy Experimental Type C Flying - Boat " .
Georg Pfeiffer Dr . Georg Pfeiffer ( 5 May 1890 – 28 June 1944 ) was a highly decorated General der Artillerie in the Wehrmacht during World War II who commanded the VI . Armeekorps . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . Georg Pfeiffer was killed on 28 June 1944 at Mogilev during Operation Bagration .
Brazilian submarine Riachuelo ( S22 ) Riachuelo ( S22 ) was an " Oberon " - class submarine in the Brazilian Navy . It was ordered in 1972 and commissioned in March 1977 . " Riachuelo " is now displayed at the Navy Cultural Centre in Rio de Janeiro .
Bui Thanh Liem Born in Hanoi , Vietnam , he was a pilot for the Vietnam People ' s Air Force who rose to the rank of Captain and flew many combat missions during the Vietnam War . In 1978 , Liêm graduated from Gagarin Military Air Academy at Monino , Moscow Oblast , Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic , Soviet Union . Liêm was selected as backup of Phạm Tuân who was the first Vietnamese and the first Asian in space on the Soyuz 37 mission . In 1981 , he was killed in a MiG - 21 aeroplane crash during a training flight over the Gulf of Tonkin off the coast of northern Vietnam .
44M Tas heavy tank The 44M Tas was a Hungarian medium / heavy tank design of World War II . Designed as a cheaper and home - made alternative to German - built Panthers in 1943 , a sole mild steel prototype was built by the Manfred Weiss factory . Simultaneously , the development of 44M Tas rohamlöveg tank destroyer started and that vehicle shared most of the new tank ' s elements . However , as the factory was bombed by Soviet aviation on 27 June 1944 , both the factory and the prototype were destroyed and no further production followed . Like its ' German counterpart , the 44M Tas was to be armed with the powerful and modern 7 . 5 cm KwK 42 anti - tank gun . It also shared a similar layout and suspension , with six road wheels on semi - elliptical springs . As the Germans were unwilling to offer their Hungarian allies the powerful Maybach HL230 engine , the 44M Tas was powered by two 260 hp gasoline - powered " Manfred Weiss - Z " engines , identical to those already in production for the 40M Turán I tank .
Zielfahrzeug 68 The Target tank 68 was a decommissioned Panzer 68 , which was converted to the target vehicle role . A total of ten of these vehicles were in use . Conversion . The Swiss Army ordered from the company Eidgenoessische Konstruktionswerkstaette " K + W Thun " ten of these vehicles , which were produced between 1972 to 1974 . The turret was removed and replaced by steel plates . Wheels and tracks came from Panzer 61 . As extra protection , steel aprons were attached on the side . Concept of operations . The target 68 tanks were used as moving target for the test firing of the anti - tank guided weapon " Dragon " . The vehicles carried the identification numbers ( M - numbers ) " M77870 " - " M77879 " and were from 1974 to 2007 in the service of the Swiss Army . The tank with the number " M77876 " was stationed on the shooting range Les Rochat and is now in the army museum in Full / Fort Reuenthal .
Confederate States Lighthouse Bureau The Confederate States Lighthouse Bureau was an administrative bureau within the Confederate States Department of the Treasury which was responsible for the upkeep of lighthouses and other navigational aids along Confederate shores . Overview . The Confederate States Lighthouse Bureau was formed by an act of the Provisional Confederate Congress on March 5 , 1861 to oversee the construction and care of all aids to navigation in the Confederate States of America . In the portion of the act establishing the Lighthouse Bureau , the position of Chief of the Lighthouse Bureau was declared to be open only to commissioned officers of the Confederate Navy . Act No . 51 also declared the Lighthouse Bureau was to divide the shores of the Confederate States of America into no more than five separate districts which would be the responsibilities of five lieutenants acting as district superintendents . The act also authorized the President to direct that military engineers construct and maintain lighthouses and navigational aids . The Chief of the Bureau was to report directly to the Secretary of the Treasury on a yearly basis . The Bureau ' s papers are housed in the National Archives in Washington , D . C .
Operation Anvil ( nuclear test ) Operation Anvil was a series of 21 nuclear tests conducted at the Nevada Test Site in 1975 and 1976 . These tests followed the Bedrock series and preceded Fulcrum . Most of the tests were named after bodies of water , parts of boats , or types of cheese .
HMS Osprey ( 1897 ) HMS " Osprey " was a three funnel , 30 - knot destroyer ordered by the Royal Navy under the 1896 – 1897 Naval Estimates from Fairfields . She was the fifth ship to carry this name since it was introduced in 1797 for a 18 - gun ship - sloop . Construction . She was laid down as yard number 397 on 14 November 1896 at the Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering Company shipyard at Govan , Glasgow and launched on 7 April 1897 . During her builder ’ s trials she made her contracted speed requirement . She was completed and accepted by the Royal Navy in July 1898 . Pre - War . After commissioning she was assigned to the Portsmouth Flotilla of the 1st Fleet . On 30 August 1912 the Admiralty directed all destroyer classes were to be designated by alpha characters starting with the letter ' A ' . Since her design speed was 30 - knots and she had three funnels she was assigned to the C Class . After 30 September 1913 , she was known as an C Class destroyer and had the letter ‘ C ’ painted on the hull below the bridge area and on either the fore or aft funnel . World War I . For the test mobilization in July 1914 she was assigned to the 8th Destroyer Flotilla based at Chatham . Here she provided local anti - submarine and counter mining patrols . In August 1914 she had been redeployed to the Scapa Flow Local Flotilla to provided anti - submarine patrols for the fleet anchorage until the defences of Scapa Flow could be improved . She was deployed to the North Channel Patrol and based at Larne , Ireland in November 1916 . Her deployment included anti - submarine and counter mining patrols as well as contraband enforcement . She was attached to the 2nd Destroyer Flotilla when it was transferred to Londonderry in 1918 , and remained based at Larne . Disposition . In 1919 " Osprey " was paid off and laid - up in reserve awaiting disposal . She was sold on 4 November 1919 to J . H . Lee of Dover for breaking . She was awarded the battle honour " Belgian Coast 1914 – 17 " for her service . References . Note : All tabular data under General Characteristics only from the listed Jane ' s Fighting Ships volume unless otherwise specified
Armtech C30R The Armtech C30R was an assault rifle concept using 5 . 56mm ( Quadrant with 3 . 56g standard M193 bullet , dimensions of the rectangular ammunition 35 . 7 x 15 . 8 x 9 . 5 mm ) similar to the H & K G11 .
Werner Möller Werner Möller ( 7 January 1919 – 22 September 1982 ) was a highly decorated " Major " in the Wehrmacht during World War II and an " Oberst " in the Bundeswehr . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross and was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . He was also awarded the very rare Close Combat Clasp in Gold one of only 631 awards .
George LeRoy Irwin George LeRoy Irwin ( April 26 , 1868 – February 19 , 1931 ) was a major general of the United States Army . Fort Irwin National Training Center is named in his honor . Biography . Irwin was born on April 26 , 1868 . His parents were Army Major General Bernard J . D . Irwin , a surgeon in the Army Medical Corps who received the Medal of Honor in the Apache Wars , and his wife Antoinette Elizabeth Stahl Irwin . Irwin graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1889 . He served in the Spanish American War , Philippine – American War , Cuban Pacification and World War I . During World War I , Irwin , then a brigadier general , commanded the 57th Field Artillery Brigade of the 32nd Infantry Division under the command of Major General William G . Haan . Irwin distinguished himself during the Second Battle of the Marne , Oise - Aisne Offensive and Meuse - Argonne Offensive and received the Army Distinguished Service Medal . Irwin died on February 19 , 1931 . In 1942 , the Mojave Anti - Aircraft Range ( today : Fort Irwin National Training Center ) was named in his honor . Irwin ' s son , Stafford LeRoy Irwin , retired as a lieutenant general . Citation . The citation for Irwin ' s Army Distinguished Service Medal reads :
Action of 1595 The " Action of 1595 " was an indecisive naval battle between forces of Malta , then under the protection of the Knights of St . John , and Bizerte , then part of the Ottoman Empire . The battle took place in late June or early July 1595 , after five Maltese galley s sailed south from Syracuse and encountered three Bizertine galleys off Longina . Two Maltese galleys failed to engage and the Bizertines escaped . There was some damage on both sides . Ships involved . Bizerte . 3 galleys