naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
16 Squadron SAAF 16 Squadron SAAF is an attack helicopter squadron of the South African Air Force ( SAAF ) . It was originally formed in World War II as a maritime patrol squadron , however , over the course of the war it was disbanded and reformed a number of times , operating a number of different types of aircraft . It was finally disbanded in June 1945 and was not re - raised until 1968 as a helicopter squadron . In the late 1980s the squadron took part in the conflict in Angola before being disbanded again in 1990 . It was raised once more in 1999 and it is currently operating the Rooivalk attack helicopter . History . The squadron was formed on 18 September 1939 as a Coastal Command squadron based at Walvis Bay ( station ) , equipped with three ex - South African Airways Junkers Ju 86Z aircraft in the role of a maritime patrol squadron . However , it was short - lived , and by December of that year it had become B Flight of 32 Squadron . The squadron was re - formed at Addis Ababa on 1 May 1941 , flying eight Ju - 86Z taken over from 12 Squadron plus two Martin Maryland s . It was disbanded that August following the Italian surrender . The third chapter of the squadron ' s WWII history began when 20 Squadron , equipped with Martin Maryland and Bristol Beaufort aircraft and taking part in the invasion of Madagascar , was renumbered . Following the successful invasion of Madagascar , the squadron moved to Kenya , where it was equipped with the Bristol Blenheim V for use in the maritime patrol role , thus returning to its original purpose . In April 1943 the squadron moved to Egypt , and was equipped with Bristol Beaufighter s for use in anti - submarine duties . It continued to perform this role until it was again disbanded on 15 June 1945 . It would be 23 years before the squadron was once again re - formed , this time at AFB Ysterplaat on 1 February 1968 , and equipped with the Aérospatiale Alouette III . A year later it moved to AFB Durban , though did not stay long , and finally moved to AFB Bloemspruit during 1972 . The squadron ' s A Flight was transferred to AFS Port Elizabeth in 1973 , with its B Flight moving first to AFB Ysterplaat , and then to AFS Port Elizabeth in 1980 to join A Flight . In 1986 , the squadron received an additional type , the Aérospatiale Puma . Throughout this period the squadron played a vital role in the South - West Africa / Angola Border War , and following the cessation of hostilities was disbanded in October 1990 . The latest chapter in 16 Squadron ' s history began on 28 October 1999 when it was reformed at AFB Bloemspruit and equipped with the new Denel AH - 2 Rooivalk attack helicopter , receiving all 12 ordered . Due to the complexities of integrating a new type and the creation and modification of tactics for the use of the SAAF ' s first attack helicopter , the squadron was only expected to reach complete operational readiness in 2008 . It is however still a functioning squadron , and regularly carries out joint exercises with the South African Army and other elements of the Air Force . < br >
Antonov An - 32 The Antonov An - 32 ( NATO reporting name : Cline ) is a twin - engined turboprop military transport aircraft . Design and development . The An - 32 is basically a re - engined An - 26 . The launch customer was the Indian Air Force , which ordered this aircraft partly due to good relations between then USSR leader Leonid Brezhnev and then India leader Indira Gandhi . The An - 32 is designed to withstand adverse weather conditions better than the standard An - 26 . The high placement of the engine nacelles above the wing allowed for larger diameter propeller , which are driven by 5 , 100 hp rated AI - 20 turboprop engines , almost twice the power of the An - 26 ' s AI - 24 powerplants . The price for a newly built An - 32 was quoted as being 6 – 9 million dollars in 2000 . Operational history . The AN - 32 has excellent takeoff characteristics under tropical and mountainous ( high - altitude ) conditions , including hot climates ( up to + 55 °C ) and from the mountain airfields ( up to 4 , 500 m height ) where hot or thin air hampers the powerplant ' s capability . With this capability , the aircraft is suited to be a multipurpose aircraft with medium tactical military transport roles as well as being used in civil commercial flying . Operating as a cargo transport over the short and medium range air routes , the An - 32 is able to air - drop cargo platforms on pallets . The aircraft has also been used as a passenger - only aircraft , ambulance variant , firefighter and for sky - diving or paratroop roles . Operators . Military operators . At present more than 240 An - 32 aircraft are being operated in the countries around the world . Civil operators . In August 2006 , a total of 56 Antonov An - 32 aircraft remain in airline service . Major operators include : Some 29 other airlines operate smaller numbers of the type .
9th Motorised Division Pasubio 9th Motorized Division Pasubio was a Motorised Infantry Division of the Italian Army during World War II . The division was mobilized in August 1940 , and took part in the Invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941 , capturing Split and Sienih . In August 1941 , the Division was then sent to the Eastern front as part of the Italian Expeditionary Corps in Russia or " Corpo di Spedizione Italiano in Russia " ( CSIR ) . It remained in Russia until May 1943 , when it was withdrawn to Italy . The division was located in the Salerno being reformed and refurbished when it was captured by German forces . Its 79th Infantry Regiment and 8th Artillery Regiment were made up of men from Verona , while the ranks of the 80th Regiment were filled with men from Mantua . Its 1st " Sabauda " CCNN Battalion was made up of volunteers from Turin .
Croatian Military Frontier The Croatian Military Frontier ( or " " ) was a territory in the Habsburg Monarchy , including the Austrian Empire and Austro - Hungarian Monarchy . History . Founded in the late 16th century out of lands of the Habsburg Kingdom of Croatia , it was initially a nominal part of that Kingdom , to be later transferred fully under direct imperial rule as part of the Military Frontier . The Frontier was located on the border with the Ottoman Empire . In the Krajina zone , the king - emperors promised free land and freedom of religion to people who came to the area with the majority of the population being Croatian and Serbian . In exchange , the people who lived in the area had an obligation to militarily fight for the Empire , and to protect the land . The laws of the Frontier were established in 1630 with the imperial " Statuta Valachorum " . It was known that the soldiers had to fulfill military service from the age of 16 until 66 . In the end of the 17th century , Habsburg Monarchy expanded its borders and territory of Croatian Military Frontier was also expanded to include some former Ottoman territories in the east . Croatian Military Frontier existed until 1882 , when it was abolished and incorporated into the Kingdom of Croatia - Slavonia . Geography . This part of the Military Frontier included the geographic regions of Lika , Kordun , Banovina and bordered the Adriatic Sea to the west , Venetian Republic to the south , Habsburg Kingdom of Croatia to the north - west , the Ottoman Empire to the south - east , Habsburg Kingdom of Slavonia to the east , and Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary to the north . It extended onto the Slavonian Military Frontier near the confluence of the Una river into the Sava . Like the rest of the Military Frontier , it ceased to exist as a political entity in the late 19th century . Sections . Croatian Military Frontier included three sections : Demographics . In 1820 , population of Croatian Military Frontier included : Official Austrian census of 1851 ( data for the entire Military Frontier ) :
USS Newport ( PG - 12 ) USS " Newport " ( Gunboat No . 12 / PG - 12 / IX - 19 ) was a United States Navy gunboat . She was laid down by Bath Iron Works , Bath , Maine in March 1896 , launched on 5 December 1896 , sponsored by Miss Frances La Farge , and commissioned on 5 October 1897 , Comdr . B . F . Tilley in command . Service history . US Navy , 1897 – 1906 . After fitting out in Boston , " Newport " sailed for duty in the Caribbean on 15 October 1897 . Between December 1897 and August 1898 , the ship patrolled off the West Indies and Central America , During the Spanish - American War , she received credit for assisting in the capture of nine Spanish vessels . The ship returned to the United States and decommissioned on 7 September 1898 . Recommissioned on 1 May 1900 , " Newport " served as training ship at the United States Naval Academy and at the Naval Training Station at Newport , Rhode Island , until decommissioning at Boston on 1 December 1902 . Recommissioned on 15 May 1903 , she operated with the Atlantic Fleet along the eastern seaboard and in the West Indies until decommissioned on 17 November 1906 . Training ship , 1907 – 1934 . " Newport " was loaned to the Massachusetts Naval Militia on 2 June 1907 , and on 27 October 1907 was reassigned to the New York Nautical School . She also served as training ship for the 3rd Naval District until June 1918 , when she was returned to the Navy for wartime service . On 26 July 1918 she was reassigned to continue duty as a New York State training ship under control of the Commandant , 3rd Naval District . The gunboat sailed on a training cruise from New York to the Gulf of Mexico and the West Indies from 9 December 1918 to 25 May 1919 . On 3 June 1919 , she returned to full control of New York State . " Newport " s designation was changed from Gunboat No . 12 to PG - 12 on 17 July 1920 , and she was reclassified as the Unclassified Miscellaneous Auxiliary IX - 19 on 1 July 1921 . Struck from the Navy List on 12 October 1931 , she was turned over to the city of Aberdeen , Washington , by an act of Congress on 14 May 1934 , to be used as a training ship for the United States Naval Reserve .
HMS Sandwich ( 1759 ) HMS " Sandwich " was a 90 - gun second rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy , launched on 14 April 1759 at Chatham . " Sandwich " participated in the Battle of Cape St Vincent in 1780 , where she served as Admiral Rodney ' s flagship . She was converted to serve as a floating battery in 1780 , and from 1790 she was on harbour service . " Sandwich " was broken up in 1810 . She was Richard Parker ' s " flagship " in the 1797 Nore Mutiny made up of 28 ships . The ship was later used to hang the leaders of the mutiny .
Franz Beyer ( general ) Dr . jur . Franz Beyer ( 27 May 1892 – 15 October 1968 ) was a highly decorated General der Infanterie in the Wehrmacht during World War II who held commands at the divisional and corps levels . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . Franz Beyer was captured in 1945 and was released in 1947 . In 1956 he was co - publisher of the political journal Blätter für deutsche und internationale Politik ( Papers for German and international politics ) .
ARA Pueyrredón ARA " Pueyrredón " was a " Garibaldi " - class armoured cruiser of the Argentine Navy . The ship was built in Italy and is considered part of the Italian . The ship was launched on 27 July 1898 and served the Argentine Navy until she was stricken on 2 August 1954 . " Pueyrredón " was the last survivor of the Garibaldi class .
German submarine U - 399 German submarine " U - 399 " was a Type VIIC U - boat of the Nazi German " Kriegsmarine " during World War II . She carried out one patrol . She sank one ship and caused another to be declared a total loss . She was sunk in the English Channel in March 1945 . Service history . The submarine was laid down on 12 November 1942 at the " Howaldtswerke " ( yard ) at Kiel as ' werk ' 31 , launched on 4 December 1943 and commissioned on 22 January 1944 under the command of " Oberleutnant " Kurt van Meteren . She served with the 5th U - boat Flotilla from 22 January 1944 and the 11th flotilla from 1 February 1945 . The boat ' s first patrol was preceded by the short journey from Kiel in Germany to Horten ( south of Oslo ) , arriving at the Norwegian port on 28 January 1945 . Patrol and loss . " U - 399 " departed Horten on 6 February 1945 . On 21 March , she torpedoed the Liberty ship " James Eagan Layne " " about twelve miles off Plymouth " . The ship was beached at nearby Whitesand Bay but settled on the bottom ; at high water , only her masts and funnel showed . She was declared a total loss . The boat sank the Dutch - registered " Pacific " on 26 March 1945 . This ship had taken part in Operation " Dynamo " , the Dunkirk evacuation , in 1940 . " U - 399 " was sunk later on the same day by depth charge s from the British frigate HMS " Duckworth " . Forty - six men died in " U - 399 " ; there was one survivor .
Driving band The driving band or rotating band is part of an artillery shell , a band of soft metal near the middle of the shell , typically made of gilding metal , copper or lead . When the shell is fired the pressure of the propellant swage s the metal into the rifling of the barrel , providing a seal preventing the gases from blowing past the shell and engaging with the rifling to spin - stabilize the shell . In a small - arms rifle , the entire bullet is typically covered in copper or a similarly soft alloy , so the entire bullet is its own driving band . One disadvantage of the use of a driving band is that it must be placed at the widest point on the shell , and also near the balance point ; these points would ideally ( for this purpose ) coincide . At high supersonic speeds aerodynamic considerations require the widest point to be far to the rear of the balance point . Another issue is that with increasing shell weight it becomes more difficult to engineer the driving band . Instead of the propellant gases driving the shell up the barrel , they can simply blow the driving band off the shell . Some weapons that operate at high rates of fire , such as the GAU - 8 Avenger gatling cannon , use plastic driving bands rather than soft metal . The advantage in using plastic as a swage material in such cases is reduced wear on the barrel rifling , extending the life and average accuracy of the weapon . Variations . Driving bands pre - cut for the rifling have been used for muzzle loaded weapons , e . g . some mortars . Freely rotating bands can be used to reduce the spin imparted to the round as is preferable for HEAT warheads or fin - stabilised projectiles fired from general - purpose rifled barrels . Gerald Bull worked extensively on ways to eliminate the driving band , leading to the development of his Extended Range , Full Bore ammunition using an inversion of the pre - cut rifling for his GC - 45 howitzer , which is now rapidly replacing older artillery worldwide .
Harry Herbert Miller Harry Herbert Miller ( May 4 , 1879 – March 12 , 1968 ) was a United States Navy sailor and a recipient of America ' s highest military decoration — the Medal of Honor — for his actions in the Spanish - American War . Biography . Harry Miller enlisted in the U . S . Navy from the state of Massachusetts and served during the Spanish - American War on board ( Gunboat # 7 ) . On May 11 , 1898 , he was one of several men who took part in a boat expedition that cut the underwater telegraph cable off Cienfuegos , Cuba . For his " extraordinary bravery and coolness " under enemy fire during this operation ( the Battle of Cienfuegos ) , Miller was awarded the Medal of Honor . His brother , Willard Miller , also participated in the battle and was awarded the Medal of Honor , making the two men one of only eight pairs of brothers to have received the medal . He attained the rank of Quartermaster Third Class before leaving the service . He eventually moved to Costa Rica , where he died at the age of 88 . Medal of Honor citation . Rank and organization : Seaman , U . S . Navy . Place and date : On board the U . S . S . Nashville , Cienfuegos , Cuba , May 11 , 1898 . Entered service at : Massachusetts . Born : May 4 , 1879 , Noel Shore , Nova Scotia in Hants County . G . O . No . : 521 , July 7 , 1899 . Citation : On board the U . S . S . Nashville , during the operation of cutting the cable leading from Cienfuegos , Cuba , 11 May 1898 . Facing the heavy fire of the enemy , Miller displayed extraordinary bravery and coolness throughout this action .
Motor Gun Boat Motor Gun Boat was a Royal Navy term for a small military vessel of the Second World War . Such boats were physically similar to Motor Torpedo Boat s , but equipped with a mix of guns instead of torpedo es . Their small size and high speed made them difficult targets for E - boat s or torpedo bomber s , but they were particularly vulnerable to mines and heavy weather . The large number of guns meant the crew was relatively large , numbering as high as thirty men . In the early years of the war , they saw action defending shipping against enemy torpedo boats such as the German E - boat s on the southern and eastern coasts of the UK . MGBs were also involved in the protection of shipping after D - Day . In the Mediterranean , they were used offensively to sink Italian and German shipping . They were formed into flotillas which often operated alongside Motor Torpedo Boat s ( or US PT boats ) and helped interdict supplies being sent from Italy to North Africa in 1943 . After this campaign , they moved northwards and assisted with the invasion of Sicily , Sardinia , Corsica and Elba . From island bases they patrolled along the western coast of Italy attacking small coastal ships and E - boat s until mid - 1944 . As Italy was progressively liberated , certain flotillas , such as the 56th , were sent around to the Adriatic to assist partisans in the islands off Yugoslavia . They did not take the prefix HMS as they were only boats and instead used the prefix " HMMGB " on formal occasions . The crews generally referred to them by their numbers . In 1947 , " MGB 2009 " was fitted with a Metrovick gas turbine , thereby becoming the world ' s first gas turbine powered naval vessel . Types of MGB . Camper and Nicholsons MGB Pennants : MGB 502 to MGB 509 Note : MGB 509 was powered by three Packard supercharged petrol engines giving a total output of and a maximum speed of 31 knots ( 27 knots continuous ) . Later re - numbered " MGB 2009 " , this boat was subsequently fitted with a Metrovick gas turbine engine in 1947 . Fairmile C motor gun boat s were long boats . The succeeding Fairmile D design could be fitted out either as MGB or MTB . General Notes . MGBs were extremely heavily armed for vessels of their size . By 1945 , " MGB 658 " carried two power - mounted QF 6 - pounders in the A and Y turret positions , a twin 20 mm Oerlikon cannon in the X turret position , a single 20 mm Oerlikon on either side forward of the bridge and two twin . 303 Vickers machine gun s on the bridge wings . They were also equipped with smoke - making equipment , basic radar and depth charges .
Hingham Naval Ammunition Depot Annex The Hingham Naval Ammunition Depot Annex , sometimes called the “ Cohasset Annex ” or " Hingham Annex " by local residents , covered sections of the towns of Hingham , Cohasset , Norwell , and Scituate Massachusetts . It served as an annex to the Hingham Naval Ammunition Depot . History . Beginnings . The land for the Annex was bought by the U . S . Navy in 1941 , from local landowners , to expand the nearby Hingham Naval Ammunition Depot , in Hingham . The Depot was the main ammunition supplier for Naval Forces of the U . S . Atlantic Fleet , during World War II , employing 2 , 091 civilians along with 721 naval officers and sailors and 375 Marine guards at its peak in June , 1945 . A rail spur , sided off the Old Colony Greenbush Line , was built to facilitate the transfer of ammunition , stored in cement bunkers at the Annex , to the Depot at the Hingham Shipyard . Reactivation . Reverted to maintenance status after the War , the Annex was reactivated for the Korean War , during which time it held some of the Navy ' s first experimental nuclear depth charge s , in bunker N9 . Depth charges , bombs , and rocket motors were assembled at the Annex until declared surplus , by the Navy , in 1962 . Post - Closure Usage . The Commonwealth of Massachusetts took possession of the Annex , in 1966 , and later turned the into the present day Wompatuck State Park . The last military activity at the Annex took place when the U . S . Army Reserve 187th Infantry Brigade was stationed at United States Army Reserve Center Hingham from 1971 to 1982 . In the late 1990s the government , who were in charge of the remaining section of the Depot that was not turned into Wompatuck , announced they were going to donate the remaining part to the park . This involved , first , cleaning the area , featuring the demolition of the remaining buildings , despite their historical value . This task has not been fully accomplished to date . Some old buildings , bunkers , and track exist today , and can be seen from some of the Park ’ s hiking trails or accessed from the end of Levitt Street , Hingham . Bunkers here as well as thoses in the remains of the original Hingham Naval Ammunition Depot ( in Wompatuck State Park ) , had been used as shelters for homeless persons . Following the grisly torture - murder of two homeless men in Bare Cover Park in 2005 , the remaining bunkers in Bare Cove Park have been demolished . However , local Boy Scout s have worked to preserve some of these bunkers , including N9 , as a memorial to the military and civilian personnel who served at the Depot .
Glasmine 43 The Glasmine 43 was an anti - personnel mine used by the German s during World War II . In order to make the mine less detectable , the entire body is made from glass . Aside from being less detectable , the use of less metal was beneficial because it saved this valuable war resource for other uses . At first , only mechanical igniters were used ; with later models , chemical igniters would be used . Even today there still are minefields of the Glasmine 43 in the " Nationalpark Eifel " . In 1944 and 1945 11 million mines were produced , at the end of the war 9 . 7 million were still in the stocks .
Jack Rattray “ When actively engaged in the sport Rattray was one of the versatile type of players . He was equally effective on the halfback line as he was among the forwards , and frequently alternated in the positions of right halfback and inside right . ” In 1911 , Rattray began his professional career with Falkirk F . C . of the Scottish Football League First Division . He spent two seasons at Falkirk before transferring to Raith Rovers in 1913 , but his career was interrupted , along with so many others , by the outbreak of World War I in 1914 . Rattray served in a Scottish regiment in the British Army during the war , not returning to football until January 1919 when he signed with Dumbarton F . C . In 1922 , Rattray left Scotland to sign with the Bethlehem Steel F . C . of the American Soccer League . His last game with the team came in the final of the 1924 American Cup . He was not slated to start the game , but was written in to fill in for an injured team mate . His selection paid dividends when he scored the game ’ s lone goal , giving Steel its sixth American Cup title . Rattray retired following the 1923 - 1924 season , returning to Scotland where he settled in Cowdenbeath . In recognition of his service to Raith Rovers , he was awarded a Benefit match , which was played against a Fifeshire Select on 4 January 1921 .