naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Devil ' s Dykes The Devil ' s Dykes ( Hungarian : Ördög árok ) , also known as the Csörsz árka ( " Csörsz Ditch " ) or the Limes Sarmatiae ( Latin for " Sarmatian border " ) , are several lines of Roman fortifications built mostly during the reign of Constantine I ( 312 - 337 ) , stretching between today ' s Hungary , Romania and Serbia . History . The fortifications consisted of a series of defensive earthen ramparts - and - ditches surrounding the plain of the " Tisia " ( Tisza ) river . They stretched from Aquincum ( within modern Budapest ) eastwards along the line of the northern Carpathian mountains to the vicinity of Debrecen , and then southwards to Viminacium ( near modern Stari Kostolac ) . They were probably designed to protect the Iazyges , a Sarmatian tribe that inhabited the Tisza plain and had been reduced to tributary status by Constantine , from incursions by the surrounding Goths and Gepids . Some elements of the fortifications , however , date from the 2nd century AD , and probably constituted an earlier defensive line constructed under emperor Marcus Aurelius ( ruled 161 - 80 ) at the time of the Marcomannic Wars , the previous occasion that the Tisza plain was occupied by the Romans . The " Limes Sarmatiae " was intended to expand the Roman Limes , and was built at the same time as the Constantine Wall in Wallachia ( connected to the Limes Moesiae ) . It was , however , destroyed after a few years , at the end of the I5th century . Indeed , in 374 AD , the Quadi , a Germanic tribe in what is now Moravia and Slovakia , resenting the erection of Roman forts of the " Limes Sarmatiae " to the north and east of the Danube in what they considered to be their own territory , and further exasperated by the treacherous murder of their king , Gabinius , crossed the river and laid waste the province of Pannonia . The emperor Valentinian I in 375 Ad entered Pannonia with a powerful army and reinforced the fortifications of the " Limes Sarmatiae " . But during an audience to an embassy from the Quadi ( who were quickly defeated by the Roman legions ) at Brigetio on the Danube ( in Slovakia ) , Valentinian I suffered a burst blood vessel in the skull while angrily yelling at the people gathered . This injury resulted in his death on November of that year . Soon after his death , and following a lack of ruling power inside the Roman Empire , the " Limes Sarmatiae " was destroyed .
Warsaw Confederation ( 1704 ) The Warsaw Confederation was a confederation against King of Poland August II the Strong . It was formed on February 16 , 1704 in Warsaw . It dethroned August II and declared Stanisław Leszczyński king . In response , the supporters of August II formed the Sandomierz Confederation on May 20 .
Joseph R . Davis Joseph Robert Davis ( January 12 , 1825 – September 15 , 1896 ) was a lawyer , Mississippi Senator , and a Brigadier - General in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War . He was a nephew of Confederate President Jefferson Davis . Early years . Davis was born in Woodville , Mississippi , January 12 , 1825 , and was educated in Nashville and at Miami University in Oxford , Ohio . Trained in the law , he practiced his profession in Madison County , Mississippi , and was elected to the Mississippi Senate in 1860 . The Civil War . Entering Confederate service as Captain of Militia from Madison County , he was soon made Lieutenant - Colonel of the Tenth Regiment , Mississippi Volunteeers , after which he served on his uncle ' s staff in Richmond with the rank of colonel . Commissioned brigadier - general to rank from September 15 , 1862 , and confirmed by the Senate only after charges of nepotism were freely aired and his nomination once rejected , Davis was assigned a brigade in the Army of Northern Virginia , which he led through some of the bitterest battles of the war . He fought at Gettysburg ( where his command formed a support to Pickett in the celebrated charge of the third day ) , in the Wilderness Campaign , and the siege of Petersburg . Post - war activities . Paroled at Appomattox Court - House in April 1865 , he returned to Mississippi and resumed his law practice , spending the remainder of his life at Biloxi , where he died , September 15 , 1896 , and where he is buried at Biloxi City Cemetery .
Oxybeles The oxybeles ( Οξυβόλος , literally " bolt shooter " ) was a weapon used by the Ancient Greeks starting in 375 BC . The weapon was basically an oversized gastraphetes , a composite bow placed on a stand with a stock and a trigger . It was supplanted by the scientifically engineered ballista . The difference between the two is the use of torsion power by the ballista . The most notable use of the oxybeles was under Alexander the Great ' s rule .
Flettner Anton Flettner , Flugzeugbau GmbH was a German helicopter and autogyro manufacturer during World War II , founded by Anton Flettner . Flettner aircraft included : Anton Flettner ' s interest in aerodynamics ( specifically the Magnus effect , which produces a force from a cylinder rotating in a fluid flow ) also led him to invent the Flettner rotor which he used to power a Flettner ship which crossed the Atlantic , and the Flettner ventilator which is still widely used as a cooling device for buses , vans and other commercial vehicles and which is based upon the Savonius principle .
Titan Rain Titan Rain was the designation given by the federal government of the United States to a series of coordinated attacks on American computer systems since 2003 ; they were known to have been ongoing for at least three years . The attacks were labeled as Chinese in origin , although their precise nature , e . g . , state - sponsored espionage , corporate espionage , or random hacker attacks , and their real identities – masked by proxy , zombie computer , spyware / virus infected – remain unknown . The activity known as " Titan Rain " is believed to be associated with an Advanced Persistent Threat . In early December 2005 the director of the SANS Institute , a security institute in the United States , said that the attacks were " most likely the result of Chinese military hackers attempting to gather information on U . S . systems . " Titan Rain hackers gained access to many United States defense contractor computer networks who were targeted for their sensitive information , including those at Lockheed Martin , Sandia National Laboratories , Redstone Arsenal , and NASA .
Max Kahlow Vizefeldwebel Max Kahlow ( born 11 May 1894 , date of death unknown ) was a German World War I flying ace credited with six aerial victories . Biography . Max Kahlow was born on 11 May 1894 in Bad Schoenfließ , German Empire ; due to changes in political boundaries , the town is now in present day Poland . Kahlow joined the military before World War I began , on 20 April 1913 . By 14 March 1916 , he was flying on the Eastern Front . In 1917 , he moved to Rumania . He joined " Flieger - Abteilung " ( Flier Detachment ) 42 in April 1917 , and was teamed with Leutnant Paul Philipp as his observer when they scored an aerial victory on 31 May 1917 . At some point , Kahlow had returned to Russia , as they shot down a Nieuport over Elipicesti . In June 1917 , Kahlow attended fighter training . On 18 June , he was posted to a Western Front fighter squadron , Jagdstaffel 34 , for his final war assignment . He scored his second aerial victory on 29 July 1917 . On 21 August , his craft was brought down by anti - aircraft , but Kahlow was unwounded . He would score four more confirmed victories during 1918 . By the time he was discharged from the military on 15 December 1918 , Max Kahlow had earned both the Second and First Class Iron Cross and the Kingdom of Bavaria ' s Military Merit Cross . Max Kahlow would eventually become a Lufthansa pilot .
USS Estelle ( SP - 747 ) USS " Estelle " ( SP - 747 ) , later USS " SP - 747 " , was a United States Navy patrol vessel commissioned in 1917 and stricken in 1933 . " Estelle " was built as a private motorboat of the same name . The U . S . Navy acquired her in 1917 for use as a section patrol vessel in World War I . She apparently was commissioned that year as USS " Estelle " ( SP - 747 ) . Little information is available regarding " Estelle " s naval career . Apparently she saw service as a section patrol boat somewhere along the coast of the United States for the rest of World War I . She was renamed USS " SP - 747 " sometime in 1918 . On 23 June 1919 , a dispatch directed the Commandant , 3rd Naval District , to ship " SP - 747 " and the patrol boat to the Culver Naval School in Culver , Indiana . Like " Ahdeek " , she presumably operated there on loan from the Navy for many years , because she was not stricken from the Navy List until sometime in 1933 , the same year " Ahdeek " was stricken .
Edward Weston ( pastoralist ) Captain George Edward Nicholas Weston was a former officer of the East India Company who arrived in Australia in 1825 and was granted land in the Weston Creek area in 1831 , previously held by James Martin , who had built a house , grazed sheep and cattle and cleared and planted . Technicalities hindered Martin ' s claim , and officials eventually preferred the wealthy , well - connected claim of Weston . Weston lived at Horsley , near Liverpool and was virtually an absent landlord , as the only interest he took in his property on the Molonglo River , was to take out a mortgage in February 1833 , and sell it in August 1834 to Francis Mowatt The district of Weston Creek in the Australian Capital Territory is named after him . In 1831 he was granted 10 square kilometres of land in the Canberra district at a place described as " Yarrow - lumla Plains . "
Denise Bloch Denise Madeleine Bloch ( 1916 – 1945 , Ravensbrück , Germany ) was a French secret agent working with the British Special Operations Executive ( SOE ) in World War II . Early life . Born to a Jewish family ( Jacques Henri Bloch and Suzanne Levi - Strauss ) in Barrault , Paris , France in 1916 ; Bloch had three brothers . Before the war , she was a secretary at Citroen . As the family were Jewish , they were rounded up by the Gestapo in 1942 in occupied France . Special Operations Executive . Her job at Citroen was as secretary to Lieutenant Jean Maxime Aron ( code name ' Joseph ' ) who was also a Jewish Resistance leader in France . Bloch was recruited in Lyon to work for the SOE . She began resistance work with SOE radio operator Brian Stonehouse until his arrest near the end of October that year . Following Stonehouse ' s capture , she went into hiding until early 1943 when she was put in touch with SOE agents George Reginald Starr and Philippe de Vomécourt . She began working with them in the town of Agen in the Lot - et - Garonne " département " in the south of France . However , it was decided to send her to London and accompanied by another agent , she walked across the Pyrenees mountains making their way to Gibraltar and eventually London . There , SOE trained her as a wireless operator in preparation for a return to France . On 2 March 1944 , with fellow SOE agent , Robert Benoist , she was dropped back into central France . Working in the Nantes area , the pair re - established contact with SOE agent and Benoist ' s fellow race car driver , Jean - Pierre Wimille . However , in June , both she and Benoist were arrested and Bloch was interrogated and tortured before being shipped to Germany . She was held in prisons at Torgau in Saxony and at Königsberg in Brandenburg , where she suffered great hardship from exposure , cold and malnutrition . Eventually shipped to Ravensbrück concentration camp , sometime between 25 January 1945 and 5 February , 29 - year - old Denise Madeleine Bloch was executed by the Germans and her body disposed - of in the crematorium . Both Lilian Rolfe and Violette Szabo , two other female members of the SOE held at Ravensbrück , were executed at about the same time . In May , just days before the German surrender , SOE agent Cecily Lefort was also executed . It is alleged that " SS - Sturmbannführer " Horst Kopkow was involved in the arrest / killing of these SOE agents . Denise Bloch ' s family gravesite at the Montmartre Cemetery in Paris memorializes her life and execution . Posthumous awards . In England , Bloch is recorded on the Brookwood Memorial in Surrey . She was posthumously awarded the " King ' s Commendation for Brave Conduct " by Great Britain . In France , posthumous honors include the Legion of Honor ; the " Médaille combattant de la Résistance " , and the " Croix de Guerre avec Palme " . As one of the SOE agents who died for the liberation of France , she is listed on the " Roll of Honor " on the Valençay SOE Memorial in the town of Valençay , in the Indre " département " .
937th Tactical Airlift Group The 937th Tactical Airlift Group is an inactive United States Air Force Reserve unit . It was last active with the 442d Tactical Airlift Wing , based at Tinker AFB , Oklahoma . It was inactivated on 20 May 1972 . History . Following the mobilizations in 1961 and 1962 for the Berlin Crisis and the Cuban Missile Crisis , Continental Air Command ( ConAC ) realized that it was unwieldy to mobilize an entire wing unless absolutely necessary . Their original Table of Organization for each Wing was a wing headquarters , a troop carrier group , an Air Base Group , a maintenance and supply group , and a medical group . In 1957 , the troop carrier group and maintenance and supply groups were inactivated , with their squadrons reassigned directly to the wing headquarters - despite the fact that many wings had squadrons spread out over several bases due to the Detached Squadron Concept dispersing Reserve units over centers of population . To resolve this , in late 1962 and early 1963 , ConAC reorganized the structure of its reserve Troop Carrier Wings by establishing fully deployable Troop Carrier Groups and inserting them into the chain of command between the Wing and its squadrons at every base that held a ConAC troop carrier squadron . At each base , the group was composed of a material squadron , a troop carrier squadron , a tactical hospital or dispensary , and a combat support squadron . Each troop carrier wing consisted of 3 or 4 of these groups . By doing so , ConAC could facilitate the mobilization of either aircraft and aircrews alone , aircraft and minimum support personnel ( one troop carrier group ) , or the entire troop carrier wing . This also gave ConAC the flexibility to expand each Wing by attaching additional squadrons , if necessary from other Reserve wings to the deployable groups for deployments . As a result , the 937th Troop Carrier Group was established with a mission to organize , recruit and train Air Force Reserve personnel in the tactical airlift of airborne forces , their equipment and supplies and delivery of these forces and materials by airdrop , landing or cargo extraction systems . The group was equipped with C - 124 Globemaster II s for Tactical Air Command airlift operations . The group was one of three C - 124 groups assigned to the 442d TCW in 1963 , the others being the 935th , and 936th Troop Carrier Group at Richards - Gebaur AFB , Missouri . The group flew overseas missions , particularly to the Far East and Southeast Asia during the Vietnam War . In 1972 the group was inactivated as part of the retirement of the Globemaster II , being one of the last USAF units to fly the C - 124 .
Antestature An antestature is an archaic term for a fortification made of sandbags . They were historically hastily established by a retreating force to slow the progress of the enemy . The word comes from the Latin " ante " ( " before " ) , and " statūra " ( " a standing " ) .
HMS Herald ( H138 ) HMS " Herald " was a " Hecla " - class ocean survey ship that served with the Royal Navy during both the Falklands War and Gulf War . She was built by Robb Caledon Shipbuilders in Leith , Scotland . In December 2000 , " Herald " answered a Mayday call and took part in a joint operation with the Royal Air Force to rescue the crew of the Cypriot ferry " Royal Prince " . The 35 - metre ship sank in rough seas , but the crew were rescued by a RAF helicopter from RAF Akrotiri and landed on HMS " Herald " . " Herald " was paid off on 12 April 2001 and decommissioned on 31 May 2001 , having been replaced by the two new survey vessels of the " Echo " class , and . After de - commissioning , Herald joined her sister in Waterford after a brief re - fit in Cork dockyard . She was renamed " Somerville " after Admiral James Somerville and was used for a hydrographic survey in Irish waters .
Fall of Edo The took place between May and July 1868 , when the Japanese capital of Edo ( modern Tokyo ) , theretofore controlled by the Tokugawa Shogunate , fell to forces favorable to the restoration of Emperor Meiji during the Boshin War . Saigō Takamori , leading the victorious imperial forces north and east through Japan , had won the Battle of Kōshū - Katsunuma in the approaches to the capital . He was eventually able to surround Edo in May 1868 . Katsu Kaishu , the Shogun ' s Army Minister , negotiated the surrender , which was unconditional . Some groups continued to resist after this formal surrender but were defeated in the Battle of Ueno in northeastern Tokyo , on 4 July 1868 . The city was fully under control in July 1868 . During that time , Tokugawa Yoshinobu had been under voluntary confinement at Kan ' ei - ji temple . On 3 September 1868 , the city was renamed Tokyo ( lit . " Eastern capital " ) , and the Meiji Emperor moved his capital to Tokyo , electing residence in Edo castle , today ' s Imperial Palace . A small monument has been erected at the location of the surrender meeting between Saigo Takamori and Katsu Kaishu , at Minato - ku , Shiba 5 - 33 - 1 , two minutes from Tamachi Station .
213th Space Warning Squadron 213th Space Warning Squadron ( 213 SWS ) of the Alaska Air National Guard provides early Warning of Intercontinental ballistic missile ( ICBMs ) and Submarine - launched ballistic missile ( SLBMs ) to the Missile Correlation Center ( MCC ) at the North American Aerospace Defense Command ( NORAD ) . The squadron is a geographically separated unit of the 168th Air Refueling Wing . History . In 21 May 2004 the squadron took over the operations of Clear Air Force Station . The 213th Space Warning Squadron was activated on 30 August 2006 . Nearly 100 Guardsmen assigned to the 213 Space Warning Squadron perform the daily missile warning and space surveillance mission at Clear Air Force Station near Anderson , Alaska .
Douglas Harkness Douglas Scott Harkness , ( March 29 , 1903 – May 2 , 1999 ) , was a Canadian politician , teacher , farmer and former Lieutenant Colonel in the Royal Canadian Artillery . He was born in Toronto , Ontario and moved to Calgary , Alberta in 1929 . He graduated from the University of Alberta , then farmed and taught school in the vicinity of Red Deer . He taught at Crescent Heights High School until 1939 . He fought during the Second World War and in 1943 was awarded the George Medal " in recognition of conspicuous gallantry in carrying out hazardous work in a very brave manner " . In 1945 , he was elected to the House of Commons for the constituency of Calgary East and held various ministerial positions under the government of John Diefenbaker . He was sworn into the Queen ' s Privy Council for Canada on June 21 , 1957 . He lived in Calgary until his death in 1999 . In 1978 he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada . The " Douglas Harkness Community School " in Calgary is named in his honour .
Domingo Arroyo , Jr . Private First Class Domingo Arroyo , Jr . ( March 7 , 1971 – January 13 , 1993 ) , a United States Marine , was the first Puerto Rican and American serviceman to be killed in Operation Restore Hope during the Somalian Civil War . Early years . Arroyo was born in Caguas , Puerto Rico . His family moved to mainland United States June 15 , 1984 , in search of a better way of life . They moved to the city of Elizabeth , New Jersey , where Arroyo received his primary and secondary educations . In his senior year at Elizabeth High School , he enlisted as a " poolee " . Even though he graduated with good grades from high school and his family was keen for him to attend college , he was unable to do so because of his family ' s difficult economic situation . Military service . In 1989 , Arroyo joined the United States Marine Corps and was sent to Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island in South Carolina where he received his basic training . Upon the completion of his basic training he was deployed with his unit to the Persian Gulf for Operation Desert Storm . After finishing his tour of duty , he was reassigned and sent back to the United States . Arroyo had plans of attending college upon his military discharge with the benefits of the GI Bill . Somalian Civil War . With the outbreak of the Somalian Civil War , Arroyo , a radio wireman , was sent to Somalia in the relief effort code named Operation Restore Hope with the 3rd Battalion , 11th Marine Regiment , 1st Marine Division . On January 12 , 1993 , he was part of a patrol in Mogadishu , the capital of Somalia , that was ambushed by Somali gunmen . PFC Domingo Arroyo died from gunshot wounds received in the attack , thus becoming the first of forty four American soldiers and Marines that would die during the Somalian Civil War . He was buried in the Puerto Rico National Cemetery located in the city of Bayamon , Puerto Rico with full military honors . Tributes . United States Senate . On February 17 , 1993 , Senator William Warren " Bill " Bradley and the United States Senate paid tribute to PFC Domingo Arroyo Jr . : THE PASSING OF PRIVATE FIRST CLASS DOMINGO ARROYO , JR . OF ELIZABETH , NJ ( Senate - February 17 , 1993 ) Legacy . The men of the 1st Marine Division honored his memory by naming their camp " Camp Arroyo " in Somalia and a beach which is several hundred yards southeast of the Mogadishu Airport " Arroyo Beach " . His name is inscribed in " El Monumento de la Recordación " ( Monument of Remembrance ) , dedicated to Puerto Rico ' s fallen soldiers and situated in front of the Capitol Building in San Juan , Puerto Rico . Military awards and decorations . Among PFC Domingo Arroyo , Jr . awards and decorations are the following :