naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Talus ( fortification ) The talus is an architectural feature of some late medieval castles , especially prevalent in crusader constructions . It consists of a sloping face at the base of a fortified wall . The slope acts as an effective defensive measure in two ways . First , conventional siege equipment is less effective against a wall with a talus . Scaling ladders may be unable to reach the top of the walls and are also more easily broken due to the bending stresses caused by the angle they are forced to adopt . Siege towers cannot approach closer than the base of the talus , and their gangplank may be unable to cover the horizontal span of the talus , rendering them useless . Furthermore , defenders are able to drop rocks over the walls , which will shatter on the talus , spraying a hail of shrapnel into any attackers massed at the base of the wall .
First Western Army The First Western Army was created in 1810 as part of the reorganisation of the Imperial Russian Army , and was intended as a defense against the north - western part of the Empire from the expected invasion by Napoleon . The total troops in this Army included - 150 battalion s , 128 squadron s , 19 cossack regiments , and 590 guns . History . The command - in - chief of the First West Army on March 19 ( April 2 ) 1812 was assigned to General of the Infantry M . B . Barklay de Tolli . However , after arriving 14 ( 26 ) April 1812 in Vilno at the general headquarters of the First West Army , the Emperor Alexander I became both legally and actually its commander - in - chief , since according to § 18 of " Establishments for management of the large acting army ” , introduced on January 27 ( 8 ) February 1812 , “ the presence of Emperor represents the main command authority of the army , unless when specified by an order , the acting commander - in - chief is directed to retain complete authority ” . There was no such order , therefore , the Emperor assumed command of the army . When on the 7 ( 19 ) July 1812 the Emperor left the field army , M . B . Barklay de Tolli again became its commander - in - chief .
Royal Cambodian Air Force The Royal Cambodian Air Force is the branch of the Royal Cambodian Armed Forces which is charged with operating all military aircraft in Cambodia . Organization . The Royal Cambodian Air Force is commanded by Lieutenant General Soeung Samnang , who has four deputy commanders beneath him . The Air Force itself is under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of National Defence . Air Force headquarters are located at Phnom Penh International Airport and is still sign posted Pochentong Air Base . The only operational aircraft at Pochentong Air Base are from the VIP squadron . Maintenance of helicopters is also at Pochentong . The airworthy Mi - 8 , Mil Mi - 26 Halo and Mi - 17 helicopters from the helicopter squadron are based at Siem Reap International Airport History . During the early 1990 Mi - 8 , Mil Mi - 26 Halo and Mi - 17 helicopters entered service with the Air Force , as well as Harbin Y - 12 and BN - 2 Islander transport aircraft . A VIP transport unit was formed in 1995 using the An - 24RV and Beech 200 Super King Air . In 2000 a deal was made with Israeli Aircraft Industries to overhaul MIG 21 ' s and which saw the delivery of L - 39C Albatross aircraft for lead in trainers and entered service during 1995 – 2000 . Aircraft inventory . Only the Mi - 8 , Mil Mi - 26 Halo and Mi - 17 helicopters are currently serviceable . The VIP fleet of helicopters and passenger aircraft is under the control of the civilian authorities . Aircraft inventory . , the backbone of the RCAF inventory consists of :
Ulrich Kleemann Ulrich Kleemann ( 23 March 1892 – 1 January 1963 ) was an officer in the German Army ( " Wehrmacht Heer " ) during World War II . Colonel ( " Oberst " ) Kleemann of the 3rd Motorized Infantry Brigade ( " 3 . Schützen - Brigade " ) was awarded a Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross on 13 October 1941 . He was awarded the Oak Leaves on 16 September 1943 . Brigadier - General ( " Generalmajor " ) Kleemann commanded the 90th Light Africa Division ( " 90 . Leichte Afrika - Division " ) in North Africa from 10 April 1942 to 13 July 1942 and from 10 August 1942 to 1 November 1942 . During the Dodecanese Campaign , Major - General ( " Generalleutnant " ) Kleemann commanded the 7 , 500 - strong Assault Division " Rhodes " ( " Sturm - Division Rhodos " ) for the German assault on the Italian garrison of Rhodes . From 27 November 1944 to 8 May 1945 , Lieutenant - General ( " General der Panzertruppen " ) Kleeman commanded Tank Corps " Feldherrnhalle " on the Eastern Front . Kleeman ' s tank corps fought in Hungary and was ruinously involved with the Battle of Budapest .
Franz Frauscher Franz Frauscher was a Hauptscharführer , in the Waffen SS during World War II who was awarded the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross . This was awarded to recognize extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership by Nazi Germany during World War II . Franz Fauscher was awarded the Knight ' s Cross in December 1944 , when he was a platoon commander with the 4th Company , 2nd SS Panzer Regiment , Das Reich .
Trsat Castle Trsat Castle ( ) is a castle in Trsat , Croatia . It is thought that the castle lies at the exact spot of an ancient Illyrian and Roman fortress . The Croatian noble Vuk Krsto Frankopan is buried in one of the churches . The Trsat castle was completely reconstructed and renovated in the 19th century when the mausoleum of the military commander Laval Nugent was built in its interior . The courtyard of the castle has now been turned into a restaurant and many tourists visit the place during the summer months . History . The thirteenth century Trsat castle , whose site has been in use from Roman days for being an easy place from which to control access to the sea along the River Rijeka , is situated on the steep hill overlooking the Rječina gorge on its left bank , just above the town of Rijeka . It may be that a Iapodian hill - fort , Darsata , used to be there , after which the Roman fortification Tarsatica was named . This Roman fort was of vital importance on a road that connected Aquileia to Pannonia and Senia ( Senj ) . It was owned by Frankopan family who built the present castle , on the site occupied by the Illirian Tarsatica , to protect their holdings in Vinodol . The capture of the Castle of Trsat compelled the Ban of Croatia , Andrew Bot of Bajna ( Bajna is a village in Hungary , near Esztergom ) ) , to intervene in the Austro - Venetian war , and in June 1509 he first recaptured Trsat with his Croatian army and then entered Rijeka after expelling the Venetians . In October 1509 , the Venetians withdrew for good and Rijeka returned to the possessions of Maximilian of Habsburg . This notable episode is the sole event which links Rijeka with Venice , and consequently with Italy , during the whole of its history from the 7th century on . In the 17th century the castle fell into decay due to the receding threats from Venice and the Ottoman Empire . Its decline was accelerated by the earthquake of 1750 . In the year 1811 , during the Napoleonic wars , Captain Hoste in pursuit of the French , arrived with his frigate at Fiume where he made himself lieutenant - governor . The situation in Trieste soon drew him away , but in 1826 he had the satisfaction of handing the castle over to Field - Marshal Nugent , an Irishman then commanding the Austrian troops in the vicinity , for the purpose of conferring on him the rank of an Austrian noble . The general was later honoured by the Austrians and presented with the castle at Trsat as his residence . He had it restored in Neo - Gothic style and built a mausoleum adorned with the coat of arms of the Nugent family . It remained in the Nugent family until nearly the end of the Second World War when the general ' s great - grand - daughter , Countess Nugent , died at the age of 82 .
8th Ohio Cavalry The 8th Regiment , Ohio Cavalry was a regiment of cavalry raised by the state of Ohio for service during the American Civil War . It served in the Eastern Theater , primarily in West Virginia and then in the Shenandoah Valley region of Virginia . Organization and service . The 8th Ohio Cavalry was formed on January 4 , 1864 , from among members of the former 44th Ohio Infantry , under the command of Col . Samuel A . Gilbert . Organized and mustered into service in March 1864 at Camp Dennison in Cincinnati , it first served in West Virginia and was attached to 1st Brigade , 2nd Cavalry Division , Army of West Virginia . It saw considerable service during the Valley Campaigns of 1864 under Philip H . Sheridan , fighting in several key battles that led to the defeat of the Confederate Army of the Valley . Most of the regiment was captured by the Confederates during an engagement at Beverly , West Virginia , on January 11 , 1865 , and those men were mustered out as prisoners of war in June 1865 and returned to Ohio . The remainder ( 4 companies that were on detached duty in Clarksburg , West Virginia ) mustered out at the end of July . During its term of service , the regiment ( both as 44th Ohio Infantry and 8th Ohio Cavalry ) lost 3 officers and 53 enlisted men killed and mortally wounded , and 1 officer and 113 enlisted men by disease ( for a total of 210 ) .
Cowd Castle Cowd Castle is a castle situated in Ardglass , County Down , Northern Ireland . It is on the other side of the road from Margaret ' s Castle , at the entrance to Ardglass Golf Club . It is a small two - storey tower which may date from the late 15th century or early 16th century . The doorway is in the west wall . A straight mural stairway ( now blocked ) led to the upper level . The tower house known as Cowd or Choud Castle is a State Care Historic Monument in the townland of Ardglass , in Down District Council area , at grid ref : J5606 3705 . Ardglass had at least six castles and remains of four of them can still be seen : Ardglass Castle , Cowd Castle , Margaret ' s Castle and Jordan ' s Castle .
Wilmington Confederate order of battle The following units and commanders fought in the Battle of Wilmington ( February 11 to 22 , 1865 ) of the American Civil War . The Union order of battle is listed separately . Confederate Department of North Carolina . District of Cape Fear Gen Braxton Bragg Post of Wilmington . Col George Jackson
145th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment The 145th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment , the " Stanton Legion " , was an infantry regiment of the Union Army during the American Civil War . Service . It was organized at Staten Island , and there mustered in the service of the United States for three years September 11 , 1862 . The companies were recruited principally : The regiment left the State September 27 , 1862 ; it served in the 2d Brigade , 2d Division , 12th Corps , Army of the Potomac , from September 30 , 1862 ; in the 2d Brigade , 1st Division , 12th Corps , from April , 1863 ; in the 1st Brigade , 1st Division , 12th Corps , from May , 1863 ; and , December 9 , 1863 , the enlisted men were transferred to the 107th , 123rd and 150th Infantry , and the regiment discontinued . Total strength and casualties . During its service the regiment lost by death , killed in action , 1 officer , 6 enlisted men ; of wounds received in action , 8 enlisted men ; of disease and other causes , 35 enlisted men ; total , 1 officer , 49 enlisted men ; aggregate , 50 ; of whom 1 enlisted man died in the hands of the enemy .
Robert B . Van Valkenburgh Robert Bruce Van Valkenburgh ( September 4 , 1821 – August 1 , 1888 ) was a United States Representative from New York , officer in the Union Army during the American Civil War , and subsequent US Minister Resident to Japan . Biography . Born in Prattsburgh , Steuben County , New York , he attended Franklin Academy there . He studied law , was admitted to the bar , and commenced practice in Bath . He was a member of the New York State Assembly ( Steuben Co . , 1st D . ) in 1852 , 1857 and 1858 . In 1858 , he was the Republican candidate for Speaker , but was defeated by Democrat Thomas G . Alvord on the 53rd ballot . Van Valkenburgh was in command of the recruiting depot in Elmira and organized seventeen regiment s early in the Civil War . He was elected as a Republican to the 37th and 38th United States Congresses , holding office from March 4 , 1861 , to March 3 , 1865 . While in the House he was Chairman of the Committee on Militia ( 37th and 38th Congresses ) . He served as colonel of the One Hundred and Seventh Regiment , New York Volunteer Infantry , and was its commander at the Battle of Antietam . Following the war , he was Acting Commissioner of Indian Affairs in 1865 . He was appointed Minister Resident to Japan on January 18 , 1866 , and remained on the post until November 11 , 1869 . It was in his role as Minister Resident in Japan that Van Valkenburgh prevented the delivery of the " CSS Stonewall " to the forces of the Tokugawa clan during the Boshin War . After his return from Japan , Van Valkenburgh settled in Florida , and was appointed associate justice of the Florida Supreme Court on May 20 , 1874 . He remained on the bench until his death in Suwannee Springs , near Live Oak in 1888 . He was buried at the Old St . Nicholas Cemetery , on the south side of the St . Johns River , south of Jacksonville .
Enhanced Combat Helmet ( Australia ) The Enhanced Combat Helmet ( ECH ) is the standard issue combat helmet of the Australian Defence Force , introduced in 2004 to replace the PASGT helmet . A modified version of the ' RBH303 ' design offered by the Israeli company Rabintex , it was selected in a competition between four rival designs . Modifications to the helmet include making it lighter , better ballistics protection qualities , and a redesign of the liner ' s padding . The Enhanced Combat Helmet has four sizes ( Small , Medium , Large and Extra Large ) .
Aleksandr Rodzyanko Aleksandr Pavlovich Rodzyanko ( , ) , ( 18 August 1879 — 6 May 1970 ) was a lieutenant - general and a corps commander of the White Army during the Russian Civil War . Biography . Rodzyanko came from an old Ukrainian aristocratic family , his father Pavel Rodzyanko was a major landowner and he was a nephew of Mikhail Rodzianko . Aleksandr was educated at the Page Corps and at the Cadre Noir cavalry school in Saumur France , he joined the elite Chevalier Guard regiment . He was an excellent equestrian sportsman and studied also one year at the cavalry school Pinerolo in Italy under Captain Federico Caprilli , who was called ' the father of the modern forward seat ' . After successfully participating in London , winning the King Eduard Cup and competing in the jumping team for Russia in the 1912 Olympic Games in Stockholm . He was promoted Colonel in 1912 and went on to take part in World War I . After the Russian Revolution of 1917 , he accompanied Prince Lieven to solicit British help for counter - revolutionaries active in Latvia but was unsuccessful . In 1919 , Nikolay Yudenich appointed Rodzyanko his aide . On 23 November 1919 he was sent by Yudenich to England to seek financial support . After his mission proved abortive , he chose not to return to Estonia but settled in Great Britain and later in the USA . His brother Paul Rodyzinako became an instructor at the Irish cavalry school in Dublin and later emigrating to America . Aleksandr Pavlovich Rodzyanko became president of the Chevalier Guards association , wrote memoirs and died in New York City aged 92 . He is buried at the Novo - Diveevo cemetery in in Nanuet , Rockland County , New York . More than 7 medals
T55E1 Gun Motor Carriage The T55E1 3 - inch Gun Motor Carriage was a prototype vehicle developed by the Allied Machinery Manufacturing Company in 1943 for the US Army . An eight wheel drive vehicle , the T55E1 was armed with one three - inch gun in a limited traverse mounting and a supporting . 50 caliber machine gun . Development . Cook Brothers had developed an unusual vehicle for desert conditions . This had two four - wheel - drive bogies each with its own engine . Steering was by pivoting the front bogie . They then developed their design into a tank destroyer with two engines at the rear . There was sufficient interest from the Army for a contract for development as the T55 . Testing led to modifications to the pilot as the T55E1 . Further testing confirmed that it was not suitable and the T55EI was cancelled . Power was from two Cadillac eight - cylinder water - cooled engines . Production began in 1943 , however by this time preference had shifted to anti - tank vehicles , and the T55E1 was cancelled .
Born secret " Born secret " and " born classified " are both terms which refer to a policy of information being classified from the moment of its inception , usually regardless of where it was being created , usually in reference to specific laws in the United States that are related to information that describes the operation of nuclear weapons . It has been extensively used in reference to a clause in the Atomic Energy Act of 1946 , which specified that all information about nuclear weapon s and nuclear energy was to be considered " Restricted Data " ( RD ) until it had been officially declassified . In the 1954 revision of the Act , the United States Atomic Energy Commission was given the power to declassify entire categories of information . The " born secret " policy was created under the assumption that nuclear information could be so important to national security that it would need classification before it could be formally evaluated . The wording of the 1954 act specified : Whether or not it is constitutional to declare entire categories of information preemptively classified has not been definitively tested in the courts . The legality of the ' born secret ' doctrine was directly challenged in a freedom of the press case in 1979 ( " United States v . The Progressive " ) . In that case , a magazine attempted to publish an account of the so - called " secret of the hydrogen bomb " ( the Teller - Ulam design ) , which was apparently created without recourse to classified information . Many analysts predicted that the US Supreme Court would , if it heard the case , reject the ' born secret ' clause as being an unconstitutional restraint on speech . However , the government dropped the case as moot before it was resolved .
USS E - 2 ( SS - 25 ) USS " E - 2 " ( SS - 25 ) was an " E " - class submarine of the United States Navy . Originally named Sturgeon , the boat was launched on 15 June 1911 by the Fore River Shipyard , Quincy , Massachusetts ; sponsored by Ms . Margaret Nelson Little ; renamed " E - 2 " on 17 November 1911 ; and commissioned on 14 February 1912 , Ensign C . N . Hinkamp in command . Service history . Serving in the Atlantic Submarine Flotilla , " E - 2 " sailed out of Newport , Rhode Island for developmental exercises and training . From 5 January - 21 April 1914 , she cruised to Guantanamo Bay and the Gulf of Mexico . She returned to Naval Station Newport on 27 July , for training operations for the remainder of the summer and from February – May 1915 off Florida . Entering New York Navy Yard on 19 June for overhaul , " E - 2 " was victim of a violent explosion and fire on 15 January 1916 when hydrogen gas ignited during conditions of severe battery testing ; tests made under the direction of the Edison Storage Battery Company . Four men were killed and seven injured . On 13 March , " E - 2 " was placed out of commission for use as a laboratory , for exhaustive tests of the Edison storage battery . Recommissioned on 25 March 1918 , " E - 2 " served in training and experimental work at New London until 16 May . Two days later she arrived at Norfolk to operate against enemy submarines off Cape Hatteras . From 21 May - 27 August , she made four war patrols , sighting a large enemy submarine for which she made extended submerged search on her last patrol . " E - 2 " was commended by the Chief of Naval Operations for two of these anti - submarine patrols , which were exceptionally long for a submarine of her size . Returning to New London on 31 August 1918 , " E - 2 " made two more patrols before the end of the war , then returned to training student officers and qualifying men for duty in submarines . She sailed from New London to Norfolk on 19 April 1920 , arriving two days later . There she was placed in commission in ordinary on 18 July 1921 . On 17 September , she sailed for Philadelphia Navy Yard where she was decommissioned on 20 October and sold on 19 April 1922 .
USRC Moccasin ( 1865 ) USRC " Moccasin " was a Revenue Cutter purchased from the U . S . Navy in 1865 and immediately assigned to duty at Norfolk , Virginia where future Chief of the Revenue Marine Service , Leonard G . Shepard , future Chief of the Revenue Marine Bureau reported on board as a newly commissioned Third Lieutenant as part of the commissioning crew . In May 1866 her homeport was moved to Wilmington , North Carolina where she served until being moved for repairs at the Philadelphia Navy Yard in 1869 . After repairs she was assigned to Newport , Rhode Island from 1869 to 1872 and then transferred to Charleston , South Carolina . In 1881 , she was taken to the Slater and Read Shipyard in New York City and was lengthened to 128 feet . On 10 April 1882 she was recommissioned as USRC " George Bibb " and moved to the Great Lakes . The " George Bibb " was named after the seventeenth Secretary of the Treasury , George M . Bibb . While winter quarters were at Ogdensburg , New York , she was also stationed at Duluth , Minnesota , Detroit , Michigan and Oswego , New York . After decommissioning in November 1890 , she was sold in Buffalo , New York for $ 2500 . She became the merchant vessel " Pentagoet " which foundered in November 1898 .
4th Royal Irish Dragoon Guards The 4th Royal Irish Dragoon Guards was a cavalry regiment in the British Army , first raised in 1685 . It saw service for three centuries , before being amalgamated into the 4th / 7th Dragoon Guards in 1922 . The regiment was first raised as the Earl of Arran ' s Regiment of Cuirassiers in 1685 , by the regimenting of various independent troops , and ranked as the 6th Regiment of Horse . In 1691 it was re - ranked as the 5th Horse , and in 1746 transferred to the Irish regiment establishment where it was the ranked 1st Horse . It returned to the British establishment in 1788 , as the 4th ( Royal Irish ) Dragoon Guards . Perhaps the most notable engagement of the regiment was at the outbreak of World War I on 22 August 1914 , when a squadron of the regiment became the first members of the British Expeditionary Force to engage the German army outside Mons ; four patrolling German cavalrymen of the 2nd Kuirassiers were surprised by two full troops of British cavalry , and after a brief pursuit several were killed , the Dragoons thereby firing the first United Kingdom shots of the war . In 1921 , it was retitled the 4th Royal Irish Dragoon Guards and in 1922 was amalgamated with 7th Dragoon Guards ( Princess Royal ' s ) , to form the 4th / 7th Dragoon Guards . Colonels — with early names for the regiment . On 1 July 1751 a royal warrant provided that in future regiments would not be known by their colonels ' names , but by their " number or rank " . References . http : / / www . rdgmuseum . org . uk / history . htm title = HISTORY OF THE ROYAL DRAGOON GUARDS accessdate = August 26 , 2010
Hermann Flörke Hermann Flörke ( 23 October 1893 – 19 August 1979 ) was a highly decorated Generalleutnant in the Wehrmacht during World War II who commanded the 14th Infantry Division . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross and its higher grade Oak Leaves was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . Hermann Flörke was captured by American forces on 21 April 1945 and was held until June 1947 .