naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Sand table Sand table is a term for using constrained sand for modeling or educational purposes . The original version of a sand table may be the abax used by early Greek students . Abax . An abax was a table covered with sand commonly used by students , particularly in Greece , to perform studies such as writing , geometry , and calculations . An abax was the predecessor to the abacus . Objects , such as stones , were added for counting and then columns for place valued arithmetic . The demarcation between an abax and an abacus seems to be poorly defined in history , moreover , modern definitions of the word " abacus " universally describe it as a frame with rods and beads and , in general , do not include the definition of " sand table " . The sand table may well have been the predecessor to some board games . ( " The word abax , or abacus , is used both for the reckoning - board with its counters and the play - board with its pieces , . . . " ) Abax is from the old Greek for " Sand Table " . Ghubar . An Arabic word for sand ( or dust ) is " ghubar " ( or " gubar " ) , and Western numerals ( the decimal digits 0 – 9 ) are derived from the style of digits written on " ghubar " tables in North - West Africa and Iberia , also described as the ' West Arabic ' or ' gubar ' style . Military use . Sand tables have been used for military plan ning and wargaming for many years as a field expedient , small - scale map , and in training for military actions . In 1890 a Sand table room was built at the Royal Military College of Canada for use in teaching cadets military tactics ; this replaced the old sand table room in a pre - college building , in which the weight of the sand had damaged the floor . The use of sand tables increasingly fell out of favour with improved maps , aerial and satellite photography , and later , with digital terrain simulations . Today , virtual and conventional sand tables are used in operations training . In 1991 , " Special Forces teams discovered an elaborate sand - table model of the Iraqi military plan for the defense of Kuwait City . Four huge red arrows from the sea pointed at the coastline of Kuwait City and the huge defensive effort positioned there . Small fences of concertina wire marked the shoreline and models of artillery pieces lined the shore area . Throughout the city were plastic models of other artillery and air defense positions , while thin , red - painted strips of board designated supply routes and main highways . " In 2006 , Google Earth users looking at satellite photography of China found a several " kilometre " large " sand table " scale model , strikingly reminiscent of a mountainous region ( Aksai Chin ) which China occupies militarily in a disputed zone with India , 2400 km from the model ' s location . Speculation has been rife that the terrain is used for military exercises of familiarisation . Education . A sand table is a device useful for teaching in the early grades and for special needs children .
Camp Ashby Camp Ashby was a temporary U . S . Army installation sited in Berkeley , California during World War II . The base was named for Ashby Avenue , a nearby thoroughfare ( at the time , part of State Highway 24 , now 13 ) , which in turn was named for one of Berkeley ' s earliest settlers , William Ashby ( Aug . 1 , 1819 - July 12 , 1896 ) . Camp Ashby was used to quarter and train the 779th Military Police Battalion , an African American unit led by white officers .
Ladies ' aid societies Ladies ' aid societies or soldiers ' aid societies were organizations of women formed during the American Civil War that were dedicated to providing supplies to soldiers on the battlefield and caring for sick and wounded soldiers . Over the course of the war , between 7 , 000 and 20 , 000 ladies ' aid societies were established . At the end of the war , many ladies ' aid societies in the South transformed into memorial associations .
Walter Kirke General Sir Walter Mervyn St George Kirke GCB CMG DSO ( 19 January 1877 – 2 September 1949 ) was the Commander in Chief of the British Home Forces during the Second World War . Military career . Born the second son of Colonel St . George Mervyn Kirke RE and his wife Sarah , Walter Kirke was commissioned into the Royal Artillery in 1896 . He served in Waziristan on the North West Frontier of India between 1901 and 1902 . He served in World War I as a General Staff Officer at GHQ in France and Belgium . In 1918 he became Deputy Director of Military Operations at the War Office and was then moved to Aldershot in 1922 . In 1924 he was appointed Head of the British Military Mission to Finland and in 1925 President of Inter - Allied Commission of Investigation for Hungary . Then in 1926 he became Deputy Chief of the General Staff for India moving on to be General Officer Commanding 5th Division in 1929 . In 1933 he was appointed General Officer Commanding - in - Chief for Western Command and in 1936 he became Director - General of the Territorial Army . He served in World War II initially as Inspector - General of Home Defence and then as Commander in Chief of the British Home Guard : in that role he always thought that the threat of a German invasion was exaggerated . He retired in 1940 . He was also an Aide - de - Camp General to the King from 1937 to 1940 . Army List July 1940 Further reading .
Third Swedish Crusade The Third Swedish Crusade was a Swedish military expedition to Karelia in 1293 , an area controlled by Novgorod . As the result of the attack , Viborg Castle was established and western Karelia remained under Swedish rule for over 400 years . The name of the expedition is largely unhistorical , and it was just a part of a long series of military conflicts in the Swedish - Novgorodian Wars .
Bell XP - 83 The Bell XP - 83 was a United States prototype escort fighter designed by Bell Aircraft during World War II . It first flew in 1945 . As an early jet fighter , its limitations included a lack of power and it was soon eclipsed by more advanced designs . Design and development . The early jet fighter s consumed fuel at a prodigious rate , which severely limited their range and endurance . In March 1944 , the United States Army Air Forces requested Bell to design a fighter with increased endurance , and formally awarded a contract for two prototypes on 31 July 1944 . Bell had been working on its " Model 40 " interceptor design since 1943 . It was redesigned as a long - range escort fighter , retaining the general layout of the P - 59 Airacomet . The two General Electric J33 - GE - 5 turbojet engines were located in each wing root , which left the large and bulky fuselage free for fuel tanks and armament . The fuselage was an all - metal semimonocoque , capable of carrying 1 , 150 gal ( 4 , 350 l ) of fuel ; in addition , two 250 gal ( 950 l ) drop tanks could be carried . The cabin was pressurized , and the canopy a small and low bubble type . The armament was to be six 0 . 5 in ( 12 . 7 mm ) machine gun s in the nose . Testing . Early wind tunnel reports had pinpointed directional instability but the " fix " of a larger tail would not be ready in time for flight testing . The first prototype was flown on 25 February 1945 , by Bell ' s chief test pilot Jack Woolams , who found it to be underpowered and unstable . The limited flight testing provided satisfactory flight characteristics although spins were restricted until the larger tailfin was installed . The second prototype did incorporate the extended tail and an aileron boost system . One unique characteristic was the XP - 83 ' s refusal to " slow down " due to its sleek aerodynamic shape and lack of drag brakes ; test pilots were forced to fly very long and flat landing approaches . The first prototype was used in 1946 as a ramjet testbed , with an engineer ' s station located in the fuselage behind the pilot and on 14 September 1946 one of the ramjets caught fire - the pilot " Slick " Goodlin and engineer Charles Fay had to parachute out . The second prototype flew on 19 October and was scrapped in 1947 . Apart from range , the XP - 83 was inferior to Lockheed ' s P - 80 Shooting Star , and the XP - 83 project was canceled in 1947 .
Andrew Common Sir Lawrence Andrew Common , DSO , DL ( 31 March 1899 – 6 April 1953 ) was a British shipping director . Common was born in Bishopwearmouth , County Durham , the son of Francis James Common ( 1847 – 1903 ) , an iron merchant from Darlington , and his wife , Annie Elizabeth ( née Walford ) of Banbury , Oxfordshire . His aunt , Elizabeth Common , was the wife of the Nonconformist divine , Joseph Parker . In 1911 , he became a second lieutenant in the 3rd Northumbrian ( County of Durham ) Brigade of the Royal Field Artillery and was appointed a Companion of the Distinguished Service Order in 1917 for his services during World War I . In 1944 , Common was appointed a knight bachelor by George VI for his work with the Ministry of War Transport during World War II and knighted at Buckingham Palace in 1945 . He was also appointed a Commander of the Order of Orange - Nassau by Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands in 1848 , for his services to her country during the war . In 1952 , Common was appointed a Deputy Lieutenant of County Durham and High Sheriff of that county in 1953 , having previously been nominated in 1950 and 1952 . In 1923 , Common had married Bessie Reid Pollock ( 1895 – 1959 ) , a daughter of Gilbert Reid Pollock ( 1865 – ? ) , an iron engineer from Neilston , Renfrewshire , and his wife , Annie ( née Blackwell ) of Hyde , Cheshire . They had two children , Elizabeth A . ( born 1926 ) and Gilbert A . ( born 1930 ) . Common died in 1953 and was buried in Edmundbyers , County Durham , near to his home , Hunter House on the banks of Derwent Reservoir . His wife was later interred with him upon her death in 1959 .
Ferdinand von Wintzingerode Ferdinand , Freiherr of Wintzingerode ( 15 February 1770 , Allendorf – 16 June 1818 , Wiesbaden ) was a German nobleman and officer in several different armies of the Napoleonic Wars , finally ending up as a general in the Imperial Russian army and fighting in the War of the Sixth Coalition against the French invasion of Russia and the subsequent campaigns in Germany and France . He appears in Tolstoy ' s " War and Peace " . Life . Ferdinand von Wintzingerode was born into a noble family of Thuringia . His father , baron Wilhelm Levin Ernst von Wintzingerode ( 1738 – 1781 ) , owned the " Unterhof " seigneurial domain near Kirchohmfeld . Ferdinand ' s first military service was in the Hessian Army , then as a volunteer in the Austrian army in the war against the Netherlands . He took part in the 1792 – 93 campaigns against the French and , after the peace of Campo Formio on 17 October 1797 , he was offered a post as major in the Russian army . In 1800 the Austrian army gave him permission to fight in the war in Italy . On 19 September 1801 he married the Polish countess Hélène Rostworowska ( 1783 – 1829 ) , with whom he had one son . He became a major general and general aide de camp to Alexander I of Russia in 1802 and was entrusted with diplomatic missions over the following years . Also , in 1805 in Berlin , he negotiated with Austria and Great Britain on behalf of the Prussians to form the three nations into an alliance against France . On 11 November 1805 , at , he received the Order of Saint George . He returned to the Austrian army in 1809 , where he was made field marshal . He led the advance guard of the first brigade of general Bellegarde ' s army on 20 May at , where he was wounded in the right leg . He returned to the Russian army in 1812 to face the French invasion of Russia . In it he was made lieutenant general and grand cross of the Military Order of Maria Theresa . On 21 October 1812 he led a unit of Cossacks trying to reach the Kremlin by challenging several French posts at the head of a Cossack unit , but he and his aide de camp Narichzin were captured by lieutenant Leleu de Maupertuis of the 5th Imperial Guard Chasseurs Regiment . He was freed by general Alexander Chernyshyov and fought at the battle of Lützen before being promoted to general of cavalry at the battle of Leipzig in 1813 . He followed the army of the North into Holland then rejoined the Prussian army under Blücher and fought in the Six Days Campaign in 1814 .
43d Air Division Originally designated as 43d Air Division ( Defense ) when organized on 1 March 1952 , the division was redesignated 43d Air Division on 18 March 1955 . The unit was discontinued and inactivated , on 1 October 1957 . The 43d Air Division assumed responsibility for the air defense of Southwestern Japan ( Kyūshū , in March 1952 . The 43d also included the western part of Honshū , and most of Shikoku ) , using radar , fighter aircraft , and ground weapons to prevent or disrupt enemy air attacks . It supported numerous exercises , some involving U . S . and British naval vessels , and training for the Japan Air Self Defense Force . The division also supervised electronic countermeasures ( ECM ) , and weather reconnaissance missions . In the summer of 1957 , when the Nagasaki area suffered severe flooding , the 43d assisted Japanese authorities and people by flying numerous airlift missions with helicopters and fixed - wing aircraft . Emblem . A shield argent on a bend azure three futuramic aircraft , in bend , or , between two lightning bolts in saltire gules and a magnetic field of the last with cardinal compass points and pylon of the last . ( Approved 19 December 1956 )
USS Wassaic ( ID - 3230 ) USS " Wassaic " ( ID - 3230 ) was a cargo ship that served in the United States Navy from 1918 to 1919 . SS " Wassaic " was a steel - hulled , single - screw freighter built under a United States Shipping Board contract . She was launched on 14 April 1918 by the Los Angeles Shipbuilding and Drydock Company at Los Angeles , California . Subsequently taken over by the U . S . Navy for World War I use by the Naval Overseas Transportation Service ( NOTS ) and given Identification Number ( Id . No . ) 3230 , she was commissioned at New Orleans , Louisiana , as USS " Wassaic " ( ID - 3230 ) on 14 October 1918 with Lieutenant Commander George H . Cooke , USNRF , in command . " Wassaic " loaded 7 , 468 tons of United States Army supplies and got underway for Bordeaux , France , on 10 November 1918 , the day before the armistice with Germany was signed , ending World War I . En route to Europe , " Wassaic " encountered mechanical difficulties and was obliged to put into New York City on 16 November 1918 for repairs . Underway again on 29 November 1918 , " Wassaic " , rerouted in light of the war ' s end , sailed for Brest , France , instead of Bordeaux . Arriving at Brest on 13 December 1918 , " Wassaic " got underway for the United States on 31 December 1918 . After a stop at Corona , Spain , for repairs to her damaged propeller , " Wassaic " got underway from Corona on 6 January 1919 . Following stops at the Azores and Bermuda , she made port at Newport News , Virginia , on 7 February 1919 . " Wassaic " took on a cargo of railroad supplies and departed the United States East Coast on her second NOTS voyage on 10 March 1919 , bound for La Pallice , France . Arriving there on 23 March 1919 , she discharged her cargo and returned to the United States , heavily ballast ed partly with a cargo of steel rails . Putting briefly into Norfolk , Virginia , on 22 April 1919 , " Wassaic " sailed for New Orleans on 23 April 1919 , arriving there on 29 April 1919 . Discharging her cargo of steel there , she shifted to New York . There , after final repairs and inventories , " Wassaic " was decommissioned , struck from the Navy List , and returned to the United States Shipping Board , all on 29 May 1919 . " Wassaic " remained in Shipping Board ownership until she was abandoned due to age and deterioration in 1931 or 1932 .
USRC Virginia ( 1791 ) USRC " Virginia " was one of the first ten cutters operated by the United States ' Revenue Cutter Service ( later to become the US Coast Guard ) . Operational service . " Virginia " was preceded by two " state " revenue vessels , the " Liberty " and " Patriot " , that had active careers on Chesapeake Bay well before the establishment of the " system of cutters , " as the first ten Federal cutters were known . President George Washington appointed Richard Taylor , a veteran of the navy of the state of Virginia who was twice wounded during the American Revolutionary War , as master of the " Virginia " . As with her sister cutters , little documentation has survived regarding " Virginia " s service . It is known that she was ordered to prevent all vessels hailing from Philadelphia , Tobago , or the Grenadines from sailing into Chesapeake Bay during an outbreak of yellow fever at those locations in 1793 . She probably also enforced the Embargo instituted by President Washington in 1794 . Enforcing the Embargo included preventing the arming and fitting out of privateer s , either French or British , in American ports . " Virginia " was involved in one such enforcement action when she attempted to seize the French - flagged privateer " Unicorn " . By this time , " Virginia " s master , Richard Taylor , had resigned his commission due to his failing physical condition brought on by his war injuries . First Mate John Lurty had taken command of the cutter although for unknown reasons he never received a promotion to the position of master .
Oberto Pallavicino Oberto Pelavicino or Pallavicino ( 1197 - 1269 ) was an Italian field captain under Frederick II , Holy Roman Emperor . He was a member of the noble Pallavicini family . Pelavicino supported Frederick II against pope Gregory IX since 1234 . Starting in 1250 , he subdued the cities of Parma , Cremona , Piacenza , Pavia , and Brescia . Due to jealousness at Ezzelino III da Romano , Pelavicino joined the party of the Guelphs and took a great part in the victory of the lombardic - guelphish League of towns over Ezzelino at the Battle of Cassano ( 1259 ) . For this , he was awarded with the cities of Milano , Como , Lodi , Novara , Tortona , and Alessandria . When Charles I of Sicily invaded Lombardy , Pelavicino fought again for the Guelphs , but was beaten several times .
Magnis ( Carvoran ) Magnis ( or Carvoran Roman Fort ) is a fort on Hadrian ' s Wall in Northumberland , England . It was in the Roman province of Britannia . Roman fort . Magnis was originally built to guard the junction of the northbound Maiden Way with the Stanegate , the key supply route linking Coria ( Corbridge ) in the east to Luguvalium ( Carlisle ) in the west . As such it pre - dates Hadrian ' s Wall . Its ruins are located at Carvoran in the civil parish of Greenhead in the English county of Northumberland . Magnis is one of 16 Roman forts along Hadrian ' s Wall ; there are also 80 smaller milecastle forts and 158 turrets along its length . The Maiden Way Roman road runs south from Magnis to Kirkby Thore near Penrith . Archaeology . Artifacts recovered at Magnis include a iron spearhead , found at a depth of in a well , and the well - known modius , a bronze grain - measure . Roman Army Museum . Magnis is the location of the Roman Army Museum run by the Vindolanda Trust . Like the museum at Vindolanda , the Roman Army Museum was modernised and reopened in 2011 . The museum illustrates frontier life on the northern edge of the Roman empire . The museum displays genuine Roman artefacts including weapons and tools ; life size replicas ; films , a large timeline of Hadrian ' s Wall . There is a gallery devoted to the emperor Hadrian himself . A large gallery describes daily life in the Roman army as seen through the eyes of a team of eight auxiliary soldiers , complete with a film showing their activities . Notable exhibits include a rare surviving helmet crest . Directions can be found on the Vindolanda website Vindolanda and Roman Army Museum
Norman C . Gaddis Norman Carl Gaddis ( born September 30 , 1923 ) , along with John McCain , were the two senior United States prisoners of war during the Vietnam War . General Gaddis opted out of a political life to spend time with his family in North Carolina after retiring from the US Air Force .
Fokker D . XIII The Fokker D . XIII was a fighter aircraft produced in the Netherlands in the mid - 1920s . It was a development of the Fokker D . XI with a new powerplant and considerably refined aerodynamics , and had been designed to meet the requirements of the clandestine flying school operated by the German Army at Lipetsk in the Soviet Union . Like its predecessor , it was a conventional single - bay sesquiplane with staggered wings braced by V - struts . The pilot sat in an open cockpit and the undercarriage was of fixed , tailskid type . The wings were made of wood and skinned with plywood , and the fuselage was built up of welded steel tube with fabric covering . On 16 July 1925 , one of the early examples of a production aircraft was used to set four new world airspeed records : the airspeed record for carrying a 500 kg / 1 , 102 lb payload ( 265 . 7 km / h or 165 . 7 mph ) , the record for carrying the same payload over a distance of 200 km ( 264 . 2 km / h or 164 . 7 mph ) , at the same time setting the same records for carrying a 250 kg ( 551 lb ) payload . Under the cover of a fictitious order from Argentina , the German Army purchased 50 aircraft and arranged to have them transported to Lipetsk via Stettin and Leningrad . There , they equipped the flying school throughout its existence until the German abandonment of the programme in 1933 . At that point , the 30 remaining aircraft ( including two that had been purchased separately from the original batch ) were handed over to the Soviet Air Force .