naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Capture of Valdivia The Capture of Valdivia was a battle in the Chilean War of Independence between Spanish forces commanded by Colonel Manuel Montoya and the Chilean forces under the command of Lord Cochrane , held on 3 and 4 February 1820 . Background . After failing to capture the Spanish fortress of Real Felipe in El Callao , Cochrane decided to assault the city of Valdivia , the most fortified place in South America at the time . Valdivia was considered a threat to Chilean independence as it was a stronghold and supply base for Spanish troops . Valdivia provided a safe landing site for sending reinforcements to the loyalist guerrilla fighting the Guerra a muerte in the area of La Frontera . Valdivia was isolated from the rest of Chile by native Mapuche territory , and the only entrance to Valdivia was Corral Bay , at the mouth of Valdivia River . The bay was protected by several forts built to prevent pirate raids or any attack from a foreign nation . Fortifications . The defenses at Valdivia consisted of a number of forts and defensive positions . On the South side of the habour were four forts - Fort Ingles , Fort San Carlos , Fort Amargos and Fort Chorocomayo . Further inland was Corral Castle to defend against a landward assault . On the Northern side was the stone walled Fort Niebla . Mancera Island in the centre of the habour was also heavily garrisoned . Battle . Facing these powerful fortifications , Lord Cochrane decided to attack the forts from the land in an amphibious nighttime operation . The troops landed south of the bay on the Aguada del Ingles ( the English Beach ) . Taken by surprise , the Fort Ingles was captured quickly , with the fugitives running towards the next fort , Fort San Carlos . The attackers got in among the fleeing Spanish troops and in the confusion were able to capture San Carlos and subsequently the other two forts on the south side of the habour , with only Fort Chorocomayo showing brief resistance before capitulating . After the success of the attack on the forts of the southern shore , Cochrane called a halt for the night . He anticipated an altogether grimmer fight in the morning to capture the remaining fortifications , as he had lost the element of surprise . However , in the morning the commanders of the other forts unexpectedly decided to surrender without a fight , with the garrisons of Fort Niebla and Mancera Island retreating upstream . The town of Valdivia surrendered soon after . Aftermath . The Spanish troops inside Valdivia itself sacked the city and then went to Osorno . These troops later moved to reinforce Chiloé Island which was the last Spanish possession in Chile . Lord Cochrane tried to conquer the island without success . The capture of Valdivia effectively ended the last vestiges of Spanish power in mainland Chile and opened up the way for Chilean and Peruvian independence .
Macon ' s Bill Number 2 Macon ' s Bill Number 2 , which became law in the United States on May 14 , 1810 , was intended to motivate Britain and France to stop seizing American vessels during the Napoleonic Wars . This bill was for the British to stop stealing from the Americans and keep them out of the United States . This bill was a revision of the original bill by Representative Nathaniel Macon , known as Macon ' s Bill Number 1 . The law lifted all embargoes with Britain and France ( for three months ) . If either one of the two countries ceased attacks upon American shipping , the United States would end trade with the other , unless that other country agreed to recognize the rights of the neutral American ships as well . Napoleon immediately saw a chance to exploit this bill in order to further his Continental Plan , a form of economic warfare he believed would destroy Britain ' s economy . A message was sent to the United States , stating the rights of the American merchant ships as neutral carriers would be recognized . President James Madison , a staunch opponent of the bill , grudgingly accepted Napoleon ' s offer . However , Napoleon had no intention of ever following through on his promise , and Madison soon realized this as well , ignoring the French promise . The British were still highly offended by the agreement and threatened force , thus motivating Napoleon to withdraw altogether . Still , the damage had been done and soon the U . S . and Britain were entangled in the War of 1812 due to the continued harassment of American ships and escalated tensions between the United States and the nations of Europe . A general consensus among historians is that this bill was effectively useless , as it was quickly seen that the European economies played upon the weaknesses this bill created . As a result , the bill ' s parameters were never enforced , due to Madison ' s correct interpretation of France ' s deviation . Macon ' s Bill Number 2 responded to the ineffectiveness of the Non - Intercourse Act ( 1809 ) and the Embargo Act before it . Ironically , Macon did not vote in favor of the finished draft of the bill .
HMCS Oshawa ( J330 ) HMCS " Oshawa " ( J330 / 174 ) was an of the Royal Canadian Navy . She was commissioned in July 1944 , and wore pennant J330 until she was paid off into reserve in July 1945 . She was recommissioned in October 1945 , and paid off into reserve in February 1946 . She was recommissioned for the last time in April 1956 , and wore pennant 174 until paid off in November 1958 .
Wilbur J . Peterkin Colonel Wilbur J . Peterkin was a Lieutenant Colonel in the United States Army during the Second World War in the China Burma India Theater , and an executive and commanding officer of the United States Army Observer Group , commonly known as the Dixie Mission . Prior to the war , Peterkin was a high school teacher in Sumner , Washington . Before commanding Dixie , Peterkin had spent almost two years in China . Peterkin went to school in Polson , Montana , and Portland , Oregon . He received a B . S . in military science and education from the University of Oregon where he was drum major of the university band ( he played the baritone and tuba , later directing the high school band in Sumner , Washington ) . He was an infantry instructor in Fort Benning , Georgia , from 1941 - 1943 . From 1943 - 44 he trained Kuomintang officers in South China . After World War II he served with the 415th Infantry Regiment , 104th Infantry Division ( Reserve ) from 1946 – 1964 , and was the commanding officer 1948 - 1957 .
Treaties of Nijmegen The Treaties of Peace of Nijmegen ( or " " ; ) were a series of treaties signed in the Dutch city of Nijmegen between August 1678 and December 1679 . The treaties ended various interconnected wars among France , the Dutch Republic , Spain , Brandenburg , Sweden , Denmark , the Prince - Bishopric of Münster , and the Holy Roman Empire . The most significant of the treaties was the first , which established peace between France and the Dutch Republic , and placed the northern border of France in very nearly its modern position . Background . The Franco - Dutch War of 1672 – 78 was the source of all the other wars that were ended formally at Nijmegen . Separate peace treaties were arranged for conflicts like the Third Anglo - Dutch War and the Scanian War , but all of them had been directly caused by , and form part of , the Franco - Dutch War . England initially participated in the war on the French side , but withdrew in 1674 in the Treaty of Westminster . Peace negotiations had begun as early as 1676 , but nothing was agreed to and signed before 1678 . These treaties did not result in a lasting peace . Some of the countries involved signed peace deals elsewhere , such as the Treaty of Celle ( Sweden made peace with Brunswick and Lunenburg - Celle ) , Treaty of Saint - Germain ( France and Sweden made peace with Brandenburg ) and Treaty of Fontainebleau ( France dictated peace between Sweden and Denmark - Norway ) . Terms . The Franco – Dutch War ended with a treaty which gave France control over the region of the Franche - Comté . Beyond the acquisitions made by King Louis XIV according to the 1659 Treaty of the Pyrenees and the 1668 Treaty of Aix - la - Chapelle , France not only gained the Imperial County of Burgundy ( Franche - Comté ) , but also further territories of the Spanish Netherlands , including the town of Saint - Omer with the remaining northwestern part of the former Imperial County of Artois , the lands of Cassel , Aire and Ypres in southwestern Flanders , the Bishopric of Cambrai , as well as the towns of Valenciennes and Maubeuge in the southern County of Hainaut . In turn , the French king ceded the occupied town of Maastricht and the Principality of Orange to the Dutch stadtholder William III . The French forces withdrew from several occupied territories in northern Flanders and Hainaut . Emperor Leopold I had to accept the French occupation of the towns of Freiburg ( until 1697 ) and Kehl ( until 1698 ) on the right bank of the Rhine . Culture . Marc - Antoine Charpentier wrote a Te Deum for this occasion . The prelude of the Te Deum is also known as the Eurovision Song Contest theme .
John James ( Medal of Honor ) John James ( 1838 – May 23 , 1902 ) was a British - born American soldier in the U . S . Army who served with the 5th U . S . Cavalry during the Texas – Indian Wars . He was one of seven men received the Medal of Honor for gallantry by defending the " Lyman Train " against a war party of Kiowa and Commanche at the Upper Washita River in Texas on September 9 – 11 , 1874 Biography . John James was born near Manchester , England in 1838 . After emigrating to the United States , he enlisted in the U . S . Army in Albany , New York . He became a member of the 5th U . S . Cavalry and participated in campaigns against the Plains Indians during the early - 1870s . Lyman train defense . On the morning of September 9 , 1874 , James was assigned to a small cavalry escort escorting a supply train to General Nelson Miles expedition force camped at Battle Creek . This train consisted of 36 wagons and was called " Lyman train " after Captain Lyman , the man heading the cavalry escort protecting the train . As the supply train emerged from a canyon on the Upper Washita River , they were set upon by a large Indian war party of Kiowa and Commanche . Despite the overwhelming numbers , the cavalry troopers fiercely resisted the hostiles . Although a battalion from the 8th U . S . Cavalry arrived on the second day , the defenders endured continuous gunfire and two major Indian assaults numbering over 400 warriors . With temperatures as high as 100 degrees , water became scarce and efforts to reach a nearby watering hole were made impossible while surrounded by the enemy . The Lyman Train defenders held out for almost a week before help arrived on September 14 , 1874 . James was one of seven soldiers cited for " gallantry in action " during the three - day battle and received the Medal of Honor on April 23 , 1875 . He died in Washington , D . C . on May 23 , 1902 , and is interred at the United States Soldiers ' and Airmen ' s Home National Cemetery . Medal of Honor citation . Rank and organization : Corporal , 5th U . S . Infantry . Place and date : At Upper Wichita , Tex . , 9 – 11 September 1874 . Entered service at : - - - - - - . Birth : England . Date of issue : 23 April 1875 . Citation : Gallantry in action .
Gichang The Gichang is a Korean weapon which is first described in the Muyesinbo , a Korean martial arts manual published in 1759 . It later also found its way into the Muyedobotongji ( 1791 ) . The weapon is , basically , a spear with a flag attached to the pole . The " gichang " is also called " danchang " ( 단창 ) , which means ' short spear ' . It would typically be around 2 . 75 metres long . The blade measured about 23 centimetres in length . These spears were generally used for ceremonial or escort purposes . Another chapter in the " Muyedobotongji " is also called " gichang " ( 騎槍 ) , but deals with techniques for using the spear from the back of a horse . The hanja is different though .
Emmanuel E Ikwue Brigadier Ikwue was born on 6 June 1940 in Otukpo , Benue State . He attended the Methodist Central School Otukpo after which he proceeded to the Nigerian Military School from 1954 to 1958 . He enlisted into the Nigerian Army and was sent for training as a member of Course 11 , Regular Officers Special Training School Teshie , Accra , Ghana ( 1958 – 1959 ) . Thereafter he attended the Mons Officer Cadet School , Aldershot England and Royal Military Academy , Sandhurst ( 1959 ) . He was commissioned in 1961 and posted to 1st Battalion Enugu . In 1962 he served in a peacekeeping operation in the Congo under the auspices of the United Nations . In 1963 , he was appointed Staff Captain ( A ) to Late Brigadier Maimalari , the then Commander of 2 Brigade NA . It was while serving in this capacity that he was seconded to the NAF . On secondment to the NAF , Brigadier Ikwue underwent an air force indoctrination and orientation training in Germany between 1963 and 1964 . On return from Germany , he was appointed as Senior Air Officer Administration at HQ NAF , Lagos in 1965 with a German as his adviser . It was in this capacity that he established the Service numbering for NAF officers . In 1965 , Brigadier Ikwue was appointed Nigeria ’ s Military Attaché to Germany by Late Prime Minister Tafawa Balewa . In Germany , he was responsible for all military matters in all the Nigerian Embassies in Europe . In 1968 , he was appointed the Doyen , head of Military Attaché Referat ( Corps ) in Germany . Thus he became the first African and first non - NATO General to head the Corp which had Military Attachés from 35 countries . In 1969 , Brigadier Ikwue was recalled and appointed the fifth commander of the NAF and member of the Supreme Military and Federal Executive Councils . He was the first officer to be officially designated as the Chief of the Air Staff . He held this appointment until his retirement in 1975 . In recognition of his services to the nation he was awarded the Independence Medal , the Congo Medal and the Long Service and Good Conduct Medals . The NAF on its part , recognised his services with the award of the Distinguished Service Medal and Distinguished Flying Star . Brigadier Ikwue on retirement went into quarrying . He was also at one time the Chairman , Nigerian Bank for Commerce and Industry . He was also the Chairman , Board of Directors , Ashaka Cement Plc ( a subsidiary of LaFarge SA Paris ) until 2012 . He also acquired a Bachelor ’ s degree in theology on retirement . He is currently the chairman of G . Cappa PLC . He is married , and has sired nine children .
Vienna Uprising The Vienna Uprising or October Revolution ( , or ) of October 1848 was the last uprising in the Austrian Revolution of 1848 . On 6 October 1848 , as the troops of the Austrian Empire were preparing to leave Vienna to suppress the Hungarian Revolution , a crowd sympathetic to the Hungarian cause ( of workers , students and mutinous soldiers ) tried to prevent them from leaving . The incident escalated into violent street battles ; blood was spilt in Saint Stephen ' s Cathedral and Count Baillet von Latour , the Austrian Minister of War , was lynched by the crowd . The commander of the Vienna garrison , Count Auersperg , was obliged to evacuate the city , but he entrenched himself in a strong position outside it . On 7 October , Emperor Ferdinand I fled with his court to ( now Olomouc , Czech Republic ) under the protection of Alfred I , Prince of Windisch - Grätz . Two weeks later , the Austrian Parliament was moved to ( now Kroměříž , Czech Republic ) . On 26 October , under the command of General Windisch - Grätz and Count Josip Jelačić , the Austrian and Croatian armies started a bombardment of Vienna , and they stormed the city centre on the 31st . The defence was led by the Polish General Józef Bem . Except for him , who managed to escape , all the leaders of the resistance were executed in the days following — including Wenzel Messenhauser , the journalist Alfred Julius Becher , Hermann Jellinek and the Radical member of parliament Robert Blum , even though he had parliamentary immunity . The gains of the March Revolution were largely lost , and Austria began a phase of reactionary authoritarianism ( " neo - absolutism " ) .
Alexander Drenteln Alexander Romanovich Drenteln ( Александр Романович Дрентельн ) ( 1820 - 1888 ) was a 19th - century Russia n General . He held the rank of General of the Infantry , and held the positions of On March 25 , 1879 he was the victim of a failed assassination attempt by Russian nihilists .
RNAS Eglinton ( HMS Gannet ) Royal Air Force Station Eglinton opened in 1941 , in County Londonderry , Northern Ireland . Later it became Royal Naval Air Station Eglinton or RNAS Eglinton was a Royal Naval Air Station located north east of Eglinton , County Londonderry , Northern Ireland . The airfield was operational between 1943 and 1959 . Station history . RAF Eglinton use . The Royal Naval Air Station has its origins in the early Second World War when in 1941 RAF Eglinton was established as the home to No . 133 Squadron RAF which flew Hawker Hurricane fighters in defence of Londonderry . In 1942 the airfield was occupied by No . 41 Squadron RAF when it moved in on 22 September flying the Supermarine Spitfire VB before moving to RAF Llanbedr on 20 September 1942 . The station was allocated to the Royal Navy and was transferred in 1943 the airfield became a Fleet Air Arm airfield called RNAS Eglinton ( HMS Gannet ) and was home to the 1847 Naval Air Squadron which provided convoy air cover as part of the Second Battle of the Atlantic . RNAS Eglinton use . RNAS Eglinton ( HMS Gannet ) was the name assigned to RNAS Eglinton , a Fleet Air Arm airfield in Northern Ireland . A number of ships have borne the name HMS Gannet . The air station ' s main function was to work up fighter squadrons ' pilots before joining the attacks on Japan . HMS Shrike at Maydown with Fairey Swordfish aircraft next door to Eglinton received Battle Honours for its role in the Battle of the Atlantic from 1943 until 1945 . April 1959 saw RNAS Eglinton close and the squadrons moved to RAF Ballyhalbert and RAF Ballykelly . In 1989 the married quarter estate comprising 78 houses located in Fraser Avenue and Mill Path in the nearby village of Eglinton were sold to The Welbeck Estate Group / First State Holdings who also acquired the officers married quarters in nearby RAF Ballykelly in 2009 . Both these sites form part of 36 ex MoD sites acquired by that group since 1979 . Posted units . A number of units were here at some point : Current use . The current RNAS Eglinton site is now used by the City of Derry Airport in County Londonderry with HMS Gannet a Fleet Air Arm base established in 1971 at RNAS Prestwick in Ayrshire .
SS Ganter Ganter was a 1 , 771 GRT cargo ship that was built in 1927 by G Seebeck AG , Bremerhaven , Germany for German owners . She was requisitioned by the Kriegsmarine during the Second World War and operated as Transporter RO 29 , she was seized by the Allies in May 1945 . She was passed to the Ministry of War Transport ( MoWT ) and was renamed Empire Consistance , being sold into merchant service in 1948 . In 1950 , she was sold to the Dutch government and renamed Jan Willem and then sold and renamed Maria in 1951 . She was sold to Finnish owners later that year and being renamed Dagny . She served until she was scrapped in 1967 . Description . The ship was built as yard number 464 by G Seebeck AG , Bremerhaven . She was launched in 1927 and completed in October of that year . The ship was long , with a beam of . She had a depth of , and a draught of . The ship had a GRT of 1 , 771 and a NRT of 785 . She had a DWT of 2 , 555 . Her hull was strengthened to enable her to operate in ice . She was propelled by a triple expansion steam engine , which had cylinders of , and diameter by stroke . The engine was built by Seebeck , it could propel her at . History . " Ganter " was built for Norddeutscher Lloyd . Her port of registry was Bremen and the Code Letters QMGK were allocated . In 1933 , Norddeutscher Lloyd set up Argo Reederei AG and " Ganter " was transferred to their management , but remaining in the ownership of Norddeutscher Lloyd . In 1934 , her Code Letters were changed to DOGV . In 1936 , Argo Reederei AG changed its name to Argo Reederei Richard Adler & Co . On 28 October 1937 , " Ganter " was in collision with the Swedish liner at Kotka , Finland . In 1939 , " Ganter " was requisitioned by the Kriegsmarine and renamed " Transporter RO 29 " . She was seized by the Allies in May 1945 at Copenhagen , Denmark . Ownership passed to the MoWT and she was renamed " Empire Consistence " . Her port of registry was changed to London . The Code Letters GFGH and United Kingdom Official Number 180581 were allocated . She was placed under the management of Ellerman ' s Wilson Line Ltd . In 1948 , management of " Empire Consistence " was transferred to Glen & Co Ltd , Glasgow . In 1950 , " Empire Consistence " was sold the Dutch government . She was renamed " Jan Willem " . In 1951 , she was sold to H P C Schram , Ridderkerk and was renamed " Maria " , before being sold in September that year to Rederi Ab Sally and renamed " Dagny " . Her port of registry was Mariehamn . The Code Letters OFRC and Finnish Official Number 948 were allocated . She was operated under the management of Algot Johanssen , Mariehamn , until 1962 when operation of the ship was taken over by Rederi Ab Sally . In that year , " Dagny " was classed as Ice Class 1A . " Dagny " served until 1967 , when she was sold to Eckhardt & Co , Bremen . She arrived at Bremen on 1 April 1967 for scrapping .
HMS Leopard ( 1703 ) HMS " Leopard " was a 50 - gun fourth rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy , built at Rotherhithe and launched on 15 March 1703 . " Leopard " underwent a rebuild according to the 1719 Establishment at Woolwich , and was relaunched on 18 April 1721 . " Leopard " served until 1739 , when she was broken up .
Guy Dawnay ( British Army officer ) Major General Guy Payan Dawnay CB , CMG , DSO , MVO ( 1878 – 1952 ) , was an army officer and merchant banker . He is the nephew of Guy Dawnay , a politician . Dawnay fought at the Gallipoli Campaign during the First World War . In 1909 whilst a student at the Army Staff College at Camberley he co - founded the Chatham Dining Club with Rupert Ommanney . In 1928 he founded Dawnay Day , an investment company together with Julian Day .