naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
SM UC - 31 SM " UC - 31 " was a German Type UC II minelaying submarine or U - boat in the German Imperial Navy ( ) during World War I . The U - boat was ordered on 29 August 1915 and was launched on 7 August 1916 . She was commissioned into the German Imperial Navy on 2 September 1916 as SM " UC - 31 " . In 13 patrols " UC - 31 " was credited with sinking 38 ships , either by torpedo or by mines laid . " UC - 31 " was surrendered on 26 November 1918 and broken up at Canning Town in 1922 .
USS Hiawatha ( SP - 183 ) The first USS " Hiawatha " ( SP - 183 ) was an armed yacht that served in the United States Navy as a patrol vessel from 1917 to 1920 . " Hiawatha " was built as the civilian steam yacht " Donaire " in 1914 by George Lawley & Son of Neponset , Massachusetts . The U . S . Navy acquired her from her owner , A . W . Stanley of Miami , Florida , for World War I service as a patrol vessel . She was commissioned as USS " Hiawatha " ( SP - 183 ) at the Norfolk Navy Yard in Portsmouth , Virginia , on 10 May 1917 . Assigned to the 5th Naval District , " Hiawatha " operated in Hampton Roads , Virginia , and vicinity as a patrol craft and dispatch boat during World War I . From August to December 1918 , she was one of two U . S . Navy ships in service simultaneously as USS " Hiawatha " , the other being the tug USS " Hiawatha " ( ID - 2892 ) . After the war , " Hiawatha " remained inactive at Norfolk , Virginia , until loaned to the Maryland State Conservation Commission on 11 December 1919 . She was returned to the U . S . Navy on 16 March 1920 . On 1 October 1920 , the Navy sold " Hiawatha " to the U . S . Department of Agriculture , which took her to the Territory of Alaska for use in the administration of National Forests there by the United States Forest Service .
Army Group C Army Group C ( in German , " Heeresgruppe C " or " HGr C " ) was an army group of the German Wehrmacht during the Second World War . Career . Army Group C was set up from Heeresgruppenkommando 2 in Frankfurt on 26 August 1939 . It initially commanded all troops on Germany ’ s western front but after the Polish campaign it was reduced to commanding the southern half of the western front , overseeing the frontal breakthrough through the Maginot Line during June 1940 . At the end of the battle of France it moved back to Germany then – under the title ‘ ’ Abschnittsstab Ostpreußen ’ ’ – moved to East Prussia on 20 April 1941 . On 21 June 1941 it was renamed Army Group North . It was re - animated on 26 November 1943 by splitting back off from the staff of Oberbefehlshabers Süd ( Luftwaffe ) and put in command of the southwestern front and the Italian Campaign . On 2 May 1945 Army Group C surrendered .
Almeric Paget Massage Corps The Almeric Paget Massage Corps ( later the Almeric Paget Military Massage Corps ) was a British physiotherapy service during the First World War . History . On the outbreak of the First World War , Almeric Paget and his first wife , the American socialite Pauline Payne Whitney , offered the services of 50 trained masseuse s to the British War Office . The offer was accepted and by November 1914 , 50 women had been placed in military hospitals . At this time the demand for physiotherapy ( or Massage and Electrical Treatment as it was known ) increased and the Pagets were asked to open a day centre in London to relieve pressure on the military hospitals in London . Lady Alexander Paget offered her house at 55 Portland Place and soon over 200 men were being seen at the clinic seen every day . By now the number of women employed in the corps was over 200 and soon they became attached to the staff of most military hospitals with a further 120 masseuses employed . In 1916 the work of the Corps was favourably inspected by Alfred Keogh , the Director General of the Army Medical Service . This inspection had two direct outcomes . Firstly the name of the Corps was amended to become the Almeric Paget Military Massage Corps and , secondly , the Corps was asked to manage physiotherapy services in all military hospitals and convalescent camps . As part of the second the services provided would be paid for by a government grant , until then the Corps and the services it provided had been privately funded by the Pagets and by donations . Until 1917 all Corps members were UK based but from January 1917 onwards members could volunteer to work overseas and by the end of the war 56 members of the Corps had or were working abroad in Italy and France . By the end of the war over 2 , 000 masseuses and masseurs were at work and just under 3 , 400 had been engaged by the Corps at some point during the war . The Corps came to an end in January 1919 when a formal Military Massage Service was formed under the auspices of the Army and Pensions Massage Association . All members of the Corps were given the option to join the new Service which was controlled jointly by the War Office and the Ministry of Pensions .
Skirmish of Littlestown The Skirmish of Littlestown was a Pennsylvania military engagement before the Battle of Gettysburg in which " a few companies of skirmishers " of Union infantry defeated a Confederate detachment of J . E . B . Stuart ' s Cavalry Division . Background . On the night of July 29 , 1863 , the Army of the Potomac was deployed in the Pipe Creek defense in northern Maryland with cavalry divisions north of the state line at Fairfield and at Littlestown ( Farnsworth ' s Brigade of Kilpatrick ' s Cavalry Division left Littlestown for Hanover in a light rain ) . Stuart ' s Confederate cavalry had encamped just south of the Mason - Dixon Line : " " Before dawn on the last day of June , scouts returned with word that enemy cavalry was operating northwest of Union Mills just across the Pennsylvania line at Littletown " " , and Stuart ' s forces " marched by crossroads to Hanover " - - meeting the Union cavalry in the Battle of Hanover . Engagement . Behind the Confederate cavalry was Union infantry which when at Union Mills , identified a Confederate cavalry detachment at Littlestown . Three brigades of the Union " Third brigade at the rear of the division " advanced through the Federal column to proceed ahead to Littlestown , where their skirmishers " brushed away " / " warded off " the cavalry detachment . ( Also at Littlestown , Candy ' s Brigade of the XII Corps , 2nd Division , skirmished with Confederate Cavalry . ) The 123rd NY Regiment of the Union XII Corps followed through Littlestown after 3 p . m . on to encamp at Two Taverns , Pennsylvania , before engaging in the Battle of Gettysburg .
HMCS Curlew HMCS " Curlew " was a commissioned minesweeper of the Royal Canadian Navy ( RCN ) that served in the First World War . Built as a fisheries patrol vessel for the Department of Marine and Fisheries , " Curlew " served on the East Coast . Along with sister ships CGS " Constance " and CGS " Petrel " , " Curlew " was fitted with mine sweeping gear in 1912 . Both vessels were taken into naval service after the outbreak of war in 1914 , and were used for patrol or examination duties . Curlew was sold in 1921 .
Eduard Fischer Major General Dr . h . c . Eduard von Fischer , 1862 – 1935 , Knight of the Maria Theresa Order , was a Jewish colonel ( Gendarmerie general ) commanding the Austrian gendarmerie in Bukovina . With the outbreak of World War I , Bukovina then part of Austro - Hungary was immediately under siege by the Russian armies . The north of Bukovina and Czernowitz the capital fell within a month . Meanwhile in the unoccupied part of southern Bukovina , an armed resistance group was formed under the command of Colonel Eduard Fischer . His army included many volunteers in addition to the gendarmerie forces . The key points of resistance were Gura humora and Kimpulung . Fischer fended off the enemy forces , and retook the capital , but only for a short time . The Russians under General Selivanov occupied Czernowitz once again on November 20 , 1914 . He is buried in Vienna , in the cemetery Hietzing , in a grave of honour , Group 49 , Number 234
Mirko Petrović - Njegoš Mirko Petrović - Njegoš also Vojvoda Mirko ( Montenegrin Cyrillic : Мирко Петровић - Његош ) , Grand Duke of Grahovo ( – Njegoš , ) was a Montenegrin soldier , diplomat and poet of the House of Petrović - Njegoš . He was the older brother of Prince Danilo I and father of King Nikola , son of Stanko Petrovitch - Niegosch and wife Krstinja Vrbica of Montenegro . He is famous for winning the Battle of Grahovac on May 1 , 1858 , leading the Montenegrin army against the Turks . His epic corpus " Junački spomenik " ( " Heroic Monument " ) , published in the Montenegrin capital of Cetinje in 1864 , glorifies Montenegro and Montenegrins , and tells of the great victories of the Montenegrins over the Ottoman Empire . He was married in Njeguši on to Stana Martinović ( Baice , – Cetinje , ) . They had three children : Writings . His writings include this book of poetry owned by the Library of Congress in Washington , DC :
Operations Directorate The Israeli Operations Directorate ( ) is a branch in the General Staff of the Israel Defense Forces , established in 1999 , and alongside the regional commands , the Air Force and Sea corps and General Staff directorates , is responsible in planning for the exercising of military force . Since September 2012 , it is headed by Aluf Yoav Har Even .
Battle of Vercellae The Battle of Vercellae , or Battle of the Raudine Plain , in 101 BC was the Roman victory of Consul Gaius Marius over the invading Germanic tribe of the Cimbri near the settlement of Vercellae in Cisalpine Gaul . Much credit for this victory has been given to the actions of Proconsul Quintus Lutatius Catulus ' s legate , Lucius Cornelius Sulla who led the Roman and allied Italian cavalry . The Cimbri were virtually wiped out , with the Romans claiming to have killed 140 , 000 and captured 60 , 000 , including large numbers of women and children . Some of the surviving captives are reported to have been among the rebelling slaves in the Third Servile War . Location . Traditionally most historians locate the settlement of the battle in or near the modern Vercelli , Piedmont , in northern Italy . Some historians think that " vercellae " is not a proper name and may refer to any mining area at the confluence of two rivers . These historians think that the Cimbri followed the river Adige after having crossed the Brenner Pass , instead of " unreasonably " turning west to the modern Vercelli ; this way , the location of the battle would be in the modern Polesine instead , possibly near the modern Rovigo . At Borgo Vercelli , near the river Sesia , 5 km from Vercelli , items have been found that supposedly strengthen the tradition . Another suggested location is the hamlet of Roddi , in what is now the province of Cuneo , Piedmont . The battle . According to German historian Theodor Mommsen : Mommsen continues : Aftermath . The victory of Vercellae , following close on the heels of Marius ' destruction of the Teutones at the Battle of Aquae Sextiae the previous year , put an end to Germanic plans to invade Rome . The Cimbri were virtually wiped out , with the Romans claiming to have killed 140 , 000 and captured 60 , 000 , including large numbers of women and children . Children of the surviving captives may have been among the rebelling gladiator s in the Third Servile War . Politically , this battle had great implications for Rome as well . It marked a continuation in the rivalry between Marius and Sulla , which would eventually lead to the first of Rome ' s great civil wars . As a reward for their gallant service , Marius granted Roman citizenship to his Italian allied soldiers , without consulting or asking permission from the Senate first . When some senators questioned this action , he would claim that in the heat of battle he could not distinguish the voice of Roman from ally from the voice of the law . Henceforth all Italian legions would be Roman legion s . This was also the first time a victorious general had openly defied the Senate and it would not be the last ; in 88 BC , Sulla , in defiance of both the Senate and tradition , would lead his troops into the city of Rome itself . And Julius Caesar , when ordered by the Senate to lay down his command and return to Rome to face misconduct charges , would instead lead one of his legions across the Rubicon in 49 BC . This would mark the start of the civil war between himself and senatorial forces under Pompey which would effectively end the Roman Republic .
Dezső Szentgyörgyi Warrant Officer Dezső Szentgyörgyi ( 16 January 1915 – 28 August 1971 ) was the highest scoring Hungarian fighter ace of the Royal Hungarian Honvéd Air Force in World War II . Early life / Royal Hungarian Honvéd Air Force . Dezső Szentgyörgyi was born in 1915 in Kőkút . He finished his studies in Enying , and was 18 years old when he volunteered for the Royal Hungarian Air Force . Initially he was an aircraft - mechanic , but later received pilot training . He finished the aviation school in Székesfehérvár with excellent ratings . He was trained as a fighter pilot , and took part in 1 / 2 FS ’ s operations in northern Hungary with the Fiat CR . 32 . In summer 1942 he was transferred with the 1 / 1 " Dongó " ( Bumblebee ) Fighter Squadron to the Soviet front . He flew the Reggiane Re . 2000 Falco ( MÁVAG Héja ) , then the Messerschmitt Bf 109 G . He shot down his first aircraft on 7 August 1942 in a friendly fire accident , the victim being a German Heinkel He 111 bomber that opened fire on him during while Szentgyörgyi was trying to identify the aircraft . His first victory over an enemy fighter was almost a year later , 26 June 1943 , a Soviet Yak fighter . His record on the Easter Front was 142 sorties and 6 kills . In the Puma Group . The 101 . Honi Légvédelmi Vadászrepülő Osztály ( 101st " Puma " Fighter Group ) was formed on 1 May 1944 . Szentgyörgyi was transferred to the 101 / 2 " Retek " ( Radish ) Fighter Squadron . He continued to score his kills among the Pumas , and shot down 6 American planes . By the summer of 1944 he was a flight leader . He was promoted to Ensign on 16 November 1944 . After the " American Season " ended , once again Soviet fighters became the main enemy . Dezső scored an additional 17 kills , the last on 16 April 1945 . He never crashed a plane due to pilot error , and he was never shot down . By the end of the war he had completed more than 220 sorties , and had 29 confirmed kills ; the most successful Hungarian fighter pilot . After the war . After the war , he returned home and became a pilot of the MASZOVLET ( Hungarian - Soviet Airlines ) between 1946 and 1949 . Between 1950 and 1956 he spent several years in Communist prisons , before becoming a pilot of the renamed Malév Hungarian Airlines again , logging 12 , 334 flight hours and covering more than 5 million kilometres in the air . On 28 August 1971 Szentgyörgyi died in a crash near Copenhagen while flying an Ilyushin Il - 18 ( HA - MOC ) . He was due to retire in less than three weeks . The MH 59th " Szentgyörgyi Dezső " Air Base of the Hungarian Air Force in Kecskemét ( equipped with MiG - 29 and JAS 39 Gripen fighters ) is named in his honour .
No . 421 Squadron RCAF No . 421 Squadron RCAF was a unit of the Royal Canadian Air Force . It was the last RCAF fighter squadron to be formed in the UK during World War II . Initially established at RAF Digby in April 1942 with Supermarine Spitfire Mk VA , the squadron moving to RAF Fairwood Common in May and received Spitfire Mk VB . During 1942 the squadron was under 10 Group and flew its mission from RAF Warmwell , RAF Bolt Head , RAF Ibsley , RAF Zeals and RAF Charmy Down . In January 1943 the squadron joined the 127 ( Canadian ) Wing and moved to Redhill Aerodrome airfield . Late in spring of 1943 the squadron received Spitfire Mk IX and flew under the command of Wing Commander Johnnie Johnson . In preparation for the Normandy landings the 127 Wing was assigned to RAF Second Tactical Air Force . On June 16 the squadron was along with the other squadrons of 127 Wing the first to be moved to Normandy and flew air superiority missions . After the allied breakout and quick advance towards the Reich 421 squadron was based in Evere in Belgium by October 1944 . During December 1944 the squadron received Spitfire XIV . In 1945 the unit participated in the liberation of the Netherlands , before moving into Germany . At the end of the war the unit had achieved over 90 aerial victories . Having been disbanded shortly after the war the squadron was re - activated on 15 September 1949 at Chatham flying Vampire planes from bases in the UK and later Canadair Sabre planes from France . In 1962 it was equipped with CF - 104 Starfighters and in 1967 the squadron moved to Zweibrücken Air Base becoming part of 1 Air Division RCAF ( later renamed 1 Canadian Air Group ) based at CFB Baden - Soellingen , West Germany . During the early 80 ' s the was equipped with CF - 18 Hornets . At the end of the Cold War the squadron was disbanded and its aircraft returned to Canada .
Wolfgang Thomale Wolfgang Thomale ( 25 February 1900 – 20 October 1978 ) was a highly decorated Generalleutnant in the Wehrmacht during World War II . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . Wolfgang Thomale was captured by Allied troops in May 1945 and was released in 1946 .
Type 91 Air - to - Ship Missile The Type 91 Air - to - Ship Missile ( 91式空対艦誘導弾 , ASM - 1C ) is an Air - to - ship missile developed in Japan . An air - launched variant of the SSM - 1 , the ASM - 1C is carried by Japan Maritime Self - Defense Force P - 3C Orions and their successor , the Kawasaki P - 1 .
99th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment The 99th Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War . Service . The 99th Illinois Infantry was organized at Florence , Illinois and mustered into Federal service on August 23 , 1862 . The regiment was mustered out on July 31 , 1865 and discharged at Springfield , Illinois on August 9 , 1865 . Total strength and casualties . The regiment suffered 4 officers and 47 enlisted men who were killed in action or who died of their wounds 1 officer and 120 enlisted men who died of disease , for a total of 172 fatalities .
Rafig Asgarov Counter Admiral Rafig Asgarov ( ) was the Commander of Azerbaijani Naval Forces since restoration of independence of Azerbaijan in 1991 . Born in 1949 and appointed Commander of Azerbaijani Naval Forces in 1991 , he was one of the few Azerbaijani admirals who served in high ranking positions . He was replaced by Captain Fuad Yusifov .
Project Cumulus Operation Cumulus was a project of the UK government in the 1950s which was investigating weather manipulation , in particular through cloud seeding experiments . Known jokingly within the project as " Operation Witch Doctor " , the project was operational between 1949 and 1952 . Motivation . The military were controlling the weather for several reasons , as detailed in minutes of an Air Ministry meeting held on 3 November 1953 . They included : The Lynmouth disaster . On 16 August 1952 a severe flood occurred in the town of Lynmouth in north Devon . 9 inches ( 229 millimetres ) of rain fell within twenty - four hours and the East Lyn River rose rapidly and burst its banks . Thirty - four people died and many buildings and bridges were seriously damaged . Conspiracy theorists speculate that Project Cumulus contributed to the conditions that caused this flood , but evidence was never found . A few days before the disaster a seeding experiment was carried out over southern England . Alan Yates , an aeronautical engineer and glider pilot who was working with the operation , sprayed salt in the air and was " elated " to learn of a heavy rainfall in Staines shortly after . Conspiracy theorists claim that there are rumours that official documents were deliberately destroyed and that certainly some classified documents are missing . Experts however deny that the experiments could have caused the accident . Meteorologist Philip Eden claims that " it is preposterous to blame the Lynmouth flood on such experiments " .
State Defense Council The State Defense Council is the military command committee of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria ( ChRI ) , established by the separatist government of Dzhokhar Dudayev in 1992 . The State Defense Committee was established in a combined emergency session of the ChRI Parliament and Government on September 23 , 1999 , as a consequence of the Russia n attack on Chechnya . Its task was to take over the highest executive power in the country during the period of martial law , while Parliament and Government are temporarily unable to work under normal and regular conditions . It was later reformed and renamed State Defense Council " Majlis al - Shura " under Aslan Maskhadov in 2002 , when Shamil Basayev was chosen as the Council leader .
VIII Corps ( Ottoman Empire ) The VIII Corps of the Ottoman Empire ( Turkish : " 8 nci Kolordu " " or " " Sekizinci Kolordu " ) was one of the corps of the Ottoman Army . It was formed in the early 20th century during Ottoman military reforms . Formation . Order of Battle , 1911 . With further reorganizations of the Ottoman Army , to include the creation of corps level headquarters , by 1911 the VIII Corps was headquartered in Damascus . The Corps before the First Balkan War in 1911 was structured as such : Balkan Wars . Order of Battle , 19 October 1912 . On 19 October 1912 , the VIII Provisional Corps was placed under the Western Army and faced the Greek Army of Thessaly . Its composition was as follows : World War I . Order of Battle , August 1914 . In August 1914 , the corps was structured as follows : Order of Battle , November 1914 . In November 1914 , the corps was structured as follows : Order of Battle , Late April 1915 . In Late April 1915 , the corps was structured as follows : Order of Battle , Late Summer 1915 , January 1916 . In Late Summer 1915 , January 1916 , the corps was structured as follows : Order of Battle , August 1916 , December 1916 . In August 1916 , December 1916 , the corps was structured as follows : Order of Battle , August 1917 . In August 1917 , the corps was structured as follows : Order of Battle , January 1918 , June 1918 . In January 1918 , the corps was structured as follows : Order of Battle , January 1918 , June 1918 . In June 1918 , the corps was structured as follows : Order of Battle , September 1918 . In September 1918 , the corps was structured as follows :