naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
RAF Logistics Command The Royal Air Force ' s Logistics Command was a command formed to provide logistics support for the RAF . History . The Command was formed on 1 April 1994 and its role was to provide logistics support to the RAF . The formation of Logistics Command resulted from the Government ' s PROSPECT study which was aimed to achieve a 20 % reduction in the UK armed forces ' headquarters staff to match the previous ' Options for Change ' front - line cuts . This provided the mandate to create a centre of excellence in logistics management within the RAF with the task of delivering the best standards of support for the front - line whilst at the same time achieving significant reductions in cost . The Command brought together most of the logistics functions of the Air Member for Supply and Organisation with those of RAF Support Command . These included the Maintenance Group Defence Agency , Support Command Communication and Information Systems , the Radio Introduction Unit , and the Central Servicing Development Establishment . Logistics Command was headquartered across two sites , RAF Brampton and RAF Wyton ; on the later base 4 purpose - built open - planned pavilions were built . Its motto was " Sustentamus ut Bellent " which means ' We sustain that they may fight ' . The Strategic Defence Review ( SDR ) in 1997 marked the beginning of a process of radical and far - reaching modernization of the way the Armed Forces conducted defence activities including the creation of unified logistics support . Many of the RAF ' s innovations in Logistics Command were incorporated into the SDR ' s ' Smart Procurement Initiative ' . Logistics Command was disbanded on 31 October 1999 and thereafter the majority of its functions were subsumed by the tri - Services Defence Logistics Organisation which stood up formally on 1 April 2000 . Motto : Sustentamus et Bellent ( We sustain that they may fight ) . Air Officers Commanding - in - Chief . Air Officers Commanding - in - Chief were :
USS Kalispell ( YTB - 784 ) USS " Kalispell " ( TTB - 784 ) was a United States Navy large district harbor tug named for Kalispell , Montana . Construction and commissioning . The contract for " Kalispell " was awarded 14 January 1965 . She was laid down on 14 September 1965 at Marinette , Wisconsin , by Marinette Marine and launched 13 December 1965 . Operational history . Placed in service 3 May 1966 , " Kalispell " served in the 5th Naval District at Norfolk , Virginia until the Vietnam war when she was reassigned to Task Force 117 , the Mobile Riverine Force and participated in many campaigns . After the war she served in Subic Bay , Republic of the Philippines and Diego Garcia before being scrapped in 2005 . She earned eight campaign star s for Vietnam War service .
Greek destroyer Spetsai ( D98 ) Spetsai ( ) was a Greek destroyer of the " Dardo " class , which served with the Hellenic Navy during the Second World War . It was named after the Saronic Gulf island of Spetses , which played an important role in the Greek War of Independence , and was the fourth ship to bear this name . She was constructed in Sestri Ponente , Italy , by Cantieri Odero , and commissioned by the Hellenic Navy in 1933 . After the outbreak of the Greco - Italian War , she participated in the naval operations , among which was the third naval raid against Italian shipping in the Strait of Otranto ( 4 – 5 January 1941 ) . During the German invasion of Greece , along with several other ships , she managed to flee to Alexandria . After undergoing repairs and modernization in Calcutta , she returned to escort duties in the Mediterranean Sea , with the British pennant number " H 38 " . She returned to Greece after liberation in October 1944 and was decommissioned in 1946 .
USS Jimetta ( SP - 878 ) USS " Jimetta " ( SP - 878 ) was a United States Navy patrol vessel in commission from 1917 to 1918 . " Jimetta " was built as the private motor yacht " Frances II " in 1915 by the New York Yacht , Launch & Engine Company at Morris Heights in the Bronx , New York . She later was renamed " Jimetta " . On 16 July 1917 , the U . S . Navy acquired " Jimetta " from her owner , Clement Studebaker of South Bend , Indiana , for use as a section patrol boat during World War I . She was commissioned as USS " Jimetta " ( SP - 878 ) on 11 September 1917 at the New York Navy Yard at Brooklyn , New York , with Chief Boatswain ’ s Mate H . A . Holland , USNRF , in command . Assigned to the 3rd Naval District , " Jimetta " served as a patrol and dispatch boat in Long Island Sound for the rest of World War I . " Jimetta " was decommissioned on 11 December 1918 and returned to Studebaker the same day .
Thomas Pichon Thomas Pichon ( 1700 – 1781 ) was a French government agent during Father Le Loutre ' s War who is renown for betraying the French , Acadian and Mi ’ kmaq forces by providing information to the British , which led to the fall of Beausejour . Upon his return to France , he had a relationship with French author Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont ( 1757 – 1760 ) . Father Le Loutre ' s War . During Father Le Loutre ' s War , Pichon was the secretary for Jean - Louis de Raymond , Governor at Louisbourg ( 1751 ) . Jacques Prevost de la Croix dispatched Pichon to Chignecto , employing him as scrivener and subdelegate of the intendant of New France . Pichon arrived at Beauséjour on 3 Nov . 1753 . For the next two years he acted as chief clerk responsible for stores . Pichon served as scribe to the commandants . Pichon also helped Father Jean - Louis Le Loutre with his writing , although Pichon ' s suspicions about Roman Catholicism were confirmed by the missionary and he came to despise the priest . British commander Captain George Scott invited Pichon to Fort Lawrence to offer him monetary gain for information on the French forces . For more than a year Pichon practised espionage and subterfuge against the French under the assumed name of Tyrell . He sent Scott and his successor , Captain John Hussey , detailed accounts of French activities in Quebec and Acadia , plans of forts Beauséjour and Gaspereau ( near Port Elgin , N . B . ) , comments on the defences of Louisbourg , copies of official documents , censuses of Acadian refugees , reports on French missionaries and warnings of attacks by the Mi ' kmaq and Acadians . Battle of Beausejour . Pichon was instrumental in the British success in the Battle of Beausejour . Prior to the battle , Pichon supplied Scott with an outline of the steps necessary for their capture , which Lieutenant - Colonel Robert Monckton later used in the attack . Pichon discouraged the Acadians from joining the Mi ' kmaq and retarded the strengthening of Beauséjour by advising that the British would not attack that year . During the siege Pichon urged Acadians and the French commandant , Louis Du Pont Duchambon de Vergor , to capitulate . Before the fall of Beauséjour Pichon had made arrangements with the British to continue his spying . As a prisoner in Halifax , he passed on to Governor Charles Lawrence , a French plan for seizing Halifax . Pichon ' s writings . Thomas Pichon left behind a very large collection of documents . They are held by the Bibliothèque municipale de Vire , in Normandy , France . His 1760 book on Cape Breton Island - - " Genuine letters and memoirs relating to the natural , civil , and commercial history of the islands of Cape Breton and Saint John : from the first settlement there , to the taking of Louisbourg by the English in 1758 " - - published in both English and French shortly after the conquest of Louisbourg in 1758 , was the first such history of that island . References . Texts Endnotes
334th Bombardment Group The 334th Bombardment Group is an inactive United States Air Force unit . Its last assignment was with Third Air Force stationed at Greenville Army Air Base , South Carolina . It was inactivated on 1 May 1944 . History . Operations history . Trained replacement crews for combat
James Kenny ( VC ) James Kenny VC ( 1824 – 3 October 1862 ) was a recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . Details . He was approximately 33 years old , and a private in the 53rd Regiment of Foot ( later , the King ' s Shropshire Light Infantry ) , British Army during the Indian Mutiny when the following deed on 16 November 1857 at the assault on the Secundra Bagh during the Relief of Lucknow led to the award of the Victoria Cross : He was killed in action , Mooltan , British India , on 2 October 1862 . References . city
Ludgate Ludgate was the westernmost gate in London Wall . The name survives in Ludgate Hill , an eastward continuation of Fleet Street , and Ludgate Circus . Etymology . Despite the claim by the Norman - Welsh Geoffry of Monmouth in his " Historia Regum Britanniae " that Ludgate was so - called having been built by the ancient British king called Lud — a manifestation of the god Nodens . aka the Fisher King — the name is believed by later writers to be derived from " flood gate " or " Fleet gate " , from " ludgeat " , meaning " back gate " or " postern " , or from the Old English term " " hlid - geat " " a common Old English compound meaning " postern " or " swing gate " . ) History . The Romans built a road along the north bank of the River Thames westwards through the gate later called Lud Gate as part of the fortifications of London . Guarding the road from the west , it led to the Romans ' main burial mound in what is now Fleet Street . The gate stood just above a crossing of the Fleet River ( this now runs underground ) . It stood almost opposite what is now St Martin ' s Church on what is now called Ludgate Hill . The site of the gate is marked by a plaque on the north side of Ludgate Hill , halfway between Ludgate Circus and St Paul ' s Cathedral . Rebuilt in 1215 , the rooms above the gate became used as a prison for petty offenders . The gate was one of three separate sites that bore the name Ludgate Prison . In 1378 it was decided that Newgate Prison would be used for serious criminals , and Ludgate for Freemen of the City and clergy who were imprisoned for minor offences such as debt . By 1419 it became clear that prisoners were far too comfortable here , as they were more likely to want to stay than to pay their debts and leave . They were all transferred to Newgate prison for this reason , although that prison was so overcrowded and unhealthy that they soon returned . It had a flat lead roof for prisoners to exercise on , as well as a ' large walking place ' at ground level . The gate was rebuilt about 1450 by a man called Foster who at one time was lodged in the Debtor ' s Prison over the gate . He eventually became Sir Stephen Foster , Lord Mayor of London . He rebuilt Lud Gate and the Debtor ' s Prison and remembering his own sufferings abolished the practice of making the debtors pay for their own food and lodging . Rebuilt by the City in 1586 , a statue of King Lud was placed on the east side , and one of Queen Elizabeth I on the west . These statues are now outside the church of St Dunstan - in - the - West , in Fleet Street . It was rebuilt again after being destroyed in the Great Fire . Like the other City gates it was demolished in 1760 . The prisoners were moved to a section of the workhouse in Bishopsgate Street . In literature . Ludgate is mentioned in Geoffrey of Monmouth ' s Historia Regum Britanniae , written around 1136 . According to the pseudohistorical work the name comes from the mythic Welsh King Lud son of Heli whom he claims also gave his name to London .
2nd Division ( Estonia ) The 2nd Division , was one of the four Estonian divisions created during the Estonian War of Independence , which was active till the Soviet occupation of Estonia . Since the restoration of independence in 1991 there are no divisions currently among the Estonian Defence Forces . History . The " 2nd Division " staff was based in Tartu . Since February 1 , 1940 , the division was made up by the Tartu Military District and Võru - Petseri Military District . Order of battle . The unit order of battle in 1939 :
833d Air Division The 833d Air Division ( 838 AD ) is an inactive United States Air Force organization . Its last assignment was with Tactical Air Command , assigned to Twelfth Air Force , being stationed at Holloman Air Force Base , New Mexico . It was inactivated on 15 November 1991 . From September 1964 – December 1969 , the organization supervised and managed selected fighter and reconnaissance forces of Ninth Air Force . During the Dominican Republic crisis of 1965 – 1966 , subordinate units flew reconnaissance missions and deployed personnel and aircraft to Ramey AFB , Puerto Rico , and San Isidro AB , Dominican Republic . Between 1964 and 1969 , the division supported USAF operations in Southeast Asia . The seizure of the USS Pueblo on the high seas by the North Koreans in January 1968 saw elements of assigned wings deployed to the Far East , and a number of Air National Guard organizations called to extended service were incorporated into the 833d ' s training program . Inactivated in 1969 due to budget reductions , assigned units coming over control of Ninth Air Force . Reactivated as part of Rapid Deployment Force in 1980 , assigned to Twelfth Air Force . The division provided command supervision to assigned units in Western US December 1980 – November 1991 . Subordinate units maintained proficiency in the F - 15 Eagle air superiority aircraft and trained aircrews of allied countries . Its units screened new tactical air force crews for fighter aptitude while providing basic combat aircrew academic and flight training in the tactics , techniques and operations of fighter aircraft . They also conducted training courses for jet currency , instructor pilot upgrade , and forward air controller ( FAC ) orientations . The division participated in numerous tactical exercises in Middle East such as Border Star , Coronet Compass , and Bright Star . Inactivated in 1991 after Operation Desert Storm when United States Air Forces Central Command took over mission responsibility , activities assigned to 4404th Wing ( Provisional ) . History . Components . Wings Groups L TF / RF - 101 , 1964 – 1969
M - 1951 field jacket The M - 1951 field jacket was a US Army four pocket jacket made of 9 - ounce wind resistant water repellent treated cotton sateen cloth in Olive Green Shade 107 ( OG 107 ) . In November 1956 it was redesignated as the M - 1951 field coat . It was based on the M - 1943 field jacket that was replaced by the similar M - 1950 field jacket that had inside buttons for a button - in liner . The M - 1951 was given snap fasteners instead of buttons and a zipper . Unlike the M - 1965 field jacket that replaced it , the M - 1951 had button cuffs , a pointed collar and had a separate hood that buttoned on to the collar . Many soldiers liked the M - 1951 as it presented a sharper appearance than the M - 1965 field jacket when starched . It was still issued in many units as part of the organisational issue . M - 1951 field trousers were made of the same material and were also in the OG 107 colour . They had six pockets similar to the M - 1941 jumpsuit and was issued at the same time as the field jacket in organisational issue . Like the jacket it had a separate cold weather liner that could be buttoned in . The trousers had drawstrings on the trouser cuffs and waist and cloth straps inside the cargo pockets that could be used to support heavy items . Suspenders could also be worn with the field trousers . A rare example of the M - 1951 Field Jacket in the ' emerald green ' colour Shade 255 was the Aggressor Field Jacket used by the US Army ' s Aggressor Force until the late 1970s when the arrival of real Soviet uniforms were issued for more realistic training . This jacket , along with matching fatigues has the same layout as standard field uniforms but later models are somewhat similar to the M - 1965 .
Battle of Bun ' ei The , also known as the First Battle of Hakata Bay was the first attempt by the Yuan Dynasty founded by the Mongols to invade Japan . After conquering the Japanese settlements on Tsushima and Iki islands , Kublai Khan ' s fleet moved on to Japan proper and landed at Hakata Bay , a short distance from Kyūshū ' s administrative capital of Dazaifu . Despite the superior weapons and tactics of the Mongols , who established the Yuan Dynasty in China in the early 1270s , the Yuan forces that disembarked at Hakata Bay were grossly outnumbered by the samurai force ; the Japanese had been preparing , mobilizing warriors and reinforcing defenses since they heard of the defeats at Tsushima and Iki . The Yuan troops withdrew and took refuge on their ships after only one day of fighting . A typhoon that night , said to be divinely conjured wind , threatened their ships , persuading them to return to Korea . Many of the returning ships sank that night due to the storm . The battle . After landing in the bay , the Yuan force quickly overran the town of Hakata ( now a ward of Fukuoka ) , but were engaged by a number of samurai soon afterwards . At first , the samurai were hopelessly outmatched ; accustomed to ritualized archery duels on horseback , they could not match the organization and massed firepower of the invaders . The Mongols fought with precision , loosing heavy volleys of arrows into the ranks of the Japanese . The Mongols also employed an early form of rocket artillery , and their infantry used phalanx - like tactics , holding off the samurai with their shields and spears . Though unable to conclusively defeat the Yuan forces , the Japanese fought hard and inflicted heavy casualties . In the course of the day ' s fighting , the Hakozaki Shrine was burned to the ground . Despite their initial victories , the Yuan did not pursue the samurai further inland to the defenses at Dazaifu . " Nihon Ōdai Ichiran " explains that the invaders were defeated because they lacked arrows . More likely this was a result of their unfamiliarity with the terrain , the expectation of Japanese reinforcements , and the heavy losses already suffered . The Yuan force , which may have intended to carry out a reconnaissance in force rather than an immediate invasion , returned to their ships . That night , the Yuan lost roughly one - third of their force in a typhoon . They retreated back to Korea , presumably at the prodding of their Korean sailors and captains , rather than regrouping and continuing their attack .
146th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment The 146th Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War . Service . The 146th Illinois Infantry was organized at Camp Butler , Illinois and mustered into Federal service on September 18 , 1864 for a one - year enlistment . The 146th served in garrisons in Illinois . The regiment was mustered out of service on July 5 , 1865 . Total strength and casualties . The regiment suffered 38 enlisted men who died of disease for a total of 38 fatalities .
Groupe G Groupe G was a Belgian resistance group during the Second World War , founded in 1942 and opposed to the Nazi occupation of the country . The group ' s common name is abbreviated from it more full title of General Sabotage Group of Belgium ( ) . Groupe G ' s activities concentrated particularly on sabotage of German rail lines and it is widely considered to have been the most effective resistance group in Belgium during the period . History . Groupe G was founded in 1942 , by a group of former students of the Université libre de Bruxelles and its ranks were mainly filled by students . Unusually for a resistance cell of the period , the unit ' s activities were not restricted to a single area as it operated across the country . Actions . In 1944 , Groupe G was responsible for a co - ordinated action on all electric train lines in Belgium . This action alone is estimated to have cost German forces around 10 million man - hours of reparations before the communications were restored .
USS T - 3 ( SS - 61 ) USS " T - 3 " ( SS - 61 / SF - 3 ) was an " AA - 1 " - class submarine in the service of the United States Navy originally named " AA - 3 " . She was laid down as " AA - 3 " on 21 May 1917 at the Fore River Shipbuilding Company yard in Quincy , Massachusetts by the Electric Boat Co . of New York , launched on 24 May 1919 , sponsored by Mrs . Lilian Terhune Jordan , redesignated SF - 3 on 17 July 1920 , renamed " T - 3 " on 22 September 1920 , and commissioned on 7 December 1920 at the Boston Navy Yard with Lt . Comdr . Charles Milford Elder in command . The second of three ships in a program to construct long - range reconnaissance submarines to operate with the surface fleet , " T - 3 " joined " T - 1 " in Submarine Division 15 , Atlantic Fleet , soon after commissioning . She operated with that division – later to include " T - 2 " — conducting maneuvers with the Atlantic Fleet until the fall of 1922 . By that time , flaws in the design and construction of the T - boats – particularly in their propulsion plants – caused them to perform poorly . The decision was made to retire all three to the reserve fleet , and " T - 3 " was the first to go . On 11 November 1922 , she was decommissioned at Hampton Roads , Virginia , and berthed at the submarine base there . Later , she was moved to Philadelphia . However , " T - 3 ' s " active service did not end there . At the time of the T - boats ' decommissioning , the idea of testing German - produced diesel engines in one of them had been bantered about in Navy circles . " T - 1 " had originally been designated for this purpose , but funds were not then available . In 1925 , when money was forthcoming , it was " T - 3 " that came out of mothballs for the tests . On 1 October 1925 , " T - 3 " was recommissioned at Philadelphia . For the following 21 months , she tested her newly installed 3 , 000 horsepower ( 2 . 2 MW ) M . A . N . diesel engines for the Bureau of Engineering . Early in the summer of 1927 , she completed the tests and , on 14 July 1927 , was placed out of commission at Philadelphia . After a little over three years of inactivity , her name was stricken from the Navy List on 19 September 1930 . Her hulk was broken up , and the materials were sold for scrap on 20 November 1930 .