naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
No . 7 Squadron RCAF No . 7 ( Bomber Reconnaissance ) Squadron was a Royal Canadian Air Force squadron that was active during the Second World War . It was formed on 29 January 1936 at RCAF Station Rockcliffe as General Purpose squadron before being disbanded on 10 September 1939 and its personnel dispersed among other units . It was reformed at RCAF Station Prince Rupert on 8 December 1941 and was primarily used in an anti - submarine role with RCAF Western Air Command . The squadron flew the Blackburn Shark , Supermarine Stranraer , Consolidated Canso and Consolidated Catalina before disbanding a final time on 25 July 1945 . References .
First Battle of Artois The First Battle of Artois ( December 1914 – January 1915 ) was a military encounter during World War I . The battle was the first offensive move on the Western Front by either side after the First Battle of Ypres ended in November 1914 . The French assault failed to break the frontline stalemate . Small skirmishes had taken place at Artois during the previous September and October as part of the Race to the Sea . Later , in May 1915 , a French attack towards Vimy Ridge would become known as the Second Battle of Artois . A Third Battle of Artois took place from 25 September – 15 October 1915 , sometimes called the Artois - Loos Offensive .
Baghdad International Airport Baghdad International Airport , known as Saddam International Airport originally , ( ) , is Iraq ' s largest airport , located in a suburb about west of downtown Baghdad in the Baghdad Governorate . It is the home base for Iraq ' s national airline , Iraqi Airways . It is often abbreviated BIAP , although BIAP is not an official airport code . The airport road is having a makeover due to the rise in tourism and business taking place in the oil - rich nation . Airport developments . Expansion plans . On 18 May 2010 , plans were unveiled for an expansion of Baghdad International Airport , which will double its capacity to 15 million passengers per year . The expansion , to be funded by foreign investors , will include the construction of three new terminals and the refurbishment of the existing three terminals , which will each accommodate 2 . 5 million passengers annually .
Mark 21 Mod 2 torpedo The Mark 21 Mod 2 torpedo , was a passive acoustic homing variant of the Mark 13 torpedo intended for use as a payload for the AUM - N - 2 Petrel guided missile . Development of this torpedo was discontinued and it was not used in service to any extent .
German submarine U - 459 German submarine " U - 459 " was a Type XIV supply and replenishment U - boat ( " Milchkuh " or ' milk cow ' ) of the Nazi German " Kriegsmarine " during World War II . Her keel was laid down on 22 November 1940 by Deutsche Werke in Kiel as ' werk ' 290 . The submarine was launched on 13 September 1941 and commissioned on 15 November , with " Kapitänleutnant " Georg von Wilamowitz - Möllendorff in command ; he remained in charge until the boat was lost , receiving promotion to " Korvettenkapitän " in the process . Operational career . " U - 459 " conducted six patrols , but as a supply boat , she avoided combat . The submarine initially served in the 4th U - boat Flotilla , for training , before moving on to the 10th ( in April 1942 ) and the 12th flotilla s ( in November of the same year ) , for operations . 1st and 2nd patrols . Having moved from Kiel to Helgoland " U - 459 " set - off for occupied France , arriving in St . Nazaire on 15 May 1942 , afer traversing the north - central Atlantic . Her captain , von Wilamowitz - Möllendorf , was at 48 , one of the oldest skippers at the time . Her second patrol began on 6 June 1942 . It was at about this time that von Wilamowitz - Möllendorf was promoted to " Korvettenkapitän " . 3rd and 4th patrols . Her third foray saw the boat sail into the south Atlantic , as far as Namibia . She departed St . Nazaire on 18 August 1942 and returned on 4 November . Her fourth patrol was her longest , from 20 December 1942 to 7 March 1943 , a total of 78 days . She started in St . Nazaire and finished in Bordeaux . This voyage included sailing toward Cameroon , the boat ' s nearest position to that country was reached on 18 January 1943 . 5th and 6th patrols . Her fifth patrol began when she left Bordeaux on 20 April 1943 . On 30 May , she shot down a British Whitley aircraft . She was also attacked , on the same day , by an RAF Liberator with a total of ten depth charge s . The boat was not damaged , the aircraft was . < br > She returned to her French base on 30 May . Having left Bordeaux on 22 July 1943 , " U - 459 " was attacked by two British Wellington aircraft of 172 squadron RAF near Cape Ortegal , Spain on 24 July . The boat shot down one of the Wellingtons , but 19 submarine crewmen were killed and she was so badly damaged by this attack that she had to be scuttled . 41 of her crew survived to be taken prisoner .
3rd Sikh Pioneers The 3rd Sikh Pioneers was a regiment of the British Indian Army formed in 1922 , when the Indian army moved from single battalion regiments to multi - battalion regiments . The 3rd Sikh Pioneers were one of four Pioneer units in the 1922 reorganisation , including the 1st Madras Pioneers , 2nd Bombay Pioneers , and 4th Hazara Pioneers . Brief history . The 3rd Sikh Pioneers was formed with the merging of its three sister regiments of the Sikh Pioneers ; the 23rd Sikh Pioneers , 32nd Sikh Pioneers and the 34th Royal Sikh Pioneers in 1921 . In 1929 the 3rd Sikh Pioneers was renamed the " Corps of Sikh Pioneers . "
SNORA and SURA - D rockets The Oerlikon - Bührle SNORA and SURA - D are 81 - mm and 80 - mm rocket s developed in Switzerland in the late 1970s and fielded in the 1980s . The SNORA could be used in both air - to - surface and surface - to - surface rocket artillery roles , while the SURA - D is an air - to - surface rocket . The SNORA was developed as a cooperative endeavor with the Italian firm SNIA - Viscosa ( later SNIA - BPD ) . History . The original version of the SURA rocket , the SURA 80R , was developed by Hispano - Suiza in the 1960s . In 1971 Oerlikon - Buhrle took over the military division of Hispano - Suiza and redesignated the SURA 80R , the SURA - FL , and further developed the SURA - FL which is the current SURA - D . The SNORA rockets can be fired from either a supersonic or subsonic aircraft . The SURA - D though , is limited to subsonic aircraft . Oerlikon also developed the RWK 014 , a surface - to - surface launcher for the type SNORA rockets . The RWK 014 has dual launchers of 15 tubes each and has been mounted on the MOWAG Tornado APC as well as the M113 armored personnel carrier . The RWK 014 can fire 10 rounds per second and has a reload time of six minutes . The SNORA rocket was still in service as late as 1998 and the SURA - D is still in operational use . SNORA rockets are launched from a variety of pods housing from either six or twelve rockets , while SURA - D rockets are mounted as a vertical array with only the top - most rocket attached to an aircraft hardpoint . In this system , rockets are fired individually from the bottom of the tier to the top . The unique sliding fixed fin arrangement of the SURA - D acts as the forward hanger for the rocket below it . As the rocket is fired , the four fixed fins mounted on a ring slide down the body till they are stopped at the expansion area of the rocket motor nozzle and are locked in place . The SURA - D increased its accuracy by the addition of flutes inside the nozzle rear to give a low rotation rate in addition to the stabilization effected by four fixed fins which take effect shortly after launch . Overview . The 80 - mm hollow - charge warhead on the SURA - D has been demonstrated by Oerlikon to penetrate of armor . The SNORA rocket can mount one of two hollow - charge warheads , either the RAK 026 which can penetrate of armor , or the RAK 054 , capable of penetrating of armor . Both rockets were exported by Switzerland and adopted by other nations , among them Spain , Qatar , and Botswana . Italy later used the motor of the SNORA rocket as the basis for the development of the 81 - mm Medusa rocket .
Franz Ruhl Franz Ruhl ( 12 December 1922 – December 24 , 1944 ) was a German Luftwaffe ace and recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross during World War II . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . Franz Ruhl was shot down on 24 December 1944 near Liège , he was posthumously promoted to Oberleutnant . During his career he was credited with 37 victories in 200 + missions .
Fiat - Revelli Modello 1914 The Fiat - Revelli Modello 1914 was an Italian water - cooled medium machine gun produced from 1914 to 1918 . It was used by the Italian Army in the First World War , and was used in limited numbers into the Second World War . Overview . It was very similar to the Maxim in appearance ( in fact it had the same air - cooling jacket and tripod ) , even though its internal workings were completely different , reminiscent of the Breda 30 , of which it used the cartridge - oiling system , and the mechanisms . It was fed from a 50 round integral magazine divided in ten compartments , each fed from a rifle clip , a feature that rendered the logistics easier , even though it was slow to reload , prone to malfunction and very uncomfortable in sustained - fire role because of this magazine arrangement . It was chambered for the 6 . 5x52mm Mannlicher - Carcano , weighed ( the tripod weighed ) and had a firing rate of 400 - 500 rpm ( rounds - per - minute ) , rather low for this type of machine gun . It was developed into the Fiat - Revelli Modello 1935 .
Island - class patrol vessel The Island - class patrol vessel was first designed and built for the Scottish Fisheries Protection Agency . As a result of the Royal Navy ' s experiences in the so - called Cod War with Iceland , and the success of FPV " Jura " ( loaned to the Navy as HMS " Jura " ) in fishery protection patrols , the Navy built a further seven . These ships were designed and built by Hall Russell of Aberdeen . Fishery Protection Cruisers . FPV " Jura " and FPV " Westra " were built by Hall , Russell & Company of Aberdeen in 1973 and 1975 respectively . " Jura " was loaned to the Royal Navy between 1975 and 1977 for evaluation . Royal Navy offshore fishery protection ships . The success of " Jura " encouraged the Royal Navy to build a further seven ships to the same design ; these ships formed the bulk of the Fishery Protection Squadron , whose mission was to patrol the Atlantic fishing grounds , and ensure the security of the British oil and gas fields in the North Sea . However , since the mid - 1990s , the class has been gradually decommissioned ; " Jersey " was sold to the Bangladesh Navy in 1994 , to be followed by " Shetland " , " Alderney " , " Anglesey " , " Guernsey " and " Lindisfarne " , with " Orkney " going to Trinidad and Tobago . The Island class was replaced in the Fishery Protection Squadron by the three ships of the River class . Disposal . Presently , five Island - class patrol vessels are in active service with the Bangladesh Navy . They are ( ex - " Alderney " ) , ( ex - " Shetland " ) , ( ex - " Lindisfarne " ) , ( ex - " Anglesey " ) and ( ex - " Guernsey " ) . Another ex - Royal Navy Island - class vessel , " Jersey " , is used as the training ship , " Ruhul Amin " . The Scottish Fisheries Protection Agency " Westra " was sold to the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society in 2006 and is currently named MY " Steve Irwin " . " Jura " was sold in 1988 and renamed " Criscilla " , and then " N ' Madi " . She was broken up in Portugal in November 2001 .
Brewster Islands Military Reservation Brewster Islands Military Reservation was a coastal defense site located in Boston , Massachusetts . History . The Brewster Islands Military Reservation was built on state land . Its mission was to protect the Boston Harbor from possible air and naval attack . It never did have to fire its guns though but it did play an important part in the defense of the harbor . The Site Now . The site today consists of the foundations of buildings and gun mounts .
GSL - class Ferry GSL class of personnel ferries are series of six service craft built by state owned Goa Shipyard Limited , Vasco for Indian Navy . They are general purpose utility auxiliary watercraft used for transportation of personnel in harbour . The vessels stationed at Mumbai harbour are planned to be succeeded by Manoram class ferry .
RAAF Station Bairnsdale RAAF Station Bairnsdale was a training station formed in Australia during World War II . No . 1 Operational Training Unit ( 1OTU ) and the General Reconnaissance School ( GRS ) were based there during the war years . It is now known as Bairnsdale Airport and Airport codes BSJ and YBNS is located 4 nautical miles south west of Bairnsdale , Victoria , Australia , off the Princes Highway .
Group ( military aviation unit ) A group is a military aviation unit , a component of military organization and a military formation . Usage of the terms group and wing differ from one country to another , as well as different branches of a defence force , in some cases . Groups therefore vary considerably in size . In many air services , a group is made up of two to four squadron s and is usually commanded by a Lieutenant Colonel , Commander or an officer of equivalent rank . In France and Germany , the precursors of the " Armée de l ' Air " and " Luftwaffe " formed " groupes " and " Gruppen " during the early stages of World War I . The groups of the " Armée de l ' Air " usually comprise two " escadrons " , but sometimes only one , or as many as four . Three German " Staffeln " ( similar to the English language concept of " squadrons " ) make up a " Gruppe " . In the United States Air Force ( USAF ) a group may consist of two or more squadrons . Prior to 1991 , it was not unusual for a USAF support group to have no subordinate squadrons , but merely be a larger unit than a squadron . In such cases the group would not have a headquarters . Similarly , in the British Fleet Air Arm and some other naval air services , a group usually consists of three squadrons . In the United States Marine Corps , a group consists of at least two squadrons . Two or more groups form a wing . In the British Royal Air Force ( RAF ) and the air forces of many Commonwealth countries , a group is made up of several wings , each of which controls two or more squadrons , so that a group normally includes six to 10 squadrons , and is thus equivalent to a USAF wing . It is also roughly equivalent to the " carrier air group s " formerly deployed by the United States Navy ( USN ) , although the term is no longer used by the USN . RAF station s ( air bases ) are also controlled by a particular group , although Expeditionary Air Groups control expeditionary air wing s directly . Groups are directly subordinate to a command ( or , historically , to a tactical air force ) . When the RAF was formed , an officer with the rank of Group Captain ( equivalent to Colonel and ( Navy ) Captain ) commanded such a unit , although by the time of World War II , some groups were commanded by Air Commodore s ( equivalent to Brigadier s / Brigadier General s and Commodores ) or even Air Vice - Marshal s ( equivalent to Major General s and Rear Admiral s ) . United States Army . In the United States Army , certain formations are structured similar to the Air Force Wing / Group structure . These units are generally smaller than brigades , with 2 to 4 battalions and / or detachments attached to it .
Rawagede massacre The Rawagede massacre was committed by Royal Netherlands East Indies Army on 9 December 1947 in the village of Rawagede ( now Balongsari in West Java ) , during Operatie Product . Dutch forces were deployed in the East Indies to try to retain them as a colony . They were battling Indonesian freedom fighters and militia forces seeking independence for Indonesia . Almost all males from the village , amounting to 431 men according to most estimates , were killed by the Dutch military , since the people of the village would not tell where the Indonesian independence fighter Lukas Kustario was hiding . Although Dutch Army General Simon Hendrik Spoor recommended that the responsible officer , Major Alphons Wijnen , be prosecuted , no criminal investigation was started . A report from the United Nations published on 12 January 1948 called the killings " deliberate and merciless " . On 8 September 2008 , 10 survivors of the massacre officially held the Netherlands responsible for the massacre . The state lawyer replied in a letter published on 24 November 2008 , that the Netherlands " deeply regrets " the massacre , but that it believes the term for prosecution had expired . This has drawn some criticism among members of the States - General of the Netherlands , as well as among leading Dutch newspaper " NRC Handelsblad " , which argued in an editorial that there is no such thing as a statute of limitations on war crimes . In December 2009 , the 10 survivors decided to sue the Dutch state in court . They were represented by lawyers Liesbeth Zegveld and Anne Scheltema Beduin of " Böhler Franken Koppe Wijngaarden Advocaten " ( today : Böhler Advocaten ) . The court decided on 14 September 2011 that the crime , due to its extraordinary nature , is not subject to a statute of limitations , and thus held the Dutch state fully accountable for the damages caused . Following settlement negotiations with the Dutch State , the plaintiffs / widows of the men executed in Rawagedeh were awarded 20 , 000 each euros in compensation ; the State furthermore agreed to extend its formal apologies for the massacre . On 9 December 2011 , the Dutch ambassador to Indonesia stated : " We remember the members of your families and those of your fellow villagers who died 64 years ago through the actions of the Dutch military . . . On behalf of the Dutch government , I apologize for the tragedy that took place . " Only 9 relatives are still alive and will receive 20 , 000 euros ( $ 27 , 000 ) compensation each , but there is no schedule for these payments .
Tajik National Guard helicopter crash The Tajik National Guard Helicopter crash was an accident that occurred on 6 October 2010 when a Mil Mi - 8 military helicopter from the Tajik National Guard crashed in the Rasht Valley close to Ezgand and Tavildara . The helicopter became caught in power lines and crashed while attempting to land , leaving no survivors . This is the deadliest accident in Tajik aviation since 1997 .
Pea Ridge Confederate order of battle The following Confederate States Army and Confederate - aligned units and commanders fought in the Battle of Pea Ridge ( or Battle of Elkhorn Tavern ) of the American Civil War in Pea Ridge , Arkansas on March 6 – 8 , 1862 . The Union order of battle is shown separately . Army of the West . Maj . Gen . Earl Van Dorn Left Wing ( Missouri State Guard ) . MG Sterling Price ( w ) Headquarters Units :
17th Kansas Militia Infantry Regiment The 17th Kansas Militia Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War . Service . The 17th Kansas Militia Infantry was called into service on October 9 , 1864 . It was disbanded on October 29 , 1864 . Detailed service . The unit was called into service to defend Kansas against Price ' s Raid .
Convoy QP 14 QP . 14 was an Arctic convoy of the QP series which ran during World War II from Archangel to Loch Ewe Escorts . The convoy was protected by the following , U - boats . The convoy was attacked by 7 u - boats , namely ;
SPP - 1 underwater pistol The SPP - 1 Underwater Pistol was made in the USSR for use underwater by Soviet frogmen as an underwater firearm . It was developed in the late 1960s and accepted for use in 1971 . Underwater , ordinary - shaped bullets are inaccurate and very short - range . As a result , this pistol fires a round - based caliber steel dart about long , weighing , which has longer range and more penetrating power than speargun spears . The complete cartridge is long and weighs . Design . The SPP - 1 has four barrels , each containing one cartridge . Its ammunition comes as a clip of four cartridges which is inserted into the pistol ' s breech . Its barrel is not rifled ; the fired projectile is kept in line by hydrodynamic effects . As a result , it is somewhat inaccurate when fired out of water . A double - action firing mechanism fires one cartridge sequentially for each pull of the trigger . When all four cartridges are spent , the gun can be reloaded above or below water . The SPP - 1M pistol is essentially the same as the SPP - 1 , with the following differences : The weapon was designed by Vladimir Simonov , the cartridge by Pyotr Sazonov and Oleg Kravchenko . Simonov also designed the APS amphibious rifle . Performance . Depth reduces range because the higher pressure closes the cavity sooner . Once the projectile is no longer supercavitating , hydrodynamic drag increases greatly , and the projectile becomes unstable . Lethal range is defined as the range from which it can easily penetrate a padded underwater suit or a thick glass faceplate . It is manufactured by TOZ ( Tulsky Oruzheiny Zavod / Тульский Оружейный Завод ) Tula Arms Plant , and exported by Rosoboronexport , the state agency for Russia ' s export / import of defense - related products .
B - Ration B ration ( or Type B Ration ) is a term used in the United States military for a meal provided to troops which was prepared using canned or preserved ingredients . ' B ' ration meals may be prepared in field kitchen s and served in the field , or served in garrisons without adequate refrigeration or freezer facilities . ' B ' rations differ from ' A ' ration s in that they do not utilize fresh , frozen , or refrigerated ingredients . They are distinguished from field rations ( such as the Meal , Ready - to - Eat or its predecessor , the Meal , Combat , Individual ration ) in that they are ordinarily prepared in field kitchens instead of being distributed at the unit or individual level for immediate consumption . Whereas historical ' B ' rations were often prepared by trained personnel in field kitchens , the term increasingly applies to prepackaged rations that require minimal additional preparation in the field today , more analogous to group feeding rations such as 5 - in - 1 ration or 10 - in - 1 food parcel of the past . ' B ' rations today may include the Unitized Group Ration B ( UGR - B ) , a hybrid meal kit designed to feed a group for one meal . The UGR - B has several different varieties , including a tray - based heat and serve ( T - rat ) form , heated by hot water immersion when a field kitchen is not available , or the express form , with a self - heating module and disposable accessories .