naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Singapore Infantry Regiment The Singapore Infantry Regiment is the main formation of the Singapore Army . It consists of eight full - time battalions and a number of National Service ( NS ) , or Reservist battalions . History . The 1st Battalion , Singapore Infantry Regiment ( 1 SIR ) was formed in March 12 , 1957 against the backdrop of self - government for Singapore . Recruitment began on 4 March 1957 with only Singapore citizens and persons born and bred in Singapore were recruited . Out of a total of 1 , 420 applicants , 237 were initially accepted for training . It was intended that 1 SIR together with another battalion would form part of a regiment within a brigade group in the Singapore Military Forces . Self - government for Singapore in 1959 gave 1 SIR the opportunity to mount the Istana Guards in place of the Gurkhas , while the battalion was presented with Queen ' s and Regimental Colours in 1961 . The following year , the 2nd Battalion was raised . For two years between 1963 and 1965 , Singapore was part of Malaysia , and the regiment was renamed the Malaysian Infantry Regiment . Both battalions saw service in the Confrontation , with 1 SIR posted to Sebatik Island in Sabah and 2 SIR to Labis , Johor . On Singapore ' s independence in 1965 , the regiment regained its former name . In 1967 two more battalions , the 3rd and 4th , were raised as part of the move towards National Service . 1 SIR and 2 SIR were also converted to NS battalions . Four further battalions were raised over the next few years , although 7 SIR and the older 8 SIR were eventually re - roled to become the 3rd and 2nd Battalions , Singapore Guards . Current status . Currently , there are eight active battalions , each of which is assigned to an infantry brigade in one of the army ' s three Combined Arms Divisions except 9 & the newer 8 SIR , which is assigned to 2 People ' s Defence Force . This is alongside two per brigade of NS battalions . Besides training for their conventional warfare role , different infantry battalions specialised in their unique role . This arrangement which may change according to operating environment also allows MINDEF to try out new tactics and equipment . E , g : 3 SIR specialised in Urban operations . 9 SIR specialised in POI ( Protection of Installations ) for civilian key installations . 8 SIR specialised in POI for SAF key installations . As of May 2011 , 2 SIR has been converted into a motorised infantry battalion in the effort to shift towards a 3rd Generation SAF . The plan is to convert 3 conventional infantry battalions to motorised infantry that is 1 per Combined Arms Divisions .
Directorate of Covert Resistance Directorate of Covert Resistance ( Polish " Kierownictwo Walki Konspiracyjnej " , short KWK ) was one of the departments of the Armia Krajowa Headquarters created in Poland in 1942 during World War II . Its main task was commanding the so - called " current fight " . It included propaganda , organization of self - defence units , sabotage and diversion . It was headed personally by the commander of the Armia Krajowa . The advisory body was composed of the commander of KeDyw , chief of Bureau of Information and Propaganda and an envoy of Directorate of Civil Resistance . In 1943 it was joined with the latter organization and formed the Directorate of Underground Resistance .
Feigned retreat A feigned retreat is a military tactic whereby an army will pretend to withdraw or that they have been rout ed in order to lure an enemy into a position of vulnerability . Feigned retreats are one of the more difficult tactics for an army to undertake , and require well - disciplined soldiers . This is because if the enemy presses into it , undisciplined troops will lose coherence and the rout will become genuine . This tactic was well known in antiquity . Herodotus reports that the Spartans employed it at the Battle of Thermopylae to defeat a force of Immortals .
Udo Anneken Udo Anneken ( 11 October 1917 – 11 October 1997 ) was a highly decorated Oberleutnant der Reserve in the Wehrmacht during World War II . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership .
Siege of Yoshida Castle The 1575 Siege of Yoshida Castle was undertaken by Takeda Katsuyori against the forces of Tokugawa Ieyasu during the Sengoku Period of Japanese history . This would be one of many battles fought by the Tokugawa and Takeda samurai clans during Japan ' s Sengoku period ( 1467 - 1603 ) . The siege was part of Takeda Katsuyori ' s raid through Mikawa province ; Yoshida Castle lay on the site of what is now part of Toyohashi city in Aichi Prefecture . Sakai Tadatsugu commanded the castle ' s garrison in service of Tokugawa Ieyasu . Though the garrison normally numbered 1 , 000 men , Ieyasu anticipated the attack and reinforced Sakai ' s forces with 5 , 000 more warriors . The battle consisted almost exclusively of spear combat outside the castle walls . Takeda Katsuyori soon became frustrated , and realized that Sakai had no intention of sending the remainder of his force out of the gates for a full - blown battle . Takeda withdrew and turned towards Nagashino , which would prove to be the decisive end for him and his clan .
USS S . P . Lee ( DD - 310 ) The first USS " S . P . Lee " ( DD - 310 ) was a " Clemson " - class destroyer in the United States Navy following World War I . She was named for Samuel Phillips Lee . History . " S . P . Lee " was laid down on 31 December 1918 by the Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corporation , San Francisco , California ; launched by Mrs . Thomas J . Wyche ; and commissioned on 30 October 1920 , Commander G . T . Swosey , Jr . , in command . Assigned to Reserve Destroyer Division , Pacific Fleet , " S . P . Lee " spent most of her first two years in the San Diego , California area with a reduced complement . She sailed on 6 February 1923 as part of Destroyer Squadron 11 for combined fleet operations in the Panama Canal Zone . Arriving Balboa 20 days later following exercises en route , the destroyer engaged in tactical and strategic maneuvers through the end of March and returned to San Diego on 11 April . From 25 June to 30 August , " S . P . Lee " and DesRon 11 cruised the coast of Washington , putting in at Tacoma , Port Angeles , and Seattle and serving as escort to President Warren G . Harding in on his arrival at Seattle on 27 July . She then participated in squadron maneuvers through the end of August with Battleship Division 3 , putting in at San Francisco on the 31st . " S . P . Lee " sailed for her homeport at 0830 , 8 September , in company with most of DesRon 11 under Captain E . H . Watson in leading the way . Engaged in a high - speed engineering run down the Pacific Coast , the squadron changed course 95° at 2100 as inaccurate navigation indicated it appropriate to make the approach to Santa Barbara Channel . At 2105 , " Delphy " stranded on the rocks of Point Pedernales , known to sailors as Honda , or the Devil ' s Jaw ; though warning signals were sent up by the flagship , the sheltering configuration of the coast line prevented their recognition by the remaining ships of DesRon 11 ; and , in the ensuing confusion , six other destroyers including " S . P . Lee " ran aground also in what is known as the Honda Point Disaster . Valiant efforts by the crew to save the ship proved futile , and the ship was abandoned the following day and declared a total loss . " S . P . Lee " and her sister destroyers were struck from the Navy list on 20 November . Her wreckage was sold on 19 October 1925 to Robert J . Smith of Oakland , California . He removed some of the destroyer ' s equipment but was unable to salvage her . See for other ships of this name .
HMS Norfolk ( 1757 ) HMS " Norfolk " was a 74 - gun third - rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy , and the second ship to bear the name . She was launched on 8 December 1757 at Deptford Dockyard . Her first commander was Captain Robert Hughes and she flew the broad pennant of Commodore Sir Peircy Brett . " Norfolk " emulated her predecessor ( HMS " Norfolk " of 1693 ) by reinforcing the West Indies , where she escorted a fleet that was transporting vital stores and six infantry regiments to that region . She became flagship of the Commander - In - Chief East Indies Station , Rear - Admiral and his successor Vice - Admiral Samuel Cornish . " Norfolk " was decommissioned in 1764 , after her return to Portsmouth was broken up in 1774 .
Webley Self - Loading Pistol The Webley Self - Loading Pistol was an up - and - coming design in early magazine - fed pistols . The gun was designed in 1910 by the Webley & Scott company . The Mk . 1 entered police service in 1911 in a . 38 ACP model for the London Metropolitan Police . The . 455 version was adopted by the Royal Navy in 1912 as the first automatic pistol in British service . The pistol was also adopted by the Royal Horse Artillery and the Royal Flying Corps . Its predecessor was the unsuccessful Mars Automatic Pistol , made around 1900 . Having a semi - automatic pistol in official British service was a big change in weaponry . It provided a weapon deadly at close quarters , with multiple shots to engage any more combatants . The reloading time went down along with rate of fire as well . Problems . The pistol ' s original cordite cartridge left a lot of residue in the barrel causing frequent jamming . This was fixed in 1941 with nitrocellulose instead of cordite in the . 455 cartridge . This new cartridge for the Mk . 1 was called the Mark Iz . Among other things , the pistol was awkward to hold due to its bulk and awkward grip . One generic problem with semi - automatic pistols , especially some of the first , is that with more capability and ease , comes more moving parts . With more moving parts , comes high probability of jamming . This was a problem partially caused by the cordite in the cartridges , and partially caused by the extreme pressure put on the small parts after constant use . The biggest problem was not a mechanical error , however , but an operator error . The British service men and women did not know the key importance of constant cleaning . This was mostly because the soldiers were not used to cleaning their revolvers all the time ; they thought the Mk . 1 was no exception , while in reality , it was . Improvements and variations . The first models of the Mk . 1 had the safety on left side of the hammer . This was later moved to the left side of the frame , where it could lock the slide . Service versions were also outfitted with a grip safety .
Manoram - class ferry Manoram class ferry are series of watercraft built by M / s Inland Marine Works Pvt Ltd Port Blair , at its Chanch Shipyard , Gujarat for Indian Navy . They are fully air conditioned crafts and are fitted with modern navigational aids and have capacity to ferry 250 passengers .
ST Voorbode The Dutch steam trawler Voorbode was a fishing vessel , until it was confiscated by the Germans during World War II and used for military transport . In April 1944 , it was on its way from Oslo to Kirkenes when it faced mechanical problems , forcing it to seek repair in Bergen . Due to lack of control , the ship was allowed entrance to Bergen harbour loaded with of explosives , even though the ship did not satisfy security regulations and should not have been allowed into major cities with this cargo . On April 20 at 8 : 39 , the ship exploded at the quay in the center of Bergen . The force of the explosion caused a water column that was hundreds of metres high , spreading heavy debris . Several ships were thrown on land and " Voorbode " s anchor was later found on the high mountain Sandviksfjellet . The air pressure from the explosion and the tidal wave that followed flattened whole neighbourhoods near the harbour ; then fires broke out and further destroyed the wooden houses , leaving 5 , 000 people homeless ; 160 people were killed and 5 , 000 wounded , mostly civilians . The Germans initially tried to conceal the extent of the catastrophe , probably because it exposed their failure to maintain security regulations . Because the explosion occurred on Adolf Hitler ' s birthday , there was some suspicion of sabotage , but investigations revealed that the explosion was an accident caused by self - ignition . Rescue efforts after the event were extensive and have been well documented .
Musketeer Regiment von Trümbach Regiment Von Trümbach ( later known as Regiment Von Bose ) was a regiment from the Landgraviate of Hesse - Kassel that fought alongside Britain in the American Revolution . History . Due to the number of conflicts Britain was involved with globally at the time the American Revolution broke out , King George found himself in need of more troops to quell the rebellion . As was the custom of the time period , he signed a treaty with several German Principalities to essentially lease their armies for the duration . These troops , from several German states were commonly referred to as Hessians , because the largest block of troops came from the Landgraviate of Hesse - Kassel . The total number of German troops committed to the conflict eventually reach about 33 , 000 - almost a full third of the total Crown forces . The Hesse Cassel army was based on the Prussian army of the time and was among the most professional in Europe . The 8th infantry regiment came to the American shores as the Regiment von Trümbach and changed names a couple years later when Carl von Bose became the regiment ' s Chef , or commander . Von Trümbach / Bose participated in many of the major events of the war , including the actions in New York , Stono Ferry , Eutaw Spirings , Savannah , Charleston , Guilford Courthouse and Yorktown . At Guilford Courthouse the regiment received special note for its bravery as they fought back - to - back to battle foes on both sides . The main body of the regiment surrendered with Cornwallis ' s army at Yorktown . The Grenadier company remained in New York and returned to Hesse Cassel from there . Regiment von Bose was raised as the Regiment von Shöepping and served with distinction in the Seven Years ' War as the Regiment von Mansbach . The red neck stocks worn by the regiment signify it is a veteran regiment .
Battle of Ržanica The Battle of Ržanica ( Montenegrin : Bitka na Ržanici ; ) took place on the bridge of Ržanica river in Montenegro , in the late 19th century during the reign of King Nicholas I of Montenegro who planned an invasion of Albanian lands . The King ' s intentions , with several others , was to invade Albania and to discuss plans with his general Marko Miljanov on how to do so . The word was sent quickly to the Albanians of Malësia e Madhe ( Great Highlands ) . Marash Uci traveled to Çun Mula in Hoti and asked him to summon the tribal leaders of Hoti and Gruda to the Church of Saint John ' s ( " Kisha e Shen Gjonit " ) , located in Hoti , without delay for a council meeting . When King Nicholas I of Montenegro and his army stepped foot on Albanian land — which had been given to him by the Congress of Berlin — the Albanian nationalist Baca Kurti heard gunshots from an extreme point in Malësia and he and the other men of Malësia organized a resistance against Montenegro . The men resolved to take up arms to defend their land and make Çun Mula their commander , one of those men being Baca Kurti of Gruda . The Malësors of Hoti and Gruda battled against the forces of Marko Miljanov . The Montenegrins were defeated at Rržanica Bridge and Marko Miljanov was forced to withdraw . King Nicholas in Cetinje was informed of the defeat and was told that Albanian forces are massing at the border .
Agrigento Airfield Agrigento Airfield was a military airfield in Sicily , just to the northwest of Agrigento ; approximately 5 km northeast of Porto Empedocle . A pre - war Regia Aeronautica Italian Air Force base , the airfield was a primary objective of the Operation Husky landings . After being secured , it was used by the United States Army Air Forces Twelfth Air Force 31st Fighter Group , equipped with three squadrons ( 307th , 308th 309th ) of Supermarine Spitfire s . Later , it was a command and control base for the 52d Troop Carrier Wing from 1 September 1943 – 13 February 1944 . The airfield is also notable because many Italian Air Force airplanes landed at Agrigento in the days immediately following the armistice between Italy and the Allied armed forces in early September 1943 . The Regia Aeronautica 8 Gruppo Macchi C . 200 fighters landed at Agrigento on 13 September . Most were worn out and obsolete , no longer useful for combat , however Italian crews scrounged any parts that they could to keep their aircraft flying against the Germans . Later , the Italian Co - Belligerent Air Force ( ICBAF or ACI ) was formed and incorporated these aircraft . After the American use of the base ended , it was turned over to the Italian Air Force for its use . Today , the site of the airfield is abandoned , although several runways and what appears to be a former sports facility ( also abandoned ) is visible at the former airfield site .
Combat Logistics Regiment 17 Combat Logistics Regiment 17 ( CLR - 17 ) is a logistics regiment of the United States Marine Corps . They fall under the command of the 1st Marine Logistics Group ( 1st MLG ) , I Marine Expeditionary Force ( I MEF ) . The unit is based out of Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton , California . When assigned , CLR - 17 becomes the Logistics Combat Element of 1st Marine Expeditionary Brigade ( 1st MEB ) . Mission . Provide distribution and throughput to I MEF and echelonment of 1st MLG combat service support capability across I MEF ’ s battlespace . Be prepared to serve as the forward element of the 1st MLG . Be prepared to serve as the combat service support element of the 1st Marine Expeditionary Brigade ( 1st MEB ) . History . Originally activated on 30 March 1976 as Headquarters and Service Battalion , 1st Force Service Support Group ( 1st FSSG ) .
George Fiott Day Captain George Fiott Day VC CB ( 20 June 1820 – 18 December 1876 ) was one of the earliest English recipients of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . He was also a Chevalier of the Legion of Honour . George Fiott Day was born in Southampton . He joined the Royal Navy as a First Class Volunteer in 1833 . His first vessel sailed to the Pacific Ocean and was wrecked off the coast of Patagonia in 1835 . After serving off the west coast of Africa , in 1838 he departed for six and a half years service in the Mediterranean Sea , taking part in the bombardment of St . John d ' Acre on the Syrian coast in 1840 . From 1845 to 1848 , he served in Africa , before departing for the Cape of Good Hope and the coast of Brazil . During the hostilities between the Argentine Confederation and Buenos Aires , he patrolled the Rivers of Paraguay and the Río de la Plata . In 1854 , he was sent to the Baltic Sea , and then back to the Mediterranean Fleet , and eventually to the Black Sea in 1855 , where he won his Victoria Cross . He was 35 years old , and a lieutenant in the Royal Navy during the Crimean War : In 1857 , he was again off the west coast of Africa , and in late 1858 he sailed for the China station . He was placed on the Captain ' s retired list in February , 1867 , owing to ill health . He retired with the rank of Captain . In 1858 , he married Mary Ruddell - Todd , the daughter of James Ruddell - Todd ( 1788 – 1852 ) M . P . , and his wife Eliza Henrietta Campbell , daughter of daughter of ( 1771 – 1840 ) , 5th of Inverneill House . His wife ' s maternal grandfather was a brother of Sir James Campbell of Inverneill and a nephew of General Sir Archibald Campbell . Mrs Day was a first cousin of Emily Georgina Carter - Campbell of Possil and Willoughby Harcourt Carter . The Days were the parents of three daughters . Captain Day died at Weston - super - Mare , where he is buried .
Elevation ( ballistics ) In ballistics , the elevation is the angle between the horizontal plane and the direction of the barrel of a gun , mortar or heavy artillery . Originally , elevation was a " linear " measure of how high the gunners had to physically lift the muzzle of a gun up from the gun carriage to hit targets at a certain distance . Pre - WWI and WWI . Though firearms were relatively easy to fire back then , artillery was not . Before and during World War I , the only way to effectively fire artillery was plotting points on a plane . Most artillery units seldom employed their cannons in small numbers . Instead of using pin - point artillery firing they used old means of " fire for effect " using artillery en masse . This tactic was employed successfully by past armies . But changes have been made since past wars and in World War I , artillery was more accurate than before , although not as accurate as modern artillery guns . The tactics of artillery from previous wars were carried on , and still had similar success . Warships and battleships also carried large caliber guns that needed to be elevated to certain degrees to accurately hit targets , and they also had the similar drawbacks of land artillery . WWII and beyond . As time passed on , more accurate artillery guns were made , and they came in different varieties . Small artillery pieces were used as mortar s , medium sized artillery guns became tank gun s , and the largest artillery guns became long range land batteries and battleship armaments . With the introduction of better tanks in World War II , elevation was once again a problem for tank gunners , which had to aim through the Gunner ' s Auxiliary Sight s ( GAS ) or even through iron sight s . Though the problem was not that evident as tanks fired rounds at a higher velocity than normal artillery , making aiming less of a hassle . As with World War I , World War II artillery was almost like its old counterpart . But in the war came the introduction of the FCS or the fire - control system , which made firing artillery accurately easier . With the advancements in the 21st century , it has become easy to determine how much elevation a gun needed to hit a target . The laser rangefinder is a modern component of FCS , and can accurately determine the range of the target , thereby calculating how much elevation the gun needs , making modern day guns highly accurate .