naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Casemate ironclad The casemate ironclad is a type of iron or iron - armored gunboat briefly used in the American Civil War . Compared to the turreted ironclad warship s that became standard , the casemate ironclad does not have its cannons in an armored gun deck , but instead has a casemate structure ( often sloped ) on the main deck housing the guns . As the guns are carried on the top of the ship yet still fire through fixed gunports , the casemate ironclad is seen as an intermediate stage between the traditional broadside frigate and the modern warships . In its general appearance , a casemate ironclad consisted of a low - cut hull with little freeboard , upon which an armored casemate structure was built . This casemate housed anywhere from 2 to 15 cannons , most of them in broadside positions as in classical warships . The casemate was heavily armored ( later Confederate ironclads had three layers of 2 " steel ) over heavy wood backing . and was sloped to deflect direct hits ( a 35 - degree angle quickly becoming standard ) . Armor was also applied to the part of the hull above the waterline . The casemate was often box shaped , with octagon shapes appearing in the later stages of the war . From the top of the casemate protruded an armored lookout structure that served as a pilothouse , and one or two smokestacks . The casemate ironclad being steam driven , either by screws or by paddle - wheels , it did not need sails or masts , although sometimes , when not in combat , temporary pulley - masts , flagpoles , davits , and awnings were added . Inside the casemate , the guns were housed in one continuous deck . Unlike with turret ironclads , the guns had to fire through fixed gunports and therefore aiming was done by moving the gun relative to the gunport . This was labor intensive and often up to 20 men were needed to load , aim , fire , and clean a gun , and even with this manpower the firing rate was no better than one shot per five minutes . Although the Union successfully used a fleet of casemate ironclad riverboats in their Mississippi Campaign , the casemate ironclad is mostly associated with the Confederacy . This is partly due to the Battle of Hampton Roads , in which the Union turreted ironclad USS " Monitor " and the Confederate casemate ironclad CSS " Virginia " ( sometimes called the Merrimack ) dueled , giving rise to the popular notion that " The North had " Monitors " while the South had ( casemate ) ironclads " . In effect , the Confederacy concentrated its efforts on casemate ironclads as a means to harass the Union blockade of their ports , but this was a choice dictated by available technology and materials rather than by confidence in the possibilities of this type .
Carl Rodenburg Carl Rodenburg ( 17 May 1894 – 5 November 1992 ) was a German general who commanded the 76 . Infanterie - Division during the Battle of Stalingrad . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross and its higher grade Oak Leaves was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . Carl Rodenburg was taken prisoner by Soviet troops on 31 January 1943 , during the Battle of Stalingrad . He was held until 1955 .
Mast ( naval ) In naval tradition , a mast is a non - judicial punishment ( " NJP " ) disciplinary hearing under which a commanding officer studies and disposes of cases involving those in his command . If the officer conducting the proceeding is either a captain , or a lower ranking officer ( typically a commander or lieutenant commander ) serving as commanding officer of a naval or coast guard vessel , an aviation squadron , or similar command afloat or ashore , then the proceeding is referred to as a captain ' s mast . If an admiral is overseeing the mast , then the procedure is referred to as an admiral ' s mast or a flag mast . A captain ' s mast or admiral ' s mast is a procedure whereby the commanding officer must : A captain ' s mast is not : In the United States Navy and United States Coast Guard , these proceedings take place under the authority of Article 15 of the Uniform Code of Military Justice ( UCMJ ) . The term " mast " may also refer to when a captain or commanding officer makes themself available to hear concerns , complaints or requests from their crew . Traditionally , on a naval vessel , the captain would stand at the main mast of that vessel when holding " mast . " The crew , who by custom did not speak with the captain , could speak to him directly at these times . It could also refer to the naval punishment of tying one to a mast and lashing them with a whip . In modern times , a meritorious mast refers to the commanding officer taking this time to single out a member of the crew for praise and present written recognition of work well done .
French military mission to Greece ( 1911 – 14 ) The 1911 – 1914 French military mission to Greece was called to Greece by the government of Eleftherios Venizelos to reorganize the Hellenic Army , parallel to a British naval mission for the Royal Hellenic Navy . The French mission arrived in January 1911 , under the command of General Joseph - Paul Eydoux , replaced in April 1914 by General Étienne de Villaret ( who had also served in a mission to Japan earlier in his career ) . It remained in the country until the outbreak of World War I in August 1914 , when it was repatriated . Greece ' s defeat in the Greco - Turkish War of 1897 had highlighted the many deficiencies of the Greek military . Successive efforts to modernize and reorganize the Greek army were undertaken by the Georgios Theotokis cabinets in the 1900s , but the heightening of tensions in the Balkans after the Bosnian Crisis made a thorough reorganization imperative . Ever since its establishment during the Greek War of Independence , the Greek Army had followed French models , and there had even been a prior French military mission in 1884 – 1887 . The choice however was contested between the French and the Germans , the latter favoured by the Army ' s Inspector General , Crown Prince Constantine , and the mostly German - trained officers of the General Staff . The French were favoured by many of the officers who had partaken in the 1909 Goudi coup , as well as by Prime Minister Venizelos himself , for political reasons . The French mission was given extraordinary powers , with French officers placed as department heads and in charge of Greek military formations , while Eydoux himself , a Major General in the French Army , was given the rank of Lieutenant General in the Greek Army ; at the time , a rank held only by the Crown Prince . The mission revised training and organization structures , leading to the highly successful May 1912 field exercises . Despite their work being incomplete , the changes brought by the mission had a measurable effect on Greek performance in the Balkan Wars , which began in October 1912 . Critically , the strength of the mobilized army was increased from 60 , 000 to some 100 , 000 men , with a further 135 , 000 in reserves , and the new triangular division scheme was adopted , well ahead of the major Western European armies .
Taysir Hayb Idier Wahid Taysir Hayb ( or al - Heib ) was an Israeli sergeant in the Israel Defense Forces , who shot International Solidarity Movement civilian activist Tom Hurndall , while on duty in Gaza on April 11 , 2003 . Hurndall died in January 2004 , after a nine - month coma . Hayb was sentenced to eight years for manslaughter . His sentence was reduced in July 2010 . He is the brother of Amira al Hayb , the first Israeli Bedouin female to join the IDF . Investigation and Trial . Initially , Hayb claimed he had shot at a man in military fatigues , who was firing at soldiers . However , photographic evidence clearly showed that Hurndall was wearing a bright orange jacket , denoting he was a foreigner . Hayb was an award - winning marksman and his rifle had a telescopic sight . He said he aimed four inches from Hurndall ' s head , ' but he moved ' . Hayb claimed a policy of shooting at unarmed civilians existed at the time . Subsequently , Hayb admitted fabricating his account of events . In May 2004 , Taysir Hayb went on trial for manslaughter in the death of Tom Hurndall , obstruction of justice and unbecoming behaviour . In August 2005 , he was convicted of manslaughter and obstruction of justice and sentenced to a total of eight years imprisonment . Release . Hayb was to be released in August 2010 , after an army committee headed by Advocate - General Avichai Mandelblit decided to shorten his sentence due to good behavior . The army committee dismissed arguments from military prosecutors , that the early release could harm relations between Israel and the United Kingdom , and said he " no longer posed any threat to society in their view . " Hayb was finally released on September 8 , 2010 , after having served six and a half years of his sentence .
Mohamed Djaanfari Mohamed Djaanfari ( born 1952 ) is a politician in The Comoros . He is a retired French air force officer , local transportation tycoon and Vice - President of the Assembly of the Union of the Comoros . He contested the 2006 presidential elections and ended up losing badly to Ahmed Abdallah Mohamed Sambi . He received only 13 . 65 % of the national vote on 14 May 2006 , compared to Sambi ' s 58 . 02 % . Djaanfari is a deputy in the Assembly from Sima . He was a candidate in the June 2008 presidential election on Anjouan , losing to Moussa Toybou in a second round of voting . He received 47 . 58 % of the vote against 52 . 42 % for Toybou .
Casimir Cartwright van Straubenzee Major - General Sir Casimir Cartwright van Straubenzee KBE CB CMG ( 11 November 1867 – 28 March 1956 ) , was a British soldier of the Royal Engineers . Education and career . < nowiki > The son of Colonel Bowen van Straubenzee ( 1829 – 1898 ) of < / nowiki > Spennithorne , Yorkshire , and Anne Macaulay Cartwright , daughter of The Hon . John Solomon Cartwright . Educated at Trinity College School , Port Hope and Royal Military College of Canada in Kingston , Ontario , graduating in 1898 . He served on the RMC staff 1898 - 1903 . He played cricket for the Royal Engineers from 1892 to 1908 , and one first - class game in 1899 for the MCC . He also played for Canada in 1900 . He was the author of " Recollections of Sportsmen and Sport in Days of Yore " . He was Inspector - General of the Royal Artillery from 1917 to 1918 and then served as General Officer Commanding Singapore during World War I . He was commanding officer of the Malaya Command from 1927 to 1931 . This command of British Commonwealth forces was formed in the 1920s for the coordination of the defences of Malaya and Singapore . In 1909 he married Ethel Purcell VanKoughnet ( d . 1949 ) , whose father , Mathew Robert VanKoughnet ( 1824 – 1874 ) of Toronto , was a first cousin of van Straubenzee ' s mother . She was a niece of Philip Michael Matthew Scott VanKoughnet . He died 28 March 1956 , Lansdown , Bath , Somerset . Legacy . He was the sitter for two of the portraits in the National Gallery , London . Straubenzee , the fictional maker of Colonel Sebastian Moran ' s air - gun in Sherlock Holmes ' ' The Adventure of the Empty House ' , is identified as Major - General Casimir Cartwright Van Straubenzee ( 1866 – 1956 ) .
USS Brooks ( DD - 232 ) USS " Brooks " ( DD - 232 / APD - 10 ) was a " Clemson " - class destroyer in the United States Navy during World War II . She was named for Lieutenant John Brooks , Jr . . " Brooks " was launched 24 April 1919 by New York Shipbuilding Company ; sponsored by Mrs . George S . Keyes , grandniece of Lieutenant Brooks ; and commissioned 18 June 1920 , Lieutenant D . M . Dalton in command . Service history . " Brooks " left Philadelphia , Pennsylvania for European waters 26 August 1920 . She was first assigned to the Baltic Patrol for a short time and then the Naval Forces in the Adriatic Sea . She joined the United States Naval Forces in Turkish waters in June 1921 . Brooks departed for the United States 26 September 1921 and arrived at New York City 19 October . She was then assigned to the Scouting Fleet , U . S . Fleet , and participated in Fleet maneuvers in the Caribbean , Atlantic , and Pacific until placed out of commission in reserve at Philadelphia Navy Yard 20 January 1931 . " Brooks " was recommissioned at Philadelphia Navy Yard 18 June 1932 , and assigned to the Scouting Force , participating in fleet operations on both coasts until going out of commission in reserve at Philadelphia 2 September 1938 . She was recommissioned 25 April 1939 and assigned to the Neutrality Patrol on the Atlantic coast where she remained until she joined the Local Defense Force , 13th Naval District , in November 1940 . " Brooks " was operating with this force when the United States entered World War II . World War II . As a patrol and escort ship , " Brooks " operated between California , Washington , and Alaska during the first year of World War II . On 20 September 1942 , she arrived at Seattle , Washington , to commence conversion to a high speed transport . On 1 December 1942 her classification was changed to APD - 10 and she was assigned to the South Pacific . She served as a transport and minesweeper during the Lae , New Guinea , landings ( 4 – 14 September 1943 ) ; Finschhafen , New Guinea , landings ( 22 and 29 – 30 September ) ; Cape Gloucester , New Britain , assault ( 26 and 28 – 29 December ) ; Saidor , New Guinea , landings ( 2 January - 17 February 1944 ) ; Admiralty Islands landings ( 29 February - 5 March and 19 March ) ; Hollandia , New Guinea , assault ( 22 – 28 April ) ; capture of Saipan ( 14 – 22 June ) ; Leyte occupation ( 18 November - 4 December ) ; Mindoro invasion ( 12 – 18 December ) ; and the Lingayen Gulf , Luzon , landings ( 3 – 6 January 1945 ) . Fate . On 6 January 1945 , a Japanese " kamikaze " crashed into " Brooks " s port side starting a fire amidships . The main and auxiliary steam lines were severed ; the fire main broken ; and the sea valve to the condenser was pierced , causing the forward engine room to flood . Three of " Brooks " s crew were killed and 11 wounded . She was towed to San Pedro , California , and decommissioned there 2 August 1945 . " Brooks " was sold 30 January 1946 . Awards . " Brooks " received the Navy Unit Commendation and six battle star s for her World War II service . As of 2005 , no other U . S . Navy ships have been named " Brooks " .
Sebastián Pozas Perea Sebastián Pozas Perea ( Zaragoza , 1876 – 1946 ) was a Spanish military officer and civil servant . Early life . Trained in the cavalry , Pozas offered a long service in Spanish Morocco , fighting in the Rif Wars and attaining the rank of general in 1926 , by order of the Miguel Primo de Rivera government . In the 1930s , Pozas served the Republic as Director General of the " Guardia Civil " . Spanish Civil War . When the Nationalists rose against the government on June 18 , 1936 , leading to the Spanish Civil War , Pozas remained loyal and rallied large numbers of police and paramilitary units to the Republic . In the opening days of war he reorganized the " Guardia Civil " into the " Guardia Nacional Republicana " . Pozas briefly served as Minister of the Interior before being put in command of the Army of the Center , in October 1936 . Nearly overwhelmed along the Jarama in February 1937 , the Army of the Centre ultimately flung back the Nationalist pincers closing around Madrid after a bloody campaign culminating in the Battle of Guadalajara . In May Pozas , who has been appointed commander of the Army of the East , led a costly attack toward Huesca that cost the Republic 10 , 000 casualties . Pozas led the Republican Army of the East at Belchite and Teruel . It is said that during the war he also joined the PSUC ) though pro - Soviet sources reject this claim . Exile and death . In 1939 , with the Republic defeated , Pozas journeyed in exile to Mexico , where he died in 1946 .
Kosmos 1409 Kosmos 1409 ( meaning " Cosmos 1409 " ) was a Soviet US - K missile early warning satellite which was launched in 1982 as part of the Soviet military ' s Oko programme . The satellite was designed to identify missile launches using optical telescopes and infrared sensors . Kosmos 1409 was launched from Site 16 / 2 at Plesetsk Cosmodrome in the Russian SSR . A Molniya - M carrier rocket with a 2BL upper stage was used to perform the launch , which took place at 06 : 23 UTC on 22 September 1982 . The launch successfully placed the satellite into a molniya orbit . It subsequently received its Kosmos designation , and the international designator 1982 - 095A . The United States Space Command assigned it the Satellite Catalog Number 13585 . It re - entered the Earth ' s atmosphere on 8 June 2009 .
155 K 83 The Tampella 155 K 83 is a Finnish towed 155 mm field gun , manufactured in the 1980s by Tampella . History . The development process for the 155 K 83 began in 1960 when Tampella presented their concept of a new 122 mm gun for the Finnish Army . It was a sound concept , but quite a heavy gun . It was only ordered in small numbers . In order to take advantage of the design , a decision was made to further develop this into a 155 mm gun . Through a number of development stages the 155 K 83 was born . The drawings were also used to develop the Israeli Soltam M - 68 , which , after improvements , became the Soltam M - 71 ( designated the G4 in Singapore , Thailand and South Africa ) . Some guns have been modernized to 155 K 83 - 97 standard . The gun design was further modified in the late 1990s . The gun , called 155 GH 52 APU ( or 155 K 98 in Finnish Army service ) , was given a longer , 52 calibre barrel and an auxiliary power unit , enabling it to move by its own power .
Royal Marines Museum The Royal Marines Museum is located in Eastney ( Portsmouth ) , England , and is open to the public throughout the year . A registered charity , it is also a designated service museum under the terms of the National Heritage Act 1983 and receives Grant - in - Aid from the Ministry of Defence ( MoD ) . During 2011 it formally became part of the National Museum of the Royal Navy , an executive non - departmental public body of the MoD . History of the Museum . Established in October 1958 , the Museum represents the history of the Royal Marines from their beginnings in 1664 through to the present day . The Museum is located in the former Eastney Barracks which was originally constructed as the Headquarters of the Royal Marine Artillery in the 1860s . On the 28th of October 2008 - The Museum ' s 50th birthday - the Royal Marines Museum won the " Best Small Visitor Attraction of the Year " award from Tourism South East , recognising its excellence , both in terms of exhibitions and the quality of the customer service provided . Museum Collections . Highlights of the Museum include the " Medal Room " , with over 8000 medals on show ( including all 10 Victoria Cross es awarded to the Corps ) . In September 2008 , the Museum successfully purchased a rare medal for £41 , 000 ( thanks to a contribution of £28 , 000 from the National Heritage Memorial Fund ) ; the Naval General Service Medal with Trafalgar clasp was awarded to Lt Lewis Buckle Reeve who , following serious injury at the Battle of Trafalgar , was laid next to the mortally - wounded Nelson on board HMS Victory . This medal is now on show alongside Lt Reeve ' s Muster List of Royal Marines on - board HMS " Victory " at Trafalgar . Museum Displays . Displays include The Making of the Royal Marines Commando exhibition , a major display highlighting the demands of the 32 - week training course undertaken by all Royal Marines recruits . March 2009 saw the launch of the " Beverley Gallery " - an area dedicated to a rolling programme of Special Exhibitions highlighting a broad range of subjects to a variety of audiences . The first exhibition was entitled " Return to Helmand : The Royal Marines in Afghanistan " and opened by the Commandant General Royal Marines , Major General Garry Robison . The second - ran from April to October 2010 - was entitled " Griff - Thinker , Painter , Forger , Spy ? " and celebrates the memorable life of Captain Guy Griffiths , a Royal Marine pilot . The last Special Exhibition was called " Commando Mind " and celebrated the strength of mind used by Royal Marines to achieve extraordinary results in the face of , often difficult , challenges - physical , mental or environmental .
Ariobarzanes , Satrap of Persis Ariobarzanes ( in ) also spelled as Ario Barzan or Aryo Barzan ( meaning " exalting the Aryans " ) , was a Persian satrap and military commander who led a last stand of the Persian army at the Battle of the Persian Gate against Macedonian King Alexander the Great in the winter of 330 BC . Family . Satrap or Satrapes , derived from Old Persian xsatrapa , means the Protector of the Land , and it was the name given to the provincial governors in the ancient Achaemenid Empire . Darius I or Darius the Great ( 522 - 486 BC ) established 20 satraps with an annual tribute . Appointed by the king , satraps were usually of the royal family or Iranian nobility and held office indefinitely . They collected taxes , were the highest judicial authority , and were responsible for internal security and for raising and maintaining an army . A satrap was assisted by a council of Iranian noblemen , to which also provincials were admitted ; and was controlled by a royal secretary and by emissaries of the king , especially the Eyes of the King . After the fall of Achaemenid Empire , Alexander the Great and his successors retained the satraps . His sister was the ancient Persian noblewoman and warrior , Youtab . Life . Though the exact birth - date of Ariobarzanes is unknown , it is speculated that he was born around 368 BC . Ariobarzanes was made satrap of Persis ( the southern province of Fars in present - day Iran ) in 335 BC by Darius III . For many researchers it is surprising that Darius III Codomannus had appointed a satrap for Persepolis and Persis . It seems that previously , this office did not exist . Ariobarzanes commanded part of the Persian Army fighting against the Ancient Macedonians at Gaugamela in 331 BC . Death . Following the Persian defeat at Gaugamela , Darius III realized he could not defend his capital Persepolis and travelled east to rebuild his armies , leaving Ariobarzanes in command . Meanwhile Alexander the Great split his army and led his 14 , 000 strong force towards the Persian capital via the Persian Gates . There Ariobarzanes successfully ambushed Alexander the Great ' s army , inflicting heavy casualties . The Persian success at the Battle of the Persian Gate was short lived though ; after being held off for 30 days Alexander the Great outflanked and destroyed the defenders . Ariobarzanes himself was killed either during the battle or during the retreat to Persepolis . Some sources indicate that the Persian were betrayed by a captured tribal chief who showed the Macedonians an alternate path that allowed them to outflank Ariobarzanes .
Royal Air Force Chaplains Branch The Royal Air Force Chaplains Branch provides military chaplain s for the Royal Air Force of the United Kingdom . Training . RAF chaplains and candidates receive training at the Armed Forces Chaplaincy Centre , which is located at Amport House . Endorsing authorities . To serve in the Chaplains Branch , chaplains and candidates must be endorsed by a religious body . RAF Commissioned Chaplains are accepted from the various Christian denominations . The British military forces are also served by " tri - service chaplains " from other world faiths , including Buddhist , Hindu , Muslim , and Sikh . Central church . The central church of the Chaplains Branch is St Clement Danes Church .
11th Air Support Operations Squadron The United States Air Force ' s 11th Air Support Operations Squadron ( 11 ASOS ) is a combat support unit located at Fort Hood , Texas . The 11 ASOS provides Tactical Command and Control of air power assets to the Joint Forces Air Component Commander and Joint Forces Land Component Commander for combat operations .