naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Henry C . Snodgrass Henry Clay Snodgrass was an American politician and a member of the United States House of Representatives for the 3rd congressional district of Tennessee . Biography . Snodgrass was born on March 29 , 1848 near Sparta , Tennessee in White County . He attended Sparta Academy , studied law at Cumberland University in Lebanon , Tennessee , and was admitted to the bar in 1870 . He commenced practice in Sparta , Tennessee and engaged in agricultural pursuits . Career . During the Civil War , Snodgrass served as a private in the Confederate Army . From 1878 to 1884 , he was the attorney general of the fifth judicial circuit . Snodgrass was elected as a Democrat to the 52nd and 53rd Congresses . He served from March 4 , 1891 to March 3 , 1895 , but he was not a successful candidate for re - election to the 54th Congress . He was a delegate to the Democratic National Convention in 1896 . He resumed the practice of his profession in Sparta , Tennessee in White County . Snodgrass moved to Gould , Oklahoma and engaged in agricultural pursuits . Death . Snodgrass died on April 22 , 1931 ( age 83 years , 24 days ) in Altus , Oklahoma . He is interred at Altus Cemetery . He was the uncle of fellow Tennessee congressman Charles Edward Snodgrass .
San Jacinto Day San Jacinto Day is the celebration of the Battle of San Jacinto on April 21 , 1836 . It was the final battle of the Texas Revolution where Texas won its independence from Mexico . It is an official holiday in the State of Texas . An annual festival , which includes a reenactment , is held on the site of the battle . The Sabine Volunteers , a reenactment group from East Texas , participate in the San Jacinto Reenactment annually . This group is named for an actual militia group during the Texas Revolution . The reenactment group consists of four members and has appeared on the History Channel . A documentary entitled THE RE - ENACTORS OF SAN JACINTO directed by Emmy - winner Allen Morris , was released in 2010 and shown on HoustonPBS . The documentary details the annual San Jacinto Day celebration and shows the reenactment of the 18 minute battle .
3rd Pennsylvania Regiment The 3rd Pennsylvania Regiment , first known as the 2nd Pennsylvania Battalion , was raised on December 9 , 1775 , at Philadelphia , Pennsylvania for service with the Continental Army . The regiment would see action during the Battle of Valcour Island , Battle of Brandywine , Battle of Germantown , Battle of Monmouth and the Battle of Springfield . The regiment was furloughed , on June 11 , 1783 , at Philadelphia , Pennsylvania and disbanded on November 15 , 1783 .
USS Brownsville ( PF - 10 ) USS " Brownsville " ( PF - 10 ) , a , was the only ship of the United States Navy to be named for Brownsville , Texas . " Brownsville " ( PF - 10 ) was laid down on 14 September 1943 at Richmond , California , by Kaiser Cargo , Inc . , under a Maritime Commission contract ( MC hull 1428 ) ; launched on 14 November 1943 , sponsored by Mrs . Lillian Runyon Gurney ; and commissioned on 6 May 1944 , with Commander Hollis M . Warner , USCG , in command . Service history . United States Navy . " Brownsville " completed outfitting at Richmond between 6 May and 19 June . At the end of this , on 19 June , the patrol frigate headed south to San Diego , California , where she engaged in a month of shakedown training . On 21 July , she completed that training and began post - shakedown availability at Alameda and Oakland , California . After several extensions , she completed her repair period near the end of September , and reported for duty at San Diego on 28 September . " Brownsville " spent her entire , brief Navy career assigned to the Commander , Western Sea Frontier . From September 1944 to April 1945 , she served in the Southern California Sector , operating out of San Diego . She conducted barrier patrols and escorted coastal shipping in addition to amphibious training and anti - submarine warfare exercises . After April 1945 , the patrol frigate moved to the Northern California Sector and , after a brief assignment patrol ling off the entrance to San Francisco Bay , began weather patrols and planeguard duty out of San Francisco . That duty , punctuated by repair periods at Treasure Island , lasted until 15 April 1946 , when she was decommissioned , turned over to the Coast Guard on a loan basis , and commissioned as USCGC " Brownsville " . United States Coast Guard . The Coast Guard made use of her only until the following August . On 2 August 1946 , she was decommissioned once more and later returned to the Navy . Declared surplus to the needs of the Navy , " Brownsville " was berthed at Seattle , Washington , for more than a year . Her name was struck from the Navy List on 25 September 1946 , and she was sold to the Franklin Shipwrecking Company on 30 September 1947 for scrapping .
Walter Salzmann Walter Salzmann ( 12 December 1913 – 20 February 2000 ) was a highly decorated Major in the Wehrmacht during World War II . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership .
Guías de Navarra The Guías de Navarra ( " Navarre Guides " ) were a Carlist battalion of the First Carlist War , created by Zumalacárregui in 1834 . Their name was a misnomer : they were neither Navarrese nor guides , but captured Liberal troops from La Mancha , Valencia , Andalusia and other places who had been made prisoners at the Battle of Alsasua ( April 22 , 1834 ) . After this battle , they had been faced with the choice of joining the Carlist troops or being executed . They were given distinctive red berets that had initially been rejected by other Carlist troops as headgear . The Carlist troops had lacked a regular uniform and had used instead the black beret that was already worn in the Basque region . Zumalacárregui gave these troops distinctive red berets , purchased in France , as a type of uniform . At first , the red berets were accepted with joy by Carlist officers , but they then realized that Liberal sharpshooters found the red berets to be a good target . The red berets were thus retired and hidden in a house in Eulate . When he created the Guías de Navarra , Zumalacárregui ordered that these red berets be brought to him and given to this new battalion , which was , in any case , used for the most dangerous missions . The battalion was officered by Carlist volunteers from abroad . The Guías de Navarra were utilized for the most dangerous or risky missions , and Zumalacárregui soon favored them . Serving the battalion as an officer soon became considered an honor by the Carlists . After the death of Zumalacárregui , the prestige accorded this battalion meant that it was no longer used for the most dangerous missions . They participated in the Battle of Alegría de Álava ( October 27 , 1834 ) . The Guías de Navarra were fully integrated in 1836 into the Carlist army as a regular battalion . Description , equipment , and uniforms . The " Álbum de las tropas carlistas del ejército del norte " states that they were a battalion of 800 men and that their uniform consisted of a gray " casaquilla " ( a kind of short and loose jacket with sleeves , which was worn over other clothes ) with a yellow series of holes for the buttons on the breast of the check ; a red beret ; a bag ; and " alpargata s " , a sort of light sandal made of hemp . Their weapons were a rifle , bayonet , and bandolier . According to Alexis Sabatier , their yellow buttonholes on their gray cloaks caused soldiers from the other battalions to call the Guías de Navarra " sardinas " ( " sardines " ) .
Claw of Archimedes The Claw ( , " harpágē " , " snatcher " ) of Archimedes ( also known as the " iron hand " ) was an ancient weapon devised by Archimedes to defend the seaward portion of Syracuse ' s city wall against amphibious assault . Although its exact nature is unclear , the accounts of ancient historians seem to describe it as a sort of crane equipped with a grappling hook that was able to lift attacking ships partly out of the water , then either cause the ship to capsize or suddenly drop it . These machines featured prominently during the Second Punic War in 214 BC , when the Roman Republic attacked Syracuse with a fleet of at least 120 Quinquereme s under Marcus Claudius Marcellus . When the Roman fleet approached the city walls under cover of darkness , the machines were deployed , sinking many ships and throwing the attack into confusion . Historians such as Polybius and Livy attributed heavy Roman losses to these machines , together with catapult s also devised by Archimedes . The plausibility of this invention was tested in 1999 in the BBC series " Secrets of the Ancients " and again in early 2005 in the Discovery Channel series " Superweapons of the Ancient World " . The producers of " Superweapons " brought together a group of engineers tasked with conceiving and implementing a design that was realistic , given what we know about Archimedes . Within seven days they were able to test their creation , and they did succeed in tipping over a model of a Roman ship so that it would sink . While this does not prove the existence of the Claw , it suggests that it would have been possible .
USS Waxahachie ( YTB - 814 ) USS " Waxahachie " ( YTB - 814 ) , sometimes misspelled Waxahatchie , was a United States Navy large district harbor tug named for Waxahachie , Texas . Construction and commissioning . The contract for " Waxahachie " was awarded 22 June 1970 . She was laid down down on 1 April 1971 at Sturgeon Bay , Wisconsin , by Peterson Builders and launched 9 September 1971 . Operational history . Delivered to the Navy on 4 January 1972 at Pearl Harbor , Hawaii , " Waxahachie " was assigned to the 14th Naval District . She continued to serve the fleet actively , providing tug and tow services , as well as pilot assistance , at the busy Pacific Fleet base at Pearl Harbor into 1980 . On 3 August 2007 , was reclassified as an Unclassified miscellaneous vessel , stripped of her name and given the hull number IX - 545 . For the remainder of her career , IX - 545 served as a reusable target vehicle . Stricken from the Navy List 27 September 2011 , ex - " Waxahachie " awaits disposal .
Jens Matzen Ingwer ( Jens ) Matzen ( 22 October 1914 in Morsum , district of Niebüll – 29 February 1980 in Flensburg ) was a German Schnellboot commander in World War II and recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross . In 1955 he joined the post - war German Navy where he held the positions of the first Commander 1 . Fast Patrol Boat Squadron ( 1956 - 1958 ) and Commander Fast Patrol Boat Command ( 1964 - 1968 ) . Thus he contributed to rebuilding the German Schnellboot force . Finally , he served as " Inspizient der Marinewaffen " ( Inspector of naval armaments ) in the Marineamt . He retired as a captain .
Defence Materiel Administration ( Sweden ) The Swedish Defence Materiel Administration ( " Försvarets materielverk " , FMV ) is a Swedish government agency that reports to the Ministry of Defence . The agency is responsible for the supply of materiel to the Swedish defence organisation . It is located in Stockholm .
Long Airfield Long Airfield was a World War II military airfield located near Hayes Creek , Northern Territory , Australia . Also known as " Long Strip " , the airfield was constructed in late 1943 by No . 14 Airfield Construction Squadron RAAF . The bitumen surfaced runway was wide . Fifty three aircraft dispersal bays with some protected with earth revetments were also constructed . Long Airfield was generally employed in an associated and support role for nearby Fenton Airfield . The airfield has been abandoned since 1945 . Viewed from the air , the remains of the main runway are visible , along with taxiways and aircraft hardstands visible , but in a very deteriorated state . No buildings or other structures remain . The airfield is accessible by road by traveling south on Stuart Highway ( Highway 1 ) then turning west on Dorat Road ( Highway 23 ) , then turning south after about on Douglas Road . The airfield lies to the east , after about , by crossing some scrubland . A 4 wheel drive vehicle is recommended for the offroad travel . Operations . The B - 24 Liberator s from the 529th and 530th Bomb Squadrons moved to Long Field from Manbulloo Airfield and attacked Japanese airfields , ground installations , shipping , and industries in the Netherlands East Indies and the Bismarck Archipelago . Other missions included disruption of enemy sea channels ; dropping photoflash bombs and propaganda pamphlets . Both squadrons were reassigned to Darwin in July 1944 .
Édouard Depreux Édouard Gustave Depreux ( 31 October 1898 – 16 October 1981 ) was a French socialist journalist , essayist , and politician of the French Fourth Republic ; he was born in Viesly ( " département " of Nord ) and died in Paris . Early career . Born in Viesly , Depreux moved with his family to Sceaux , Hauts - de - Seine in 1913 . A soldier in World War I , Depreux was injured in a gas attack , and was subsequently awarded the Croix de guerre . He joined the Section Française de l ' Internationale Ouvrière ( SFIO ) at age 20 , being influenced by the ideas of Jean Jaurès and Jean Longuet ; he studied Philosophy , Law , and Humanities , before becoming a lawyer . After serving as a member of the Sceaux " commune " council in 1935 , and as a council member for Seine ( 1938 – 1941 ) , he joined the French Resistance in the fight against the Nazi German military occupation , and held a high - ranking position in the SFIO executive committee , being the editor of the illegal newspaper " Le Populaire " . After the liberation of Paris , Depreux became mayor of Sceaux ( a position he would hold until 1959 ) , and a member of the " Assemblée Consultative Provisoire " that served as the legislature of France prior to the creation of the Fourth Republic ; he then was elected to the French Parliament for successive terms between 1946 and 1958 . As Minister and PSU leader . A Minister of the Interior between 24 June 1946 and 24 November 1947 ( in the Ministries of Georges Bidault , Léon Blum , and Paul Ramadier ) , he imposed the voting of an " Organic Statute of Algeria " , confirming partial autonomy for the colony of Algeria . In 1947 , he revealed the existence of an American - sponsored secret " " stay - behind army " " in France codenamed " Plan Bleu " . He was Minister of Education in Robert Schuman ' s first cabinet ( February – July 1948 ) . Hostile to the European Defence Community plan proposed by René Pleven , and highly critical of the colonialism accommodated by the SFIO , Depreux nonetheless led the Party ' s group in the French National Assembly on two occasions . At the same time , he became an opponent of Charles de Gaulle and Gaullism , and declared his dissatisfaction with the proclamation of the Fifth Republic . Édouard Depreux left the SFIO to enter the new Autonomous Socialist Party ( PSA ) , and then the Unified Socialist Party ( PSU , created by a merger between the PSA and other groups ) , serving as its national secretary between 1960 and 1967 .
Cavalry division ( Soviet Union ) One of the first cavalry divisions in the Red Army was the 1st Cavalry Division ( Soviet Union ) formed in 1922 . In 1938 this formation became the 32nd Cavalry Division . Organisation 1941 . Regular Red Army cavalry divisions in 1941 had four cavalry regiment s , a horse artillery battalion ( eight 76mm guns and eight 122mm howitzers ) , a tank regiment ( 64 BT - series tanks ) , an anti - aircraft battalion ( eight 76mm anti - aircraft guns and two batteries of AA machine guns ) , a signals squadron , a field engineer squadron and other rear echelon support units and sections . A cavalry regiment , in turn , consisted of four sabre squadron s , a machine - gun squadron ( 16 heavy machine guns and four 82mm mortars ) , a regimental artillery battery ( four 76mm and four 45mm of instrument ) , an anti - aircraft battery ( three 37mm guns and three quadrupled Maxim machine guns ) . The total authorized strength of a cavalry division included 8 , 968 personnel and 7 , 625 horses , the cavalry regiment respectively had 1 , 428 personnel and 1 , 506 horses . By 1943 , a cavalry division was authorized 6 , 000 men and often organized into corps of three divisions that were reinforced by artillery , tank , and assault gun elements . The cavalry corps were of two - divisional composition and approximately corresponded to a motorised division , possessing somewhat less mobility and lesser weight of artillery volley . At the commencement of the Second World War there were thirteen cavalry divisions ( nine regular and four mountain ) in the Red Army , mostly concentrated in four cavalry corps . Their dispositions in June 1941 were : The rapid destruction of Soviet mechanized forces in the summer and autumn of 1941 resulted in a rapid expansion of cavalry units to provide the Red Army a mobile , if not armored , force . This expansion produced some 87 new cavalry divisions by early 1942 , many of which were later disbanded as the Red Army rebuilt its tank and mechanized formations . 17 of the cavalry divisions were granted Guards status and renumbered accordingly .
Leone - class destroyer The " Leone " class were a group of destroyer s built for the Italian Navy in the early 1920s . Five ships were planned and three completed . All three ships were based at Massawa , Eritrea during World War II and were sunk during the East African Campaign . Design . The ships were designed as scout cruiser s ( " esploratori " ) , essentially enlarged versions of contemporary destroyers . They were initially ordered in 1917 , but postponed due to steel shortages , and re - ordered in 1920 . Each ship of the class carried , for its size , an extremely heavy armament of eight guns , paired into four powered turrets on the centre line . While only two guns could aim directly fore or aft , the all - eight - gun broadside was not matched by any other destroyer - type ship until the American Porter class destroyer s of 1936 . Operational history . The ships were outfitted for colonial service , and by 1935 they were deployed in the naval base of Massawa , Eritrea . The ships were re - rated as destroyers in 1938 and fought in World War II , when the Italian entry in the war left Italian East Africa isolated from Italy . Attack on convoy BN 7 . The only appreciable action in which the destroyers were involved was the attack on the Allied convoy BN 7 , on the first hours of 21 October 1940 . " Leone " and " Pantera " , along with the " Nullo " and " Sauro " , shelled the convoy and its escort , inflicting some splinter damage to the leading transport ship , and launched at least two torpedoes aimed at HMAS " Yarra " , which successfully dodged them . The attack was nevertheless repulsed by the cruiser HMS " Leander " , who fired 129 six - inch rounds on the Italian destroyers . " Leone " , " Pantera " and " Sauro " successfully disengaged but " Nullo " was chased by HMS " Kimberley " and forced to run aground on Harmil island , where she was later wrecked by RAF Blenheim bomber s . " Kimberley " took two hits on a boiler from coastal batteries , and had to be towed to Aden by HMS " Leander " . Last mission . The destroyers remained at dock in Massawa until the very end of ground operations in East Africa . Their commander ordered them to steam out on 31 March 1940 , for a naval bombardment against targets around the Suez canal , in a mission without return . " Leone " ran aground off Massawa , and was sunk by her sister ships . After being spotted and harassed by British aircraft , " Pantera " and " Tigre " reached the Arabian shores , where their crews scuttled them . Ships . Two more ships Lince and Leopardo were cancelled in 1920 or 1921 .
Vassal and tributary states of the Ottoman Empire Vassal States were a number of tributary or vassal state s , usually on the periphery of the Ottoman Empire under suzerainty of the Porte , over which direct control was not established , for various reasons . Functions . Some of these states served as buffer state s between the Ottomans and Christianity in Europe or Shi ’ ism in Asia . Their number varied over time but notable were the Khanate of Crimea , Wallachia , Moldavia , Transylvania . Other states such as Bulgaria , the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom , the Serbian Despotate , and the Bosnia were vassals before being absorbed entirely or partially into the Empire . Still others had commercial value such as Imeretia , Mingrelia , Chios , the Duchy of Naxos , and the Republic of Ragusa ( Dubrovnik ) . Areas such as holy cities and Venetian tributary areas of Cyprus and Zante were not fully incorporated either . Finally , some small areas such as Montenegro / Zeta and Mount Lebanon did not merit the effort of conquest and were not fully subordinated to the center . The Principality of Serbia again became a tributary in 1817 , after being so in the 15th century prior to the fall of Smederevo and its annexation to the Ottoman Empire . Forms . There were also secondary vassals such as the Nogai Horde and the Circassians who were ( at least nominally ) vassals of the khans of Crimea , or some Berbers and Arabs who paid tribute to the North African beylerbeyis , who were in turn Ottoman vassals themselves . Other states paid tribute for possessions that were legally bound to the Ottoman Empire but not possessed by the Ottomans such as the Habsburgs for parts of Royal Hungary or Venice for Zante . Other tribute from foreign powers included a kind of “ protection money ” sometimes called a horde tax ( similar to the Danegeld ) paid by Russia or the Polish - Lithuanian Commonwealth . It was usually paid to the Ottoman vassal khans of Crimea rather than to the Ottoman sultan directly .
Joyeuse Joyeuse ( ) , is the name traditionally thought to have been given to a part of Charlemagne ' s personal sword . The name translates as " joyful " . Joyeuse in legend . Some legends claim that it was forged to contain the Lance of Longinus within its pommel ; others state it was smithed from the same materials as Roland ' s Durendal and Ogier ' s Curtana . The 11th century " Song of Roland " describes the sword : Some seven hundred years later , " Bulfinch ' s Mythology " described Charlemagne using " Joyeuse " to behead the Saracen commander Corsuble as well as to knight his comrade Ogier the Dane . The town of Joyeuse , in Ardèche , is supposedly named after the sword : Joyeuse was allegedly lost in a battle and retrieved by one of the knights of Charlemagne ; to thank him , Charlemagne granted him an appanage named Joyeuse . Baligant , a general of the Saracens in " The Song of Roland " , named his sword Précieuse , in order not to seem inferior to Charlemagne . Coronation sword of the French kings . A sword identified with Charlemagne ' s " Joyeuse " was carried in front of the Coronation processionals for French king s , for the first time in 1270 ( Philip III ) , and for the last time in 1824 ( Charles X ) . The sword was kept in the Saint Denis Basilica since at least 1505 , and it was moved to the Louvre in 1793 . This " Joyeuse " as preserved today is a composite of various parts added over the centuries of use as coronation sword . But at the core , it consists of a medieval blade of Oakeshott type XII , mostly dated to about the 10th century . Martin Conway argued the blade might date to the early 9th century , opening the possibility that it was indeed the sword of Charlemagne , while Guy Laking dated it to the early 13th century . Some authors have even argued that the medieval blade may have been replaced by a modern replica in 1804 when the sword was prepared for the coronation of Napoleon Bonaparte . The Louvre ' s official website dates the pommel to the 10th to 11th centuries , the cross to the second half of the 12th , and the grip to the 13th century . Sword in Vienna . Before the Miholjanec legend had been regarded , the so - called sword of Attila in Vienna was known as the sword of Charlemagne .