naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Vernichtungsgedanke Vernichtungsgedanke , literally meaning " concept of annihilation " in German and generally taken to mean " the concept of fast annihilation of enemy forces " is a tactical doctrine dating back to Frederick the Great . It emphasizes rapid , fluid movement to unbalance an enemy , allowing the attacker to impose his will upon the defender and avoid stalemate . It relies on uncommonly rigorous training and discipline and thoroughly professional leadership . Much of " Vernichtungsgedanke " can be seen in Clausewitz ’ classic treatise " Vom Kriege " ( " On War " ) . This doctrine was used successfully in the War of Austrian Succession , The Seven Years ' War , The Napoleonic Wars , The Austro - Prussian War , and The Franco - Prussian War ( 1870 - 1871 ) . The military success of Kingdom of Prussia / Germany was the catalyst of the alliance systems of 19th century Europe . The arms race s of this period produced the military equipment which eroded the attacker ’ s advantage during Europe ' s " Long Peace " . It gave decisive advantage to the defender and set the stage for the catastrophic stalemate of the First World War . " Vernichtungsgedanke " ’ s long reign as the prime tactical doctrine of modern warfare ended on the Western Front . When the antebellum concluded and Europe went again to war , many of the officers in high command in Germany ( chief among them General Heinz Guderian ) were all too aware of this doctrinal failure and had specific ideas for its replacement . They had , however , to fight prewar battles to overcome bureaucratic inertia . They mostly won those battles , bringing forth a doctrinal evolution during the Second World War which included the methodology now known as Blitzkrieg . Early enthusiasm for the opportunities provided by armored mobile units was referred to in the 1930s as the armored idea .
BNS Padma BNS " Padma " is a " Padma " - class offshore patrol vessel of the Bangladesh Navy . She is the first ever indigenous Bangladeshi - built offshore patrol vessel ( OPV ) . The ship was built by Khulna Shipyard , overseen and supported by the CSIC Design . BNS " Padma " is 50 . 4 meters long , 7 . 5 meters wide , 4 . 1 meters high and displaces 350 tonnes . The ship is equipped with two pairs of 20 mm anti - aircraft guns and a pair of 37 mm guns . She has a top speed of 23 knots and can carry out missions lasting up to seven days at a time . Mission . BNS " Padma " operates under the command of Commodore Commanding Khulna . The ship has a primary mission of protecting both the fishing fleets and the oil and gas fields and other Economic Zones . In addition , the ship has limited capability in an anti - submarine role .
14th / 20th King ' s Hussars The 14th / 20th King ' s Hussars was a cavalry regiment of the British Army . History . Originally styled the 14th / 20th Hussars , the regiment was created in 1922 by the amalgamation of the 14th King ' s Hussars and the 20th Hussars , as part of the reductions in the Army after the First World War . The honorific " King ' s " was added back into the title in 1936 . The 14th were originally raised as Dormer ' s Dragoons in 1715 during the First Jacobite Rising . The regiment became light dragoon s in 1776 and were designated as hussar s in 1861 . The 20th were raised as light dragoon s in 1759 and became hussars in 1862 . In 1941 , a cadre of personnel from the regiment was used to form the 26th Hussars . The 14th / 20th were amalgamated in 1992 with The Royal Hussars ( Prince of Wales ' s Own ) to become The King ' s Royal Hussars . Battle honours . The combined battle honour s of the 14th King ' s Hussars and the 20th Hussars , plus : Noahs Arc . Noahs Arc is the association of the 14th / 20th King ' s Hussars . National " Old " & Ancient " Hawks Annual " Reunion " Club " Following the amalgamation a club was formed with the aim of perpetuating the memory of the 14th / 20th King ' s Hussars . The club provides a forum for all who served in or with the regiment to continue their comradeship via the website ( Noahs Arc ) or by annual reunions . It became known as Noahs Arc . Reunions are held each April .
USS Francis Hammond ( FF - 1067 ) USS " Francis Hammond " ( DE / FF - 1067 ) is the ninth " Knox " - class frigate , named in honor of Hospitalman Francis Colton Hammond , a Medal of Honor recipient . She was originally designed as a " Knox " - class ocean escort ( DE - 1067 ) , and was built by Todd Pacific Shipyards Corporation Los Angeles Division , San Pedro , California . She was propelled by one Westinghouse steam turbine with a total of 35 , 000 shp . Keel laid 15 July 1967 ; launched 11 May 1968 ; sponsored by Mrs . Phyllis Hammond Smith ( widow of Hospitalman Hammond ) ; and commissioned at Long Beach Naval Shipyard , Long Beach , California on 25 July 1970 , Commander E . Elmore in command . As part of the Navy ' s 1975 ship reclassification , " Francis Hammond " was reclassified as a frigate ( FF - 1067 ) on 30 June 1975 . Decommissioned 2 July 1992 in Long Beach , California after twenty - one years and nine months in active commission and struck from the Navy Register on 11 January 1995 . " Francis Hammond " was disposed of by scrapping March 31 , 2003 . Awards , Citations and Campaign Ribbons . References : USS " Francis Hammond " on NavSource . org
Brandt Mle 1935 The Brandt Mle 1935 60 - mm mortar ( ) was a company - level indirect - fire weapon of the French army during the Second World War . Designed by Edgar Brandt , it was copied by other countries , such as the United States and China , as well as purchased and built by Romania . The mortar continued to be used by France after the war until at least the 1960s . Description . The Brandt Mle 1935 was a simple and effective weapon , consisting of a smoothbore metal tube fixed to a base plate ( to absorb recoil ) , with a lightweight bipod mount . The Mle 1935 had a normal crew of five men . When a mortar bomb was dropped into the tube , an impact sensitive primer in the base of the bomb would make contact with a firing pin at the base of the tube , and detonate , igniting a gunpowder charge , which would propel the bomb out of the tube , and towards the target . Mortar bombs fired by the weapon weighed either 1 . 33 kilograms or 2 . 2 kilograms . A French infantry regiment in 1940 was allocated 200 rounds for each of the nine authorized Mle 1935 mortars . This weapon provided a pattern for other light mortars used during World War II . Among the best known is the U . S . 60 - mm M2 mortar . Captured examples were used by the Germans as the " 6 - cm Granatwerfer 225 ( f ) " . Romania also purchased and license - built the Mle 1935 mortar prior to and during the Second World War .
Model 45A The Model 45A was a battle rifle / light machine gun developed by the United States Army in the Philippines in 1945 . The weapon existed in prototype or mockup form , but never entered production . The rifle was sparsely documented until Tom Laemlein encountered a number of annotated photographs of the rifle in the archives of the United States Army Signal Corps . The Model 45A was used by local Filipino troops under the Philippine Army and Constabulary units during World War II and Post - War Era . Design . The rifle was constructed in bullpup configuration , utilizing the magazine from the M1918 Browning Automatic Rifle . Rather than iron sights , it featured an integral scope . Its purpose is unclear , but it is alternately described as a " experimental . 30 caliber LMG " or a " field expedient . 30 cal . "
2 / 33rd Battalion ( Australia ) The 2 / 33rd Battalion was an infantry battalion of the Australian Army during the Second World War . Formed as part of the Second Australian Imperial Force in the United Kingdom on 27 June 1940 as the 72nd Battalion to create the 25th Brigade . The battalion took part in the invasion of Syria and Lebanon , the Kokoda Track campaign , Salamaua – Lae campaign , Ramu Valley – Finisterre Range campaign and lastly the Borneo campaign . The battalion was disbanded at Brisbane , Australia on the 12 March 1946 . During the war , the battalion lost 200 men killed and 363 wounded ; a third of these casualties were suffered in an accident at Jackson ' s Airfield at Port Moresby on 7 September 1943 , while they waited to fly out to Nadzab , when a heavily laden B - 24 Liberator bomber crashed into trucks carrying the battalion , killing 60 and injuring a further 92 .
Cope India Cope India are a series of international Air Force exercises between the United States Air Force and the Indian Air Force conducted on and over Indian soil . The first such exercise , which required many months of preparation , was conducted at the air force station in Gwalior from February 16 through February 27 , 2004 , with the US Air Force withdrawing troops and aircraft on February 27 . The exercise included flight tests , practice and demonstrations as well as lectures on subjects related to aviation . There were also media functions and social interactions among troops of the two countries . After the event was over , the Indian Air Force indicated that " [ t ] he mutual respect and bonhomie that developed between members of the two sides have cemented a firm foundation for moving ahead towards higher bilateralism . " According to press reports , representatives of the United States found it a " positive experience " that led to the re - evaluation of some assumptions about US air tactics . The exercise was repeated in 2005 , 2006 , and 2009 . The American pilots in 2004 allegedly flew under restrictions to give the Indians flying their Russian aircraft a better chance .
Battle of Dysert O ' Dea The Battle of Dysert O ' Dea took place on 10 May 1318 at Dysert O ' Dea near Corofin , Ireland . It was part of the Bruce campaign in Ireland . The Norman Richard de Clare attacked the Gaelic Irish chieftain Conchobhar Ó Deághaidh , chief of the Cineal Fearmaic and ally of Muirchertach Ó Briain , but he was defeated . Precursors to War . The Bruce invasion of Ireland enabled the outbreak of a number of small wars that had little , if anything , pertaining to the Scots . Perhaps the most notable was the battle at Dysert O ' Dea which erupted in Brian Boru ' s old Kingdom of Thomond in 1318 . Two factions of the O ' Brien clan had been fighting for generations for supremacy in Thomond . Murtough O ' Brien , the descendant of Thurlough O ' Brien was the rightful King of Thomond . A challenger appeared in the form of Mahon O ' Brien , allied with the opposing faction of the family , which paid its homage to Brian O ' Brien . This side of the family was allied with the powerful Anglo - Norman Richard de Clare , a descendant of Strongbow . De Clare ruled over much of western Ireland from his castle at Bunratty , yet the English respected Thomond as a sovereign state and remained outside its borders . However , de Clare ' s alliance with Mahon O ' Brien provided an excuse to invade Thomond . His pale Englishmen would meet in a pitched battle against Murtough ' s Irish in the Battle of Dysert O ' Dea near what is now Ennis , County Clare . During this time , Donnchadh , an ally of de Clare , was overwhelmingly defeated in the Battle of Lough Raska near Corcomruadh Abbey . Order of battle . When news arrived of his allies ' defeat at Corcomruadh , Richard de Clare decided to attack the Gaelic stronghold at Dysert O ' Dea . His troops arrived at Ruan on the morning of 10 May 1318 , and were divided into three columns . The first division was headed by de Clare ' s son and marched northwards to Tullach O ' Dea in an effort to cut off any help which might arrive from O ' Connor of Ennistymon . The second column travelled southwards towards Magowna to quell any support from that direction . The third division was commanded by de Clare himself and marched westwards towards Dysert O ' Dea , the home of Conor O ' Dea . O ' Dea intentionally made his forces look few in number , for some time fighting in retreat , and when de Clare charged for an attack the Anglo - Normans were ambushed . Richard de Clare was felled by an axe and his son was killed by a Feilim O ' Connor . The O ' Deas were reinforced by the O ' Connors who were followed by the O ' Briens , O ' Hehir and MacNamaras and the English were soon defeated . Following their victory , the Irish marched back to the De Clare settlement , only to find that de Clare ' s wife had set it aflame , including Bunratty Castle , and had returned to England . Over eighty Englishmen of noble birth and many foot soldiers were killed in the battle . The Kingdom of Thomond remained beyond foreign control for over two hundred years , until 1570 .
Richard Beddows Private Richard Beddows ( June 27 , 1843 to February 15 , 1922 ) was an English soldier who fought in the American Civil War . Beddows was awarded the United States ' highest award for bravery during combat , the Medal of Honor , for his action in Spotsylvania , Virginia during the Battle of Spotsylvania Courthouse on 18 May 1864 . He was honored with the award on July 10 , 1896 . Biography . Beddows was born in Liverpool , England on 27 June 1843 . He enlisted in the army in August 1861 , and mustered out with his battery in June 1865 . He died on 15 February 1922 , and his remains were interred at the Holy Sepulchre Cemetery in New Rochelle , New York .
SMS Eber SMS " Eber " was the last of the six gunboat s of the " Iltis " - class of the German Imperial Navy prior to and during World War I . The others were " Iltis " , " Jaguar " , " Tiger " , " Lynx " and " Panther " . They were built between 1898 and 1903 . All of them served primarily overseas , in the German colonies . " Eber " had a crew of 9 officers and 121 men . Service history . " Eber " was posted in West African waters prior to World War I . During a port visit to Cape Town " Eber " received news of impending war with Great Britian , and immediately sailed to avoid capture . She arrived in German South - West Africa on August 1 , 1914 , three days prior to the formal declaration of war . After taking on coal at Lüderitz , the gunboat departed for South American waters , to assume wartime duties . She met up with the German passenger liner " Cap Trafalgar " off the Brazilian island of Trindade and transferred her guns , most of her ammunitions and some of her crew to the liner , which was then expected to operate as a commerce raider . " Eber " herself was interned in Brazil and scuttled by her crew on 16 October 1917 in Salvador , Bahia when Brazil joined the war against Germany . SMS EBER ( Pacific Ocean ) . A previous " SMS Eber " was wrecked by the 1889 Apia cyclone while anchored in Samoa .
Charles James Munnerlyn Charles James Munerlyn ( February 14 , 1822 - May 17 , 1898 ) was a prominent Confederate politician . He was born in Georgetown County , South Carolina and later moved to Georgia . He served in the Confederate Army and represented the state in the First Confederate Congress from 1862 to 1864 .
4 Engineer Support Regiment 4 Engineer Support Regiment is a regiment of the Canadian Military Engineers located at CFB Gagetown , New Brunswick . It is tasked to provide general engineer support to the whole of the Canadian Forces . 4 ESR was officially formed when 4 Combat Engineer Regiment returned from CFB Lahr in Germany when 4 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group was stood down . 4 CER absorbed 22 Field Engineer Squadron from 2 Combat Engineer Regiment which was already located at CFB Gagetown surpporting the 2nd Battalion The Royal Canadian Regiment . The unit consists of 42 Field Squadron , 43 Counter Improvised Explosive Device Squadron , 45 Support Squadron , and 48 Combat Service Support Squadron . References . 4 ESR ATD 12 / 13
Dimitrios Katheniotis Dimitrios Katheniotis ( , 1882 – 1947 ) was a Greek Army officer who rose to the rank of Lieutenant General and served as Chief of the Hellenic Army General Staff in 1933 – 1935 . Biography . Born in Chalkis in 1882 , Dimitrios Katheniotis entered the Hellenic Army Academy in 1901 and graduated on 8 July 1904 as an Artillery 2nd Lieutenant . Promoted to Lieutenant in 1910 , he took part in the Balkan Wars of 1912 – 1913 as a staff officer in the 7th Infantry Division . In 1913 he was promoted to Captain , and in 1915 to Major . In September 1916 he joined the Venizelist Movement of National Defence in Thessaloniki , which in opposition to the royal government in Athens entered World War I on the side of the Entente . In 1916 – 1917 he served as chief of staff to the newly raised Archipelago Division , being promoted to Lt . Colonel in 1917 . In 1918 , he was appointed as the liaison between the Greek Army ' s staff service and the Allied commander - in - chief in the Macedonian Front , French general Adolphe Guillaumat . Following the Armistice of Mudros , Katheniotis , from 1919 a full Colonel , was sent by the Greek Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos to the Ottoman capital , Constantinople , where he became involved in the contacts of the Greek government with the Pontic Greeks who inhabited parts of north - eastern Anatolia , and their aspirations for independence from the rump Ottoman state . His report on the Pontic issue , however , pointed put that any thought of a union with Greece , or the establishment of an independent " Republic of Pontus " , were unfeasible , and recommended the co - operation of the Pontians with newly independent Armenia in a confederative state . Like many Venizelist officers , he was dismissed from the Army in November 1920 following the Venizelist electoral defeat . Following the ing the disastrous defeat of the Greek army in Anatolia by the Turkish nationalist forces in August 1922 and the subsequent outbreak of a military revolt , he was recalled to active service by the new revolutionary government , and appointed as CO of the Adrianople Division and then of the 11th Infantry Division . In 1924 , he was promoted to Major General , and served in succession as Deputy Chief of the Hellenic Army General Staff , commandant of the Supreme War Academy , and military attaché in Paris . On 15 July 1933 , he was promoted to Lieutenant General and named Chief of the Army General Staff , a position he held until his retirement in 1935 , following the failed Venizelist coup attempt in March . Katheniotis was married and had a daughter . He died on 23 February 1947 .
Alexander Buller Turner Alexander Buller Turner VC ( 22 May 1893 – 1 October 1915 ) was an English recipient during the First World War of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . His younger brother , Victor was a recipient of the VC in the Second World War . Turner was born at home in Reading , Berkshire on 22 May 1893 to Charles Turner , later Major in the Royal Berkshire Regiment , and his second wife Jane Elizabeth , only daughter of Admiral Sir Alexander Buller . He was educated at Wellington College , Berkshire and commissioned into the Special Reserve of Officers , Royal Berkshire Regiment , 3rd ( Reserve ) Battalion , in 11 September 1914 . He was subsequently transferred to 1st Battalion . He was 22 years old , and a second lieutenant in the 3rd Battalion , The Royal Berkshire Regiment ( Princess Charlotte of Wales ' s ) , British Army , attached to 1st Battalion during the First World War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC : On 28 September 1915 at Fosse 8 , near Vermelles , France , when the regimental bombers could make no headway , Second Lieutenant Turner volunteered to lead a new bombing attack . He made his way down the communication trench practically alone , throwing bombs incessantly with such dash and determination that he drove off the Germans about 150 yards without a check . His action enabled the reserves to advance with very little loss and subsequently covered the flank of his regiment in its retirement , thus probably averting the loss of some hundreds of men . Second Lieutenant Turner died three days later of the wounds received in this action . He was shot in the abdomen at close range during the action for which he was awarded the VC . He was reported to have died at No . 1 Casualty Clearing Station , Chocques on 1 October and he was buried at the Military Cemetery Chocques . His brother was Lieutenant Colonel Victor Buller Turner VC and had a family connection with General Sir Redvers Buller VC . His Victoria Cross is displayed at The Royal Gloucestershire , Berkshire and Wiltshire Regiment ( Salisbury ) Museum , Salisbury , Wiltshire . The citation for his award , published in the London Gazette on 18 November 1915 , reads as follows :
Mark 31 torpedo The Mark 31 torpedo was a destroyer - launched acoustic torpedo developed by the Harvard and $ 3 universities during World War II . A modification of the Mark 18 electric torpedo , it was conceived as an interim weapon to be used in the Pacific War until a new high - speed acoustic torpedo could be developed for the United States Navy . Further development of the torpedo was terminated due to the status of other more promising programs , notably the Mark 16 torpedo and the Mark 35 torpedo .
VMFA - 235 Marine Fighter Attack Squadron 235 ( VMFA - 235 ) was a United States Marine Corps fighter squadron that most recently flew F / A - 18 Hornet s . Known as the " Death Angels " , the squadron participated in action during World War II , the Vietnam War and Operation Desert Storm and were decommissioned on June 14 , 1996 . History . World War II . Marine Fighter Attack Squadron was commissioned on January 1 , 1943 at Marine Corps Air Station El Toro , California as Marine Scout Bombing Squadron 235 ( VMSB - 235 ) . During World War II they flew the SBD Dauntless and participated in Operation Cartwheel , the Battle of Bougainville and operations in and around Rabaul . The squadron was decommissioned on November 10 , 1944 . 1950s . The squadron was recalled to active duty in September 1950 as part of Marine Aircraft Group 15 at MCAS El Toro flying the F4U Corsair . In September 1952 they transitioned to the F9F Panther and in March 1954 they again transitioned to the FJ Fury . In 1957 the squadron relocated to Marine Corps Air Station Beaufort . The Vietnam War . VMF ( AW ) - 235 deployed to Vietnam on February 1 , 1966 flying the F - 8E Crusader . Between February 2 and November 15 , 1966 the “ Death Angels ” flew over 6 , 000 combat sorties in support of over 22 major operations . They returned to Vietnam on February 15 , 1967 this time for over a year until May 11 , 1968 . They were the last active duty Crusader squadron . Upon leaving Vietnam , the squadron moved to Marine Corps Base Hawaii and transitioned to the F - 4 Phantom . The 1980s & 1990s . In November 1989 , VMF ( AW ) - 235 transitioned to the F / A - 18 Hornet and were renamed Marine Fighter Attack Squadron 235 ( VMFA - 235 ) . After Iraq ’ s invasion of Kuwait in August 1990 , the squadron was deployed to the Shaikh Isa Air Base , Bahrain , on August 22 , 1990 in support of Operation Desert Shield . They were the first Fighter squadron in theater , and were recognized with the " Phoenix Award " , a highly prestigious Department of Defense award , for outstanding performance . During Operation Desert Storm they flew over 2800 sorties in support of coalition forces . In March , 1990 , after seven months of operations , VMFA - 235 redeployed to MCAS Kaneohe Bay . The squadron moved to MCAS El Toro in 1994 and was attached to Marine Aircraft Group 11 . They moved again to Marine Corps Air Station Miramar in 1996 and were decommissioned later that year on June 14 .