naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Focke - Wulf Fw 57 The Focke - Wulf Fw 57 was a prototype German fighter - bomber . It was built in 1936 but never saw production . Design and development . In 1934 the Reich Air Ministry ( RLM ) declared a requirement for a " Kampfzerstorer " ( Bomber destroyer ) , a tactical multi - role fighter / bomber concept , and a possible predecessor to the late - 1930s German " Schnellbomber " concept . Focke - Wulf submitted the Fw 57 , Messerschmitt submitted the Bf 110 and Henschel submitted the Hs 124 . The Fw 57 was larger than its two competitors ; it was heavier and did not handle as well as the others . The Fw 57 was a two - engine all - metal monoplane of conventional configuration , with a single fin and retractable tailwheel undercarriage . The pilot and navigator sit in tandem under a long canopy , the aft end of which consists of a gunner turret . Three Fw 57 prototypes ( V1 - V3 ) were completed during 1936 . The design was severely overweight , while the aircraft had poor handling . The original " Kampfzerstorer " concept which specified a multi - role aircraft with turret mounted armament had been abandoned by Autumn 1936 in favour of the simpler " Zerstorer " represented by the Bf 110 , which omitted gun turrets and bombing capability to allow a greater performance . All further research into the Fw 57 was abandoned and dropped shortly thereafter .
Sofar bomb In oceanography , a sofar bomb ( SOund Fixing And Ranging bomb ) , occasionally also referred to as a sofar disc , is a long - range position - fixing system that uses explosive sounds in the deep sound channel of the ocean to pinpoint the location of ships or crashed planes . The depth of water at the deep sound channel is ideal for the device , as the minimal speed of sound helps with the positioning calculations and improves the signal ' s traveling ability . A position is determined from the differences in arrival times at receiving stations of known geographic locations . The useful range from the signal sources to the receiver can exceed . Design . For this device to work as intended , it must have several qualities . Firstly , the bomb needs to detonate at the correct depth , so that it can take full advantage of the deep sound channel . The sofar bomb has to sink fast enough so that it reaches the required depth within a reasonable amount of time ( usually about 5 minutes ) . To determine the position of a sofar bomb that has been detonated , three or more naval stations combine their reports of when they received the signal . Benefits of the deep sound channel . Detonating the sofar bomb in the deep sound channel gives it huge benefits . The channel itself helps keep the sound waves contained within the same depth , as the rays of sound that have an upward or downward velocity are pushed back towards the deep sound channel because of refraction . Because the sound waves do not spread out vertically , the horizontal sound rays maintain far more strength than they would otherwise . This makes it far easier for the stations on shore to pick up and analyze the signal . Usually , the blasts use frequencies between 30 and 150 Hz , which also helps stop the signal from weakening too much . A side effect of this is that the slightly higher frequencies of sound waves emitted move a bit faster than the lower frequencies , making the signal that the naval stations hear have a longer duration . History . Dr . Maurice Ewing , a pioneer of oceanography and geophysics , first suggested putting small hollow metal spheres in pilots ' emergency kits during World War II . The spheres would implode when they sank to the sofar channel , acting as a secret homing beacon to be received by microphones on coastlines that could pinpoint downed pilots ’ positions . This technology turned out to be extremely useful for the naval conflicts during WWII by providing a way for ships to accurately report their position without use of radio , or to find crashed planes and ships . During the war , the primary model of sofar bomb used by the United States was the Mk - 22 . It worked exceptionally well , and had an adjustable fuse length for different depth detonations . The bomb was used with a chart that detailed the depth of the deep sound channel , so that the of TNT would explode at the correct time for its location ( as the deep sound channel ' s actual depth varies with areas of the ocean ) . Its main safety mechanism was the fact that the detonator could not begin to go off without a water pressure that corresponded to at least .
Gen 75 Committee The Gen 75 Committee was a subcommittee of the British Cabinet , convened by Prime Minister Clement Attlee on 29 August 1945 . The purpose of the committee was to discuss and establish the British government ' s nuclear policy . Gen 75 was dubbed by Attlee as the " Atom Bomb Committee " . Membership of Gen 75 comprised six ministers including : the Prime Minister ( Clement Attlee ) , the Lord President of the Council ( Herbert Morrison ) , the Foreign Secretary ( Ernest Bevin ) , the Chancellor of the Exchequer ( Hugh Dalton ) , and A . V . Alexander . On 18 December 1945 , the Gen 75 Committee agreed the initial step of building one or more nuclear reactors and the creation of the British nuclear power programme . Attlee appointed Air Marshal Viscount Portal of Hungerford , former Chief of the Air Staff , as Controller of Production , Atomic Energy ( CPAE ) . Portal was aidied by a small staff of civil servants , some with experience of the earlier Tube Alloys project , and enjoyed direct access to the Prime Minister . The Gen 75 Committee was the successor of the Tube Alloys Consultative Council that met from November 1941 to June 1945 , under the chairmanship of Lord President of the Council John Anderson . Almost all details of the Council and its work were kept secret even from the War Cabinet , of which it was a committee . It was replaced by an official ministerial committee in February 1947 .
Franz Hofbauer Franz Hofbauer ( 25 March 1921 – 11 February 1944 ) was a highly decorated Leutnant der Reserve in the Wehrmacht during World War II . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross and was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . He was also awarded the very rare Close Combat Clasp in Gold one of only 631 awards .
Jerry K . Crump Jerry Kirt Crump ( February 18 , 1933 – January 10 , 1977 ) was a soldier in the United States Army during the Korean War . He received the Medal of Honor for his actions on September 6 , and September 7 , 1951 . Medal of Honor citation . Rank and organization : Corporal , U . S . Army , Company L , 7th Infantry Regiment , 3rd Infantry Division Place and date : Near Chorwon , Korea , 6 and September 7 , 1951 Entered service at : Forest City , N . C . Born : February 18 , 1933 , Charlotte , N . C . G . O . No . : 68 , July 11 , 1952 Citation : Cpl . Crump , a member of Company L , distinguished himself by conspicuous gallantry and outstanding courage above and beyond the call of duty in action against the enemy . During the night a numerically superior hostile force launched an assault against his platoon on Hill 284 , overrunning friendly positions and swarming into the sector . Cpl . Crump repeatedly exposed himself to deliver effective fire into the ranks of the assailants , inflicting numerous casualties . Observing 2 enemy soldiers endeavoring to capture a friendly machine gun , he charged and killed both with his bayonet , regaining control of the weapon . Returning to his position , now occupied by 4 of his wounded comrades , he continued his accurate fire into enemy troops surrounding his emplacement . When a hostile soldier hurled a grenade into the position , Cpl . Crump immediately flung himself over the missile , absorbing the blast with his body and saving his comrades from death or serious injury . His aggressive actions had so inspired his comrades that a spirited counterattack drove the enemy from the perimeter . Cpl . Crump ' s heroic devotion to duty , indomitable fighting spirit , and willingness to sacrifice himself to save his comrades reflect the highest credit upon himself , the infantry and the U . S . Army .
Track " X " Commonwealth War Graves Commission Cemetery Track " X " Cemetery is a Commonwealth War Graves Commission burial ground for the dead of the First World War located near Ypres ( now " Ieper " ) in Belgium on the Western Front . The cemetery grounds were assigned to the United Kingdom in perpetuity by King Albert I of Belgium in recognition of the sacrifices made by the British Empire in the defence and liberation of Belgium during the war . Foundation . The area where this cemetery now stands had been between the two front line s in June 1917 . The area was captured and a cemetery was begun in July 1917 by the 39th and 48th ( South Midland ) Division s . The cemetery closed in November 1917 , although two more burials were made in May 1918 . Archaeological excavations have taken place in the immediate area , around Turco Farm trench , to uncover artifacts and historical details from the Great War .
Japanese Monographs The Japanese Monographs , Japanese Studies on Manchuria , and Japanese Night Combat Study are three groups of publications written by Japanese Officers , prepared by the Military History Section of the Headquarters , US Army Forces East , and distributed by the Office of the Chief of Military History , US Department of the Army . They have been described as : " An invaluable tool for the English - speaking audience to research Japan ' s version of the war " ( World War II ) " in China " . Background . Japanese Monographs . The Japanese Monographs are a series of operational histories , written by former officers of the Japanese army and navy , of Japanese actions in China during World War II . The 187 monographs were prepared under the direction of General Headquarters of the U . S . Far East Command beginning in 1945 . Much of the series was extensively revised , some of it completely rewritten , to correct errors of both English and fact , mainly in the period 1955 - 1960 . During this period , the " Japanese Studies on Manchuria " were added . Japanese Studies on Manchuria . " The Japanese Studies on Manchuria were prepared several years after the operational monographs and were written under the direction and guidance of the Japanese consultants of the Japanese Research Division . In general , these studies are superior to the monographs in organization , accuracy , and coverage . " Japanese Night Combat Study . In addition to editing and rewriting the monographs and Manchurian studies , the Japanese Research Division also prepared a special study on night combat as practiced by the Japanese Army . The latter was titled Japanese Night Combat Study .
USS St . Mihiel ( AP - 32 ) St . Mihiel , launched in October 1920 for the United States Shipping Board by the American International Shipbuilding Corporation at Hog Island , Pennsylvania , was operated by the United States Army Transportation Corps from 1922 until mid - 1940 as USAT " St . Mihiel . Then transferred to the Navy , she was commissioned as USS " St . Mihiel " ( AP - 32 ) on 22 July 1941 , Comdr . Edward B . Rodgers in command . In November 1943 , she was transferred back to the Army and made a hospital ship , USAHS " St . Mihiel . This ship is an example of an EFC Model 1024 ship design . World War II . Having operated as a transport between the west coast and Alaska , with occasional runs to Hawaii prior to her transfer to the Navy , " St . Mihiel " performed the same duty after commissioning . In July 1942 , she transported the wreckage of the Akutan Zero to San Diego , which become first flyable Zero fighter acquired by the United States during the war . Into 1943 , she called regularly at ports on mainland Alaska and in the eastern Aleutians . In May 1943 , she participated in the occupation of Attu ; then resumed more routine transport duties . On 9 September 1943 , two days later , she headed south to San Francisco . On the 23rd , she steamed west to Hawaii and from there began her last voyage for the Navy . Transiting the Panama Canal in mid - October , she steamed on to Boston , where she was decommissioned on 16 November 1943 and returned to the Army which used her as a hospital ship for the remainder of World War II . In 1946 she was decommissioned , passed to US Maritime Commission and laid up until scrapped at Baltimore by Patapsco Scrap Company in 1957 . Awards . " St . Mihiel " received one battle star for her service during the occupation of Attu in 1941 .
Constantine Lips Constantine Lips ( ) was a Byzantine aristocrat and admiral who lived in the later 9th and early 10th centuries . He was killed in 917 at the Battle of Acheloos against Bulgaria . He is most notable for his foundation of the convent bearing his name at Constantinople . Biography . The facts regarding Constantine ' s life are confused and subject to conjecture . It is known that at the time of Emperor Leo VI the Wise ( r . 886 – 912 ) , he restored a monastery near the Church of the Holy Apostles , which is nowadays identified with the Fenari Isa Mosque on account of a partial inscription commemorating its dedication to the Theotokos . The date of the inauguration is traditionally placed in 907 / 908 . Constantine Lips also participated in the failed coup of the prominent general Constantine Doukas against the infant Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos ( r . 913 – 959 ) in July 913 , after the death of Leo ' s brother and successor Alexander ( r . 912 – 913 ) . In its wake , several nobles who had been or were suspected of being involved in the coup were executed , while others fled the city , amongst them Constantine Lips . On August 20 , 917 , he fell at the Battle of Acheloos , fighting against the Bulgarian forces under Simeon I . He is also equated by modern scholarship with two other people named Lips , whose activities are believed to have been erroneously post - dated . The first is recorded by Constantine VII as having been held the rank of " protospatharios " and the court post of " domestikos " of the " hypourgia " ( head assistant to the " epi tes trapezes " ) , later ( probably by the time of the 913 coup attempt ) rising to become a " patrikios " and " megas hetaireiarches " . He also served on several occasions as imperial envoy to Gregory I , the ruler of the Armenian principality of Taron . On the first embassy , he returned with Gregory ' s son Ashot , who was received by Leo and named " protospatharios " . Lips accompanied Ashot back to his father , and returned with Gregory ' s brother ( known only by his Arabic name Abu Ghanim ) , who was also given the rank of " protospatharios " . Constantine accompanied Abu Ghanim on his return journey . When the latter visited Constantinople again some years later , he was married to Constantine ' s daughter . In another mission shortly after , Lips persuaded Gregory himself to visit Constantinople , where he was lavishly received and given the supreme dignity of " magistros " and the title of " strategos " of Taron . After a prolonged sojourn , he was escorted to his domains by Lips . The later " Patria of Constantinople " also refer to a Lips , " patrikios " and " droungarios " of the Byzantine imperial fleet , who established a monastery and a guest house during the late reign of Constantine VII , but it is impossible to tell with certainty whether this is the same person . Constantine Lips had a son , the " patrikios " Bardas Lips , who was involved in a conspiracy against Emperor Romanos II ( r . 959 – 963 ) in 962 . He is also the last known representative of the Lips family .
72 pattern webbing The 1972 Pattern Webbing was a webbing intended to replace the 58 pattern webbing , but never got beyond user trials . It was made from PU - coated nylon to counter the Soviet NBC capability . It was designed to be used in wide variety of environments such as Europe , jungles , deserts and was adjustable for use , ranging from short - duration jungle patrols to general infantry use . 72 pattern webbing rarely appears on the collectors market . The two front pouches are manufactured from two layers of PU - nylon material for rigidity and abrasion resistance , mounted on a double - thickness backing section . A broad nylon strap with two eyelets and a plastic quick - release buckle on a tape tab is stitched to this material . Each pouch could hold three , 20 round 7 . 62mm L1A1 Self - Loading Rifle magazines . Held together at the front by an adjustable waist strap with a black - coated quick - release buckle with a general deign closer to that of a tactical vest . The backpack , or haversack , has eyelets and a paracord drawstring with cord lock . The lid of the pack is fastened with two straps and adjustable green buckles . On the underside of the pack lid are two straps with similar green buckles to allow a rolled poncho or waterproofs to be stowed . Two horizontal nylon straps with adjuster buckles around the outer face of the pack are used to compress the contents . On the underside is a long narrow carrier for the lightweight pick head . The yoke arrangement is similar to ’ 58 Pattern , though the strap adjustment was much simpler . The haversack had a similar pick handle storage attachment arrangement to ’ 58 webbing between the shoulder blades . It is attached to the rear of the yoke with the help of two doubled ¾ inch wide nylon straps passing through plastic D - rings on the top rear of the sack and adjustable at the yoke end by the same type of green buckle used elsewhere . The front and back strap arrangements allowed the webbing to be easily drawn in or let out dependent on load . A pair of straps was also fastened to D - rings threaded onto the rear yoke straps , to allow a sleeping bag or poncho to be carried on top . Components . The ’ 72 haversack could be repositioned to sit lower on the back allowing a radio or small bergen to be worn above it . This was effected by connecting the knapsack straps to a set of lower buckles beneath the ammunition pouches then adjusting the side straps accordingly .
M4 ( missile ) The M4 was a French Submarine Launched Ballistic Missile ( SLBM ) deployed on the nuclear " Le Redoutable " class submarine s ( except the " Redoutable " herself , which was not reffited ) . They entered service on the 1 May 1985 . They were the first French MIRV - capable nuclear missiles , with six 150 kilotonne warheads . They were replaced by the improved M45 SLBM missile which is currently in active service aboard the " Le Triomphant " class submarines .
22nd Armoured Brigade ( United Kingdom ) The 22nd Armoured Brigade , a British Army brigade , was formed as the 22nd Heavy Armoured Brigade on 3 September 1939 with three Yeomanry ( Territorial Army ) mechanised cavalry regiments ( 2nd Royal Gloucestershire Hussars , 3rd County of London Yeomanry ( Sharpshooters ) and the 4th County of London Yeomanry ( Sharpshooters ) . History . This formation fought in the Western Desert Campaign under command at various times of the 7th , 1st and 10th Armoured Divisions ( remaining with 7th Armoured Division from El Alamein onwards ) , the Italian Campaign through to the campaign in North West Europe . It was involved in Operation Crusader , the Siege of Tobruk , Battle of Gazala , Battle of Alam el Halfa , Battle of El Alamein , the Tunisia Campaign , and the Capture of Naples , and Operation Perch . From 1947 onward for a time it was part of the newly re - incorporated Territorial Army ' s 56th ( London ) Armoured Division . At that time it comprised the City of London Yeomanry , the Westminster Dragoons , the 3rd County of London Yeomanry ( Sharpshooters ) , and 42nd Royal Tank Regiment . In the 1980s it again became part of 1st Armoured Division and the British Army of the Rhine .
Modèle 1951 helmet The Modèle 1951 helmet was a military helmet used by the French military ( Army , Navy , Air Force and Gendarmerie ) , iconic of the Algerian War . It replaced a variety of helmets used during the Second World War , notably the Modèle 1945 helmet and the M1 Helmet . The Modèle 1951 was designed to have the same general shape as the US M1 Helmet , in an effort towards standardisation within NATO . The two differ in that the M1 has a longer visor and a more pronounced downwards slope on the sides . The Modèle 1951 comprised a heavy external cover , made of 1 . 2 mm of an amagnetic alloy of manganese steel , and a lighter inner helmet . The Modèle 1951 was produced until 1976 , before being superseded by the Modèle 1978 helmet . It nonetheless remained in service well into the 1980s .
John W . Kimball John White Kimball was an American soldier and politician who served as Massachusetts Auditor . He was born in Fitchburg , Massachusetts on February 27 , 1828 , to Alpheus Kimball , ( 1792 - 1859 ) and Harriet Stone , ( 1790 - 1888 ) . Before the American Civil War , Kimball was a scythe manufacturer . American Civil War service . Kimball served as Lt . Colonel of the 15th Regiment of Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry and Colonel of the 53rd Regiment of Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry . He was mustered out of the United States Volunteers on September 2 , 1863 . On December 3 , 1867 , President Andrew Johnson nominated Kimball for the award of the honorary grade of brevet brigadier general , United States Volunteers , to rank from March 13 , 1865 , for gallant and distinguished services in the field during the war , The U . S . Senate confirmed the award on February 14 , 1868 . Massachusetts state auditor . Kimball was Massachusetts State Auditor between 1891 and 1901 . After the war , he was also United States Pension Agent , postmaster and a legislator . Death . Kimball died on July 15 , 1910 at Fitchburg , Massachusetts .
Herepath A Herepath or Herewag is a military road ( literally , an army path ) in England , typically dating from the ninth century CE . This was a time of war between the Anglo - Saxon kingdoms of southern England and Viking invaders from Denmark . The English military preparations , conducted under the leadership of King Alfred of Wessex , included fortified burh s or places of refuge and interconnecting herepaths using either existing routes or new works . As superior or safer roads , sometimes following ridgeway routes , herepaths were intensely used by ordinary travellers and hauliers . Where these roads exist today , local legend often imputes them with magical , romantic or mystical origins in prehistoric time and the name is rather wantonly applied to any old trackway , especially in the region of Wessex . In the Old English language word " here " means " armed host " . It is also found as a prefix in compound words such as harbour ( a burh with a garrison ) and heretoga ( a militia leader ) . The term herepath has cognates in other Germanic languages in forms such as " Heerweg " ( German ) and " Hærvejen " ( Danish ) . In all three languages , a herepath in later times simply denotes a road that was a " via publica " , maintained at central government expense .