naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Ralph Tester Ralph P . Tester was an administrator at Bletchley Park , the British codebreaking station during World War II . He founded and supervised a section named the " Testery " for breaking TUNNY ( a Fish cipher ) . Background . The Lorenz cipher machine had twelve wheels , and was thus most advanced , complex , faster and far more secure than the three - wheeled Enigma . Lorenz was used to encipher top - secret messages between German Army H . Q . in Berlin , and the top generals and field - marshals on all fronts , including Adolf Hitler himself . Career . Before World War II , Tester was an accountant who had worked extensively in Germany and as a result was very familiar with the German language and culture . He held a senior position in the accountancy division of Unilever . On the outbreak of war , he worked for the BBC Monitoring Service which listened in to German public radio broadcasts . Bletchley Park . Recruited to Bletchley Park , and during early 1942 was the head of a small group working on a double Playfair cipher used by German military police . Testery set up in July 1942 under Major Ralph Tester and the three other original founding members , cryptographers and linguists were : Capt . Jerry Roberts , Peter Ericasson and Maj . Denis Oswald , all four were fluent in German . The Testery used hand methods , working on a German hand cipher to break messages enciphered on TUNNY Fish ( cryptography ) traffic . Messages broken by hand reached 1 . 5 million places within one year of its foundation . By the war ’ s end in May 1945 , the Testery had grown to nine cryptographers , out of a total staff of 118 organised in three shifts . A former Testery senior codebreaker and shift leader Jerry Roberts , recalls that , " The imperturbable , pipe - smoking Tester spoke fluent German , but did not pretend to be a codebreaker . The atmosphere in his unit was always positive and friendly , and the personnel were well selected — Tester seemed to find the right niche for everybody . Thanks to Tester ' s influence the work of the Testery was very well organised . " Towards the end of the European war , Tester was part of a TICOM team , a mission sent to Germany to discover information about their communications technology , including TUNNY machines . After the war , Tester returned to Unilever .
Franz Walz Generalleutnant Franz Walz began his military career in the infantry in 1905 . In 1912 , he switched to aviation . He attained the rank of Hauptmann ( Captain ) while becoming a flying ace during World War I . He flew more than 500 combat sorties in Palestine and upon the Western Front . He scored seven confirmed aerial victories in the latter theater . His later career led him to join the Luftwaffe during World War II . Toward the end of the war , he was captured by the Russians and died in one of their prison camps in December 1945 . Biography . Franz Walz was born in Speyer , Kingdom of Bavaria , the German Empire on 4 December 1885 . He enlisted for military service with Bavaria ' s 8th Infantry Regiment on 15 July 1905 . In 1908 , he was promoted to " Leutnant " . Walz learned to fly before the First World War , having transferred to aviation in 1912 . First World War . When the war began , Walz was the commander of " Feldflieger Abteilung 3 " ( Field Flier Detachment 3 ) . In November 1914 , he was promoted to " Oberleutnant " . On 30 December 1915 , he took command of " Kampfstaffel 2 " ( Tactical Bomber Squadron 2 ) . He became one of the few German two - seater aces , scoring his first aerial victory on 9 April 1916 , and his sixth on 29 July 1916 . On 30 July , he was wounded in the foot . On 5 September 1916 , having already received both classes of the Iron Cross , Franz Walz received the House Order of Hohenzollern . On 3 November , he was assigned to command a fighter squadron , " Jagdstaffel 19 " . On 29 November , he was transferred to command of " Jagdstaffel 2 " . Walz was promoted to " Hauptmann " on 20 January 1917 . On 14 May 1917 , he shot down William Curphey and his Airco DH . 2 . On 9 June , Walz was posted to command of " Jagdstaffel 34 " . However , Walz was found lacking as a leader of fighter pilots , and on 25 August 1917 was transferred from France on the Western Front to the Middle East to command " Flieger - Abteilung 304 " ( Flier Detachment 304 ) . Here he became known as " The Eagle of Jericho " . On 22 July 1918 , the Ottoman Empire awarded Franz Walz its Silver Liakat Medal . On 9 August 1918 , despite his low aerial victory score , he was awarded the " Pour le Merite " for prolonged service in command . By this time , he had flown over 500 combat sortie s . The Turkish award of the Order of Osmanieh Fourth Class with Swords followed on 15 September 1918 . By this time , Walz had also been granted three decorations by his native Kingdom of Bavaria , as well as another from their Austro - Hungarian allies . On 20 September 1918 , Walz fell into British captivity . He was released after war ' s end , on 1 December 1919 . Post World War I . Franz Walz served with both the " Reichswehr " and the State Police . Once the " Luftwaffe " was established , Walz returned to aviation duty and ascended in rank . On 1 April 1941 , he became a " Generalleutnant " . Later in World War II , he would be captured by the Russians . He died as a prisoner of war in Breslau , Silesia in December 1945 .
2009 Algerian military ambush An ambush on the Algerian paramilitary took place on June 17 , 2009 at 8 : 00 pm ( 19 : 00 GMT ) , when Algerian paramilitary escorting Chinese construction workers to a motorway project came under attack from Islamist rebels . Early reports suggested 18 soldiers were killed ; some news outlets are reporting that 24 soldiers were killed . Attacks such as these had been thought to be decreasing prior to the incident , but suddenly began to increase again . The attack was the deadliest aimed at Algeria ' s government forces for six months . The ambush . Islamist rebels first attacked the convoy on a highway in the province of Bourdj Bou Arréridj , east of the capital Algiers by detonating two home - made bombs . The gendarmes were then sprayed with bullets . Attackers then reportedly stole the soldiers ' uniforms and weapons . Total rebel casualties are unknown . The injured soldiers were taken to nearby hospitals . They stole weapons and several police vehicles . Algerian security forces launched an operation using helicopters to track and apprehend the militants . Similar incident . This ambush followed a similar incident on 3 June 2009 . Two teachers and eight police escorts died near Algiers whilst in the act of transporting examinations from an examination centre . The teachers ' car was bombed and two police cars were fired on .
181st Ohio Infantry The 181st Ohio Volunteer Infantry ( or 181st OVI ) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War . Service . The 181st Ohio Infantry was organized at Camp Dennison near Cincinnati , Ohio and mustered in for one year service on October 10 , 1864 under the command of Colonel John O ' Dowd . The regiment was attached to District of Northern Alabama October 1864 . 1st Brigade , Defenses Nashville & Chattanooga Railroad , to January 1865 . 3rd Brigade , 2nd Division , XXIII Corps , Army of the Ohio and Department of North Carolina , to July 1865 . The 181st Ohio Infantry mustered out of service July 29 , 1865 at Salisbury , North Carolina . Detailed service . Left Ohio for Huntsville , Ala . , October 24 . Duty at Huntsville and Decatur , Ala . , until November 1864 . Moved to Murfreesboro , Tenn . , November 30 . Siege of Murfreesboro December 5 – 12 . Wilkinson ' s Pike , near Murfreesboro , December 7 and December 13 – 14 . Duty at Murfreesboro until December 24 . Moved to Columbia , Tenn . , December 24 . Movement to Washington , D . C . , then to Fort Fisher , N . C . , January 15 to February 9 , 1865 . Operations against Hoke February 11 – 14 . Capture of Wilmington February 22 . Campaign of the Carolinas March 1 - April 26 . Advance on Goldsboro March 6 – 21 . Occupation of Goldsboro March 21 . Advance on Raleigh April 10 – 14 . Occupation of Raleigh April 14 . Bennett ' s House April 26 . Surrender of Johnston and his army . Duty at Raleigh , Greensboro and Salisbury until July . Casualties . The regiment lost a total of 33 men during service ; 5 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded , 1 officer and 27 enlisted men due to disease .
George G . Lundberg Brigadier - General George Godfrey Lundberg ( October 19 , 1892 – January 1981 ) was a pilot in the United States Air Force . After graduating from the University of Pennsylvania ' s Economics program in 1917 , Lundberg was made a Second Lieutenant the following year while stationed at Fort Omaha , Nebraska . By 1936 , he had been made a Captain . Lundberg later served as a Major at the Middletown Air Technical Service Command in Pennsylvania where he was eventually named commander . He was moved to Eighth Air Force in England during the Second World War . He became known as the " chief airman " to Major General Edwin Forrest Harding of the 32nd Infantry Division , and offered a commendation to Harding ' s son . In February 1945 , he was given command of Antilles Air Command in San Juan , Puerto Rico as a Colonel . On April 7 , 1947 , he was named Base Commander of Norton Air Force Base in San Bernardino , California . He served as commander of the Pacific Overseas Air Material District until his retirement in 1949 . Following his retirement , he moved to Olean , New York and was appointed " Civilian Defense Chief " of the city the following year , and oversaw the city ' s celebration of Armed Forces Day .
William T . Lord William T . Lord ( born c . 1955 ) is the Chief of Warfighting Integration and Chief Information Officer , Office of the Secretary of the Air Force , the Pentagon , Washington , D . C . General Lord leads five directorates and two field operating agencies consisting of more than 1 , 000 military , civilian and contractor personnel supporting a portfolio valued at $ 17 billion . He integrates Air Force warfighting and mission support capabilities by networking space , air and terrestrial assets . Additionally , he shapes doctrine , strategy , and policy for all communications and information activities while driving standards and governance , innovation , and architectures for information systems and personnel . Biography . General Lord is a 1977 graduate of the United States Air Force Academy . He holds a bachelor ' s degree in biological and life sciences , and master ' s degrees in business administration and national resource strategy . General Lord held various duties with tours in Europe , U . S . Central Command and the White House . He has had multiple staff assignments , including two major air commands as Director of Communications and Information Systems . General Lord has commanded at the detachment , squadron , group , wing and joint levels . Prior to his current position , General Lord was Commander , Air Force Cyberspace Command ( Provisional ) , Barksdale Air Force Base , La .
Battle of Fort Stephenson The Battle of Fort Stephenson was an American victory during the War of 1812 . Background . After failing to defeat American forces in the siege of Fort Meigs , the British under Henry Procter withdrew . Procter attempted to take Fort Meigs again in July by staging a mock battle to lure the defenders out of the fort . The ploy failed , and Procter abandoned the idea of taking the fort . The British and Indian force moved on to capture an American supply base on the Sandusky River guarded by Fort Stephenson . The fort was commanded by Major George Croghan with a garrison of 160 U . S . Regulars ( 17th U . S . Infantry - later consolidated into US 3rd Infantry Regiment ) under his command . William Henry Harrison , the U . S . commander of the Northwest Frontier , believed Procter ' s force to be larger than it was and ordered Croghan to destroy the fort and withdraw . Croghan insisted that he could hold the fort and stayed . Harrison agreed to let Croghan stay , but still fearing the worst he moved all available forces 10 miles ( 16 km ) away from Fort Stephenson . Battle . Expecting Harrison to be moving to Fort Stephenson ' s aid , Procter had no intentions of conducting a siege as he had at Fort Meigs . The British artillery and gunboats began shelling the fort but with little effect . On August 2 , Procter ordered an infantry assault . Croghan ordered the defenders to hold fire until the attackers were within close range . Once within range , the garrison opened fired along with the fort ' s artillery . The attack fell back , and Procter tried and failed several more times . Lacking scaling ladders , Procter finally realized that the attackers could do very little against the fort . Procter called off the attack , and the Indians returned to the field late at night to carry away the wounded . Five currently active units of the Regular Army ( 1 - 3 Inf , 2 - 3 Inf , 4 - 3 Inf , 2 - 7 Inf and 3 - 7 Inf ) perpetuate the lineages of the old 17th and 24th Infantry Regiments , both of which had elements that were engaged at Fort Stephenson . Results . The battle had been a victory for the Americans . George Croghan emerged from the battle as a hero and was promoted to lieutenant colonel . Both Procter and Harrison suffered criticism for their parts in the battle . The British as well as Tecumseh were growing increasingly aware of Procter ' s shortcomings . Harrison was criticised for not making a whole - hearted effort to come to the fort ' s aid . Yet the British had been defeated , and Procter withdrew to Canada . In the following months , the Americans won decisive victories at the battles of Lake Erie and the Thames .
Obsolete badges of the United States military Obsolete badges of the United States military are a number of U . S . military insignia which were issued in the 20th and early 21st centuries . After World War II many badges were phased out of the United States Armed Forces in favor of more modern military badges which are used today . A limited number of badges were also issued in the 19th century . The oldest military badge on record dates to the time of the American Revolutionary War . The following is a listing of obsolete U . S . military badges and the period , or branch of service , to which such badges were specific . A unique obsolete badge situation occurred with General of the Air Force Henry H . Arnold , who in 1913 was among the 24 Army pilots to receive the first " Military Aviator " badge , an eagle bearing Signal Corps flags suspended from a bar . Replaced in 1917 by the more conventional " wings " embroidered design ( authorized as an oxidized silver badge in 1921 ) , Arnold displayed both types on his uniform throughout his career . The original Military Aviator design can be seen in pictures of him in uniform .
Ernst Süß Ernst Süß ( 31 August 1912 – 20 December 1943 ) was a German Luftwaffe fighter ace and recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross during World War II . During his career he was credited with 68 aerial victories . Career . As a reserve pilot , he was appointed to join 9 . / Jagdgeschwader 52 ( JG 52 — 52nd Fighter Wing ) as an " Unteroffizier " . With this unit he participated in the Battle of France and the Battle of Britain , without achieving any victory confirmed in this period . On 22 June 1941 , the start of Operation Barbarossa , the German invasion of the Soviet Union , Süß finally achieved success as a fighter pilot . In the months following the beginning of Operation Barbarossa , the 9 . / JG 52 , later dubbed the Karaya Quartet , became one of the most successful units of the Luftwaffe . Süß flew alongside Hermann Graf ( 212 wins ) , Alfred Grislawski ( 133 ) and Heinrich Füllgrabe ( 67 ) . He claimed his first victory on 8 August 1941 and in the next twelve months , fighting in the Caucasus and the Battle of Stalingrad , Süß reached a series of victories against the Soviets , for which he was awarded the Ehrenpokal of the Luftwaffe on 4 May 1942 , the German Cross in Gold on 29 June 1942 and the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross on 4 September 1942 . In the spring of 1943 , Süß was transferred to the " Ergänzungsgruppe Ost " , where he remained a long time as an instructor . With this unit he attained his 64th and last victory on the Russian front on 31 May 1943 . Promoted to Lieutenant , Süß was transferred to the Western Front in late June 1943 when , following an invitation of his friend Hermann Graf , joined the Jagdgeschwader 50 . Süß was made the " Staffelkapitän " ( squadron leader ) on 3 October 1943 of 9 . / JG 11 . This unit fought in the Defense of the Reich , with which he won his last four victories . On 20 December 1943 , during a combat with P - 38 Lightning fighters south of Oldenburg , the Bf - 109 G6 ( " Werknummer " 15 709 — factory number ) of Süß was hit by enemy fire , forcing him to jump from the plane . While he was in his parachute , Süss was shot at and killed by U . S . pilots . Oberleutnant Ernst Süß had achieved a total of 68 victories - all , except for four ( including two four - engine ) on the Eastern Front .
Maximilian Grabner Maximilian Grabner ( 2 October 1905 — 28 January 1948 ) was an Austrian Gestapo chief in Auschwitz . At Auschwitz , the infamous torture chamber Block 11 was Grabner ' s own empire . Early life . Born in Vienna , he joined the Austrian police force in 1930 and became a member of the then - illegal Nazi Party in 1933 . After the Anschluß of Austria in 1938 , he joined the SS and became a member of the Gestapo . He arrived at Katowice at the outbreak of World War II . He was transferred to Auschwitz concentration camp less than one year later . There he became Chief of the Political Department , the Gestapo . Auschwitz . As Gestapo chief he was responsible , among other things , for the fight against the resistance movement in the camp , as well as for the prevention of escapes and all contact with the outside world . These tasks were carried out with horrendous cruelties against the prisoners and a large number of incarceration s in the bunker in Block 11 . Grabner ' s staff members , such as Wilhelm Boger , who was only brought to justice in the early 1960s , carried out so - called " sharpened interrogations " , during which the victims were systematically tortured . Grabner , together with the commander of the " Schutzhaftlager " , initiated , on a regular basis , clearings of the bunker : the inmates were examined and many of them were sent directly to the inner courtyard between Block 10 and Block 11 , where they were shot . He once ordered SS - Untersturmführer Hans Stark to drop Zyklon B into a gas chamber . Along with Stark , Grabner personally took part in the shooting of Russian Commissars . Arrests . In 1943 , he was arrested for theft , graft and corruption and was put on trial in Weimar a year later . After the trial , he returned to Katowice . Grabner was arrested by the Allies in 1945 and turned over to Poland in 1947 . In the Auschwitz Trial he was found guilty of charges of murder and crimes against humanity , and was sentenced to death . Grabner was hanged on 28 January 1948 .
Acrocorinth Acrocorinth ( ) , " Upper Corinth " , the acropolis of ancient Corinth , is a monolithic rock overseeing the ancient city of Corinth , Greece . " It is the most impressive of the " acropoleis " of mainland Greece , " in the estimation of George Forrest . Acrocorinth was continuously occupied from archaic times to the early 19th century . The city ' s archaic acropolis , already an easily defensible position due to its geomorphology , was further heavily fortified during the Byzantine Empire as it became the seat of the " strategos " of the " thema " of Hellas and later of the Peloponnese . It was defended against the Crusaders for three years by Leo Sgouros . Afterwards it became a fortress of the Frankish Principality of Achaea , the Venetians and the Ottoman Turks . With its secure water supply , Acrocorinth ' s fortress was used as the last line of defense in southern Greece because it commanded the Isthmus of Corinth , repelling foes from entry into the Peloponnese peninsula . Three circuit walls formed the man - made defense of the hill . The highest peak on the site was home to a temple to Aphrodite which was converted to a church , and then became a mosque . The American School ' s Corinth Excavations began excavations on it in 1929 . Currently , Acrocorinth is one of the most important medieval castle sites of Greece . In a Corinthian myth related in the 2nd century CE to Pausanias , Briareus , one of the Hecatonchires , was the arbitrator in a dispute between Poseidon and Helios , between the sea and the sun : his verdict was that the Isthmus of Corinth belonged to Poseidon and the acropolis of Corinth ( Acrocorinth ) to Helios . The Upper Pirene spring is located within the encircling walls . " The spring , which is behind the temple , they say was the gift of Asopus to Sisyphus . The latter knew , so runs the legend , that Zeus had ravished Aegina , the daughter of Asopus , but refused to give information to the seeker before he had a spring given him on the Acrocorinthus . "
Battle of Mouquet Farm The Battle of Mouquet Farm , which began on 5 August 1916 , was part of the Battle of the Somme and followed the Battle of Pozières . The farm was eventually captured on 26 September by No . 16 Section of the 6th East Yorkshire Pioneers . Battle . Mouquet Farm was located about north - west of the high ground near Pozières . Following the fighting that had occurred around the village earlier in the year , the decision was made by the British to gain control of the ridge beyond the village in order to create a gap in the German lines , behind the salient that had developed around the German - held fortress of Thiepval . By capturing Mouquet Farm , the British hoped that it would destabilise the German position and enable subsequent gains . During the battle , the three Australian divisions of I Anzac Corps — the 1st , 2nd and 4th Divisions — advanced northwest along the Pozières ridge towards the German strongpoint of Mouquet Farm , with British divisions supporting on the left . The approach to the farm , however , was under observation from German artillery spotters who were able to call down barrages on the attackers from three sides of the salient that had developed in the lines . This resulted in heavy casualties amongst the attackers before they even reached the farm , however , over the course of August and into September , the Australian divisions managed to reach the farm three times , only to be forced back each time . I Anzac Corps suffered approximately 6 , 300 casualties and was so depleted that they had to be taken off the front for two months . As that battle dragged on , the Canadian Corps took over from the Australians , who were withdrawn on 5 September . However , by the time the battle concluded in mid - September , the German garrison still held out . The farm was eventually captured on 26 September following the general attack of the Battle of Thiepval Ridge .
USS Alabama ( SP - 1052 ) The fifth USS Alabama was a patrol boat in the United States Navy , but probably never saw active naval service . " Alabama " was a 69 - foot motor boat built in 1906 at South Boston , Massachusetts , by George Lawley and Sons . She was inspected by the Navy in the summer of 1917 . Records indicate that on 25 July 1917 the Navy concluded an agreement with her owners , the American and British Manufacturing Co . , Bridgeport , Connecticut , for possible future acquisition of the boat . By the terms of that agreement , " Alabama " — assigned the designation SP - 1052 — - was " enrolled in the Naval Coast Defense Reserve . " All indications are , however , that " Alabama " never saw actual naval service , possibly remaining " enrolled " in a reserve capacity , since she does not appear on contemporary lists of commandeered , chartered , or leased small craft actually used by the Navy during World War I .