naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Vouziers - Sechault Air Base Vouziers - Sechault Air Base is an abandoned military airfield in France , located approximately 15 miles north - northwest of Sainte - Menehould ( Departement de la Marne , Champagne - Ardenne ) ; 117 miles east - northeast of Paris . History . Vouziers - Sechault Air Base ' s origins begin in 1950 when , with the Cold War , NATO faced several problems when attempting to solve the air power survival equation . Planning for first strike survival in both conventional and nuclear wars had to be considered . The primary operating bases for NATO air forces were built on small parcels of land with very limited dispersal space . It was decided to build dispersal bases away from the primary bases to be used in the event of an emergency . Vouziers was selected to be one of these " NATO Dispersed Operating Bases " . No flying unit was ever permanently assigned to Vouziers and it was used for dispersal training only . However , it did require the same level of equipment as a standard air base . NATO security personnel were required to control base access , guard equipment , munitions and supplies stored on the facility , as well as prevent vandalism . Construction began in 1953 , and Vouziers Air Base was designed for 50 fighters with three large hangars constructed . In 1957 construction was completed and Det # 2 , 49th Air Base Group from Étain - Rouvres Air Base was designated as the host unit . Aircraft from the 388th and 49th Fighter - Bomber Wings at Etain exercised at the base from 1957 through 1959 . The base was deactivated on 1 September 1959 and the facility was maintained by Det # 6 , 7514th Support Group from Toul - Rosières Air Base briefly before turning the facility over to the French Air Force . The French Air Force used the base initially for flight training , however flight operations ended in 1980 and it was developed as a facility for rapid runway repair . In 2004 the base was deactivated and was placed in reserve status .
USS Despite ( AM - 89 ) USS " Despite " ( AM - 89 ) was an of the United States Navy . Laid down on 24 November 1941 by the Dravo Corporation , Neville Island , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , launched on 28 March 1942 , and commissioned on 31 August 1942 . The ship was reclassified as a submarine chaser PC - 1593 on 1 June 1944 . World War II North Atlantic Operations . " Despite " arrived at Port Royal Bay , Bermuda , on 28 December 1942 for duty on patrol and in submarine exercises off Bermuda . She also escorted convoys to New York , Norfolk , Key West and Jacksonville . On 24 April 1944 " Despite " arrived at New York , and on 15 May 1944 at Norfolk , Virginia . Her name was canceled and her classification changed to " PC - 1593 " on 1 June . Converted to submarine chaser . She departed Norfolk , Virginia on 13 June for the Mediterranean , arriving as escort for a convoy at Bizerte , Tunisia on 23 July . On the last day of the month she got underway for Salerno , arriving on 4 August after delivering a convoy to Naples en route . She joined the Delta Task Force for the invasion of southern France 15 August to 26 August , screening ships in convoy , acting as reference and liaison vessel , and providing local escort services . " PC - 1593 " remained in the Mediterranean on a variety of duties . She performed patrol duty off Palermo and the northern coast of Italy ; escorted convoys between Palermo , Livorno , Toulon , and Marseille ; acted as harbor entrance control and liaison ship at Toulon ; conducted training exercises with Italian submarines at Palermo ; and engaged in maneuvers and landing exercises off Bizerte . " PC - 1593 " sailed from Oran on 27 May 1945 for Charleston , South Carolina , arriving 13 June . Post - war deactivation . " PC - 1593 " was decommissioned on 17 December 1945 at Jacksonville , Florida ; transferred to the Maritime Commission for disposal on 16 September 1946 , and sold to the Cornelius Kroll Co . , Houston , Texas . Named M / V " Mustang " from 1948 to 1950 . Fate unknown . Awards . " PC - 1593 " received one battle star for World War II service .
Sector clock A Sector clock or colour change clock was a round colour - coded clock used at military airfields and observation posts in the United Kingdom to help track the movements of enemy aircraft and control friendly aircraft . History . Originally known as " colour change clocks " , they were introduced during the First World War by the Royal Flying Corps in 1917 to monitor the movements of German aircraft . Later , during the Second World War they played a significant role in the Battle of Britain and continued to be used by the Royal Air Force and Royal Observer Corps ( ROC ) as simple clocks and keepsakes , until the end of the Cold War period . These clocks are now sought after by collectors of aeronautica . There were two versions of the clock issued , either for RAF Sector use or for the ROC . The RAF Sector Clock has an old style " King ' s Crown " RAF Warrant Officer ' s insignia under the " 24 " at top centre . The ROC clock has a plain face with no insignia . Clocks were either electrical or mechanical . Electric clocks usually have the coloured segments pointing inwards , mechanical clocks have the segments pointing outwards . The United States Army Air Force ( USAAF ) also adopted the RAF sector clock with a coloured block pattern rather than triangles . Function . The Sector Clock was a fundamental part of Ground - controlled interception before modern computerized systems were put in place for airspace control . The clock face is marked with five - minute red , yellow and blue triangular segments . It has an outer 12 hour ring and an inner 24 hour dial . Aircraft position was recorded along with the colour of the triangle beneath the minute hand at the time of sighting . This was reported to sector headquarters , where counters of the relayed colour were used to represent each air raid on a large table with a map of the UK overlaid with a British Modified Grid . As the plots of the raiding aircraft moved , the counters were pushed across the map by magnetic " rakes " . This system enabled " Fighter Controllers " to see very quickly where each formation was heading and allowed an estimate to be made of possible targets . The age of the information was readily apparent from the colour of the counter . Because of the simplicity of the system , decisions could be made quickly and easily .
Daimler - Benz DB 600 The Daimler - Benz DB 600 was a German aircraft engine designed and built before World War II as part of a new generation of German engine technology . It was a liquid - cooled inverted V12 engine , and powered the Messerschmitt Bf 110 and Heinkel He 111 among others . Most newer DB engine designs used in WW2 were based around this engine . The decision by the RLM to concentrate on manufacturing aircraft engines using fuel injection systems rather than carburettor s meant that the DB 600 was quickly superseded by the otherwise similar DB 601 . Later DB series engines grew in bore , stroke , and horsepower , including the DB 603 and DB 605 , but were generally similar to the pattern created with the DB 600 . Variants . Note : Source :
FBA Type A The FBA Type A and the almost identical Type B and C were a family of reconnaissance flying boat s produced in France immediately prior to and during World War I . The design was based on patents by Donnet - Lévêque and reflected the general configuration of that company ' s aircraft . The Type A was an unequal - span pusher two - bay biplane flying boat with a single step hull made of ash longerons covered in 3 - ply , divided by bulkheads into eight compartments . The empennage was carried on an upswept curved extension of the hull made from steel tubing . The pilot and observer sat side by side in the open cockpit . Operational history . The earliest examples sold entered service with the Austro - Hungarian Navy and Danish Navy prior to World War I , but large - scale use began with sales to the RNAS , Aéronautique Maritime , and Italian Navy in 1915 . ~ 116 aircraft
As I Opened Fire As I Opened Fire ( sometimes As I Opened Fire . . . ) is a 1964 oil and magna on canvas painting by Roy Lichtenstein . The work is hosted at the Stedelijk Museum in Amsterdam . The source of the subject matter is Jerry Grandenetti ' s panels from " Wingmate of Doom , " in " All American Men of War " , no . 90 ( March – April 1962 ) , DC Comics . Detail . Measuring 170 cm × 430 cm ( 68 in × 168 in ) , " As I Opened Fire " is a triptych with verbal and temporal continuity . In 1972 , it was regarded as " . . . perhaps Lichtenstein ' s most ambitious exercise in strangely uniting , visually ( as well as figuratively ) warring elements . " Depicting a short few seconds during an aircraft battle , the painting is based on three panels of the original narrative which Lichtenstein has altered to improve its formal coherence . This piece represents his affinity towards " . . . highly emotional content , yet detached impersonal handling . . . " " As I Opened Fire " exhibits Lichtenstein ' s " formal imagination " . We see successive tighter views of the gun nozzles in action accompanied by an onomatopoeia , which provides cinematic flow despite the varying skies . " As I Opened Fire " is regarded as a " very uncompromising military triptych " . Lichtenstein had a desire that his paintings look as mechanical as possible despite being painted by hand . He chose as his subjects teen and action comics because he valued the impersonal quality of their artwork , the products of teams of illustrators . The similarities to the original source are extensive : narrative text and general message of the gunfire . However , he made the joint image more coherent by repositioning the second and third panels for better alignment . Along with " Whaam ! " ( the other of his monumental war paintings ) , this is regarded as the culmination of the dramatic war - comic works of Lichtenstein . Compared with " Whaam ! " , " As I Opened Fire " is more abstract . Lichtenstein commented on his war imagery : " A minor purpose of my war paintings is to put military aggressiveness in an absurd light . My personal opinion is that much of our foreign policy has been unbelievably terrifying , but this is not what my work is about and I don ' t want to capitalize on this popular position . My work is more about our American definition of images and visual communication . " Lichtenstein ' s alterations from the original source change the uniform perspective of the images , causing it to flow " like a series of movie clips " . The work is considered relatively lacking in unity of its narrative progression . The narrative of the first frame seems unrelated to its graphics and the other frames are equally confusing : It is not clear which frames represent an enemy or an ally , or whether the speaker is the enemy , an ally or the viewer . In general the work is misleading in " spatial , temporal and psychological viewpoint " .
Abe Goff Abe McGregor Goff ( December 21 , 1899 – November 23 , 1984 ) was an attorney and Republican politician from the U . S . state of Idaho , most notably as a one - term congressman from 1947 to 1949 . He served in the U . S . Army in both world wars . Early years . Goff was born and raised in Colfax , Washington , in the Palouse region . After serving as a private during World War I , he entered the law school at the University of Idaho in nearby Moscow and graduated in 1924 . He was also the center on the Vandal football team . and was a member of Beta Theta Pi fraternity . Early career . Goff commenced practice in Moscow the same year and was the prosecuting attorney for Latah County from 1926 to 1934 . He also worked as a special lecturer at the UI law school from 1933 to 1941 . In 1940 , he was made president of the Idaho Bar Association . In 1941 , Goff was elected to the state senate . World War II . Later the same year , he was activated as a member of the U . S . Army Reserves as a major , and served in the Mediterranean , European , and Pacific theaters . Goff was on General MacArthur ' s staff at the end of the war and was discharged as a colonel in 1946 . While in the military , he was awarded the Legion of Merit . Congress . In 1946 , Goff was elected to Congress as a Republican , defeating seven - term incumbent Compton White of Clark Fork . He served only one term , as White defeated him in 1948 and reclaimed the seat for a term . ^ After Congress . After leaving the House , Goff took a number of government posts in Washington , D . C . , to the chagrin of his daughter . He was general counsel of the Post Office Department , and later served on the Interstate Commerce Commission , from 1954 to 1967 . After his terms ended , he retired to the Palouse in Idaho , working as a writer and lecturer in Moscow until his death in 1984 . Personal . Goff married Florence Letitia Richardson ( 1892 – 1987 ) of Moscow in 1927 . They were married for 57 years and are buried at Moscow Cemetery , east of the city . They had two children : Timothy Richardson Goff ( 1932 – 72 ) and Annie McGregor Goff ( b . 1935 ) .
High Altitude Warfare School The High Altitude Warfare School ( HAWS ) is a training and research establishment of the Indian Army . It trains Indian Army personnel in high altitude mountain warfare and develops ideas and techniques for fighting in such difficult terrain . It is the one of the best mountain warfare training schools in the world . History . The school was established in December 1948 by General Kodendera Subayya Thimayya , then holding the rank of Brigadier . It was initially known as the " 19 Infantry Division Ski School " . During the winter of 1949 - 50 , the school was redesignated as a Command Establishment and renamed as the " Winter Warfare School " . On 8 April 1962 , it was upgraded to a Category A Training Establishment and adopted its current name . Training . HAWS offers two training programs , the " Mountain Warfare course " and the " Winter Warfare course " . The Mountain Warfare course is conducted in Sonamarg between May and October each year . The Winter Warfare course is conducted in Gulmarg between January and April . The two courses train personnel in High Altitude warfare , counter intelligence and survival skills . Army personnel deployed to the Siachen Glacier and to other high altitude forward posts on the Himalaya n borders go through the courses . HAWS is the nodal instructional facility for specialized training and dissemination of approved doctrines in mountain , high altitude and snow warfare . The training programs at HAWS are open to personnel of the armed forces of friendly countries .
Tsotsin - Yurt operation The Tsotsin - Yurt operation was a four - day so - called cleansing operation ( " zachiska " , ) accompanied by armed clashes in the large village of Tsotsin - Yurt south of the Chechen capital Grozny . Fighting . The operation by the Russia n special forces started on December 30 , 2001 , and reportedly resulted in a disputed number of deaths among combatant s and civilians , as well as 11 forced disappearances . The Russian casualties included at least two commandos killed and 11 wounded . Three rebel fighters who were surroundered in a house were also confirmed killed . The Russian government sources , however , presented the incident as a fierce battle in which 21 to 43 rebel fighters died , according to the differing figures by Russian officials . Abuses . According to the Russian human rights group Memorial , the sweep was accompanied by gross and massive violations of human rights and the norms of Russian law , including pillage and wanton destruction of civilian property , desecration of a mosque , massive robberies and extortion , and beatings and torture of around 100 detainee s in the " filtration point " , of which 11 were forcibly disappeared and five were found to be brutally murdered . There was also reported use of human shield s by the Russian forces . Foreign media sources reported the murders of 37 , or even 80 , civilians during the course of the operation , but this was not confirmed by the Memorial . According to the April 2002 Amnesty International report , " The fate and whereabouts of the 11 people named in the original urgent action , who were detained by Russian security forces during the December 2001 - January 2002 raid on Tsotsin - Yurt , is unknown . " Other cleansing operations in Tsotsin - Yurt . Other notorious " clean - up operations " in the village around this time took place in October to November 2001 and in February 2002 ( after attack on a Russian vehicle ) , also resulting in a various human rights violations , including civilian killings , property destruction and looting . According to a March 2002 open letter , during the war 41 residents of Tsotsin - Yurt died or disappeared during so - called mopping - up operations , more than 20 died of wounds inflicted by gunfire or bombings , five were killed at checkpoint s , six were tortured to death , and 12 were picked up for questioning in their homes , some as long as two years before , and had yet to return .
William Atwater ( curator ) William Felix " Jack " Atwater ( born November 12 , 1945 in Dallas , Texas ) is an author and former Director of the United States Army Ordnance Museum in Aberdeen , Maryland , United States . Doctor Atwater is also a frequent guest contributor a variety of television programs that draw on his expertise in military weaponry . Education . Atwater is a 1968 graduate of Berea College in Berea , Kentucky and holds a Bachelor of Arts degree in history and political science with a minor in philosophy and religion . Following a decade of service in the U . S . military , he attended Duke University where he was awarded an Master of Arts in Military History in 1984 and a Ph . D in military history in 1985 . Career . Upon graduation from Berea College , Atwater was commissioned as a Lieutenant in the Marines . He commanded a rifle platoon and later a company in the 1st Battalion , 7th Marine Regiment , 1st Marine Division , during the Vietnam War where he received the Purple Heart , a Navy Commendation Medal , and a Vietnamese Cross of Gallantry . In a 2007 interview with the television documentary " Weaponology " , he recounted how his company were trapped in a " hot " LZ until rescued by a flight of AH - 1 Cobra gunships . Promoted to Captain , he served all over the world in various assignments and attended numerous military schools during a ten - year career in the Marine Corps . In 1985 after earning his Doctorate from Duke , William Atwater assumed the directorship of the 101st Airborne / Air Assault Divisional Museum at Fort Campbell , Kentucky , a position he held until 1989 . From 1989 to November , 2007 he served as Director of the United States Army Ordnance Museum , then located at Aberdeen Proving Ground in Maryland . While Director at the Ordnance Museum he was instrumental in the refurbishment and rebuilding of large artifacts like tanks and artillery to meet EPA standards and the construction of a climate - controlled warehouse to store the museums collection of small arms . In addition to his work for the museum , William Atwater was often called upon as a guest lecturer and speaker at West Point Military Academy , the Defense Intelligence College , National Security Agency , and the Central Intelligence Agency . Doctor Atwater has served as a contributor to several books , including the " Oxford Companion to American Military History " ( 2000 ) on the topic of grenades , mortars , and land mines . He also served as a technical advisor for the novel " Black Hawk Down " . Doctor Atwater has appeared as a firearms and ordnance expert in many documentaries regarding military history on such television channels as The History Channel , TLC , Discovery Channel , and The Military Channel . One of Doctor Atwater ' s recent projects is preserving some of the last remaining historic military asset s in the world . Atwater said of the Ordnance Museum Foundation that " It is our moral and legal responsibility to preserve military assets " . Awards . In addition to his previously noted military honors , Doctor Atwater ’ s civilian awards include :
Ida ( sword ) The Ida is a kind of sword used by the Yoruba people of West Africa . It is a long sword with a narrow to wide blade and sheathe . The sword is sharp , and cuts on contact but begins to dull if not sharpened regularly . It can be single - edged or double - edged . During wars , pepper and poison are added to it to paralyze anyone who is cut by the sword . It can be wielded in any way ( either one - handed or two - handed ) . The Yoruba people use this sword for hunting , war and other uses . The blade of the sword is in an elongated leaf - shaped form . It is designed for cutting and hacking . Production . The Yoruba blacksmiths were among the most skilled in West Africa . They employed different techniques in the making of these Ida swords . They were involved in the mining and smelting of iron ore before 800 A . D . This style of sword was also sometimes used by other surrounding peoples such as the Bini and the Igbo . Variations . There were many other variations of the Ida . The Yoruba also used many other bladed - weapons . Some of them were ;
Vincent Strafford Major Vincent Strafford QGM * ( born 18 May 1973 ) was an ammunition technical officer with the British Army ' s Royal Logistic Corps who was awarded the Queen ' s Gallantry Medal for Operations in Afghanistan in 2007 and was then awarded a second Queen ' s Gallantry Medal ( Bar ) for Operations in Iraq in 2008 . Strafford was born in Leamington Spa , Warwickshire , ( his father served for 23 years also as an Ammunition Technical Officer ) and joined the Royal Army Ordnance Corps ( which later amalgamated into the Royal Logistic Corps ) as a private in 1991 . He reached the rank of Corporal before attending the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst and commissioning back into The Royal Logistic Corps . He was promoted to Major in 2007 and retired in 2009 . Queens Gallantry Medal . A captain at the time , he was the sole UK WIS officer based within the HQ ISAF Weapons Intelligence Cell in Kabul , Afghanistan . Supporting specialist ISAF operations , he was presented on a number of occasions with viable suicide devices that required immediate neutralisation . A year later whilst serving as the Heli Team IEDD operator supporting the Australian battle group in Northern Iraq , he was tasked to a number of devices . Delivered by helicopter , and without the use of an RCV , he was faced with multiple RCIEDs ; which had to be neutralised by hand . Subsequent analysis showed that there had been attempts to detonate the devices remotely whilst neutralisation was being undertaken . References . London Gazette 58633 of 7 Mar 2008 , p3616
USS Conasauga ( AOG - 15 ) USS " Conasauga " ( AOG - 15 ) was a " Halawa " - class gasoline tanker acquired by the U . S . Navy for the dangerous task of transporting gasoline to warships in the fleet , and to remote Navy stations . " Conasauga " was built in 1932 as " New York Socony " by Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corp . , Sparrows Point , Maryland ; acquired by the Navy 23 March 1943 , and commissioned 19 April 1943 , Lieutenant R . T . Traut , USNR , in command . World War II service . Sailing from New York 1 May 1943 , " Conasauga " arrived at Oran 28 May . She was attached to Commander Naval Forces , North African Waters , and carried gasoline to various ports in the Mediterranean . Decommissioning . " Conasauga " was decommissioned and transferred to France under lend lease 25 December 1944 . She was returned 17 October 1945 at Palermo , and her equipment was salvaged and her hulk sold 19 December 1945 .