naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Black helicopter Black helicopters is a term which became popular in the United States militia movement and associated political groups in the 1990s as a symbol and warning sign of an alleged conspiratorial military takeover of the United States , though it has also been associated with men in black and similar conspiracies . Rumors circulated that , for instance , the United Nations patrolled the US with unmarked black helicopters , or that federal agents used black helicopters to enforce wildlife laws . The concept may arise from the fact that many government agencies and corporations do use helicopters , and that some of these helicopters are dark - colored or black . For instance , dark - colored military helicopters were deployed in the standoff at Ruby Ridge . Metonymic use of the phrase " black helicopters " sometimes occurs in reference to in general . Overview . Stories of black helicopters first appeared in the 1970s , and were linked to reports of cattle mutilation . It is possible that the idea originated in Hal Lindsey ' s book " The Late , Great Planet Earth " , published in 1970 and popular among conspiracy theorists . Lindsey theorized that the locust - like creatures referenced in the Book of Revelation were actually helicopters , which John had never seen and thus did not know how to describe . Jim Keith wrote two books on the subject : " Black Helicopters Over America : Strikeforce for the New World Order " ( 1995 ) , and " Black Helicopters II : The End Game Strategy " ( 1998 ) . Media attention to black helicopters increased in February 1995 , when first - term Republican northern Idaho Representative Helen Chenoweth charged that armed federal agents were landing black helicopters on Idaho rancher s ' property to enforce the Endangered Species Act . " I have never seen them , " Chenoweth said in an interview in " The New York Times " . " But enough people in my district have become concerned that I can ' t just ignore it . We do have some proof . " The black helicopters theory resonates well with the belief held by some in the militia movement that troops from the United Nations might invade the United States . The John Birch Society published an article in " The New American " detailing how the existence of the covert aircraft was mostly the product of possible visual errors and a tendency towards overboard caution . Possible explanations . The following explanations have been provided by various organizations and experts , including government agencies , regarding the alleged black helicopters : Pejorative use . The term has also been used to ridicule other conspiracy theories or conspiracy theorists . For instance , a " Slate " article on basketball refereeing , said : " In the wake of this scandal , every game will be in question , and not only by fans disposed to seeing black helicopters outside the arena . "
Charles Breslin Charles " Charlie " Breslin ( September 5 , 1964 – February 23 , 1985 ) , was a volunteer in the West Tyrone Brigade of the Provisional Irish Republican Army from Strabane , County Tyrone , Northern Ireland . Background . Breslin was from the " Head of the Town " area in Strabane , close to the border with County Donegal . At the age of 15 , Breslin , who had an easy going disposition , became an avid reader of Irish history and politics and joined Na Fianna Éireann , a republican scouting movement . Paramilitary activities . On February 23 , 1985 , Breslin , Michael Devine ( 22 ) and David Devine ( 17 ) , volunteers within the Provisional Irish Republican Army , were shot dead by undercover British Army members ( Special Air Service ) , while returning arms to a dump , in a field , off Plumbridge Road , Strabane . The undercover soldiers were aware of the arms dump after being tipped off by an informer . Over 200 shots were fired at the trio and Breslin was hit 13 times . Shoot - to - kill policy . The families , many in the local community and across Ireland , believed these , and other deaths , were part of a wider British government " shoot - to - kill " policy , where Irish republican paramilitaries were summarily executed without any attempt at arrest . The families of the three IRA members that were killed claimed they were ambushed after a stake out by the SAS . In February 1987 , a pathologist at the inquest stated two of the victims had been shot 28 times , mostly while on the ground and that the third victim had been hit on the bridge the of the nose . All three had single bullet wounds to the head . Damages from the Ministry of Defence . Substantial damages were awarded to the families of Breslin and the Devine brothers by the Ministry of Defence on 7 May 2002 , as part of a Belfast High Court settlement brought as a result of the shootings . The events of the shooting are also remembered in a song called British Justice ( Shoot To Kill Policy ) . Memorial attacked . In February 2005 , in excess of a thousand people went to the graveside of Charles Breslin and the Devlin brothers to mark the 20th anniversary of the shooting and hear an oration given by Gerry Adams . Members of the Police Service of Northern Ireland were accused of desecrating the graves of the volunteers , although Superintendent Raymond Murray of the PSNI denied that they had any involvement .
7th U - boat Flotilla The 7th U - boat Flotilla ( German " 7 . Unterseebootsflottille " ) , also known as Wegener Flotilla , was the seventh operational U - boat combat unit in the German " Kriegsmarine " . Founded on June 25 , 1938 under the command of " Korvettenkapitän " Werner Sobe , it was named in honour of " Kapitänleutnant " Bernd Wegener . Wegener , a U - boat commander during World War I , died on August 19 , 1915 after his submarine " U - 27 " was sunk by British Q - ship HMS " Baralong " , what was an atrocity and war crime itself . The flotilla , under the name " Wegener Flotilla " , was founded in Kiel in June 1938 . In September 1940 , the flotilla left its base in Kiel and moved to St . Nazaire in France . After the change in location , the flotilla was renamed " 7th U - boat Flotilla " . In August 1944 , the flotilla was disbanded and its remaining boats were distributed to other flotillas based in Norway . This flotilla had one of the most famous emblems from World War II . The " snorting bull " emblem was first used by " U - 47 " , which is famous for sinking the British battleship HMS " Royal Oak " in October 1939 . The emblem , based on a picture seen in a comic book , was adopted by the flotilla while based in St . Nazaire .
Albatros D . IX Albatros D . IX was a German prototype single - seat fighter built in early 1918 . It differed from previous marks by using a simplified fuselage with a flat bottom and slab sides . The wings and tail were similar to those of the Albatros D . VII . Power was provided by a 130 kW ( 180 hp ) Mercedes D . III a engine . The D . IX was armed with twin synchronised 7 . 92 mm ( . 312 in ) LMG 08 / 15 machine gun s . The prototype exhibited disappointing performance and the project was discontinued .
Battle of Kharda The Battle of Kharda took place in 1795 between Nizam and Peshwa Madhavrao II , in which Nizam was badly defeated . Governor General John Shore followed the policy of non - intervention despite that Nizam was under his protection . So this led to the loss of trust with British . This was the last battle fought together by all Maratha warlords . Maratha forces consisted of cavalry , including gunners , bowmen , artillery and infantry as below : Maratha Sardars from faraway places like Mudhol and Nagpur participated on behalf of Marathas . Sardar Maloji Ghorpade of Mudhol with his grandson Narayanrao Ghorpade fought Nizams army and demonstrated great valour and courage . Sardar Sultanraje Nimbalkar , Jahgirdar of Kharda who after Rakshasbhuvan battle had become part of Hindavi Swarajya had raised infantry of Dagars . Dagars are people who , it is believed , are tribals from Rajputana who migrated to Maharashtra along with their 96 clan warrior masters ( now known as 96 clan Marathas ) to avoid Islamic Turkic onslaught in 12th century . This infantry led by Sonusingh Bias , killedar of Dharur had shown extreme valor finishing off Nizam ' s Afghan infantry . Naik Vithalrao Kakde ( infantry ) , Naik Ramchandra Bhosale , Borkhedkar displayed courage in his cavalry chasing and eliminating fleeing forces of Mahurkars and Mhaisekars infantry fighting for Nizam . Yesaji Waibhat leading gun regiment along with Sayyed Havaldars of Jahgirdar of Limbaganesh ' s troops fought fiercely with Kamma Regiment of Nizam . Nizam after seeing waterloo of forces of his trusted Sardar Salabatkhan Ismail Khan Panni , his last hope at the hands of 19 - year - old Yashwantrao Holkar , scion of Indore family , requested Sardar Daulatrao Scindia ' s Regent for treaty but was rejected by Nana Phadnis , Regent and Guardian of Prime Minister of Marathas Shrimant Sawai Madhavrao Peshwe . Then Nizam ' s one of Hindu Noble Raje Rai Rayaan , Chief of Takli used good offices of one Chintamanrao Kanitkar , Jagirdar Sarkar of Limbaganesh of Beed Tehsil belonging to Peshwe ' s community and having good liaison with Punyashlok Ahilyadevi Holkar with representative of Holkars and helping Nizam to enter into treaty with Marathas . This treaty imposed heavy ransom + Chauth on Nizam . Vitthal Ballal Subhedar , General of Nagpurkar Bhosle Army secured Rs . 29 lakhs which were in arrears from Nizam . Nizam agreed to share revenue of Berar province in equality with Bhosles . Sawai Madhavrao being happy with performance of Bhosles of Nagpur granted Sanad of Hoshangabad , Bacai and other areas to Raghujiraje Bhosle . Later Nizam happy with intervention of Chintamanrao Sarkar awarded Patilki of Veeda village and Deshmukhi of Kalsambar to him . Nizam also ceded Sholapur , Daulatabad and Aurangabad to Marathas .
Wolfgang Brückner Wolfgang Brückner ( 26 May 1920 – 14 July 1943 ) was a German Luftwaffe bomber pilot . Brückner was killed on 14 July 1943 over Silesia , Germany . He was posthumously promoted to Hauptmann and on 5 December 1943 was simultaneously awarded the Knight ' s Cross .
Francisco de Castañeda Francisco de Castañeda , also spelled Castonado , was a lieutenant in the Mexican army stationed in San Antonio , in the 1830s . He was the commander of the troops involved in the first battle of the Texas Revolution . Career in Texas . Castañeda was primarily charged with keeping the peace in central Texas . Chasing Indians , cattle rustlers and escorting officials were the main duties during this period . The soldiers were part of the Presidio San Antonio de Bexar , who were housed in the Alamo fort in late 1835 . The Castañeda family had lived at the Alamo Mission in a remodeled Indian dwelling on the ntechea , to retrieve the cannon formerly given to the citizens of Gonzales in 1831 for Indian defense . What should have been a routine mission for Castañeda and his men turned into the point of no return for the Texan participants . Castañeda would end up being the commander of the Mexican troops involved in the Battle of Gonzales , when the citizens of refused to return the cannon . Although a skirmish occurred , talks were made between the two sides . Texas Colonel John Moore even made an offer to Castañeda to join with the Texan side and he would retain his rank and pay , but he refused saying he must follow orders and withdrew his men to San Antonio . The Mexican civil war in Texas was now well under way . In October 1835 , he was a participant in the battle of Concepción and in December at the Siege of Bexar , in San Antonio . At the end of the Texas Revolution , an ironic event occurred . Juan Seguin would accept the official Mexican surrender from Francisco de Castañeda and his men , at the Alamo , on June 4 , 1836 . Castañeda then joined the retreat to Mexico , where he remained a member of the Mexican Army . Later years . When Mexico tried to retake Texas in 1842 . Castañeda returned to San Antonio , as a Captain , under General Adrian Woll . Woll reported that Castañeda received a grave wound in the Battle of Salado Creek . Also see : Timeline of the Texas Revolution and the Battle of Gonzales
Edmund Verney ( Cavalier ) Sir Edmund Verney ( 1 January 1590 or 7 April 1596 – 23 October 1642 ) was an English politician , soldier and favourite of Charles I . At the outbreak of the English Civil War he supported the Royalist cause and was killed at the Battle of Edgehill . Life . Knighted by King James in 1611 , he was sent to Madrid , and returned to join the household of Henry Frederick , Prince of Wales . Upon Henry ' s death in 1612 , he became a gentleman of the privy chamber to Charles , Duke of York , later Charles I . His financial sense was poor , and he was severely indebted by the early 1620s . In 1623 , he accompanied Charles and the Duke of Buckingham to Spain to court the Infanta Maria . While there , he protected a dying Englishman from a Catholic priest by punching the priest in the face , which did not endear him to the Spaniards . Upon his return , he was elected Member of Parliament for Buckingham in 1624 , and for New Romney in 1625 . After the coronation of Charles that year , he was appointed knight marshal for life , the duties of which office required him to be extensively at court . He was returned for Aylesbury in 1629 . Despite his income from the knight marshalcy , several business ventures ended in failure , and his debts were largely unrelieved . With the approach of the English Civil War , he found himself in a painful conflict . While personally loyal to the King , he resisted the Laudian religious policies . Verney was returned to the Short Parliament and then the Long Parliament as member for Wycombe , and often found himself in opposition to the King . Upon the outbreak of war , Verney remained true to his master and friend , King Charles , while his eldest son Ralph joined the Parliamentary forces . Made standard - bearer of the Royal army , Verney was killed at the Battle of Edgehill . According to the tradition of his family , his body was never identified , except for his severed hand , still found grasping the banner . Family . Verney was the second son of Sir Edmund Verney and Mary Blakeney . He married Margaret Denton on 14 December 1612 , with whom he had ten surviving children , including :
USS Decker ( DE - 47 ) USS " Decker " ( DE - 47 ) was an Evarts class destroyer escort constructed for the United States Navy during World War II . She was sent off into dangerous North Atlantic Ocean waters to protect convoys and other ships from German submarines and fighter aircraft . She performed escort and antisubmarine operations in battle areas before sailing home victorious at the end of the conflict . Originally intended for transfer to Great Britain as BDE - 47 , " Decker " was launched on 24 July 1942 by the Philadelphia Navy Yard ; retained for use in the USN ; redesignated " Decker " ( DE - 47 ) on 4 March 1943 ; and commissioned on 3 May 1943 , Lieutenant Commander A . B . Adams , Jr . in command . Service history . World War II . After escorting two oilers from Newport , Rhode Island to Galveston , Texas from 9 – 24 July 1943 , " Decker " reported at Norfolk , Virginia on 20 August for convoy duty . From 26 August 1943 – 26 April 1945 , she gave vital support to operations in North Africa , Italy , and Southern France by guarding the passage of nine supply convoys to Casablanca , French Morocco ; Bizerte , Tunisia ; Palermo , Sicily ; and Oran , Algeria . On 11 May 1944 , at sea bound for Tunisia , she aided in repelling a heavy torpedo attack by enemy planes . After overhaul at Charleston , South Carolina , " Decker " operated in the Florida Keys as a training vessel until the end of the war . Post - War . On 28 August 1945 , she was leased to the Republic of China . " Decker " was returned from Lend - Lease and transferred permanently to China on 7 February 1948 and renamed ROCS " Tai Ping " ( F - 22 ; ) . ROCS " Tai - ping " was one of the four warships sent by the Republic of China Navy on 6 November 1946 to secure and reclaim islands within the South China Sea region formerly under Japanese occupation . Taiping Island was renamed after ROCS " Tai - ping " , the ship which arrived at the island . On 14 November 1954 , a Communist Chinese Motor Torpedo Boat sank " Tai Ping " off the Tachen Islands .
RML 16 inch 80 ton gun The RML 16 inch 80 ton guns were large rifled muzzle - loading guns intended to give the largest British battleships parity with the large guns being mounted by Italian and French ships in the Mediterranean Sea in the 1870s . Design and history . The gun was constructed of a toughened mild steel inner " A " tube surrounded by multiple wrought - iron coils , breech - piece and jacket . Rifling was of the " polygroove plain section " type , with 33 grooves increasing from 0 to 1 turn in 50 calibres ( i . e . 1 turn in 800 inches ) at the muzzle . After a long design and experimentation period beginning in 1873 , HMS " Inflexible with 4 guns became the only ship to mount them , in 1880 . By that time such muzzle - loading guns were already obsolescent and were being superseded by a new generation of rifled breechloading guns . 2 more guns were mounted for coast defence in the Admiralty Pier Turret at Dover . Surviving examples . The only 2 surviving examples are in the ruins of the Admiralty Pier Turret , Dover , Kent , UK .
Harold Hering Major Harold L . Hering ( born 1936 ) is a former officer in the United States Air Force , who was discharged for questioning the process for launching nuclear missiles . Hering served in Vietnam in the Air Rescue Service . 21 years into his Air Force career , while serving as a Minuteman missile crewman and expecting a promotion to lieutenant colonel , he posed the following question during training at Vandenberg Air Force Base in late 1973 : The Single Integrated Operational Plan specifies that , when the National Command Authority issues an order to use nuclear weapons , the order will filter down the chain of command . Per the SIOP , decision - making is the responsibility of the NCA , not of officers lower in the chain of command , who are responsible for executing on NCA decisions . To ensure no opportunity for execution by a rogue operator , the two - man rule requires that at each stage , two operators independently verify and agree that the order is valid . In the case of the Minuteman missile , this is done by comparing the authorization code in the launch order against the code in the Sealed Authenticator , a special sealed envelope which holds the code ; if both operators agree that the code matches , the launch must be executed . Journalist Ron Rosenbaum claimed Hering ' s question exposed a flaw in the very foundation of this doctrine : Rosenbaum says that the answer is that launch would indeed be possible : to this day , the nuclear fail - safe protocols for executing commands are entirely concerned with the president ' s " identity " , not his sanity . ( However , it is important to note that the president does " not " have the authority to launch nuclear weapons of his own accord . The procedure includes a two - man rule , whereby all nuclear launches must be authorized by the Secretary of Defense in addition to the president . It seems unlikely that both officers would lose their sanity at the same time . ) Hering was pulled from training and , unable to receive a reply to his satisfaction , requested reassignment to different duties . Instead , the Air Force issued an administrative discharge for " failure to demonstrate acceptable qualities of leadership " . Hering appealed the discharge , and at the Air Force Board of Inquiry , the Air Force stated that knowing whether or not a launch order is lawful is beyond the executing officer ' s need to know . Hering replied : The Board of Inquiry ruled that Hering be discharged from the Air Force . After his discharge , Hering became a long - haul trucker .
40th Infantry Division Cacciatori d ' Africa The 40th Infantry Division " Cacciatori d ’ Africa " ( " Hunters of Africa " ) was an infantry division of the Italian Army ( " Regio Esercito Italiano " ) during World War II . History . The " Cacciatori d ’ Africa " was active in Addis Ababa in Africa Orientale Italiana ( AOI ) on 10 June 1940 . The " Cacciatori d ’ Africa " and 65 Infantry Division " Grenadiers of Savoy " ( " Granatieri di Savoia " ) , came under overall command of Amedeo , 3rd Duke of Aosta , who was Viceroy and Governor - General of AOI . The " Cacciatori d ’ Africa " first saw action sometime in late March 1941 after the Italian defeat at the Battle of Keren but it too , couldn ' t turn back the British advance into AOI . The last elements of the " Cacciatori d ’ Africa " Division surrendered on 19 May 1941 . Commander . General Giovanni Varda
Aleksei Antonov Aleksei Innokentievich Antonov ( ) ( 9 September 1896 - 16 June 1962 ) was a General of the Soviet Army , awarded the Order of Victory for his efforts in World War II . Career . Born in Grodno , the son of a Tsarist artillery officer , Antonov graduated from Frunze Military Academy in 1921 and joined the Red Army during the Russian Civil War . He became an instructor at Frunze Military Academy in 1938 . In 1941 , Antonov became Chief of Staff for the Soviet Southwestern Front and Southern Front . In the following year he became Deputy Chief General Staff of the combined Soviet forces and Head of the Operations Directorate . His duty was to liaise with other officers and inform Stalin of the military situation . Richard Overy writes of him at this time : Vasilevsky came to rely on one subordinate above all others : the chief of operations , General Aleksei Antonov . [ . . . ] On December 11 [ 1942 ] the forty - six - year - old Antonov stepped into the role which was more directly exposed to Stalin ' s inquisitive leadership than any other . Antonov rose to the challenge . Instead of rushing off to report to Stalin when he arrived in Moscow , he spent the first week familiarizing himself thoroughly with the General Staff and the state of the front . Only when he was fully primed did he go to see his commander . The two men developed the most effective working relationship of the war . Antonov displayed a calm intelligence married to a massive energy and exceptional industry . According to his deputy , General Sergei Shtemenko , Antonov never lost his temper or allowed circumstances to get the better of him . He was firm , caustic , slow to praise and a tough taskmaster , but the rigorous regimen that he imposed on his staff won their respect . Above all he was adept at manipulating Stalin . He did not sugar - coat his reports . He was prepared to stand up to Stalin with what his deputy regarded as a ' brave outspokenness ' . So skilled was he at providing the evening situation reports concisely and accurately that even Zhukov bowed to his capability and allowed Antonov to present them in his place . The trust that Stalin came to place in Antonov was reflected in his survivability . He retained his office until February 1945 , when he was made chief of staff in Vasilevsky ' s place . By 1944 Antonov was Chief Spokesman and was present at both the Yalta and Potsdam Conferences . At the Yalta Conference he briefed the Western Allies on how the Allies could aid Soviets by bombing lines of communications which led to the Dresden raid . After the war Antonov became Deputy Commander - in - Chief and then Commander - in - Chief of the Transcaucasus Military District . In 1955 , he became Chief of Staff of the Combined Forces of the Warsaw Pact . He held this post until his death in 1962 . Family . In 1956 , Antonov married ballerina Olga Vasiliyevna Lepeshinskaya . It was her second marriage .
Operation High Dive Operation High Dive ( also known as Project High Dive ) was a secret project carried out during the 1950s by the United States Air Force . It tested high - altitude parachutes using anthropomorphic dummies . The dummies went into a 200 rpm flat spin , which would be fatal to a human . Further investigations on this led to Project Excelsior . It may later have been confused with Project Mogul and thus helped form the account of the Roswell UFO Incident .