naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
National Museum of Military History ( Luxembourg ) The National Museum of Military History ( , ) , abbreviated to NMMH , is a national museum in Diekirch , in north - eastern Luxembourg , that includes amongst its exhibits military vehicles and weaponry , a photographic archive , and lifesize diorama s displaying military servicemen and actions . Museum . The museum originally developed out of the Diekirch Historical Museum ( opened in 1984 ) , which was primarily dedicated to the Battle of the Bulge in Luxembourg in winter 1944 – 45 . The museum is located in the complex of the Diekirch ' old brewery ' . The main topic of the museum remains the balanced and objective historical representation of the military operations in the Ardennes from the American , German , and civilian points of view . Over 3000 square metres of exhibition space and numerous lifesize dioramas enable an insight of the dramatic and tragic situations that both soldiers and civilians were caught in . Special showrooms feature extensive collections of weapons , uniforms , military equipment of all kind , wheeled and tracked vehicles , in addition to numerous personal soldiers ' belongings , photographs , documents , and maps . The museum ’ s core piece is the detailed mock - up of the night - time Sauer river crossing at Diekirch on January 18 , 1945 by units of the United States 5th Infantry Division . The museum ' s World War II collection is regarded as one of the finest of Western Europe . A second part of the NMMH museum is dedicated to the history of the military of Luxembourg since the creation of Luxembourg as a state , until present . A number of large - scale dioramas cover key aspects and periods of the Luxembourgian army since the Second World War . Other sections are dedicated to Luxembourgers fighting in allied armies in the First World War , the Second World War , and during the Korean War . United Nations missions in which Luxembourg has participated are also covered and special displays provide an overview of daily military life . The National Museum of Military History is a founding member of the Belgian - Luxembourg Association of the Museums of the Battle of the Ardennes ( AMBA ) and a European partner of the National World War II Museum in New Orleans , in the United States .
1993 Base Realignment and Closure Commission The 1993 Base Realignment and Closure Commission preliminary list was released by the United States Department of Defense in 1993 as part of the Base Realignment and Closure Commission . It recommended closing 33 major United States military base s . Recommendations . Major facilities slated for closure included :
Small Craft insignia The Small Craft Insignia ( more commonly known as the Small Craft Pin ) is a decoration of the United States Navy which was first created in the 1970s following the close of the Vietnam War . The intent in creating the Small Craft Pin was to give recognition to the specially trained naval personnel who comprised the inshore boat units and river assault commands . The Small Craft Pin ( commonly called the ' Coxswain Pin ' or ' Boat Pin ' by U . S . Navy Sailors ) is issued in two grades for both officers and enlisted . The gold ( officer ) or silver ( enlisted ) metal pin consists of a small craft circumscribed by an anchor flukes on the sides and bottom and a three star pennant on top . The three stars represent the three main areas of U . S . Navy Riverine operations in Vietnam ; OPERATION GAME WARDEN , OPERATION MARKET TIME , and OPERATION SEALORDS . To qualify for the Small Craft insignia , a service member must complete full qualifications at every watch station of a small craft . This normally includes positions as engineer , coxswain , gunner , and boat commander . Enlisted personnel must be the Petty Officer in Charge ( POIC ) of a small craft for six months before they qualify . Officers must hold the additional qualification of Watch Officer in order to be awarded the Small Craft Pin . Sailors who have earned the silver pin while enlisted and later become commissioned officers are authorized to begin wearing the gold pin ( this is the only enlisted device that is authorized to change color upon the wearer ' s commissioning without further qualification ) . Any officer who has earned the Surface Warfare insignia may automatically be awarded the gold Small Craft Pin upon joining a small boat command . The pin is also awarded , by default , to any officer given command of a unit which utilizes small boats , upon receipt of the Command Ashore Pin , regardless of previous qualifications . Some warrant officers who earn the pin while enlisted continue to wear the insignia as warrant officers . The Small Craft Pin is authorized by local commanders and is not considered the same as a warfare qualification badge , such as the Surface Warfare Officer ( SWO ) insignia . The Small Craft Pin may also be retroactively awarded to the Second World War , upon request of the service member to the Department of the Navy . The U . S . Navy maintains a similar pin , known as the Craftmaster Badge , intended for those qualified in the operation of non - combat support small craft such as tugs and barges .
Ernest Herbert Pitcher Ernest Herbert Pitcher VC , DSM ( 31 December 1888 – 10 February 1946 ) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . Pitcher was 28 years old , and a petty officer in the Royal Navy during the First World War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC . On 8 August 1917 in the Bay of Biscay , Atlantic , Petty Officer Pitcher was the 4 - inch gun layer on HMS " Dunraven " ( one of the Q ship s ) when she was shelled by an enemy submarine . He and the rest of the crew waited while the battle went on overhead and all around them . When the magazine below them caught fire they took up cartridges and held them on their knees to prevent the heat of the deck igniting them and when the magazine finally blew up they were all blown into the air . His VC was awarded by ballot of the gun crew , along with Lieutenant Charles George Bonner . Pitcher also served in the Second World War and achieved the rank of Chief Petty Officer .
Joseph Trumbull ( commissary general ) Joseph Trumbull ( March 11 , 1737 – July 23 , 1778 ) , son of Governor Jonathan Trumbull of Connecticut , was the first commissary general of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War . Biography . Trumbull was born in Lebanon , Connecticut . He graduated from Harvard in 1756 and worked in his father ' s mercantile business . He served in the Connecticut House of Representatives from 1767 to 1773 . He joined the Connecticut Committee of Correspondence at the outset of the American Revolution . He was elected as an alternate delegate to the First Continental Congress in 1774 , but did not attend any sessions . After Lexington and Concord in April 1775 , the Connecticut Assembly appointed Trumbull as commissary general in charge of supplying food for the Connecticut troops who had joined the siege of Boston . At Boston , General George Washington was impressed with Trumbull ' s efforts , and recommended him for the same job in the newly created Continental Army . On 19 July 1775 , Congress appointed Trumbull as Commissary General of Stores and Provisions , with the rank of colonel . Trumbull struggled to meet the needs of the army , and was strongly criticized by some congressmen . He got into a dispute with General Philip Schuyler , who wanted to appoint his nephew Walter Livingston as commissary for Schuyler ' s Northern Department . Trumbull was charged with corruption but an official inquiry cleared him of wrongdoing in December 1775 . Trumbull resigned in 1777 when Congress took away some of his duties . Congress then appointed him to the Board of War , and he served from August 1777 until his resignation in April 1778 due to sickness . He died three months later in Lebanon and was buried in the East Cemetery .
French cruiser Marseillaise ( 1935 ) The Marseillaise was a French light cruiser of the " La Galissonnière " class . During the Second World War , she remained with Vichy France . When commissioned , " Marseillaise " joined the French Mediterranean Squadron and became the flagship of Contre - Amiral Decoux in 1938 . In January 1939 she joined the 3rd Cruiser Division at Casablanca , and she was at Toulon when war was declared , as flagship of the 4th Squadron , part of Force Z . " Marseillaise " participated in the transport of gold to Canada in April 1940 . Concerns regarding Italian intentions prompted reorganisation of French naval forces . The 3rd Cruiser Division was sent to Bizerte as part of the " Force de Raid " , to protect French interests in North Africa , should Italy enter the war . After the French surrender , on 4 July 1940 , she returned to Toulon . As a result of the British attack on Mers - el - Kebir , the Germans suspended the disarming of the French fleet and the " Marseillaise " became part of the newly formed High Seas force . In the Scuttling of the French fleet in Toulon , the ship was sabotaged by her crew and set on fire . The captain of the " Marseillaise " was anxious that the Germans should not capture the ship . He ordered scuttling charge s to be set and the sea valve s opened only on one side , ignoring orders to sink his ship on an even keel . German commandos arrived at the gangplank but were refused permission to go aboard . They did not force the issue and stood on the dock and watched the ship slowly capsize . The last officers abandoned ship as explosions ripped the vessel apart and fires took hold . The ship ' s officers were taken prisoner , and the ship burned for 7 days . The burnt - out hull of the " Marseillaise " was scrapped in 1946 / 47 .
French frigate Aréthuse ( 1792 ) Aréthuse was a 40 - gun frigate of the French Navy , built from 1789 following plans by Ozanne . She was launched on 3 March 1791 , and served in the Mediterranean under Captain Pierre René Bouvet . During the Siege of Toulon , Royalist rioters surrendered " Aréthuse " to the British . She escaped to Portoferraio when the city fell , and was brought into Royal Navy service as HMS " Arethuse " . In July 1795 , she was renamed HMS " Undaunted " . On 9 February 1796 , she sailed for the Leeward Islands under the command of H . Roberts . She then joined Captain Thomas Parr , in the fourth rate HMS " Malabar " , as part of the squadron that occupied the Dutch colonies of Demerara , Essequibo and Berbice in April and May . On 27 August 1796 , under the command of Robert Winthrop , she was wrecked on the Morant Cays in the West Indies .
Target acquisition Target Acquisition is the detection , identification , and location of a target in sufficient detail to permit the effective employment of lethal and non - lethal means . The term is used for a broad area of applications . A " target " here is an entity or object considered for possible engagement or other action . Targets include a wide array of resources that an enemy commander can use to conduct operations including mobile and stationary units , forces , equipment , capabilities , facilities , persons and functions . It may comprise target acquisition , Joint Targeting or Information Operations . Technically target acquisition may just denote the process of a weapon system to decide which object to lock on to , as opposed to surveillance on one and target tracking on the other side ; for example in an anti - aircraft system . History . Target Acquisition under the doctrines of the Cold War and Post - Cold War were focused on identifying the capabilities , assets and identities of large troop formations , Air Defense Systems , Artillery , rockets , missiles and identifying other High Pay - off Targets ( HPTs ) and High Value Targets ( HVTs ) . HPTs which if successfully engaged and neutralized significantly contribute to the success of the " friendly commander ' s " course of action . HVT is a target that an " enemy commander " requires for completion of a mission . They both seem to accomplish the same , but are different when conducting the targeting analysis process . Since the September 11 attacks , Target Acquisition has become a highly technical , robust and complex process because of the priority target types , including the targeting of individuals . Whereas a satellite can locate a missile launcher or a formation of 16 tanks by its shape , heat signature or size , it cannot identify and locate 1 of 7 billion individuals without having a person on the ground to recognize , report and engage that individual . This also requires an enhancement of Human Intelligence ( HUMINT ) sources or the enhancement of biometric technology for the purpose of positive identification of individuals in the targeting process . The Joint Targeting process is better suited for targeting individuals . The latest U . S . doctrine is the JP 3 - 60 , Joint Doctrine for Targeting .
John Garland ( general ) John Garland ( 1792 – 1861 ) was a career United States soldier in the Regular Army who had a long and distinguished career spanning fifty years of service during the War of 1812 , Seminole Wars , Mexican - American War , Utah War and very briefly into the American Civil War . Early life and career . Garland was born in Virginia . He joined the U . S . Army during the War of 1812 and by 1813 was a first lieutenant . He served throughout the war in the 35th Infantry and was transferred to the 3rd Infantry at the war ' s close . He stayed in the army serving in the quartermaster ' s department . He fought under General William J . Worth in the Seminole Wars in northern and central Florida . Mexico . Northern Mexico . Garland was promoted to lieutenant colonel of the 4th U . S . Infantry on May 7 , 1839 . He fought under Zachary Taylor at the battles of Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma . During this time he commanded a second lieutenant U . S . Grant . For services in these two battles , he was brevetted to full colonel and commanded a brigade of regulars in David E . Twiggs ' division of the Army of Occupation . At the Battle of Monterrey , Garland temporarily led the division in the initial attack on the city as General Twiggs had taken an overdose of a laxative before the battle . Central Mexico . Garland joined Winfield Scott ' s army and , for the second time in his career , he was serving under William Worth , who was now his division commander . Garland fought at the battles of Veracruz , Battle of Cerro Gordo , Contreras and Churubusco . For his distinguished services in the last two battles , he was appointed brevet brigadier general of regulars . He led his brigade at the Battle of Molino del Rey and in the attack on Chapultepec . He had survived the war thus far without any serious injury , but when he marched his brigade into fallen Mexico City , he was hit in the chest by a Mexican sharpshooter and severely wounded . Utah War and Civil War . He recovered and returned to duty in the army being made colonel of the 8th U . S . Infantry . In 1848 James Longstreet married Garland ' s daughter and named his firstborn son " John Garland Longstreet " in honor of his father - in - law . Garland was in command of a military district that dealt with the Utah War in 1857 – 58 . He was still on active duty in the Regular Army when the American Civil War broke out in 1861 . He stayed loyal to the Union , despite being from Virginia and his close ties with James Longstreet ( soon to be a prominent Confederate officer ) . His services to the North were short lived however , as he died in mid - 1861 in New York City while still on active duty . His nephew , Samuel Garland , Jr . , served as a Confederate general and was killed at the Battle of South Mountain in 1862 .
HMNZS Kahu ( P3571 ) HMNZS " Kahu I " ( P3571 ) was a " Fairmile B " motor launch of the Royal New Zealand Navy . Originally commissioned on 20 December 1943 , with the pendant number " Q 411 " , she was part of the 80th Motor Launch Flotilla . Early in 1944 , she went to the Solomon Islands where she served under the operational control of COMSOPAC . She was recommissioned from 1947 to 1965 as HMNZS " Kahu I " ( P3571 )
Gerardus Mooyman Gerardus Leonardus Mooyman ( 23 September 1923 – 21 June 1987 ) was a Dutch volunteer in the Waffen - SS . Biography . Gerardus Mooyman was born in Apeldoorn , Netherlands . He grew up in a very pro - German household . His father was a small time retailer whose business suffered greatly during the great depression , resulting in his joining of the NSB in hope of a better future . Mooyman spent his youth hearing stories about the triumphs of Hitler and Nazi Germany and admiring the German victories across Europe . His father wanted Mooyman to work in the family business but he preferred a military career , so in 1941 he volunteered to serve in the 4th SS Volunteer Panzergrenadier Brigade Netherlands , and was sent to the eastern front as an anti tank gun commander . In the battle at Lake Ladoga he destroyed 13 tanks , for this action he was the first non - German to be awarded the Knight ' s Cross . By the end of his service on the front he was credited with destroying 23 Soviet tanks . As the first non - German to be awarded the Knight ' s Cross , Nazi propaganda widely published his story in newspapers and magazines . He was congratulated personally by Himmler and had to attend dozens of receptions , parties and parades . He was illustrated as an example to the Dutch youth . By the end of the war Mooyman rose to the rank of SS - Untersturmführer ( Second Lieutenant ) . He was arrested at Bodegraven in March 1946 , put on trial in 1947 and charged with active military collaboration for his service in the Waffen - SS . He was sentenced to 6 years in prison . Mooyman did not carry on any political activities in his later years , being somewhat disillusioned with post - war Netherlands and her loss of empire . Mooyman was released after 3 years in prison , after which he moved to Hoogkerk where he became the owner of a paper - hanging business and the secretary of local football club . He was married and had one daughter . Gerardus Mooyman died in a car accident in 1987 .
Hors de combat Hors de combat , literally meaning " outside the fight , " is a French term used in diplomacy and international law to refer to military personnel who are incapable of performing their military function . Examples include fighter pilot s and aircrew members parachuting from an aircraft in distress , as well as the sick , wounded , detained , or otherwise disabled . Military personnel " hors de combat " are normally granted special protections according to the laws of war , sometimes including prisoner of war status . In addition to personnel , hors de combat may refer to anything out of action or disabled . Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions defines : A person is ' hors de combat ' if : provided that in any of these cases he abstains from any hostile act and does not attempt to escape .
Project 17A - class frigate The Project 17A is a follow - on of the Project 17 Shivalik class frigate for the Indian Navy . A total of seven ships will be built at Mazagon Dock Limited and GRSE . The construction of the first ship is expected to start by late 2013 and is expected to be launched by 2017 , after the shipyards are upgraded to incorporate modular construction technique . The anticipated cost for each vessel is above and the total deal is expected to be worth more than . The vessel will incorporate the latest stealth features . The first ship is expected to roll out by 2015 . Design . The experience gained in designing the Project 17 Shivalik class frigates will be applied to the Project 17A ( P17A ) . The Project 17A frigates will improve upon the Project 17 ( P17 ) in terms of stealth . They will have covered mooring deck and the number of antennae on the ship will be reduced by using a multi - functional radar . The P17A will also feature better options for roll stabilization and have a slick appearance . The weapon platform in the P17A ships will be compact and they will be armed with the Barak 8 surface - to - air missile being developed jointly by India and Israel and the Brahmos cruise missile . The weapon systems will be flush - deck mounted that will allow vertical launch of missiles from under the deck . The crew complement will be reduced from the existing 257 ( including 35 officers ) to about 150 by using high levels of automation , which will reduce the operational costs by around 20 per cent and result in higher operational availability of the warships . The construction times will be reduced and productivity will improved by using modular integrated construction . The ship will be having displacement of 6 , 000 tonnes and all the ships would roll out by 2020 and finally commissioned by 2022 . Progress . According to the Indian Minister of Defence A . K . Antony , negotiations for the contract of the seven stealth frigates are ongoing , four of which will be constructed by Mazagon Dock Ltd in Mumbai and three by Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers in Kolkata . India ’ s Cabinet Committee on Security ( CCS ) finally approved the proposal of Ministry of Defence ( MoD ) for starting the Project 17A design - cum - construction programme in September 2012 . Lockheed Martin and Hyundai Heavy Industries have jointly responded to the Project 17A combat systems Request for Information ( RFI ) issued by the Indian Navy . They are offering the Aegis Combat System to be included in its Project 17A frigate proposal .