naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
German submarine U - 852 German submarine " U - 852 " was a German Type IXD2 U - boat built during World War II . Laid down in Bremen and completed in June 1943 , the boat was a long - range Type IX , with four bow and two stern torpedo tubes and a Focke - Achgelis Fa 330 " Bachstelze " cable - towed lookout gyroglider . She was commanded throughout her brief service life by Captain Lieutenant ( " Kapitänleutnant " ) Heinz - Wilhelm Eck , who led her through her sea trials and onto her first war patrol on 18 January 1944 . For their actions against the survivors of a Greek steamer it sunk U - 852 ' s officers were the only " Kriegsmarine " submariners to be accused , prosecuted and convicted of war crimes during the Nuremberg Trials . SS " Peleus " . " U - 852 " s mission was to disrupt Allied communications in the Indian Ocean by attacking sea lanes there ; this involved a high level of secrecy and so she had to avoid conflict on her passage . This plan was jeopardized when , on 13 March on the latitude of Freetown , she spotted the lone Greek steamer . Despite his mission , Eck decided to attack her , and , after stalking her until nightfall , sank her with two torpedoes . What followed has been the subject of much dispute . The sinking " Peleus " left a large debris field , amongst which were an unknown number of survivors clinging to rafts and wreckage . As this field would have betrayed the presence of " U - 852 " to aircraft and shipping patrolling the area , Eck controversially decided to destroy the wreckage with hand grenades and automatic weapons . Eck ordered his junior officers to fire into the wreckage . These junior officers were : Eck was present during the incident , while the remaining crew were below decks . Eck was also executed in 1945 . As a result of this action , all but three of " Peleus ' s " 35 - man crew perished . SS " Dahomian " . The submarine was able to evade pursuit , and two weeks later encountered and sank the British cargo ship SS " Dahomian " , off Cape Town on 1 April . This time " U - 852 " hastily left the scene , rather than pausing . Capture . " U - 852 " was in the Indian Ocean on 30 April 1944 when she was spotted and attacked by a Vickers Wellington bomber flying from Aden . Damaged by aerial depth charges and unable to dive , she made for the Somali coast . Under attack there by six bombers of RAF 621 Squadron , Captain Eck was forced to beach his ship on a coral reef ( ) . Seven men were lost in the engagement ; the remainder fled ashore . Fifty - eight were captured by Somaliland Camel Corps and local militia . A British boarding party examined the wrecked U - boat and retrieved Eck ' s " Kriegstagebuch " ( " War Diary " ) , which proved crucial in framing the Allied case against him and his men . Also of great interest was the Fa 330 " Bachstelze " rotor kite , a towed one - man aerial observation platform . References . Notes Bibliography
V Fighter Command The V Fighter Command is an inactive United States Air Force unit . It was last assigned to Fifth Air Force , based at Fukuoka AB , Japan . It was inactivated on 31 May 1946 . During World War II the unit initially controlled fighter units in the Northwestern United States . In 1942 , V Fighter Command became the primary command and control organization for Fifth Air Force , fighter units operating primarily in the Southwest Pacific Theater . Its assigned units participated in aerial combat in the Fifth Air Force Area of Responsibility ( AOR ) flying cover missions for convoys , patrols , escorted bombers , attacked enemy airfields , and supported ground forces . Afterward , served with the occupation force in Japan before being inactivated in 1946 .
Bernard Szumborski Bernard Szumborski was a mercenary . Career . Szumborski was hired by the Teutonic Knights during the Battle of Chojnice , and was sent with 15 , 000 men to relieve the besieged city . Casimir IV of Poland sent cavalry attacks to the rear of the Teutonic lines and Szumborski was captured . However , Teutonic knights rallied up and caused panic . Szumborski managed to escape and organized the pursuit of the fleeing Polish army . References . Grant , RG : " Battle "
Bến Súc Bến Súc was a village in Dầu Tiếng District that was evacuated then systematically destroyed in January 1967 , Operation Cedar Falls , during the Vietnam War . Today , the modern village of , Dầu Tiếng is located on the site of Bến Súc . Vietnam War history . Ben Suc was the main pillar of the Vietcong ' s dominance over the Iron Triangle . This fortified village functioned as a major supply and political center with its population organized as rear service companies . Following the village ' s screening , 106 villagers were detained ; the remaining inhabitants of Ben Suc and of surrounding villages , some 6 , 000 individuals , two - thirds of them children , were deported , along with their belongings and live stock , in trucks , river boats and helicopters to relocation camps . After the deportation of the village ' s population , Ben Suc was systematically erased by American engineers who first burned the village ' s buildings to the ground and then leveled their remnants as well as the surrounding vegetation using bulldozers .
Boeing XB - 59 The XB - 59 , Boeing model number 701 , was a 1950s proposal for a United States supersonic bomber aircraft . Design and development . In 1949 the US government canceled the Boeing XB - 55 contract , which had been an effort to produce a subsonic replacement for the just - being - introduced Boeing B - 47 Stratojet . The XB - 55 project had started in 1947 , but by the end of the decade it was apparent that if strategic penetration in warfare were to be successful at all , it would require aircraft much faster than the jet fighter aircraft which were then being placed into operation . Thus the funding made available by the XB - 55 cancellation was earmarked for the study of a supersonic medium bomber , and a request for proposals was extended to several aircraft companies . Boeing submitted a proposal for a four - engine , high - wing aircraft with a highly streamlined fuselage . The four engines would be buried in thickened wing roots ; the remaining wing planform was highly tapered . Developed under weapons system designation MX - 1965 , the XB - 59 was to have a crew of three , and would be powered by four GE J73 - X24A turbojet engines , mounted in the roots of the 73 foot span wings . The landing gear would be similar to the bicycle arrangement found on the B - 47 and B - 52 Stratofortress , with wingtip - mounted outriggers . The Boeing contract for the XB - 59 was canceled in late 1952 after the Convair company ' s submission , designated B - 58 Hustler , was selected for development . The Boeing effort was a design study only , and no construction was involved .
Gerald Graham Lieutenant General Sir Gerald Graham , VC GCB GCMG ( 27 June 1831 – 17 December 1899 ) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . Early life . He was born in Acton , Middlesex , and after studying at Wimbledon and Dresden he was admitted ( 1847 ) to the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich and completed his military training in the School of Military Engineering at Chatham . Victoria Cross . He was 23 years old , and a lieutenant in the Corps of Royal Engineers , British Army during the Crimean War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC . On 18 June 1855 in the Crimea , Lieutenant Graham , accompanied by a sapper ( John Perie ) showed determined gallantry at the head of a ladder party at the assault on the Redan at Sebastopol . He also went out on numerous occasions to bring in wounded officers and men . Later service . During the Second Anglo - Chinese War he again displayed great courage and skill and , although seriously wounded in the storming of the Taku forts ( 21 August 1860 ) , subsequently entered Peking with the victors . Following his return to England in 1861 , he was for 16 years commanding engineer successively at Brighton , Aldershot , Montreal , Chatham , Manchester , and York . In 1877 he was appointed assistant director of works for barracks at the War Office . In 1882 he accompanied Sir Garnet Wolseley to Egypt as brigadier general , and his forces had a great share in the victorious campaign against Urabi Pasha . In 1884 he took the field against Osman Digna , whose army he defeated at El - Teb and Tamai . In the meantime he had urged a plan for the assistance of Gordon , which , however , was not accepted . Graham was made a G . C . B . in 1896 , and a colonel commandant of the Corps of Royal Engineers in 1899 . The medal . His Victoria Cross is currently owned by Graham ' s Great Great Great Grandson Oliver Brooks and is displayed at the Royal Engineers Museum " ( Gillingham , England ) " . Works . He published a number of scientific papers and a contribution to the " Fortnightly Review " , entitled " Last Words with Gordon " ( 1887 ) , and prepared a translation of Goetze ' s " Operations of the German Engineers and Technical Troops during the Franco - German War of 1870 – 71 " ( 1875 ) .
USNS Mission Dolores ( T - AO - 115 ) SS " Mission Dolores " was a built for the United States Maritime Commission during World War II , named for Mission San Francisco de Asís in San Juan Capistrano , California , one of two named for the Franciscan mission located in San Francisco , California . After the war she was acquired by the United States Navy as USS " Mission Dolores " ( AO - 115 ) . Later the tanker transferred to the Military Sea Transportation Service as USNS " Mission Dolores " ( T - AO - 115 ) . Service history . Charter ship , 1944 – 1946 . SS " Mission Dolores " was laid down as a Type T2 - SE - A2 tanker on 18 February 1944 under a Maritime Commission contract by the Marine Ship Corporation of Sausalito , California . Launched on 26 April 1944 , sponsored by Mrs . William E . Briggs , the ship was delivered on 31 May 1944 . Chartered to Pacific Tankers , Inc . , on 31 May , for operations , she spent the remainder of the war providing fuel products to Allied forces in the $ 3 . Returned to the Maritime Commission on 17 May 1946 she was laid up in the Maritime Reserve Fleet at Olympia , Washington . Navy transport , 1947 – 1957 . Acquired by the Navy on 20 October 1947 she was designated as USS " Mission Dolores " ( AO - 115 ) and transferred to the Naval Transportation Service for service . Operating under charter by Union Oil Company , she carried fuel and oil to US forces and Allies overseas , and continued in this duty after the Naval Transportation Service had been replaced by the Military Sea Transportation Service . From 1 October 1949 , the date MSTS was created , until May 1955 , she operated as USNS " Mission Dolores " ( T - AO - 115 ) . Returned to the Maritime Administration on 22 June 1955 she was laid up in the Maritime Reserve Fleet at Olympia . She was struck from the Naval Vessel Register on the same date . Reacquired by the Navy on 27 June 1956 she was placed in service with MSTS on the same date and served with them until returned to the Maritime Reserve Fleet at Olympia , on 19 September 1957 . Sold into commercial service , 1969 – 1984 . On 21 April 1969 the ship was transferred by MARAD , to Sea - Land Service Inc . for conversion to a container ship , and renamed SS " Tampa " on 30 October 1969 . Sold to Reynolds Leasing Corp . , on 24 September 1970 , she was scrapped in May 1984 .
Rudolf Joachim Seck Rudolf Joachim Seck ( 15 July 1908 – 1974 ) was an SS Oberscharführer ( Staff Sergeant ) during World War II during the course of which he committed a large numbers of crimes against humanity , for which he was later sentenced to serve life in prison by a West German court . Activities during World War II . Seck held the SS ranks of Unterscharführer and later Oberscharführer ( Staff Sergeant ) . He was the commander of Jungfernhof concentration camp , near Riga , Latvia . His office was at the Gestapo headquarters in Riga on Reimerstrasse . According to Joseph Berman , a Jewish man from Ventspils and a survivor of The Holocaust in Latvia , who was assigned to the work detail cleaning Seck ' s automobile , Seck was closely associated with Rudolf Lange , the main SS leader in occupied Latvia . Seck made it a habit to meet , at the Šķirotava Railway Station , trains of Jews deported from Germany , Austria , or Czechoslovakia . Theoretically these Jews were to be sent to the Riga Ghetto or the Jungfernhof or Salaspils concentration camps , but usually this did not occur , as Seck would instead take them to Biķernieki or Rumbula forests , near Riga , and shoot them . Seck also traveled about Latvia , the Baltic states and Belarus with Nazi convoys to fight partisans or liquidate various camps and ghettos . The Gestapo maintained a clothing depot in Riga , on Peterholm Street , where the belongings of murdered Jews would be collected . Seck was seen at the clothing depot appropriating for himself suitcases of new clothing and jewelry . Seck personally beat and maltreated prisoners on a regular basis . Seck was responsible for selecting between 1600 and 1700 Jews from among the Jungfernhof concentration camp inmates to be transported , on 26 March 1942 , to the Biķernieki forest to be murdered in what became known as the Dünamünde Action . Convicted of crimes against humanity . Following the war , Seck was tried in West Germany before the Landsgericht Hamburg with other Nazi personnel who planned or participated in the murder of Jews in Latvia . In 1951 , Seck was convicted and sentenced to life in prison . Among his crimes were his personal murder of eight Jews , including seven in Jungfernhof . The court described these murders as follows :
Mercadier Mercadier ( died 1200 ) was a " French " Provençal warrior of the 12th century , and chief of mercenaries in the service of Richard I of England . In 1183 he appears as a leader of Brabant mercenaries in Southern France . He entered Richard ' s service in 1184 , attacking and laying waste to lands of Aimar V of Limoges . In 1188 he managed seventeen castles captured from the Count of Toulouse . He accompanied Richard on the Third Crusade but was sent back when Philip Augustus left for France . On arrival he and his mercenaries defended Richard ' s estates in the latter ' s absence . After Richard ' s return from the Holy Land , Mercadier accompanied him everywhere as his right hand , travelling and fighting by his side . Richard eulogized Mercadier ' s exploits in his letters , and gave him the estates left by Ademar de Bainac in Limousin , who died without heirs around 1190 . During the various wars between Richard and Philip Augustus of France , Mercadier fought successively in Berry , Normandy , Flanders and Brittany . When Richard was mortally wounded at the siege of Châlus in March 1199 , it was Mercadier ' s physician who cared for him . Mercadier avenged his death by storming the castle , hanging the defenders and flaying Pierre Basile , the crossbowman who had shot the king , despite Richard ' s last act pardoning the boy . Mercadier then entered the service of John , and ravaged Gascony and the city of Angers . On Easter Monday , the 10th April , 1200 , he was assassinated while on a visit to Bordeaux to pay his respects to Eleanor of Aquitaine , who was bringing from Spain Blanche of Castile . His murderer was a man - at - arms employed by Brandin , a rival mercenary captain in the service of John . One of the bridges of the Chateau - Gaillard is named for him . In historical fiction . Books and dramas . Five novels " Les aventures de Guilhem d ’ Ussel " of During the reign of Philip August , Guilhem d ’ Ussel encounters several chiefs of mercenaries : Mercadier , Lambert Cadoc ( Lord of Gaillon ) and Brandin .
Brunswick Manifesto The Brunswick Manifesto was a proclamation issued by Charles William Ferdinand , Duke of Brunswick , commander of the Allied Army ( principally Austrian and Prussian ) , on August 1 , 1792 to the population of Paris , France during the French Revolutionary Wars . The Brunswick Manifesto threatened that if the French royal family were harmed , then French civilians would be harmed . It was a measure intended to intimidate Paris , but rather helped further spur the increasingly radical French Revolution and finally led to the war between revolutionary France and counter - revolutionary monarchies . Background . On 20 April 1792 , Revolutionary France declared war on Austria ; on 28 April France invaded the Austrian Netherlands ( present - day Belgium ) . Prussia joined the war against France , and on 30 July Austria and Prussia began an invasion of France , hoping to occupy Paris . On August 2 , the Duke of Brunswick issued the Brunswick Manifesto . The manifesto promised that if the French Royal family was not harmed , then the Allies would not harm French civilians or loot . However , if acts of violence or acts to humiliate the French Royal family were committed , the Allies threatened to burn Paris to the ground . The manifesto was written primarily by Louis Joseph de Bourbon , Prince de Condé , the leader of a large corps of French émigrés in Brunswick ' s army , and intended to intimidate Paris into submission . Brunswick kept secret mail with Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette , and two days before making the Manifesto public , he sent a copy to the Tuileries Palace , and both the king and the queen approved it . On August 1 news of the manifesto began sweeping through Paris . Many believed the Brunswick Manifesto was final proof that Louis XVI was collaborating with the Allies . Also on August 1 , Prussian forces crossed the Rhine near Coblenz ; consequently , the French National Assembly ordered that citizens prepare for war . Impact . The Brunswick Manifesto , rather than intimidate the populace into submission , sent it into furious action and created fear and anger towards the Allies . It also spurred revolutionaries to take further action , organizing an uprising – on 10 August the Tuileries Palace was stormed and Swiss Guard s protecting it were massacred by the mob . In late August and early September , the French were defeated in skirmishes with the Allied army , but on 20 September the French triumphed in the Battle of Valmy . Following its defeat , the Prussian army withdrew from France .
Hector A . Cafferata , Jr . Hector Albert Cafferata , Jr . , USMCR ( Retired ) ( born November 4 , 1929 ) is a United States Marine who received the Medal of Honor for his heroic service at the Battle of Chosin Reservoir during the Korean War . In November 1950 , Pvt Cafferata single - handedly held off a regiment al - strength enemy and saved the wounded Marines by hurling away a live grenade that had landed in their midst , at the cost of serious personal injury . Early life . Hector Cafferata was born November 4 , 1929 , in New York City to Mr . and Mrs . Hector A . Cafferata , Sr . of Montville , New Jersey . He attended elementary school at Parsippany - Troy Hills , New Jersey and high school at Boonton , New Jersey . Starting as a sophomore in high school , he played football for three years , and following graduation , he continued as a semi - pro . In 1943 , he was employed for the Sun Dial Corporation of Caldwell , New Jersey . He enlisted in the Marine Corps Reserve on February 15 , 1948 , and was a member of the 21st Reserve Infantry Battalion at Dover , New Jersey , until called to active duty on September 6 , 1950 . Military service ; Korean War . After training at Camp Pendleton , California , PFC Cafferata embarked for Korea in October 1950 , joining the 2nd Battalion 7th Marines , 1st Marine Division . Cafferata distinguished himself during the Battle of Chosin Reservoir , single - handedly holding off a regiment al - sized enemy force and " annihilating two enemy platoons " after most of his comrades had fallen . When a live grenade fell into the shallow entrenchment occupied by his wounded fellow Marines , he grabbed the grenade and hurled it away — saving the lives of many , but suffering severe wounds . For these heroic actions , he would later be awarded the Medal of Honor . He was evacuated to Japan in December 1950 . Cafferata returned to the United States the following month for treatment at the U . S . Naval Hospital , St . Albans , New York . He was placed on the retired list on September 1 , 1951 . On November 24 , 1952 , President Harry S . Truman awarded the medal to PFC Cafferata during ceremonies at the White House . Awards and honors . Cafferata ' s medals include : Medal of Honor citation . The President of the United States in the name of The Congress takes pride in presenting the MEDAL OF HONOR to PRIVATE HECTOR A . CAFFERATA , JR . UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS RESERVE / S / HARRY S . TRUMAN
T - 10 parachute The T - 10 Parachute is a series of static line - deployed parachute s used by the United States armed forces for combat mass - assault airborne operations and training . The T - 10 parachute was introduced in the late 1950s . In 1976 , the B model introduced the anti - inversion net ; in 1986 , the C model was introduced , which changed the pocket band free length from 4 " to 7½ " . The T - 10D , adopted in 2000 , includes the detachable pack tray , which in itself includes the 15 ' universal static line and 5 ' extension static line . The T - 10D is currently being replaced by the T - 11 parachute system . In 2006 , all T - 10C parachutes were revised by adding one static line stow bar to each side of the pack tray ; the material for the T - 10C was also changed to the Army ' s Foliage Green # 504 . Design . Depending upon air density and the jumper ’ s total weight , the parachute ’ s average rate of descent is from ; total suspended weight limitation is . The parachute is deployed using either a static line , allowing the parachutist to be delivered by either C - 130 or C - 17 aircraft . The T - 10D main parachute is a parabolic - shape and has a nominal diameter of with 30 suspension lines . The entire assembly weighs . Paratroopers can be dropped from an aircraft at a maximum speed of , at a minimum of . Maximum jump wind speed is . The T - 10D Parachute assembly consists of five components : pack tray , troop harness , deployment bag , risers , and canopy . The parachute has a combined service life of 16 . 5 years ; service life is 12 years and shelf life is 4 . 5 years . The T - 10D Parachute must be repacked every 120 days . The T - 10D Parachute is made of nylon materials commonly used in the manufacturing of parachutes . The Modified Improved Reserve Parachute System ( MIRPS ) includes a standard T - 10 reserve parachute canopy assembly , integrated with a commercial deployment assistance device composed of a bridle line , pilot parachute , and spring . The pack tray includes a line bag for stowing suspension lines and an inner staging flap that holds the reserve parachute until sufficient tension is achieved through the bridle / pilot parachute assembly during deployment . The MIRPS pack tray is slightly larger than that of the T - 10 reserve pack tray so it can accommodate a larger pilot chute , spring , and bridle . The pack tray has a yellow stripe along the rip cord protector flap and is made of nylon textile materials commonly used to make parachute systems .