naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Naval academy A Naval Academy is a national institution that provides undergraduate level education for prospective naval officer s . Naval training commonly took place only at sea until the 20th century , even if those ships were permanently moored . For example , both the French École Navale and the British BRNC only comparatively recently constructed their training establishments on shore , despite the history of those two navies - almost contemporary with the establishment of those two nations air force colleges . This is in contrast to their military counterparts such as the École Spéciale Militaire de Saint - Cyr and the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst which , with their predecessors , have a history of a much more formal presence , in spite ( as in the British case ) of the Royal Navy being the service that was both ' senior ' and historically had commanded the lion ' s share of state funds for defence purposes . Some states may combine all officer training for their armed forces into one college . This is particularly true where economies of scale mean that it is impractical to have separate naval , military and air force academies - this is the case in , for example , Singapore . It may also be the case in those few of the worlds states that have unified armed forces - the most notable one being the Canadian Forces .
Australian landing ship medium Vernon Sturdee ( AV 1355 ) The Australian landing ship medium " Vernon Sturdee " ( AV 1355 ) was a United States Navy landing ship medium which was later sold to Australia and operated by the Australian Army . The ship was built by the Pullman Standard Car Manufacturing Company in Chicago , Illinois and was commissioned into the United States Navy ( USN ) as USS " LSM - 315 " on 13 July 1944 . She was assigned to the Pacific Theater of Operations and saw action during the liberation of the Philippines during 1944 and 1945 . Following the war she was decommissioned on 14 June 1946 and laid up in the Pacific Reserve Fleet . The ship was purchased by the Australian Army and was named " Vernon Sturdee " ( AV 1355 ) in honour of the Australian World War II general Vernon Sturdee . The ship was one of four LSMs operated by the newly formed 32nd Small Ship Squadron , Royal Australian Engineers and was refitted in Japan before she arrived in Australia . From 1960 to 1970 she performed routine duties in support of the Australian Army , and carried equipment between ports in Australia , New Guinea , Malaysia and New Zealand . The ship was deployed to Vung Tau in South Vietnam during the Vietnam War , where she operated in South Vietnamese waters . " Vernon Sturdee " was decommissioned on 30 September 1971 when the 32nd Small Ship Squadron was disbanded .
Somers - class destroyer The " Somers " - class destroyer was a class of 1850 - ton United States Navy destroyer based on the " Porter " - class . They were answers to the large destroyers that the Japanese navy was building at the time , and were initially intended to be leaders for destroyer flotillas . This class featured controversial ( for the time ) high - temperature air - encased boilers derived from the ones installed in the modernized " New Mexico " ( BB - 40 ) . Despite the added weight , it permitted use of only a single smoke stack for the engines , allowing for a third centerline torpedo tube mount . Even so , they were still over - weight and top heavy . The first two ships were laid down at Federal Shipbuilding and Drydock Company in Kearny , New Jersey in 1935 , the following three in 1936 by Bath Iron Works Corporation of Bath , Maine . The ships were commissioned between 1937 and 1939 and served during World War II . " Warrington " foundered in a hurricane in the Caribbean in 1944 . The others survived the war to be scrapped in 1946 .
Bendix AN / FPS - 20 Radar The AN / FPS - 20 Radar was a General Surveillance Radar used by the United States Air Force Air Defense Command . Production of the AN / FPS - 20 Surveillance Radar began in 1956 . This dual - modulator , fixed station , general surveillance system , developed by RADC became the main surveillance radar for the continental United States . Equipped for dual - channel operations with a klystron transmitter , this system provided long - range surveillance capability . This Bendix - built radar was an AN / FPS - 3 search radar with an AN / GPA - 27 installed . Designed to operate in the L - band frequencies of 1250 to 1350 MHz , the radar had a range of over 200 miles . By the late 1950s , this radar dominated the US radar defense network , with deployment continuing into the early 1960s . In June 1959 Bendix received a contract to provide private industry ' s MK - 447 [ the same system as the military AN / GPA - 103 ] and MK - 448 AN / GPA - 102 anti - jam packages to the radars . With the addition of these packages , the Air Force redesignated the radars as AN / FPS - 66 [ AN / GPA - 102 ] and AN / FPS - 67 [ AN / GPA - 103 ] The AN / FPS - 93 search radar system is a modified AN / FPS - 20 with the addition of the Diplex Gating Unit ( DGU ) developed by Raytheon for use in the SAGE system .
Treaty of Ankara ( 1921 ) The Ankara Agreement ( or the Accord of Ankara ; Franklin - Bouillon Agreement ; Franco - Turkish Agreement of Ankara , Turkish : " Ankara Anlaşması " ) was signed on 20 October 1921 between France and the Grand National Assembly of Turkey The signatories were French diplomat Henry Franklin - Bouillon and the foreign minister , Yusuf Kemal Bey . Based on the terms of the agreement , the French acknowledged the end of the Cilicia War , however other French units in Turkey were not affected , in return for economic concessions from Turkey . In return , the Turkish government acknowledged French imperial sovereignty over French Mandate of Syria . The treaty was registered in " League of Nations Treaty Series " on August 30 , 1926 . This annulment of French claims over Turkish land was later officially recognised in the Armistice of Mudanya .
Canadian Forces Air Transport Command Air Transport Command ( ATC ) was a command of the Canadian Forces created in 1968 upon unification and eliminated in 1975 . Significant dates : After 1968 CF ATC was responsible for providing air transport forces ( strategic airlift and refueling aircraft ) and to command primary air search and rescue forces for Canada and to support bases and units of other commands as directed . ATC was directly responsible for the following bases : CFB Ottawa , CFB Toronto and CFB Trenton . During its 7 years of operation , CF ATC maintained the following squadrons at the ATC bases and other Canadian Forces air bases : ATC operated the following equipment from 1968 - 1975 : Dissolution . Air Transport Command was eliminated in 1975 ( reduced to Group status ) , along with Training Command and the air elements of Force Mobile Command and Maritime Command , when the command structure was simplified upon the creation of Canadian Forces Air Command . Air Transport Group itself was merged into 1 Canadian Air Division in 1997 .
William F . Howe ( general ) William Francis Howe Jr . ( 1888 – November 10 , 1952 ) was an American stockbroker and Brigadier General who served in World War I and World War II . Life and career . Howe graduated from Yale University , where he stood out as an athlete . From 1917 to 1919 he was Commanding Officer of 102nd Field Artillery Regiment on the Western Front . From 1941 to 1942 he was Commanding Officer of the 51st Field Artillery Brigade , after which he led the Army Training Schools at Yale from 1942 to 1943 . From 1943 on he served as a Professor at Yale University . His wife was squash champion Margaret Howe . His children were involved in athletics : squash champions Betty Constable and Peggy White , and sporting goods retailer William F . " Bill " Howe , a Yale baseball All - American in 1947 .
Front ( military ) A military front or battlefront is a contested armed frontier between opposing forces . This can be a local or tactical front , or it can range to a theater . A typical front was the Western Front in France and Belgium in World War I .
HMS L27 HMS " L27 " was a British L class submarine built by Vickers , Barrow . She was laid down on 30 January 1918 before being moved and completed at HM Dockyard , Sheerness and commissioned on an unknown date . " L27 " was converted into a training boat at Portsmouth before being broken up in Canada in 1944 .
Rudolf von Erlach ( 1299 – 1360 ) Rudolf von Erlach ( Born around 1299 in Bern , died in 1360 in Reichenbach Castle ) was a knight and commander of the Swiss Confederation forces at the Battle of Laupen . He was the son of Ulrich , a knight and steward , and Mechtilde of Rheinfelden . In 1316 he married Elisabeth Rych , the daughter of Ulrich of Solothurn . He was a squire , knight , and ministerialis ( or unfree knight ) in the service of Count Rudolf III of Nidau . He was the castellan in Erlach and owner of Reichenbach castle . He served as the guardian of the young Count of Nidau . According to Konrad Justinger , he led the Confederation armies in the Battle of Laupen in 1339 . The Confederation victory against Freiburg army and feudal landholders from the County of Burgundy and the Habsburgs . His victory led to Bern and Freiburg avoiding further warfare . Bern was drawn into closer association with the Swiss Confederation , becoming one of the Eight Cantons in 1353 . Freiburg itself would become an associate of the Confederation in 1454 and a full member in 1481 . However , he didn ' t live to see any of this . In 1360 he was killed by his son - in - law Jost of Rudenz of Unterwalden . They had argued with each other on the subject of a dowry , when Jost saw the sword from the Battle of Laupen hanging against wall . In sudden anger he seized it and plunged it the heart of Rudolf . He then fled , pursued by his father in law ' s hounds and was never seen again .
Augustus Abbott Major - General Augustus Abbott ( 7 January 1804 – 25 February 1867 ) was an army officer in the British East India Company . He was the eldest of several prominent brothers . He served in various military campaigns including the First Anglo - Afghan War . He died at Cheltenham , to which he had retired , having been discharged from the army due to poor health . Early life . Augustus Abbott was born in London and baptized on 10 March 1804 at St Pancras Old Church , the eldest son of Henry Alexius Abbott , a retired Calcutta merchant of Blackheath , Kent , and his wife Margaret Welsh , the daughter of William Welsh of Edinburgh . He had the following exceptional siblings : Augustus was educated at Winchester College , and at the East India Company ' s military seminary at Addiscombe ( 1818 – 19 ) where he trained as an officer cadet . Military career . In 1819 , aged 15 , he sailed for India , as second lieutenant , and by 1835 had been made captain . He then served with distinction in the First Anglo - Afghan War from 1838 to 1842 , where he played an important part in the siege of Jalalabad . In 1843 Abbott married Sophia Frances Garstin , daughter of Captain John Garstin . The couple had four daughters and three sons . He was promoted to major in 1845 and major - general in 1859 , but earlier that year he had already been forced to return home due to poor health . He died in Cheltenham in 1867 . In addition to Frederick and James , Augustus had two other younger brothers : Saunders Alexius Abbott ( 1811 – 1894 ) , also an army officer in the East India Company , who played an important part in the Battle of Mudki during the First Anglo - Sikh War , and made the rank of major - general , and Keith Edward Abbott ( d . 1873 ) , consul - general at Tabriz and later Odessa . Augustus ' son , Col . Henry Alexis Abbott ( b . 22 Jan . 1849 ) served in the Second Anglo - Afghan War ( 1878 – 1881 ) .
Thales Optronics Thales Optronics is a multinational optronics manufacturer and a division of Thales Group . It has three main subsidiaries : the United Kingdom - based Thales Optronics Limited , the France - based Thales Optronique SA and the Netherlands - based Thales Optronics B . V . History . Thales ' optronics businesses in the UK trace their origins to Pilkington Optronics , which was formed by Pilkington plc in 1988 to take control of the company ' s optronics businesses : Pilkington PE located in North Wales ( formed in 1966 ) and Barr and Stroud , which was based in Glasgow . Pilkington PE later became Thales Optics Ltd . , which was divested from Thales in December 2005 as Qioptiq Ltd . In 1991 Thomson - CSF acquired 50 % of Pilkington Optronics . In 1995 Pilkington Optronics acquired Thorn EMI Electro Optics which was renamed Pilkington Thorn Optronics . Three years later , Thomson - CSF purchased another 40 % of Pilkington Optronics from Pilkington and the remainder in 2000 to make it a wholly owned subsidiary . In 2000 Thomson - CSF was renamed Thales and Pilkington Optronics Ltd . became Thales Optronics Ltd . Soon after , Thomson - CSF acquired W Vinten Ltd , a British reconnaissance equipment manufacturer , including the Joint Reconnaissance Pod , who now operate as Thales Optronics ( Bury St Edmunds ) Ltd . In November 2006 Thales Optronics Limited announced the closure of its manufacturing facility in Taunton , Somerset , with the loss of 180 jobs . In June 2007 Thales sold the beryllium mirrors and structures business of Thales Optronics Limited to GSI Group Inc . for an undislosed amount . Thales Optronics Limited was awarded the Queen ' s Award for Enterprise in June 2011 . Operations . United Kingdom . Thales Optronics Limited has its headquarters and main production facility in Glasgow , where it employs around 630 people . Its principal activity is the design , development and manufacture of infra - red cameras , laser range - finders , and television cameras for use in airborne reconnaissance systems , armoured vehicle sighting systems , submarine periscopes and target locators . In 2011 Thales Optronics Limited generated total revenues of £229 million ( 2010 - £212 million ) and profits of £24 . 4 million ( 2010 - £14 million ) .
Te - 1 rocket propelled mine The Specialized - 1 ( 特 - 1 , or Te - 1 ) rocket propelled mine project was started by the 710th Research Institute in 1981 , and completed by 1987 after more than 100 major design changes . Specialized - 1 is planted by surface ships in up to of water . The maximum speed of the mine is greater than 50 m / s ( 112 mph ) . In the early 1990s , the Specialized - 1 was upgraded with a larger warhead , and the maximum depth of plant was more than doubled . At least two more mines were developed from the Te - 1 in the late 1990s ; their designations are unknown . Both were self - steering , a feature the Specialized - 1 lacks . The first of the two new mines is similar , with speed of in excess of 80 m / s . A single mine of this type can control an area with a radius of . The second design is a simplified version , intended to reduce cost by eliminating the rocket motor , depending on its natural buoyancy to propel the mine upward . There is yet a third mine derived from the second one with further simplification to reduce cost by further eliminating the control fins , thus lacking the directional capability , and this mine had to be released much earlier from its anchorage like the one with directional capability but without the rocket motor . The area control of both type , of course , is much less than the one with rocket motor , but still larger than the Specialized - 1 , which could only travel in straight line .
Australian Active Service Medal 1945 – 1975 The Australian Active Service Medal 1945 – 1975 recognises the service of Australian Defence Force and certain other persons in prescribed warlike operations in the period after World War II , and prior to February 1975 . The medal was established in December 1997 . The Australian Active Service Medal recognises warlike service after February 1975 . Related Medals . Recipients of this medal are also entitled to the issue of the Returned from Active Service Badge . Recipients of the AASM 1945 – 75 may be authorised to wear up to three further medals for the same period of service ; a UK campaign medal , a medal from an international organisation and a medal from a host nation . During this period campaign and service medals under the UK system were originally issued . The Australian system of honours was introduced in 1975 following which Australian service and campaign medals were issued to Australian Military Force personnel , and the issue of UK medals discintinued . The AASM 1945 – 75 was issued retrospectively to provide an Australian recognition of the service . The AASM 1945 – 75 was issued in addition to the exiting UK medals . The UK medals remained recognised in the Australian Order of Predecendence . UK medals applicable to a clasp are referenced with the clasp details . Personnel who receive this medal may also be entitled to receive a service or campaign medal from an international organisation or the host country , if they meet the eligibility criteria for those medals . These are treated as foreign medals in the Australian system , and if approved for wear on service uniforms , are worn after Australian medals in the order they are received . Some of the international and host nation medals have been granted a blanket authority for all recipients to wear . Others are approved on an individual basis . Any foreign medals with blanket approval to be worn are referenced with the clasp . In addition all UN medals are authorised for wear . Clasps . The medal has the following clasps : MALAYA . 1 days service during the Malayan Emergency from 16 June 1948 – 31 July 1960 KOREA . 1 days service during the Korean War from 1 July 1950 – 27 July 1953 MALAYSIA . 1 days service in : THAILAND . 1 days service : THAI - MALAY . 1 days service in : VIETNAM . For recipients of :
1966 Defence White Paper The 1966 Defence White Paper was a major review of the United Kingdom ' s defence policy brought about by the Labour Party government under the Prime Minister Harold Wilson . The main author was the then Secretary of State for Defence , Denis Healey . In 1967 the government further announced the strategic withdrawal of British forces deployed " East of Suez " , which marked a watershed in British foreign policy . Contents . The government decided on significant reductions in the defence budget , with defence being the primary target of the government ' s efforts to reduce public spending due to wider economic problems . It resulted in cutting a number of significant new capital projects , among which included the CVA - 01 aircraft carrier and the BAC TSR - 2 tactical strike aeroplane . The reasoning for this was the belief that the era of manned combat was at an end and that guided missile s were all that would be needed in future . Within a decade this philosophy became thoroughly discredited , but at the time , it may have made a great deal more sense in the climate of the cold war and mutual deterrence . Budget Rivalry . In the early 1960s , the Royal Navy began to plan for new aircraft carriers to replace its aging fleet . To the Navy , this was a perfectly legitimate and necessary common sense exercise , not in need of explanation . The Royal Air Force , however , saw the renewal as a chance to defeat the Royal Navy and win the budget share which would have been necessary for new carriers . In order to do this , they compiled a history of Royal Navy aircraft carriers and a history of Royal Air Force tactical bombers , comparing the two and finding in favour of bombers . They then submitted this to the Treasury , proposing the TSR - 2 tactical strike aircraft in place of the RN ' s new generation aircraft carriers . The Treasury then cancelled CVA - 01 " and " TSR - 2 , showing that ' when the individual armed forces fight , only the Treasury wins ' . Relevance . Professor Andrew Lambert has described the 1966 Defence White Paper as the ' perfect example of what happens if your enemy knows your history better than you do ' , the enemy in this case being the RAF . In order for individual armed forces to win budget rivalries and public opinion , it is necessary for them to own their own history , to understand what it is and how to employ it .
Austrian resistance The Austrian Resistance to the Nazi rule that started with the Anschluss in 1938 had a prehistory of socialist and communist activism against the era of Austrofascism from 1934 . These activists , limited primarily to adherents of the political left , operated in isolation from the Austrian mainstream during the war years . One prominent activist was Josef Plieseis . Other strands of Austrian resistance included Catholics and monarchists . However , it is notable that several Austrian nationalists , some of them even with fascist sympathies , also resisted , opposed to the destruction of the Austrian state . Austrian society has had an ambivalent attitude both toward the Nazi government from 1938 to 1945 and the few that actively resisted it . Since large portions of Austrian society either actively or tacitly supported the Nazi regime , the Allied forces treated Austria as a belligerent party in the war and maintained occupation of it after the Nazi capitulation . On the other hand , the Moscow Declaration labeled Austria as a free and democratic society before the war , and considered its capture an act of liberation . Many books discuss the historical events from one perspective or another . An academic overview is given in " The Resistance in Austria , 1938 – 1945 " by Radomír Luza , University of Minnesota Press , 1984 . The sign of the Austrian resistance was " O5 " , where the 5 stands for E and OE is the abbreviation of Österreich with Ö as OE . This sign may be seen at the Stephansdom in Vienna . The exile community in London . The main organised exile group during the Second World War was based around the Austrian Office in London , centre to the 30 , 000 strong exile community . The Austrian Society , or " Austrian Office " , was home to both the monarchist Austrian League and liberal Austrian Democratic Union .
Gruffydd ap Rhydderch Gruffydd ap Rhydderch ( d . AD 1055 ) was a king of Gwent and part of the kingdom of Morgannwg in south Wales and later king of Deheubarth . Gruffydd was the son of Rhydderch ab Iestyn who had been able to take over the kingdom of Deheubarth from 1023 to 1033 . He received the lordship of Caerleon in 1031 and strengthened its fortifications . Already king of part of Morgannwg , Gruffydd became involved with Deheubarth when that kingdom was taken over from Hywel ab Edwin by Gruffydd ap Llywelyn , already king of Gwynedd , in 1044 . Gruffydd ap Rhydderch was however able to expel him in 1045 and became king of Deheubarth himself . He was said to be a powerful king who stoutly resisted raids by the Danes and attacks by Gruffydd ap Llywelyn . In 1055 however Gruffydd ap Llywelyn killed him in battle and recaptured Deheubarth . In 1049 he is reported raiding up the River Severn in alliance with an Irish Viking Fleet . His son Caradog ap Gruffydd ( who received Caerleon in 1057 ) also attempted to emulate his father and grandfather by gaining control of Deheubarth but was killed at the Battle of Mynydd Carn .