naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Wheeler - Sack Army Airfield Wheeler - Sack Army Airfield is a military use airport located at Fort Drum , in Jefferson County , New York , United States . It is owned by U . S . Army . Although most U . S . airports use the same three - letter location identifier for the FAA and IATA , this airport is assigned GTB by the FAA but has no designation from the IATA ( which assigned GTB to Genting Airport in Malaysia ) . However , as of November 2012 , IATA ( in its Location Identifier Notification # 40 bulletin , 2012 ) claimed back the GTB code because Genting ' s airport could not be found . History . Although in use in the early years of army aviation supporting the " Pine Plains " military training ground , during World War II the airfield was extensively expanded for use by the United States Army Air Forces as home of the 91st Observation Squadron , USAAF . The 91st was attached to the Army ' s 4th Armored Division , training at the time for the division ' s later role exploiting Operation Cobra in Northern France . Additions to the field including two new 4500 ' x 150 ' concrete runways and a steel hangar . Throughout World War II and the Korean War , Wheeler - Sack continued to support the needs of Fort Drum , which ebbed and flowed with the Army ' s training needs . When Fort Drum was designated as the new home of the Army ' s newly reactivated 10th Mountain Division in 1985 , the reactivation ceremony was held in the steel hangar at Wheeler - Sack . The division , a part of the Army ' s component of the United States Rapid Deployment Forces , was designed to be moved from the continental United States to distant theater on short notice . Initially , the components of the division that were air - transportable were moved via Griffiss Air Force Base . But the logistics involved with moving personnel , equipment , and munitions across 85 miles of road made the arrangement less than optimal , and the Army chose to expand Wheeler - Sack . Completed in 1998 , the expansion now allows Wheeler - Sack to accommodate any aircraft in the United States Air Force inventory , and with scales , an ammunition holding area , refueling points , and a vehicle staging and inspection area , the field can serve as the primary departure airfield for the 10th Mountain Division . The new pre - deployment processing facility at the airfield accommodates up to 1 , 200 soldiers , allowing entire battalions to stage directly to overseas destination from the field . In recent years , the 10th Mountain Division ' s aerial reconnaissance abilities have been expanded with the addition of 3 RQ - 7B Shadow TUAS platoons and a special - use 500 foot runway designed for unmanned aircraft operations at Wheeler - Sack . Facilities . Wheeler - Sack AAF has three runways with concrete surfaces : 3 / 21 is 10 , 000 by 150 feet ( 3 , 048 x 46 m ) , 8 / 26 is 4 , 482 by 150 feet ( 1 , 366 x 46 m ) , and 15 / 33 is 4 , 999 by 150 feet ( 1 , 524 x 46 m ) .
82nd Reserve Division ( German Empire ) The 82nd Reserve Division ( " 82 . Reserve - Division " ) was a unit of the Imperial German Army in World War I . The division was formed at the end of December 1914 and organized over the next month , arriving in the line in early February 1915 . It was part of the second large wave of new divisions formed at the outset of World War I , which were numbered the 75th through 82nd Reserve Divisions . The division was initially part of XXXXI Reserve Corps . The division was disbanded in 1919 during the demobilization of the German Army after World War I . The division was recruited in various Prussian provinces , primarily Brandenburg and Silesia . Combat chronicle . The 82nd Reserve Division initially fought on the Western Front , seeing its first action in the trenches west of the Somme . It was transferred to the Eastern Front in April 1915 , and fought in the Gorlice - Tarnów Offensive , crossing the San River and fighting around Przemyśl , and then fighting in the 1915 Battle of Lemberg . It continued fighting across the border between Austro - Hungarian Galicia and Russian Poland , fighting in a series of battles leading to the taking of Brest - Litovsk in August and Pinsk in September , and then settled into positional warfare in the Pripyat Marshes . It remained there until December 1917 , when after the armistice on the Eastern Front , it was sent back to the Western Front . It fought in the trenches and against various Allied attacks until the end of the war . Allied intelligence rated the division as third class . Order of battle on formation . The 82nd Reserve Division , like the other divisions of its wave and unlike earlier German divisions , was organized from the outset as a triangular division . The order of battle of the division on December 29 , 1914 was as follows : Order of battle on January 1 , 1918 . The most significant wartime structural change in the divisions of this wave was the reduction from two field artillery regiments to one . Over the course of the war , other changes took place , including the formation of artillery and signals commands and the enlargement of combat engineer support to a full pioneer battalion . The order of battle on January 1 , 1918 was as follows :
Hans Günther ( SS officer ) Hans Günther ( August 22 , 1910 - May 5 , 1945 ) was an SS - Sturmbannführer who was the head of the " Central Office for Jewish Emigration in Prague " during World War II . He was in charge of the deportation of Czech Jews to death camps during the Holocaust . He was killed by Czech partisans in 1945 . Career . Günther worked as an accountant until 1931 . He joined the Sturmabteilung ( SA ) in November 1928 , rising quickly to become SA leader in March 1929 . From April 1931 he was a member of the " Freiwilligen Arbeitsdienstes " volunteer service , which he headed from 1932 to 1933 . From September 1935 Günther was employed by the Gestapo as a detective in Erfurt , where he became responsible with his brother Rolf Günther for issues related to the so - called " Jewish question " . After 1937 Günther and his brother joined the " Central Office for Jewish Emigration in Vienna " . While his brother Rolf later worked under Adolf Eichmann in the Reich Security Main Office as deputy director of the " Jewish Department " , Hans was promoted in July 1939 to head of the " Central Office for Jewish Emigration " in Prague ( later renamed the " Central Office for the Settlement of the Jewish Question " ) . He remained in the post until early May 1945 . His role was to organise the " final solution " in Prague , and was given instructions concerning the true meaning of this by Eichmann and Reinhard Heydrich . His responsibilities were the maintenance of anti - Jewish regulations in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia , as well as deportations of Czech Jews to the ghetto in Theresienstadt and from there to the extermination camps . The prisoners in the camp called him the " smiling executioner " . Theresienstadt film . In order to counter Allied propaganda about the concentration camps Günther commissioned a film , " Theresienstadt " , about the " Jewish area of settlement " , portraying an idealised image of well - fed and housed Jews . The film was made during the late summer of 1944 and completed in March 1945 . Kurt Gerron , a Jewish actor / director , made the film in return for a promise that he and his family would live . Shortly after he finished shooting the film , however , both he and his family were " evacuated " to Auschwitz where they were gassed upon arrival . The film was intended for foreign audiences , but as it was completed shortly before the collapse of the Third Reich , it was only seen by a few representatives of foreign organizations . Günther also set up a museum of Jewish artefacts in Prague containing items from destroyed synagogues . Death . In May 1945 , when the Prague uprising broke out , Günther , travelling with a heavily armed motorcade , was stopped at a roadblock near Beroun by Czech partisans . He was arrested and disarmed . According to the partisans , he attempted to grab a weapon from a guard and was mortally wounded in the ensuing struggle when he was injured by a hand - grenade ; he later died from his injuries . The Czech authorities later accepted this account of his death , which was given to the German judicial authorities .
David Shackleton ( admiral ) Vice Admiral David John Shackleton ( born 2 March 1948 ) was a Vice Admiral of the Royal Australian Navy , and was Chief of Navy from 1999 to 2002 . Career . David Shackleton joined the Navy from Adelaide , South Australia in 1966 under Supplementary List ( Executive ) Scheme , and saw service in Vietnam while qualifying as a seaman officer . He was given command of the destroyer escort in 1988 , was the Maritime commander for the opposing force s during Exercise Kangaroo 1989 , and reached the rank of Captain in 1989 . He commanded the destroyer from 1991 to 1992 , and was promoted to Commodore in 1993 . He is a graduate of the RAN Staff College and the Joint Services Staff College , and has earned an MBA ( Executive ) from Monash University . He is a Fellow of the Australian Institute of Management and a Fellow of the Australian Institute of Company Directors . He was promoted to Rear Admiral in 1998 , and then Vice Admiral and Chief of Navy in 1999 . He initiated various organisational changes across the Navy . He was a senior Navy witness to the Senate Enquiry into the Children overboard affair . He was appointed as an Officer in the Order of Australia ( AO ) in 2000 , and Commander in the U . S Legion of Merit in 2001 . He retired from the navy in 2002 .
Zaslon radar The Russian ( former USSR ) BRLS - 8B " Zaslon " is an all weather multimode airborne radar developed between 1975 and 1980 by the Tikhomirov Scientific Research Institute of Instrument Design as part of the weapons control system of the MiG - 31 supersonic interceptor . The NATO codename for the radar is Flash Dance with the designations " SBI - 16 " , " RP - 31 " , " N007 " and " S - 800 " also being associated with the radar . Description . The Zaslon is a Pulse - Doppler radar with a passive electronically scanned array ( PESA ) antenna and digital signal processing . The antenna used by the Zaslon is actually a multi - channel system comprising two separate electronically controlled arrays , an X - band radar with 1700 emitters and a L - band transponder with 64 emitters brought together into a single antenna . The antenna has a diameter of 1 . 1 meters and is fixed in position with a scanning sector of + / - 70 degrees in azimuth and + 70 / - 60 degrees in elevation . The X - band components of the radar uses reciprocal ferrite phase shifters that allow the radar to position beams in around 1 . 2 ms . This high performance is one of the big advantages of phased array radars compared with the previous generation of mechanically scanned arrays which take seconds to perform the same functions as a phased array . The detection performance of the Zaslon radar is stated to be 200 km against a target with a Radar cross section ( RCS ) of 16 m , the radar can track up to 10 targets while engageing 4 of those at any one time with either R - 33 radar guided or R - 40 , R - 60 IR guided air to air missiles . The radar was a landmark in aviation since it was the first time a PESA radar ( previously found only on ground based systems or big bomber ) had been installed in a jet fighter . The Zaslon radar was publicly unveiled at the 1991 Paris Airshow with its associated MiG - 31 interceptor , the Russians even removing the radome of the fighter to allow the Zaslon ' s revolutionary antenna to be seen . Also at Paris was the US F - 117 Nighthawk ( revolutionary for its use of stealth technology ) which the Russians suggested should take to the air with the MiG - 31 to see if the Zaslon could detect the F - 117 . Unfortunately no such contest was ever conducted though Russian experts were confident that Zaslon would have been able to detect the F - 117 during flight . Zaslon uses an Argon - 15A computer ( first airborne digital computer designed in USSR by Research Institute of Computer Engineering ( NICEVT , currently NII Argon ) .
Battle of Ephesus ( 1147 ) The Battle of Ephesus took place on December 24 , 1147 , during the Second Crusade . The French crusader army , led by Louis VII of France , successfully fended off an ambush by the Seljuks of Rum just outside the town of Ephesus . Background . King Louis VII led the French army on the march across Europe and Asia Minor to Jerusalem . The army decided to march along the coast of Asia Minor , because the defeat of Emperor Conrad of Germany and his army at Dorylaeum had made it clear that marching inland was too dangerous . In early December 1147 the army stopped to rest at the ancient town of Ephesus before continuing through the Meander Valley to reach the major port of Adalia . Upon arrival at Ephesus , Louis was warned by messengers of the Byzantine Emperor Manuel , that the surrounding area was overrun by Seljuk Turks and that it would be wiser for Louis to garrison his army in the Imperial strongholds for the time being , especially considering that he could not rely on the local Greek population for intelligence or military help . Louis refused to listen to this advice and led his troops out of Ephesus at the end of the month . Battle . The Turks ambushed the Crusaders in the Decervium Valley , just outside Ephesus , as they were resting . Details of the battle are scarce , but according to the witness Odo of Deuil , the courage of the crusaders prevented the Turks from achieving success . Odo also claimed that the Moslem force was led by Greeks . Aftermath . The Battle of Ephesus was a minor battle of the Second Crusade . William of Tyre , who says that the army rested at Ephesus , does not even mention that there was a battle there . The Turks continued to attack , and were able to inflict a devastating defeat on the Crusader army at Mount Cadmus in January 1148 .
Dewoitine D . 500 The Dewoitine D . 500 was an all - metal , open - cockpit , fixed - undercarriage monoplane fighter aircraft , used by the French Air Force in the 1930s . Introduced in 1936 , the design was soon replaced by a new generation of fighter aircraft with enclosed cockpits and retractable undercarriage , including the 510 ' s successor , the Dewoitine D . 520 . Development . The D . 500 , designed by Émile Dewoitine , was based on C1 specifications issued in 1930 by the French Air Ministry , and was to be a replacement for the Nieuport 62 . The prototype first flew on 18 June 1932 . In November 1933 , sixty aircraft were ordered , with the first production D . 500 flying on 29 November 1934 . Aircraft armed with a 20 mm cannon firing through the propeller hub - instead of two nose - mounted machine gun s - received the designation D . 501 . A total of 381 D . 500s and its derivatives were built . Operational history . The D . 500 and D . 501 entered service in July 1935 , with the more powerful D . 510 joining them in October 1936 . They were the primary fighters employed by the " Armée de l ' Air " until their replacement by the Morane - Saulnier M . S . 406 in 1939 . As of September 1939 , the D . 500 / 501 had been relegated to regional defense and training squadrons . At the start of World War II , D . 510s were still in operation with three " Groupes de Chasse " ( Fighter Groups ) , two " Escadrilles Régionale de Chasse " ( Regional Fighter Squadrons in North Africa ) , and two " Escadrilles de Aéronautique Navale " ( Naval Aviation Squadrons ) . In Morocco , one " escadrille " of D . 510s ( ERC571 ) was activated in November 1939 . These planes lacked cannon . In May 1940 , this " escadrille " merged with ERC 573 to form GC III / 4 . This groupe was disbanded by the end of August 1940 . At Dakar , one groupe designated GC I / 6 , remained in service until being replaced by Curtiss H - 75 s at the end of 1941 . Fourteen D . 501s ( named D . 501L ) originally sold to Lithuania and two D . 510s ostensibly intended for the Emirate of Hedjaz saw service in the Spanish Civil War , arriving in mid - 1936 . When the French government found out about the delivery of the D . 510s , they demanded the return of the 12Y engines . The aircraft were then refitted with Klimov M - 100 s ( a Soviet - built copy of the 12Y ) from a Tupolev SB bomber . The aircraft served with the Republican forces . The two 510s were posted to the 71st Coastal Defense Group . Neither engaged enemy fighters . In 1938 , one was irreparably damaged while landing and the other was destroyed on a runway during a bombing attack . In 1938 , 18 Chinese D . 510s saw action against the Japanese , including the defense of Chengdu and the Chinese wartime capital Chongqing .
Wehrmacht Long Service Award The Wehrmacht Long Service Award ( ) was a military service decoration of Nazi Germany issued for satisfactory completion of a given years of military service . On 16 March 1936 , Adolf Hitler ordered the institution the service awards for the first four classes . Thereafter , on 10 March 1939 the 40 years service award was introduced . Each branch of the Wehrmacht ( army , navy , and air force ) maintained their own version of the Long Service Award and the decoration was issued for four years ( fourth class ) , twelve years ( third class ) , 18 years ( second class ) , 25 years ( first class ) , and 40 years ( 1939 special class ) . Professor Richard Klein designed the awards . Recipients of lower year awards would wear the decoration simultaneously with higher level decorations . The manner they could be worn was : The Long Service Award was retroactive throughout a service member ' s career , encompassing Reichswehr service as well as service dating during and before World War I . As such , there were a handful of 40 year awards presented , even though the Third Reich itself existed for only twelve . The Waffen - SS , considered an integral part of the German armed forces during World War II , maintained their own SS Long Service Award with similar award criteria to the standard military version . The Nazi Party and German Police had a similar service award . The NSDAP Long Service Award was given in grades of ten , fifteen , and twenty - five years . The Police Long Service Award was given in grades of eight , eighteen , twenty - five , and forty years ( never awarded ) .
Wolf pack Seewolf Seewolf was a wolf pack of German U - boat s that operated during the Battle of the Atlantic in World War II . Service history . Seewolf was formed in March 1945 in an effort to re - establish the U - boat offensive in American waters ; it was the last wolfpack of the Atlantic campaign . 7 of the 9 boats that sailed to Americas were in Seewolf ; another 2 sailed independently . Coincidentally , Allied Intelligence formed the view that the Germans were planning to mount a missile attack on the United States , using V - 1 or V - 2 missiles adapted for launch at sea by submarines . This led to a vigorous response by the United States Navy , code - named Operation Teardrop , to find and destroy the Seewolf boats . This was successful ; Of the 5 boats in American waters by April ( 2 boats had returned to base for repairs , and were still in transit at the end of April ) 4 boats were sunk during the month : Seewolf boats had one success ; " U - 546 " sank USS " Frederick C . Davis " , shortly before she herself was sunk . The fifth boat " U - 881 " was detected and destroyed on 6 May 1945 , the last boat in American waters to be destroyed . The 2 boats in transit when Germany surrendered were given up to the USN on 8 May 1945 .
Central Fighter Establishment The Central Fighter Establishment was a Royal Air Force formation that dealt with the development of fighter aircraft tactics . It also tested new fighter aircraft and equipment . It also dealt with the training of squadron and flight commanders . It was formed on 1 October 1944 as part of No . 12 Group RAF , and was disbanded on 1 February 1966 .
German submarine U - 1059 German submarine " U - 1059 " was a Type VIIF submarine of the German " Kriegsmarine " during World War II . Commissioned on 1 May 1943 , " U - 1059 " was one of four Type VIIF torpedo transport submarines , which could carry 39 torpedo es , and were used to re - supply other U - boats at sea . " U - 1059 " first served with 5th U - boat Flotilla for training , and later served with 12th U - boat flotilla from 1 January 1944 to 19 March 1944 . " U - 1059 " completed one torpedo transport patrol . While transporting torpedoes to Monsun Gruppe U - boats operating in the Far East , " U - 1059 " was sunk on 19 March 1944 at , southwest of the Cape Verde Islands by Avengers and Wildcats from the escort carrier . Of " U - 1059 " ’ s crew , 47 were killed and 8 survived the attack .
HMS Invincible ( 1765 ) HMS " Invincible " was a 74 - gun third rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy , launched on 9 March 1765 at Deptford . " Invincible " was built during a period of peace to replace ships worn out in the recently concluded Seven Years ' War . The ship went on to serve in the American War of Independence , fighting at the battles of Cape St Vincent in 1780 , and under the command of Captain Charles Saxton , the Battles of the Chesapeake in 1781 and St Kitts in 1782 . She survived the cull of the Navy during the next period of peace , and was present at the Glorious First of June in 1794 , where she was badly damaged and lost fourteen men , and the Invasion of Trinidad ( 1797 ) , which resulted in the transfer of Trinidad from the Spanish . Shipwreck . On 16 March 1801 , she was lost in a shipwreck off the coast of Norfolk , England . She had been sailing from Yarmouth under the flag of Rear - Admiral Thomas Totty in an effort to reach the fleet of Admiral Sir Hyde Parker in the Sound preparing for the upcoming attack on the Danish fleet , with approximately 650 people on board . As the ship passed the Norfolk coast , she was caught in heavy wind and stuck on the Hammond Knoll Rock off Happisburgh , where she was pinned for some hours in the afternoon before breaking free but immediately being grounded on a sandbank , where the effect of wind and waves tore down the masts and began to break up the ship . She remained in that position for all of the following day , but late in the evening drifted off the sandbank and sank in deep water . The admiral and 195 sailors escaped the wreck , either in one of the ship ' s boats or were picked up by a passing collier and fishing boat , but over 400 of their shipmates drowned in the disaster , most of them once the ship began to sink in deeper water . The compulsory court martial investigating the incident , held on in Sheerness , absolved the admiral and the captain ( posthumously ) of culpability in the disaster , posthumously blaming the harbour pilot and the ship ' s master , both of whom had been engaged to steer the ship through the reefs and shoals of the dangerous region , and should have known the location of Hammond Knoll , especially since it was daytime and in sight of land . The remains of many of her crew were located by chance in a mass grave in Happisburgh churchyard during the digging of a new drainage channel . A memorial stone was erected in 1998 to their memory by the Ship ' s Company of the Royal Navy aircraft carrier HMS Invincible , and by the Happisburgh parochial church council .