naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
85th Landwehr Division ( German Empire ) The 85th Landwehr Division ( " 85 . Landwehr - Division " ) was a unit of the Imperial German Army in World War I . The division was formed in November 1914 as the Breugel Division ( " Division Breugel " ) , named after its commander , Generalleutnant Willem Hendrick Clifford Kocq von Breugel , and became the 85th Landwehr Division on September 13 , 1915 . The division was disbanded in 1919 during the demobilization of the German Army after World War I . The Landwehr was the third category of the German Army , after the regular Army and the reserves . Thus Landwehr divisions were generally made up of older soldiers who had passed from the reserves , and were intended primarily for occupation and security duties rather than heavy combat . Combat chronicle . The 85th Landwehr Division served on the Eastern Front . It occupied the line by Mława from November 1914 to July 1915 and then participated in the Gorlice - Tarnów Offensive , breaking through at Przasnysz and fighting on the Narew , and then participating in follow - on fighting for the next several months . In September 1915 , it was in the Lithuanian swamps . It was engaged in positional warfare in the Vishnev sector on the Berezina , Olshanka and Krevljanka Rivers from September 1915 to October 1917 . It moved with the line northwards in a series of fights until the armistice on the Eastern Front . The division fought in Estonia in February / March 1918 , and then served as occupation troops in Estonia and Russia until the end of World War I in November 1918 . Elements of the division were being transferred to Belgium at the time of the Armistice on the Western Front , and other elements remained in Lithuania and White Russia as security forces for several months after the end of World War I , finally departing in February 1919 . Allied intelligence rated the division as fourth class . Order of battle on formation . The 85th Landwehr Division was formed as a square division . The order of battle of the division on July 7 , 1915 was as follows : Late - war order of battle . The division underwent a number of organizational changes over the course of the war . It was triangularized in March 1917 , losing the 170th Landwehr Infantry Brigade headquarters and the 61st Landwehr Infantry Regiment . Cavalry was reduced , artillery and signals commands were formed , and combat engineer support was expanded to a full pioneer battalion . The order of battle on January 13 , 1918 was as follows :
USNS Sgt . Archer T . Gammon ( T - AK - 243 ) USNS " Sgt . Archer T . Gammon " ( T - AK - 243 ) was a " Boulder Victory " - class cargo ship built at the end of World War II and served the war and its demilitarization as a commercial cargo vessel . From 1946 to 1950 she served the U . S . Army as a transport named USAT Sgt . " Archer T . Gammon " . In 1950 she was acquired by the United States Navy and assigned to the Military Sea Transportation Service . In 1973 she ended her career and was struck and scrapped . Victory ship built in California . " Sgt . Archer T . Gammon " was laid down under U . S . Maritime Commission contract as " Yale Victory " ( MCV hull 725 ) on 13 December 1944 by the Permanente Metals Corporation , Richmond , California ; launched on 31 January 1945 ; sponsored by Mrs . Richard W . Owens ; and delivered to the U . S . Maritime Commission ' s War Shipping Administration ( WSA ) on 24 February for operation by the Olympic Steamship Company . U . S . Army service . On 18 June 1946 , " Yale Victory " was transferred to the U . S . Army and commenced operations between San Francisco , California , and the Far East . Six months later , she changed her home port to Seattle , Washington ; and , 31 October 1947 , she was renamed " Sgt . Archer T . Gammon " . Two years later , the Military Sea Transportation Service ( MSTS ) was established ; and , in March 1950 , the cargo ship was transferred to the Navy for use in that organization and was placed in service as USNS " Sgt . Archer T . Gammon " ( T - AK - 243 ) . Service with the MSTS . During the early 1950s , she operated out of Seattle to Japan , Korea and Alaska . After the end of the Korean War , her range was extended . In the mid and late 1950s , she operated out of San Francisco to central and western Pacific Ocean ports and , during the periods of conflict in the Middle East , to Caribbean and western and eastern Atlantic Ocean areas . In 1961 , administrative control of the ship was transferred to MSTS , Atlantic , at New York City ; and , since that time , " Sgt . Archer T . Gammon " continued to carry cargo for the Navy ' s transportation service , since renamed the Military Sealift Command , until the spring of 1973 when she was transferred to the U . S . Maritime Administration for disposal Decommissioning . Her name was struck from the Navy List on 1 May 1973 , and her hulk was sold to Chi Shun Hua Steel Co . , Ltd . , of Kaohsiung , Taiwan , on 19 November 1973 . Honors and awards . Qualified vessel personnel were eligible for the following :
192nd Ohio Infantry The 192nd Ohio Volunteer Infantry ( or 192nd OVI ) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War . Service . The 192nd Ohio Infantry was organized at Camp Chase in Columbus , Ohio and mustered in for one year service on March 9 , 1865 under the command of Colonel Francis W . Butterfield . The regiment left Ohio for Harpers Ferry , West Virginia , March 10 . Attached to 2nd Brigade , 1st Provisional Division , Army of the Shenandoah , March 20 . Marched to Charleston March . 21 . Duty there until April 4 . Transferred to 2nd ( Ohio ) Brigade , 2nd Provisional Division , March 27 . Marched to Winchester April 4 . Duty in the Shenandoah Valley in the vicinity of Winchester , Stevenson ' s Depot , Reed ' s Hill , and Harrisonburg until August 25 . Mustered out at Winchester September 1 , 1865 . The 192nd Ohio Infantry mustered out of service September 1 , 1865 at Winchester , Virginia . Members of this Unit Included : Company C : Michael Gessner b . June 18 , 1830 d . March 4 , 1911 ( m . Magdalena Vesper Dec . 20 , 1851 ) Casualties . The regiment lost a total of 27 enlisted men during service ; 1 man killed and 26 men died of disease .
Henry Shrapnel Major General Henry Shrapnel ( 3 June 1761 – 13 March 1842 ) was a British Army officer and inventor , most famously , of the " shrapnel shell " . Henry Shrapnel was born at Midway Manor in Bradford on Avon , Wiltshire , England . In 1784 , while a lieutenant in the Royal Artillery , he perfected , with his own resources , an invention of what he called " spherical case " ammunition : a hollow cannonball filled with lead shot that burst in mid - air . He intended the device as an anti - personnel weapon . In 1803 , the British Army adopted a similar but elongated explosive shell which immediately acquired the inventor ' s name : the " shrapnel shell " . It has lent the term " shrapnel " to fragmentation from artillery shells and fragmentation in general ever since , long after it was replaced by high explosive rounds . Shrapnel served in Flanders , where he was wounded in 1793 . He was promoted to major on 1 November 1803 after eight years as a captain . After his invention ' s success in battle at on 30 April 1804 , Shrapnel was promoted to lieutenant colonel on 20 July 1804 , less than nine months later . In 1814 , the British Government recognized Shrapnel ' s contribution by awarding him £1200 ( UK£ in 2018 ) a year for life . He was appointed to the office of Colonel - Commandant , Royal Artillery , on 6 March 1827 . He rose to the rank of lieutenant - general on 10 January 1837 . He lived at Peartree House , near Peartree Green , Southampton from about 1835 until his death . Until the end of World War I , the shells were still manufactured according to his original principles .
Göteborg - class corvette The " Göteborg " class is a class of corvette s in the Swedish Navy , built between 1986 and 1993 . The class was originally designed to destroy Soviet submarine s and surface vessels , and is armed with eight RBS - 15 anti - ship missile s , torpedo es , one 57mm cannon and one 40mm cannon . Six corvettes were planned , but following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 , the final two were cancelled . Two " Göteborg " - class corvettes remain in service today , and are active in international military and humanitarian operations . Both vessels , and , took part in a United Nations operation off the coast of Lebanon in 2006 and 2007 , following the 2006 Israel - Hezbollah War .
Scout cruiser A scout cruiser was a type of warship of the early 20th Century , which were smaller , faster , more lightly armed and armoured than protected cruiser s or light cruiser s , but larger than contemporary destroyer s . Intended for fleet scouting duties and acting as a flotilla leader , a scout cruiser was typically armed with six to ten destroyer - type guns of 3 - inch ( 76mm ) to 4 . 7 - inch ( 120mm ) calibre , plus two to four torpedo tubes . The British were the first to operate scout cruisers , with the Royal Navy acquired 15 ships divided into two distinct groups - the eight vessels all ordered under the 1903 Programme , and the seven later , heavier - armed vessels ordered under the 1907 - 1910 Programmes . All these ships served in World War I , when the advent of better machinery and larger , faster destroyers and light cruisers had already made them obsolete . The other major operator of scout cruisers was Italy . With no conventional protected cruisers or light cruisers planned between 1900 and 1928 , the " Regia Marina " instead operated a number of scout cruisers ( " esploratori " ) from 1912 onwards . Ranging in size from enlarged destroyers to substantial , light cruiser - like ships , these " esploratori " were also given secondary capabilities as fast minelayer s . Later " esploratori " , such as the " Leone " class , carried extremely heavy armament for their modest size , capable of outgunning any destroyer of the early 1920s . Ironically , with the appearance of large , heavily armed ‘ super - destroyers ’ , by 1938 the surviving " esploratori " were re - rated as destroyers . Scout cruiser designs . Regia Marina . " Note : this list does not include ‘ super - destroyers ’ rated as scouts ( esploratori ) by Italy . "
Dudley de Chair Admiral Sir Dudley Rawson Stratford de Chair , KCB , KCMG , KBE , MVO ( 30 August 1864 – 17 August 1958 ) was a senior Royal Navy officer and later served as Governor of New South Wales , Australia . Career . Military career . De Chair joined the Royal Navy at the age of 16 . He served in the Anglo - Egyptian War of 1882 and later as an Admiral in the First World War . He was promoted to commander on 22 July 1897 . On 31 July 1912 , de Chair was promoted to rear admiral . Governor of New South Wales . De Chair was appointed Governor of New South Wales on 8 November 1923 . Arriving in Sydney in 1924 , De Chair became Governor in stable political times . However , when the Fuller Conservatives were defeated by the Labor Party under Jack Lang , De Chair found himself in conflict with Lang ' s revolutionary reform program , particularly over Lang ' s attempts to abolish the New South Wales Legislative Council . While Lang ' s attempts ultimately failed , De Chair failed to gain the support of an indifferent Dominions Office . With Lang ' s departure in 1927 , the Nationalist Government of Thomas Bavin invited him in 1929 to stay on as Governor for a further term . De Chair agreed only to a year ' s extension and retired on 8 April 1930 . Later life . Returning to London after a global trip , de Chair worked on his memoirs until his death in 1958 . Personal life . De Chair married Enid Struben in 1903 . Together they had three children , Henry Graham de Chair , Elaine de Chair and Somerset de Chair . Honours and decorations . Following the King Edward VII ' s visit to the Russian Empire , de Chair was appointed Member of the Royal Victorian Order ( MVO ) on 10 June 1908 for his role in the visit as commander HMS " Cochrane " . In the 1914 King ' s Birthday Honours , he was appointed Companion of the Order of the Bath ( CB ) . On 6 March 1911 , de Chair was appointed a Naval aide - de - camp ( ADC ) to King George V . He relinquished the appointment on 31 July 1912 , having been promoted to flag rank on that day .
Homer V . M . Miller Homer Virgil Milton Miller ( April 29 , 1814May 31 , 1896 ) was a United States Senator from Georgia . Born in Pendleton , South Carolina , he moved with his parents to Rabun County , Georgia in 1820 . He attended the common schools and graduated from the Medical College of South Carolina in 1835 . He continued medical studies in Paris and commenced practice in Cassville , Georgia , in 1838 . Miller was an unsuccessful Whig candidate for election to the Twenty - ninth United States Congress in 1844 . During the Civil War , he served in the Confederate Army as a surgeon and as a medical director , surgeon of posts , and inspector of hospitals in Georgia . He resumed the practice of medicine in Rome , Georgia , and was a member of the State Reconstruction convention in 1867 . He was a member of the faculty of the Atlanta Medical College , and upon the readmission of Georgia to Congressional representation , he was elected as a Democrat to the U . S . Senate on July 28 , 1868 , qualified on February 24 , 1871 , and served until March 3 , 1871 . Subsequently , he was trustee of the University of Georgia in Athens , and died in Atlanta in May 1896 . Interment was in Myrtle Hill Cemetery , Rome , Georgia .
HMS Dart ( 1882 ) HMS " Dart " was a schooner of the Royal Navy , built by the Barrow Shipbuilding Company , Barrow and launched in 1877 as " Cruiser " for Lord Eglinton . She was subsequently purchased by the Colonial Office for the use of Sir Arthur Hamilton Gordon as governor of the Fiji Islands . On his appointment to New Zealand " Cruiser " was purchased by the Royal Navy as a tender for the training ship " Britannia " and the name changed to " Dart " in March 1882 . Hydrographic survey work . Requisitioned as a yacht for the Commander - in - Chief , Australia Station , she instead was fitted out for survey duties of the Australia Station . She commenced service on the Australia Station in 1883 undertaking hydrographic surveys around Australia , New Zealand and the South Pacific ; including survey work in the waters of Fiji , Gilbert and Ellice Islands Marshall Islands and New Britain Island , from May to September , 1884 . In 1883 " Dart " became involved with an action in the New Hebrides under the command of Lieutenant - Commander W W Moore . This followed the murder of Captain Belbin of the Borough Belle . A party was landed from " Dart " and in the engagement that followed , 8 natives and one crew man were killed with another wounded . Punishment in the form of confiscation of weapons and burning of villages took place after the incident . Later activities . In 1885 she became the first command of Arthur Mostyn Field . She was reported as potentially lost on Wednesday 26 June 1889 after a whaleboat was found near North Cape , Auckland , but she later sailed into Sydney . She was paid off in 1904 and lent as a training ship to the New South Wales Government . She was sold for £1010 at Sydney on 9 May 1912 to the Victorian Government for use as a tender to the training ship " John Murray " . In 1919 , she was sold for £1500 to Mr J . Harrison , of the Shipping and Trading Agency . She was again reported lost in July 1919 after wreckage was found near St Helens , Tasmania , but she turned up safely in Hobart . She was sold in 1920 to French owners based in Noumea . She was known as " Jeanne Elisabeth " and later " Athalai " .
Armed yacht An armed yacht was a yacht that was armed with weapon s and was typically in the service of a navy . Their speed and maneuverability made them useful as patrol vessels . In the United States Navy armed yachts were typically private yachts expropriated for government use in times of war . Armed yachts served as patrol vessels during the Spanish - American War and World War I . In the latter conflict , armed yachts were used as patrol vessels , convoy escorts , and in anti - submarine duties .
USS Brunswick ( PF - 68 ) The second USS " Brunswick " ( PF - 68 ) was a United States Navy in commission from 1944 to 1946 . Construction and commissioning . " Brunswick " originally was authorized as a patrol gunboat with the hull number PG - 176 , but she was redesignated as a patrol frigate with the hull number PF - 68 on 15 April 1943 . She was laid down under a Maritime Commission contract as Maritime Commission Hull 1492 on 16 July 1943 by the Leathem D . Smith Shipbuilding Company at Sturgeon Bay , Wisconsin . She was launched on 6 November 1943 , sponsored by Mrs . K . G . Berrie , and placed in reduced commission on 20 May 1944 for a trip to Galveston , Texas . After arriving at Galveston , " Brunswick " was decommissioned there on on 27 May 1944 . She then was fitted out at the Todd Galveston Drydocks , Inc . and was placed in full commission on 3 October 1944 , with a United States Coast Guard crew and Lieutenant Commander Benjamin B . Sherry , USCG , in command . Service history . World War II , 1944 – 1945 . " Brunswick " departed Galveston on 15 October 1944 on her way to shakedown training in the West Indies . She arrived in the vicinity of Bermuda and underwent her shakedown evolutions between 24 October 1944 and 22 November 1944 . " Brunswick " embarked upon the first of her three round - trip convoy escort missions to North Africa on 11 December 1944 . Steaming from Hampton Roads , Virginia , she arrived in Oran , Algeria , with Convoy UGS - 63 on 28 December 1944 . On 2 January 1945 , she stood out of Oran in the screen of Convoy GUS - 63 . Soon after the convoy passed through the Strait of Gibraltar , one of its ships , the merchant ship SS " Henry Miller " , suffered a torpedo hit from the German submarine " U - 870 " . " Brunswick " conducted a depth - charge attack , but " U - 870 " escaped . " Brunswick " escorted the damaged " Henry Miller " into Gibraltar and then rejoined the convoy screen . She and the rest of the convoy arrived safely in Hampton Roads on 20 January 1945 . Between early February and early June 1945 , " Brunswick " escorted merchant ships on two more round - trip voyages from Hampton Roads to Oran and back . She returned to the Norfolk , Virginia , area from the last of those voyages on 6 June 1945 . Postwar . From Norfolk , " Brunswick " moved north to Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , where the Philadelphia Navy Yard converted her for duty as a weather ship . She embarked upon her first weather patrol early in July 1945 and concluded her final one on 12 November 1945 . Thereafter , " Brunswick " served in the U . S . Coast Guard temporarily . Returned to the Navy at Norfolk early in April 1946 , " Brunswick " was decommissioned there on 3 May 1946 . Her name was struck from the Navy List on 19 June 1946 , and she was sold on 9 April 1947 to the Sun Shipbuilding and Drydock Company of Chester , Pennsylvania , for scrapping .
USNS GySgt . Fred W . Stockham ( T - AK - 3017 ) USNS " GySgt . Fred W . Stockham " ( T - AK - 3017 ) is a container & roll - on roll - off support vessel in the United States Navy ' s Military Sealift Command ( MSC ) . The vessel is the second Navy ship named after Marine Gunnery Sergeant Fred W . Stockham ( 1881 – 1918 ) , who was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor during World War I . The ship was originally built as MV " Lica Maersk " , at the Lindovaerftet shipyard , in Odense , Denmark , and delivered for commercial service with the Maersk Line circa 1980 . She was acquired by the U . S . Navy on 11 November 1997 , and converted for MSC service as a Large , Medium Speed , Roll - On / Roll - Off ( LMSR ) sealift ship at National Steel and Shipbuilding Co . ( NASSCO ) , in San Diego , California . The ship was renamed USNS " Soderman " ( T - AKR - 299 ) — the first Navy ship named after PFC William A . Soderman ( 1912 – 1980 ) , who was awarded the Medal of Honor for heroism during World War II ' s Battle of the Bulge . " Soderman " was placed in service in 1998 , operated by Bay State Management Inc . under the direction of the MSC . She was placed out of service in 2000 for conversion to an enhanced prepositioning ship . The ship was placed back in service as USNS " GYSGT Fred W . Stockham " ( T - AK - 3017 ) on 1 March 2001 . Her new namesake , Gunnery Sergeant Fred W . Stockham , USMC , was awarded the Medal of Honor , posthumously , for heroism at the Battle of Belleau Wood in 1918 . " GYSGT Fred W . Stockham " is one of the Military Sealift Command ' s seventeen Container & Roll - on / Roll - off Ships , and one of the 36 ships in the Prepositioning Program . " Stockham " is assigned to Maritime Prepositioning Program Squadron Two which operates out of Diego Garcia . On May 31 , 2008 " The Guardian " reported that the human rights group Reprieve named the " Stockham " as one of up to sixteen US Naval vessels that may have been used to covertly hold captives . External links .
Maiden Castle , Durham Maiden Castle is an Iron Age promontory fort in Durham , England . It is listed as a Scheduled Ancient Monument . Location . The Victoria County History describes the location of the fort as follows : An earlier description gives more detail : Although the river Wear now touches the site only on one side , the local topography suggests that the site may have been chosen because , at that time , the river enclosed it on three sides , the river having since adopted a more easterly course across its floodplain . Structure . Although the entire site has been overgrown with trees for over a century , there are remains of earthworks at the western end . Here , where the land is level , a bank and outer ditch were constructed , enclosing a wedge - shaped area which is 120 metres wide at the western end , narrowing to 50 m at the eastern end , and extending 145 m from east to west . The bank is about 6 m wide and 5 m high . The ditch , which is located rather more than 20 m west of the bank , has a maximum depth of about 2 m . It is not certain where the entrance to the fort was located . It may have been at the northern end , where there is a gap in the ditch , or at the extreme southern end , but the area has been disturbed by landscaping , making interpretation difficult . Only limited excavation has been carried out on the site , but there is some evidence that the interior of the bank was strengthened with a stone wall ; the excavation unearthed at least one stone bearing a stonemason ' s mark , which dates the work to the Middle Ages . Origin of the name . The name " maiden " probably means a " fortification that looks impregnable " or one that has never been taken in battle .