naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
United States declaration of war upon the United Kingdom ( 1812 ) An Act Declaring War between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the Dependencies Thereof and the United States of America and Their Territories was passed by the United States Congress on 18 June 1812 , thereby beginning the War of 1812 . Text of the declaration . " Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled " , That war be and is hereby declared to exist between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the dependencies thereof , and the United States of America and their territories ; and that the President of the United States is hereby authorized to use the whole land and naval force of the United States to carry the same into effect , and to issue to private armed vessels of the United States commissions or letters of marque and general reprisal , in such form as he shall think proper , and under the seal of the United States , against the vessels , goods , and effects of the government of the said United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland , and the subjects thereof .
Third Military District The Third Military District existed in the American South during the Reconstruction era that followed the American Civil War . It comprised Georgia , Florida and Alabama and was headquartered in Atlanta . Originally commanded by General John Pope , after his removal by President Andrew Johnson on December 28 , 1867 , General George Gordon Meade took his place . He served at the current location of Fort McPherson until August 1868 after Alabama and Florida were re - admitted into the United States . Because of the expulsion of Blacks from the $ 3 , a new military leader was appointed on December 22 , 1869 , General Alfred Terry . In January , he returned the legislators and ousted 29 Democrats . In February , the Fifteenth amendment was ratified by Georgia and by July it was re - admitted into the Union .
Duntrune Castle Duntrune Castle is located on the north side of Loch Crinan and across from the village of Crinan in Argyll , Scotland . It is thought to be the oldest continuously occupied castle on mainland Scotland . The castle is a category B listed building . History . It was originally built by the MacDougall clan in the 12th century , along with several other castles in the area , including the MacDougall stronghold of Dunollie Castle near Oban . Duntrune Castle was eventually taken by the Clan Campbell . In 1644 , the castle was besieged by the rival MacDonalds , under Alasdair Mac Colla . The Campbells sold Duntrune in 1792 , to the Malcolms of Poltalloch . The castle is now owned by Robin Neill Malcolm , current clan chief of the Clan Malcolm . The curtain wall of the castle dates from the 13th century , although the tower house which forms the main part of the castle is of the 17th century . The castle was renovated in 1954 . The Piper Of Duntrune . The ghost of a handless piper is said to haunt the castle . According to one story , the Macdonald piper was sent into the castle as a spy , but was found out . He was imprisoned , but played his pipes to warn the Macdonalds that their ' surprise ' attack was now expected . Alasdair Mac Colla retreated , and the piper ' s hands were cut off by the Campbells . According to another story , one more well known , the Macdonalds captured the castle . Mac Colla needed to return home and left a small garrison to defend the castle , with his personal piper among them . While he was away , the castle was recaptured by the Campbells and all the MacDonalds were killed , except the piper , who was spared because of his status . After retaking their castle the Campbells laid a trap for the Macdonalds . As Mac Colla sailed returning to the castle he and his crew heard , as expected the piper playing a tune of welcome from the castle ramparts . As the MacDonald boat grew closer , the Macdonalds were able to discern the tune and recognised it as a warning . The small boat turned away and the trap failed . To punish the piper , his hands were cut off so that he may never play again . The piper bled out and died of his injuries . During a set of renovations at the castle , workers unearthed a handless human skeleton under a stone path , whose hands had been removed by clean cuts to the wrist . It is believed that this skeleton is that of the Piper Of Duntrune . There was evidence of an Episcopalian burial ; many of the Highlanders serving the Royalist cause were Episcopalian at the time . The Campbells fought for the Covenanter s , who were Presbyterian . Popular culture . The gateposts of Skyfall lodge , James Bond ' s childhood home in the film of the same name , were modelled after those at Duntrune .
Maryland Line The " Maryland Line " was a formation within the Continental Army , formed and authorized by the Second Continental Congress , meeting in the " Old Pennsylvania State House " ( later known as " Independence Hall " ) in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania in June 1775 , and authority given to Col . George Washington , delegate and formerly of the " Virginia Regiment " of the colonial militia to serve as commander - in - chief of the colonial forces and he assumed command at Cambridge , Massachusetts outside of Boston , of the various units from several of the American colonies surrounding Boston , laying siege to the British Army within , in June 1775 . His previous military experience had been during the late French and Indian War ( 1754 – 1763 ) , [ also known as the Seven Years War in Europe . The term " Maryland Line " referred to the quota of numbered infantry regiments assigned to Maryland at various times by the Continental Congress . These , together with similar contingents from the other twelve states , formed the " Continental Line " . The concept was particularly important in relation to the promotion of commissioned officers . Officers of the Continental Army below the rank of brigadier general were ordinarily ineligible for promotion except in the line of their own state . Not all Continental infantry regiments raised in a state were part of a state quota , however . On December 27 , 1776 , the Second Continental Congress gave commanding General George Washington temporary control over certain military decisions that the Congress ordinarily regarded as its own prerogative . These “ dictatorial powers ” included the authority to recruit and raise sixteen additional Continental infantry regiments at large . Forman ’ s , Gist ’ s , Grayson ’ s , and Hartley ’ s Regiments were partially drawn from Maryland . Still other Continental infantry regiments and smaller units , also unrelated to a state quota , were raised as needed for special or temporary service . The " Maryland Line " has a reputation of being among the best of the Continental Army . Because of the long service of the high quality regiments , General Washington , according to tradition , referred to the Maryland units as his " Old Line " , giving the State of Maryland one of its nicknames as " The Old Line State " . The " Maryland Line " was assigned a quota of eight regiments in 1777 , which was reduced to five in 1781 . The regiments of the line were : < br > External links . < br >
Brices Cross Roads National Battlefield Site Brices Cross Roads National Battlefield Site commemorates the Battle of Brice ' s Crossroads , in which the Confederate army , under Major General Nathan Bedford Forrest , defeated a much larger Union force on June 10 , 1864 , to ultimately secure supply lines between Nashville and Chattanooga , Tennessee . Description . The site , in extreme northern Lee County , preserves only one acre of the much larger historic battlefield ( which extended northward into southwestern Prentiss County ) . This is the spot where the Brice family house once stood . It is located about 6 miles ( 10 km ) west of Baldwyn , Mississippi , on Mississippi Highway 370 . The site features a memorial erected soon after the battlefield was designated as a historic site in 1929 . In addition , on June 11 , 2005 , a second memorial was dedicated to Confederate Capt . John W . Morton , Chief of Artillery , and his battery . Brices Cross Roads is the only National Battlefield Site in the United States National Park System . The modern Bethany Presbyterian Church is located on the southeast side of the crossroads . At the time of the battle , this congregation ' s meeting house was located further south along the Baldwyn Road . The Bethany Cemetery , adjacent to the battlefield site , predates the Civil War . Many of the area ' s earliest settlers are buried here . The graves of more than 90 Confederate soldiers killed in the battle are also located in this cemetery . Union dead from the battle were buried in common graves on the battlefield , but were later reinterred in the Memphis National Cemetery at Memphis , Tennessee . The Brice ' s Crossroads Visitor Center is located in Baldwyn . It is owned and operated by a public commission . Brice ' s Crossroads National Battlefield Commission , Inc . , formed in 1994 by concerned local citizens , is also involved in protecting the greater battlefield , which is considered one of the most beautiful preserved battlefields of the Civil War . With assistance from the Civil War Preservation Trust ( formerly the APCWS and the Civil War Trust ) , and the support of federal , state , and local governments , the commission has purchased for preservation more than of the original battlefield . Administrative history . The site was established February 21 , 1929 , and transferred from the War Department to the National Park Service on August 10 , 1933 . The battlefield was automatically listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15 , 1966 . It is administered under the Natchez Trace Parkway .
M901 ITV The M901 ITV is a tank - destroyer made by the BAe System to be used by the U . S Army , the M901 is based on the M113 APC . Description . The M901 is an M113 vehicle family , specially adapted with a tower for launching TOW missiles . This is an anti - tank vehicle . This equipment has the tower M - 27 , ( known as " Hammerhead " ) which has two TOW missiles in launch position immediately . Each vehicle carries up to 2 missiles ready to fire , and ten more missiles inside . This system was designed to allow a greater ability to reach the target by shooting first . The tower type ' Hammer Head ' has been installed in other vehicles . There is a version known as ' FISTV ' used for description and location of targets and works in conjunction with the M - 901 ITV . Actually , though , even as classified as a tank - destroyer , the M901 - ITV has no offensive function , and is intended for purely defensive missions because he did not have any chance of facing a heavy or medium tank , since there is no adequate armor to withstand any shooting .
French corvette Moineau ( 1794 ) Moineau was the former merchantman " Spartiate " , which the French Navy requisitioned to serve as 16 - gun corvette on the Île de France station between 1794 and 1797 . Career . In May 1794 , the French Navy brought " Spartiate " into naval service as " Moineau " . She then served in the naval station of Île de France , carrying out missions to Batavia . In June 1796 , the French Directory ' s executive agents Baco and Burnel , arrived at Mauritius with the naval division under Sercey and set out to abolish slavery , in application of the decree of 16 Pluviose Year II on the abolition of slavery . This alienated the colonists and Governor Malartic ; a militia stormed Baco and Burnel ' s quarters and forcibly put them aboard " Moineau " . Malartic then ordered Commander ( and " capitaine de frégate " ) Tayeau , the captain of " Moineau " , to carry Baco and Burnel to Batavia . Once " Moineau " was at sea , Baco and Burnel ordered Tayeau to bring them to France . " Moineau " then sailed for Rochefort . Upon " Moineau " s arrival , Tayeau was commended for his action . On the way back to France , " Moineau " first stopped at Foulepointe , a French factory on the coast of Madagascar to reprovision . Next , near the Cape of Good Hope , " Moineau " encountered the " Lady Shore " , which was sailing to Bengal on behalf of the British East India Company . " Moineau " captured the " Lady Shore " on 19 July . After stripping her of much of her cargo , Tayeau let her go on 22 July , permitting her captain to take her into the Cape . Fate . " Moineau " was returned to her original owner in 1797 .
Area 51 : An Uncensored History of America ' s Top Secret Military Base Area 51 : An Uncensored History of America ' s Top Secret Military Base is a book by American journalist Annie Jacobsen about the secret United States military base Area 51 . The book , based on interviews with scientists and engineers who worked in Area 51 , addresses the Roswell UFO incident and dismisses the alien story . Instead , it suggests that Josef Mengele was recruited by the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin to produce " grotesque , child - size aviators " to be remotely piloted and landed in America to cause hysteria in the likeness of Orson Welles ' 1938 radio drama " War of the Worlds " , but that the aircraft crashed and the incident was hushed up by the Americans . Jacobsen writes that the bodies found at the crash site were children . Grotesquely but similarly deformed , aged around 12 , each under five feet tall , with large heads and abnormally shaped oversize eyes . " They were neither aliens nor consenting airmen , but human guinea pigs " , she claims . Jacobson also interviews Richard Mingus who outlines an incident whereby area 6 was attacked at gunpoint during the preparation of a nuclear test detonation . Reviews . The book received mixed reviews . The " Los Angeles Times " called it " highly readable " and " deeply researched . . . a dream for aviation and military buffs . " TIME . com wrote that " " Area 51 " suffers one flaw , " referring to the Roswell craft that Jacobsen reports was a Soviet hoax . " The Daily Beast " called it an " explosive new book . " " The New York Times " wrote : " Although this connect - the - dots U . F . O . thesis is only a hasty - sounding addendum to an otherwise straightforward investigative book about aviation and military history , it makes an indelible impression . " Area 51 " is liable to become best known for sci - fi provocation . " The " Times " noted that " the book is noteworthy for its author ’ s dogged devotion to her research . " Other reviews have been less positive . Space historian Dwayne Day , for instance , called " Area 51 " a " poorly - sourced , error - filled book " in which the author makes an argument that " defies common sense " and is reliant on one anonymous source . Jeffrey T . Richelson and Robert S . Norris , critiquing Jacobsen ' s factual errors on the blog Washington Decoded , stated that " [ t ] here are so many mistakes that it is hard to know where to begin . . . " Area 51 " is a case study of how not to research and write about top - secret activities . " Historian Richard Rhodes , writing in " The Washington Post " , also criticized the book ' s sensationalistic reporting of " old news " and its " error - ridden " prose . The book was sharply criticized for extensive errors in an essay by a senior fellow at the Federation of American Scientists and a senior fellow at the National Security Archive .
Robert - Richard Zapp Robert - Richard Zapp ( 3 April 1904 – 17 July 1964 ) was a German U - boat commander in World War II . As commander of the Type IXC U - boat , he sank sixteen ships on five patrols , for a total of 106 , 200 tons of Allied shipping , to become the 27th highest scoring U - Boat ace of World War II . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross ( ) . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . Career . Robert - Richard Zapp joined the " Reichsmarine " in May 1923 . Before joining the U - boat service in 1939 , he served aboard a minesweeper and later on took command of " 251 Marineflak " ( Naval anti - aircraft artillery ) . After initial training , he served on board for a short while under " Oberleutnant zur See " Engelbert Endrass , with whom he participated in the battle against Convoy HX 79 in October 1940 . Zapp was appointed commander of in January 1941 . " U - 66 " was one of the boats that participated in the first wave of attacks in " Operation Drumbeat " . On the first patrol of this operation , he sank five vessels , totalling 33 , 456 tons . On his second patrol off the eastern seaboard of the United States , he was victorious again , sinking six vessels totaling 43 , 946 tons . Zapp was awarded the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross on 23 April 1942 . In June 1942 , he was posted ashore to become commander of " 3rd U - boat Flotilla " , based at La Rochelle , France . On 1 January 1945 he was promoted to " Fregattenkapitän " . In the last three months of the war , he became commander of " Marine - Regiment Zapp " and defended the U - boat base at La Rochelle until the very end of the war in May 1945 . He spent over two years in a French captivity and was released on 7 July 1947 .
Bert Shepard Bert Robert Shepard ( June 20 , 1920 – June 16 , 2008 ) was an American left - handed pitcher in Major League Baseball who pitched in one game for the Washington Senators in 1945 after having had his right leg amputated after his fighter plane was shot down in Germany during World War II while he was serving as a pilot in the Army Air Forces . Biography . Born in Dana , Indiana , the 5 " 11 " , 185 lb . left - hander taught himself to walk and then to pitch with an artificial leg while confined in a German POW camp . He had been gunned down near Berlin on his 34th mission as a P - 38 fighter pilot , his life was saved by a doctor in the German Army . In 1945 Shepard was back in the United States and hoping to resume his pitching career . Prior to the war , he had pitched for minor leagues all across the country . During spring training in 1945 , he impressed Senators owner Clark Griffith enough to be hired as a pitching coach . He pitched exhibition games and batting practice , and one regulation game , making him the first man with an artificial leg to pitch in a major league baseball game . On August 4 , 1945 Shepard got the call to enter in the fourth inning of a home game in which the Senators were well behind the Boston Red Sox . It was Game Two of the fourth consecutive doubleheader in which Washington was playing , with a fifth scheduled the next day as well . Shepard made headlines , not only for being in the game itself , but also with 5⅓ innings of impressive relief , allowing only three hits and one . He struck out his first batter . The final score was Red Sox 15 , Senators 4 . In between games of a doubleheader on August 31 , Shepard received the Distinguished Flying Cross for his service in World War II . He later went on to be a player / manager in the minor leagues until 1954 . He was a key participant on the National Amps baseball teams of former servicemen with amputations secondary to war injuries . After retiring from baseball , Shepard worked for IBM and Hughes Aircraft as a safety engineer . Shepard won the U . S . amputee golf championship in 1968 and 1971 . Shepard died at age 87 in Highland , California . The game of August 4 , 1945 was notable for two other events as well . Shepard came in to relieve teammate Joe Cleary , who would be the last native of Ireland to pitch in a major league game . Also , outfielder Tom McBride tied a major league record with 6 in the fourth inning .
Alexander Preinfalk Alexander Preinfalk ( 6 February 1920 – 12 December 1944 ) was a German Luftwaffe ace and recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross during World War II . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . Alexander Preinfalk was shot down on 12 December 1944 by an American P - 47 over Bruchsal , Germany and died after he bailed out . He was credited with between 78 and 85 + aerial victories .
Barbican A barbican is a fortified outpost or gateway , such as an outer defence to a city or castle , or any tower situated over a gate or bridge which was used for defensive purposes . Usually barbicans were situated outside the main line of defences and connected to the city walls with a walled road called " the neck " . In the 15th century , with the improvement in siege tactics and artillery , barbicans lost their significance . However , several barbicans were built even in the 16th century . Fortified or mock - fortified gatehouse s remained a feature of ambitious French and English residences into the 17th century . Fortifications in East Asia also featured similar structures . In particular , gates in Chinese city wall s were often defended by an additional " archery tower " in front of the main gatehouse , with the two towers connected by walls extending out from the main fortification . Called literally " jar walls " , they are often referred to as " barbicans " in English . Etymology . The word comes from Latin " barbecana " , signifying the " outer fortification of a city or castle , " with cognates in the Romance languages , perhaps deriving ultimately from Arabic " barbakh " or Persian باب خانه " bab - e - khaneh " " gate - house " and " towered gateway " or from the medieval English " burgh - kenning " .
Raytheon Missile Systems Raytheon Missile Systems Company is a subsidiary of Raytheon Company . Headquartered in Tucson , Arizona , its president is Taylor W . Lawrence . Formerly , known as Hughes Missile Systems Company before being acquired by Raytheon Company . The division ' s products include :
James Low James Low ( born 9 March 1894 , date of death unknown ) was a Scottish footballer . He played for Elgin City , Hearts , Rangers and Newcastle United as a right winger . Low also represented the Scottish League twice . He was born in Ayrshire . Low played for Hearts either side of the First World War . During the war he was a 2nd Lieutenant in the 6th Battalion of the Seaforth Highlanders . Low played 123 games and scored 8 goals for Newcastle United between 1921 to 1928 . It was said that James could easily beat two men at a time and he became a favourite of the Geordie fans . He was an FA Cup winner for them in 1924 .
Eugène Gilbert Sous Lieutenant Eugène Gilbert ( 19 July 1889 – 17 May 1918 ) was a World War I flying ace credited with five aerial victories . He had also been a famous pioneer pre - war racing pilot , flying to many countries throughout Europe . Biography . Gilbert was born in 1889 in Riom , France . He became interested in flight in his teens and actually built his own version of a flying machine around 1909 . The machine appears to have been unsuccessful but Gilbert took on more conventional fixed - wing flying machines , gaining his pilot ' s license on 4 Oct 1910 . By 1911 , he was flying a Bleriot XI . In the 1911 Paris to Madrid air race , Gilbert flew across the Pyrenees Mountains and was attacked by an angry mother eagle defending her young and nest ; to ward off the large bird , he simply fired pistol shots at her rather than kill her . On 24 April 1913 , Gilbert made a record nonstop cross - country flight of 826 km ( 523 miles ) from Villacoublay , France , to Vitoria - Gasteiz , Spain , in 8 hours 23 minutes . By 1915 , Gilbert was in uniform as a combat pilot . Like fellow French pre - war pilot Adolphe Pegoud , Gilbert was one of the first pilots to become an ace , an aviator who has shot down five or more enemy aircraft . On 27 June 1915 Gilbert was interned after force landing his Morane - Saulnier fighter in Switzerland after bombing the zeppelin sheds at Friedrichshafen . He later succeeded in escaping from captivity and returning to France . He was killed on 17 May 1918 when test - flying a new aircraft at Villacoublay .