naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Paramilitary A paramilitary is a militarised force whose function and organization are similar to those of a professional military , but which is not considered part of a state ' s formal armed forces . Under the Law of Armed Conflict , a state may incorporate a paramilitary organization or armed agency ( charged with police functions ) into its armed forces . The other parties to a conflict have to be notified thereof . The term " paramilitary " is subjective , depending on what is considered similar to a military force , and what status a force is considered to have . The nature of paramilitary forces therefore varies greatly according to the speaker and the context . Types . Depending on context , " paramilitaries " may include : In the United Kingdom , the term is often restricted to armed groups involved in the Northern Ireland Troubles , such as the Ulster Volunteer Force or the Provisional Irish Republican Army .
63rd Virginia Infantry 63rd Virginia Infantry was a Confederate regiment during the American Civil War . Organization . It was organized May 24 , 1862 , with 10 companies , A to K , all enlisted for 3 years or the duration of the war . These companies were raised under an order from the Secretary of War , April 9 , 1862 to Major John J . McMahon . McMahon was rewarded by being made Colonel of the 63rd in May , when the regiment was formally organized at Abingdon in Washington County , Virginia . Colonel McMahon was succeeded by Lieutenant Colonel David C . Dunn . Major James M . French , who was later promoted to Colonel , succeeded Colonel Dunn , and the 63rd ended the war with Captain ( later Lieutenant Colonel ) Connally H . Lynch in command . Lynch was also commander of the 54th Battalion , a consolidation of the 54th and 63rd Virginia Infantry regiments . Service . The 63rd saw action in ten states , and by the time of its surrender on April 26 , 1865 , at Durham Station , North Carolina , it had fought in over 70 engagements , including the Chickamauga , Missionary Ridge , Chattanooga , Ringold Gap , Resaca , Peachtree Creek , New Hope Church , Kennesaw Mountain , Franklin , and Stones River , among others . After it became a part of the Army of Tennessee , the 63rd served under , at different times , James Longstreet , Patrick Cleburne , Nathan Bedford Forrest , William J . Hardee , Stephen D . Lee , and Daniel Harvey Hill .
Gaius Octavius Gaius Octavius ( about 100 – 59 BC ) was an ancestor to the Roman Emperors of the Julio - Claudian dynasty . He was the father of the Emperor Augustus , step - grandfather of the Emperor Tiberius , great - great grandfather of the Emperor Caligula , great - grandfather of the Emperor Claudius , and great - great - great grandfather of the Emperor Nero . He descended from an old , wealthy equestrian branch of the Octavii family . Despite being from a wealthy family , his family was plebeian , rather than patrician . As a " novus homo " ( " new man " ) , he was not of a senatorial family . His grandfather , Gaius Octavius , fought as a military tribune in Sicily during the Second Punic War . His father Gaius Octavius was a municipal magistrate who lived to an advanced age . He was distantly related to Gnaeus Octavius , the consul of 87 BC who led the opposition to Lucius Cornelius Cinna . Personal life . Octavius ' first wife was named Ancharia . The two had a child ( named Octavia Major ) . It is not known how the marriage ended , although it is possible that Ancharia died during child birth . He later married the niece of Julius Caesar , Atia Balba Caesonia . How they met is not known , although Atia ' s family ( through her father , the Balbi ) lived close to Velitrae , which was the ancestral home of the Octavii . They had two children : Octavia Minor and the Emperor Augustus , the latter of whom was born in 63 BC . Political career . Octavius was elected quaestor , believed to have been in 70 BC . In 61 BC , he was elected praetor . In 60 BC , after his term had ended , he was appointed propraetor , and was to serve as governor of Macedonia . Before he left for Macedonia , the senate sent him to put down a slave rebellion at Thurii . These slaves had previously taken part in the rebellions of Spartacus and Catiline . He then left for Macedonia and proved a capable administrator , governing " courageously and justly " , his deeds included leading the Roman forces to victory in an unexpected battle against the Thracian Bessian tribe . Cicero had high regard for his diplomatic dealings . Because of his successful term as governor of Macedonia , he won the support necessary to be elected consul . In 59 BC , Octavius sailed to Rome , to stand for election as consul . However , he died before arriving in Rome . He supposedly died in the same bedroom where Augustus would pass away many years later . His career is summarized in an inscription erected by his son on the forum he built in Rome :
Crew - served weapon A crew - served weapon is any weapon system that requires a crew of more than one individual to function at optimum efficiency due to its operational complexity , such as requiring one person to load while another fires . The weight and bulk of the system often also necessitates multiple personnel for transportation . Crew served weapons operated by infantry include medium machine gun s , heavy machine gun s , automatic grenade launcher s , mortars with caliber s less than 120 mm ( 4 . 72 inches ) , anti - tank gun s , anti - aircraft gun s , recoilless rifle s , shoulder - launched missile weapon s , and static anti - tank and anti - aircraft missiles . These weapons are chiefly used as infantry support weapons . Many of these weapon systems can also be mounted on wheeled or tracked vehicles .
International military decoration authorized by the US military An international decoration is a military award which is not bestowed by a particular country , but rather by an international organization such as the United Nations or NATO . Such awards are normally issued as service medals , for participation in various international military operations , and not for specific acts of heroism or bravery . The following is a list of the most commonly recognized international military decorations that has been or is currently awarded to members of the United States military . Such awards are always worn after all United States decorations , but before all Foreign decorations . The list below is by no means comprehensive , but does display the awards which have been bestowed to U . S . service members by international organizations . United Nations . < br > The Assistant Secretary of Defense approved a change to the policy of the wear of United Nations Medal ' s . " Effective " on 13 October 1995 , any US military personnel who is awarded a United Nations Medal may wear the ribbon of the first UN medal for which they qualify . Subsequent awards of the United Nations Medal for service in a different mission is noted by adding a bronze service star to the current ribbon . No more than " one " UN medal or ribbon may be worn at a time . NATO . North Atlantic Treaty Organization < br > To date the following medals are the only NATO Medal ' s authorized for wear by the US military personnel . Members may accept , but may not wear the " NATO Macedonia Medal " and the " NATO Non - Article 5 Medal for service in Iraq , under the NTM - I " . SICOFAA . System of Cooperation Among the American Air Forces See also . Awards and decorations of the United States military
BLU - 97 / B Combined Effects Bomb The BLU - 97 / B Combined Effects Bomb is the submunition used in several cluster bomb type weapon systems . When the bomblets fall , they separate from the main bomb and independently free fall to the ground . They contain an inflatable bag ( ballute ) on the top of them , which slows them down and spreads them out . As the bomblets descend , they experience g - forces . Once they reach a minimum of 6 Gs they arm themselves . As the bomblets fall , they are also spinning as well . Arming takes about 2 . 6 seconds . They have a combined shaped charge , fragmentation and incendiary effect on the target . It is very effective against and mainly used for anti - personnel , anti - materiel , and anti - armor . In 2003 humanitarian groups expressed concern that the BLC - 97 / B bomblets were the same size and color as food rations given to children in Afghanistan . Although the latter are square and the former cylindrical , both are dropped from U . S . planes and both are yellow so that they are easy to spot on the ground . The United States responded to the outcry by changing the color of future food packages and warning civilians through announcements and flyers . 170 Pentagon officials also said that the packages had not been dropped in the same areas as cluster bombs . " [ D ] espite the similarity in colors , it ' s very , very unlikely that a person would pick up a cluster bomb thinking it was a packet of food , " Rear Adm . Craig Quigley , Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Public Affairs , said . There are various other cylindrical yellow items in Afghanistan , such as water bottles and soda cans , which could be mistaken for unexploded bomblets by children .
Fort Early and Jubal Early Monument The Fort Early and Jubal Early Monument was started in the early 1700 . consists of the remains of an American Civil War fort and monument located on a site at Lynchburg , Virginia . Confederate forces under the command of Lt . Gen . Jubal Early constructed the roughly square earthen fort in June 1864 as part of the outer defenses of Lynchburg as the Union Army of West Virginia , under Maj . Gen . David Hunter , advanced from the north and west in an attempt to capture the city during the Battle of Lynchburg . It is the only section of the Lynchburg defenses still in existence . The walls of the fort are approximately 12 to in height on the exterior and approximately 4 to high on the interior . Within the fort is a one - story brick structure that was built in 1922 by the Fort Hill Woman ' s Club and contains exhibits on the Battle of Lynchburg . A brick paved entrance drive with a high iron arch erected in 1924 , with the words " Fort Early " , cut through the eastern portion of the breastworks and forms the entrance to the site . The remaining portions of the breastworks are intact including a sally port in the northern wall used to bring in ammunition and other supplies during the military operation of the fort . A high granite obelisk honoring Confederate General Jubal A . Early and erected in 1919 , is located on a triangle of land formed by the intersection of Fort Avenue and Memorial Avenue . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002 .
Aix - en - Provence Aerodrome Aix - en - Provence Aerodrome ( ) , also known as Aix les Milles Airport ( " Aéroport Aix les Milles " ) , is an airport serving Aix - en - Provence , a " commune " in the Bouches - du - Rhône department of the Provence - Alpes - Côte d ' Azur region of France . It is located west - southwest of Aix - en - Provence , in the village of Les Milles . It formerly served as a military air base , known as Base Aerienne 114 d ' Aix Les Milles . A campus of the " École nationale de l ' aviation civile " ( French civil aviation university ) is also located at the aerodrome . Facilities . The airport resides at an elevation of above mean sea level . It has one runway designated 15 / 33 with an asphalt surface measuring .
Droctulf Droctulf ( Droctulfus , Droctulfo , Drocton ) was a Byzantine general of Suevi c or Alemannic origin . According to Paul the Deacon , " Historia Langobardorum " , he was raised with among the Lombards , with whom he entered the Italian peninsula in 569 . He eventually joined the Byzantine army to fight against them , becoming an important ally of both Emperor and Pope . After Faroald , the Lombard duke of Spoleto , captured Classis , the port of Ravenna , Droctulf recaptured for the Empire it in 575 – 76 . He was briefly imprisoned ( Paul refers to a " captivitas " ) , but was released to the Empire and served as the commander ( " dux " , duke ) of the Byzantine post of Brescello ( Reggio nell ' Emilia ) , which guarded a bridge over the river Po leading to Classis , from around 584 . Between 584 and 590 , he warred extensively against Authari , king of the Lombards , who eventually forced him to retreat to Ravenna while the region of Brescello was taken by the Lombards and the walls of the city razed to the ground . After his failure in Italy , Droctulf was called to the Balkans and Thrace to fend off the army of Slavs and Avars then besieging Adrianople ( 586 ) . The Byzantines granted him burial in the Basilica of San Vitale in Ravenna , where his lengthy epitaph survived to be recorded by Paul .
Battle of Al Qaim The Battle of Al Qaim ( code - named Operation " Matador " ) was a military offensive conducted by the United States Marine Corps , against insurgent positions in Iraq ' s northwestern Anbar province , which ran from 8 May 2005 to 19 May 2005 . It was focused on eliminating insurgents and foreign fighters in a region known as a smuggling route and a sanctuary for foreign fighters . Details . In mid - May 2005 , Task Force 3 / 2 and elements of Task Force 3 / 25 ( 3rd Battalion / 2nd Marines , 3rd Battalion / 25th Marines , 4th Assault Amphibian Bn , 2nd Light Armored Reconnaissance Bn , B Co 4th Combat Engineer Bn , 2nd Platoon A Co 1st Tank Bn , and a detachment of H - 1 ' s from HMLA 269 ) conducted a sweep of an insurgent - held area near the Syrian border . 814th Engineer Company ( MRB ) led the initial offensive ; breaching the river obstacle with a ribbon float bridge while conducting concurrent rafting . It lasted eleven days , during which the U . S . troops killed more than 125 suspected insurgents and captured 39 others . The Marines captured and / or destroyed many weapon caches and suffered 9 killed in action and 40 wounded in action . Notable among these casualties was a squad from 1st Platoon , Lima Company 3rd Battalion , 25th Marines which had all of its members killed or wounded , mostly while embarked in an AAV that was struck by an IED . Many of the insurgents encountered were not wearing uniforms , and in some cases were wearing protective vests . Furthermore coalition officials noted that the training , tactics and organization displayed by the insurgents battled in the Syrian desert exceeded that which had been seen in other engagements further east , with only the exception of the former members of the Fedayeen ( that comprised a large portion of insurgents fought by the Coalition in Operation Vigilant Resolve . ) Thus it is plausible to believe that the Fedayeen made a large portion of the insurgents fought in Matador . Additionally , the Marines in Matador did not have sufficient numbers to set up a permanent garrison in Al - Qa ' im and the other insurgent held towns and withdrew as a result . Consequently as soon as they left guerilla fighters were back in the towns and reestablished control over the town . Insurgents ' continued presence in the Syrian desert meant that the Syrian border would remain a viable route for smuggling military equipment used by the insurgency . The engagement could loosely be described as a running battle , with the heaviest fighting taking place in urban environments located in Ubaydi , Arabi , and Al - Qa ' im , all are cities in the insurgent dominated Al Anbar Governorate . It was followed by Operation Squeeze Play .
SM U - 116 SM " U - 116 " was a German Type 115 u - boat of the Imperial German Navy built at Schichau - Werke , Danzig . As her sister ship , she was never completed and ultimately broken up in Danzig after the Armistice with Germany . Her main engines were used in M / S " Adolf Sommerfeld " ex . Both boats had been offered to the IGN free of charge by Schichau in an attempt to gain experience in building submarines ( Williamson , 15 ) .
AN - 11 bomb The AN - 11 was France ' s first nuclear weapon , developed to arm the Force de frappe . The AN - 11 ' s development began in the late 1950s . An early version was used in France ' s first nuclear test , on 13 February 1960 . The first AN - 11 prototype was tested 1 May 1962 , and it entered service in 1964 . The AN - 11 was a pure fission weapon , a plutonium implosion type . It weighed approximately 1 , 500 kg ( 3 , 306 lb ) . It was a free - fall bomb intended to be dropped from high - altitude bomber aircraft . The explosive yield was about 60 kTs . About 40 AN - 11s were produced between 1963 and 1968 . The carrier was the Dassault Mirage IV , although some reports suggest the Sud Aviation Vautour could also carry this bomb . Beginning in 1967 it was replaced by the more advanced AN - 22 bomb .
15 cm sIG 33 The 15 cm sIG 33 ( " schweres Infanterie Geschütz 33 " ) was the standard German heavy infantry gun used in the Second World War . It was the largest weapon ever classified as an infantry gun by any nation . Sources differ on the development history , but the gun itself was of conventional design . Early production models were horse - drawn , with wooden wheels . Later production models had pressed steel wheels , with solid rubber tires and air brakes for motor towing . The sIG 33 was rather heavy for its mission and it was redesigned in the late 1930s to incorporate light alloys in an effort to save weight . This saved about , but the outbreak of war forced the reversion back to the original design as the Luftwaffe had a higher priority for light alloys before more than a few hundred were made . A new carriage , made entirely of light alloys , was tested around 1939 , but was not accepted for service . Ammunition . Most of the shells used by the sIG 33 were unexceptional in design , but the " Stielgranate 42 " was different in fundamental ways from ordinary shells . The driving rod was loaded into the muzzle so that the finned projectile remained in front of , and outside , the barrel entirely . A special charge was loaded and would propel the projectile about a downrange . At about distance the driving rod would separate from the projectile . Unlike other " Stielgranate n " , this version was not intended for anti - tank use , but rather for the demolition of strongpoints and clearing barbed - wire obstacles and minefields by blast effect .
Nordkapp - class offshore patrol vessel The " Nordkapp " class ships is a Norwegian ship class built in the 1980s , and is used for rescue , fishery inspection , research purposes and general EEZ patrol in Norwegian waters . It is a class of ships purpose built for the Norwegian Coast Guard with a secondary role as wartime naval escorts . The Norwegian Coast Guard is a part of the Royal Norwegian Navy , and has some police authority . The " Nordkapp " class carries one helicopter ; for the time being this is the Westland Lynx , but the NH90 is to replace the Lynx . KV " Andenes " patrolled the Persian Gulf during the Gulf War in 1991 as part of the Coalition forces . In 1994 , the ship was involved in an altercation with the Sea Shepherd ' s ship " Whales Forever " , leading to a collision and damage to both ships . The ships are capable of ice browsing . A fisheries protection vessel named HNoMS " Nordkapp " served the Royal Norwegian Navy from 1937 to 1954 , including distinguished World War II service . Ships . Three ships of the class are built :
HMS Devonshire ( 1710 ) HMS " Devonshire " was a three - deck 80 - gun third rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy , built at Woolwich Dockyard and launched on 12 December 1710 . Her design was according to the 1706 Establishment of dimensions as laid down for 80 - gun ships . " Devonshire " was hulked in 1740 , and eventually sold out of the navy in 1760 .
Clarence S . Ridley Clarence S . Ridley ( June 22 , 1883 – July 26 , 1969 ) served as the Governor of the Panama Canal Zone from 1936 to 1940 . Ridley was born in Corydon , Harrison County , Indiana . He graduated fourth in a class of 114 from the United States Military Academy at West Point in 1905 . He was commissioned second lieutenant in the U . S . Army Corps of Engineers . In 1917 , he was appointed senior military aide to President Wilson . He supervised construction of the Lincoln Memorial . He served as Governor of the Panama Canal Zone from 1936 - 40 .
Siege of Jerusalem ( 597 BC ) In 601 BC , in the fourth year of his reign , Nebuchadnezzar II , king of Babylon , unsuccessfully attempted to invade Egypt and was repulsed with heavy losses . This failure led to numerous rebellions among the states of the Levant which owed allegiance to Babylon , including Judah , where the king , Jehoiakim , stopped paying tribute to Nebuchadnezzar and took a pro - Egyptian position . Nebuchadnezzar soon dealt with these rebellions . According to the Nebuchadnezzar Chronicle , he laid siege to Jerusalem , which eventually fell on 2 Adar ( March 16 ) 597 BC . The Chronicle states : In the seventh year ( of Nebuchadnezzar - 599 BC . ) in the month Chislev ( Nov / Dec ) the king of Babylon assembled his army , and after he had invaded the land of Hatti ( Syria / Palestine ) he laid siege to the city of Judah . On the second day of the month of Adar ( 16 March ) he conquered the city and took the king ( Jeconiah ) prisoner . He installed in his place a king ( Zedekiah ) of his own choice , and after he had received rich tribute , he sent forth to Babylon . Nebuchadnezzar pillaged both the city and the Temple and deported to Babylon the new king Jeconiah who was either eight or eighteen at the time ( Jehoiakim having died in the meantime ) and his court and other prominent citizens and craftsmen , along with a sizable portion of the Jewish population of Judah , numbering about 10 , 000 . Among them were Ezekiel . The author of the book of Daniel , who was deported along with Ezekiel , reports that his experiences ( if they are to be understood and interpreted as historical narrative ) also occur while in Babylonian exile in this period . A biblical text written in approximately the same time period of the exile reports that " None remained except the poorest people of the land " and that also taken to Babylon were the treasures and furnishings of the Temple , including golden vessels dedicated by King Solomon . ( ) These events are described in the Nevi ' im and Ketuvim , sections of the Tanakh , and the Hebrew Bible , known to non - Jews as the Old Testament . This first deportation is the start of the Jewish Diaspora ( or exile ) . ( ) Nebuchadnezzar installed Jeconiah ' s uncle , Zedekiah , as puppet - king of Judah , while Jeconiah was compelled to remain in Babylon , where he was regarded by the Jews in Babylon as the legitimate king of Judah and later would be regarded as the first of the exilarch s . Chronological note . The Babylonian Chronicles , which were published by Donald Wiseman in 1956 , establish that Nebuchadnezzar captured Jerusalem the first time on 2 Adar ( 16 March ) 597 BC . Before Wiseman ' s publication , Thiele had determined from the biblical texts that Nebuchadnezzar ' s initial capture of Jerusalem occurred in the spring of 597 BC , while other scholars , including Albright , more frequently dated the event to 598 BC . Dates in the book of Ezekiel are given according to the year of captivity of Jeconiah ( i . e . the first fall of Jerusalem ) .