naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Battle of Kushliki The Battle of Kushliki or battle of Kuszliki on 4 November 1661 between a Polish - Lithuanian force and a Russian Tsardom force was one of the battle of the Russo - Polish War ( 1654 – 1667 ) . Lithuanian force of about 14 , 000 under pułkownik Kazimierz Żeromski made a fortified camp on the right bank of Daugava River ( near the village of Kushliki ( Kuszliki ) in Polotsk Voivodeship ) and defeated the first assault of Ivan Andreyevich Khovansky on 24 September . Khovansky would retreat , only to return on 16 October with a larger army ( 12 , 000 people , 18 artillery pieces ) . On 3 November a Polish relief force of about 14 , 000 under king John II Casimir of Poland and regimentarz Stefan Czarniecki arrived and on 4 November surprised the Russian forces by assaulting their camp . Russian army was defeated , and Poles captured all of their artillery .
860th Bombardment Squadron The 860th Bombardment Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit . It was last assigned to the 493d Bombardment Group . It was inactivated at Sioux Falls Army Air Field , South Dakota on 28 August 1945 . History . Established in late 1943 as a B - 24 Liberator heavy bombardment squadron ; assigned to II Bomber Command for training . One of the last heavy bomb squadrons activated , the unit trained at McCook Army Airfield , Nebraska in a " hurry up " mode , as B - 29 Superfortress training was being conducted by Second Air Force and heavy bomber training was rapidly being phased out . Intensive training of all airmen and support specialists began in January and was only occasionally interrupted by Nebraska ' s late winter and early spring storms . Air exercises in several models of B - 24s included day and night flights , cross - country navigation , simulated bombing , aerial - gunnery practice , and squadron and group formation flying . Was deployed to the European Theater of Operations ( ETO ) , being assigned to VIII Bomber Command in England . Was assigned to RAF Debach though the balance of the war , with a temporary move to RAF Wormingford in early 1945 while runways were being repaired at Debach . Combat aircraft included B - 24Hs and B - 24Js from June 6 to August 24 , 1944 , and B - 17Gs from September 8 , 1944 to April 20 , 1945 . Engaged in very long range strategic bombardment attacks on Nazi Germany and Occupied Europe , striking airfields , bridges , and gun batteries prior to and during the invasion of Normandy in June 1944 ; hitting enemy positions to assist ground forces south of Caen and at Saint - Lô in July 1944 ; bombing German fortifications to cover the airborne attack on the Netherlands in September 1944 ; attacking enemy communications during the Battle of the Bulge , December 1944 - January 1945 ; and assisting the airborne assault across the Rhine in March 1945 . The squadron flew its last combat mission , an attack on marshalling yards at Nauen , on 20 April 1945 . The squadron redeployed to the United States . in July and August 1945 and was established at Sioux Falls Army Air Field , South Dakota on August 12 for B - 29 training , however the Japanese Capitulation negated the need for the unit to train in B - 29s and re - deploy to the Pacific Theater . The personnel were demobilized and the unit was inactivated there on August 28 , 1945 .
Business as usual ( policy ) Business as usual was a policy followed by the British government , under Prime Minister H . H . Asquith , during the early years of the First World War . Its fundamental belief was that in order to maintain a stable and functioning country , it was necessary to continue society in the same manner as before the war ; in other words , that civilians should think of the war as " business as usual " . The implication was that a morale - eroding change in behaviour equated to a victory for the enemy . The term itself is attributed to Winston Churchill , then a prominent " New Liberal " . It is unclear whether Asquith , with whom the policy is also associated , himself supported it , or whether he merely felt obliged to . Certainly , he described it as " a detestable doctrine " in his memoirs .
Francis Mahler Colonel Francis ( Franz ) Mahler ( 1826 - 1863 ) was an officer in the Union Army during the American Civil War . He was mortally wounded on the first day of the Battle of Gettysburg . He died in a field hospital three days later . Early life . Mahler was born in Baden , Baden - Württemberg , Germany on August 1 , 1826 . He was involved with the uprising of 1848 - 1849 , and was a comrade of future Union General Carl Schurz during this period . Mahler was captured and was condemned to death for his part . However , he managed to escape . He came to the United States in 1851 at 24 years of age . He arrived in New York on the SS Charlemagne on August 20 of that year . Mahler married Jennie M . ( March 26 , 1832 – March 29 , 1918 ) from Massachusetts . Civil War Service . In August , 1861 , Mahler assisted Philadelphia liquor merchant Henry Bohlen to recruit and organize a regiment , which would be eventually be designated the 75th Pennsylvania Infantry . Mahler was named Lieutenant Colonel . When Colonel Henry Bohlen was promoted to brigadier general , on July 20 , 1862 , Mahler received his commission as colonel and took command of the 75th Pennsylvania Infantry . Mahler was wounded while leading the regiment on the second day at the Second Battle of Bull Run . At the Battle of Chancellorsville , the 75th Pennsylvania Infantry was one of the first units subjected to General “ Stonewall ” Jackson ’ s flank attack , and was routed along with the rest of the Eleventh Corps . Death at Gettysburg . During the Battle of Gettysburg , the 75th Pennsylvania Infantry was heavily engaged on the first day ( July 1 , 1863 ) , in open fields north of town . The unit , having advanced a considerable distance after passing through the town , held ground just east of the Carlisle Road . The fighting intensified with the collapse of other regiments forming the Union line , and the 75th Pennsylvania Infantry was exposed to a murderous fire , that rapidly depleted the ranks . Mahler was wounded in the leg at the same time that his horse was shot out from under him . He managed to extricate himself from under the animal and , although crippled , continued to direct the troops under his command . However , as the regiment began to fall back , having been outflanked by the Confederates , Mahler received a mortal gunshot wound . Lieutenant T . Albert Steiger , at considerable risk to his own life , went to Mahler ’ s assistance . Mahler was carried from the field with General Carl Schurz clasping his hand and weeping . Mahler ’ s brother , Lieutenant Louis Mahler , a member of the same regiment , was also killed during this same firefight . However , it is unclear whether Mahler was aware of his brother ’ s death . Mahler died in a field hospital at Gettysburg on the morning of July 4 , 1863 . He was 37 years old . Mahler is buried in Section B , Lot 263 of the Mount Peace Cemetery in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania .
103d Rescue Squadron The 103d Rescue Squadron ( 103 RQS ) is a unit of the New York Air National Guard 106th Rescue Wing stationed at Francis S . Gabreski Air National Guard Base , Westhampton Beach , New York . The squadron has no assigned aircraft ; personnel assigned utilize aircraft of the 101st and 102d Rescue Squadron s of the Wing . Overview . Established in 2004 by the Air Force Special Operations Command as part of a re - organization of Air National Guard rescue wings which created separate squadrons for fixed - wing , helicopter and pararescue elements of the 106th Rescue Wing . The squadron consists of pararescue and support personnel , utilizing the HH - 60 Pave Hawk helicopters of the 101st Rescue Squadron and the HC - 130P Hercules transports of the 102d Rescue Squadron . All three squadrons are assigned to the 106th Operations Group .
Thomas Wilkinson ( VC 1942 ) Thomas Wilkinson VC ( 1 August 1898 – 14 February 1942 ) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . Wilkinson was 43 years old , and a temporary lieutenant in the Royal Naval Reserve during the Second World War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC . On 14 February 1942 in the Java Sea , off Malaya , HMS " Li Wo " , a patrol vessel , formerly a passenger steamer , commanded by Lieutenant Wilkinson , sighted two enemy convoys , one escorted by Japanese warships , The lieutenant told his crew he had decided to engage the convoy and fight to the last in the hope of inflicting some damage , a decision that drew resolute support from the whole ship ' s crew . In the action that followed , a Japanese transport was set on fire and abandoned , and " Li Wo " engaged a heavy cruiser for over an hour before being hit at point - blank range and sunk . Lieutenant Wilkinson ordered his crew to abandon ship , but he went down with " Li Wo " .
BL 9 . 2 inch gun Mk I – VII The BL 9 . 2 inch guns Mk I - Mk VII were a family of early British heavy breechloading naval and coast defence guns in service from 1881 to the end of World War I . They were originally designed to use the old gunpowder propellants . History . Mk I and II . British 9 . 2 inch guns originated from a request by the Admiralty in 1879 for a gun comparable to Krupp ' s 24 cm ( 9 . 45 inch ) gun at the time . The Admiralty submitted its request to the Committee on Ordnance , which was considering returning to breech - loading artillery after Britain ' s brief return to muzzle - loaders in the 1860s and 1870s . A new breech - loading gun with a 9 . 2 inch ( 234 mm ) bore , firing a 380 - pound projectile was calculated to be suitable . A total of 19 Mk I and Mk II guns of 26 calibres were made starting in 1881 , but after lengthy delays and modifications still proved unsatisfactory ; none made it to sea . Mk III - Mk VII . The 31 . 5 calibres versions , Mk III through to Mk VII became the first to be mounted on ships and deployed in general service . Naval service . Guns equipped the following ships : < br style = " clear : left ; " > Coast defence gun . Most Mk IV guns and some Mk VI guns were used in coast defences . In the mid - to - late 1880s successful trials were carried out with RML 9 - inch coast - defence guns firing at high angles in order to test the effectiveness of plunging fire on decks of ships . When surplus BL 9 . 2 inch Mk IV and Mk VI guns became available in the 1890s they were likewise adapted to high - angle carriages , with their obsolete 3 - motion breech mechanisms replaced by modern continuous - motion patterns to allow faster loading . Locations included Plymouth and Gibraltar . The elevation of up to 45° meant that the shell was at risk of slipping back after being rammed forward ; only the copper driving band held the shell in place in a BL gun , and they had not been designed to operate at such high angles . The solution adopted was to develop a special high - angle reduced - charge cartridge with a hollow up the centre , through which the gunner inserted a stick about 40 inches long made of beech wood , to prevent the projectile from slipping back before firing . A " light " shell was used for high - angle firing , rather than the standard shell . In the late 19th century to early 20th century five Mk IV coast - defence guns were installed at Singapore : two at Fort Connaught on Blakang Mati , one at Fort Siloso on Sentosa Island and two at Fort Pasir Panjang on Singapore Island . Two of these remain at Fort Siloso . < br style = " clear : left ; " > World War I railway gun . From 1915 onwards Elswick adapted a small number of Mk III , Mk IV and Mk VI guns , and mounted them on railway truck mountings for service on the Western Front in France and Belgium . < br style = " clear : left ; " > Australian service . In the late 1880s and early 1890s the Australian colonies between them ordered 10 barrels and nine carriages for BL 9 . 2 inch Mk VI ' counter bombardment ' disappearing gun s :
Wolfgang Graf von Blücher Wolfgang Henner Peter Lebrecht Graf von Blücher ( 31 January 1917 – 21 May 1941 ) was a highly decorated Oberleutnant der Reserve in the Fallschirmjäger during World War II . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . Wolfgang Graf von Blücher was one of three brothers who were killed during the Battle of Crete , all three of them on 21 May 1941 . Death in battle . The first to fall was Hans - Joachim Graf von Blücher , who was attempting to resupply his brother , Oberleutnant ( First Lieutenant ) Wolfgang Graf von Blücher , with ammunition when the latter and his platoon were surrounded by members of the British Black Watch . The 17 - year - old Hans - Joachim had commandeered a horse which he attempted to gallop through British lines ; he almost reached his brother ' s position , and in fact was shot before his brother ' s very eyes . The same day , 21 May 1941 , 24 - year - old Wolfgang was killed with his whole platoon , followed by the younger brother , 19 - year - old Leberecht Graf von Blücher , who was reported killed in action on the same day but whose body was never recovered . For years afterward , Cretan villagers reported seeing a ghostly rider galloping at night down a road near the spot where Hans - Joachim was shot ; yet until they were told the story of the von Blücher brothers , they had assumed that he was British . In 1974 Wolfgang and Hans - Joachim were reunited in one grave at the German War Cemetery on a hill behind the airfield at Maleme , Crete .
Al - Khansa Tumāḍir bint ʿAmr ibn al - Ḥarth ibn al - Sharīd al - Sulamīyah ( ) , usually simply referred to as al - Khansā ’ ( ) ( translated from Arabic as either " gazelle " or " short - nosed " ) was a 7th - century Arabic poet . She was born and raised in the Najd region ( the central region of modern - day Saudi Arabia ) . She was a contemporary of Muhammad , and eventually converted to Islam . In her time , the role of a female poet was to write elegies for the dead and perform them for the tribe in public oral competitions . Al - Khansa ’ won respect and fame in these competitions with her elegies for her brothers , Ṣakhr and Muʿāwiyah , who had died in battle . She is the best known female poet in Arabic literature . Life . Al - Khansa ’ was born into a wealthy family of Najd . In 612 , her brother Muʿawiyah was killed by members of another tribe . Al - Khansa ’ insisted that her brother , Sakhr , avenge Muʿawiyah ' s death , which he did . Sakhr was wounded in the process and died of his wounds a year later . Al - Khansa ’ mourned his death in poetry and gained fame for her elegiac compositions . She met the Islamic prophet , Muhammad in 629 and converted to Islam . He is said to have been very impressed by her poetry . She had four sons : Yazīd , Muʿāwiyah , ʿAmr , and ʿAmrah , all of whom converted to Islam . She went with her sons who fought in the Battle of Qadisiyah , where all four were killed . When she received the news , she allegedly did not grieve , but said , " Praise be to Allah who honored me with their martyrdom . And I have hope from my Lord that he will reunite me with them in the abode of his mercy . " ( ) Critical reception . The contemporaneous Arabic poet al - Nābighah al - Dhubyānī said of her : " al - Khansa ’ is the finest poet of the jinn and the humans . " ( ) Another anecdote says that al - Nabigha told al - Khansa " If Abu Basir had not already recited to me , I would have said that you are the greatest poet of the Arabs . Go , for you are the greatest poet among those with breasts . " Al - Khansa replied , " I ' m the greatest poet among those with testicles , too . "
United States military award devices The United States military and uniformed services issues miniature devices for wear on certain medals and service ribbons issued to their members . The device must be authorized in order to be worn on decorations and awards . These are sometimes referred to as award devices , but are most commonly referred to in service regulations and Department of Defense instructions simply as " devices " for awards and decorations . The devices vary between 3 / 16 to 11 / 32 inches in size and are usually made of brass or metal alloys that appear gold , silver , or bronze in color with either a dull or polished look . The devices may denote additional awards of the same decoration or award , an award for valor , participation in a particular campaign , periods of honorable service , specific events , and other special meanings . List of devices . The following devices are either presently in use today or were used at some point in the past : Examples of devices worn on service ribbons . The following images provide examples of devices being worn on the service ribbon s of various decorations and awards :
Austrått Fort Austrått Fort is a disused coastal artillery site located at Austrått in Ørland , Norway . It was constructed in 1942 by the German Wehrmacht to protect the Trondheimsfjord during the German occupation of Norway during World War II . The fort ' s centerpiece is a triple 28 cm SK C / 34 naval gun turret from the German battleship " Gneisenau " , which was damaged in Kiel . The three gun turret weighs 800 tonnes and was capable of firing . The last firing took place in 1953 and the fort was decommissioned in 1968 . It opened as a museum in 1991 .
General Tommy Franks Tommy Ray Franks ( Wynnewood , Jun . 17 of 1945 ) Is a general of U . S . Army , first commander of allied troops in Iraq War . Previously , there was also commanded operations against Taliban at Afghanistan . In his childhood , he was a schoolmate of Laura Bush .
385th Infantry Regiment ( United States ) The 385th Infantry Regiment was part of the 76th Infantry Division of the US Army during World War II and fought in Germany , including the Siegfried Line . The 385th ' s 2nd Battalion crossed the Nims River at Niederweis taking the town while the 1st Battalion attacked south between Nims and the Prum toward Irrel . Lineage . Constituted 5 September 1918 in the National Army ( USA ) as the 385th Infantry and assigned to the 97th Division ( Organized Reserves redesignated 25 March 1948 as the Organized Reserve Corps ; redesignated 9 July 1952 as the Army Reserve ) . Rhineland ; Ardennes - Alsace ; Central Europe Superimposed on a gold shield high , a black felt hat of the Puritan period with white band and gold buckle transfixed horizontally by a red Indian arrow with gold arrowhead outlined red all above and conjoined with a gold motto scroll inscribed " FOLLOW ME " in black letters . The hat is of the type worn by Roger Williams , founder of Rhode Island , transfixed by an Indian arrow . The distinctive unit insignia was originally approved for the 385th Infantry , Organized Reserves on 9 August 1924 . It was redesignated for the 385th Regiment ( BCT ) , Army Reserve on 15 June 1960 . The insignia was amended to revise the description of the design on 11 June 1970 Publication after hostilities ended . 385th At Ease May 29 , 1945 Edition 385th At Ease July 3 , 1945 Edition
Reino Hamer Reino Hamer ( 29 August 1916 – 24 July 1992 ) was a highly decorated Major in the Fallschirmjäger during World War II . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . < div class = " references - small " >
Raid on Le Havre The Raid on Le Havre was a two - day naval bombardment of the French port of Le Havre early in July 1759 by Royal Navy forces under Rear - Admiral George Rodney during the Seven Years ' War , which succeeded in its aim of destroying many of the invasion barges being gathered there for the planned French invasion of Great Britain . Rodney ' s squadron consisted of the 60 - gun ship of the line " Achilles " as flagship , four 50 - gun ships , five frigates , a sloop , and six bomb ketches . The squadron sailed from Spithead on 2 July , arriving off Le Havre the next day to attack the flat - bottomed boats and supplies which had been collected there . Rodney anchored off Le Havre , and stationed his bombs in the channel leading to Honfleur . These threw shells into the town , magazines , and boats for fifty consecutive hours , and did immense damage , without receiving any in return . Rodney , with some of his frigates , remained off the port for the rest of the year , and captured numerous prizes .
Nancy J . Paul Nancy J . Paul is an officer in the United States Air Force . Military career . Paul received a direct commission into the United States Air Force as a Judge Advocate General in 1988 . Lieutenant Colonel Paul is notable for her appointment as a Presiding Officer for a Guantanamo military commission . Paul is the most junior officer appointed to serve as a Presiding Officer . All the other Presiding Officers are full Colonel s or Captains in the United States Navy . Presided over Ibrahim Ahmed Mahmoud Al Qosi ' s Commission . Paul was appointed the Presiding Officer of Ibrahim Ahmed Mahmoud Al Qosi ' s military commission in early 2008 . On May 22 , 2008 , after hearing that Al Qosi didn ' t trust his assigned military lawyer , and had refused to meet with her , and had not been allowed to communicate with his family she ordered that a phone call be arranged , so they could secure civilian lawyers to aid in his defense . This order stirred controversy when Pauline Storum , a Guantanamo spokesman falsely claimed the next day that the call had already been completed . At his July 2009 hearing the court ' s new audio equipment malfunctioned . The Obama Presidency requested a series of continuances , so it could study alternatives to the military commission system . Paul granted a final continuance on October 21 , 2009 . On December 3 , 2009 , Paul convened the first hearing of a military commission following the October 2009 passage of the Military Commissions Act of 2009 . She ruled that the charges against Al Qosi should be limited to crimes he was alleged to have committed in Afghanistan . She ruled that crimes he was alleged to have committed when al Qaeda was based in Sudan were beyond the mandate of the military commission system . Carol Rosenberg , writing in the " Miami Herald " , reported that Paul scheduled hearings for January 6 , 2010 , to determine whether Al Qosi met the eligibility criteria laid out in the Military Commissions Act of 2006 . Rosenberg described Paul as the first Presiding Officer of a Military Commission to address changes the US Congress set in place in the Military Commissions Act of 2009 . Andrea Prasow , a senior counsel with Human Rights Watch , was critical of Paul for proceeding with the Commission , even though the rules of procedure hadn ' t been drafted .