naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Alexander Pavlovich Chekalin Alexander ( Shura ) Pavlovich Chekalin ( ; March 25 , 1925 – November 6 , 1941 ) , was a Russian teenager , Soviet partisan , and Hero of the Soviet Union . Chekalin was captured , tortured , and hanged for partisan activities in Tula Oblast near Moscow during the German - Soviet War . Biography . Sixteen - year - old Shura Chekalin engaged in underground resistance activities in the region of Tula near Moscow . In the first days of November 1941 , he took part in an ambush of German vehicles , destroying one vehicle with a hand - grenade . After becoming ill , Chekalin was bedridden , and his location was betrayed to the Germans by an unknown informant . When Germans approached to arrest him , he threw a hand grenade at them , but it failed to explode . He was brutally tortured , and hanged on November 6 , 1941 . His body was left hanging for twenty days , taken down only after the area had been retaken by the Red Army . He was posthumously made a Hero of the Soviet Union on February 4 , 1942 . The town of Chekalin was renamed for him in 1944 .
Tony Hibbert ( British Army officer ) Tony Hibbert MC ( born 1918 ) is a former British Army officer who fought in World War II . He was commissioned into the Royal Artillery in 1938 , fighting with the British Expeditionary Force Battle of France and being evacuated from Dunkirk . He then joined No . 2 Commando in October 1940 , later renamed 11th Special Air Service Battalion , with whom he fought in North Africa and Italy . He fought in the airborne Operation Market Garden at Arnhem where he was captured . He managed to escape a few days later , but broke his leg shortly afterwards . On discharge from hospital he led the 500 - strong T - Force in Operation Eclipse on 5 May 1945 to capture Kiel , its port , its scientists and the access route to Denmark despite the town being held by a far larger German force and being beyond the surrender line agreed 24 hours earlier at Lüneburg Heath . This prevented the German forces from falling into Russia n hands - for which Kiel has bestowed the Great Seal of Kiel in May 2010 . The story of the advance on Kiel is told in Sean Longden ' s book , ' T Force , The Race for Nazi War Secrets 1945 ' He was discharged from the Army in 1948 and became a businessman . In 1957 he established " The Salterns " sailing club at Lymington . The club is run by juniors for juniors with oversight by an adult committee . In the 1980s he moved to Cornwall where he still lives and purchased Trebah Gardens . The garden is one of the UK ' s most important Victorian gardens and is now a major tourist attraction in the area .
Battle of Salem Church The Battle of Salem Church , also known as the Battle of Banks ' Ford , took place on May 3 and 4 , 1863 , in Spotsylvania County , Virginia , as part of the Chancellorsville Campaign of the American Civil War . Background . After occupying Marye ' s Heights on May 3 following the Second Battle of Fredericksburg , Maj . Gen . John Sedgwick ' s VI Corps of about 23 , 000 men marched out on the Orange Plank Road with the objective of reaching his superior Maj . Gen . Joseph Hooker ' s force at Chancellorsville . He was delayed by Brig . Gen . Cadmus M . Wilcox ' s brigade of Maj . Gen . Jubal A . Early ' s force during the afternoon of May 3 before halting at Salem Church . After receiving word of Sedgwick ' s breakthrough at Fredericksburg , Confederate Gen . Robert E . Lee detached the division of Lafayette McLaws from the Chancellorsville lines and marched them to Salem Church . McLaws ' s division arrived at Wilcox ' s position around Salem Church shortly after noon , reinforced by William Mahone ' s brigade of Richard H . Anderson ' s division . Battle . At first Sedgwick believed that he faced a single brigade of infantry , so about 3 : 30 p . m . he attacked the Confederate positions with only W . T . H . Brooks ' s division . Brooks succeeded in driving back McLaws ' s right flank but a counterattack stopped the Union attack and forced Brooks to retreat back to his original position ; sunset ended the combat before any further units were involved . During the night , Lee ordered Early to attack Sedgwick ' s left flank in the morning , while McLaws attacked the Union right . Also during the night , Sedgwick received no further orders from Hooker other than authorization to retreat across the river if Sedgwick thought the move was necessary . At 7 a . m . on May 4 , Early recaptured Marye ' s Heights then turned west until he arrived at Sedgwick ' s main lines , halting after coming under heavy fire . During the remainder of the morning , Early launched a series of uncoordinated attacks on Sedgwick ' s position , all of which were defeated . Lee arrived at McLaws ' headquarters at 11 a . m . ; when McLaws informed him that he did not feel strong enough to launch an attack and asked for reinforcements . Anderson was ordered to bring the other three brigades of his division and position them between McLaws and Early ; he then launched additional attacks , which were also defeated . Aftermath . After dark , Sedgwick sent Hooker a message recommending that the VI Corps retreat across the river . After Hooker sent his approval at 1 a . m . , Sedgwick withdrew across two pontoon bridges at Banks ' Ford , completing the retreat about 4 a . m . Hearing that Sedgwick had been repulsed , Hooker abandoned the entire campaign , recrossing the main body of the Union army on the night of May 5 into May 6 to the north bank of the Rappahannock River back towards the Federal camp at Falmouth .
Frederick Goodhue Frederick William Jervis Goodhue ( 26 April 1867 - 30 December 1940 ) was a Canadian - born rugby union footballer who played club rugby for St . Thomas ' and London Scottish . At international level he represented Scotland winning nine caps over three seasons . Personal history . Goodhue was born in London , Ontario , Canada in 1867 to Charles Frederic Goodhue , and was educated at London School in Ontario before being sent to Scotland to study at Merchiston Castle School . He matriculated to Caius College , Cambridge in 1885 , competing his BA in 1890 . After leaving Cambridge , Goodhue followed a medical career beginning his training at St Thomas ' Hospital . Goodhue later took a position as Assistant House physician at the Hospital for Women at Soho Square , then Clinical Assistant at Evelina Children ' s Hospital . By 1898 he was practicing in Watford . Goodhue enlisted into the Royal Fusiliers ( 23rd Sportsmen Battalion ) in 1914 as a private . His profession was a physician being a Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons . He was sent to France in 1915 . He was 48 years old when he enlisted having given his age as only 43 . He was discharged as unfit for trench life due to his age ( 49 ) in 1916 with a 25 % disability war pension . After the War he retired to Budleigh Salterton in Devon . Rugby career . Goodhue first came to note as a rugby player when at Cambridge , playing for the Cambridge University team . He won two sporting ' Blues ' , both in rugby in 1885 and 1886 . On leaving Cambridge he joined St . Thomas ' own rugby team while studying there , and continued his connection with rugby by turning out for London Scottish . He played nine times for the Scottish national team and was also a founder member of the first Barbarians rugby team of 1890 . He later captained both the Barbarians and London Scottish rugby teams during the 1890s .
Hugh F . Foster Jr . Hugh Franklin Foster , Jr . ( March 2 , 1918 – December 13 , 2004 ) was an American major general . He served in World War II and the Vietnam War , as well as with the United Nations Forces in Korea after the Korean War . World War II . After graduating from West Point in 1941 , Foster joined the Signal Corps . He was assigned to the 4th Signal Company , 4th Infantry Division stationed at Fort Benning . There he worked with a platoon of Comanche Indians to develop a voice code based on their tribal language . See Comanche code talkers . He went on to serve in the North African campaign and Italian campaign s . Korea . During the Korean War , Foster was stationed in Austria as a battalion commander ( 63rd Signal Battalion ) . He was the Signal Officer for United Nations Forces in Korea in 1965 – 66 . Vietnam War . During the Vietnam War , Foster commanded the 1st Signal Brigade . Career after Vietnam . Following his service in the Vietnam War , Foster was given command of the United States Army ' s Communications Electronics Command in Fort Monmouth , New Jersey in May 1971 , serving until August 1975 .
Lethality Lethality or deadliness is how capable something is of causing death . Most often it is used when referring to chemical weapons , biological weapons , or their chemical components . The use of this term denotes the ability of these weapons to kill , but also the possibility that they may not kill . Reasons for the lethality of a weapon to be inconsistent , or expressed by percentage , can be as varied as minimized exposure to the weapon , previous exposure to the weapon minimizing susceptibility , degradation of the weapon over time and / or distance , and incorrect deployment of a multi - component weapon . This term can also refer to the after - effects of weapon use , such as Nuclear Fallout , which has highest lethality nearest the deployment site , and in proportion to the subject ' s size and nature ; e . g . a child or small animal . Lethality can also refer to the after - effects of a chemical explosion . A lethality curve can be developed for process safety reasons to protect people and equipment . The impact is typically greatest closest to the explosion site and lessens to the outskirts of the impact zone . Pressure , toxicity and location affect the lethality . Lethality is also a term used by microbiologists and food scientists as a measure of the ability of a process to destroy bacteria . Lethality may be determined by enumeration of survivors after incremental exposures .
Cultural representations of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Although the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 failed in its efforts to oust the ruling Communist government of Hungary , the uprising provided inspiration for many artists , writers , poets , composers and filmmakers . Film . Many movies and documentaries have been made about the revolution . They include : A number films have also dealt with the famous Hungary - USSR water polo match at the 1956 Olympics , including the upcoming " Freedom ' s Fury " , directed by Quentin Tarantino . Music . Dmitri Shostakovich ' s Eleventh Symphony , written in 1957 , although subtitled " The Year 1905 " and purporting to be a musical description of the ill - fated democratic uprising in Russia in that year , is often considered a commentary on the events in Hungary . Shostakovich makes frequent use of early 20th - century Russian revolutionary songs about the cruelty of the Tsar and the longing for freedom , and vividly depicts the violent crushing of the 1905 revolution . To Soviet audiences of the time , the analogy with the Hungarian revolution was unmistakable . Literature . James Michener wrote the novel " The Bridge at Andau " while living in Austria during the period of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 . He witnessed the wave of refugees who fled Hungary in November 1956 after the Soviet invasion and the arrests that followed . The book , one of Michener ’ s earliest works , describes the events before and after the uprising , based upon interviews with eyewitnesses , but characters ' names are fictional to protect them and their families left in Hungary .
Dundon Hill Hillfort Dundon Hill Hillfort is an Iron Age hillfort in Compton Dundon , Somerset , England . It has been designated as a Scheduled Ancient Monument . South east of the site is a Bronze Age bowl barrow which , it has been suggested , was later modified as a Norman Motte , known as Dundon Beacon . The site is guarded by a single bank ranging from to high , however parts of the site have been damaged by quarrying . Flint flakes , Bronze Age pottery , and Iron Age pottery have also been found , which are now in the Museum of Somerset . Dundon Hill , also sometimes called Dundon Beacon , stands out prominently in the flat country of King ' s Sedgemoor , rising to a height of 270 feet . One writer on ancient earthworks notes that it " looks like a respectable mountain and is in fact a natural island fortress " . The whole of the hilltop is enclosed by the single bank of stones and earth .
William Lowell Hill William Lowell Hill ( October 17 , 1855 – August 2 , 1922 ) was a United States Navy officer and a recipient of the United States military ' s highest decoration , the Medal of Honor . He was awarded the medal as an enlisted sailor for rescuing a drowning shipmate in 1881 . Hill went on to serve in the Spanish – American War and reached the warrant officer rank of chief boatswain . His lifelong Navy career finished with his command of two prison ships at Portsmouth Naval Shipyard . Biography . Hill was born on October 17 , 1855 , in Auburn , Iowa , the son of Henry Clay and Margaret ( Cater ) Hill . He enlisted in the Navy from New York on November 18 , 1873 . By June 22 , 1881 , he was serving as a captain of the top on the training ship . On that day , while " Minnesota " was at Newport , Rhode Island , Third Class Boy William Mulcahy fell overboard . Hill jumped into the water and kept the sailor afloat until they were picked up by a launch . For this action , he was awarded the Medal of Honor three years later , on October 18 , 1884 . Hill ' s official Medal of Honor citation reads : Serving on board the U . S . Training Ship " Minnesota " at Newport , R . I . , 22 June 1881 , Hill jumped overboard and sustained William Mulcahy , third class boy , who had fallen overboard , until picked up by a steam launch . Hill was then assigned to a series of ships : ( 1881 – 1883 ) , USS " Galatea " ( 1885 – 1886 ) , ( 1889 – 1891 ) , ( 1886 – 1899 ) , and ( 1901 – 1904 ) . During the Spanish – American War , he served on " Brooklyn " at the warrant officer rank of boatswain and received a commendation from Rear Admiral Winfield Scott Schley for his actions at the Battle of Santiago de Cuba . A year later , in 1899 , he was promoted to chief warrant officer . In 1901 he testified before a court of inquiry regarding Admiral Schley ' s conduct in the war . In 1904 , Hill was placed in command of the prison ships and at the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard near Portsmouth , New Hampshire . He became known for his prison reform measures , such as discontinuing the use of leg iron s , which were adopted at other institutions . Hill ' s first wife was F . Blanche Hedden of Troy , New York , whom he married in 1881 . After Blanche ' s death , he married Katherine Sweetser on February 3 , 1917 ; she had been his first wife ' s best friend . He was an active freemason while living in Portsmouth , joining a lodge there in 1905 . Hill committed suicide at age 66 on August 2 , 1922 , at the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard . He was buried at Lindenwood Cemetery in Stoneham , Massachusetts .
Willard Ames Holbrook , Jr . Willard Ames Holbrook , Jr . ( May 31 , 1898 - July 1 , 1986 ) was a Brigadier General in the United States Army . He served as the commander of Combat Command A of the 11th Armored Division during World War II . Biography . Holbrook was born on May 31 , 1898 at Fort Grant , Arizona . His father , Willard Ames Holbrook , was a career Army officer who achieved the rank of Major General . His mother , Anne Huntington Stanley , was a painter and the daughter of David S . Stanley , a Union general during the Civil War . Holbrook ' s mother died when he was eight . Career . Holbrook graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1918 and joined the 10th Cavalry Regiment . During World War II Holbrook served with the 11th Armored Division , and accepted the surrender of Linz , Austria . He commanded the 12th Armored Division from July 1945 , until it was inactivated on December 3 , 1945 . Marriage and children . Holbrook married Helen Herr , who was the daughter of General John R . Herr , granddaughter of Brigadier General Eli D . Hoyle , and great - granddaughter of Brigadier General René Edward De Russy . They had three children :
Battle of Dreux The Battle of Dreux was fought on 19 December 1562 between Catholics and Huguenots . The Catholics were led by Anne de Montmorency while Louis I , Prince of Condé led the Huguenots . The first general engagement of the civil wars . The Protestant army ran into the Catholic army on the road to Dreux , because of a criminal lack of foresight by Condé in posting any kind of advance scouts . Although both sides probably had roughly the same amount of cavalry with them , the Catholics had much more infantry and the benefit of superior organization ( although not a more intelligent commander ) . The two armies stood around for two hours looking at each other before the action began — La Noue says in his Discours that this was because it was the first time two French armies had faced each other in over a century , and each had friends and brothers on the other side and was afraid to begin what would no doubt become the first act in a great tragedy . In the center is a pike square , with some arquebusiers firing under their protection . The first rank of pikemen crouch low so that the rank behind them can also lower their pikes to accept the charge against them — the arquebusiers have to scoot for cover . They are being attacked by cavalry from the front and flank . This is a detail from the whole battle scene ( which I do not have ) . At the top is the village of Bleinville , which marked the left of the Catholic line , which was routed by Admiral Coligny ' s horse . The Catholic right fared much better , letting Condé exhaust his cavalry on futile charges against a solid Swiss pike phalanx before Guise brought out his reserves of horse and foot . The remains of the Huguenot army retreated in good order under Coligny , who maintained completely his freedom of movement in the countryside . It is an intense irony that each of the commanders - in - chief , Montmorency for the Catholics and Condé for the Huguenots , was captured by the other side because each was behaving more like a front - line cavalry captain than the general of army — a chronic incapacity that they both shared . Montmorency was still leading charges at 70 years old .
Upshot - Knothole Grable Upshot - Knothole " Grable " was a nuclear weapons test conducted by the United States as part of Operation Upshot - Knothole . Detonation of the associated nuclear weapon occurred 19 seconds after its deployment at 8 : 30am PDT ( 1530 UTC ) on May 25 , 1953 , in Area 5 of the Nevada Test Site . The codename " Grable " was chosen because the letter " Grable " is phonetic for G , as in " gun " , since the warhead was a gun - type fission weapon . As a shell , or artillery - fired atomic projectile ( AFAP ) , the device was the first of its kind . The test remains the only nuclear artillery shell ever actually fired in the U . S . nuclear weapons test program . " Grable " was the second of only four gun - type warheads ever detonated ( the first was Little Boy , the weapon used against Hiroshima , the last two were test firings of the W33 ; all other atomic weapons were implosion - type weapons ) . The shell , designated a Mark 9 nuclear weapon , had a diameter of 280 mm ( 11 . 02 in ) , was 138 cm ( 54 . 4 in ) long and weighed 364 kg ( 803 lb ) . The M65 Atomic Cannon from which it was fired had a muzzle velocity of 625 m / s ( 2 , 060 ft / s ) , for a nominal range of , and weighed 77 tonne ( 85 short ton ) . The detonation of " Grable " occurred 19 seconds after its firing . It detonated over 11 , 000 yards ( over 10 km , 6 . 25 mi ) away from the gun it was fired from , over a part of the Nevada Test Site known as Frenchman Flat . The explosion was an air burst of 160 m ( 524 ft ) above the ground ( 7 m ( 24 ft ) above its designated burst altitude ) , 26 m ( 87 ft ) west and 41 m ( 136 ft ) south of its target ( slightly uprange ) . Its yield was estimated at 15 kilotons , around the same level as Little Boy . An anomalous feature of the blast was the formation of a precursor , a second shock front ahead of the incident wave . This precursor was formed when the shock wave reflected off the ground and surpassed the incident wave and Mach stem due to a heated ground air layer and the low burst height . It resulted in a lower overpressure , but higher overall dynamic pressure , which inflicted much more damage on drag sensitive targets such as jeeps and personnel carriers . This led strategists to rethink the importance of low air bursts in tactical nuclear warfare . Some images from Upshot - Knothole " Grable " were accidentally relabeled as belonging to the " Priscilla " shot from Operation Plumbbob in 1957 . As a consequence many publications including official government documents have the photo mislabeled . Admiral Arthur W . Radford , at the time the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , and Secretary of Defense Charles E . Wilson were present for the test .
William H . F . Payne William Henry Fitzhugh Payne ( January 27 , 1830 – March 29 , 1904 ) was a general in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War . Early life . William Payne was born in Fauquier County , Virginia to Arthur Alexander Morson Payne and Mary Conway Mason Fitzhugh . He attended the Virginia Military Institute in 1846 - 47 , but left school after only one year . He was declared an honorary graduate by the Board of Visitors in 1873 . Payne studied law at the University of Virginia and established a law practice in Warrenton , Virginia in 1851 . The following year , he married his cousin , Mary Elizabeth Winston Payne ; the couple would have ten children . He served as the Commonwealth ' s Attorney for Fauquier County for several years . Civil War . Payne enrolled in early 1861 as a private and participated in the occupation of Harpers Ferry in April . Later in the year , he became a captain in the famed Black Horse Cavalry , serving as under J . E . B . Stuart . He was promoted to major of the 4th Virginia Cavalry and commanded the regiment at the Battle of Williamsport during the Peninsula Campaign . He was severely wounded and captured by Union forces . After being exchanged , he returned to duty as the lieutenant colonel of the 2nd North Carolina Cavalry and fought in the Chancellorsville Campaign . During the subsequent Gettysburg Campaign , he was captured at the Battle of Hanover in 1863 after being dehorsed and falling into an open vat of tanning liquid . After being imprisoned at Johnson ' s Island , Ohio , he was promoted to brigadier general in November 1864 and led a brigade in Early ' s Valley Campaigns of 1864 , where he fought in the battles of Opequon , Fisher ' s Hill , and Cedar Creek . He was badly wounded at the Battle of Five Forks . During the final operations in early 1865 around Richmond , he commanded a cavalry brigade under Thomas T . Munford . Postbellum . After the war , Payne returned to his Virginia law practice . He was the general counsel for the Southern Railway Company . Payne served in the legislature of Virginia in the session of 1879 – 80 . He died in Washington , D . C . .
Battle of Villar de los Navarros The Battle of Villar de los Navarros ( August 24 , 1837 ) was a battle of the First Carlist War . It occurred near the town of Villar de los Navarros in Zaragoza Province and was a victory for the Carlists . The Carlists took many prisoners , including the brigadier Ramón Solano , 84 officers , 60 sergeants , and 1 , 500 infantrymen ; 400 of whom were forced to join the Carlist army . 1 , 245 prisoners , many badly wounded , were taken on the night of August 24 to the towns of Herrera de los Navarros and Villar de los Navarros . These prisoners , called " los prisioneros de Herrera " , were stripped completely naked and despoiled of all of their possessions . On August 25 , the Carlist army departed from Villar with this contingent of prisoners . The Carlist army included the Briton adventurer C . F . Henningsen .