naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
20 mm Polsten The Polsten was a low cost Polish development of the 20 mm Oerlikon gun . The Polsten was designed to be simpler and much cheaper to build than the Oerlikon without reducing effectiveness . Development . When Nazi Germany invaded Poland in 1939 , the Polish design team escaped to England and resumed work together with Czech and British designers . The need for the Polsten was apparently mooted in June 1941 . It went into service in March 1944 alongside the Oerlikon . Both the Oerlikon and the Polsten used similar 60 round drum magazines , however , the Polsten could use a simpler box magazine with 30 rounds . It remained in service into the 1950s . When compared to the Oerlikon cannon which was made out of 250 parts , the Polsten was made out of 119 parts , without sacrificing the effectiveness or the reliability of the cannon . Simplification of the design of the Polsten cannon made its production much cheaper . The cost of one Oerlikon cannon was about £350 , while the cost of the Polsten was between £60 and £70 . The Polsten was used as a substitute for the Oerlikon in the same roles , one of which was as an airborne unit anti - aircraft gun . It was used on a wheeled mounting that could be towed behind a jeep . Various double , triple and quadruple mounts were developed . John Inglis Limited of Toronto , Ontario in Canada produced many thousands of guns and some 500 quadruple mountings that saw limited service at the end of the war . These multiple mounts were both trailered and truck mounted . The Polsten gun was used for armoured vehicles equipped with anti - aircraft guns based on the Cromwell / Centaur tank . The Polsten was also mounted on early models of the Centurion tank not coaxially with the main gun but in an independent mount on the left hand side of the turret . The origin of the name is not entirely clear . Some sources suggest Poland and the " Sten Company " to give Pol - sten , though the Sten gun was not made by a Sten Company . Official ( United Kingdom ) sources indicate the name to have been a compound based on Poland and the Royal Small Arms Factory Enfield in the same manner as the Bren gun ( Brno + Enfield ) or Sten ( Shephard , Turpin + Enfield ) ; also to reflect the gun design being mostly Polish ( and the magazine mostly Czech ) and the 8 Polish engineers in the design department . The " Sten " ending may also have linked in with the idea of the gun as a cheaper and quicker to produce weapon just like that gun was .
Civilian Technical Corps The Civilian Technical Corps was an American quasi - military uniformed organization raised in 1941 in the United States of America , to directly assist with the war effort within the United Kingdom . The Corps was manned by volunteer civilians . Their support role was primarily in connection with RADAR and radio , but was extended across a wide range of areas over time . They wore a uniform identical to the wartime Royal Air Force , but with unusual wreath - and - bars non - commissioned rank badges instead of chevrons , of the same design as those issued to members of the Royal Observer Corps , another semi - military air force corps within the UK during the same era .
SS Algol ( T - AKR - 287 ) SS " Algol " ( T - AKR 287 ) is an " Algol " class vehicle cargo ship that is currently maintained by the United States Maritime Administration as part of the Ready Reserve Force ( RRF ) . She was built by Rotterdamsche D . D . Mij N . V . in Rotterdam , Netherlands , for Sea - Land Service , Inc . and named SS " Sea - Land Exchange " . Due to her high operating cost , " Sea - Land Exchange " was sold to the United States Navy in October 1981 as USNS " Algol " ( T - AK - 287 ) . Conversion . Conversion began on 13 October 1982 at National Steel and Shipbuilding in San Diego , California . Her cargo hold was redesigned into a series of decks connected by ramps so vehicles can be driven into and out of the cargo hold for fast loading and unloading . She was also fitted with two sets of two cranes ; one set located at midship capable of lifting 35 tons , and another set located aft capable of lifting 50 tons . She was delivered to the Military Sealift Command in 1984 as USNS " Algol " ( T - AKR 287 ) . Service . When not active , " Algol " is kept in reduced operating status due to her high operating cost . If needed , she can be activated and ready to sail in 96 hours . In 1984 , " Algol " was the first Fast Sealift Ship to take part in a European exercise when she took part in the NATO exercise , Operation REFORGER . " Algol " took part in the Persian Gulf War in 1990 . Along with the other seven " Algol " class cargo ships , she transported 14 percent of all cargo delivered between the United States and Saudi Arabia during and after the war . In October 1998 , " Algol " was activated to carry disaster relief supplies and equipment to Puerto Rico and other nearby islands following the aftermath of Hurricane Georges . In early 2003 , " Algol " was activated to take part in Operation Iraqi Freedom . On 1 October 2007 , " Algol " was transferred to the United States Maritime Administration . On 1 October 2008 , " Algol " was transferred to the Ready Reserve Force , losing her USNS designation . If activated , SS " Algol " will report to the Military Sealift Command .
Mehran Force The Mehran Force was an auxiliary of the Pakistan Army used for internal security duties in Sindh . In 1994 the Mehran Force had a strength of 24 , 000 and was organizationally divided into " wings " of approximately 800 men each . The Mehran Force was subordinate to the Ministry of Interior and was commanded by seconded army generals . History . In 1942 the Thar Rangers was raised as the Sindh Police Rifles . During 1948 , the unit was re - designated as Sindh Police Rangers . In 1956 , this unit was then renamed as Indus Rangers . Due to deteriorating Law and Order situation in upper Sindh , Headquarters Mehran Force was established in Karachi in 1989 to deal with the situation . In 1995 , Pakistan Rangers was divided into the Pakistan Rangers ( Punjab ) and the Pakistan Rangers ( Sindh ) and the Mehran Force was then merged into Pakistan Rangers ( Sindh ) . Pakistan Rangers ( Sindh ) is governed by Ranger ' s Ordinance 1959 and operates under control Ministry of Interior and Headquarters 5 Corps .
USS Instill ( AM - 252 ) USS " Instill " ( AM - 252 ) was an built for the United States Navy during World War II . She saw service in the Atlantic during World War II . She was decommissioned in February 1947 and placed in reserve . " Instill " was recommissioned in March 1951 during the Korean War and remained in commission until March 1954 , when she was placed in reserve again . While she remained in reserve , " Instill " was reclassified as MSF - 252 in February 1955 but never reactivated . In October 1962 , she was sold to the Mexican Navy and renamed ARM " DM - 10 " . She was stricken from Mexican Navy service in 1986 , but her ultimate fate is not reported in secondary source s . U . S . Navy career . " Instill " was launched 5 March 1944 by the Savannah Machine & Foundry Co . , Savannah , Georgia ; sponsored by Mrs . Lydia G . Mehoffey ; and commissioned 22 May 1944 , Lt . Charles A . Hardy , USNR , in command . After shakedown out of Little Creek , Virginia , and a few weeks of escort duty in that area , " Instill " was assigned to Service Force , Atlantic Fleet as a training ship . This duty continued until 11 August when she reported to Guantanamo Bay , Cuba , to operate with shakedown ships as a radar countermeasure ship . Returning to Norfolk , Virginia , 22 October , " Instill " remained there until 21 January 1946 when she sailed to Orange , Texas . The minesweeper decommissioned there 26 February 1947 , joining the Reserve Fleet . After the outbreak of the Korean War , " Instill " recommissioned 16 March 1951 and began an intensive period of training and patrol duty between Charleston , South Carolina , and Norfolk , Virginia . She continued her important minesweeping operations and patrol duty along the U . S . East Coast until she returned to Orange , Texas , 3 January 1954 . " Instill " decommissioned there 1 March and once again joined the Reserve Fleet . Reclassified MSF - 252 , 7 February 1955 , she remained in the Texas Group , Atlantic Reserve Fleet until struck from the Navy List 1 May 1962 , and sold in October 1962 to Mexico , and served as DM - 10 . Mexican Navy career . The former " Instill " was acquired by the Mexican Navy in October 1962 and renamed ARM " DM - 10 " . She was stricken from Mexican Navy service in 1986 , but her ultimate fate is not reported in secondary source s .
The First Gun is Fired " The First Gun is Fired : May God Protect the Right " was the first song written specifically for the American Civil War . It was first published and distributed three days after the Battle of Fort Sumter . George F . Root , who wrote it the day before it first appeared in print , is said to have produced the most songs of anyone about the war , over thirty in total . " The First Gun is Fired " was first performed in public at a patriotic rally in Metropolitan Hall in Chicago , Illinois , by two well - known singers of the day , the Lombard Brothers . Root distributed copies of the sheet music to the audience . The song caught on with the public and became one of the most popular tunes of the Civil War . Lyrics . 1 . < br > The first gun is fired ! < br > May God protect the right ! < br > Let the freeborn sons of the North arise < br > In power ’ s avenging night ; < br > Shall the glorious Union our father ’ s have made , < br > By ruthless hands be sunder ’ d , < br > And we of freedom sacred rights < br > By trait ’ rous foes be plunder ’ d ? Chorus — Arise ! arise ! arise ! < br > And gird ye for the fight , < br > And let our watchword ever be , < br > “ May God protect the right ! ” 2 . < br > The first gun is fired ! < br > Its echoes thrill the land , < br > And the bounding hearts of the patriot throng , < br > Now firmly take their stand ; < br > We will bow no more to the tyrant few , < br > Who scorn our long forbearing , < br > But with Columbia ’ s stars and stripes < br > We ’ ll quench their trait ’ rous daring . Chorus — Arise ! arise ! arise ! < br > And gird ye for the fight , < br > And let our watchword ever be , < br > “ May God protect the right ! ” 3 . < br > The first gun is fired ! < br > Oh , heed the signal well , < br > And the thunder tone as it rolls along < br > Shall sound oppression ’ s knell ; < br > For the arm of freedom is mighty still , < br > But strength shall fail us never , < br > Its strength shall fail us never , < br > That strength we ’ ll give to our righteous cause , < br > And our glorious land forever . Chorus — Arise ! arise ! arise ! < br > And gird ye for the fight , < br > And let our watchword ever be , < br > “ May God protect the right ! ”
Fort du Mont Bart Fort du Mont Bart is located to the south of Montbéliard , France . It was built between November 1874 and July 1877 as part of the Séré de Rivières system of fortifications . The fort overlooks the valleys of the Doubs and the Allan at an elevation of , standing to the south and rear of the fortified region of Belfort and in control of the road to Besançon . The fort was intended to augment the Belfort fortifications and to prevent an enemy from bypassing them . The most striking feature of the Fort du Mont Bart is its " interior street " , originally constructed in the open air as a sunken court , then covered before World War I with reinforced concrete . Strategic position . The strategic importance of the Belfort fortification system became apparent in the Franco - Prussian War of 1870 , and increased as a result of the loss of Alsace and Lorraine as a result of the war . The defenses of France had to be reconsidered in light of the changes in France ' s frontiers and in view of advances in artillery during the second half of the 19th century . The new fort was planned to respond to these new developments and to support the neighboring fortification systems . Description . The pentagonal fort is surrounded by a ditch , which is traversed by fire from the caponier s . The central barracks is sunken into the earth and encircled by firing positions on the surface of the fort . The fort ' s surface was originally armed with four 155mm and five 120mm guns , with one 138mm gun . Four 220 mm mortars completed the exposed armament . Casemates were armed with one 155mm Mougin gun and four 138mm guns , with smaller arms defending the fort ' s walls , and a separate battery with four 95mm guns . By 1914 the surface armament had been augmented with four 90mm guns and an additional three 120mm guns . Revolving guns defended the fort . The fort was entered via a drawbridge . Mont Bart covers a surface area of about . The fort ' s stonework came from the Bavans quarry at the foot of the massif . History . The fort was modernized in 1889 with a magazine excavated within the rock of the foundations . In 1913 - 1914 the fort was reinforced with of reinforced concrete over the central barracks and court , uniquely in the Séré de Rivières system . A second Mougin casemate was proposed in 1878 , but never carried out . In 1940 the fort was manned by troops of the 159th Position Artillery Regiment ( RAP ) , part of the Defensive Sector of Montbéliard under the French 8th Army , Army Group 3 . From 16 March 1940 the SD Montbéliard became the Fortified Sector of Montbéliard . During the second world war the fort was stripped of its armament . It remained occupied by the military until the 1960s , when it was abandoned . It is presently owned by the Montbéliard regional government and is under restoration .
P2 transport The P2 transport was a United States Maritime Commission design for a passenger ship which could be readily converted into a troop transport . Three variants of the design were built , the P2 - SE2 - R1 ( " Admirals " ) , P2 - S2 - R2 ( " Generals " ) , and P2 - SE2 - R3 ( " Presidents " ) . Admirals . Ten P2 - SE2 - R1 ships were ordered by the Maritime Commission in World War II . The ships were laid down by the Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corporation in Alameda , California . The intended use of these ships after the War was for trans - Pacific service . As ordered , the ships were all named after U . S . Navy admirals . Only eight ships were completed as troop transports for the U . S . Navy , with the last two ships canceled on 16 December 1944 . Despite being canceled , the last two ships were completed after the war to the P2 - SE2 - R3 design as civilian ships . In 1946 the ships were all decommissioned by the Navy , and transferred back to the Maritime Commission , and from there to the United States Army . The Army operated them with civilian crews as part of the Army Transport Service and renamed them after generals of the United States Army . In 1950 the ships were transferred back the Navy , but not recommissioned . Instead they were assigned to the Military Sea Transportation Service and still manned by a civil service crew , and keeping the name the Army had given them . Generals . Eleven P2 - S2 - R2 ships were ordered by the Maritime Commission in World War II . The ships were laid down by Federal Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company of Kearny , New Jersey . The intended use of these ships after the War was for South American service . As ordered , the ships were all named after United States Army general s . Unlike the Admirals , the Generals did not have a relatively uniform life after World War II . Three were transferred to the Army as the Admirals had been , of which one was disposed of by the Army and converted to a passenger liner before the Korean War . Five were retained by the Navy and were transferred to the Military Sea Transportation Service in October 1949 to be manned by civilian crews , and two others were transferred to American President Lines with the intent of being converted to a passenger liners , but ended up being chartered troop ships that in the Korean War were rejoined to military control as part of the Military Sea Transportation Service . Presidents . As noted above , the last two Admirals were canceled in 1944 while under construction . They were completed to the P2 - SE2 - R3 design and operated by American President Lines as the ( ex - USS " Admiral D . W . Taylor " ) and the ( ex - USS " Admiral F . B . Upham " ) . The " President Wilson " was later renamed SS " Oriental Empress " when sold to C . Y . Tung in 1978 .
Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich Peter Vitus Freiherr von Quosdanovich ( 12 June 1738 – 13 August 1802 ) was a general of the Austrian Empire . Feldmarschall - Lieutenant and Commander of the Order of Maria Theresa . He played a major role in several battles against the French Army of Italy led by Napoleon during the French Revolutionary Wars . Early years . Petar Vid Gvozdanović was born in Žumberak ( Sichelburg ) in modern - day Croatia , and joined the " Varaždin " Grenz Hussar Regiment # 41 in 1752 . He fought in the Seven Years ' War . He distinguished himself in the War of the Bavarian Succession of 1778 - 9 . He was promoted to colonel of the Slavonian Hussar regiment and decorated with the Knight ' s Cross of the Military Order of Maria Theresa . He fought during the Austro – Turkish War ( 1787 – 1791 ) , becoming a General - Major and taking over the command of Alt Gradisca . Wars with France . During the War of the First Coalition Quosdanovich first commanded a brigade , then a division . At the crucial defeat at Fleurus he commanded the second column . On 24 September 1795 , while leading a division , he scored an impressive victory over two French divisions at the Battle of Handschuhsheim ( now a district of Heidelberg ) . In July 1796 he transferred to Italy , where he led a corps under Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser and József Alvinczi in four attempts to break the French Siege of Mantua . In the first , he lost the Battle of Lonato after a complicated series of maneuvers between 29 July and 4 August 1796 . During the second relief , he participated in the Battle of Bassano on 8 September , but avoided being trapped in Mantua with Wurmser . In the third relief of Mantua he led the Friaul Corps in the Second Battle of Bassano and the Battle of Arcole . He led two brigades at the crucial Battle of Rivoli . He retired from the army in 1797 and died at Vienna on 13 August 1802 .
Battle of Píleo The Battle of Píleo ( December 7 , 1819 ) was a minor engagement that took place between the forces of the nascent Chilean Army and Spanish royalist guerrillas , in the context of the " Total War " campaign , during the later stages of the Chilean War of Independence , and resulted in a Royalist victory . Background . The main force of the Chilean Army , under General Ramón Freire , was defending the city of Concepción from the attacks of the Royalist guerrillas under the command of Vicente Benavides . As the city was under virtual siege , Freire ordered Captain Pedro Kurski and a company of 50 men to make a raid into the countryside and bring back some badly needed supplies to the food - starved city . Captain Kurski left Concepción on December 6 , crossed to the south bank of the Biobío River , travelled inland and discovered a herd of cattle that had been assembled there by the guerrillas . It was being kept in the area of Píleo across from the town of Hualqui , and guarded by 15 soldiers . On December 7 , he carried an early morning surprise attack and killed all the Royalist garrison guarding it , taking over the animals . Kurski then started to drive them back to Concepción . The battle . As Kurski was making his way back to Concepción with the cattle , he met a 200 men - strong column of the troops of Benavides , which were moving back from San Pedro . Even though Kurski was already at one of the fords of the Biobío River , instead of moving across to safety he decided to stand his ground and wait for the attack . A furious battle ensued , and Kurski was able to repulse two frontal charges from the Royalist guerrillas . Emboldened by his early success , and believing himself on the verge of dispersing the guerrillas , Kurski made the mistake of charging with his troops . It was then that the reserve of the attacking forces were able to position themselves between Kurski ' s troops and the river ford which had until then protected their rear , cutting off any possible retreat . Kurski , trapped between two fires was soon totally overwhelmed , so he and his troops decided to risk an escape across the river , because as was customary in this campaign neither side took prisoners and any surrendering troops were executed on the spot , usually in a barbaric fashion . Most of the retreating forces were carried away by the flow and drowned , including Kurski himself . Another version indicates that he was captured , tortured and mutilated ( including cutting off his tongue ) before being finally killed .
William Watts Folwell William Watts Folwell ( February 14 , 1833 – September 17 , 1929 ) was the first president of the University of Minnesota . Biography . William Watts Folwell attended Hobart College in Geneva , New York , where he received his undergraduate degree in 1857 . In 1859 , he became adjunct professor of mathematics there , and received a Master of Arts degree in 1860 . He spent the years 1860 - 1861 in the study of philology at Berlin and in travel . During the American Civil War , he served in the 50th Regiment , New York Engineers , where he received the rank of brevet lieutenant colonel of engineers . After the Civil War , Folwell engaged in business , but in 1869 accepted the chair of mathematics in Kenyon College , Ohio . Later that year , at the age of just 36 , he became the University of Minnesota ' s first president , serving from 1869 to 1884 . When Folwell assumed the University presidency there was but a single building , and the library consisted of only a 16 volume encyclopedia . After his resignation from the presidency , he remained at the University as professor of political science and librarian . Folwell later became president of the Minnesota Historical Society serving there from 1924 to 1927 . Folwell Hall on the East Bank of the Minneapolis campus of the University of Minnesota is named for him . As is William Watts Folwell Junior High ( now Middle ) School in South Minneapolis . Publications . Books written by Folwell : Papers . William Watts Folwell ' s papers are available for research use . They include correspondence , civil war letters , genealogical correspondence , manuscripts by Folwell , newspaper clippings , and diaries by Folwell .
Battle of Kakamas The battle of Kakamas took place in Kakamas , Northern Cape Province of South Africa on 4 February 1915 . It was a skirmish for control of two river fords over the Orange River between contingents of a German invasion force and South African armed forces . The South Africans succeed in preventing the Germans gaining control of the fords and crossing the river . Prelude . South Africa had assembled a force of 6 , 000 men in Upington and Kakamas , under the command of Colonel J . van Deventer . Deventer ' s men were to from one of the columns in a planned invasion of German South West Africa . In a pre - emptive move German Schutztruppe under the command of Major Ritter invaded South Africa . Battle . Ritter attacked Kakamas on 4 February 1915 , hoping to capture two Orange River fords and head south further into South Africa . A fierce skirmish developed with the Germans being beaten back , with the loss of seven dead , sixteen wounded and sixteen taken prisoner . Aftermath . Following the battle van Deventer called up the rest of his column from Upington , 80 kilometres away , crossed the Orange River and proceeded to advance slowly into South - West Africa . Memorial . Just outside the town , in the town ' s cemetery , there is a memorial dedicated to the German soldiers killed in the battle .