naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Franz Xaver Saint - Julien Franz Xaver Johann Nepomuk Graf Saint - Julien und Walsee ( French : François - Xavier de Guyard , comte de Saint - Julien ) ( baptised 12 October 1756 ; died 16 January 1836 in Skalička ) was an Austrian infantry commander during the French Revolutionary Wars and the War of the Fifth Coalition .
HMS E35 HMS " E35 " was a British E class submarine built by John Brown , Clydebank . She was laid down on 20 May 1916 and was commissioned on 14 July 1917 . Service history . HMS " E35 " sank ( one of the 1 , 512 ton U - boat cruisers originally designed as cargo carrying blockade runners ) off the island of Madeira on 11 May 1918 . This sinking was helped by British intelligence who had learned of a planned rendezvous between two U - boats off Cape St Vincent . HMS " E35 " was sold in Newcastle on 6 September 1922 .
Joachim von Amsberg ( colonel ) Joachim von Amsberg ( 18 December 1903 – 27 May 1981 ) was a highly decorated Oberst in the Wehrmacht during World War II . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . Joachim von Amsberg was captured in the Courland Pocket in May 1945 by Soviet forces and was held until 1955 .
SM UC - 22 SM " UC - 22 " was a German Type UC II minelaying submarine or U - boat in the German Imperial Navy ( ) during World War I . The U - boat was ordered on 26 August 1915 and was launched on 1 February 1916 . She was commissioned into the German Imperial Navy on 30 June 1916 as SM " UC - 22 " . In 15 patrols " UC - 22 " was credited with sinking 23 ships , either by torpedo or by mines laid . " UC - 22 " was surrendered to France on 3 February 1919 and was broken up at Landerneau in July 1921 .
Princess Charlotte - class ship of the line The " Princess Charlotte " - class ships of the line were a class of two 104 - gun first rate s of the Royal Navy . They were built to an enlarged version of the lines of Sir Thomas Slade ' s .
Emergency Action Message In the U . S . military ' s strategic nuclear weapon command and control system , an Emergency Action Message ( EAM ) is a preformatted message that directs nuclear - capable forces to execute specific Major Attack Options ( MAOs ) or Limited Attack Options ( LAOs ) in a nuclear war . Individual countries or specific regions may be included or withheld in the EAM , as specified in the Single Integrated Operational Plan ( SIOP ) . In the United States , the EAM will be issued from the National Military Command Center ( NMCC ) at the Pentagon or , if it has been destroyed by an enemy first strike , by the Alternate National Military Command Center - Site R at Raven Rock or by the Boeing E - 4B National Airborne Operations Center ( NAOC ) . The messages are sent in digital format to nuclear - capable major commands via the secure Automatic Digital Network ( AUTODIN ) . The messages are then relayed to aircraft that are on alert by the U . S . Strategic Command at Offutt Air Force Base in Omaha , Nebraska , via single - sideband modulation radio transmitters of the High Frequency Global Communications System ( formerly known as the Global High Frequency Service ) . The EAM is relayed to missile - firing nuclear submarines via special transmitters designed for communication with submarines . The transmitters include those designed to operate at Very Low Frequency ( VLF ) . The submarines pick up the message via special antennas . Nuclear - capable forces will then be expected to carry out an EAM without fail . Manned bombers may be recalled , but missiles fired from land - based silos or from submarines cannot be recalled . In popular culture . The EAM system was featured extensively and used as one of the primary plot devices in the feature film Crimson Tide .
Battle of Kankiryo Saddle The Battle of Kankiryo Saddle was part of the Shaggy Ridge Campaign , fought by Australian and Japanese troops in the Territory of New Guinea in World War II . Australian Brigadier Frederick Chilton had been given the task of taking Kankiryo Saddle , a Japanese held position that was part of the Finstiere range campaign . Allied forces had been advised there were 3000 Japanese troops in the area , though this was known to be an exaggeration . A Lieutenant Coles had led a small patrol from the 2 / 2nd Pioneer Battalion from Prothero 1 to Kankiryo . They found only light resistance there , and brushed them aside , almost taking the position , establishing themselves there . There was only slight opposition and after midday on the 23rd the forward patrols of both battalions joined up and the whole of Shaggy Ridge was thus in Australian hands and the way was open to Kankiryo Saddle . Captain Haupt ' s 4 Company of the 2 / 12th moved down the track from Prothero 2 to Kankiryo Saddle , and found the position abandoned . Further artillery barrages drove the Japanese from the area .
Office of Scientific Research and Development The Office of Scientific Research and Development ( OSRD ) was an agency of the United States federal government created to coordinate scientific research for military purposes during World War II . Arrangements were made for its creation during May 1941 , and it was created formally by Executive Order 8807 on June 28 , 1941 . It superseded the work of the National Defense Research Committee ( NDRC ) , was given almost unlimited access to funding and resources , and was directed by Vannevar Bush , who reported only to President Franklin Delano Roosevelt . The research was widely varied , and included projects devoted to new and more accurate bomb s , reliable detonators , work on the proximity fuze , guided missile s , radar and early - warning systems , lighter and more accurate hand weapons , more effective medical treatments , more versatile vehicles , and , most secret of all , the " S - 1 Section " , which later became the Manhattan Project and developed the first atomic weapon s . Human experimentation . From October 1943 to October 1946 , OSRD used conscientious objectors from Civilian Public Service as subjects for research of malaria , altitude pressure , life raft rations , high altitude , frostbite , psycho - acoustics , poison gas , ingestion of and exposure to sea water , temperature extremes , climate , physiological hygiene , thiamine , bed rest and aero medicine . To study the effects of diet and nutrition , Dr . Ancel Keys of the University of Minnesota Laboratory of Physiological Hygiene placed 32 conscientious objectors on a controlled diet . For three months they were given a normal 3200 calorie diet . This was followed by six months of an 1800 calorie diet , fewer calories than provided by the famine diet experienced by the civilian population in wartime Europe . The research documented the men ' s ability to maintain physical output and the psychological effects such as introversion , lethargy , irritability and severe depression . The study then studied the men ' s recovery as they returned to a normal diet and regained the weight lost during the experimentation . The men indicated later they would not have volunteered for this project had they known how rigorous it would be . The OSRD was discontinued during December 1947 .
Old Kona Airport State Recreation Area Old Kona Airport State Recreation Area is a park built on the site of an old landing strip just North of Kailua , Hawaii County , Hawaii . History . During World War II , a small landing strip was cleared near the end of Kuakini Highway . In 1947 , the state approved a small terminal to be built for tourist flights , which was dedicated in 1949 . In 1950 , of fencing was added to keep out cattle which would wander onto the site . The 1960s brought development of several larger hotels and resorts . Larger aircraft could not take off from the short runway . When the much larger Kona International Airport was built further North at Keahole Point in 1970 , the old landing strip was used for drag racing before being turned into a park in 1976 . Facilities . The facilities on the of the old airport are run by the County of Hawaii . These include baseball and soccer fields , the Kona Community Aquatic Center , and Kekuaokalani Gym , located at 75 - 5530 Kuakini Highway . A marine preserve was created off shore in 1992 . A day use boat mooring is near the prominent " Shark Rock " toward the northwestern boundary . Water depth at the mooring is about . A reef shelf East of Shark rock creates a small surf break . Snorkel rs and Scuba divers usually enter the water at a protected cove at the Northwestern end of the beach . On Kukailimoku Point Southeast of the park sits a lighthouse to guide ships into Kailua Bay . North of the park is Papawai Bay ( meaning " water layer " in the Hawaiian Language ) . The land there is owned by the Queen Liliuokalani Trust , which also leases some of its property to two large shopping centers , the Kona Commons which opened in 2008 , and the Makalapua Center in 1994 . The old runway is used for a large parking lot and the old terminal building is now a public use pavilion . There is a flat walking trail parallel to the runway , restrooms , showers , and picnic facilities . There are some patches of sand , but the shore is rocky , so care should be taken when entering the water except in calm conditions . No lifeguards are on duty .
Haitian Campaign Medal The Haitian Campaign Medal was a military decoration of the United States Navy which was issued in the year 1917 and again in the year 1921 . The decoration was intended for service members of both the Navy and Marine Corps who had participated in Haiti an peacekeeping actions between the years of 1915 and 1920 . The first period of service , for which the Haitian Campaign Medal was authorized , was from July 9 to December 6 , 1915 . The Haitian Campaign Medal was awarded to any member of the Navy or Marine Corps , who had served on active duty during the aforementioned dates , and was attached to the United States fleet of Rear Admiral William B . Caperton . The Haitian Campaign Medal was authorized again in December 1921 and was presented to any member of the Navy or Marine Corps who had performed military operations in Haiti between the dates of April 1 , 1919 and June 15 , 1920 . Due to the break in time service , between the two authorizations of the Haitian Campaign Medal , the decoration is commonly referenced as two separate decorations those being the " First Haitian Campaign Medal " and the " Second Haitian Campaign Medal " . The medal , itself , is different in appearance depending on which time period the award was authorized although the award ribbon is the same for both periods of award eligibility . For those who served in both time periods of the Haitian Campaign Medal , a campaign clasp is worn on the 1915 version of the medal with a service star worn on the award ribbon . Both the first and second versions of the Haitian Campaign Medal may not be worn simultaneously . The Haitian Campaign Medal is no longer an active award of the United States Navy and is considered obsolete . Modern day military operations in Haiti , such as the 1994 peacekeeping operations , are typically recognized by international decorations such as the NATO Medal .
2011 Libyan rape allegations The 2011 Libyan rape allegations refer to a series of allegations that arose in April 2011 that loyalist forces in Libya were mass raping rebels . Additional allegations also arose that Viagra and other impotency drugs were being distributed by Gaddafi to sustain the rapes . The charges have been denied by Libyan diplomats as propaganda . In June 2011 , the ICC began an investigation into the rape allegations seeking to add the rapes to Gaddafi ' s list of war crimes charges . Amnesty international , Human Rights Watch and Doctors Without Borders failed to find first - hand evidence that mass rapes were occurring , this was confirmed by the UN ' s investigator , M . Cherif Bassiouni . The emphasis of these charges in the media has raised criticism that the allegations are obscuring other war crimes . United States . United States secretary of state , Hillary Clinton , has noted that " rape , physical intimidation , sexual harassment , and even so - called ' virginity tests ' have taken place in countries throughout the region . " Secretary Clinton has also stated that " It is an affront to all people who are yearning to live in a society free from violence with respect for basic human rights . We urge all governments to conduct immediate , transparent investigations into these allegations , and to hold accountable those found responsible . "
Alexandrian Crusade The brief Alexandrian Crusade occurred in October 1365 and was led by Peter I of Cyprus against Alexandria . Relatively devoid of religious impetus , it differs from the more prominent Crusades in that it seems to have been motivated largely by economic interests . History . Peter I spent three years , from 1362 to 1365 , amassing an army and seeking financial support for a Crusade from the wealthiest courts of the day . When he learned of a planned Egyptian attack against his Kingdom of Cyprus , he employed the same strategy of preemptive war that had been so successful against the Turks and redirected his military ambitions against Egypt . From Venice , he arranged for his naval fleet and ground forces to assemble at the Crusader stronghold of Rhodes , where they were joined by the Knights of the Order of St . John . In October 1365 , Peter I set sail from Rhodes , himself commanding a sizable expeditionary force and a fleet of 165 ships , despite Venice ' s greater economic and political clout . Landfall was made in Alexandria around October 9 , and over the next three days , Peter ' s army conquered and looted the city before permanently withdrawing on October 12 against Mamluk forces . Peter himself understood that Alexandria would have been impossible to rule , given its great distance from Cyprus . Interpretations . Jo van Steenbergen , citing Peter Edbury , argues that the crusade was primarily an economic quest . Peter wanted to end the primacy of Alexandria as a port in the Eastern Mediterranean in the hope that Famagusta would then benefit from the redirected trade . Religious concerns , then , were secondary . Van Steenbergen ' s description of contemporary Muslim accounts , such as that of Alī al - Maqrīzī , indicates that the crusading force succeeded partially thanks to superior diversionary tactics . The Alexandrian defensive force occupied itself fighting in the area around the western harbor , while the " real " force , including cavalry , made landfall elsewhere in the city , apparently hiding in a graveyard , undetected by the defenders . The crusading force was thus able to attack from both the front and the rear , panicking the Alexandrians , who did not recover from this setback .
Diamond T The Diamond T was an American automobile manufactured in Chicago from 1905 until 1911 by the Diamond T Motor Car Company . It was a powerful touring car ( models up to 70 hp were available ) . The company later became known for its trucks . By 1967 , as a subsidiary of White Motor Company , it was merged with Reo Motor Company to become Diamond Reo Trucks , Inc . During World War II , Diamond T produced a classic heavy truck in the 980 / 981 , a prime mover which was quickly acquired by the British Purchasing Commission for duty as a tank transporter tractor . Coupled with a Rogers trailer , the truck gave sterling service with the British Army in North Africa Campaign , where its power and rugged construction allowed the rescue of damaged tanks in the most demanding of conditions . In addition Diamond T built the entire range of the G509 series 4 ton 6X6s , including cargo , dump , semi tractor , and wrecker trucks , as well as some lighter trucks , and even G7102 half tracks . Diamond T ranked 47th among United States corporations in the value of World War II military production contracts . Diamond T manufactured two pickup trucks : the Model 80 and the Model 201 . Both pickups were powered by the Hercules QX - series 6 - cylinder engines . The Model 201 was produced from 1938 to 1949 . Models . Cars
Oliver Heyward Oliver Spencer Heyward ( 16 March 1926 – 15 December 2003 ) was an Australian Anglican bishop : the sixth Bishop of Bendigo from 1975 to 1991 ; and the Assistant to the Primate of the Anglican Church of Australia from 1991 to 1995 . He was born in Launceston , Tasmania and educated at Launceston Church Grammar School . He was in the RAAF from 1944 to 1946 when he entered the University of Tasmania . In 1949 he won a Rhodes Scholarship to study at Oriel College , Oxford . He was ordained after a period of study at Ripon College Cuddesdon in 1954 and began his career with a curacy at St Peter , Brighton , England . Returning to Tasmania he held incumbencies at Sorrell and Richmond . After this he was Precentor at the island ' s cathedral then Warden of Christ College , University of Tasmania until his elevation to the Episcopate . He was consecrated in St Paul ' s Cathedral , Melbourne on 1 February 1975 .
Umar ibn Hubayra Umar ibn Hubayra al - Fazari ( ) was a prominent Umayyad general and governor of Iraq , who played an important role in the Qays – Yaman conflict of this period . Biography . A Qays i from the Jazira , Umar claimed to belong to the traditional Arab nobility by virtue of his maternal grandfather , who was supposedly chief of the Banu Adi tribe . However , the family is unknown from the sources until the emergence of Umar himself in 696 , when he served in Iraq under Sufyan ibn al - Abrad al - Kalbi . Umar participated in the campaigns against the Byzantine Empire in the 710s , and under the command of Maslama ibn Abd al - Malik , commanded the Muslim fleet in the great siege of the Byzantine capital , Constantinople , in 717 – 18 . On his return from Constantinople , he was appointed governor of the Jazira ( in 718 or 720 ) , and , about a year after the accession of Yazid II ( 720 or 721 ) , he was named governor of Iraq , replacing his patron Maslama . His governorship included the entire eastern Caliphate , including Khurasan , where he appointed first his fellow Qaysi , Sa ' id ibn Amr al - Harashi , and then the Bakri Muslim ibn Sa ' id ibn Aslam ibn Zur ' a , as his deputies . In 721 , he led a campaign into the Byzantine province of Armenia IV , where he seized 700 prisoners . As elsewhere in the Caliphate under Yazid II , his governorship marked a return to the oppressive policies of the notorious al - Hajjaj ibn Yusuf . In the wake of the suppression of Yazid ibn al - Muhallab ' s rebellion , Iraq was held down in virtual occupation by the regime ' s trusted Qaysi Syro - Jaziran troops , and Umar appointed almost exclusively his fellow north Arab Qaysis to provincial governorships , virtually excluding the south Arab ( Yamani ) tribes , traditionally dominant in Iraq , from power . His partisanship was so blatant that the contemporary Iraqi poet al - Farazdaq called him the " glory and supreme support " of the northern Arabs . Indeed , when the Caliph Hisham ibn Abd al - Malik came to power in 724 , one of his first acts was to dismiss Umar from his post , and replace him with the Yamani Khalid al - Qasri . Umar was tortured and freed only after giving up a considerable part of his fortune . The Islamic scholar Jean - Claude Vadet assesses Umar ' s governorship thus : " Harsh in his treatment of those he conquered , Ibn Hubayra seems to have governed in the name of Arabism and Islam , regarded as a religion of the sword . His methods of governing , however , were not above reproach , although in fact this great Arab nobleman , proud of belonging to the Ghatafan , was accused more of cynicism than of corruption . " As a result of his fervent championship of the Qays in the Qays – Yaman conflict , both he , and his son , Yazid , who also served as governor of Iraq under Marwan II , receive a very negative treatment in the sources .
Friedrich - Carl Rabe von Pappenheim Friedrich - Carl Rabe von Pappenheim ( 5 October 1894 – 9 June 1977 ) was a highly decorated Generalleutnant in the Wehrmacht during World War II . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . Friedrich - Carl Rabe von Pappenheim was taken prisoner by Soviet troops in May 1945 and was released in 1955 .
Wilhelm Falley Wilhelm Falley ( 1897 – 1944 ) was the first German general to be killed during the Normandy Landings in France . He was commander of the 91st Infantry Division . Falley was killed by a paratrooper of the US 82nd Airborne Division , near Sainte - Mère - Église , Normandy . Biography . Wilhelm Falley was born in Metz , Alsace - Lorraine " ( at that time a part of the German Empire ) " , on September 25 , 1897 . Falley joined the Imperial German Army straight from school . Enlisted in the 93rd Infantry Regiment , he fought during the First World War as a junior officer . After the war , he continued his career in the army , gradually climbing the ranks . In 1936 , Falley became an instructor at the military school in Munich . Falley was Company Commander twice during the 1930s in the 5th Infantry Regiment , first the 5th Company and later the 18th Company . Following two battalion commands , 3 - 238th Infantry and 2 - 433rd Infantry , Falley was appointed commander of the 4th Infantry Regiment on April 21 , 1941 . As a Lieutenant Colonel , he was awarded for bravery the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross on 26 November 1941 . As a Colonel in February 1942 , he became commander of an officers ' school , until June 1943 . Promoted to Major General ( Generalmajor ) in December 1943 , and Lieutenant General ( Generalleutnant ) in May 1944 , he held various commands before being appointed Commander of the 91st " Luftlande Infanterie - Division " in April 1944 . Lieutenant General Wilhelm Falley was the first German general to fall in action during the Normandy landings . On D - Day , General Wilhelm Falley was returning from Rennes , where a war game had been organized by the High Command , to his Division headquarters , in Picauville , near Sainte - Mere - Eglise . Ambushed , his car , riddled with bullets , crashed against a wall . Wilhelm Falley was shot by Malcolm D . Brannen , a 1st Lieutenant of Headquarters Company , 3rd Battalion , 508th Parachute Infantry Regiment , 82nd Airborne . Wilhelm Falley was buried in the German military cemetery at Orglandes . Dates of Ranks . Note : The German Army of World War II had no rank of Brigadier General .