naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Vertidue Vertidue was a common Anglo - French phrase , originally defined as ‘ a vile mix of wet feces and soil ’ became a regular expression amongst those bunker sharing British and French troops . Unprecedented in its conditions , ferocity , and slaughter , the First World War was also unprecedented in its effect on the psyches of the men who fought and on the languages they spoke . Like the soldiers who spoke it , English emerged from the war , as Samuel Hynes maintains , a " damaged " language , " shorn of its high - rhetorical top . . . " French linguistic purists , led by the Académie française , vigorously denounced damaging incursions of journalistic language and trench slang into a mixture of standard French and English .
Thomas Pearson Thomas Pearson was a British soldier , who took part in the French Revolutionary Wars and Napoleonic Wars , and in the War of 1812 against the United States of America . He served as an officer in the Royal Welch Fusiliers , in the and in the Battle of Alexandria . Later , he fought at the Battle of Copenhagen ( 1807 ) and the capture of Martinique in 1809 . Transferred with his regiment to the Peninsular War , he was present at the Battle of Albuera in 1811 , where he commanded the British light infantry . After the battle he temporarily commanded a brigade of Fusilier regiments . Later in the year he suffered a leg wound and returned to Britain on sick leave . Early in 1812 , he was sent to Canada as Inspecting Field Officer of Militia . After the outbreak of war with America , Pearson was appointed Commandant of Fort Wellington at Prescott , in the middle of 1813 . Late in the year , an American expedition under James Wilkinson passed by Prescott . Pearson attached part of his garrison to the pursuing British force under Lieutenant Colonel Morrison and led them at the decisive Battle of Crysler ' s Farm . In 1814 , Pearson led a detachment of light troops in the Niagara peninsula , and fought at the battles of Chippawa and Lundy ' s Lane , and in the Siege of Fort Erie , where he was wounded again . After the end of the War , Pearson returned to command his regiment . He was knighted and promoted to Major - General in 1833 and to Lieutenant General in 1841 . He died in 1847 .
George Morrison ( British Army officer ) General George Morrison ( 1703 - 26 November 1799 ) was Quartermaster - General to the Forces . Military career . Morrison joined the British Army as a gunner in 1722 . He was involved in suppressing the Jacobite Rebellion in 1745 and as a result was sent to Royal Military Academy , Woolwich as an Officer Cadet . Morrison led the construction of a series of roads in Scotland on the orders of Field Marshal George Wade . In 1757 he was commissioned as a Captain - Lieutenant and in 1758 he served in the Seven Years War in which he led the destruction of a number of forts in France . In 1763 he was appointed Quartermaster - General to the Forces , although this was not gazetted until 1773 , and in 1796 he was promoted to full General . Family . He married Mary and together they went on to have six children .
5 . 8×21mm DAP92 The 5 . 8×21mm cartridge is a Chinese armor - piercing firearm cartridge . The cartridge was designed for replacements of 7 . 62×25mm Tokarev – chambered small arms for the People ' s Liberation Army that would offer a wound as large as a standard 9×19mm Parabellum round . This round is offered in both a standard , and subsonic version . Both the QSZ - 92 pistol and the QCW - 05 Type 05 submachine gun are produced in this caliber as well as 9×19mm Parabellum . The 5 . 8×21mm is slightly less powerful than similar Western rounds , like the 5 . 7×28mm and 4 . 6×30mm . It has a steel - cored bullet that has a muzzle velocity of and muzzle energy of from a submachine gun barrel . The round can penetrate of helmet steel plate , and of pine wood behind it , out to 100 meters .
Hirtenberger M6C - 210 The Hirtenberger M6C - 210 is a light mortar with smoothbore barrel designed by Hirtenberger . This mortar is equipped with two aiming devices and is characterized by high mobility , which should meet the needs of fire during the rapid deployment . All common types of mortar bombs calibre 60mm can be fired from this mortar .
Louis Antoine de Gontaut Louis Antoine de Gontaut - Biron , duc de Biron ( 1700 – 1788 ) was Duke of Biron and a French military leader who served with distinction under Louis XV , and was made a Marshal of France in 1757 . He was the fourth son of Charles - Armand de Gontaut , duc de Biron , and Marie - Antoinette , Duchesse de Lauzun . He joined the army as an adolescent . He fought in Italy ( attack on the Milan castle , Tortona and the Battle of San Pietro ) . In the War of the Austrian Succession , he participated in 1741 in the invasion of Moravia and the Siege of Prague , where he was badly wounded . In 1745 , during the Battle of Fontenoy , he became a hero , when he took over the command of a regiment of Gardes Françaises after its commander had been killed , and saved the difficult situation the regiment was in . He became Marshal of France at the beginning of the Seven Years ' War . Biron was very popular amongst his soldiers . It is said that some of his men risked their lives to save his , when in 1770 Biron was caught in a stampede caused by fireworks . In 1753 , he bought the Hôtel Biron from Anne , Duchess of Maine , which still can be visited today as it houses the Musée Rodin . After his death , the title of " Duc de Biron " passed to his nephew Armand Louis de Gontaut .
André de Foix André de Foix , Lord of Lesparre ( or Asparroz or Asparrots ) , ( 1490 – 1547 ) was a French General . He was the son of Jean de Foix , vicecount of Lautrec and governor of the Dauphiné , and of Jeanne d ' Aydie de Lescun . His sister was Françoise de Foix , mistress of King Francis I of France . His brothers Odet of Foix , Viscount of Lautrec and Thomas , lord of Lescun , were also promoted to high positions in the military by the King , by the influence of Françoise . After the Spanish conquest of Iberian Navarre in 1512 , he was appointed in 1521 by Henry II of Navarre commander of a Gascoigne - Navarrese army , to try for the third time to recapture the Kingdom of Navarre . At first , the campaign was successful and Navarre was recaptured in May , but on June 30 , 1521 , Lesparre ' s army suffered a crushing defeat in the Battle of Noáin against the Spanish . 5 . 000 men were lost and Lesparre himself was wounded and captured , but later released for ransom . He died in the Italian Wars .
Herbert Weichmann Herbert Weichmann ( 23 February 1896 – 9 October 1983 ) was a German lawyer and politician ( Social Democratic Party SPD ) and First Mayor of Hamburg ( 1965 – 1971 ) . In his position as mayor of Hamburg , he served as President of the Bundesrat ( 1968 – 1969 ) . Life . Weichmann was born in Landsberg , Upper Silesia , then part of the German Reich , to a Jewish family of physicians . In 1914 he began to study medicine , but volunteered at the outbreak of the First World War in 1914 . After the war Weichmann studied law at the Silesian Friedrich Wilhelm University , Breslau , and graduated ( Dr . iur . ) in 1922 . In 1928 he married Elsbeth Greisinger and was appointed as liaison officer to Prime Minister of Prussia Otto Braun . After the takeover of power ( 1933 ) by the Nazi Party Weichmann fled first to Czechoslovakia , then to France — with a short term of imprisonment ( 1939 – 1940 ) — Spain , Portugal and later the United States . In 1948 he returned to Germany at the invitation of the mayor of Hamburg , Max Brauer , and started his political career there . In 1956 he became a member of the faculty of the University of Hamburg . Weichmann died in Hamburg and is buried at Ohlsdorf Cemetery . Weichmann ' s son lives in Canada . Political career . Weichmann started his political career on a soldiers ' council ( German : " Soldatenrat " ) in 1918 . In 1920 , he became a member of the SPD . From 1948 until 1957 , he was President of the Hamburg Court of Auditors . In 1957 , he was appointed as Senator of Finance , a position he held until his election as First Mayor of Hamburg on 16 June 1965 . Weichmann resigned in 1971 . He was considered a potential candidate to be the next President of Germany , but he did not put himself forward . Honours . In 1964 Weichmann was appointed as an honorary professor at the University of Hamburg . He was awarded Honorary Citizenship of Hamburg in 1971 . In 1989 the non - profit organization " Herbert und Elsbeth Weichmann - Stiftung " was founded ; its goal is to remember and commemorate the activities of the democratic opposition in exile against Hitler , and to promote academic works about political exile . In Uhlenhorst quarter a street was named " Herbert - Weichmann - Straße " . In 2007 the " Herbert Weichmann medallion " was granted for the first time by the city of Hamburg , honoring " those — both Jewish and non - Jewish — who have contributed to Jewish life in Germany " .
Swedish Women ' s Voluntary Defence Service The Swedish Women ' s Voluntary Defence Service ( , commonly known as " Lottorna " ) is an auxiliary defence organization of the Swedish Home Guard , a part of the Swedish Armed Forces . It was created in 1924 inspired by the Finnish women ' s auxiliary organization , Lotta Svärd founded in 1920 . The name comes from a poem by Johan Ludvig Runeberg , about a fictional woman named Lotta Svärd who took care of wounded soldiers during the Finnish War .
Furuwatari Castle History . It was originally outside the city of Nagoya in the countryside of the Owari Province . The castle was apparently originally constructed by Lord Oda Nobuhide ( 1508 - 1549 ) in 1534 . According to legend his son Oda Nobunaga ( 1534 - 1582 ) had his " genpuku " ( coming of age ceremony at age 13 ) here . The castle is said to have been about 140 metres by 100 metres , and was surrounded by a double moat . The castle was abandoned in 1548 and fell into ruins . A stone stelae marks the site of the castle . On parts of the ground the Higashi Honganji Nagoya Betsuin was constructed in the 18th and 19th century .
Zieten Hussars The Zieten Hussars , ( ) , last designation : " Hussars Regiment ' von Zieten ' ( Brandenburg ) No . 3 " ( " Husaren - Regiment von Zieten ( Brandenburgisches ) Nr . 3 " ) , was a hussar regiment of the Prussian Army and later the Imperial German Army , founded in 1730 and named after its first Colonel , Hans Joachim von Zieten . Frederick the Great created it as the 2nd Hussar Regiment ( H2 ) , and in 1743 it adopted the distinctive tiger - skin pelisse for their parade uniforms , with company officers wearing fur caps with heron feathers and field officers using an eagles ' s wing . During the 1806 campaign of the War of the Fourth Coalition , the regiment was known as von Rudorff Hussar regiment , soon renamed Life Hussar Regiment von Rudorff ( No . 2 ) ( ) . The regiment capitulated at Ratekau following the defeat of 1806 and was disbanded . In 1807 it formed a squadron in its former depot as " Freikorps Marwitz " and amalgamated with Blücher ' s Corps to create the 1st Brandenburg Hussar Regiment on 7 September 1808 ( Husaren Regiment Nr . 3 ) . The regiment ' s 2nd squadron served during the Russian Campaign of 1812 on the French side , and the regiment served throughout the 1813 - 1814 campaigns on the Coalition side , also participating in the 1815 campaign . In 1860 , before the unification of Germany , the regiment became a part of the Federal Army . But it took until 1861 to officially recognize the regimental tradition of the old Prussian 2nd Hussar Regiment . Shortly before the outbreak of World War I it formed part of the 6th Cavalry - Brigade in the 6th Division ( Brandenburg Division ) known as " Husaren - Regiment von Zieten ( Brandenburgisches ) Nr . 3 " ( " Hussars Regiment " von Zieten " ( Brandenburgian ) No . 3 " ) and was stationed in Rathenow ; on mobilisation , the cavalry brigades were re - organised into independent divisions ; the regiment remained as divisional cavalry , split between the 5th Division and the 6th Division .
William Alfred Savage William Alfred Savage VC ( 30 October 1912 – 28 March 1942 ) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . Details . Savage was 29 years old , and an able seaman in the Royal Navy during the Second World War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC . On 28 March 1942 in the attack on St . Nazaire , France , Able Seaman Savage who was a gun - layer of a pom - pom in MGB 314 , engaged enemy positions ashore , shooting with great accuracy . Although he had no gun - shield and was in a most exposed position , he continued firing with great coolness until at last he was killed at his gun . The medal . His Victoria Cross is displayed at the National Maritime Museum , Greenwich , England .
Walter X . Young Walter X . Young ( 1918 – 1942 ) was an officer of the United States Marine Corps during World War II who received the Navy Cross posthumously for his actions . Biography . Walter Xavier Young was born in Chicago , Illinois , on 22 October 1918 . He enlisted in the United States Marine Corps Reserve on 6 January 1941 , and following training at the Marine Corps Base Quantico , Virginia , was commissioned as a Second Lieutenant on 29 May 1941 . After commissioning , Second Lieutenant Young received training at the U . S . Army Signal Corps School at Fort Monmouth , New Jersey , and was then assigned to the Marine Barracks New River , North Carolina , into 1942 . Promoted to First Lieutenant on 6 June 1942 Young was communications officer of the 1st Marine Parachute Battalion , which took part in the initial landings of the Guadalcanal Campaign in the Solomon Islands . During the extremely dangerous initial landings on Gavutu , First Lieutenant Young singlehandedly assaulted a Japanese - held dugout commanding a portion of the dock on the island , which was a key objective . While successfully penetrating and neutralizing the dugout , Young was wounded by rifle fire , and died later that day . Awards . For his heroic action in the Battle of Gavutu - Tanambogo , First Lieutenant Young was awarded the Navy Cross posthumously . Namesakes . In February 1944 , the United States Navy destroyer escort USS " Walter X . Young " ( DE - 723 ) was named for First Lieutenant Young . Her construction was cancelled in March 1944 . The destroyer escort USS " Walter X . Young " ( DE - 715 ) was then named in his honor . During construction , she was converted into the fast transport USS " Walter X . Young " ( APD - 131 ) , and was in commission as such from 1945 to 1946 .
HMS H26 HMS " H26 " was a British H class submarine built by Vickers Limited , Barrow - in - Furness , as part of the Batch 3 H class submarines . She was laid down on 15 November 1917 and was commissioned on 29 December 1918 . HMS " H26 " was sold on 30 August 1935 in Newport .
USCGC Yamacraw ( WARC - 333 ) USCGC " Yamacraw " ( WARC - 333 ) was a Cable Repair Ship of the United States Coast Guard . Built for the Army Mine Planter Service as U . S . Army Mine Planter " Maj . Gen . Arthur Murray " ( MP - 8 ) and delivered December 1942 . On 2 January 1945 the ship was acquired by the Navy and converted to an Auxiliary Minelayer by the Charleston Navy Yard to become the , commissioned 15 March 1945 the ship was headed to the Pacific when Japan surrendered . After work in Japanese waters the ship headed for San Francisco . Transfer to the U . S . Coast Guard . USS " Trapper " was decommissioned and transferred to the United States Coast Guard in San Francisco on 20 June 1946 and struck from the Navy List on 19 July 1946 . The former auxiliary minelayer served with the Coast Guard as a cable layer until early 1959 as " Yamacraw " ( WARC - 333 ) . Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Work . During 1957 – 1958 the ship was leased by Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution making voyages in the Atlantic and Mediterranean largely for geophysical work . Return of Ship to the U . S . Navy . The ship was reacquired by the U . S . Navy on 17 April 1959 and commissioned in New York on 30 April 1959 as the Cable Repair Ship USS " Yamacraw " ( ARC - 5 ) , 30 April 1959 until decommissioned 2 July 1965 and transferred to the Maritime Administration for disposal . Yamacraw was scrapped in 1969 .
Boris Shaposhnikov Boris Mikhailovitch Shaposhnikov ( ) ( – March 26 , 1945 ) was a Soviet military commander . Biography . Shaposhnikov was born at Zlatoust , near Chelyabinsk in the Urals . He was of Orenburg Cossack origin . He joined the army of the Russian Empire in 1901 and graduated from the Nicholas General Staff Academy in 1910 , reaching the rank of colonel in the Caucasus Grenadiers division during World War I . In 1917 , unusually for an officer of his rank , he supported the Russian Revolution and in 1918 joined the Red Army . Shaposhnikov was one of the few Red Army commanders with formal military training , and in 1921 he joined the Army ' s General Staff , where he served until 1925 , when he was appointed commander of the Leningrad military region . From 1928 to 1932 he commanded the Moscow military region , then the Privolzhsk military region . In 1932 he was appointed commandant of the Red Army ' s Frunze Military Academy , then in 1935 returned to the command of the Leningrad region . In 1937 he was appointed Chief of the General Staff , in succession to Alexander Ilyich Yegorov , a victim of the Case of Trotskyist Anti - Soviet Military Organization secret trial , Joseph Stalin ' s Great Purge of the Red Army . In 1940 he was appointed a Marshal of the Soviet Union . Despite his background as a Tsarist officer , Shaposhnikov won the respect and trust of Stalin . Ironically his status as a professional officer — he did not join the until 1930 — may have helped him avoid Stalin ' s suspicions . The price he paid for his survival during the purges was collaboration in the destruction of Tukhachevsky and many other colleagues . Stalin ' s admiration was shown by the fact that he always kept a copy of Shaposhnikov ' s most important work , " Mozg Armii " ( Мозг армии , " The Brain of the Army " ) ( 1929 ) , on his desk . Fortunately for the Soviet Union , Shaposhnikov had a fine military mind and high administrative skills . He combined these talents with his position in Stalin ' s confidence to rebuild the Red Army leadership after the purges . " Mozg Armii " was for decades required reading for every Soviet officer . In 1939 Stalin accepted Shaposhnikov ' s plan for a rapid build up of the Red Army ' s strength . Although the plan was not completed before the German invasion of June 1941 , it was sufficiently advanced to save the Soviet Union from complete disaster . Shaposhnikov planned the invasion of Finland in 1940 , but the commander Kliment Voroshilov thought the plan was too pessimistic and chose to ignore it . The Winter War did not become the success the Soviet side had hoped , and Shaposhnikov resigned as Chief of the General Staff in August 1940 , officially due to ill - health . At the time of the German invasion , he was reinstated as Chief of the General Staff ( until November 1942 ) and also became Deputy People ' s Commissar for Defence , the post he held until his career was cut short by ill - health in 1943 . He held the position of commandant of the Voroshilov Military Academy until his death in 1945 .
Fragmentation ( weaponry ) Fragmentation is the process by which the casing of an artillery shell , bomb , grenade , etc . is shattered by the detonating high explosive ( HE ) filling . The correct technical terminology for these casing pieces is fragments ( sometimes shortened to frags ) , although shards or splinters can be used for non - preformed fragments . The fragments can also be preformed and of various shapes ( spheres , cubes , etc . ) and sizes . Preformed fragments are normally held rigidly within some form of matrix or body until the HE filling is detonated . The resulting high velocity fragments produced by either method are the main lethality mechanisms of these weapon . The word " shrapnel " is often used to describe these fragments . The word " shrapnel " originally referred to a specific type of shell , the " shrapnel shell " , which doesn ' t rely on a high explosive to shatter the casing . A World War I - era shrapnel shell uses a small ( black ) powder charge in the base of the shell to expel the lead or iron shot at a relatively low velocity , 200 m / s ( 700 ft / s ) . The explosion , at a predetermined time and height above the target area , is controlled by a time fuze . Due to the low velocity of the shot when compared with fragments produced by a detonating HE munition , it is only really effective against human targets , not materiel or armor .
39th Field Artillery Regiment ( United States ) The 39th Field Artillery Regiment is a field artillery regiment of the United States Army . Lineage . Constituted in the National Army as the 39th Field Artillery and assigned to the 13th Infantry Division , 5 July 1918 A Gold color metal and enamel device 1 1 / 8 inches ( 2 . 86 cm ) in height overall consisting of a shield blazoned : Gules , issuing from base a phoenix Or rising from flames Proper . Attached below the shield a Red scroll inscribed “ CELERITAS IN CONFICIENDO ” in Gold letters . The shield is red for Artillery . The fabulous bird , the phoenix , symbolizes the reactivation and restoration of the organization . The distinctive unit insignia was originally approved for the 39th Field Artillery Battalion on 25 February 1941 . It was redesignated for the 39th Artillery Regiment on 26 November 1958 . The insignia was redesignated for the 39th Field Artillery Regiment on 1 September 1971 . Gules , issuing from base a phoenix Or rising from flames Proper . On a wreath of the colors Or and Gules , in front of a cloud Argent an isosceles triangle Sable and a war mace palewise the staff counterchanged and the head with six spikes Azure charged with a crescent of the first all surmounted in base by four arrowheads in pile conjoined at the point Gold . Coat of arms . Motto CELERITA IN CONFICIENDO ( Speed in Action ) . The shield is red for Artillery . The fabulous bird , the phoenix , symbolizes the reactivation and restoration of the organization . The war mace , from the arms of Colmar in Northern France , commemorates the organization ’ s most distinguished war service . The head of the mace is blue in reference to the color of the Distinguished Unit Citation streamer awarded for that action . The six spikes of the mace stand for the organization ’ s six unit decorations . The crescent alludes to the location of the unit ’ s first service under fire – Algeria - French Morocco . The four arrowheads are for four assault landings . The cloud and the radiating arrowheads simulate a burst of artillery fire . The black triangle represents the armament area in North Korea known as the “ Iron Triangle ” during the Korean War . It commemorates the organization ’ s action in that locality . The coat of arms was originally approved for the 39th Field Artillery Battalion on 25 February 1941 . It was redesignated for the 39th Artillery Regiment on 26 November 1958 . It was amended to add a crest on 23 June 1965 . The insignia was redesignated for the 39th Field Artillery Regiment on 1 September 1971 .
Euler D . I The Euler D . I was a German single - seat fighter based on the French Nieuport 11 . After seeing the success of the French Nieuport 11 at the front , German designer August Euler set about to create a German aircraft based on the Nieuport design . The Euler D . I first flew in late 1916 . It was powered by an 80 hp engine with the Euler patented machine gun on the front . Operational history . 2 prototypes were recorded as being in service at the front in October 1916 , and the German government ordered 50 in the same month . A further 50 were ordered in early 1917 , but this order was largely transferred over to the D . I ' s successor , the Euler D . II . The plane saw very little combat service , being largely used as a fighter trainer for the remainder of the war .