naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
9th Division ( German Empire ) The 9th Division ( " 9 . Division " ) was a unit of the Prussian / German Army . It was formed in Glogau ( now Głogów , Poland ) in November 1816 as a brigade , became the 10th Division on September 5 , 1818 , and was renumbered the 9th Division on February 28 , 1820 . The division was subordinated in peacetime to the V Army Corps ( " V . Armeekorps " ) . The division was disbanded in 1919 during the demobilization of the German Army after World War I . The division was recruited primarily in the Province of Silesia , primarily in Lower Silesia . Combat chronicle . The division fought in the Austro - Prussian War in 1866 , including the Battle of Königgrätz . In the Franco - Prussian War of 1870 - 71 , the division saw action in the opening battles of Weissenburg and Wörth , in the Sedan , and in the Siege of Paris . In World War I , the division served on the Western Front . It initially occupied the Woëvre region of France and later fought in the Verdun in 1916 . In 1918 , it participated in the German Spring Offensive , seeing action in the Third Battle of the Aisne and the Second Battle of the Marne . Allied intelligence rated it a first class division . Order of battle in the Franco - Prussian War . During wartime , the 9th Division , like other regular German divisions , was redesignated an infantry division . The organization of the 9th Infantry Division in 1870 at the beginning of the Franco - Prussian War was as follows : Pre - World War I organization . German divisions underwent various organizational changes after the Franco - Prussian War . The 9th Division lost all of its original infantry regiments to other divisions and received replacement regiments . The organization of the 9th Division in 1914 , shortly before the outbreak of World War I , was as follows : Order of battle on mobilization . On mobilization in August 1914 at the beginning of World War I , most divisional cavalry , including brigade headquarters , was withdrawn to form cavalry divisions or split up among divisions as reconnaissance units . Divisions received engineer companies and other support units from their higher headquarters . The 9th Division was again renamed the 9th Infantry Division . Its initial wartime organization was as follows : Late World War I organization . Divisions underwent many changes during the war , with regiments moving from division to division , and some being destroyed and rebuilt . During the war , most divisions became triangular - one infantry brigade with three infantry regiments rather than two infantry brigades of two regiments ( a " square division " ) . An artillery commander replaced the artillery brigade headquarters , the cavalry was further reduced , the engineer contingent was increased , and a divisional signals command was created . The 9th Infantry Division ' s order of battle on March 11 , 1918 was as follows :
Trench boot The trench boot , sometimes known as the " Pershing boot , " was a combat boot used in World War I by British , American , French and Belgian forces , made for the cold mud of trench warfare . Evolution . Introduction . The 1917 Trench Boot was an adaptation of the boots American manufacturers were selling to the French and Belgian armies at the beginning of World War I . In American service , it replaced the Russet Marching Shoe . The boot was made of tanned cowhide with a half middle sole covered by a full sole , studded with five rows of hobnail s . Iron plates were fixed to the heel . It was a great improvement , however it lacked waterproofing , leading to trench foot . Improvements . In January 1918 the Chief Quartermaster for the U . S . Army met with a board of officers at American Expeditionary Force Headquarters to make recommendations in order to improve the footwear of soldiers . The findings of the board were sent to General John Pershing , who approved the proposed changes . He cabled the study to The War Department for action . Shortly following , the improved 1918 Trench Boot , also called the " Pershing Boot , " was first issued to personnel . It used heavier leather in its construction , and had several minor changes from the 1917 Boot , including a thicker sole and improved waterproofing . Due to the boots ' s greater size , they were known as " Little Tanks " by the soldiers who received them .
7 . 5 cm Infanteriegeschütz 42 The 7 . 5 cm Infanteriegeschütz 42 ( 7 . 5 cm IG 42 ) was an infantry support gun , used by Germany , during World War II . The requirement for this weapon came out of combat experience in 1940 when the existing IG 18 was felt to be outdated . However by the time Krupp had completed the design a hollow charge shell had been designed for the IG 18 and the gun was not put into production . In 1944 the requirement was raised again and the barrel from the original design was mated with the carriage from the PAW 600 gun . An order was given for 1 , 450 guns . The first IG 42s were delivered in October 1944 equipped with muzzle brakes . It is unclear how many were taken into service until the end of the war .
Crosses of Aeronautical Merit ( Spain ) Crosses of Aeronautical Merit ( ) are a Spain ' s military award for gallantry or merit in the air in war or peace . Awarded to members of the Spanish Armed Forces , Guardia Civil or civilians . History and Attribution . Established on 30 November 1945 by chief of state Francisco Franco as the Order of Aeronautical Merit ( ) and amended in 1976 , 1995 , 2003 and 2007 . Awarded originally in three classes and a cross in silver for non - commissioned ranks , in 1995 it lost the rank of an order of merit and reduced to two and the number of categories extended to four . According to the current regulations the decoration is conferred in the following classes : The categories are as follows : Multiple awards of each class and each category to the same individual are possible . Insignia and Ribbons . The decoration has the form of a Greek cross with the arms enameled red in the " Red Decoration " category and white in the remaining categories . The " Blue Decoration " and " Yellow Decoration " badges have an additional narrow bar in blue or yellow across the lower arm . The upper arm is surmounted by a Spanish royal crown and has a tablet to engrave the date of bestowal . The round central shield of the obverse bears the coat of arms of Castile , León , Aragon , Navarre and Granada ( until 2003 only alternate coats of arms of Castile and León ) ; in the middle there is a blue oval shield ( escutcheon ) of the House of Bourbon - Anjou . The central shield has gold wings extended to the lateral arms of the cross and is surmounted by a royal crown . On the reverse there are letters " MA " ( " Mérito Aeronáutico " ) on red background . The cross is worn on a ribbon on the left side of chest . Each subsequent award is denoted by a bar with the date of bestowal on the ribbon . The Grand Cross has the same form as the cross described above but is worn on a sash over the right shoulder . The star added to the class of Grand Cross is gilt , eight - pointed , with the cross superimposed on it ; currently between the arms of the cross there are alternate towers ( Castile ) and lions ( León ) .
Taurus CT - 40 The Taurus CT - 40 is a semiautomatic derivation of the MT - 40 submachine manufactured by Forjas Taurus in Brazil . It was developed for Brazil ' s law enforcement agencies to compliment their domestically produced 7 . 62 FAL battle rifles . The use of a pistol - caliber carbine allowed for greater range and firepower compared to a handgun , without having to resort to a powerful , long - range rifle cartridge . It is unknown whether any select - fire CT - 40s were ever produced . Description . The CT - 40 rifle , the first manufacturing by Taurus brings a version of semi - automatic shooting and a lot longer barrel of the Taurus MT - 40 . As the MT - 40 , the target of this product was also the police market , devoid of a rifle with a caliber suitable for use in urban areas . The CT - 40 has the advantage of using the same ammunition of pistols in service in most police forces . However , the Taurus has seen further and released a version of its semi - automatic carbine chambered in 30 . 06 caliber . This caliber can have a very high energy stopping power of a . 45 ACP caliber bullet , but 180 meters away , this performance impossible for the CT - 40 rifle and it ' s 40 caliber . It ' s unclear if the Brazilian Army uses this weapon from training or in their units itself .
50th Infantry Division Regina The 50th Infantry Division Regina was an infantry division of the Italian Army during World War II . The " Regina " Division was a regular division of the Italian Army . The only combat it was involved in was when its 10th Regina Infantry Regiment was involved in the Battle of Crete in 1941 . The rest of the division was used as an occupying force in the Dodecanese Islands . After the Italian surrender to the Allies in September 1943 , the division fought against the Germans until October 1943 . Battle of Kos . The division together with British forces fought against the Germans in the Battle of Kos . The British forces on Kos numbered about 1 , 500 men , 680 of whom where from the 1st Bn , Durham Light Infantry , the rest being mainly RAF personnel , and ca . 3 , 500 Italians of the 10th Regiment of the " Regina " Division . On 3 October , the Germans effected amphibious and airborne landings known as " Operation Polar Bear " ( " Unternehmen Eisbär " ) and reached the outskirts of the island ' s capital later that day . The British withdrew under cover of night . They surrendered the next day . The fall of Kos was a major blow to the Allies , since it deprived them of vital air cover . The Germans captured 1388 British and 3145 Italian prisoners . On 3 October , German troops executed the captured Italian commander of the island , Colonel Felice Leggio , and one - hundred - and - one of his officers . This was done in accordance with Adolf Hitler ' s order of 11 September to execute captured Italian officers . Commander . General Alessandro Piazzoni
35th Brigade Royal Field Artillery XXXV Brigade , Royal Field Artillery was a brigade of the Royal Field Artillery which served in the First World War . It was stationed in Eastern Command in the United Kingdom on mobilisation in August 1914 , and was attached to 7th Division and sent to the Continent in September . It saw service with the division on the Western Front throughout the war . It was originally formed with 12th , 25th and 58th Batteries , with 31st ( Howitzer ) Battery joining in May 1916 .
19th Kansas Volunteers The Nineteenth Kansas Volunteers or the Nineteenth Kansas Cavalry was a volunteer cavalry regiment mustered for a six - month service , in 1868 , in response to hostilities concerning the Plains Indians . History . The then governor Samuel J . Crawford , formed the 1200 strong regiment in response to the request from General Philip H . Sheridan . Crawford then resigned his post and was appointed colonel of the regiment , 7 November 1868 . The regiment was moved to Camp Supply , with some difficulty due to lack of familiarity with the terrain and the inclement winter weather , arriving only after guides form the camp intercepted them . On 7 December the regiment headed south under Sheridan in close pursuit of their enemy . By March all the tribes had surrendered , and the regiment was then barracked at Fort Hays , where it remained until April 1869 , when it was demobilised .
Frank West ( Medal of Honor ) Frank West ( September 26 , 1850 – August 26 , 1923 ) was a United States Army Colonel who was a recipient of the Medal of Honor for actions in fighting Indians at the Battle of Big Dry Wash , Arizona . West is an 1872 graduate of West Point . Early life and the western frontier . West served in the 6th Cavalry Regiment on the western frontier . He was awarded the Medal of Honor for rallying his men against a fortified position at Big Dry Wash , Arizona . Three other men , Second Lieutenant George H . Morgan , Second Lieutenant Thomas Cruse and First Sergeant Charles Taylor were also awarded Medals of Honor in this action . Morgan and Cruse are also Academy graduates . His wife was Rebecca Kenyon ( 1851 – 1912 ) . Medal of Honor citation . West was awarded the Medal of Honor in 1892 for action at Big Dry Wash , Arizona , on 17 July 1882 . Citation : " Rallied his command and led it in the advance against the enemy ' s fortified position . "
Otto von Emmich Albert Theodor Otto Emmich ( since 1913 von Emmich ) ( August 4 , 1848 – December 22 , 1915 ) was a Prussian general . Biography . Born in Minden , Emmich entered the Prussian Army in 1866 . He attained the rank of general of infantry in 1909 , and was placed in command of the X Army Corps at Hanover . During the early days of World War I in Europe in 1914 , he laid siege to Liège , which he entered on August 7 , 1914 . The Battle of Liège began shortly after the morning of August 5 , 1914 when German bombardment began on the eastern Belgian forts . This marks it chronologically as the first battle to take place during World War I , beginning shortly before the Battle of Mulhouse . The Imperial German troops were obliged to entrench and bring up heavy siege artillery . Emmich was ennobled in 1913 . He died of arteriosclerosis in Hanover .
Battle of Celaya The Battle of Celaya , which occurred near Celaya , Guanajuato on 13 April 1915 , was a battle of the Mexican Revolution . The Conventionist forces under Pancho Villa were badly defeated by forces under the command of Álvaro Obregón , who supported the presidency of Venustiano Carranza . Villa lost around 4 , 000 men killed in frontal attacks . He also lost 1 , 000 horses , 5 , 000 rifles , and 32 cannons . Approximately 6 , 000 of his men were taken prisoner . Of those captured , 120 of Villa ' s officers were executed . In this battle , Obregón developed a defense " in depth " that proved very effective against the offense - heavy cavalry charges and artillery techniques used at that time , and was based on his study of the trench conflict ( World War I ) then raging in Europe . Although Obregón ' s lines weakened at times , he had sufficient reserves to bolster it at any point . Villa had committed all his men to the attack and was unable to exploit any area of weakness or to protect his flanks which were enveloped by Obregón ' s cavalry . The battle was a turning point in the future of Villa , the Revolution and Mexican history in the 20th century . Villa was never able to recover his losses , and with that lost most of his political and social influence .
William Hiscock Lieutenant ( Acting Lieutenant ‑ Commander ) William Ewart Hiscock GC , DSC ( 13 January 1886 - 15 February 1942 ) of HMS " St Angelo " ( Malta ) was posthumously awarded the George Cross for the " great gallantry and undaunted devotion " he displayed in September 1941 in attempting to defuse a novel Italian ‘ Torpedo Machine ’ in St George ' s Bay , Malta . George Cross citation . His award was published in the London Gazette on 16 June 1942 : Death . Lieutenant Commander William Ewart Hiscock , DSC , and his wife Alice Beatrice Hiscock were killed when by an enemy bomb landed directly on their home in St George ’ s Barracks on 15 February 1942 .
SM U - 23 ( Germany ) SM U - 23 was one of the 329 U - boat s serving in the Imperial German Navy in World War I . " U - 23 " was engaged in the naval warfare and took part in the First Battle of the Atlantic . " U - 23 " served on 3 war patrols , sinking a total of 7 ships for 8 , 822 tons . She was baited by the Q ship " Princess Louise " and torpedoed by at , between the Orkney and Shetland Islands off Fair Isle . Twenty four men died and 10 survived .
W21 The W21 was an hydrogen bomb design for the US military . It would have used the physics package of the TX - 21 bomb . The TX - 21 was a weaponized version of the " Shrimp " device tested in the Bravo shot of Operation Castle . A TX - 21C was tested as the Navajo shot , Operation Redwing . The TX - 21 , was a scaled - down version of the Runt device ( M - 17 hydrogen bomb ) . Smaller in size and weight to the Mk - 17 , the Mk - 21 was considered as a potential missile warhead . Far more powerful than the TX - 13 , which was a high - yield atomic bomb developed from the Mk - 6 bomb , the XW21 was to replace the XW13 in the weapons pod of the B - 58 bomber and for the SM - 64 Navaho missile . At the same time the Mk - 21 bomb was being developed , the Mk - 15 was also being developed . A missile warhead version was developed for the Navajo , Matador and Regulus missiles ( a XW29 version was designed for Snark and Redstone ) . The XW15 design developed into the XW39 which was eventually deployed on Redstone and Snark missiles . The The XW21 was cancelled in favor of the much smaller and lighter XW - 39 in 1957 . Though several hundred Mk - 21 hydrogen bombs were briefly stockpiled , no W21 warheads were ever constructed . The W21 is an example of how the rapid development of hydrogen bombs in the mid - 1950s created many dead - end designs which were quickly overtaken by smaller , lighter , and more efficient weapons .
Michael K . Sheridan Michael K . Sheridan is a retired Brigadier General in the U . S . Marine Corps . His last post was to serve as the Director of Policies and Operations Department , Headquarters Marine Corps in Washington , D . C . . Prior to that position he served as Director of Facilities and Services Division at Headquarters Marine Corps . Sheridan also served as Deputy Commanding General for the Marine Corps Recruit Depot , located at Parris Island , South Carolina . Awards and decorations . General Sheridan has been awarded the following , along with numerous unit , service and campaign awards :
Battle of Humenné The Battle of Humenné ( Hungarian : " Homonnai csata " , Polish : " bitwa pod Humiennem " or " pierwsza odsiecz wiedeńska " ) took place on November 23 , 1619 near Humenné ( eastern Slovakia ) during the first period of the Thirty Years ' War between the Transylvanian army and the Polish forces of Lisowczycy . It was the only battle of that war to involve the Polish - Lithuanian Commonwealth . The battle was won by the Polish cavalry led by Walenty Rogawski against the Transylvanian corps commanded by George Rákóczi , the future Prince of Transylvania . Prelude . A lot of nations of the Holy Roman Empire saw the Thirty Years ' War as a perfect opportunity to ( re ) gain their independencies . One of them was Hungary led by Gábor Bethlen , Duke of Transylvania . He joined Bohemia in the anti - Habsburg Protestant Union . In a short period of time , he conquered Bratislava and in November , he started a siege of Vienna - the capital city of Austria and the Holy Roman Empire . The situation of Emperor Ferdinand II was dramatic . The Polish - Lithuanian Commonwealth did not want to participate in the war so it remained neutral . Sigismund III of Poland , being a strong sympathizer of the Catholic League and the Habsburgs , decided to send the Lisowczycy cavalry in the number of 10 , 000 to help the endangered city of Vienna . Battle . The Lisowczycy faced George Rákóczi ' s corps near Humenné in the Carpathian Mountains . Walenty Rogawski did not manage to hold the cavalry together and it split up . Encouraged by that Rákóczi decided to send his infantry in order to pillage the enemy ' s camp . While it was doing so , Rogawski finally gathered his troops and unexpectedly attacked the Transylvanians . In a short time , Rákóczi had to announce a retreat . The battle was won by the Polish . Aftermath . When Bethlen found out about Rákóczi ' s defeat , he had to break the siege , gather his soldiers and return to North Transylvania in order to secure it against the Lisowczycy . Ferdinand II made him sign a cease - fire and on January 16 , 1620 they signed a peace treaty in Pressburg ( now Bratislava ) . The battle of Humenné was an important part of the war as the Polish intervention saved Vienna - the capital city of the Holy Roman Empire - from Transylvania . That is why some Polish sources call it the " first Vienna relief " - the second being the famous Battle of Vienna in 1683 .
RAF Hinaidi Royal Air Force Station Hinaidi was a British Royal Air Force station near Baghdad in the Kingdom of Iraq . It was established as the main British base in Iraq after World War I , initially under British Army command until the Royal Air Force took over in 1922 . There were extensive barracks , recreational facilities , a large hospital , Air Headquarters , communication facilities , maintenance units , aeroplane squadron hangars , RAF Armoured Car Company lines and a Civil Cantonment . Many British personnel still lie buried in the RAF Cemetery ( the Peace Cemetery , now derelict ) at Hinaidi . In Clause 1 of the " Annexure to Treaty of Alliance " section of the Anglo - Iraqi Treaty of 1930 , maintaining a force at Hinaidi was indicated to be permitted for a period of " five years after the entry into force of this Treaty . " This time was provided " in order to enable His Majesty the King of ' Iraq to organise the necessary forces to replace them . " RAF Dhibban ( renamed RAF Habbaniya in 1938 ) was built to replace Hinaidi and the RAF began to move there in 1936 , and Hinaidi was handed over to the Iraqi Government in 1938 .