naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Fort Beaufort Fort Beaufort is a town in the Amatole District of South Africa ' s Eastern Cape Province , and had a population of 10 , 093 in 2001 . The town was established in 1837 and became a municipality in 1883 . The town lies at the confluence of the Kat River and Brak River between the Keiskamma and Great Fish River s . Fort Beaufort serves as a mini - ' dormitory ' for academic staff and students of Fort Hare University , based in the nearby town of Alice , and is also close to sulphur springs . Schools in the area include the historic Healdtown Comprehensive School . History . The roots of Fort Beaufort is a mission station that the Reverend Joseph Williams of the London Missionary Society established in 1816 . In 1822 , Colonel Maurice Scott of the Royal Warwickshire Regiment constructed a blockhouse about three miles from the mission station as a military frontier post and stronghold against raids by the Xhosa under their chief , Maqoma . The British named it Fort Beaufort to honour the Duke of Beaufort , father of Lord Charles Henry Somerset , first British governor of the Cape Colony ( 1814 to 1826 ) . After the 6th Xhosa War ( 1834 – 1835 ) , Governor Sir Benjamin d ’ Urban authorised construction of a fort at the site of the original blockhouse . The new buildings included a military hospital , guard houses , infantry barracks , and officers ' quarters . In 1839 , the British commenced work on what is probably the world ' s only inland Martello tower , a small , circular Napoleonic era design hitherto used only in coastal defences . The tower was completed in 1846 . Today , the original howitzer remains mounted on the roof on a traversing carriage that gives it a 360 degree field of fire . The tower has been restored after having served for some time as a public latrine . In 1840 Fort Beaufort became a town . Around this time Andrew Geddes Bain built the first road , from Grahamstown , to Fort Beaufort . During the 8th Xhosa War ( 1850 – 53 ) , also known as the War of Mlanjeni , anti - British forces unsuccessfully attacked the town . Harmanus Matroos , alias Ngxukumeshe , was a half - Khoikhoi and half - Xhosa . He started the war on 30 December 1850 by capturing a small outpost near Fort Beaufort . Matroos had served the British in the 7th Xhosa War ( 1846 – 47 ) , also known as the War of the Axe . Matroos fell on 8 January 1851 during his third attack on Fort Beaufort . British troops occupied the town until 1870 . In 1949 the first congregation of the Dutch Reformed Church seceded from Alice due to demographic changes . Healthcare today . Fort Beaufort has three governmental hospitals , namely Fort Beaufort Provincial Hospital , Tower Psychiatric Hospital and Winterberg TB ( previous SANTA ) Hospital . There are also seven primary healthcare clinics in the area , namely C . C . Lloyd ( in the CBD ) , Newtown , Hillside , Thozamile , Lulama Kama , Healdtown and Mxelo .
Otto Voit Otto Emil Voit ( February 5 , 1845 – June 1 , 1906 ) was a United States Army soldier and a recipient of America ' s highest military decoration — the Medal of Honor — for his actions in the Battle of the Little Bighorn . Biography . Voit immigrated to the United States in 1862 , and enlisted in the Union Army 13th Infantry during the American Civil War in December 1864 . He was a " saddler " ( saddle - maker ) in Germany and with the U . S . Army . He deserted his unit at a Missouri River post on February 21 , 1866 and subsequently reenlisted in Company H of George Armstrong Custer ' s Seventh Cavalry in December 1866 using the alias Frank May . On December 5 , 1873 he surrendered as a deserter and received clemency by Presidential proclamation . Voit was wounded in the Reno - Benteen hilltop action at the Little Bighorn . He was issued the Medal of Honor on October 5 , 1878 for his actions during the battle , specifically for providing covering fire for his comrades who went to get water for the wounded on June 25 , 1876 . Voit was discharged in 1898 as Saddler Sergeant at Fort Grant , Arizona . He moved to Louisville , Kentucky and in 1902 became a United States citizen . He died of influenza at age 61 and was buried in Saint Stephens Cemetery in Louisville . Medal of Honor citation . Rank and organization : Saddler , Company H , 7th U . S . Cavalry . Place and date : At Little Big Horn , Mont . , June 25 , 1876 . Entered service at : - - - - - - . Birth : Germany . Date of issue : October 5 , 1878 . Citation : Volunteered with George Geiger , Charles Windolph , and Henry Mechlin to hold an exposed position standing erect on the brow of the hill facing the Little Big Horn River . They fired constantly in this manner for more than 20 minutes diverting fire and attention from another group filling canteens of water that were desperately needed .
Castle - class trawler The Castle - class minesweeper was a highly sea worthy naval trawler adapted for minesweeping and built to Admiralty specifications . Altogether about 200 were built between 1916 and 1919 . The Castle class originated with the commercial trawler " Raglan Castle " of 1915 , taken up for Royal Navy service . The design was adapted by Smith ' s Dock Company Ltd to Admiralty requirements for building in quantity . During World War I , 145 were built for the Admiralty . After the war about 55 further ships were built as trawlers and many of the minesweepers were converted to trawlers New Zealand additions . In 1940 the New Zealand Marine Department opted for this class in preference to the more modern " Blomvlei " design , also by Smith ' s Dock , 1935 , and another 13 vessels of the class were built and put into service .
Roemer Vlacq ( 1637 - 1703 ) Roemer Vlacq ( Gouda , baptised 19 August 1637 - Toulon , 17 July 1703 ) was a Dutch naval captain , who blew up his ship to keep it out of enemy hands . Roemer Vlacq , son of Anna Jansdochter Verrijn and Dirk Vlacq , a physician , apothecary and notary from Gouda , became lieutenant commander of " Kits " with the Admiralty of Amsterdam in 1671 . In 1672 , during the Third Anglo - Dutch War , he commanded the frigate " Postiljon " during the Battle of Solebay under lieutenant admiral Michiel de Ruyter . In 1673 he took part in all battles , commanding the frigate " Brak " . In 1674 he was commander of the transport vessel " Opperdoes " during De Ruyter ' s expedition against Martinique . In March 1676 he went to the Caribbean as captain of " Huys van Kruyningen " under commodore Jacob Binckes . On 3 March 1677 he was involved in the Action of March 1677 . When the French boarded his vessel and threatened to overpower his forces , he blew up the ship . Most of the crew lost their lives , but French ships were damaged as well . Vlacq himself survived , although heavily injured and returned to the Netherlands in October of the same year . At the end of the Franco - Dutch War Vlacq performed convoy services : in 1678 to the Bay of Biscay and in 1690 and 1691 in the Baltic Sea . In 1692 Vlacq was suspended for insubordination , but was rehabilitated on 14 February 1696 by stadtholder WIlliam and re - entered service with the Admiralty of Amsterdam . He once again went into convoy service . Vlacq was injured again during the War of the Spanish Succession when a fleet of 110 Dutch and British merchant ships that he was escorting out of Lisbon with five warships hit a French five - warships flotilla under commodore Alain Emmanuel de Coëtlogon on 22 May 1703 . During the ensuing Battle of Cap de la Roque , Vlacq sacrificed his warships in a successful attempt to let the merchant convoy escape . Vlacq ' s 50 - gun flagship , the " Muiderberg " was attacked by the 90 - gun thriple - deckers " Le Vainqueur " and " Le Monarque " . Vlacq had lost an arm and shoulder and half his crew before surrendering the ship . The entire Dutch flotilla was destroyed . He was made a prisoner and transported to Toulon , where he succumbed to his injuries on 17 July 1703 . Roemer Vlacq was grandfather to Adriaan Roemer Vlacq , vice admiral of the Admiralty of Amsterdam .
John Francis Mercer John Francis Mercer ( May 17 , 1759 – August 30 , 1821 ) was an American lawyer , planter , and politician from Virginia and Maryland . Born in 1759 in Marlborough , Stafford County , Virginia , to John Mercer and Ann Roy Mercer , he graduated from the College of William and Mary in 1775 and was a delegate for Virginia to the Continental Congress in 1783 and 1784 . He married Sophia Sprigg February 3 , 1785 . During the American Revolutionary War , Mercer was commissioned a captain in the 3rd Virginia Regiment in the Continental Army . He was wounded at the Battle of Brandywine . In 1778 he became an aide - de - camp with the rank of major to General Charles Lee . He resigned from the army when Lee did , but reentered the war as a lieutenant colonel in the Virginia militia . He served briefly under Lafayette in Virginia and was present at the siege of Yorktown . After the war , Mercer moved to Anne Arundel County , Maryland , and was a Maryland delegate to the Philadelphia Convention in 1787 , but withdrew before signing the Constitution . He would represent Maryland in the United States House of Representatives from the second and third districts from 1792 to 1794 , and served as the tenth Governor of Maryland from 1801 to 1803 . He died in 1821 in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . He is buried in Cedar Park , Anne Arundel County , Maryland . He was the brother of George Mercer and James Mercer .
George Macaulay Kirkpatrick General Sir George Macaulay Kirkpatrick KCMG KCSI was a Canadian born and educated soldier who served with the British Army in South Africa , Canada , India , Australia , and China . He became one of only a handful of Canadians to reach the rank of full General . Education . He was born on 23 August 1866 to George Airey Kirkpatrick and Frances June Macaulay of Kingston , Ontario . He enrolled at the Royal Military College of Canada in Kingston , Ontario from 1882 – 85 , student # 138 . As a surveyor in 1892 , he authored topographic map s of the ' Town and environs of the Fez Region of Morocco . Military service . Kirkpatrick was commissioned into the Royal Corps of Engineers in 1885 . He was appointed Aide - de - camp to the General Officer Commanding , Thames District in 1892 and was deployed as Deputy Assistant Adjutant General ( Intelligence ) during the Second Boer War . He served in Halifax , Nova Scotia as Deputy Assistant Quartermaster General from 1902 and then became Deputy Assistant Quartermaster General at Headquarters of the Army in 1904 . He went on to be Assistant Quartermaster General at Headquarters , India in 1906 and Inspector General of the Military Forces of Australia in 1910 . He served in World War I as Director of Military Operations in India from 1914 to 1916 when he became Chief of the General Staff in India . He subsequently served as Commander of British Forces in China from 1921 to 1922 and General Officer Commanding - in - Chief , Western Command , India from 1923 to 1927 . He retired in retired 1930 . Awards and recognition . He was awarded KCMG and Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India . He was knighted . Family . He was the son of Sir George Airey Kirkpatrick , PC , KCMG , QC ( September 13 , 1841 – December 13 , 1899 ) was a politician from Kingston , Upper Canada . He and his wife Mary Lydia ( d . 1945 ) had two daughters , Georgine Helen ( born 1898 ) and Kathleen Mary ( born 1899 ) in Malta . External links .
Moscow Conference ( 1944 ) The Fourth Moscow Conference , also Tolstoy Conference for its code name " Tolstoy " , between the major Allies of World War II took place from October 9 to October 19 , 1944 . The chief representatives for the Soviet Union at the conference were Joseph Stalin , the Soviet leader , and Vyacheslav Molotov the Soviet foreign minister . The United Kingdom principal representatives were Winston Churchill , the British Prime Minister and the British Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden . The United Kingdom CIGS , Field Marshal Sir Alan Brooke was also present as were the United States ambassador to Moscow , Averell Harriman , and General John R . Deane , head of the United States Military Mission in Moscow as observers . Also at the conference were delegations from both the London based Polish government in Exile and Provisional Polish communist government based in Lublin . Issues discussed at the conference were the Soviet Union ' s entry in the war against Japan , post - war division of the Balkans in the form of the alleged Percentages agreement , and the future of Poland . The British also agreed to return to the Soviet Union all former Soviet citizens without exception who had been liberated from the Germans .
Gerard Oram Gerard ( " Gerry " ) Oram is a notable British cultural and social historian , with a particular interest in the First World War . He was a researcher at the University of Birmingham and the University of Swansea , before going on to teach at the Open University . He lectures at Swansea University teaching on a number of modules including " Nazi Occupied Europe " and " the First World War " . Oram also lectures at Cardiff University where he teaches the " War , Liberation and Reconstruction : Europe 1939 - 51 " module . His seminal book , " Death Sentences passed by military courts of the British Army 1914 – 1924 " , is on the recommended reading lists of the National Archives and the Imperial War Museum . His work is widely referenced in the academic literature on First World War military executions ; he is quoted in the British national press on the subject ; and he was quoted as a source for an Irish government inquiry into treatment of Irish soldiers . In his spare time , he is a keen time - trials cyclist . He is also a fan of Gloucester R . F . C . Published works include . Oram , Gerard , " Military Executions during World War 1 " ( Palgrave , Basingstoke , 2003 ) . Oram , Gerard , ‘ “ The administration of discipline by the English is very rigid ” : British Military Law and the Death Penalty ( 1868 – 1918 ) ’ in " Crime , Histoire et Sociétés / Crime , History and Societies " , Vol . 5 , No . 1 , 2001 , pp . 93 - 110 . Oram , Gerard , ‘ Pious Perjury : Morale and Discipline in the British Force in Italy 1917 - 18 ’ in " War in History " , Vol . 9 , No . 4 , 2002 , pp . 412 – 430 . Oram , Gerard , ‘ Britain - Post First World War Mutinies and Revolutionary Threats ’ in Kelly , J . et al . ( eds ) " The International Encyclopaedia of Revolution and Protest " , 12 volumes ( Blackwell Publishing , 2009 ) Oram , Gerard , ‘ Armee , Stat , Büger und Wehrpflicht . Die britische Miltärjustiz bis nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg ’ in Peter Pirker / Florian Wenninger ( Ed . ) : Wehrmachtsjustiz . Kontext - Praxis - Nachwirkungen , Wien ( Braumüller Verlag , 2011 ) pp . 186 – 203 .
Chick Henderson ( singer ) Chick Henderson ( November 22 , 1912 — June 24 , 1944 ) was an English singer who achieved popularity and acclaim as a prolific recording artist and performer of the British dance band era in the late 1930s and early 1940s . Chick Henderson was born Henderson Rowntree in Hartlepool , England . He attended Galleys Field School on Hartlepool Headland . " Chick " was nothing more than his mother ' s nickname for her smallest son . His first recordings were made for Harry Leader in June 1935 . The following year he began singing for Joe Loss ' popular radio orchestra . He stayed with Loss for five years and became a great favorite among young women who formed his core audience . A tall , handsome man with a rich , strong vocal delivery , he appeared on postcards and magazine covers . In his short life , Chick Henderson made over 250 recordings but , as with many big band singers , his name did not appear on the record label — only the orchestra was listed . In July 1939 , he recorded with Joe Loss ' orchestra what would become his biggest - selling recording " Begin the Beguine " , which sold over a million copies , the only recording by a 1930s vocalist to achieve such a triumph . Chick Henderson ' s five - year singing career came to an end with his final recordings in 1940 . Less than a year following the start of World War II in September 1939 , he began serving in the Merchant Navy . He survived two torpedo attacks on his ships , but after four years of service , sustained fatal wounds in Southsea from flying bomb shrapnel . Chick Henderson was 31 years old . A Sub - Lieutenant in the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve , on strength of HMS " Victory " at time of his death , he was buried in Haslar Royal Naval Cemetery under his real name .
Rover Light Armoured Car The Light Armoured Car ( Aust ) , also known as Rover , was an armoured car produced in Australia during the Second World War . History and description . At the outbreak of World War II the United Kingdom was unable to meet the needs of the Commonwealth for armored fighting vehicles . It led many Commonwealth countries to develop their own AFVs . The Rover was designed in 1941 . It utilized Ford 3 - ton CMP truck chassis , either F60L or shorter F60S . The armoured bodies were produced by Ruskin Motor Bodies Pty Ltd of Melbourne . The production was stopped in 1943 , a total of 238 cars were built . The Rover entered service with the Australian army in April 1942 . It never saw combat and was used mostly for crew training . A long narrow opening at the top of the hull earned the vehicle a nickname mobile slit trench . Late in 1943 Australia started to receive US - made armoured cars and the Rover was soon declared obsolete . There are two restored Rover Mk II cars on display in Australian museums , at the National Military Vehicle Museum in Port Adelaide and at the Royal Australian Armoured Corps Tank Museum at Puckapunyal , Victoria .
Henry Petty - Fitzmaurice , 6th Marquess of Lansdowne Lieutenant - Colonel Henry William Edmund Petty - Fitzmaurice , 6th Marquess of Lansdowne DSO MVO ( 14 January 1872 – 5 March 1936 ) , styled Earl of Kerry until 1927 , was a British soldier and politician . Background . Lansdowne was the son of Henry Petty - FitzMaurice , 5th Marquess of Lansdowne and his wife , Maud . Military career . Lansdowne was originally commissioned into a volunteer battalion of the Oxfordshire Light Infantry , but transferred to the ( regular ) Grenadier Guards in 1895 and the Irish Guards on its formation in 1900 , resigning in 1906 with the rank of Major . He was awarded the Distinguished Service Order ( DSO ) in 1900 for his service in the Boer War . He returned to the Army during the First World War , reaching the rank of Lieutenant - Colonel . Political career . Lansdowne was Liberal Unionist Member of Parliament ( MP ) for West Derbyshire 1908 – 18 . He was a member of the Senate of the Irish Free State from 1922 to 1929 , he was nominated by the executive council . He succeeded his father as Marquess of Lansdowne in 1927 , with a seat in the British House of Lords , meaning he had the unusual distinction of serving in the national legislatures of two different countries at the same time . Family . He married Elizabeth Caroline Hope , on 16 February 1904 and they had five children : He died in Marylebone aged 64 .
Battle of Sphacteria ( 1825 ) The Battle of Sphacteria was fought on 8 May 1825 in Sphacteria , Greece between the Egypt ian forces of Ibrahim Pasha and Greek forces led by Captain Anastasios Tsamados along with Alexandros Mavrokordatos . Battle . Commanding both a powerful army and navy , Ibrahim initiated attacks on both Paliokastro and the island of Sphacteria . As a result , Mavrocordatos rushed to their defense while Captain Tsamados from Hydra held off Ibrahim ' s forces . Fifteen hundred Arabs landed on the island only to be met with resistance by Tsamados who led a small contingent of sailors and soldiers . Shot in the leg , Tsamados continued fighting on his knees until he was killed . The remaining Greek sailors rushed back to their ship , the " Aris " , and with Mavrocordatos sailed through a Turkish fleet of thirty - four ships . For four hours , the remaining Greeks were bombarded and casualties entailed two dead along with eight wounded .
Richard Newcomb Richard F . Newcomb , a graduate of Rutgers College , served as a wartime naval correspondent during World War II and received a Purple Heart . He is a retired news editor of the Associated Press and the author of six books , including " Abandon Ship ! " , " Savo " , and " Iwo Jima " . He has been called " one of the pioneers of narrative nonfiction . "
Harley - Davidson XA The Harley - Davidson XA ( Experimental Army ) was a flat - twin shaft drive motorcycle made by Harley - Davidson for the US Army during World War II . Development and production . During WWII , the U . S . Army asked Harley - Davidson to design a specification of a motorcycle much like the BMWs used by German forces , with shaft drive , a boxer engine , and several other features that made the BMWs exceptionally reliable and low - maintenance machines . Harley was already producing the WLA , based on its traditional 45 - degree V - twin but the army specifically wanted the one feature that the WLA didn ’ t have : shaft drive . So the company produced the XA , whose engine and drivetrain were based on the flathead BMW R71 ( 1938 - 1941 ) versus the overhead valve ( OHV ) BMW R75 ( 1941 - 1946 ) . 1000 XAs were produced for evaluation . By the time production had begun , it was clear that the Jeep was the Army ' s general purpose vehicle of choice . The less advanced but cheaper WLA was considered sufficient for its limited roles . In 1943 , the XA ' s leading link fork was replaced with Harley - Davidson ' s first telescopic fork . Similar motorcycles in other countries . From 1942 , the BMW R71 would serve as the basis for the IMZ - Ural M72 ( U . S . S . R . / Russia ) , and from 1956 the Chang Jiang CJ750 ( China ) which likewise pressed it into military service though parts should not be considered interchangeable across marques despite visual similarities . Cooling . According to the American Motorcyclist Association ' s " Motorcycle Hall of Fame Museum " , regarding the World - War - II - vintage Harley - Davidson XA , which has an opposed twin engine — " " Mechanically , the large cooling fins stuck straight out in the breeze , reportedly keeping the XA ’ s oil temperature 100 °F ( 56 °C ) cooler than a standard Harley 45 . " " The latter was a transversely mounted V - twin , in which the air stream cannot reach the cylinders , especially the rear cylinder , as efficiently as on longitudinally mounted flat twin . Related projects . Though the XA motorcycle was " dead " as far as the military was concerned for full - blown production , both the side - valve and overhead - valve versions of the XA engine were explored according to Jerry Hatfield in his book " Inside Harley - Davidson " 1990 published by Motorbooks International . A overhead - valve version XA motor was sent to Detroit Wax Paper for testing as a generator set . OHV XA motors of , with transmissions , were sent to Willys - Overland for testing as well as two blower - cooled XA motors for generators to be tested on tanks in 1943 . There was even a Servi - Car prototype made called " The Model K " using the XA engine instead of the G motor planned for the 1946 model year .