naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
OTO Melara Mod 56 The OTO - Melara Mod 56 is an Italian - made 105 mm pack howitzer built and developed by OTO - Melara . It fires the standard US type M1 ammunition . History . The OTO Melara 105 mm Mod 56 began life in the 1950s to meet the requirement for a modern light - weight howitzer that could be used by the Italian Armys Alpini brigades mountain artillery regiments . The fact that it remained in service with those same units a full half century after the howitzer ' s introduction is testament to the gun ' s quality . The Mod 56 has a number of unique characteristics for a weapon of its caliber , including the ability for its crew to manhandle the gun ( due to its light weight ) , and the capability of being able to be used in the direct fire role . Being a pack howitzer , it is designed to be broken down into 12 parts , each of which can be easily transported . The capability of this weapon to be " knocked - down " allows the sections to be transported a number of ways although the original design was for mule - pack using special pack saddles . More usually it is towed by a light vehicle such as a jeep or Land Rover , and with the shield removed it can be carried inside a M113 APC . However , its particular attraction to Western Armies in the 1960s was that its light weight meant it could be lifted in one piece by helicopter . This made the gun popular with light artillery units in many countries as well as the more specialized mountain and airborne troops . Over all , the Mod 56 has served in more than 30 countries worldwide , of which a partial listing of the major operators is listed below . As an added refinement to the gun ' s mass , the Mod 56 is built to be an artillery piece with a reputation of ease with which it can be assembled and then disassembled into twelve components within minutes . The gun ' s light weight did have a drawback , however . It lacked robustness necessary for sustained operations , Australian and New Zealand Gunners in Vietnam found the weapon unsuitable for continuous operations . The guns in Vietnam were replaced by the sturdy US - made M101A1 after some 2 years . This lack of durability also led to their being carried on trucks for longer distances outside the combat zone . What ' s more was that fact that the Mod 56 offered limited protection to its crew . The Chinese manufacturer NORINCO offers a version of the Model 56 Pack Howitzer and its associated ammunition . In Commonwealth service , the gun was known simply as the L5 Pack Howitzer with L10 ordnance . However , its lack of range and the indifferent lethality of its ammunition led UK to start development of its replacement , the L118 Light Gun , only two years after the Pack Howitzer entering service . The gun also became the standard equipment of the Allied Command Europe Mobile Force ( AMF ) artillery , equipping the batteries provided by Canada , Belgium , German , Italy and UK ( until 1975 ) . Combat Service . Identified combat use includes :
Dymaxion Deployment Unit A Dymaxion Deployment Unit ( DDU ) is a structure designed in 1940 by Buckminster Fuller consisting of a 20 - foot circular hut constructed of corrugated steel looking much like a yurt or the top of a metal silo . The interior was insulated , finished with wallboard , port holes and a door . The dome - like ceiling has a hole in the top and a cap for ventilation . The Army Signal Corps commissioned Fuller in 1942 to develop 200 units as quickly as possible . The units were manufactured by the Butler Manufacturing company and were deployed all around the world prior to the US entry into World War II . The cost of each unit at the time was $ 1 , 250 . The wartime shortage of steel resulted in the cancellation of further production . The Infoage Science / History Learning Center ( the NJ science center at Camp Evans ) has 11 surviving DDUs as seen in current satellite photos . Historical aerial photos show at least 14 between the 2 large H - shaped buildings for a total of over 24 units at the base from 1947 - 1970 . Many of the cement pads remain after the DDU was removed . They were used for storage of hazardous materials and for small shops At Fort Monmouth , New Jersey , two DDU reside prominently on the roof top of the Myer Center .
SS Empire Brutus Empire Brutus was a 7 , 233 GRT cargo ship which was built in 1941 by J L Thompson & Sons Ltd for the Ministry of War Transport ( MoWT ) . Although twice damaged by enemy action , she survived the war . Postwar she was sold into merchant service , being renamed Vergmor , Southgate and Fatih , serving until scrapped in 1968 . Description . " Empire Brutus " was built by J L Thompson & Sons Ltd , Sunderland . She was yard number 624 . Launched on 18 December 1942 , she was completed in March 1943 . The ship was long , with a beam of and a depth of . She was propelled by a triple expansion steam engine which had cylinders of , and bore by stroke . The engine was built by the Central Marine Engine Company ( 1938 ) Ltd , Newcastle upon Tyne . She had a GRT of 7 , 233 with a NRT of 4 , 294 . Career . Wartime . " Empire Brutus ' s " port of registry was Sunderland . She was operated under the management of W T Gould . On 26 July 1943 , " Empire Brutus " was damaged by enemy bombing west of Cape Caroeiro , Portugal ( ) . It took five days for to tow her the to Lisbon at . She was on a voyage from Newport to Algiers and Bougie , Algeria laden with ammunition , bombs and trucks . " Empire Brutus " was a member of Convoy MKS 43G , which departed Gibraltar on 22 March 1944 bound for the United Kingdom . and Loch Ewe on 10 September . It dispersed at sea on 15 September . She was carrying general cargo . On 8 July 1944 , " Empire Brutus " struck a mine off Arromanches , France ( ) and was damaged when on a voyage from Juno Beach to Southend on Sea in ballast . She was beached on Juno Beach . The following day , she was refloated and towed to Middlesbrough for repairs . " Empire Brutus " was a member of Convoy MKS 101G , which departed Gibraltar on 15 May 1945 bound for the United Kingdom . " Empire Brutus " was carrying a cargo of wheat . Those killed whilst serving on " Empire Brutus " during WWII are commemorated at the Tower Hill Memorial , London . Postwar . In 1948 , " Empire Brutus " was sold to the Haddon Steamship Co Ltd , London and renamed " Vergmor " . In 1950 , she was sold to the Turnbull , Scott Shipping Co Ltd and was renamed " Southgate " , serving with them for five years . In 1950 , " Southgate " was sold to Sadikzade Rusen Ogullari KS , Turkey and renamed " Fatih " . She served until 1968 . " Fatih " was scrapped at Istanbul in February 1968 . Official Numbers and Code Letters . Official Numbers were a forerunner to IMO Numbers . " Empire Brutus " , " Vergmor " and " Southgate " had the UK Official Number 169111 . " Empire Brutus " used the Code Letters BFFY .
USS Alaska ( ID - 3035 ) The second USS " Alaska " ( ID - 3035 ) was a minesweeper that served in the United States Navy from 1918 to 1919 . " Alaska " was built as a steam - powered commercial fishing trawler in 1881 at Boothbay , Maine . The U . S . Navy chartered her for World War I service from the Fisheries Products Company of Wilmington , North Carolina , on 18 September 1918 . She was assigned the naval registry Identification Number ( Id . No . ) 3035 and commissioned the same day as USS " Alaska " at Charleston Navy Yard at Charleston , South Carolina . Converted for service as a minesweeper , " Alaska " served in the Charleston area for the remainder of World War I and briefly thereafter as a minesweeper and patrol vessel . The U . S . Navy returned " Alaska " to the Fisheries Products Company on 10 January 1919 , and her name was stricken from the Navy List that same day .
Admiralty of the Noorderkwartier The Admiralty of het Noorderkwartier ( Dutch - Northern Quarter ) , also known as the Admiralty of West Friesland , was one of the five admiralties of the Dutch Republic , made up of West Friesland and part of northern Holland . History . It was set up on 6 March 1589 by a resolution of the Parliament of the Netherlands , via a decision of the Stadholder Maurits of Orange . It was established at Hoorn ( and in Enkhuizen for about 3 months in 1597 ) . The admiralty was disestablished in 1795 .
HMS Ledsham ( M2706 ) HMS " Ledsham " was one of 93 ships of the of inshore minesweepers . Their names were all chosen from villages ending in " - ham " . The minesweeper was named after Ledsham , Cheshire or Ledsham , West Yorkshire . < br >
CSS Texas ( 1865 ) CSS " Texas " was a casemate ironclad built for the Confederate Navy during the American Civil War . Not begun until 1864 , she saw no action before being captured by Union forces while still fitting out . History . The keel for CSS " Texas " was laid down at Richmond , Virginia . She was launched in January 1865 . At the time of Robert E . Lee ' s evacuation of Richmond on 3 April 1865 , she was left unfinished but intact at the Richmond Navy Yard , one of only two vessels which escaped destruction by the retreating Confederate forces . Captured when the city fell the following day , the ironclad was taken into the United States Navy , but saw no active service . " Texas " was laid up at Norfolk until 15 October 1867 when she was sold at auction for scrapping to J . N . Leonard & Co . of New Haven , Connecticut . Design . The casemate of " Texas " was roughly octagonal , rather than being a sloped , rectangular , armored box , as on earlier Confederate ironclads ; during construction , it was shortened due to critical war materials shortages . It fitted snugly around her eight gunport positions , six of which were to be used with two pivot cannons , each firing from three forward or aft positions . Details of her armament are sketchy , but her sister ironclad , CSS " Tennessee II " , carried four 6 . 4 inch Brooke rifle s , two 7 . 0 inch Brooke rifles , and a bolted - on spar torpedo fitted to her bow . " Tennessee " s armor was three layers of two - inch iron plate , and instead of being bolted to her deck , the pilot house formed a seamless extension of her sloped side - armor . " Tennessee " ' s top speed was about five knots , according to some sources , and her crew numbered about 133 sailors . However , it is unclear how closely " Texas " would have resembled her sister ironclad if she had been completed . Other sources gave " Texas " a ( projected ) top speed of about 10 knots , and these note that both " Tennessee II " and " Texas " differed from each other in their final details due to a lack of available materials , notably the iron plate for her armor ; her cannons and engines were also different . During her construction design improvements were incorporated from lessons learned in combat with the U . S . Navy .
Veuglaire The Veuglaire ( derived from the German " Vogler " and " Vogelfänger " , and the Flemish " Vogheler " , after a gun manufacturer named Vögler . English : Fowler ) was a wrought iron cannon , and part of the artillery of France in the Middle Ages . There , guns were initially called " acquéraux " , " sarres " or " spiroles " . The " Veuglaire " was up to 2 meters ( 8 feet ) long , and weighing from 150 kg to several tonnes , and compares to the " Crapaudins " or " Crapaudaux " , which were shorter ( 4 to 8 feet ) and lighter than the " Veuglaires " . The " Veuglaires " were usually breech - loading , and therefore used a separate " powder chamber " ( " boîte à poudre " ) in which powder and ball were located upon loading , and the main body of the cannon was formed of a tube opened at both ends . " Veuglaires " , together with " Crapaudins " , were considered medium - sized weapons and tended to have smaller chambers than bombards . They belonged to a category of weapons developed from the late 14th century , which had smaller bore and flatter trajectory . The category includes the " culverin " , " curtall " , " serpentines " , " falcon " and " arquebus " .
USS YP - 422 USS " YP - 422 " was a United States Navy yard patrol ( YP ) boat that served the United States Navy in World War II from 1942 to 1943 . Built in 1941 as the fishing trawler " Mist " , she was acquired by the US Navy in June 1942 and was converted for naval use by George Lawley & Son of Neponset , Massachusetts . She was commissioned on 28 July 1942 and was put into service to patrol the waters around the Boston Navy Yard . The vessel was lightly armed with a 3 - inch gun and two . 30 caliber machine guns . Service history . " YP - 422 " was briefly commanded by L . Ron Hubbard , later known as the controversial founder of Scientology , who supervised the conversion in his capacity as a US Navy lieutenant . He was relieved of his command a few weeks after " YP - 422 " underwent a 27 - hour training exercise in August 1942 . A dispatch sent by the Commandant of the Boston Navy Yard described Hubbard as " not temperamentally fitted for independent command " and he was removed from command on 1 October 1942 . In 1943 , " YP - 422 " was dispatched to the Pacific theater of operations to support the Solomon Islands campaign . However , she was lost on 23 April 1943 after striking Tumbo Reef , three miles south - east of the entrance to North Bulari Passage , New Caledonia .
1st Texas Infantry The 1st Texas Infantry Regiment , nicknamed the " Ragged Old First , " was an infantry regiment raised in Texas for service in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War . It fought mostly with the Army of Northern Virginia . The 1st Texas Infantry Regiment was assembled at Richmond , Virginia , in August , 1861 , with ten companies from Marion , Cass , Polk , Houston , Harrison , Tyler , Anderson , Cherokee , Sabine , San Augustine , Newton , and Nacogdoches counties . Later two companies from Galveston and Trinity County were added to the command . Part of Hood ' s Texas Brigade , it served under Generals Hood , J . B . Robertson , and John Gregg . The regiment fought with the Army of Northern Virginia from Seven Pines to Cold Harbor except when it was detached with Longstreet at Suffolk , Chickamauga , and Knoxville . It was involved in the Petersburg siege north and south of the James River and later the Appomattox Campaign . This unit had 477 effectives in April , 1862 and lost 186 of the 226 engaged at Sharpsburg , a casualty rate of 82 . 3 % percent . This staggering casualty rate was the highest suffered by any regiment , North or South , on a single day , during the entire war . In incurring these losses during ferocious fighting in Miller ' s cornfield the regiment lost a battle flag which was picked up by federal troops when they re - occupied the cornfield ( the First Texas having previously withdrawn without noticing the loss of their flag ) . The highest number of caualties , on the other hand , was suffered by the 26th North Carolina Infantry at the battle of Gettysburg . They suffered 72 % casualties out of the 820 engaged . The 1st Texas suffered more than twenty percent of the 426 during the same engagement . It surrendered with 16 officers and 133 men . The field officers were Colonels Frederick S . Bass , Hugh McLeod , Alexis T . Rainey , and Louis T . Wigfall ; Lieutenant Colonels Harvey H . Black , Albert G . Clopton , R . J . Harding , and P . A . Work ; and Majors Matt . Dale and John R . Woodward . The 1st Texas also lost a battle flag on April 8 , 1865 at Appomattox Court House when it was captured by 1st Lt . Morton A . Read of the 8th New York Cavalry . Read earned the for this deed .
Savoia - Marchetti SM . 91 Savoia - Marchetti first developed the SM . 91 , a long - range fighter - bomber , to compete in a contract offered by the " Regia Aeronautica " to the Italian aircraft companies in 1938 . Design and development . In July 1942 , the " Regia Aeronautica " requested designs for a new aircraft , propelled by the DB605 engine , capable of flying at 620 km / h ( 385 mph ) with a range of . The armament should consist of six MG 151 cannon s in the nose and wings and a 12 . 7 mm Breda - SAFAT machine gun as a defensive weapon . It should have an bomb load . At that point , the request for a long - range fighter killed the SM . 88 , still in development , and the SM . 91 , a larger , heavier and more modern design , was authorized . The fuselage and the wings were all - metal , to achieve the best performance regardless of cost . The central nacelle held the crew of two , and the wings and tail were similar to the SM . 88 . Fuel capacity was 1 , 600 l , but with auxiliary tanks could be raised to 1 , 800 l . It is unknown if it was capable of a range of . The two DB 605 engines gave a total of 2 , 950 hp . The aircraft ' s maximum speed at 585 km / h ( 363 mph ) was better than the SM . 88 . There were three 20 mm MG 151s in the nose . Two more were mounted in the wings , close to the fuselage . Another machine gun was provided for the rear gunner . Total bomb load was or a torpedo . The prototype , designated " MM . 530 " , flew for the first time on 11 March 1943 , tested by Aldo Moggi . There were two prototypes , the second a modified SM . 88 prototype . The machine flew at Vergiate and logged 27 hours in the next few months . It was advanced , but was not entered into the official tests at Guidonia , perhaps because it was still undergoing testing . The first prototype was captured and sent to Germany in October 1943 , after which it vanished and is presumed destroyed . The second prototype was captured by the Germans incomplete when they occupied northern Italy in September 1943 . This aircraft was tested on 10 July 1944 , but was destroyed by Allied bombers later in the year .
Walter Prüß Walter Prüß ( 4 December 1911 – 13 November 2003 ) was a highly decorated Hauptmann in the Wehrmacht during World War II . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross and its higher grade Oak Leaves was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership .
Château de Calmont The Château de Calmont is a ruined 14th century castle in the " commune " of Calmont in the Haute - Garonne " département " of France . The property of the commune , it has been listed since 1927 as a " monument historique " by the French Ministry of Culture .
Chilean ship Micalvi The Micalvi was an auxiliary vessel of the Chilean Navy . Career . Built as by " Ostseewerft " in Frauendorf , now Golęcino , in 1925 , she was used as a merchant vessel on the Baltic Sea and in 1926 she was sold to O . A . Müller , Hamburg , and renamed " Bostonlines " . 1928 she was sold to the Chilean Navy and sailed from Europe with a cargo of ammunition for the battleship Almirante Latorre , after arrival she should be broken up , but , like the " Majestic " , she was refitted in a supply vessel for the Punta Arenas region , where she lent valuable services to the colonists in sparsely inhabited areas , especial Tortel and Navarino Island . Chilean naval mutiny of 1931 . During the Chilean naval mutiny of 1931 she was anchored in Talcahuano under the command of Lt Cdr . Pedro Espina Ritchie but the sailors brought the ship in the hands of the insurrection . She was ordered to weigh anchor and sail bound for Lota in order to bring miner s to support the rebellion , but there they were seized by Carabineros de Chile ( at that time it was a cavalry troop of the Army dedicated to police tasks ) . Snipe incident . 1958 the " Micalvi " crew built a lighthouse on the islet Snipe to improve the navigation on the Beagle Channel . The beacon of the lighthouse was installed on 1 May and it triggered the Snipe incident . The Argentine Navy shelled the Chilean beacon and disembarked an infantry company in the uninhabited islet . Museum ship . She was decommissioned in 1961 , then used as pontoon . On 24 August 1961 anchored in Puerto Williams and was declared historical ship , and museum . Since 2007 used as clubhouse and restaurant in the local yacht harbour . It is grounded , and all of the lower decks are underwater at high tide .
Bombing of Wuppertal in World War II Wuppertal , a city in North Rhine - Westphalia , Germany , was bombed extensively by the RAF in the Battle of the Ruhr of World War II . More than 6 , 000 people died in two attacks on Wuppertal . The attack on the night of 29 May 1943 , created a firestorm in the narrow streets of the city . The Germans were ill - equipped to fight these fires . One of these RAF raids seriously damaged the Goldschmitt adhesives firm , which was making " Tego - Film " wood adhesive for the German war effort - new aircraft designs meant to make large use of wooden airframe components , such as the Ta 154 and He 162 had their development seriously delayed or even curtailed as a result of the replacement adhesive corroding the wooden aiframes of such aircraft , resulting in crashes of prototypes . The other factor that led to such high casualty rates in Wuppertal was its location . The city is located on the banks of two very steep granite riverbanks . The RAF had dropped timed explosives that caused the foundations of buildings to literally melt away .
British S - class submarine ( 1914 ) The British S class submarine of 1914 were built by Scotts , Greenock just before World War I . The S class was based on an Italian design of the Laurenti boats . The design had ten internal bulkheads . Three vessels were constructed . All three were transferred to the Italian Navy in October 1915 , presumably on the grounds that the Italians would be more familiar with the design and technology .
Agent 355 Agent 355 was the code name of a female spy during the American Revolution , part of the Culper Ring . Her real identity is unknown . Career . The only direct reference to Agent 355 in any of the Culper Ring ' s missives was from Abraham Woodhull ( " Samuel Culper Sr . " ) , to General George Washington in 1778 . Little is known for sure about this mysterious lady , but speculation abounds . What is known is that she was located in New York and at some point had contact with Major John Andre and Benedict Arnold . It is believed that 355 was a member of a prominent Loyalist family , and within easy reach of British commanders . When Andre , in particular , was in New York , the Culper ' s information came fast and furious , but when Andre was in the southern colonies with Sir Henry Clinton , the information slowed considerably . At this point , Washington complained that the Culpers were a waste of money . This leads historians to believe that 355 was one of the flock of females that surrounded Major Andre . Legacy . The identity of the woman known solely as 355 has yet to be discovered . However , several theories have been developed , ranging from claims that 355 must have been the already - known Anna Smith Strong to hypotheses about other relations of identified ring members . Others say that she did not really exist , that 355 was simply just a lady of acquaintance to Abraham Woodhull who was mentioned in passing and really no help to the Culpers at all . However , John Burke and Andrea Meyer have made a case for 355 ' s involvement in the spy ring using circumstantial evidence . If the story is to be believed , 355 was a great asset to the American bid for independence . Agent 355 has become a part of popular fiction , being cited in " " from Vertigo Comics as an inspiration for a modern spy also called 355 , and being included in Assassins Creed 3 ' s in - game database of historical facts , in which her information was critical in helping the protagonist in discovering the British plot to capture West Point .