naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Direct fire Direct fire refers to the launching of a projectile directly at a target on a relatively flat trajectory . The firing weapon must have a sighting device and an unobstructed line of sight to the target , which means no objects or friendly units can be between it and the target . A weapon engaged in direct fire exposes itself to return fire from the target . By contrast , indirect fire refers to firing a projectile on a ballistic trajectory or delivering munitions by guided or unguided missile s . Indirect fire does not need a direct line of sight to the target because the shots are normally directed by a forward observer . As such , indirect fire weapons can shoot over obstacles or friendly units and the weapons be can be concealed from direct return fire . Example of direct fire weapons include handgun s , rifle s , machine gun s , anti - tank gun s , and anti - tank rocket s . Howitzer s and mortars are examples of indirect fire weapons . Large caliber machine guns , like the . 50 caliber , can be used in both roles . In the pre - gun age , bows could be used in either role . For unguided projectiles , direct fire is generally more accurate and of higher velocity and thus is better for penetrating hardened targets and for quickly destroying small , discrete targets . As a general rule , direct fire - especially that from foot soldiers - is required to dislodge enemy units from an area ; indirect fire can repress a target area as soldiers and armored vehicles close in on it , but indirect fire cannot capture a target on its own .
William Addison ( VC ) William Robert Fountaine Addison VC ( 18 September 1883 – 7 January 1962 ) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . The Reverend William Addison attended Sarum College , was ordained in 1913 and became curate of St Edmund ' s Church , Salisbury ( now closed ) . During the First World War he was a Temporary Chaplain of the Forces , 4th Class in the Army Chaplain ' s Department , British Army , when the following deed took place on 9 April 1916 at Sanna - i - Yat , Mesopotamia , for which he was awarded the VC " for most conspicuous bravery " : After the war Addison continued as an army chaplain and served at Malta , Khartoum and Shanghai and at army bases in England . He was Senior Chaplain to the Forces from 1934 to 1938 when he left the army and became a parish priest . He was Rector of Coltishall with Great Hautbois in Norfolk from 1938 to 1958 . However , on the outbreak of World War II he returned to the army and again served as Senior Chaplain to the Forces . A replica set of Addison ' s medals is on display at the Museum of Army Chaplaincy .
Theodore Anderson Baldwin Theodore Anderson Baldwin ( December 21 , 1839 – September 1 , 1925 ) was a U . S . military officer during the American Civil War and the Spanish - American War . Born in New Jersey , he entered the United States Army in 1862 , served through the Civil War , becoming lieutenant - colonel , 10th United States Cavalry . In 1896 he was promoted to brigadier general of volunteers in the Spanish - American War , later earning a further promotion to brigadier general , U . S . Army . He retired in 1903 . References . From : ( 1901 ) " Encyclopaedia of United States History "
Wasp 58 The Wasp 58 is a 58 - mm recoilless antitank weapon developed in France in the late 1980s . The weapon was originally a private developed by the French firm Luchaire SA . In the early 1980s , Luchaire ' s sales department had noted the rising costs of light individual anti - armour / assault weapons were to the point that fewer and fewer could be purchased and that there was a need for a one man anti - armor / assault weapon which could be purchased for a cost slightly higher than that of a rifle grenade , but with the greater accuracy and ease of use of a one - man rocket launcher . The world export markets was the major considerations behind the development of the Wasp 58 by Luchaire . Description . The Wasp 58 is a direct - fire weapon used to attack lightly armored vehicles at ranges up to 400 meters . It can also be used against bunkers or as a fire support weapon . The Wasp 58 is a one man disposable weapon system based on the recoilless principle . On ignition the propellant fires the 58 - mm projectile forward while at the same time ejecting a counter mass of plastic chips to the rear to achieve a recoilless effect . The plastic chips due to their size and weight lose any velocity after 1 meter of travel from the back of the launcher . The projectile is stabilized by six fins that unfold and lock into place after leaving the tube . The designers of the Wasp 58 made it compact and simple to operate with a small launch signature . This enables it to be fired from enclosed spaces including from small rooms in buildings and protects the user from having his position revealed . The Wasp 58 is composed of a sealed launch tube manufactured from fiberglass reinforced plastic . The Wasp 58 ' s HEAT antiarmour warhead is 58 - mm in diameter and is based on the " Grenade à fusil antichar de 58 mm Mle F1 PAB " rifle grenade ' s warhead , also designed and manufactured by Luchaire and in service with the French military and other armies worldwide . The antiarmour warhead of the Wasp 58 can penetrate 400 mm of rolled homogeneous armor ( RHA ) or up to 800 mm of reinforced concrete . And while insufficient in penetration for frontal engagements of today ' s modern main battle tanks is more than adequate for side and rear engagements against older pre - 1980s main battle tanks still in widespread service in the Third World , and can engage other armoured targets ( wheeled armour vehicles or light tanks ) from both frontal and side . The Wasp 58 requires no annual maintenance or special storage other than that which would be required for other small arms munitions . The Wasp 58 has a hit probability of over 90 % when fired against stationary targets at ranges of 250 meters and less . The Wasp 58 has been a commercial success with over 450 , 000 produced , including licensed production in Greece for the Greek Army . Today , the Wasp 58 is among the lowest cost of any light anti - armor / assault weapons in production in the West . It is also in service with French military special operation units .
Philip Streczyk Philip Streczyk was a sergeant in the U . S . 1st Infantry Division during World War II . b . 25 Nov 1918 d . 25 Jun 1958 He is famous as one of the first men off the beach at Omaha Beach . He served in E Company , 2nd Battalion , 16th Infantry , under Lieutenant John M . Spalding . He and his men helped make the breakthrough there on D - Day possible . His platoon landed on the Easy Red sector , and made it to the seawall largely intact , unlike most in the first wave . Instead of attacking up the beach exits , as was planned , he instead helped find and clear a path up the mined bluffs , left of Exit E - 1 . Once at the top , he attacked the enemy fortifications from the rear , clearing out trenches and pillbox es along Exit E - 1 and taking prisoners . He was able to interrogate several of the Ost battalion POW s because he spoke fluent Polish . Later on D - Day he was involved in actions further inland at Colleville - sur - Mer . For his actions on D - Day , he was later awarded the Distinguished Service Cross and Great Britain ' s Military Medal . His company commander later called him " the greatest unsung hero of World War II " . He saw action in five other major battles during World War II with the " Big Red One " , including Tunisia , Sicily , and Hurtgen . He was also awarded the Silver Star four times . Streczyk is a native of East Brunswick Township , New Jersey . Son of Andrzej " Andrew " Streczyk b . 1876 in Austria and Marya b . 1886 in Austria . Philip Streczyk was buried with honors at The Church of Our Saviour Cemetery , first known as Polish National Catholic Church Cemetery in East Brunswich , Middlesex , New Jersey .
Fort McClary Fort McClary is a former defensive fortification of the United States military located along the southern coast of Maine at Kittery Point . Built at the mouth of the Piscataqua River , it was used primarily throughout the 19th century to protect approaches to the harbor of Portsmouth , New Hampshire , and its U . S . naval shipyard . The property and its surviving structures , including a blockhouse dating from 1844 , are now owned and operated by the State of Maine as Fort McClary State Historic Site . History . Coastal defenses on the site date to the late 17th century , when local shipbuilder William Pepperell acquired the property and erected crude defense works in 1689 . In 1715 the Massachusetts Bay Colony voted to erect a permanent breastwork of six guns for the defense of the Piscataqua River . The fort itself was officially established in 1808 and named for New Hampshire native Major Andrew McClary , an American officer killed in the 1775 Battle of Bunker Hill . The fort was used throughout the 19th century , most notably during the War of 1812 , as well as during the American Civil War , during which time Vice President of the United States Hannibal Hamlin enlisted in the Maine Coast Guards and served as a cook in the fort . It saw little action during these conflicts . By the 1910s , most of the fort had fallen into disrepair and it was officially decommissioned in 1918 . The State of Maine acquired most the property from the federal government in 1924 , after which time it was managed as a park . Several of the dilapidated structures were demolished in the following decades . During World War II , surviving parts of the fort were used by civilian defense forces . In 1969 , it was placed on the National Register of Historic Places . The surviving blockhouse and other structures were renovated in 1987 . The 1844 blockhouse serves as a museum .
9th Air Support Operations Squadron The United States Air Force ' s 9th Air Support Operations Squadron ( 9 ASOS ) is a combat support unit located at Fort Hood , Texas . The 9 ASOS provides Tactical Command and Control of air power assets to the Joint Forces Air Component Commander and Joint Forces Land Component Commander for combat operations .
USS Wiwoka ( SP - 250 ) USS " Wiwoka " ( SP - 250 ) was a United States Navy patrol vessel in commission from 1917 to 1918 . " Wiwoka " was built as a the civilian motorboat " Idylease III " in 1912 by Murray and Tregurtha at South Boston , Massachusetts . " Idylease III " had been renamed " Wiwoka " by the time the U . S . Navy acquired her from her owner , Mr . Joseph V . Gallagher of New York City , on 25 July 1917 for World War I service as a patrol vessel . She was commissioned as USS " Wiwoka " ( SP - 250 ) on 11 September 1917 . " Wiwoka " performed section patrol duty in the New York City area for the remainder of World War I . Hostilities ceased on 11 November 1918 , and " Wiwoka " was decommissioned shortly thereafter — probably in December 1918 , because her armament was removed on 18 December 1918 . She was returned to Gallagher on 17 January 1919 , and her name was stricken from the Navy List that same day .
James Buchanan Richmond James Buchanan Richmond ( February 27 , 1842 – April 30 , 1910 ) was a nineteenth - century politician , lawyer , judge and banker from Virginia . Biography . Born in Turkey Cove , Virginia , Richmond attended Emory and Henry College , studied law and was admitted to the bar , commencing practice in the circuit and county court of Lee , Scott and Wise Counties , Virginia as well as in the court of appeals in Wytheville , Virginia . He served as an orderly sergeant in the Confederate Army and later was promoted to captain of Company A of the 15th Virginia Infantry , major of the 64th Virginia Regiment and lieutenant colonel of the same regiment . Afterwards , Richmond served in the Virginia House of Delegates in 1874 and 1875 and was elected a Democrat to the United States House of Representatives in 1878 , serving from 1879 to 1881 . He was judge of Scott County , Virginia from 1886 to 1892 and was chief counsel of the South Atlantic & Ohio Railroad for a number a years . Richmond engaged in banking before his death in Baltimore , Maryland on April 30 , 1910 . He was interned in Estil Cemetery in Gate City , Virginia .
CAMS 37 The CAMS 37 was a flying boat built in France in the mid - 1920s that was originally designed for military reconnaissance , but which found use in a wide variety of roles in a large number of versions . It was the first design for Chantiers Aéro - Maritimes de la Seine ( CAMS ) by the company ' s new head designer , Maurice Hurel . The prototype was displayed at the 1926 " Salon de l ' Aéronautique " in Paris . The prototype first flew in 1926 , and after testing was ordered into service before the end of the year . It was a conventional biplane flying boat very similar to previous CAMS designs , being driven by a pusher propeller whose engine was mounted on struts in the interplane gap . The first production version was the amphibious CAMS 37A that was bought by the French Navy , the Portuguese government , and the aeroclub of Martinique . The aircraft became something of a jack - of - all - trades for the French Navy , operating from every Naval Air Station and from many capital ships . Some of the type ' s most significant moments were trials conducted by " Compagnie Générale Transatlantique " on the SS " Île de France " to evaluate the feasibility of catapult - launched mailplanes for their transatlantic liners using two specially - built 37 / 10s . Another famous use of the aircraft was on René Guilbaud ' s long range flight through Africa and the Mediterranean between 12 October 1927 and 9 March 1927 , venturing as far as Madagascar before returning to Marseille . In the course of the flight , he covered in 38 stages without incident . The CAMS 37 was gradually phased out of operational service in the mid to late 1930s , and by the time World War II started in September 1939 , the aircraft had been relegated to training and communication roles . On mobilisation , however , CAMS 37 / 11 trainers were used by two units for coastal patrol , with one unit , " Escadrille " 2S2 continuing in service until August 1940 . Outside mainland France , CAMS 37 / 11 trainers continued in use with a Free French unit in Tahiti until 15 January 1941 , and with a Vichy France unit in Indochina until 1942
Chubby ( mine detection system ) Husky VMMD ( Vehicle Mounted Mine Detector ) or , as it was previously known , the Chubby system , is part of a mine - removal system developed by DCD - Dorbyl Rolling Stock Division of East Rand , Gauteng , South Africa . The system was developed in the 1970s for the South African Defence Force to clear military convoy routes of mines in Namibia and Angola . The VMMD system consists of two Husky vehicles . The first one acts as a Mine Detection Vehicle ( MDV ) . In the past this vehicle was called a Meerkat and wasn ' t a 4x4 . The second Husky in the system tows a set of three Duisendpoots and is known as a towing / mine detection vehicle ( T / MDV ) The latest version of the Husky , the 2G , has high sensitivity low metal content detectors , ground penetrating radar , powerful air blowers and a robotic arm . This extra equipment has caused the design of Husky to evolve to take a second crew member . The Husky 2G was voted one of the US Army ' s Top 10 most innovative advances in Army technology . Duisendpoot . The Duisendpoot is a mine - detonating trailer set ( MDT ) . It will detonate any mines not detected by the Meerkat and Husky . Operators . More than 400 VMMD systems are in service worldwide both in military and civilian service , including the 644 Husky vehicles operated by the US and Canadian armed forces alone . Italy , Kenya , Germany , Yemen , India , and Pakistan have expressed interest .
Werner Ehrig Werner Ehrig ( 22 April 1897 – 31 January 1981 ) was a highly decorated Generalleutnant in the Wehrmacht during World War II . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . Werner Ehrig was captured in May 1945 and was released in 1948 .
Arabacı Ali Pasha Arabacı Ali Pasha ( 1620 – 1693 ) ( " aka " Bahadırzade Ali Pasha ) was a short term Ottoman grand vizier in 1691 - 1692 period . . Early years . He was born in Ohrid ( in modern Republic of Macedonia ) . After serving in various government offices , he became a subordinate of Köprülü Fazıl Mustafa Pasha who was appointed as a grand vizier . The empire was engaged in Great Turkish War . Fazıl Mustafa Pasha temporarily halted Austrian advance . But he fell during the battle of Slankamen . Five days later Süleyman II appointed Ali Pasha as the new grand vizier . As a grand vizier . Ali Pasha was expected to command the army just like his predecessor . But Ali Pasha preferred to stay in the capital . This contributed to Ottoman defeats . His insouciance to military affairs together with his harsh methods ( including death sentences ) towards his potential opponents caused him to lose the support of the sultan . On 21 March 1692 he was deposed . Final days . He was exiled to Gelibolu , ( a port on Dardanelles strait , Turkey ) and then to Rhodes island ( in Greece ) . But when a rumour reached İstanbul about his plans to return ( or revolt ) he was executed in Rhodes . His ephitet " Arabacı " means " charioteer " . Because he used to send his opponets to death or exile in a certain cart .
T65 assault rifle The T65 ( 聯勤 Type 65 ) is a rifle developed and manufactured by the Combined Logistics Command of the Republic of China Armed Forces in Taiwan . Originally patterned after the Armalite AR - 18 that has a short - stroke gas system , the prototype unveiled in 1975 showed a rifle that is heavily influenced by the AR - 15 family of rifles , albeit with modified iron sights , a reshaped stock , and redesigned handguards . The designated number ' 65 ' refers to the Year 65 of Republic of China ( 1976 ) , which is the year the rifle ' s design was finalized . Upgraded versions were designated the Type 65K2 and Type 65K3 . The T65 rifle was the standard issue weapon for the army and the marine corps , the T65K2 model quickly supplanting all previous variant in frontline usage . Although the military did not replace the T65s with the T86 in 1997 , the military police is already being issued with the follow - on T91 in 2002 .
Royal Wessex Regiment The Royal Wessex Regiment was the name suggested for a regiment proposed by the initial discussions into the Future Army Structure brought up as part of " Delivering Security in a Changing World " . It was planned to be formed by the amalgamation of the Devonshire and Dorset Regiment and Royal Gloucestershire , Berkshire and Wiltshire Regiment . History . The Wessex Brigade had previously rejected the formation of a large regiment in the 1960s , although the territorial Wessex Regiment ( Volunteers ) had existed from 1967 to 1995 . When the Brigade structure was ended in the late 60s , the Wessex Brigade reverted to single battalion regiments , becoming part of the Prince of Wales ' Division . However , in 2004 it was announced that all remaining single battalion regiments would be amalgamated into large regiments . The interim plan proposed by the Executive Committee of the Army Board ( ECAB ) for the Prince of Wales ' Division was to create 3 Regiments , each with two regular and one territorial battalion : On 16 December 2004 , the Secretary of State for Defence announced that , as part of the final restructuring , the Royal Gloucestershire , Berkshire and Wiltshire Regiment would be deamalgamated into its constituent parts , with the former Gloucestershire Regiment element merging with the Devonshire and Dorset Regiment to become the new 1st Battalion , The Light Infantry , and the former Duke of Edinburgh ' s Royal Regiment ( Berkshire and Wiltshire ) amalgamating with the Princess of Wales ' s Royal Regiment ( Queen ' s and Royal Hampshires ) . Approximately six months later , this decision was reversed , with the RGBW then to be amalgamated wholesale with the D & D as a single battalion of the new large regiment that eventually became The Rifles .
Antanas Gustaitis Antanas Gustaitis ( March 26 , 1898 - October 16 , 1941 ) was an officer in the Lithuanian Armed Forces who modernized the Lithuanian Air Force , which at that time was part of the Lithuanian Army . He was the architect or aeronautical engineer who undertook the task to design and construct several military trainers and reconnaissance aircraft . Gustaitis was born in the village of Obelinė , in Javaravas county , in the Marijampolė district . He attended high school in Yaroslavl , and from there studied at the Institute of Engineering and School of Artillery in Petrograd . After joining the Lithuanian Army in 1919 , he graduated from the School of Military Aviation as a Junior Lieutenant in 1920 . Later that year , he saw action in the Polish - Lithuanian War . By 1922 he began to train pilots , and later became the head of the training squadron . He also oversaw the construction of aircraft for Lithuania in Italy and Czechoslovakia . Gustaitis was one of the founding members of the Aero Club of Lithuania , and later its Vice - President . He did much to promote aviation among the young people in Lithuania , especially concerning the sport of gliding . He also won the Lithuanian Chess Championship in 1922 . Between 1925 and 1928 , Gustaitis studied aeronautical engineering in Paris . After his graduation he returned to Lithuania , and was promoted to deputy Commander - in - Chief of Military Aviation and made chief of the Aviation Workshop ( Karo Aviacijos Tiekimo Skyrius ) in Kaunas . During this time , he reorganized the workshop and expanded its capability to repair aircraft as well . The aircraft he designed were named ANBO , an acronym for " Antanas Bronė " , his and his wife ' s first names . A common misconception is " Antanas Nori Būti Ore " which means Antanas wants to be in the air . In 1934 , he became Commander - in - Chief of the air branch , and in 1937 , attained the rank of Brigadier General . He reorganized Lithuanian military aviation , forming fighter , bomber , and reconnaissance groups , and developed a system of training for pilots and their crews , and ground crews as well . After Lithuania ' s occupation by the Soviet Union and the dissolution of the Lithuanian Army , he was a lecturer at Vytautas Magnus University , but fearing arrest he attempted to flee to Germany in 1941 . He was caught attempting to cross the border on 4 March , arrested , and taken to Moscow where he was shot on the 16 October . Following the restoration of Lithuanian independence he was commemorated by Vilnius Gediminas Technical University when the " Antanas Gustaitis Aviation Institute " was named after him .
German submarine U - 962 German submarine " U - 962 " was a Type VIIC U - boat built during World War II . Her keel was laid at the yards of Blohm & Voss in Hamburg on 7 April 1942 . Launched on 17 December 1942 , she was formally commissioned on 11 February 1943 and given to Oblt . Ernst Liesberg , who commanded the submarine on both of her active war patrols . War Patrols . After her working up period ended , " U - 962 " departed Kiel for Bergen , Norway on 23 September 1943 , arriving on 27 September . After a stay of about a month , the crew cast off on their first active patrol 3 November 1943 . This 56 day cruise in the mid - Atlantic Ocean yielded no targets and the patrol was terminated at St . Nazaire in occupied France on 28 December 1943 . On 14 February 1944 , " U - 962 " departed St . Nazaire on her second and last patrol . She again cruised in the central Atlantic for 55 days until she ran afoul of the British sloops and and sunk in position by depth charges . There were no survivors .