naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Russian cruiser Rurik ( 1906 ) The Rurik ( Рюрик ) was an armoured cruiser built for the Imperial Russian Navy in 1906 . Design and construction . She is unusual in that she was built by Vickers in Barrow in Furness , England . Laid down August 1905 , launched 4 November 1906 , completed July 1909 . The Russian Navy was not usually a customer of British shipyards . She is named in honour of Rurik , the semi - legendary founder of ancient Russia . Unlike her previous namesake , " Rurik " ( 1892 ) , she has been described as one of the best armoured cruisers built , with advanced sprinkler protection for the magazines . She was designed by KA Tennison and AP Titov , and the contract was arranged by Basil Zaharoff . The ship had a prolonged work - up while defects were rectified . There was a plan to build two more ships in Russia , but this was cancelled after the first battlecruiser , HMS " Invincible " , entered service . Armament . The main armament consisted of four guns in two turrets , and the secondary armament consisted of eight guns in four twin turrets located at the corners of the superstructure . These guns were built by Vickers . The anti - torpedo boat armament comprised twenty 120 mm guns in casemates . There were also four guns and two torpedo tubes . Gunnery trials revealed that the fastenings on the and barbettes were insufficiently strong and were deformed during firing . Vickers was forced to reinforce the turrets . The work was done in Kronstadt after delivery . Protection . All plate was Krupp armour made by Vickers . The 254 mm turrets were protected by plate , and the 203 mm turrets were protected by plate . The main belt was long and extended to below mean water line . There was also an upper belt , thick , which extended to the 120 mm gun battery . Each 120 mm gun had armour screens and was separated by 1 - inch armour from neighbouring guns . The forward conning tower was protected by armour , and the after conning tower was protected by armour . Machinery . The power plant consisted of two four - cylinder triple - expansion steam engines and twenty - eight Belleville type boilers . On trials at the Skelmorlie mile she reached 21 . 43 knots , developing 20 , 580 hp . Service . Rurik was commissioned in 1908 . She carried out a deployment to the Mediterranean in company with the battleships " Tsesarevich " and " Slava " , where she represented Russia at the coronation of King Nicholas of Montenegro She was the flagship of the Baltic Fleet during World War I and saw much action , being damaged by mines on several occasions . The ship was worn out by 1918 , she was hulked in 1922 and sold for scrapping in 1930 .
RFA Abbeydale ( A109 ) RFA " Abbeydale " ( A109 ) was a fleet tanker of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary and was originally one of six ships ordered by the British Tanker Co which were purchased on the stocks by the Admiralty . She was built by Swan Hunter and Wigham Richardson Ltd and launched on 28 December 1936 . " Abbeydale " served until being decommissioned on 18 September 1959 and laid up at HMNB Devonport . She was then sold for scrapping , arriving at the breakers ' yards at Barrow - in - Furness on 4 September 1960 .
Geoje POW Camp Geoje - do POW camp ( ) was a POW camp located in Geoje at the southernmost part of Gyeongsangnam - do , South Korea . History . The Park of Geojedo Camp was built to hold prisoners shortly after the outbreak of the Korean War . Out of a total of 170 , 000 prisoners of war about 85 % were from North Korea , and the rest from China . The camp was closed upon the signing of the 1953 armistice which ended the war . Tanks , trucks and other period armaments and artifacts are on display throughout the park as a memorial to the war . The camp was closed , and was turned into a park in 1997 . The structure is meant to be reminiscent of the daily lives of the prisoners . The theme stresses the humane treatment of the internees . War prisoners were also being interned in Daejeon , Incheon , Nonsan , Gwangju , Youngcheon , Busan , Masan and Daegu , and the UN introduced 6 villages in Gohyun gulf region which operated from 1950 to 1953 .
RBL 40 pounder Armstrong gun The Armstrong RBL 40 pounder gun was an early attempt to use William Armstrong ' s new and innovative breechloading mechanism for medium artillery . Design history . The Armstrong " screw " breech had already proved successful in the RBL 12 pounder 8 cwt field gun , and the British Government requested it be implemented for heavier guns despite Armstrong ' s protests that the mechanism was unsuited to heavy guns . The first version weighed 32 cwt , followed by the 35 cwt version which introduced a longer and stronger breech - piece . Variants . A 32 cwt variant having a horizontal sliding wedge breech instead of the Armstrong screw with vertical vent - piece was introduced in 1864 as an attempt to address the perceived weaknesses of the screw - breech design . It was withdrawn from service by 1877 . From 1880 a small number of 35 cwt guns had their trunnion rings rotated to the left to allow the vent - piece to open horizontally to the right , being known as " side - closing " guns . They differed from the wedge guns in that the vent piece was still locked in place by tightening the screw behind it . Naval service . The gun was recommended in 1859 for the Navy as a broadside or pivot gun . An officer from HMS " Euryalus " described the gun ' s performance at the Bombardment of Kagoshima of August 1863 : Land service . British Service . The guns were typically employed mounted on high " siege travelling carriages " for use as semi - mobile guns in forts , firing over parapets . Many were mounted on travelling carriages and used by many Volunteer Artillery Batteries to whom they were issued after 1889 . Most remained in use in this role until 1902 . A number were used for some years afterwards as saluting guns . Colony of Victoria service . The Australian colony of Victoria received six 35 cwt guns in August 1865 . They were used as mobile coast fortification guns with one gun being fitted to the colonial sloop " Victoria " during 1866 & 1867 . Later four of the guns were used as field guns at Hastings . Three of these guns are known to survive . Colony of Tasmania service . As a result of the Jervois - Scratchley reports of 1877 into the defence of Australian colonies following the withdrawal of British troops , the Launceston Volunteer Artillery Corps in Tasmania acquired 2 guns on late - model iron carriages with iron wheels , which they continued to operate until at least 1902 .
SS - Leitheft SS - Leitheft ( " SS - lead - booklet " ) was a Nazi periodical from 1934 to 1945 . This " SS - leadership magazine " , as it is often called , was published in German in Berlin from 1934 onward , and in the beginning mostly circulated among professional officers in the SS . The publisher was the SS - Hauptamt , the Main Office of the Reichsführer - SS Heinrich Himmler , and the printing was done by M . Müller and Sohn in Berlin . When war came , with need for new recruits , the SS - Leitheft was in addition also published at the Germanische Leitstelle in Oslo , Norway ; Copenhagen , Denmark ; Brussels , Belgium ; and den Haag , the Netherlands ; that is to say in Norwegian , Danish , Flemish and Dutch . There even was an Estonian edition . The normative texts were usually translated from German , but with more room for national diversity as war went on . The periodical ' s spiritual leader was Dr . Franz Riedweg , a Swiss physician who had joined the SS and become the head of Germanic Volunteer Recruiting , a division of the Berlin Main SS - Office . Very little is known of the staff work in general , but the writer Eystein Eggen has given a detailed description regarding the Leitheft ' s Norse version , his father being the Norwegian editor - in - chief .
Pave Spike The Westinghouse AN / ASQ - 153 \ AN / AVQ - 23 Pave Spike is an electro - optical laser designator pod used to direct laser - guided bomb s to target in daylight , visual conditions . It contained a laser boresight ed to a television camera , which displayed its image on a cockpit screen . 156 examples of the original AN / ASQ - 153 were used by USAF F - 4 Phantom II aircraft ( D and E variants ) from 1974 through 1982 , replacing the earlier Pave Knife . The 144 - inch - long ( 3 . 66 m ) , 420 - lb ( 209 kg ) pod was mounted in the F - 4 ' s left forward missile well , in place of an AIM - 7 Sparrow air - to - air missile . In 1979 , the Royal Air Force acquired a number of the simplified AN / AVQ - 23E pods for their Blackburn Buccaneer s . Twelve aircraft equipped with the pod were deployed to Saudi Arabia for the Gulf War to initially perform laser designation for other RAF aircraft . Later in the air campaign , these aircraft would carry laser - designated bombs themselves . The pod is now obsolete , and is being phased out in favor of newer systems like LANTIRN and AN / ASQ - 228 ATFLIR .
Bowes Reed Bowes Reed ( November 1740 — July 20 , 1794 ) was a Revolutionary officer , politician , and public servant from New Jersey . He was the brother of Joseph Reed , a member of the Continental Congress and President of the Supreme Executive Council of Pennsylvania ( equivalent to Governor ) . Early life and career . Reed was born in 1740 in Trenton , New Jersey ( then part of Hunterdon County ) to Andrew Reed , a shopkeeper and merchant , and Theodosia Bowes . In 1767 he was appointed surrogate of Hunterdon County , and he later resided in Burlington . In 1773 he was licensed as an attorney - at - law , but he never became a counsellor . Revolutionary War . In June 1776 , at the beginning of the Revolution , the Provincial Congress of New Jersey appointed Reed Lieutenant Colonel of the battalion to be raised in Gloucester , Salem , Cumberland and Burlington counties . One of his duties was the guarding of William Franklin , the last Colonial Governor of New Jersey , who had been taken prisoner . In September 1776 he was commissioned Colonel of the First Regiment of Burlington , resigning in March 1778 . Reed served in a number of other capacities during the Revolution . He was appointed Clerk of the Supreme Court of New Jersey in 1776 , and he served as a Justice of the Peace of Burlington County from 1777 to 1779 . In 1778 he was named Deputy Secretary of State of New Jersey , and later that year , upon the resignation of Charles Pettit ( the husband of Reed ' s sister Sarah ) , he was elevated to the position of Secretary of State . Post - war years . Reed continued as Secretary of State after the War , serving until his death in 1794 . In 1784 , the New Jersey Legislature appointed him Mayor of Burlington . He was reappointed in 1789 and served until his death . Family . By his first wife , Margaret Johnstone , Reed had four children : After his first wife died during childbirth in December 1786 , he married Caroline Moore , daughter of Dr . Alexander Moore of Bordentown . Caroline died on November 6 , 1789 . Death . Reed died on July 20 , 1794 at the age of 53 . The executors of his will were his brother - in - law Charles Pettit and his son - in - law Joseph McIlvaine ; Joseph Bloomfield , later Governor of New Jersey , was one of the witnesses . Reed is buried in Saint Mary ' s Episcopal Churchyard in Burlington .
Kaiserliche Werft Danzig Kaiserliche Werft Danzig was a German shipbuilding company founded in 1852 as " Königliche Werft Danzig " first , renamed to " Kaiserliche Werft " with the proclamation of the German Empire in 1871 . Together with Kaiserliche Werft Kiel and Kaiserliche Werft Wilhelmshaven it was one of three shipyards which were responsible for maintenance , repair and construction of warship s for the Imperial German Navy . With the end of World War I " Kaiserliche Werft Danzig " was closed in 1918 , but soon opened again when Danziger Werft was founded on their site in 1919 . History . History of Danzig shipyard started 1844 when some area on both sides of the river Tote Weichsel at Danzig became property of the Royal Prussian Government . Named " Marinedepot " ( 1849 – 1854 ) it was first only used as a depot and anchoring space for the few Prussian warships at the time . End of 1853 it became " Königliche Werft Danzig " ( 1854 – 1871 ) , finally then named " Kaiserliche Werft Danzig " ( 1871 – 1918 ) – following named KWD - with the proclamation of the German Empire in 1871 . In 1848 when Prussia started to enlarge its navy , own development and construction of warships got higher priority which required greater shipyards for these means . In 1850 additional new grounds were bought , further constructions followed and in the late 1870s once more there was a large extension of the facilities . However , the disadvantage of the KWD was the narrow fairway of the river Weichsel as well as some restrictions of the Danzig municipality . This limited of course the quantity and the dimensions of the built ships . The delivered tonnage of the KWD was only about 60 % of that of imperial Kiel - shipyard ( Kaiserliche Werft Kiel ) and only 40 % of that of the imperial Wilhelmshaven - shipyard ( Kaiserliche Werft Wilhelmshaven ) in the period 1898 to 1904 . The construction of larger warships ended consequently 1909 with the commissioning of the light cruiser . After that time the KWD concentrated the activities on the construction of auxiliary ships and later on submarines / u boats as well as maintenance and repair of warships . Another disadvantage of the KWD was the lack of steam turbine production . While the cruiser " Emden " was still equipped with steam engines , its sister ship – built nearly at the same time by Blohm & Voss in Hamburg – was already equipped with advanced steam turbine propulsion . Beginning in 1908 parts of the yard were enlarged and more buildings rose on these grounds for U - boat construction . The KWD was the only of the three imperial shipyards which built U - boats for the " Kaiserliche Marine " . Beginning with in 1906 – 1908 altogether 62 boats were built , but only 44 between 1914 and 1918 , which was about 12 % of total German submarine production , few compared to privately owned German shipyards at that time . With end of World War I the shipyard was closed but soon after opened again under different names and with different owners . Merged with former Schichau - Werft Danzig it belongs to Poland today , named " Stocznia Gdańsk Spółka Akcyjna " resp . in German " Werft Danzig AG " ( since 1990 ) .
Gottlieb Renz Gottlieb Renz ( 12 September 1911 — 3 January 1945 ) was a Sturmbannführer ( Major ) in the Waffen - SS during World War II . He was awarded the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross , which was awarded to recognize extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership by Nazi Germany during World War II . Gottlieb Renz was the commander of the 6th SS Schützen Battalion ( Panzer Grenadier ) , 6th SS Gebirgs Division " Nord " when he was awarded the Knight ' s Cross on the 12 August 1944 , serving in the Northern Front in Finland . Renz did not survive the war but was killed in action in the Battle of France on the 3 January 1945 .
Fort Albert Fort Albert ( map reference ) is a tower fort nestling under the cliffs west of Fort Victoria on the Isle of Wight , England . It was also known as Cliff End Fort , named after the Northern extremity of Colwell Bay ( Cliff ' s End ) . History . Fort Albert was built on an artificial island to defend the western approach to Portsmouth . It was intended to house 29 guns in four tiers , being among the last gun - towers constructed in England . It was one of the Royal Commission forts built in the 19th Century as part of Lord Palmerston ' s defences against the possibility of a French attack from Napoleon III . Designed to defend the Needles Passage , it was completed in 1856 , after 4 years of construction , but like the American Third System forts it resembles in miniature , it would have suffered badly from rifled gunfire , so the Royal Commission enhanced it with batteries on the cliffs above . Even so , with the introduction of armoured ships , the fort became obsolete by 1858 . In 1886 it was chosen as one of the UK locations for the Brennan torpedo which had a range sufficient to close the strait . This too became obsolete , and was dismantled in 1906 . After this , only small guns were mounted on the fort . The fort was altered during World War II , when it was used as an anti - shipping observation tower . It was closed to military use in 1957 . The Fort Today . The fort is in private ownership of harbour developments and has been converted into private flats . There is no public access , not even to the cliff tops which overlook it . It is most easily viewed from the sea , or from Hurst Castle . The battery above is part of a chalet estate at Brambles Chine , another location to view the fort which is passed through by runners on The Needles annual Half Marathon .
Swynfen Carnegie Admiral The Honourable Swynfen Thomas Carnegie ( 8 March 1813 – 29 November 1879 ) was a Royal Navy officer who went on to be Fourth Naval Lord . Career . Born the youngest son of William Carnegie , 7th Earl of Northesk , Carnegie was appointed a Lieutenant in the Royal Navy in 1832 . He was Member of Parliament for Stafford from 1841 to 1847 . Promoted to Captain in 1845 , he was given command of HMS " Horatio " . He commanded HMS " Tribune " and then HMS " Leander " in the Black Sea during the Crimean War . Later he commanded HMS " Edinburgh " before being appointed Fourth Naval Lord in 1859 . He went on to be Captain of HMS " Colossus " in 1862 and Commodore of the Coast Guard Service at Harwich in 1863 .
Flying submarine A flying submarine or submersible aircraft is a craft able both to fly and to travel under water . History . The Soviet Union tried to develop a flying submarine during World War II . The design could have operated at 150 knots in the air and 3 knots in the water . Metal plates sealed the engines shut . At the Naval Engineering Institute , a flying submarine project was headed by engineer Boris Ushakov . In 1939 the project was temporarily suspended and classified . In 1943 , on the orders of NKVD chief Lavrenti Beria , the project was resumed . In 1947 the first test of the flying submarine was performed . In 1953 , the project was closed by order of Communist Party First Secretary Nikita Khrushchev . The design never " got off the ground " . In 1961 Donald Reid designed and built a single - seat craft ( 32 . 83 ft length ) capable of flight and underwater movement , the Reid Flying Submarine 1 ( RFS - 1 ) . A 65 hp ( 48 kW ) engine mounted on a pylon provided propulsion for flight ; a 1 hp electric motor in the tail provided underwater propulsion . The pilot used an aqualung for breathing underwater . The first full - cycle flight [ underwater at 6 . 5 feet ( 2 m ) depth , airborne at 33 ft ( 10 m ) altitude ] was demonstrated on 9 June 1964 . Reid , his craft , and his son ( the test pilot ) appeared on the U . S . game show " I ' ve Got A Secret " on March 15 , 1965 . In 2008 , the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency announced that it was preparing to issue contracts for a submersible aircraft . Flying subs in fiction . A flying submarine was a feature in :
Moses Lapham Moses Lapham ( October 16 , 1808 – 1838 ) was a soldier in the Texas Army during the Texas Revolution , noted for a daring action during the Battle of San Jacinto that helped seal the decisive Texian victory . Biography . Lapham was born near the town of Smithfield , Rhode Island and was the son of Amos and Marcy Aldrich Lapham . He arrived in Texas in July 1831 and taught school at San Felipe , Texas . In 1836 he enlisted in the Texas army , was a member of Captain Moseley Baker ' s " San Felipe Company " , and fought at the Battle of San Jacinto , where he was one of the men who destroyed Vince ' s Bridge . The others who were with him on that mission were Deaf Smith , John Coker , Dimer W . Reaves , Young Perry Alsbury , John T . Garner and Edwin R . Rainwater . After the war , Moses Lapham worked as a surveyor and helped to lay out the new town of Houston , Texas . He was later employed as a deputy surveyor by Samuel Maverick of San Antonio to survey land for him . The party of five , ( Mr . Maverick , the sixth member had returned home was on October 20 , 1838 ) was attacked by Comanche Indians on Leon Creek about four miles from San Antonio , Texas and Moses Lapham , Cornelius Skinner , a Mr . Jones , and one other of the party were killed . The surviving members returned to town and spread the news . Thirteen prominent men headed by Benjamin Franklin Cage , a San Jacinto veteran , hurriedly left San Antonio and went to the place where the massacre had occurred . The Indians , estimated at a hundred or more , surrounded the Texans and killed Captain Cage , Dr . Henry G . McClung , R . M . Lee , a Mr . O ' Blye , Peter Conrad , John Pickering and a Mr . Green , and badly wounded General Richard Dunlap and Major William H . Patton . The next day a search party brought in the remains of the dead . On the following day , their remains were interred in a single grave just outside of the Catholic Cemetery . Judge Robinson delivered the funeral oration .
AMX 50 The AMX - 50 is a proposed heavy tank developed jointly by France and West Germany in the aftermath of World War II . History . Background . In July 1945 , after liberation of France the Chief of Defence Staff , the Staff of the Armed expressed the need for a national heavy tank design . In anticipation of rising tensions with the USSR and the balance sheets from the last world war , the French army presented a detailed specification of what should be the future main battle tank of the army . The tank must have been comparable in several respects to existing tanks . Indeed , the French army demanded a weapons whose minimum power had to be equivalent to the 88mm cannon of the German Tiger II . He was also asked an armour equivalent to the Panther and a mobility similar to that of the T - 34 . Projects . Four projects were proposed but only one was selected to become a prototype , the one from AMX . Indeed , at the time , the U . S . wanted the Europe gets a powerful military industry . But , because of material and financial difficulties because World War II , the United States bore assistance to European nations through " offshore procurement Programs " , a credit system which was designed to provide Western Europe with a complex military - industrial performance for a conflict with the Soviet Union . Note that , for the first time since 1917 , Renault was not involved in the tender , due to nationalization resulting from the collaboration of the company to the nazis during the occupation of France . Design . The engine chosen was that of a captured German motor from Mayback at the end of the war . To include this element in the project , it was necessary , in addition to the seizure of German equipment and prototypes , the arrival in France of engineers and mechanics who served in the factories of the Third Reich . As for the turret and armament , they were 100 % French design . This was notably the first appearance of oscillating turret system that will become standard on all French armored vehicles of the 1950s . Abandonment . The tests that the AMX 50 was far superior than it ' s American and soviet counterparts , namely the M26 Pershing and the IS - 3 respectively . But the Americans did not wanted to fund a project that would not be adopted . It was therefore necessary that the two countries , France and West Germany , adopt the tank for it ' s development continues . If France seemed ready to accept the proposal , it was not the case of the Wet Germany , which was based on doctrines of the former general Guderian , a supporter of lighter and faster tanks . Furthermore , the development of new technologies and capabilities in the field of missiles and shells shaped charge would make the massive shielding of the tank obsolete and inappropriate for a future large - scale conflict .