naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Shot heard ' round the world The " shot heard ' round the world " is a phrase referring to several historical incidents , most notably the opening of the American Revolutionary War in 1775 and the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria in 1914 . Skirmish at the North Bridge . The phrase is originally from the opening stanza of Ralph Waldo Emerson ' s " Concord Hymn " ( 1837 ) , and referred to the first shot of the American Revolutionary War . According to Emerson ' s poem , this pivotal shot occurred at the North Bridge in Concord , Massachusetts , where the first British soldiers killed in the battles of Lexington and Concord fell . In fact , no one shot can be definitely stated to be the first shot of the battle and the war . Shots were fired earlier at Lexington , with Americans killed and a British soldier slightly wounded , but accounts of that event are confused and contradictory . The North Bridge skirmish did see the first shots by Americans acting under orders , the first organized volley by Americans , the first British fatalities , and the first British retreat . Assassination of Franz Ferdinand . in Europe and the Commonwealth of Nations ( formerly known as the British Commonwealth and which is mostly made up of countries that were formerly part of the British Empire ) , the phrase " shot heard round the world " has become associated with Serbian Gavrilo Princip ' s assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria in Sarajevo , an event considered to be one of the immediate causes of World War I . Princip fired two shots , the first hitting Duchess Sophie , with the second hitting Archduke Franz . The death of the Archduke , heir to the Austro - Hungarian throne , propelled Austria - Hungary and the rest of Europe into what was known as the " War To End All Wars " . Thompson ' s home run . In baseball , the " Shot Heard ' Round the World " ( usually spelled with an apostrophe ) denotes the game - winning walk - off home run by New York Giants outfielder Bobby Thomson off Brooklyn Dodgers pitcher Ralph Branca at the Polo Grounds to win the National League pennant at 3 : 58 p . m . EST on October 3 , 1951 . As a result of the " shot " , the Giants won the game 5 - 4 , defeating their traditional rivals in their pennant playoff series , 2 games to 1 . Other occurrences in sport . The phrase has been applied to several dramatic moments in sports history .
Wendell Bell Wendell Bell ( born 1924 ) is a futurist and Professor Emeritus of Sociology at Yale University . Early career . During World War II , Bell was a naval aviator and served in the Philippines . Bell graduated in Social Sciences from California State University , Fresno in 1948 . He then attained his Ph . D . from UCLA in 1952 and served on the faculties of Stanford University ( 1952 - 4 ; directed Stanford Survey Research Facility ) , Northwestern University ( 1954 - 7 ) , and UCLA ( 1957 – 63 ; headed West Indies Study Program ) . From 1963 to 1964 , he was a Fellow at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences at Stanford , California . Yale career . Joining the Yale faculty in 1963 , Bell went on to become Chair of the Yale Department of Sociology and helped found the Yale Program of African American Studies . He retired from Yale in 1995 . Research interests . While Bell ' s early research interests focussed on the sociology of US cities , and some later research interests focussed on the sociology of Caribbean countries ( Bell served as President of the Caribbean Studies Association from 1979 to 1980 ) , Bell is primarily known for his research and other works as a futurist . Futurist career . Bell has worked as a professional futurist for over 40 years . In 2005 , The World Futures Studies Federation awarded him a Lifetime Achievement Award in 2005 . In 2008 , the Association of Professional Futurists selected Bell ' s two - volume work " The Foundations of Futures Studies " as one of the ten most important futures studies books .
Otto Pollmann Otto Franz Pollmann ( 3 March 1915 – 28 February 1958 ) was a " Kapitänleutnant " of the Reserves with the " Kriegsmarine " during World War II and a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross and its higher grade Oak Leaves was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . Pollmann is credited with the destruction of 14 submarines , though only one , the sinking of HMS " Tigris " in February 1943 , can be substantiated . Following World War II , Pollmann joined the military service of the Federal Republic of Germany with the Bundesmarine of the Bundeswehr on 1 July 1956 holding the rank of " Korvettenkapitän " ( corvette captain ) . Here he served in the staff of the department for submarine hunters of the commando for Naval weapons . Pollmann died on 28 February 1958 while on active duty serving as a NATO liaison officer in the Netherlands .
Vickers Model 1931 The Vickers Model 1931 was a British anti - aircraft gun used during the Second World War . The design was rejected by the British and Vickers exported the gun world - wide during the 1930s . Romania bought a license for 100 in 1936 , although hundred more were built during the war . Denmark also bought a license . Belgium , the Netherlands , Lithuania , Turkey and China bought numbers of guns directly from Vickers . Finland bought a dozen to help reduce balance of payment problems with the British in 1936 . The Finnish guns were chambered in their standard caliber . Those weapons captured after the German conquest of Europe were taken into Wehrmacht service as the " 7 . 5 cm Flak M 35 ( h ) " or " 7 . 5 cm Flak ( d ) " . Similarly the Soviet Union used those guns it captured from Lithuania . Supposedly it saw limited British service with Home Defense " barrage units " 1940 — 43 . The cruciform carriage had two pneumatic or solid rubber wheels that were removable . Two legs locked together for transport and the barrel was secured to them . The other two legs folded in half and were elevated almost vertically into the air ( see the Romanian reference to see exactly how it looked ) .
Czesław Mączyński Czesław Mączyński ( 9 July 1881 in Kaszyce - 15 July 1935 in Kalinówka ) was Polish officer , politician and amateur historian . He served in the Austro - Hungarian Army , reaching a rank of captain . Around 1918 he joined Polish Army , and in the Polish - Ukrainian War fought in the Battle of Lwów in 1918 , where he organized the irregular defense of the city and was " de facto " in command . Was responsible for moral supporting and lack of quick extinguishing of anti - Jewish " Lwów pogrom " . Later , he fought in the Polish - Soviet War . He reached the rank of colonel in the Polish Army . In 1922 he was elected as a deputy to the Polish parliament ( Sejm ) as a member of the right - wing Christian Front . He also published his memoirs and analysis of the battle of Lwów , " Boje Lwowskie " .
USS Urdaneta ( 1883 ) USS " Urdaneta " – occasionally misspelled " Undaneta " – was an iron - hulled gunboat in the United States Navy . She was named for Spanish friar and explorer Andres de Urdaneta . " Urdaneta " was built for the Spanish government at the Cavite Arsenal near Manila , Philippines , in 1882 and 1883 and was apparently captured by the United States Army during the Spanish - American War in 1898 . Acquired from the War Department by the Navy on 17 January 1899 , " Urdaneta " went into commission on 2 June 1899 . Service history . The gunboat conducted local patrols into the summer months to interdict the flow of munitions and arms to the opposition during the Philippine - American War . On 17 September 1899 , " Urdaneta " ran aground in the Orani River , near Manila , on a soft mud shoal . Insurrectionists along the river soon opened a withering enfilading fire , killing the gunboat ' s commanding officer , Naval Cadet Welborn C . Wood , and some of his crew . Urdaneta resumed her service in the spring of the following year , being commissioned at Cavite on 12 May 1900 . She departed Cavite on the 14th and served for a time as guard ship at Olongapo before shifting to Subic , and eventually , to Cavite , where she spent the remainder of May undergoing repairs and alterations . Urdaneta subsequently operated as guard vessel at Subic Bay and conducted surveys in connection with the impending visits of the commission investigating naval base sites in the Philippines . She remained engaged in these vital but unglamourous duties until she was decommissioned on 12 December 1902 at Cavite . Struck from the Navy list on 15 December 1904 , Urdaneta was apparently reinstated on the Navy list as a tug , although there is no extant record of this event . The ship is listed in Ship ' s Data , United States Naval Vessels editions for 1912 through 1916 as a yard tug operating at Cavite . Her subsequent fate is unknown .
Cannon - class destroyer escort The Cannon class destroyer escort s were built by the United States primarily for ocean anti - submarine warfare escort service during World War II . The lead ship , was commissioned on 26 September 1943 at Wilmington , Delaware . Of the 116 ships ordered 44 were canceled and six commissioned directly into the Free French Forces . Destroyer escorts were regular companions escorting the vulnerable cargo ships . The class was also known as the DET type from their Diesel Electric Tandem drive . The DET ' s substitution for a turbo - electric propulsion plant was the primary difference with the predecessor " Buckley " ( " TE " ) class . The DET was in turn replaced with a direct drive diesel plant to yield the design of the successor " Edsall " ( " FMR " ) class . BRP " Rajah Humabon " ( PF - 11 ) of the Philippine Navy , formerly the , remains as the only confirmed commissioned ship of this class as of 2013 . Hull numbers . A total of 72 ships of the " Cannon " class were built . Wartime transfers . During World War II , six ships of the class were earmarked for the Free French Naval Forces and a further eight were transferred the Brazilian Navy . Postwar dispersal . After the end of World War II the United States Navy transferred many ships of the " Cannon " class to other navies
Administrative divisions of Moldavia Ţinut ( pl . " ţinuturi " ; sometimes translated in English as " region " , " district " or " municipality " ) were the traditional subdivision of the Principality of Moldavia ( 1359 - 1859 ) . Principality of Moldavia ( 1359 - 1859 ) . Lower Country " ( Ţara de Jos ) " Upper Country " ( Ţara de Sus ) " Historic Bessarabia " ( Basarabia ) "
Armathwaite Castle Armathwaite Castle is in the village of Armathwaite , Cumbria by the River Eden . Originally built to defend against Scottish raiders in the 15th century , it was converted into a mansion and today is a Grade II * listed building . Details . Armathwaite Castle was built in the 15th century on a strong point along the west side of the River Eden by the Skelton family , possibly by John Skelton in 1445 . The castle was a four - storied pele tower and protected the Eden valley from Scottish raiders . In 1712 the castle passed into the Sanderson family – one of whom , Robert Sanderson , made the castle the centre of a collection of antiquities and relics – and from there to the Milburns and in 1846 onto William Lowther , the Earl of Lonsdale . In the late 18th and 19th centuries the castle was converted into a mansion , faced with ashlar cut stone in a classical style , with an adjacent wing for offices . Today the castle is privately owned . Bibliography . Online sources
Joint Data Network The Joint Data Network ( JDN ) is an interconnected network of JTIDS – based systems , which links air and missile defense command and control and weapons systems across United States armed forces . It provides a set of near - real - time data communication s and information system s to facilitate situational awareness and the exchange and summary of Extended Air Defense engagement operations data ( such as the Medium Extended Air Defense System ) to centralized command centers , via inter - computer data and radio communications exchange protocols . JDN ' s backbone protocol is based on the NATO standard Link - 16 , although other data links and platforms are also integrated , or planned for integration .
French ship Cassard ( 1795 ) Cassard was a 74 - gun ship of the line of the French Navy . She was renamed " Dix - août " in 1798 , in honour of the events of 10 August 1792 , and subsequently " Brave " in 1803 . Career . On 10 February 1801 " Dix - août " captured the 16 - gun cutter , which she scuttled . On the 27 March 1801 , as " Dix - août " sailed with the fleet of Toulon , she collided with the " Formidable " and had to return to harbour . On 4 February 1803 , her name was changed to " Brave " . She was captured by the on 6 February 1806 at the Battle of San Domingo . She foundered shortly thereafter on 12 April ( without loss of life ) while en route to Britain .
USS Mohawk ( 1853 ) The second USS " Mohawk " was a screw steamship in the United States Navy . " Mohawk " was built as " Caledonia " by Teas & Birely , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ; launched 11 June 1853 ; chartered by the Navy 13 September 1858 ; and entered service soon after , Commander Augustus L . Case in command . " Mohawk " sailed at once for South America to take part in Flag Officer William B . Shubrick ’ s 18 - ship Paraguay expedition , attempting to gain apology for the 1855 firing upon survey steamer " Water Witch " . Arriving Asunción with the squadron 25 January 1859 , " Caledonia " took position above Rosario in Río de la Plata , ready for operations while negotiations were conducted . Paraguay agreed to apologize for the incident and pay an indemnity . The steamer returned to the United States in February , was purchased by the Navy 14 June 1859 , and renamed " Mohawk " on that date . She commissioned at New York Navy Yard 19 September 1859 , Lt . Tunis Craven in command . " Mohawk " operated against pirates and slaver s off the east coast and in the Caribbean through 1861 , capturing slave ship " Wildfire " in Old Bahama Channel 28 April 1860 , and delivering the prize to Key West where the crew was imprisoned . The 530 Africans on board were placed in a camp for protection , guarded by " Mohawk ' s " marines , until they could be returned home . From 15 November on Lieutenant Craven in " Mohawk " with steamer " Wyandotte " defended Forts Jefferson and Taylor at Key West , from actions of “ bands of lawless men ” , a farsighted action that enabled the Union to retain that vital Florida base , so valuable during the forthcoming naval operations in the American Civil War . The steamer remained on guard at Key West until the end of January 1861 and then sailed for New York . On 11 March 1861 , " Mohawk " departed for the Caribbean , escorting supply ship " Empire City " to Havana and then Indianola , Texas . The warship proceeded to Pensacola , Florida via Havana and Key West , arriving 10 May and took up her blockade station off that port . She next moved on to patrol off St . Marks , Florida , capturing sloop " George B . Sloat " 5 July attempting to run the blockade . She remained on station until sailing for New York 8 April 1862 . Two and one - half months later , " Mohawk " sailed for Port Royal , South Carolina , to join Flag Officer Samuel F . DuPont ’ s South Atlantic Blockading Squadron . She returned to Port Royal in June 1863 for duty as guardship . Ordered north for repairs 27 June 1864 , on 6 July she reported to Commodore Cornelius Stribling at Philadelphia Navy Yard . " Mohawk ' s " old and damaged boilers with her poor general condition from wartime use proved her unfit for further service . She was sold 12 July 1864 . Subsequently renamed " Alliance " while in commercial service , she was wrecked at Hatteras Inlet , North Carolina , on 4 March 1869 .
Expert Field Medical Badge The Expert Field Medical Badge ( EFMB ) is a United States Army decoration first created on June 18 , 1965 . This badge is the non - combat equivalent of the Combat Medical Badge ( CMB ) and is awarded to medical personnel of the US Military who successfully complete a set of qualification tests including both written and performance portions . Army regulations prohibit the wearing of both decorations simultaneously by personnel awarded the Expert Field Medical Badge and the Combat Medical Badge . In such cases , the Combat Medical Badge has precedence according to Army Regulation 670 - 1 . The infantry equivalent of the Expert Field Medical Badge is the Expert Infantryman Badge ( EIB ) . The pass rate for FY 2008 was 15 . 3 % , making the EFMB one of the most difficult and prestigious Army skill badges to earn . Previous test requirements ( before 2008 ) . In summary , current requirements differ from previous requirements with the addition of the M9 Pistol for survival tasks , CPR card certification in lieu of demonstrating CPR proficiency , and the reorganization of the lanes into a combat scenario .
Operation Sea Horse Operation Sea Horse was the naval part of Operation Lusty . Lusty ' s purpose was to locate and recover top secret , German weaponry , e . g . aircraft and weapons . Ship involvement . The escort aircraft carrier HMS " Reaper " took part in the operation , being used to ferry captured airframes . On 19 July 1945 , " Reaper " left Cherbourg for Newark , New Jersey . The news of the Japanese surrender came through during the voyage . Aircraft captured . On the ocean voyage to Allied bases , the planes were covered in protective " shrink wrap ' " to protect them from sea spray . It was reported that the following aircraft were captured : Aircraft uses . In thanks for British help for providing the services of one of their aircraft carriers , the Americans gave them five Messerschmitt Me 262 s for testing . The other five Messerschmitt Me 262s stayed with the AAF , and were flown to an airfield in Indiana known as Freeman Field where tests could be carried out relatively secretly . On 19 August , one of two Messerschmitt Me 262s travelling to Freeman Field via Pittsburgh crashed into a field during landing , with all that remained of the aircraft salvageable parts . See also . Operation Paperclip
Cornelio Saavedra Rodríguez Cornelio Saavedra Rodríguez ( 1821 – April 7 , 1891 ) was a Chilean politician and military figure who played a major role in the Occupation of the Araucanía . His parents were Manuel Saavedra Cabrera , son of the president of the First Government of Buenos Aires in 1810 and Argentine general , Cornelio Saavedra , and Josefina Rodriguez Salcedo . He married Dorotea Rivera Serrano , daughter of Chilean General Juan de Dios Rivera and Freire de Andrade and Galeazzo Maria del Rosario Alfaro Serrano . At the age of 15 years he entered the Military Academy , graduating with the rank of Second Lieutenant of infantry in the Chilean Army in the following year . In 1837 he was assigned to Battalion Chillán , where he rose to Lieutenant at the age of 17 years . In 1847 he was promoted to the rank of Sergeant Major and retired from active duty for health reasons in 1849 . Two years later he was called to participate in the 1851 Revolution to overthrow the newly elected President Manuel Montt and to repeal the 1833 Constitution . In 1857 he was appointed mayor and commander of weapons of Arauco , in whose care had to quell the uprising of the southern provinces during the revolution of 1859 . That year he was reinstated to the Army with the rank of sergeant major . Cornelio Saavedra Rodríguez took office as General Commander of the Chilean Navy in 1860 , but left the charge the same year . In 1862 he was promoted to Lieutenant Colonel . Saavedra presented a draft plan to President Manuel Montt to advance Chilean territory to the south of La Frontera ( consisting of the Bio Bio River ) , a plan that was rejected . After the incident involving the Frenchman Orélie - Antoine de Tounens , self - proclaimed King of the Araucania and Patagonia declaring the territories of his " kingdom " under the protection of France , President José Joaquín Pérez Mascayano decided to occupy the area immediately approving Saavedra ' s plan for the occupation of the Araucanía during its first phase . . He led campaigns culminating in the submission of the Mapuche . The first phase consisted of building forts and small villages along the river Malleco , going into Mapuche territory ( including the foundation of the city of Angol in 1862 ) . The second phase ( 1867 – 1869 ) was decisive in advance , but the third phase in 1870 was not as successful and led to further negotiations . After the pacificaton of Araucanía , he participated in the War of the Pacific . He later retired from military life was made a deputy for San Carlos , Chile ( 1861 - 1864 ) , Linares , Chile ( 1864 - 1867 ) , Carelmapu ( 1867 - 1870 ) , Nacimiento , Chile and Angol ( 1870 - 1873 ) and Minister of War ( 1879 ) .
HMS Coventry ( F98 ) HMS " Coventry " was a Type 22 frigate of the Royal Navy . She was originally intended to be named " Boadicea " but was named " Coventry " in honour of the previous " Coventry " , a Type 42 destroyer sunk in the Falklands War . She was purchased from the United Kingdom by the Romanian Navy on 14 January 2003 , and renamed Regele Ferdinand ( King Ferdinand ) after Ferdinand I of Romania . The ship was handed over to Romania on 19 August 2004 , and underwent sea trials at the same time . F221 " Regele Ferdinand " was commissioned into the Romanian Navy on 9 September 2004 , and is the current flagship of the Romanian Navy . There has since been some controversy over the price at which she was bought . On 22 March 2011 , President of Romania Traian Băsescu said , after a CSAT meeting , that Romania will send the frigate " Regele Ferdinand " with 205 mariners and two officers on board to enforce an arms embargo in the Mediterranean Sea , as part of the 2011 military intervention in Libya - Operation Unified Protector . During their run in the NATO naval group acting on Operation Unified Protector - 2011 , the frigate has traveled over 17 , 400 nautical miles and carried around 770 specific tasks . Since the entry into service of the Forţele Navale Române , F221 " Regele Ferdinand " performed a series of tasks among which the most important are the Operation Active Endeavour in 2005 , 2007 , 2008 , 2010 in the Mediterranean Sea , the exercise in Bulgaria " Breeze - CertExam " 2007 , 2008 , the exercise " Noble Midas " in Croatia in 2007 and 2008 in Italy . Since 13 September 2012 F221 has participated in Operation Atalanta . On the ship are also embarked naval commandos Grupul Naval de Forțe pentru Operații Speciale ( GNFOS ) .