naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Saturation fire Saturation fire is a level of intensity of artillery or machine gun fire that is very high and is designed to fill an enemy position with artillery shells or machine gun fire . Artillery . Saturation fire might be used to bombard an area just before an offensive . Another kind of intensity that is also used to bombard an area during an offensive is creeping barrage . Saturation fire is used most of the time before an offensive to bombard an enemy area and lower enemy morale and ability to fight . In the Battle of the Bulge , German troops used " Werfel " rocket batteries to do saturation fire on Allied positions , particularly prior to an attack . Benjamin Colby claims that the U . S . did saturation fire - bombing of Dresden in 1945 . During the Vietnam War , the US used saturation fire against the Vietnamese forces . In one example in 1972 , US air forces did saturation fire around a bunker where seven US advisers alongside a number of South Vietnamese ARVN soldiers were surrounded by NVA forces which had been subjecting the bunker to a withering attack for days . Machine gun . Automatic weapons , especially belt - fed , crew - served machine guns , can be used to deliver a high volume of fire at enemy positions . A history of German military doctrine states that " . . . laying down saturation fire [ with small arms ] will keep your enemy ' s head down while allowing you to get on with the approach to the objective . During the Vietnam War , AC - 130 aircraft incorporated side - firing 20 mm Gatling - style cannons which allowed them to provide area - saturation fire as the aircraft circled over a target . Another use of saturation fire in the Vietnam War was with " guntrucks " in convoys . These " 2 - ton cargo vehicles " with " two M - 60 machine gunners " would " . . . provide a rapid , retaliatory saturation fire within the critical first 3 minutes of an enemy attack [ e . g . , an ambush of the convoy ] " . The use of automatic weapons for saturation fire has been criticized by a major US gun maker . The President of Armalite Inc . states that using an automatic rifle such as his company ' s AR - 15 for saturation fire can waste ammunition , a situation which is particularly problematic in cases where soldiers have to carry their own ammunition . He argues that using carefully aimed semiautomatic fire can be more effective than sweeping enemy positions with random , full - automatic fire . US soldier Paul Howe supports this view in his statement that " volume [ of full - automatic fire ] in the wrong place is useless " . An author argues that the widespread use of automatic rifles such as the M - 16 by the US army in Vietnam , Cambodia , and Laos , along with the " . . . concept of saturation fire and general abandonment of the principles of individual marksmanship and weapon performance " led to military failures ; he argues that " . . . there must be a balance between accuracy and firepower in the general application " .
USS LST - 285 USS " LST - 285 " was a United States Navy in commission from 1943 to 1947 . She saw action in Europe during World War II . Construction and commissioning . " LST - 285 " was laid down on 16 August 1943 by the American Bridge Company at Ambridge , Pennsylvania . She was launched on 24 October 1943 , sponsored by Mrs . R . A . Shaw , and commissioned on 13 December 1943 . World War II European Theater operations . During World War II , " LST - 285 " was assigned to the European Theater of Operations . She participated in the Operation Overlord , the invasion of Normandy in June 1944 , and in Operation Dragoon , the invasion of southern France in August and September 1944 . Decommissioning and disposal . Upon her return to the United States , " LST - 285 " was decommissioned on 27 June 1947 and stricken from the Navy List on 1 August 1947 . On 26 March 1948 , she was sold to the Kaiser Company , Inc . , of Seattle , Washington , for scrapping . Awards . " LST - 285 " earned two battle star s for World War II service .
Battle of An Lão The Battle of An Lão occurred after the Viet Cong ( VC ) captured the district headquarters of An Lão , Binh Dinh , about 300 miles from Saigon . Viet Cong rebels launched an early morning surprise attack , attack squads scaling the fence and lobbing grenades to disable the Army of the Republic of Vietnam ( ARVN ) machine gun positions ringing the base . A second wave of attackers infiltrated the base and took control . The Viet Cong were successful in repeatedly beating back large numbers of counterattacking ARVN troops , who rushed in by jeep and APC . Inserted by helicopter , a U . S . scout team engaged the VC at range of only 100 meters , inflicting significant casualties but proving unable to break the rebel grip on the headquarters . The strength of the VC attack in northern Binh Dinh Province indicated the changing tactics of the VC , who were prepared to switch from small - scale guerrilla actions to mobile warfare .
2nd Texas Infantry Regiment The 2nd Regiment , Texas Infantry was an infantry regiment from Texas that served with Confederate States Army in the American Civil War . Notable battles that the regiment has been involved in include the Battle of Shiloh , the Battle of Corinth , and the Siege of Vicksburg .
Cold Harbor Confederate order of battle The following Confederate States Army units and commanders fought in the Battle of Cold Harbor ( May 31 – June 12 , 1864 ) of the American Civil War . The Union order of battle is listed separately . Order of battle compiled from the army organization during the battle and the reports . Army of Northern Virginia . Gen Robert E . Lee , Commanding General Staff : First Corps . MG Richard H . Anderson Second Corps . MG Jubal A . Early Third Corps . LTG Ambrose P . Hill Cavalry Corps . MG Wade Hampton
Corrieyairack Pass The Corrieyairack Pass ( Scottish Gaelic - " Màm Choire Ghearraig " ) is an 770 m ( 2526 ft ) high pass in the Scottish Highlands at . It is notable for the presence of one of General Wade ' s military roads , built at the time of the Jacobite Risings in the eighteenth century . Military road . This pass would be relatively obscure were it not for General Wade ' s military road built over it in 1731 , between Fort Augustus in the Great Glen to the north and Melgarve in Strath Spey in the south . This path almost became the site of a major battle in the Jacobite Rising of 1745 , when Prince Charles Edward Stuart encamped at the height of the pass , and the Government commander approached from the south to quell the rebellion . The Government forces retreated due to the strongly entrenched position of the Jacobite Forces . The pass today . The Highland Council states that the Corrieyairack Pass is not maintained as a public road , and is not suitable for use as one , so it advises against using motor vehicles on the pass . The road surface is made of stone , though it is now very eroded and damaged , and in many places the original paving has been lost . It is now used primarily by hikers and mountain biker s , as well as access for workers maintaining the adjacent electricity pylon line . The military road is designated a Scheduled Ancient Monument .
Joseph Fitz Joseph Fitz ( May 24 , 1886 Austria – February 24 , 1945 ) was a United States Navy Ordinary Seaman who received the Medal of Honor for actions on March 8 , 1906 during the Philippine - American War . He later obtained the rank of seaman . Medal of Honor citation . Rank and Organization : Ordinary Seaman , U . S . Navy . Born : May 24 , 1886 , Austria . Accredited to : Iowa . G . O . No . : 19 , May 1 , 1906 . Citation : On board the , Mount Dajo Jolo , Philippine Islands , 8 March 1906 . Serving in the presence of the enemy on this date , Fitz displayed bravery and extraordinary heroism .
Second Samoan Civil War The Second Samoan Civil War was a conflict that reached a head in 1898 when Germany , the United Kingdom , and the United States were locked in dispute over who should have control over the Samoan island chain , located in the South Pacific Ocean . At the war ' s conclusion in 1899 , the United States was granted the eastern section of the islands , the Germans were granted the western section of the islands , and the British were given other Pacific island chains formerly belonging to Germany . The German half is now an independent nation : The Independent State of Samoa . The American half has voluntarily remained under the control of the American government as the territory of American Samoa . Allies . The allies were the Samoan followers of Prince Tanu and supporting naval forces from the United States and the United Kingdom who fought against the rebels of Mata ' afa Iosefo .
Judea and Samaria Division The Israel Defense Forces Judea and Samaria Division ( , " Ugdat Ezor Yehuda VeShomron " ; also known as the West Bank Division ) is a regional division in the Israeli Central Command responsible for Israeli military activity in Judea and Samaria . The current commander of the division is Brigadier General Tamir Yed ' i , who was appointed to the position in April 2013 . Mission . The division was established in 1988 after the outbreak of the First Intifadah . The division serves as a command level for all IDF forces in the West Bank , and as a results is engaged in an ongoing fight against Palestinian political violence within the Palestinian National Authority - administered territory , as well as against attempts by Palestinian militant s to infiltrate Israel to commit suicide attacks . The division is responsible for the seven Palestinian cities of Jenin , Tulkarm , Qalqilya , Nablus , Ramallah , Bethlehem , and Hebron . The formal tasks of the division include confronting Palestinian political violence , confronting disturbances of law and order by Palestinians , securing transportation routes in the region , and defending Israeli settlements . Activities . The division carries out various actions and arrests of Palestinian militants on a daily basis . This active level of operations often relies on sayarot ( Israeli special forces ) , units from the Central Command , the Duvdevan unit , and the Israel Border Police ' s Yamam . The division ' s headquarters are located in the vicinity of Beit El , north of Ramallah . Units . The division also oversees the West Bank forces of the Israel Border Police , including the Yamas Unit , a special forces unit specializing in operating within the Palestinian population .
Clifford J . Rogers Clifford J . Rogers is a professor of history at the United States Military Academy at West Point . He has also been a Leverhulme Visiting Professor at Swansea University , an Olin Fellow in Military and Strategic History at Yale , and a Fulbright Fellow at the Institute of Historical Research in London . Rogers writes mainly on medieval military history . His " War Cruel and Sharp : English Strategy under Edward III , 1327 - 1360 " won the 2003 Verbruggen Prize awarded by De Re Militari . He has also been awarded the Royal Historical Society ' s Alexander Prize medal and a Society for Military History Moncado Prize for his articles , some of which are collected in his " Essays on Medieval Military History : Strategy , Military Revolutions and the Hundred Years War . " His " Soldiers ' Lives through History : The Middle Ages , " received the 2009 Verbruggen Prize . A podcast of a lecture based on part of that book , focusing on the soldier ' s experience of battle , has been posted by NYMAS , at http : / / nymas . org / podcasts . html . He is also the editor of the three - volume " Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology " , which received a Distinguished Book Award from the Society for Military History , " The Wars of Edward III : Sources and Interpretations " and " The Military Revolution Debate , " and co - editor of " The Journal of Medieval Military History " and the essay collection " Civilians in the Path of War " . Although Rogers ' work on Military Revolutions has found favor with many historians , some ( including Kelly DeVries and John Stone ) argue that his analysis suffers from " technological determinism . "
USNS Sioux ( T - ATF - 171 ) USNS " Sioux " ( T - ATF - 171 ) is a United States Navy in service since 1981 . " Sioux " was laid down on 22 March 1979 by the Marinette Marine Corporation at Marinette , Wisconsin . Launched on 15 November 1980 and delivered to the U . S . Navy on 1 May 1981 , " Sioux " was assigned to the Pacific Fleet of Military Sealift Command ( MSC ) , and placed in non - commissioned service as USNS " Sioux " ( T - ATF - 171 ) in 1981 . Although stationed primarily at San Diego , California , " Sioux " frequently operates from Pearl Harbor , Hawaii , San Francisco , California and Bremerton , Washington . " Sioux " is in active service .
Prop and Wings The Prop and Wings ( propeller and wings ) is a military insignia used to identify various aviation - related units in the United States military . The Prop and Wings originated as branch insignia of the United States Army Air Service in 1920 , and remained such from 1926 to 1947 for the successor United States Army Air Corps . Approximately 90 % of all officers serving in the United States Army Air Forces were commissioned in the Air Corps and wore the insignia . Versions of the insignia are still used by the United States Air Force and the United States Army Aviation Branch . The original Prop and Wings insignia , with rounded wingtips , is currently most closely associated with the United States Air Force Academy . The Prop and Wings is worn by cadets on their flight caps , appears on many of the Academy ' s class crests , and is part of the logo of the Academy ' s Association of Graduates . The Prop and Wings insignia is traditionally awarded to Academy cadets at the end of their grueling fourth - class ( freshman ) year , signifying that they have been " recognized " as upper class cadets . Cadets in the Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps are awarded their Prop and Wings insignia after completing Field Training and entry into the Professional Officer Course . Officer Training School allows Basic Officer and Commissioned Officer trainees as well as National Guard Officer Candidates going through the Academy of Military Science to wear the Prop and Wings during the second half of their training . Although the standard insignia is chrome , cadets from all commissioning sources are authorized to wear a gold Prop and Wings device if they are a direct descendant of a veteran . To be eligible , the cadet ' s veteran must have served in the Army Air Corps , served with the Women Air Force Service Pilots , have served at least 20 years of service , have served in combat , or have died in the line of duty .
Stalin Line The Stalin Line was a line of fortifications along the western border of the Soviet Union . Work began on the system in the 1920s to protect the USSR against attacks from the West . The line was made up of concrete bunker s and gun emplacements , somewhat similar to , but less elaborate than the Maginot Line . It was not a continuous line of defense along the entire border , but rather a network of fortified regions , meant to channel potential invaders along certain corridors . In the aftermath of the Molotov - Ribbentrop Pact , with the westward expansion of the USSR in 1939 and 1940 into Poland , the Baltic , and Bessarabia , the decision was made to abandon the line in favour of constructing the Molotov Line further west , along the new border of the USSR . A number of Soviet generals felt that it would be better to keep both lines and to have a defence in depth , but this conflicted with the pre - World War II Soviet military doctrine . Thus , the guns were removed , but were mostly in storage as the new line began construction . The 1941 Axis invasion caught the Soviets with the new line unfinished and the Stalin Line largely abandoned and in disrepair . Neither was thus of much use in stopping the onslaught , though parts of the Stalin Line were manned in time and contributed to the defense of the USSR . Following World War II , the line was not maintained , in part due to its wide dispersal across the USSR . Unlike Western Europe , where similar fortifications were demolished for development and safety reasons , much of the line survived beyond the breakup of the USSR in 1991 due to being ignored . Today , the remains of the Stalin Line fortifications are located in Belarus , Russia , and Ukraine ( plus possibly the eastern parts of Moldova ) . External links .
Eighth Regiment Armory ( Chicago ) The Eighth Regiment Armory , located in the Black Metropolis - Bronzeville District of Chicago , Illinois , was the first armory in the United States built for an African - American military regiment , known as the " Fighting 8th " . The building later was used by a division of the Illinois National Guard , and during World War I was incorporated into the US Infantry . After closing the armory in the early 1960s , it became the South Central Gymnasium . In 1999 , following an extensive renovation , it was reopened as a public high school military academy . The restoration and conversion into a school has been recognized by the National Trust for Historic Preservation . The nearby Victory Monument honors the regiment for service during World War I . The armory was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on April 30 , 1986 , and was designated as a Chicago Landmark on September 9 , 1998 . It is one of nine landmark structures in the Black Metropolis - Bronzeville District . In popular culture . On June 27 , 1937 , the armory hosted a battle of the bands , featuring big bands . The Roy Eldridge ' s band began the show , followed by the 16 piece Benny Goodman band , with Gene Krupa on the drums and Harry James on the trumpet . The popular tune " King Porter Stomp " was a highlight of the evening .
SM UC - 103 SM " UC - 103 " was a German Type UC III minelaying submarine or U - boat in the German Imperial Navy ( ) during World War I . The U - boat was ordered on 12 January 1916 and was launched on 14 April 1918 . She was commissioned into the German Imperial Navy on 21 October 1918 as SM " UC - 103 " . As with the rest of the completed UC III boats , " UC - 103 " conducted no war patrols and sank no ships . She was surrendered to France on 22 November 1918 and was broken up in Cherbourg in 1921 .
Lachanas Military Museum The Lachanas Military Museum ( ) is a Military museum near Thessaloniki , Greece , dedicated to the Battle of Kilkis - Lahanas . The museum , which is visitable by appointment , chiefly contains mementoes of the Greek and Bulgarian military units which took part in the battle . In the forecourt there are three captured Bulgarian cannons , one of 12 cm calibre , one of 5 cm calibre , and one muzzle - loader . Inside there are a large relief map showing the movements of the units and the clashes between the Greek and Bulgarian armies ; 8 mm Greek and Bulgarian Mannlicher s ; submachine guns ; machine guns ; shells ; cannons ; bayonets ; swords of commanding units ; Greek military uniforms ( the most important of which is the one worn by Lieutenant - Colonel Papakyriazis , who was killed at the Battle of Lahanas ) ; and two full - length portraits of the Greek protagonists in the Balkan Wars , Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos and Crown Prince Constantine . Also of note are four paintings by Kenan Messare , who was the son of the Ottoman commander Hasan Tahsin Pasha , who surrendered Thessaloniki to the Greeks , and followed Constantine on the Epirus campaign and into the Second Balkan War . They depict scenes from the Battle of Lahanas during the Second Balkan War .
George Jordan George Jordan ( 1847 – October 24 , 1904 ) was a Buffalo Soldier in the United States Army and a recipient of America ' s highest military decoration — the Medal of Honor — for his actions in the Indian Wars of the western United States . Jordan joined the Army from Nashville , Tennessee , and by 1880 was serving as a Sergeant in Company K of the 9th Cavalry Regiment in New Mexico . On May 7 , 1890 , he was awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions at the Battle of Tularosa on May 14 , 1880 and at Carrizo Canyon on August 12 , 1881 . Jordan reached the rank of First Sergeant before leaving the Army in 1897 . He died in 1904 and was buried in Fort McPherson National Cemetery , Maxwell , Nebraska . Medal of Honor citation . Rank and organization : Sergeant , Company K , 9th U . S . Cavalry . Place and date : At Fort Tularosa , N . Mex . , May 14 , 1880 ; at Carrizo Canyon , N . Mex . , August 12 , 1881 . Entered service at : Nashville , Tenn . Birth : Williamson County , Tenn . Date of issue : May 7 , 1890 . Citation : While commanding a detachment of 25 men at Fort Tularosa , N . Mex . , repulsed a force of more than 100 Indians . At Carrizo Canyon , N . Mex . , while commanding the right of a detachment of 19 men , on 12 August 1881 , he stubbornly held his ground in an extremely exposed position and gallantly forced back a much superior number of the enemy , preventing them from surrounding the command .
C . F . Hamilton Colonel Charles Frederick Hamilton ( 1879 - 1933 ) was a Canadian intelligence officer and newspaper journalist . Hamilton was born in Roslin , Ontario in 1879 , and later graduated from Queen ' s University As a journalist , Hamilton first worked for the Toronto World , and from 1899 - 1902 , at the Toronto Globe , where he covered the Boer War and " scooped " coverage of the Battle of Paardeberg . He later worked at the Toronto News . He co - authored a biography of George Monro Grant , " Principal Grant " , in 1904 . During World War I , Hamilton served as a deputy chief censor , where he focused largely on cablegrams and radio traffic . Following the war , in 1919 , he returned to the Royal North - West Mounted Police , where he was made intelligence liaison , and became the Royal Canadian Mounted Police ' s first intelligence officer . There he penned influential reports on naval policy and voiced concern about a military threat from Japan in the 1920s . He served in that capacity at the RCMP until his death in 1933 .
Chief of Naval Staff ( Pakistan ) The Chief of the Naval Staff , abbreviated as CNS , is the highest - ranking officer in the Pakistani Navy unless a 4 - star naval officer is appointed as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee . The current Chief of the Naval Staff is Admiral Asif Sandila who commands the Navy . The CNS reports to the President of Pakistan , as the President is the head of the state . The CNS is responsible for the command of the Navy , utilization of resources , and operations of the Navy and for naval shore activities . The CNS is the naval advisor to the Prime Minister of Pakistan and President of Pakistan and advises the civilian leadership on matters of naval operations and the conduct of naval warfare . The Chief of the Naval Staff is appointed by the President after consultation with the Prime Minister . A requirement for being Chief of the Naval Staff is having significant experience in joint duty assignments , which includes at least one full tour of duty in a joint duty assignment as a flag officer . By statue , the CNS is a 4 - star Admiral and serves as a principal member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee . List of Past Chiefs of the Naval Staff . The following is a list of Admirals who have served as the either Commander - in - Chief or the Chief of the Naval Staff of the Pakistan Navy .