naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Salerno Mutiny The Salerno Mutiny was a mutiny by about 600 men of the British X Corps , who on September 16 , 1943 refused assignment to new units as replacements during the Allied invasion of Italy . It was , specifically , men from the British 51st Highland Division and the 50th Northumbrian Division , including some veterans of the war in North Africa . About 1500 of them had sailed from Tripoli , on the understanding that they were to join the rest of their units , based in Sicily . Instead , once aboard ship , they were told that they were being taken to Salerno , to join the 46th Division , fighting as part of Lieut . - General Mark Clark ' s U . S . Fifth Army . Many of the soldiers felt they had been deliberately misled . Matters were made worse by the total lack of organisation when they reached Salerno , leaving them angry and frustrated . Most of the soldiers , a thousand or so fresh recruits , were taken off to join new units , leaving 500 veterans , 300 of whom were moved to a nearby field . They were still there by 20 September , refusing postings to unfamiliar units . They were addressed by the commander of X Corps , Lieut . - General Richard McCreery , who admitted that a mistake had been made , and promised that they would rejoin their old units once Salerno was secure . The men were also warned of the consequences of mutiny in wartime . Of the three hundred in the field , 108 decided to follow orders , leaving a hard core of 192 . They were all charged with mutiny under the Army Act , the largest number of men accused at any one time in all of British military history . The accused were shipped to Algeria , where the courts - martial opened towards the end of October . All were found guilty , and three sergeants were sentenced to death . The sentences were subsequently commuted to 12 years of forced labour and eventually suspended , though the men faced constant harassment for the rest of their military careers .
Normand MacLeod Normand MacLeod ( c . 1731 – 1796 ) was a British army officer , merchant , and official of the British Indian Department . He was born on the Isle of Skye , in Scotland , about 1731 . At age sixteen he joined the Forty Second Highlanders ( Black Watch ) Regiment , and went with his unit to the Netherlands and what is now Belgium . By 1756 he was an ensign as the regiment went to New York to fight in the French and Indian War . In 1760 Macleod won promotion to captain lieutenant and transferred to the Eighteenth Regiment . In 1761 Macleod attended the Niagara Conference held between Sir William Johnson and Pontiac . Macleod heard a rumor that Pontiac was being paid ten shillings a day by the British and this was creating resentment among other Indians which would " end in his ruin . " Soon after this Macleod and 120 men took food and supplies to Detroit , and when he returned he took command of the British fort at Fort Oswego , New York , on Lake Erie , where his title was " Commissary of Indian Affairs . He continued working as an agent between Johnson and the Michigan Indians for several years . Macleod sent Johnson a bottle of oil from a lake which the Indians thought had curative powers ; he negotiated a peace between the Seneca and Mississauga tribes . When the French and Indian War ended the army put Macleod on half - pay . He married Cecile Robert , daughter of Antoine Robert of Detroit . Macleod also joined the Masons . In 1774 he moved to Detroit , where he set up a general store with nineteen investors . Three years later he was " town major , " a military form of mayor . In 1778 he accompanied Henry Hamilton on the attack of Vincennes , Indiana , but went back to Detroit before Vincennes was captured by George Rogers Clark in February 1779 . By 1782 Macleod was still in Detroit and was father to one child . He bought interest in a fur trading company with John Gregory and called their company Gregory , Macleod and Co . They later invited Sir Alexander Mackenzie to buy a share in the company ; by 1785 Peter Pangman and John Ross became partners as well , and Alexander ' s cousin , Roderick Mackenzie , served as apprentice clerk . Macleod worked in the company several years before moving to Montreal , where he died in 1796 .
Battle of Werki Battle of Werki fought in autumn of 1658 between the Polish - Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Tsardom of Russia marked the resumption of hostilities in the Russo - Polish War ( 1654 – 1667 ) ; it ended with Russian victory . Russians , close to signing a peace treaty with Sweden ( truce of Valiersari ending the Russo – Swedish War ( 1656 – 1658 ) ) decided to resume the war with Poland in order to gain control over the disputed Ruthenia n territories . After the inconclusive negotiations with the Poles in Vilnius , army of prince Yury Dolgorukov ( Dołgorukow ) attacked the Polish units guarding the Polish delegations near Werki ( Verkiai ) . Polish troops were taken by surprise and were defeated , Russians took many prisoners , including the Polish leader , hetman Wincenty Korwin Gosiewski ; Gosiewski would remain a hostage for four years . Another Polish commander , hetman Paweł Jan Sapieha , would be later blamed for not coming to the aid of Gosiewski due to personal friction between them .
64th Infantry Regiment ( United States ) The 64th Infantry Regiment was an Regular infantry regiment in the United States Army . Lineage . Constituted 15 May 1917 in the Regular Army as the 64th Infantry . Organized 1 June 1917 at Camp Baker , Texas , from personnel of the 34th infantry . Assigned to the 7th Infantry Division 16 November 1917 . Relieved from the 7th Division and demobilized 31 July 1922 at Plattsburg Barracks , New York Campaign streamers . World War I Coat of arms . The regiment was organized in 1917 from personnel of the 34th Infantry which is shown on the canton . It was in the 7th Division operating in Lorraine in the area formerly in the domain of the ancient lords of commercy whose arms were blue , scattered with golden cross crosslets , pointed at the lower end . The shield is blue for infantry with one such cross crosslet . The crest is the thistle of Lorraine , one of the old emblems of that provence and still existing in the arms of Nancy .
Director of Naval Communications Director of Naval Communications was a post on the staff of the United States Navy ' s Chief of Naval Operations responsible for organizing , administering and operating the Naval Communications Service . In Navy parlance , this was Op - 20 . Created in 1916 , the position replaced that of the Superintendent of the Naval Radio Service , created in 1912 . The position , and the responsibilities , evolved steadily over the next several generations . Evolution of Naval Communications after 1950 . The Naval Communications Service was created as a subset of the Naval Communications System on 29 August 1950 by the Chief of Naval Operations , with the Director of Naval Communications overseeing this from Washington , D . C . In 1959 , as a result of the Committee on the Organization of the Department of the Navy ( known as the Franke Report ) , the title of the Director of Naval Communications became the Assistant Chief of Naval Operations ( Communications ) / Director Naval Communications . After the reorganization of OPNAV in 1966 - 67 following the Benson report , the incumbent was simultaneously a member of the Chief of Naval Operations ' own staff and in charge of a new independent command , the Naval Communications Command . Evolution of Naval Communications after 1971 . In 1971 , Naval Communications Command was subordinated to a new OP - 94 entity , the Director , Command Support Programs ( OP - 94 ) in March 1971 , with naval communications becoming a new entity , OP - 941 underneath . On 1 June 1973 , the command was redesignated the Naval Telecommunications Command . In December 1990 , this was redesignated the Naval Computer and Telecommunications Command . In 2002 , this combined with several other U . S . Navy elements to form the new Naval Network Warfare Command , which in 2010 joined with several other elements to be a part of Fleet Cyber Command / United States Tenth Fleet , a component of United States Cyber Command .
Takavar Takavar ( ) is the term used for a type of Iranian special forces unit , belonging to the Iranian Army " ( Artesh ) " of the Islamic Republic of Iran . The Takavaran ( plural of Takavar ) fall under the direct command of the Supreme Leader of Iran . Allegedly , the Takavaran are directly comparable to the Special Boat Service of the United Kingdom due to what has been portrayed as a near - identical selection and training program . The Takavaran is a naval commando force with about 200 soldiers . Takavaran hopefuls are hand - selected and highly trained for a variety of missions including land missions away from water . In addition to traditional naval special operations missions such as hydroponic surveys and beach head demolitions , Takavaran commandos are tasked with small - unit raids that might involve sabotage and demolitions or assassinations , as well as prisoner snatches and hostage rescue operations . Selection and Training . To be eligible for Takavar selection , a candidate must be of male gender and have completed at least two years regular service in the Iranian Armed Forces . If selected , training for the unit is an intense twelve - month process . First , the recruit must demonstrate the minimum physical requirements specified . The recruit is then sent to a collection of Operator Training schools ; first being eight weeks of physical training , next dive school , jump school , weapons school , unarmed combat school , land warfare school , and finally , close - quarters combat school . After this , the prospective operator joins a team and serves out a six - month probationary term before becoming a full - fledged commando . By the time he becomes a full - fledged commando , the Takavaran soldier is an expert combat diver in both conventional SCUBA systems and closed - circuit breathing apparatus . The Takavaran are qualified to jump with all of their equipment , in both day and nighttime conditions , including landings in water . Units of the Iranian Takavar . The most famous Takavaran units are ( as recorded ) : Equipment . The commandos from the Takavar are proficient with U . S . , Russian , and Israeli weapons ; but are typically outfitted with German - designed firearms , such as the HK G3 ( regular and short barreled ) , HK - 91 , and HK 53 assault rifles . In some instances , alternatively they have also used the AK - 47 , AK - 74 , and AK - 103 assault rifles . They have also used the MP - 5 for CQB missions . Handguns are mostly Belgian - manufactured . 45 automatics , but in some cases they have used Glock and . 357 revolvers . Snipers are often outfitted with SVD ( Snayperskaya Vintovka Dragunova ) , scoped G3 and Steyr HS . 50 rifles . Some of the Takavaran are also outfitted with the PKM and MG3 machine guns .
Gul Aqa Nahib Brigadier General Gul Aqa Nahib ( also , " Nahibi " , " Naebi " , or simply " Gul Aqa " ) of the Afghan National Army served as second - in - command to transitional Defence Minister Mohammed Fahim in 2002 and is currently in charge of 12 , 000 troops overseeing operations in Kandahar . He joined the army in 1965 His formal position is as commander of the Afghan 205th Corps , based out of Kandahar Airport , and he is in charge of operations for Southern Afghanistan . On September 9 , 2007 , he reported that insurgent forces were no longer able to beat ANA troops in combat . He speaks Dari , in addition to his native Pashto and supports the idea of conscription .
Edgar Weeks Edgar Weeks ( August 3 , 1839 – December 17 , 1904 ) was a military officer , judge and politician from the U . S . state of Michigan . Biography . Weeks was born in Mount Clemens , Michigan , where he attended the public schools and learned the printing trade . He studied law and was admitted to the bar in January 1861 . During the Civil War , he served in Company B , Fifth Regiment , Michigan Volunteer Infantry , and was first sergeant of the company . He became first lieutenant and adjutant of the Twenty - second Michigan Infantry in 1862 and captain in 1863 . He was appointed assistant inspector general of the Third Brigade , Second Division , Reserve Corps , Army of the Cumberland , in 1863 and was mustered out in December 1863 . After the war , he was proprietor and editor of a Republican newspaper in Mount Clemens and commenced the practice of law in Mount Clemens in 1866 . He served as prosecuting attorney 1867 - 1870 and then as judge of probate of Macomb County , 1870 - 1876 . He was an unsuccessful candidate for election in 1884 to the 49th United States Congress , but in 1898 was elected as a Republican from Michigan ' s 7th congressional district to the 56th Congress . He was re - elected to the 57th Congress , serving from March 4 , 1899 to March 3 , 1903 . He was chair of the Committee on Elections No . 3 in the 57th Congress . He was an unsuccessful candidate for renomination in 1902 , losing in the Republican primary election to Henry McMorran , who went on to be elected to fill Weeks ' s seat in the House . Edgar Weeks resumed the practice of law and died at the age of sixty - five in Mount Clemens , where he is interred in the Clinton Grove Cemetery . Edgar Weeks ' cousin , John Wingate Weeks , was a U . S . Representative and U . S . Senator from Massachusetts , and U . S . Secretary of War under Warren G . Harding .
Zhao Chengshou Zhao Chengshou ( ; 1891 – 1 October 1966 ) , courtesy name Yinfu ( 印甫 ) , was a KMT general from Wutai County , Shanxi . After the establishment of the People ' s Republic of China , he worked in the Water Resources Ministry and died of natural causes in Beijing .
Treaty of Greifswald The Treaty of Greifswald was concluded on 28 October 1715 , during the Great Northern War . George I of Great Britain and Elector of Hanover was assured Russian neutrality in his annexation of the Swedish dominion Bremen - Verden , on which he had agreed in the Treaty of Berlin . In turn , George I accepted Russia ' s annexation of Swedish Ingria , Estonia with Reval and Karelia .
Werner Hoffmann ( pilot born 1920 ) Werner Hoffmann ( 7 August 1920 – 7 February 1945 ) was a highly decorated " Hauptmann " in the Luftwaffe during World War II and a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . Werner Hoffmann was killed on 7 February 1945 over Frankfurt an der Oder . During his career credited with flying 500 + missions .
Oswald Birley Sir Oswald Hornby Joseph Birley , MC , RA ( 31 March 1880 – 6 May 1952 ) was an English portrait painter and royal portraitist in the early part of the 20th century . Biography . Birley was born in New Zealand while his parents were on a world tour . He was born into an old Lancashire family . Upon returning to England , he was educated at Harrow School , London and Trinity College , Cambridge . He served in France in World War I , first with the Royal Fusiliers , later transferring to the Intelligence Corps , obtaining the rank of captain and being awarded the Military Cross in 1919 . During World War II he served with the rank of major in the Home Guard . A favourite of the Royal Family , he was well known for his portraits of King George V , Queen Mary , King George VI , Queen Elizabeth , the Queen Mother and the present monarch Queen Elizabeth II . He painted several highly regarded portraits of his friend Sir Winston Churchill ( to whom he also gave lessons ) . Other subjects were many war - time leaders such as Generals Eisenhower and Montgomery , as well as Admiral Mountbatten and Air Marshal Trenchard . He also painted the wealthy American financiers Andrew Mellon and J . P . Morgan , the psychiatrist Sir James Crichton - Browne and Welsh architect Sir Clough Williams - Ellis . He was knight ed in 1949 . List of works . " Professor Smith " , 1911 , oil on canvas . Collection of Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa Birley family . He was the great - grandson of Hugh Hornby Birley , who led the troops at the Peterloo Massacre . He married the Irish beauty Rhoda Vava Mary Lecky Pike in 1921 . The couple had a son , Mark Birley , and a daughter , Maxime , who later became a fashion model and design muse as Maxime de la Falaise . His grandchildren , and his son ' s offspring , include Robin Birley and India Jane Birley . Other descendants include the fashion designer and muse Loulou de la Falaise and her daughter , fashion model Lucie de la Falaise .
15 cm schwere Feldhaubitze M . 15 The 15 cm schwere Feldhaubitze M . 15 was a heavy howitzer used by Austria - Hungary in World War I . Austrian and Czech guns were taken into Wehrmacht service after the Anschluss and the occupation of Czechoslovakia as the 15 cm schwere Feldhaubitze 15 ( t ) or ( ö ) . The M . 15 was adapted from a fortress turret howitzer design to throw the same ammunition as the schwere Feldhaubitze M . 14 some further . It didn ' t normally breakdown for transport , but could be disassembled into four loads for transport in mountainous areas . The first five weapons were delivered in the first half of 1916 . A total of 57 barrels and 56 carriages were completed by the end of the war . The Finns purchased twenty weapons after the end of the Winter War . They arrived on the SS " Widor " on 9 October 1940 . They were initially issued to Heavy Artillery Battalions 21 , 22 and 28 . They were unpopular with the field artillery as they were thought to be too heavy and were withdrawn from field duty during the Continuation War . Some went to equip the Maaselkä Fortification Artillery Battalions .
Château de Flamarens The Château de Flamarens is a castle in the " commune " of Flamarens in the Gers " département " of France . A " castrum " is mentioned on the site in 1289 and is believed to have been remodelled in the 14th century . Additional building work and alterations were made some time between 1469 and about 1475 by Jean de Cazanove for Jean de Grosolles . The northern part was built before 1536 by Georges Dauzières for Arnaud de Grossolles . Alterations were made in the 18th century ( windows and interior decoration ) . The castle was partially destroyed by fire in 1943 . It has been listed since 1965 as a " monument historique " by the French Ministry of Culture .
Ludwig Bachmaier Ludwig Bachmaier ( 24 August 1895 – 19 December 1957 ) was a highly decorated Oberstleutnant der Reserve in the Wehrmacht during World War II . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership .
Vickers E . S . 1 The Vickers E . S . 1 was an early British Fighter aircraft of the First World War . A single - engined biplane , only three E . S . 1s were built , although at least one was used by a home defence squadron of the Royal Flying Corps . Development and design . In late 1914 , Harold Barnwell , chief test pilot with Vickers Limited , designed a single - seat " scout " or fast reconnaissance aircraft , and had it built without the knowledge or approval of his employers , " borrowing " a Gnome Monosoupape rotary engine from Vickers ' stores to power the aircraft . Barnwell attempted a first flight of his design , named the " Barnwell Bullet " in early 1915 , but the aircraft crashed and was wrecked , possibly due to a miscalculated Center of gravity . Now aware of Barnwell ' s design , Vickers instructed their junior designer Rex Pierson to redesign the Bullet . The redesigned aircraft , the Vickers E . S . 1 ( Experimental Scout ) , was a single - engined tractor biplane of fabric covered wooden construction . It had single - bay unstaggered wings with ailerons on both the upper and lower wings . Like the Barnwell Bullet , the E . S . 1 was powered by a Monosoupape engine , closely cowled into a circular section fuselage . The pilot ' s cockpit was situated under the trailing edge of the upper wing , from which the view both downwards and upwards was poor . The E . S . 1 first flew in August 1915 , and was found to be extremely fast ( a speed of 118 mph ( 190 km / h ) was claimed by Vickers ) , and being capable of gaining height while looping . Following operational trials in France , it was fitted with a modified cowling to allow fuel to drain away from the engine , and was fitted with a forward firing Vickers machine gun with the the Vickers - Challenger gun synchroniser allowing the gun to fire through the propeller disc . A further two aircraft were built with a modified fuselage and a large cut - out in the upper wing to improve the view for the pilot , and powered by a Clerget or Le Rhône engine . These were designated Vickers E . S . 1 Mark II . No further production followed , with the aircraft being noted as being tiring to fly and difficult to land , although it did form the basis for the Vickers F . B . 19 . Operational history . The unarmed E . S . 1 was sent to France for operational trials at Saint - Omer in France in 1916 , where it was criticised for the poor view for the pilot and for the fact that if the engine was mishandled , petrol could collect in the cowling and catch fire , and was finally badly damaged in a crash when flown by Captain Patrick Playfair . After rebuilding and arming with a synchronised Vickers gun , the modified E . F . 1 Mk I was sent to No . 50 ( Home Defence ) Squadron .
Tarhoncu Ahmed Pasha Tarhoncu Ahmed Pasha ( ; died 21 March 1653 ) was an Albanian statesman and Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire from 20 June 1652 until 21 March 1653 , when he was executed because of the economic reforms he initiated . Tarhoncu Ahmed Pasha was born in the area of modern Mat District , northern Albania in the early 17th century . He was initially a tarragon salesman ( " tarhoncu " ) before joining the Ottoman administration . He served as governor of Egypt before attaining the vezirate . During his brief tenure in the middle of the reign of Sultan Mehmet IV ( " r " . 1648 – 1687 ) , he attempted to forestall decline and reform the Ottoman bureaucracy . Tarhoncu Ahmed was the first grand vizier to draft an annual budget in advance of the coming fiscal year . However , his reforms threatened the conservative forces in the Ottoman elite , who secured his execution on 21 March 1653 by spreading the false rumour that he intended to depose the sultan . This effectively ended the attempts at reform for several years .
Frankenthal - class minehunter The Type 332 Frankenthal class mine hunter is a class of German mine hunter s . The ships are built of non - magnetic steel . Hull , machinery and superstructure of this class is similar to the original Type 343 Hameln class minesweeper , but the equipment differs . Slightly modified Frankenthal class mine hunters are also operated by the Turkish Navy , where they are referred to as the A Class . List of German ships . All active ships are currently stationed in Kiel at the Baltic Sea . M1058 , M1059 , M1062 , M1065 and M1069 are part of the " 3 . Minensuchgeschwader " ( 3 . mine sweeper squadron ) . The others belong to " 5 . Minensuchgeschwader " . M1060 " Weiden " was sold to United Arab Emirates in 2006 . As the German Navy closed the naval base at Olpenitz , all ships were relocated to Kiel and their squadrons incorporated into the " Einsatzflottille 1 " ( Flotilla 1 ) . On 21 February 2007 , Grömitz ran onto a reef in the Floro fjord while on tour in western Norway and remained stranded in a spectacular way until being salvaged .