naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Ricochet A ricochet ( ) is a rebound , bounce or skip off a surface , particularly in the case of a projectile . The possibility of ricochet is one of the reasons for the common firearms safety rule " Never shoot at a flat , hard surface . " Ricochets are sometimes called car [ r ] oms . Variables . The likelihood of ricochet is dependent on many factors , including bullet shape , bullet material , spin , velocity ( and distance ) , target material and the angle of incidence . Bullet . Bullet construction has a major factor in determining both the likelihood of ricochet as well as where the bullet will travel afterward . Hard bullets have a greater tendency to penetrate than softer ones . Bullets that break up , such as varmint hunting bullets have a low risk of ricochet . The lower chance of ricochet is one of the reasons the newer . 17 HMR round with its frangible bullet has gained popularity against the older non - fragmenting . 22 WMR . Velocity . Ricochets are often more common with low - power calibers such as . 22 or . 177 calibre , which can have trouble penetrating some materials , although a ricochet can occur with " any " caliber . This is because the low - power projectiles do not induce the same target responses as more energetic projectiles . Higher velocity projectiles have a tendency to either penetrate the target , and / or to break - up on contact with it . Target material . Bullets are more likely to ricochet off flat , hard surfaces such as concrete or steel , but a ricochet can occur on almost any surface , including grassy soil , given a flat enough angle of impact . Materials that are soft , give easily , or can absorb the impact , such as sand , have a lower incidence of ricochet . Though it may not be intuitive , bullets easily ricochet off water ; compare stone skipping . Angle . The angle of departure , both vertically and horizontally , is difficult to calculate or predict due to the many variables involved , not the least of which is the deformation of the bullet caused by its impact with the surface it strikes . Ricochets will almost always continue on a somewhat diagonal trajectory to their original trajectory , unless the impact is against a flat surface perpendicular to the angle of incidence ( or approach ) , in which case the angle of reflection depends on the other variables involved . Dangers . Ricochets are a common hazard of shooting because the bullet that ricochets poses a serious danger of causing collateral damage to animals , objects , or even the person who fired the shot . In rare cases , ricochets can return to the shooter . This can occur when the object struck possesses enough resistance to withstand the impact of the bullet , and its surface is perpendicular to the shooter . Alternatively , elastic targets such as rubber tires shot with lower power weapons can return the slug along the line of fire even when struck at an oblique angle . Some bullets are designed to deform at the nose , which is the main reason for the bullet ricocheting at such an extreme angle and returning in the shooter ' s direction .
USS Adder ( SS - 3 ) USS " Adder " ( SS - 3 ) ( later renamed " A - 2 " ) , a " Plunger " - class submarine , was one of the earliest submarines used by the United States Navy . She was laid down on 3 October 1900 by the Crescent Shipyard , launched on 22 July 1901 , and commissioned on 12 January 1903 at the Holland yard at New Suffolk , Ensign Frank L . Pinney in command . Service history . After initial experimental duty at the Naval Torpedo Station at Newport , " Adder " was towed to the Norfolk Naval Shipyard by the tug , arriving there on 4 December 1903 . In January 1904 , the submarine torpedo boat was assigned to the Reserve Torpedo Flotilla . Placed out of commission on 26 July 1909 , " Adder " was loaded onto the collier , and was transported to the Philippines , arriving on 1 October . Recommissioned on 10 February 1910 , she was assigned to duty with the 1st Submarine Division , Asiatic Torpedo Fleet . Over almost a decade , the submarine torpedo boat operated from Cavite and Olongapo , principally in training and experimental work . During this time , she was renamed on 17 November 1911 , becoming simply A - 2 . During World War I , she carried out patrols off the entrance to Manila Bay , and around the island of Corregidor . Decommissioned on 12 December 1919 , " A - 2 " ( assigned the alphanumeric hull number SS - 3 on 17 July 1920 ) was designated for use as a target on 24 September 1920 . She was struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 16 January 1922 .
John Arnold Austin John Arnold Austin ( 30 August 1905 – 7 December 1941 ) was a United States Navy sailor in World War II , who received the Navy Cross ( awarded posthumously ) for his actions during the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor . Biography . Austin was born in Warrior , Alabama , and enlisted in the United States Navy on 20 November 1920 at age 15 . Between that time and 26 July 1935 , he served four successive enlistments . On that date , Austin accepted an acting appointment as carpenter ( warrant officer grade ) and reported on board the submarine tender then serving as a unit of the Asiatic Fleet . On 8 August , he detached from the tender and reported for duty on . On 4 December 1935 , Austin received a permanent warrant as a carpenter . He left the heavy cruiser on 13 July 1937 and reported on board on 10 September 1937 . He served in that battleship until detached on 14 June 1939 to proceed to further assignment to reporting on 18 July 1939 . After 14 months on that destroyer tender , Carpenter Austin departed on 21 September 1940 bound for duty in and reported on board the battleship on 5 October 1940 . In October 1941 , Austin received a commission as chief carpenter ( commissioned warrant officer ) . On the morning of 7 December 1941 , Chief Carpenter Austin was on " Oklahoma " . When the battleship capsized as a result of Japanese bombs and torpedoes , he was trapped below water with many of his shipmates . Austin searched for a means of escape and found a porthole which , though beneath the surface , offered just such an avenue . As a result of his efforts , 15 sailors escaped a watery grave . Chief Carpenter Austin , however , did not . As his citation reads , " He gallantly gave his life in the service of his country . " Chief Carpenter Austin was awarded the Navy Cross posthumously . Namesake . The destroyer escort was named in his honor .
1st Battalion Maine Sharpshooters The 1st Battalion Maine Sharpshooters was a sharpshooter battalion in the Union Army during the American Civil War . Service . The 1st Battalion Maine Sharpshooters was organized in Augusta , Maine October 27 through December 29 , 1864 . Companies A and B left Maine for City Point , Virginia , November 12 , 1864 and assigned to duty there until January 1865 . Company C was organized November 29 , 1864 and moved to Galloupe ' s Island , Boston Harbor , then moved to City Point , Virginia , January 1 – 5 , 1865 . Company D was organized December 2 , 1864 . Company E was organized November 28 , 1864 . Company F was organized December 29 , 1864 , all three moved to City Point , Virginia to joined the other companies . All were ordered to the Petersburg front and attached to 3rd Brigade , 1st Division , V Corps , Army of the Potomac , January to June 1865 . The 1st Battalion Maine Sharpshooters ceased to exist on June 21 , 1865 when its members were transferred to the 20th Maine Infantry . Detailed service . Siege of Petersburg January 5 to April 2 , 1865 . Dabney ' s Mills , Hatcher ' s Run , February 5 – 7 . Fort Fisher , Petersburg , March 25 . Appomattox Campaign March 28 - April 9 . White Oak Road March 29 . Quaker Road March 30 . Boydton Road March 30 – 31 . Five Forks April 1 . Amelia Court House April 5 . High Bridge April 6 . Appomattox Court House April 9 . Surrender of Lee and his army . Moved to Washington , D . C . , May 2 – 12 and participated in the Grand Review of the Armies May 23 . Casualties . The regiment lost a total of 19 enlisted men during service ; 7 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded , 12 enlisted men due to disease .
Air India One Air India One ( also referred to as AI - 1 or AIC001 ) is the call sign of any Air India aircraft carrying the Prime Minister of India , President of India or the Vice President of India . Air India is the national airline of India . The aircraft are operated as VIP flights by the Indian Air Force ( IAF ) . The IAF ' s Air Headquarters Communications Squadron , based at Indira Gandhi International Airport ( formerly Palam Air Force Base ) in New Delhi , is in charge of operating these aircraft . Current Fleet . Apart from the Boeing 747 - 400 owned by Air India and used on international state visits , the IAF currently owns four 14 seater Embraer 135 and three customized 46 seater Boeing Business Jet s ( BBJ ) that have a VVIP cabin and are used for VIP movement . Of these the Boeing 747s are used by either the Prime Minister , President or Vice President when on official overseas visits . Each Embraer 135 is equipped with missile - deflecting systems , modern flight management system including global positioning system , as well as category II instrument landing system . These aircraft cost the IAF 140 crore each . The Three BBJ , christened " Rajdoot " , " Rajhans " and " Rajkamal " cost the IAF 934 crore each ( 734 crore for the actual aircraft plus an additional 200 crore for Self Protection Suites ) . Self - protection suites include radar warning receivers , missile - approach warning and counter - measure systems . The aircraft have the capability to shoot chaff and flares to deviate radar - guided and heat - seeking missiles off their track along with other security tools . The aircraft have been configured to the same security specifications as the Boeing VC - 25 that flies the President of the United States . The President is designated VIP 1 , The Vice President VIP 2 and The Prime Minister VIP 3 . The BBJ have a four class configuration . For the President / Prime Minister , there is a separate enclosure in the aircraft which includes an office and a bedroom . Everyone aboard Air India One is required to wear a color - coded identity card . Members of the official delegation ( Joint Secretary level and above ) are tagged in purple and sit in First Class while accompanying officials ( junior officers ) are given pink tags and sit in Business Class on the upper deck . Journalists and others from the media sit in the Executive Class and sport yellow tags . Support staff join the security team in a small economy class section at the back of the aircraft and are tagged in red .
Headquarters Air Force badge The Headquarters Air Force badge is a new badge of the United States Air Force . Airmen currently assigned to Headquarters Air Force at the Pentagon or who have been assigned to a qualifying Headquarters Air Force staff or Secretary of the Air Force staff position for at least 365 consecutive days are entitled to wear the badge . Wear of the badge is optional . Air Force Chief of Staff General T . Michael Moseley approved the design and development of the badge in September 2005 . Description . The basis for the Headquarters Air Force badge is Air Force heritage and the design incorporates many elements from the Department of the Air Force . The predominant colors of the badge are ultramarine blue and gold , the colors of the Air Force through transition from the Army Air Corps . At the center of the badge is a gilt American Bald Eagle , a symbol of the United States and air power . The eagle is holding an olive branch and a bundle of 13 arrows , denoting the power of peace and war — the heart of the Air Force mission . The Air Force shield is at the core of the eagle . On the background is a blue pentagon , representing The Pentagon . A silver wreath , an ancient symbol of victory , encircles the badge and meets the old Army Air Corps roundel . The eagle holds a streamer with the Latin motto " E pluribus unum , " which means " Out of many , one , " and represents the original 13 colonies forming into one nation . Placement . According to AFI 36 - 2903 " Center duty or miscellaneous badge 1½ inches below top of welt pocket and centered , and / or on right side centered 1½ inch below the nametag " for men , and " centered on the wearer ' s right 1 / 2 inch above the name tag " for women . Equivalents . The United States Army has an equivalent badge , known as the Army Staff Identification Badge .
Action of 21 May 1565 The Action of 21 May 1565 was a naval battle in the Northern Seven Years ' War , when the Swedes defeated the Danes . On May 21 , eight Danish ship was found north of Pomerania . They were there to prevent Swedish ships to get to and from Greifswald . Four of the ships fled into Greifswald to escape the Swedes , but they chose to burn the other four ships to prevent them falling into enemy hands . Klas Horn planned to attack them inside the harbor , but after negotiations with the Duke of Pomerania , it was decided that the ships would be taken care of by the Duke on behalf of Sweden , pending a peace agreement , and their flags submitted to the Swedish admiral .
36th Mountain Infantry Division Forlì The 36th Mountain Infantry Division Forlì was a Mountain Infantry Division of the Italian Army during World War II . The division was formed in October 1939 and in June 1940 , was part of the First Army ( Italy ) and took part in the Italian invasion of France . Afterwards it was moved to Albania for the Greco - Italian War . After the Greek surrender the division remained in Greece as an occupying force based around Athens . The Division surrendered to the German forces in Greece after the Italian surrender in September 1943 . Mountain Divisions are not to be confused with the " Alpini " specialized mountain troops . The Mountain divisions had pack horse artillery instead of the usual towed type . The men that formed this division were drafted in the Langhe , a geographical region in southern Piedmont .
Pranas Končius Pranas Končius , nicknamed " Adomas " ( born in 1911 in Bargaliai , Kretinga district ) was the last Lithuanian anti - soviet resistance fighter killed in action by Soviet forces on July 6 , 1965 ( or according to other sources shot himself in order not to be captured on July 13 ) . There still were remaining anti - Soviet partisans , who legalised themselves later or lived illegally for decades to come . Before World War II , Končius served in the Lithuanian army . He also participated in the fight for Lithuanian independence . In 2000 he was posthumously awarded the Cross of Vytis .
Asahi no kata Asahi no kata ( 朝日の方 ) ( 1543 – February 18 , 1590 ) was a half - sister of Toyotomi Hideyoshi and wife of Tokugawa Ieyasu , two of Japan ' s greatest feudal warlords . She is also called Suruga Gozen ( 駿河御膳 ) and Asahi - hime ( 朝日姫 ) , though none of these are names , referring to her as " the person of Asahi , " " the Lady Suruga , " or " Princess Asahi . " Asahi no kata was first married to Saji Hyūga no kami , but when her brother Toyotomi Hideyoshi wished to make peace with Tokugawa Ieyasu after the Battle of Komaki and Nagakute , Hideyoshi expressed interest in marrying her to Ieyasu . As a result , Saji Hyūga committed suicide , in order to not pose an obstacle to such a powerful political marriage , and the two were married soon afterwards . Tokugawa and his new wife visited her mother when she fell ill in 1589 ; the mother of Asahi no kata and Hideyoshi died the following year , as did Asahi no kata herself .
HMS Phoenix ( 1647 ) HMS " Phoenix " was a fourth rate frigate of the English Royal Navy , built by Peter Pett II at Woolwich and launched in 1647 . The term ' frigate ' during the period of this ship referred to a method of construction , rather than a role which did not develop until the following century . As completed she was established with a peacetime 32 guns , but by 1652 carried 38 guns as a wartime establishment . She was enlarged during her life and by the 1660s was measured at 556 tons . " Phoenix " was captured by the Dutch ship " Eendracht " off Elba in the Mediterranean during the Battle of Elba , 28 - 8 - 1652 ( O . S . ) / 6 - 9 - 1652 ( N . S . ) , an action between the English squadron commanded by Richard Badiley and a Dutch squadron under Jan van Galen . She was retaken on 20 November 1652 by an attack by English small boats at Leghorn . She was finally wrecked on 3 December 1664 during a storm in Gibraltar Bay while attempting to pass through the Straits of Gibraltar .
Albert Buck Albert Buck ( 23 January 1895 – 6 September 1942 ) was a highly decorated Generalmajor in the Wehrmacht during World War II . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . Albert Buck was killed on 6 September 1942 near Novorossiysk , Russia when his car was hit by grenades .
Raymond Zussman Raymond Zussman ( July 23 , 1917 – September 21 , 1944 ) was a United States Army officer and a recipient of the United States military ' s highest decoration — the Medal of Honor — for his actions in World War II . Biography . He was born July 23 , 1917 in Hamtramck , Michigan and he joined the Army from Detroit , Michigan in September 1941 . By September 12 , 1944 he was serving as a second lieutenant , commanding tanks of the 756th Tank Battalion . On that day , during a battle in the city of Noroy - le - Bourg , France , Zussman repeatedly went forward alone to scout enemy positions and exposed himself to enemy fire while directing his tank ' s action . He survived the battle but was killed nine days later . On May 24 , 1945 , he was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions at Noroy - le - Bourg . Zussman died September 21 , 1944 at age 27 and was buried in Machpelah Cemetery , Ferndale , Michigan . Medal of Honor citation . Second Lieutenant Zussman ' s official Medal of Honor citation reads : On 12 September 1944 , 2d Lt . Zussman was in command of 2 tanks operating with an infantry company in the attack on enemy forces occupying the town of Noroy le Bourg , France . At 7 p . m . , his command tank bogged down . Throughout the ensuing action , armed only with a carbine , he reconnoitered alone on foot far in advance of his remaining tank and the infantry . Returning only from time to time to designate targets , he directed the action of the tank and turned over to the infantry the numerous German soldiers he had caused to surrender . He located a road block and directed his tanks to destroy it . Fully exposed to fire from enemy positions only 50 yards distant , he stood by his tank directing its fire . Three Germans were killed and 8 surrendered . Again he walked before his tank , leading it against an enemy - held group of houses , machinegun and small arms fire kicking up dust at his feet . The tank fire broke the resistance and 20 enemy surrendered . Going forward again alone he passed an enemy - occupied house from which Germans fired on him and threw grenades in his path . After a brief fire fight , he signaled his tank to come up and fire on the house . Eleven German soldiers were killed and 15 surrendered . Going on alone , he disappeared around a street corner . The fire of his carbine could be heard and in a few minutes he reappeared driving 30 prisoners before him . Under 2d Lt . Zussman ' s heroic and inspiring leadership , 18 enemy soldiers were killed and 92 captured .
USS Teresa ( ID - 4478 ) USS " Teresa " ( Id . No . 4478 ) was a cargo ship that served in the United States Navy from 1918 to 1919 . Construction , acquisition , and commissioning . " Teresa " was built as the commercial cargo ship SS " Austrian " in 1900 by Russell and Company at Port Glasgow , Scotland , in the United Kingdom , for " Unione Austriaca di Navigazione " . She later was renamed SS " Teresa " . The United States Shipping Board took control of " Teresa " on 27 September 1917 for United States Government use during World War I , and chartered her to the United States Army the same day , which operated her with a civilian crew . After a dispute between the Army quartermaster and the ship ' s civilian master , the Army requested that the U . S . Navy man the ship . The Navy accepted the ship , assigned her the naval registry identification number ( Id . No . ) 4478 , and commissioned her on 9 January 1918 at Newport News , Virginia , as USS " Teresa " ( ID - 4478 ) . U . S . Navy career . Assigned to the Naval Overseas Transportation Service , " Teresa " fitted out for naval use , then headed for New York City on 29 January 1918 . She loaded a cargo of U . S . Army supplies there and proceeded to Norfolk , Virginia . On 23 February 1918 , she got underway from Norfolk with a convoy for France and arrived at St . Nazaire on 4 March 1918 . " Teresa " made four additional supply trips to France during the next 16 months . " Teresa " ended her last U . S . Navy voyage at Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , on 28 June 1919 . She was decommissioned at Philadelphia on 19 July 1919 and transferred her back to the United States Shipping Board the same day . Later commercial service . Once again SS " Teresa " , the ship resumed commercial service . She was sold in 1923 to G . Perivolaris of Chios , Greece , and renamed SS " Demokratia " . In 1932 she was renamed " Phoenix " . " Phoenix " was sold for scrapping on 14 November 1932 at Genoa , Italy .
Benham - class destroyer Ten " Benham " - class destroyers were commissioned into United States Navy during 1938 and 1939 . Much of their design is based upon the previous " Gridley " - and " Bagley " - class destroyer s . Two of the class were lost during World War II , three would be scrapped in 1947 , while the remaining five ships would be scuttled after being contaminated from the atomic bomb tests in the Pacific .
Seventh Battle of the Isonzo The Seventh Battle of the Isonzo was fought from September 14 – 17 , 1916 between the armies of the Kingdom of Italy and those of Austria - Hungary . Battle . A short , sharp encounter fought from 14 – 17 September 1916 , the Seventh Battle of the Isonzo saw Italian Chief of Staff Luigi Cadorna shift his focus from broad - based diversionary attacks to tightly focused initiatives directed at single targets . This latest Isonzo battle saw the Italians try to extend their hold of their newly - won Gorizia bridgehead in attacks to the south - east of the town , in the area that is now part of the municipality of Miren - Kostanjevica on the Kras plateau . However despite the greater concentration of resources upon a single point - as much intended to reduce the severely high casualty rate sustained to date - the Italians ' success of the Sixth Battle of the Isonzo was not repeated , and the attack was called off after three days of heavy casualties , on 17 September 1916 . Nevertheless Cadorna ' s continued offensives along the Soča ( Isonzo ) did succeed in wearing away at Austro - Hungarian resources , both in terms of manpower and in crucial artillery availability . As each battle proceeded the Italians ' war of attrition seemed ever more likely to wear the Austro - Hungarians into defeat , short of assistance from their German allies . The Eighth Battle of the Isonzo followed on 10 October 1916 .
USS Kiowa ( SP - 711 ) The first USS " Kiowa " ( SP - 711 ) , later USS " SP - 711 " , was a United States Navy patrol vessel in commission from 1917 to 1918 . " Kiowa " was built as a private motorboat of the same name by George Lawley & Son at Neponset , Massachusetts , in 1915 . On 5 May 1917 , the U . S . Navy acquired her from her owner , Frank A . Marwell , for use as a section patrol boat during World War I . She was commissioned as USS " Kiowa " ( SP - 711 ) on either 14 May or 18 June 1917 . Assigned to the 1st Naval District in northern New England , " Kiowa " carried out patrol duties in the Boston , Massachusetts , area for the rest of World War I . In April 1918 , she was renamed USS " SP - 711 " , presumably to avoid confusion with the cargo ship , which had been commissioned in February 1918 . " SP - 711 " was decommissioned on 24 November 1918 and returned to Marwell on 28 March 1919 .