naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Çandarlı Kara Halil Hayreddin Pasha Çandarlı Kara Halil Hayreddin Pasha , also known as Çandarlı Halil Pasha the Elder ( to differentiate him from his grandson , Çandarlı Halil Pasha the Younger , who also served as grand vizier ) , was the first grand vizier of Murad I ' s reign . He was also technically the first in Ottoman history who held the title " Grand Vizier " ( although several before him held equivalent but differently named offices ) , the first who had a military background ( his predecessors under Orhan I came from the class of learned men , the " " ilmiye " " ) , and the first member of the illustrious Çandarlı family to hold high office . His family was to mark the rise of the Ottoman Empire between 1360 and 1450 . He rose to the rank of grand vizier from the position of the chief military judge ( قاضي عسکر kazasker ) in September 1364 and held this top seat after the sultan until his death on January 22 , 1387 . As such , he became the grand vizier who had the longest term of administration , a record he would hold until the abolition of the position 535 years after his death in 1922 . He was also notable for being the initiator of the " devşirme " system of recruitment in the Ottoman Empire . Çandarlı Kara Halil Pasha is not to be confused with his grandson , Çandarlı Halil Pasha the Younger , grand vizier under the reign of Murad II and during the first years of that of Mehmed II . He was succeeded as grand vizier by his son Çandarlı Ali Pasha . His other son , Çandarlı Ibrahim Pasha the Elder , would also later serve as grand vizier .
Ægir - class offshore patrol vessel The " Ægir " class Offshore Patrol vessel is a class of two vessels serving in the Icelandic Coast Guard ( ICG ) . They participated in the two latter Cod War s . The vessels conduct EEZ patrol , Search and Rescue , Fishery inspections , general Law Enforcement and Counter - terrorism operations in Icelandic waters and the waters of the surrounding territories , such as Greenland and Jan Mayen . The design . The concept for the " Ægir " class OPV was based on the Coast Guard experiences with the ICGV " Þór " and ICGV " Óðinn " . R . Adm Pétur Sigurðsson , commander of the ICG , set forth a requirement for a ship larger than both the " Þór " and " Óðinn " and more seaworthy . The vessels were also armored for ice breaking . Armament . When originally commissioned the ships of the " Ægir " - class main armament was the 57 mm Hotchkiss cannon . These weapons were however replaced in 1990 with the 40 mm Bofors L60 auto - cannon , which in turn was replaced with the 40 mm Bofors L70 in the late 2000s . Among other weapons are small arms and other suitable weapons , including Net cutter s , which the Icelandic Coast Guard made famous during the Cod Wars .
SS Ranpura The SS " Ranpura " was a British passenger and cargo carrying ocean liner built by R . & W . Hawthorn Leslie and Company at Newcastle upon Tyne for the Peninsular & Oriental Steam Navigation Company in 1924 . She was the first of the P & O ' R ' class liners that had much of their interiors designed by Lord Inchcape ' s daughter Elsie Mackay . She was launched September 13 , 1924 and sponsored by C . C . Straker , wife of the chairman of Hawthorn Leslie and Company . In 1936 , she was assigned to transport $ 50 million ( 1936 prices ) worth of Chinese artwork from London to Shanghai . The art had been on display in England as part of the largest exhibit of Chinese art to appear in England to that point . On 14 April , she encountered a storm off Gibraltar and ran aground in the Punta Mala after dragging anchor . She was refloated without damage on 16 April and resumed her trip to China . She was requisitioned into the Royal Navy on the onset of World War II and finished conversion 30 November 1939 as the armed merchant cruiser HMS " Ranpura " . The installation of eight six - inch guns gave her the firepower of a light cruiser without the armoured protection . World War II . Her sister ships SS " Rawalpindi " , SS " Ranchi " and SS " Rajputana " were also converted to armed merchant cruisers . Except for small corvettes , the converted passenger ships like HMS " Ranpura " were the only armed protection for most of the early convoys . With their six - inch ( 152 mm ) guns , they were the only escorts that could engage German surface ships . After conversion , " Ranpura " was assigned to the Mediterranean , where she served until February 1940 , when she was transferred to the South Atlantic . She served with the Halifax Escort Force in May 1940 , then was assigned in March 1941 as part of the force transferring gold from Britain to Canada for safekeeping during the war . After October 1941 , she transferred to the Indian Ocean . HMS " Ranpura " ( F93 ) was sold to the Admiralty in 1943 and converted to a repair ship . She served in the Royal Navy as a fleet depot ship until 1961 , when she was broken up . She took part in the 1956 Suez Crisis .
Battle of Nepheris ( 147 BC ) The Battle of Nepheris was the second battle of the Third Punic War fought at Nepheris , fought in 147 BC . The battle was fought between the forces of the Roman Republic , commanded by Scipio Aemilianus , and the forces of Carthage who were commanded by Diogenes of Carthage . Context . After the Roman defeat at the Battle of the Port of Carthage , Scipio Aemilianus decided to destroy the Carthaginian army at Nepheris , a stronghold south of the capital where the previous year the Romans had suffered a defeat at the First Battle of Nepheris against Hasdrubal the Boeotarch . The Battle . In 147 BC , the Romans blockaded Carthage and effectively cut off all supplies being sent to the defenders at Nepheris whose defense was being conducted by Diogenes of Carthage . Scipio surrounded the Carthaginian camp , forcing them to come out and give battle against the smaller Roman army . Surrounded on all sides , the Carthaginians were soundly defeated , losing thousands of soldiers during the course of the battle . The majority of the remainder of the Carthaginian force was taken prisoner ; only 4 , 000 managed to slip away . The capture of Nepheris marked the turning point in the morale of the defenders of Carthage , which would fall a few months later .
Thomas E . Atkins Thomas E . Atkins ( February 5 , 1921 – September 15 , 1999 ) was a Private in the United States Army who received the Medal of Honor for actions in World War II during a skirmish on 10 March 1945 in the Battle of Luzon . He joined the Army from his birth town in December 1942 . After the war . Atkins retired from the army and settled in his home town of Campobello , South Carolina where he eventually became a farmer . He died on 15 September 1999 , from congestive heart failure .
Military theory Military theory is the analysis of normative behavior and trends in military affairs and military history , beyond simply describing events in war and military theories , especially since the influence of Clausewitz in the nineteenth century attempt to encapsulate the complex cultural , political and economic relationships between societies and the conflicts they create . Theories and conceptions of warfare have varied in different places throughout human history . The Chinese Sun Tzu is recognized to be one of the earliest military theorists . His now iconic " The Art of War " laid the foundations for operational planning , tactics , strategy and logistics .
Queen ' s Truncheon The Queen ' s Truncheon is a ceremonial staff carried by the Royal Gurkha Rifles that serves as the equivalent of and is carried as the Colour . It is made of bronze and silver . The top represents the minaret of Delhi Palace with three Gurkhas standing on it supporting the Queen ' s crown above their heads . The minaret contains a pair of crossed kukri s and carries the inscription " Main Picqet Hindoo Rao ' s House , Delhi 1857 " . The Truncheon is a unique emblem upon which recruits swear allegiance to the Regiment and the Crown . The Truncheon was awarded to the Sirmoor Gorkha Battalion for its service in the relief of Delhi during the Indian Mutiny . The Sirmoor Battalion eventually became the 2nd King Edward VII ' s Own Gurkha Rifles ( The Sirmoor Rifles ) , retaining possession of the Truncheon until 1994 , when it was amalgamated with the other three British Gurkha regiments as the Royal Gurkha Rifles . The new regiment took possession of the Truncheon on permanent loan from the 2nd Gurkhas , and maintains the tradition of using it in place of Colours .
HMS Grafton ( 1750 ) HMS " Grafton " was a 70 - gun third rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy , built at Portsmouth Dockyard to the draught specified by the 1745 Establishment , and launched on 29 March 1750 . " Grafton " served until 1767 , when she was sold out of the navy .
Starfire Optical Range Starfire Optical Range ( SOR - Pronounced as an initialism ) is a United States Air Force research laboratory on the Kirtland Air Force Base in Albuquerque , New Mexico . Its primary duty , according to the official website , is to " develop and demonstrate optical wavefront control technologies . " The range is a secure lab facility and is a division of the Directed Energy Directorate of the Air Force Research Laboratory . SOR ' s optical equipment includes a 3 . 5 meter telescope which is " one of the largest telescopes in the world equipped with adaptive optics designed for satellite tracking " according to the Air Force , a 1 . 5 meter telescope , and a 1 meter beam director . Purpose . The purpose of Starfire is to conduct research to use adaptive optics to remove the effects of scintillation ( atmospheric turbulence ) . Turbulence interferes with laser beam integrity over distances . Lasers are being used for long - distance high - bandwidth communications and accuracy in air - to - air laser connectivity is important for data integrity . Scintillation is also a problem in development of weaponized lasers , such as the airborne laser being developed to intercept intercontinental ballistic missiles . Controversy . According to an article published on May 3 , 2006 in the " New York Times " , research is being conducted at the laboratory into how to use ground - based lasers to disable satellites ; that is , as an anti - satellite weapon .
Operation Steel Pike Operation Steel Pike was the largest peacetime amphibious landing exercise in history , conducted by the United States Navy and Marine Corps and taking place on the coast of Spain in October to November 1964 . The operation involved 84 naval ships and 28 , 000 Marines of the 2nd Marine Division , and was commanded by Vice Admiral John S . McCain , Jr . . In the opening hour of the landing , two helicopters collided in mid - air , resulting in the deaths of nine Marines and causing injuries to 13 others . Another Marine was crushed to death by a tank while asleep in his sleeping bag . During the trip over the ships were divided into three convoys sailing under war time conditions with ASW escorts . There were many civilian ships contracted to the Navy to transport military personnel and cargo to the landing area . Once the ships were anchored in place the landings began . There were 2 or 3 days of landing men and equipment ashore , then one day of rest for the landing craft . After that we started back loading men and equipment to the ships . When it was finished , the ships departed for liberty to different ports .
Poix - de - Picardie Poix - de - Picardie is a commune in the Somme department in Picardie in northern France . Geography . The commune is situated at the junction of the N1 and N29 roads , some southwest of Amiens , at the bottom of a rather steep - sided valley , confined by Normandy to the south and Picardie to the north . The commune has rail access , linking with the Rouen / Amiens network via the TER . Tyrrel family . The Tyrrel , or Tirel family were Lords of Poix from the twelfth to the fifteenth century . The most famous member of this family was Walter Tirel , who killed King William Rufus of England , son of William the Conqueror ; whether it was an accident or an assassination has never been established . Walter ' s grandson Hugh Tyrrel , baron of Castleknock , played a prominent role in the Norman Conquest of Ireland and in the Third Crusade .
Battle of Shimbra Kure The Battle of Shimbra Kure ( " chickpea swamp " ) was fought in March of 1529 between the forces of Adal led by Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al - Ghazi , and the Ethiopian army , under Dawit II ( Lebna Dengel ) . The army of Imam Ahmad prevailed , and were in control of the field at the end of the battle . Both sides suffered heavy casualties . Despite this success , and his desire to capture and hold the Emperor ' s palace at Badeqe , Imam Ahmad , in part to appease his restive men , withdrew from the highlands and did not return to directly engage the Ethiopian army for two years . Some authorities , such as Richard Pankhurst , attribute Imam Ahmad ' s success to the presence amongst his followers of an elite company of matchlock men . If this is the case , then this battle was the first time Ethiopian forces had to fight against a force armed with firearms . References .
Doughboy Doughboy is an informal term for a member of the United States Army or Marine Corps , especially members of the American Expeditionary Forces in World War I . They were widely memorialized through the mass production of a sculpture , the Spirit of the American Doughboy . The term dates back to the Mexican – American War of 1846 – 48 . The term was used sparingly during World War II , gradually being replaced by " G . I . " . It was still used in popular songs of the day , as in the 1942 song " Johnny Doughboy found a Rose in Ireland . " It dropped out of popular use soon after World War II . Etymology . The origins of the term are unclear . It was in use as early as the 1840s . An often cited explanation is that the term first came about during the Mexican – American War , after observers noticed U . S . infantry forces were constantly covered with chalky dust from marching through the dry terrain of northern Mexico , giving the men the appearance of unbaked dough . Another suggestion also arises from the Mexican – American War , and the dust - covered infantry men resembled the commonly used mud bricks of the area known as adobes . Another suggestion is that doughboys were so named because of their method of cooking field ration s of the 1840s and 1850s , usually doughy flour and rice concoctions baked in the ashes of a camp fire , although this does not explain why only infantryman received the appellation .
Amphibious Command Ship Amphibious Command Ships ( LCC ) in the United States Navy are large , special purpose ships , originally designed to command large amphibious invasions . However , as amphibious invasions have become unlikely , they are now used as general command ship s , and serve as floating headquarters for the various combatant commands . Currently , they are assigned to the 6th and 7th fleets as flagship s . Previous ships . USS Mount McKinley ( AGC - 7 / LCC - 7 ) was the lead ship of the previous class of amphibious force command ships . She was designed as an amphibious force flagship , a floating command post with advanced communications equipment and extensive combat information spaces to be used by the amphibious forces commander and landing force commander during large - scale operations . World War II . In World War II this type of ship was termed Amphibious Force Flagship ( AGC ) . It was not a specific ship class , but rather one that had appropriate radio capabilities and space for command operations . Typically a merchant ship under construction would be completed as an Amphibious Force Flagship , but some ships were refitted for this purpose . The original meaning of AGC was based on the " General Auxiliary " class of miscellaneous unclassified vessels AG and sub - class C , with 3 possible meanings ; " Command " , " Control " , or " Communications " , but it became an anacronym , since all AGCs were called " Amphibious Force Flagships " . The British used the term Landing Ship Infantry ( Headquarters ) for this type of ship .
Pacific Division ( United States Army ) Pacific Division of the U . S . Army was one of its superior administrative organizations that existed during the early 19th century and for a short time in the early 20th century . First Pacific Division 1848 - 1853 . The first Pacific Division of the U . S . Army was created on October 10 , 1848 , as the Army reorganized its administration for the new territories acquired during the Mexican American War . 10th Military Department ( California ) and 11th Military Department ( Oregon Territory ) were subordinated to the new Division that had its headquarters at Monterey . In June 1849 division headquarters moved to the California , for a month then moved to Benicia and the Benicia Arsenal in the upper San Francisco Bay in July 1849 . On May 17 , 1851 , the Army merged Military Departments 10 and 11 into the Pacific Division as the Army again reorganized its administration on the West Coast . Both of those military departments merged into the Pacific Division ceased to exist . Division headquarters directly administered affairs in California and Oregon Territory . On June 15 , 1852 , Pacific Division headquarters was moved from Benicia to the San Francisco . On October 31 , 1853 , the Pacific Division was replaced by the Department of the Pacific , with headquarters at San Francisco . It was created when the Army abandoned the system of divisions and numbered departments , establishing departments having a descriptive name , and reporting directly to Army Headquarters . Second Pacific Division 1904 - 07 . The Departments where again organized under new Divisions in 1904 , with the Pacific Division having subordiate to it the Department of California and its subordinate District of Hawaii and the Department of the Columbia . The Division echelon was eliminated in 1907 , as was the Pacific Division .
Bristol in the English Civil War During the English Civil War ( 1642 – 1651 ) , Bristol was a key port on the west coast of England and considered strategically important both Royalists and Parliamentarians . The following are the major events in Bristol or events effecting Bristol during the English Civil War .
Château de l ' Arthaudière The Château de l ' Arthaudière is a castle , later converted into a " château " , in the " commune " of Saint - Bonnet - de - Chavagne in the Isère " département " of France . It was the former seigniory of the Arthaud s and of the La Porte . The castle is listed as a " monument historique " by the French Ministry of Culture . History . The oldest part of the castle , the round tower ( ) , dates from the 13th century . The keep with an oblong plan dates from the 15th century , probably constructed by the Arthaud family . At the start of the Renaissance , between the Italian Wars and the Wars of Religion , the castle underwent many drastic alterations . A gallery with an upper floor was built against the western enclosing wall and the tower . At the bottom of the tower a chapel was founded at the beginning of the 16th century . André I de la Porte speaks about it in his will in 1517 . At the junction of the Renaissance portico with the northern buildings , a spiral staircase was installed in the 17th century . Above the chapel , on the first floor , there is a study with an armoured door . This door consists firstly of strongly studded fir , together with a cast iron base , the whole to be opened with a single key . This part of the chapel stored the most valuable goods of the Arthaud s . The tower opens to a courtyard through a series of arcades with Italian influences . Italian Renaissance is perhaps the best represented period in the influence of the architecture . The terrace gardens were probably landscaped in the 17th century ; today , they serve as a venue for theatre and musical productions . The grand stables . After the tower , the most prominent external feature of the château is perhaps the grand stables . Like the castle , the current stables underwent several periods of construction . Their design in the shape of an " L " delimits the first accessible court from the large alley . A passage surmounted by a lantern , intended to transfer fodder to the haylofts upstairs , gives access to another court bordered to the south by the coachman ' s quarters and a gate leading out . The coach house , the oldest part of the building , today contains a small museum of the history of the castle and the families that lived there . To the right of the entrance to the stable yards , one can see an Empire roof of metal glazed tiles set on four octagonal pillars that shelters a stone basin .
ACT Memorial The ACT Memorial is an Australian war memorial honouring men and women associated with the Australian Capital Territory who served in a number of conflicts and peacekeeping missions throughout the world . Located in Canberra , on London Circuit , opposite Civic Square , the ACT Memorial consists of two primary components : a physical memorial , and a web site providing public access to a database of names and information about those honoured by the memorial . The memorial was dedicated on 10 August 2006 by the ACT Chief Minister , Mr Jon Stanhope MLA . Design . The ACT Memorial was designed by local Canberra artist Matthew Harding . Physically , the memorial itself consists of a central illuminated glass sphere which is encompassed by two large stylised wing or feather structures which consist of a number of stainless steel bands . Text on one side of the outer rim at the base of the memorial reads " ACT MEMORIAL " and on the opposite side is the URL for the associated web site . On the inner rim under the sphere there are a series of glass tiles with key words related to conflict and sacrifice , such as " peace " , " dedication " , " resolve " , " service " , " honour " , etc .
Battle of the Lys ( 1940 ) The Battle of the Lys ( , ) was a major battle between Belgian and German forces during the German Invasion of Belgium of 1940 . The battle was named after the river Leie ( known as Lys in French ) , where the battlefield was situated ( in Belgium and in Northern - France ) . Trivia . In the Albertpark in the citycentre of Kortrijk , the Battle of the Lys is commemorated every year near the Monument of the Lys .