naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
1949 anti - NATO riot in Iceland The Icelandic NATO riot of March 30 , 1949 is arguably the most famous riot in Icelandic history . It was prompted by the decision of Alþingi , the Icelandic parliament , to join the newly formed NATO , thereby involving Iceland directly in the Cold War , opposing the Soviet Union and re - militarizing the country . The protesters first convened behind a school in the centre of Reykjavík and then marched on Austurvöllur , a small park in front of the parliament building , where a throng of people had already arrived positioning themselves between the parliament and the rioters , intending to defend it . At first the demonstrators were calm , but when a leading member of the Socialist Party announced over a loudspeaker that the leader of his party was held hostage inside the Parliament building , things became violent . Rocks were tossed at the building , some breaking the windows and one narrowly missing the head of the Parliamentary president , until the Reykjavík police force , aided by volunteers from the Independence Party intervened , beating rioters down and eventually launching tear gas grenades at the mob . No official estimate exists of the number of participants , but photographic evidence clearly shows that thousands of people were present . Aftermath . The details of this event have largely been obscured by opposing opinions and lack of neutrality in discussion . Despite violent opposition , Iceland ' s membership in NATO was confirmed . After the event , protests by anti - NATO activists were commonplace . The left parties in 1950s and 1960s parliamentary elections promised to put an end to the bilateral U . S . - Icelandic Defence Agreement but dropped these promises after becoming part of the ruling coalitions . The slogan " Iceland out of NATO and the Army out ! " ( " " Ísland úr NATO og herinn burt ! " " ) became a part of Icelandic culture . It has however largely lost its meaning after 2006 when the US Navy left the military base that had been run at Keflavík airport since the end of World War II ( Icelandic diplomat Einar Benediktsson points out that in fact the decision to end the American military presence in Iceland was taken at the United States in early 1990s and it was the Iceland government who persuaded the U . S . Air Force to stay for another decade or longer ) . Right leaning historians , such as Þór Whitehead , consider the riot as an attempted coup d ' état by the communist minority . The failure of the coup d ' état is then generally attributed to the number of civilians willing to protect the parliament and the skills of the Icelandic Police who had , just a few years before , pacified the Victory Day riot in 1945 where thousands of Allied soldiers and sailors went berserk in Reykjavík , celebrating the victory over Nazi Germany .
French submarine Dupuy de Lôme ( Q105 ) " Dupuy de Lôme " ( Q105 ) was the lead ship of her class of submarine of the French Navy The vessel was named after the French naval architect Dupuy de Lôme . She had one sister ship , " Sané " . The boats were designed by M . Hutter and were enlargements of his design . " Dupuy de Lôme " was laid down in Toulon in 1913 , launched on 9 September 1915 and commissioned in July 1916 . She was decommissionned in on 24 February 1935 , and sold for scrap in Brest on 6 August 1938 .
Alexander Löhr Alexander Löhr ( 20 May 1885 – 26 February 1947 ) was an Austrian Air Force ( " Österreichische Luftstreitkräfte " ) commander during the 1930s and , after the " Political Union of Germany and Austria " ( " Anschluss " ) , he was a German Air Force ( " Luftwaffe " ) commander . Löhr served in the " Luftwaffe " during the Second World War . Löhr was one of three former Austrians who rose to the rank of " Generaloberst " ( Colonel General ) within the German Wehrmacht . The other two were Erhard Raus and Lothar Rendulic . Early years . Löhr was born in Turnu - Severin , Kingdom of Romania to the family of a naval captain from Mainz and a nurse of Russian descent . His parents raised him in the Greek Uniate faith . Early career . Löhr served as Platoon Commander of a Pioneer battalion in the 85th Infantry Regiment of the Austro - Hungarian army in World War I . By 1921 Löhr had reached the rank of Lieutenant - Colonel ( " Oberstleutnant " ) . Between 1921 and 1934 he held many staff positions in the military , including Director of the Air Force in the Federal Armies Ministry . In 1934 , he was made Commander of the small Austrian Air Force , a position which he held until the " Anschluss " in 1938 . Luftwaffe . On 15 March 1938 , Löhr was transferred to the German Air Force ( " Luftwaffe " ) where he became commander of the German Air Force in Austria . By then he had been promoted to Lieutenant - General ( " Generalleutnant " ) . He was commander of Luftflotte ( Air Fleet ) 4 in the East from May 1939 until June 1942 . Luftflotte 4 carried out the bombing of Warsaw , Poland in September 1939 and of Belgrade , Yugoslavia in April 1941 . Löhr had developed a plan to bomb Belgrad with incendiary bomb s first , that the fires help the nightly second attack to find the targets . This costs thousands of people their lives . He was promoted to Colonel General effective 3 May 1941 . Löhr commanded the 12th Army from July 12 , 1942 through to December 1942 . From 1 January to 23 August 1943 , Löhr was Commander - in - Chief of the South East . He was also the Commander - in - Chief of Army Group E from 1 January up to the end of the war . As Commander - in - Chief of Army Group E , Löhr oversaw the successful Dodecanese Campaign . He surrendered on 9 May 1945 to Yugoslav Partisans at Topolšica , Slovenia , Yugoslavia . Imprisonment , trial , and death . Löhr was imprisoned by the Yugoslavs from 15 May 1945 to 26 February 1947 . He was found guilty of war crimes , and executed on 26 February 1947 . Specifically , Lohr was executed by firing squad in Belgrade , Yugoslavia , for his role as the commander of the " Luftwaffe " units involved in the Bombing of Belgrade in 1941 . Portrayal in right wing publications . In 2004 an abstract of his biography was published in the book " Helden der Wehrmacht - Unsterbliche deutsche Soldaten [ Heroes of the Wehrmacht - Immortal German soldiers ] " . This abstract whitewashes his role in the war crimes and depicts him as victim of unjust Allied victor ' s justice . This book was classified as a far - right wing publication by Claudia Fröhlich and Horst - Alfred Heinrich .
Stridsvagn m / 41 Stridsvagn m / 41 ( Strv m / 41 ) was a Swedish medium tank . A license - built version of the Czech TNH medium tank , it served into the 1950s . History . Since 1937 , the Swedish army had been interested in the Czechoslovakian TNH tank . In March 1940 , some 90 tanks were ordered from ČKD . They were never delivered as Germany , which had occupied Czechoslovakia in 1938 , took them for its coming campaign in the East . After negotiations with the German authorities , Scania - Vabis were allowed to build their own tanks under license , as compensation for the seized TNH tanks . Production history . In June 1941 , 116 Stridsvagn m / 41 SI were ordered . These were delivered from December 1942 - August 1943 . The Stridsvagn m / 41 was of rivetted construction which made manufacture easier . As with the preceding Strv m / 38 - Strv m / 40 , it was armed with a 37 mm Bofors m / 38 gun , and the first batch had the same engine as the Strv m / 40L , the Scania - Vabis type 1664 . In June 1942 , a further 122 Stridsvagn m / 41 were ordered under the designation Strv m / 41 SII . These had thicker frontal armor and Scania ' s new type L 603 engine . The first SII vehicles were delivered in October 1943 . The last 16 of the 122 ordered were rebuilt as assault gun s ( Sav m / 43 ) and production of SII ceased in March 1944 after 106 vehicles had been delivered . Service . The SI tanks were located to P3 regiment in Strängnäs , where they equipped the 10th Armored Brigade ' s light tank companies . The SII tanks were mainly located to the 9th Armored Brigade at P4 regiment in Skövde , while others belonged to the reserve of the P2 and P3 regiments . They were painted in a three - color camouflage . Stridsvagn m / 41 were used until late 1950s , when they were rebuilt to APCs under the designation Pbv 301 . The turrets of these tanks were used on fortifications . All of the original m / 41 were converted to armoured personnel carriers . A Sav m / 43 rebuilt as a m / 41 is displayed by the " Sveriges Försvarsfordonsmuseum Arsenalen " in Strängnäs .
Ecaterina Teodoroiu Ecaterina Teodoroiu ( ; born Cătălina Toderoiu ; January 15 , 1894 - September 3 , 1917 ) was a Romanian woman who fought and died in World War I , and is regarded as a heroine of Romania . In Romanian historiography , Ecaterina Teodoroiu is placed in the context of gendered experience of the Great War on the Eastern Front , on the same pedestal as Queen Maria of Romania . She was born in the village of Vădeni ( nowadays part of Târgu Jiu ) , in the historical region of Oltenia , in Southern Romania . After studying for 4 years in Vădeni and Târgu Jiu and graduating from the Girls ' School in Bucharest , she was to became a teacher when the Romanian Kingdom entered World War I on the Entente side , in 1916 . In October 1916 , Ecaterina joined the Romanian Army during the first Jiu battle when General Ion Dragalina ' s 1st Army repulsed the 9th German Army offensive . A Scouts ' member , she had initially worked as a nurse but she subsequently decided to become a front - line soldier , being deeply impressed by the patriotism of the wounded and by the death of her brother Nicolae ( Sergeant in the Romanian Army ) . It was an unusual decision for a woman of that epoch , so she was sent to the front rather reluctantly . However , soon she proved her worthiness as a symbol and as a soldier . She was taken prisoner but managed to escape by killing two , or perhaps three German soldiers . In November , she was wounded and hospitalized , but came back to the front where she was soon decorated , advanced in rank to " Sublocotenent " ( Second Lieutenant ) and given the command of a 25 - man platoon . For her bravery she was awarded the Military Virtue Medal , 1st Class . On September 3 , 1917 ( August 22 Old Style ) , she was killed in the Battle of Mărăşeşti ( in Vrancea County ) , where she was hit in the chest by German machine gun fire . According to some accounts , her last words before dying were : " Forward , men , I ' m still with you ! " She was buried in the city center of Târgu Jiu , and her grave is honored by a monument erected in 1936 by Miliţa Petraşcu .
George Harold Eardley George Harold Eardley VC , MM ( 6 May 1912 – 11 September 1991 ) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . Details . Eardley was 32 years old , and an acting sergeant in the 4th Battalion , The King ' s Shropshire Light Infantry , British Army during the Second World War when he was awarded the VC . On 16 October 1944 east of Overloon , the Netherlands , Sergeant Eardley ' s platoon was ordered to clear some orchards where a strong opposition was holding up the advance , but away from the objective the platoon was halted by automatic fire from machine - gun posts . Sergeant Eardley spotted one of these posts and moving forward under heavy fire killed the officer at the post with a grenade . He went on to destroy two more posts single - handed , under fire so intense that it daunted those who were with him , but his action enabled the platoon to achieve its objective and thus ensured the success of the whole attack . Further information . He later was appointed company sergeant - major . His VC is on display in the Lord Ashcroft Gallery at the Imperial War Museum , London . A statue was erected in his home town of Congleton in 2004 . Eardley was interred at Macclesfield Cemetery in Cheshire .
Willem Louw Lieutenant - General Willem Petrus Louw SSA SM ( Bloemhof , 24 November 1920 – 4 July 1980 ) was a South African military commander . He joined the South African Army in the Special Service Battalion in 1938 , and served in Italy in World War II . Military career . After enlisting as a private he served as a NCO in the T Service Corps ( SAOC ) and was seconded to the South African Infantry . In 1943 he attended a Candidate Officers course and was appointed a 2nd Lieutenant in the South African Armoured Corps . He was transferred to the 6th Armoured Division and deployed to the Middle East and Italy . After the war he served in various posts and in 1959 became Officer Commanding North West Cape Command In 1960 he attended a Parachute Instructors course in England . He was promoted to Commandant ( Lieutenant Colonel ) in January 1961 and in April 1961 became the founder and first commanding officer of 1 Parachute Battalion . Later , he served as OC Northern Transvaal Command and Chief of the Army from 1967 to 1973 , and as Inspector - General of the South African Defence Force from 1973 to 1975 .
Thymios Vlachavas Thymios Vlahavas ( , also known as Παπαθύμιος " Papathymios " ; born in Vlachava ( also known as Smoliani ) in 1760 , died in 1809 ) was a Greek klepht . He was the son of Athanasios Vlachavas . In the 19th century , he achieved a prominent position among the other klepht leaders , and led the fight against Ali Pasha , the powerful and semi - independent Ottoman governor of Yanina . Along with others , he prepared a large - scale anti - Ottoman uprising on May 1808 , but it was betrayed . Vlachavas was later captured by Ali Pasha by ploy , executed and quartered .
Kurt Dittmar Kurt Dittmar ( January 5 , 1891 in Magdeburg – April 26 , 1959 in Stadtoldendorf ) was a German general in World War II , who served as the Official Military Commentator of the German Armed Forces . Biography . Dittmar entered the German Imperial army as Officer candidate in March 1909 . He was assigned to the 4th Engineer Battalion ( " Magdeburgisches Pionier - Bataillon Nr . 4 . " ) and commissioned a Second lieutenant one year later . During the World War I , Dittmar served with the rank of Captain as a Company commander and also as a Temporary Battalion Commander . After the War , Dittmar entered the Reichswehr and continued to serve with engineers units , where he reached the rank of Colonel ( " Oberst " ) to the date of April 1 , 1936 . With the outbreak of the World War II , Dittmar served as a commander of the engineer school in Berlin - Karlshorst . He became a divisional commander in February 1941 and led the 169th Infantry Division , which was later stationed in Finland . In the summer of 1941 , he participated in Operation Polarfuchs but was evacuated from Finland a few months later due to illness . He was awarded for his leadership with the German Cross in Gold and also received Order of the Cross of Liberty , 1st Class with Swords by the Finnish government . He was posted to the Army High Command Leader Reserve in October 1941 , and became General for Special Employment in April 1942 . In that post , which he held over the remainder of his war service , he was the Official Military Commentator of the German Armed Forces . A rumor that he committed suicide in April 1945 was dispelled on the 23rd when he surrendered to soldiers of the 30th U . S . Infantry Division at Magdeburg . He later told his captors that the National Redoubt did not exist . Dittmar was held in U . S and later in British captivity until May 1948 . References . Ryan , Cornelius . ( 1966 ) . " The Last Battle "
Battle of Gjorm The Battle of Gjorm ( ) was a battle of the Albanian Resistance of World War II against the Kingdom of Italy . The battle took place on January 1 – 2 , 1943 , in the areas of Gjorm , Vranisht , Dukat , Tragjas and Tërbaç in south - western Albania in the region of Mallakastër . Prelude . After the occupation of the Kingdom of Albania by the Kingdom of Italy in 1939 , several resistance groups were formed . The most important of these groups were Balli Kombëtar , a nationalist organization formed by Mit ' hat Frashëri and Ali Këlcyra and the Albanian National Liberation Front , which later became a communist group led by Mehmet Shehu and Enver Hoxha . Dukat and Gjorm became two of the centers of Balli Kombëtar , whose forces in the region were led by Hysni Lepenica , a military commander , and Skënder Muço , a prominent lawyer from Tragjas . Mehmet Shehu , a commander of the Albanian National Liberation Front , created a partisan unit in the wider region of Mallakastër . Beginning in mid - 1942 , there were frequent minor attacks against the Italian troops located in the area . In November 1942 , these attacks intensified . The commander of the heavily armed Italian troops in the area , which initially numbered 2 , 000 , was Colonel Franco Clementi . Battle . The main battle , which lasted thirty - six hours , took place on January 1 – 2 , 1943 . The Albanian units were supported during the battle by 300 local volunteers . During the battle , the Italian army used tank s as well as field guns and many machine guns . The battle ended with the decisive defeat of the Italians , who were completely routed from the battlefield , which came under Albanian control . A total of 186 Italian soldiers and officers were killed , including the commander of the Italian troops , Colonel Clementi , while hundreds were wounded and 80 were taken prisoner . Two Italian tanks were destroyed , while military equipment captured by the Albanians included three field guns , twenty - nine machine guns , large quantities of ammunition , and hundreds of rifles . Aftermath . After being defeated and routed from the battlefield , the Italian army engaged in reprisals against the civilians of the five villages of Dukat , Gjorm , Trëbaç , Tragjas , and Vranisht . The Italian air force bombed the villages . During these attacks , there were many civilian victims including the mayor of Dukat , Shukri Cane . As a consequence of another punitive expedition , Gjorm was also mortared until it was completely ruined . A 1981 painting by Fatmir Haxhiu , entitled " Gjorm War " ( ) , commemorates the Battle of Gjorm . The painting is on display in the National Historical Museum of Albania .
Benét Laboratories Benét Laboratories , part of the United States Army Armament Research , Development and Engineering Center , is the US Army ' s primary design , development , engineering and production & field support facility for large caliber armament systems , including Cannons , mortars , and recoilless rifles . They also work on tank gun mounts and turret components and munition handling systems . It is located at the Watervliet Arsenal in upstate New York . It is a part of the Weapons & Software Engineering Center ( WSEC ) , Armament Research , Development , and Engineering Center ( ARDEC ) , which is located at Picatinny Arsenal , New Jersey . Laboratory simulations are performed studying gun firing phenomina , and using static and dynamic load testing ( up to 5 million lb ) , as well as environmental testing .
1st Battalion Arkansas Volunteer Infantry The 1st Battalion Arkansas Volunteer Infantry ( 1862 ) was an infantry battalion that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War . Although Arkansas joined the Confederate States of America in 1861 , not all of its citizens supported secession . Organization . The 1st Battalion Arkansas Volunteer Infantry was organized at Helena , Ark . , July 20 , 1862 . Mustered out December 31 , 1862 . Service . Attached to District of Eastern Arkansas and duty at Helena , Ark . , till October . Moved to St . Louis , Mo . , and duty at Benton Barracks , Mo . , till December . Mustered out of service . The battalion was mustered out on December 31 , 1862 .
Stora Sofia Stora Sofia ( ) was a Danish ship of the line that sank on 25 May 1645 near Buskär outside the harbour of Göteborg . Construction and design . The ship was built in 1627 on the Slottö shipyard in Nakskov in Denmark after a design of Scottish shipbuilder Daniel Sinclair . " Stora Sofia " was the flagship of the navy of the Danish king Christian IV . She was armed with 44 cannons on three decks ; according to contemporary sources , she had four 48 - pounders , eighteen 24 - pounders , twenty 8 - pounders and several smaller cannons . Service . During the short Torstenson War between Denmark - Norway and Sweden in 1645 , Denmark put an embargo on the young city of Göteborg , founded in 1621 . " Stora Sofia " was the flagship of a Danish fleet under admiral Ove Gjedde that was ordered to enforce the embargo . Shortly after the arrival of the fleet , a storm broke loose and threw the " Stora Sofia " onto the rocks . The ship sank to a depth of 27 metres ; her crew was saved . Discovery of the wreck . The wreck was rediscovered only in 1961 . More thorough explorations and archeological studies began in the 1980s .
James F . Ayers James F . Ayers ( 1847 – January 18 , 1895 ) was an American soldier in the U . S . Army who served with the 6th U . S . Cavalry during the Indian Wars . He was a participant in the Red River War and one of several men received the Medal of Honor for bravery fighting Indians at Sappa Creek , Kansas on April 23 , 1875 . Biography . James F . Ayers was born in Collinstown , Virginia . He later moved to Richmond where he enlisted in the U . S . Army . He was assigned to the 6th U . S . Cavalry and sent to the frontier where he took part in campaigns against the Plains Indians , particularly the Red River War , during the 1870s . He was cited for bravery while battle Indians at Sappa Creek , Kansas on April 23 , 1875 . He was one of several regimental members to receive the Medal of Honor , Ayers receiving his award for " rapid pursuit , gallantry , energy , and enterprise in an engagement with Indians " on November 16 , 1876 . Ayers remained in the military until his death at Fort Riley , Kansas , on January 18 , 1895 , and interred at the post cemetery . Medal of Honor citation . Rank and organization : Private , Company H , 6th U . S . Cavalry . Place and date : At Sappa Creek , Kans . , 23 April 1875 . Entered service at : - - - - - - . Birth : Collinstown , Va . Date of issue : 16 November 1876 . Citation : Rapid pursuit , gallantry , energy , and enterprise in an engagement with Indians .