naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Anti - ballistic missile defense countermeasures Anti - ballistic missile defense countermeasures are tactical or strategic actions taken by an attacker to overwhelm , destroy , or evade anti - ballistic missile defenses . Anti - ballistic missile ( ABM ) defense countermeasures can be categorized in a variety of ways , such as whether something is attacked or just confounded ( i . e . , whether the defender is attacked , whether the defender ' s ABM defense is attacked , or whether the defenders ABM system is confounded ) . They can be categorized by the type of ABM system they are to operate against . Finally , they can be categorized by which part of a ballistic missile ' s flight they are active ( boost , bus , midcourse , or terminal phases ) . Attacking Countermeasures . Countermeasures Attacking the Defender . The simplest countermeasure to an ABM defense is to simply increase the size of the attack . This can be done by adding more ICBM s , by increasing the number of warheads delivered by each ICBM using MIRV s , by using SLBM s ( which have a much shorter flight time and are thus difficult to destroy before the terminal phase ) , or by a heavier reliance on bombers and cruise missiles . Countermeasures Attacking the Defense . These countermeasures include anti - satellite weapons , space mines , and the launching of debris in identical but counter - rotating orbits to a space - based defense . Confounding Countermeasures . Countermeasures Confounding the Defense . These countermeasures include using fast - burn boosters ( which limit the time allowed for boost - phase intercept ) , light - weight ICBM skirts which limit the infra - red signature of the booster , use of decoys ( e . g . , lightweight mylar balloons which , until re - entry , will travel on an identical trajectory with the heavier warheads ) , use of ablative materials or reflective coatings which limit the damage of directed energy weapons , launches of numerous harmless missiles early in an attack which might cause the defender reveal his defenses and expend valuable resources .
Siege of Adrianople ( 813 ) The siege of Adrianople ( ) in 813 was a part of the wars of the Byzantine Empire with the Bulgarian khan Krum ( Byzantine - Bulgarian Wars ) . It began soon after the Byzantine field army was defeated in the battle of Versinikia on June 22 . At first the besieging force was commanded by Krum ' s brother ( whose name is not mentioned in the primary sources ) . The khan himself went on with an army to Constantinople . After an unsuccessful Byzantine attempt to murder him ruined all prospects for negotiations with them , Krum ravaged much of Eastern Thrace and then turned against Adrianople which was still under siege . The city — one of the most important Byzantine fortresses in Thrace — held out for a while despite being attacked with siege engine s . Yet , without any help from outside , the garrison was forced to capitulate due to starvation . On Krum ' s order the population of Adrianople and the surrounding area ( numbering about 10 , 000 ) was transferred to Bulgarian territory north of the Danube . Under the peace treaty , concluded in 815 , Adrianople remained in the Byzantine empire .
USS Defiant ( YT - 804 ) USS " Defiant " ( YT ‑ 804 ) is a United States Navy harbor tug . Construction and commissioning . The contract for " Defiant " was awarded 10 September 2007 . She was laid down by J . M . Martinac Shipbuilding Corp . , Tacoma , Washington and launched 10 July 2010 . " Defiant " was delivered to the Navy 28 September 2010 . Operational history . " Defiant " is assigned to the Navy Region Northwest .
Frederick Rose ( surgeon ) Dr . Frederick A . Rose ( b . ? ? - d . England July 1873 ) was a British naval surgeon who was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal in 1858 for aiding American naval personnel aboard the who had contracted yellow fever . When the " Susquehanna " arrived at Port Royal , Jamaica stricken by an epidemic of yellow fever , the British Royal Navy , under the command of Admiral Sir Houston Stewart placed the naval hospital there at their disposal , and eighty - five of the crew were taken ashore by the boats of the British squadron . Assistant - Surgeon Frederick A . Rose volunteered to join the " Susquehanna " , at some personal risk to himself ( as it was not proved , by Walter Reed , that the virus was transmitted by mosquitoes rather than direct human contact until 1900 ) and took the care of the sick remaining on board on the voyage from Jamaica to New York City . It was the first time a Congressional Gold Medal was given to any non - member of the US military .
The Vichy 80 The Vichy 80 were a group of elected French parliamentarians who , on 10 July 1940 , voted against the constitutional change that dissolved the Third Republic and established an authoritarian regime now referred to as Vichy France . Background . Nazi Germany invaded France on 14 May 1940 , and Paris fell a month later . Prime Minister Paul Reynaud was opposed to asking for armistice terms , and upon losing the cabinet vote , resigned . President Albert Lebrun appointed Marshal Philippe Pétain as his replacement . France capitulated on 22 June 1940 . Under the terms of the armistice , the northern and Atlantic coast region of France was to be militarily occupied by Germany . The remainder would remain unoccupied , with the French Government remaining at Vichy , remaining responsible for all civil government in France , occupied and unoccupied . Pétain began a revision of the constitution of the discredited Third Republic . This process was completed with a vote of the combined houses of the parliament on 10 July 1940 . The result was a that created the new French government . The eighty deputies and senators who opposed the change are referred to as the Vichy 80 ( French : " " les quatre - vingts " " ) , and they are now famous for their decision to oppose the vote . Additionally , twenty - seven deputies and senators did not take part in the vote . They had fled Metropolitan France on 21 June , from Bordeaux to Algiers , on board the ship , " Massilia " , and they are referred to as the " Massilia absentees " . They were considered traitors by the French government . Sixty - one communist parliamentarians had their rights to serve as deputies and senators denied to them in January 1940 . The Pétain government henceforth ruled under this Act , the constitutional law of 10 July 1940 , and they never produced a true constitution until the end of World War II , insisting that it would have to be signed in Paris , once France became unoccupied again . On January 30 , 1944 , a draft constitution was signed , but it remained without effect . After the French government of Pétain was dissolved , the so - called Free French Forces contested the legality of the government based at Vichy and they voided most of its acts . More recently though , there has been some recognition of the responsibility of the French state for the crimes committed under the government based at Vichy . Detailed list of the 80 . SFIO = Section Française de l ' Internationale Ouvrière ( French Section of the Workers ' International ) UFP = Union populaire française ( French Popular Union , a breakaway section of the French Communist Party )
Battle of Tursko The Battle of Tursko ( or Tursko Wielkie ) took place on 13 February 1241 , during the First Mongol invasion of Poland . It ended in the defeat of the Polish forces of the " ziemia " of Kraków . In early February 1241 , Polish forces under the voivode of Kraków Włodzimierz blocked the road towards Kraków , concentrating in the area of Miechow . Meanwhile , Mongol forces headed towards Kraków via Koprzywnica , Wislica and Skalbmierz , then withdrew to Tursko Wielkie . Following the order of the voivode , the Poles decided to pursue the Mongols . The Mongol commander Baidar was probably aware of it , using mock retreat to find a better position for the battle . According to Jan Dlugosz , the first clash ended in a Polish victory and the release of a number of prisoners . The second clash however , resulted in the complete defeat of the Polish knights . One of the reasons for the success of the Mongols ' counterattack was that the Polish forces , having captured the Mongol camp , focused on looting it rather than worrying about the still significant enemy forces . Despite their eventual victory , the Mongols are said to have sustained significant losses in this engagement . The brief Polish victory at Tursko , even if only in the first phase of the battle , shook the Mongols . References to this battle can be found in a Taiwanese chronicle of the Chinese Yuan Dynasty , where Tursko is spelled " Tulisseko " . Remnants of fortifications were visible near Tursko until recently and were associated with a Mongol camp ; the locals called this place " Zamczysko " ( " castle remnants " ) . Construction of a monument commemorating the battle began in Tursko Wielkie in early 2012 .
RAG - 30 The RAG - 30 is an automatic grenade launcher of Czech origin . The weapon fires 30 mm grenade s . It is fed from a 5 - round detachable box magazine located at the top of the housing . The SAG - 30 is a semi - automatic variant that fires from a closed bolt .
James Myles James Sproule Myles ( 1877 – 13 February 1956 ) was an Irish soldier , politician and rugby union player . Rugby player . Myles played rugby for City of Derry and Ireland . In October 1899 , together with Thomas Harvey , he was a member of the Ireland team that went on a tour of Canada . This was their first ever overseas tour . While playing , he broke his leg and he had to remain in Canada until December while the rest of the touring party returned home in November . Soldier . During World War I , Myles served in the British Army with both the Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers and the Royal Engineers . He won the Military Cross for bravery and reached the rank of Major . Politician . Myles served as an independent Teachta Dála ( TD ) in Dáil Éireann for twenty years . He was elected on his first attempt at the 1923 general election and was subsequently re - elected six times . He initially represented Donegal but then switched to Donegal East when the 8 - seat constituency was divided in 1937 . He lost his seat in 1943 , and was defeated again in 1944 . He died in 1956 and is buried at St . Anne ' s Church in Ballyshannon , County Donegal .
Thomas Banks Cabaniss Thomas Banks Cabaniss ( August 31 , 1835 – August 14 , 1915 ) was a United States Representative from Georgia . Biography . Born in Forsyth , Georgia , he attended private schools and Penfield College , was graduated from the University of Georgia in 1853 , studied law , and was admitted to the bar in 1861 . He entered the Confederate States Army on April 1 , 1861 , and served throughout the Civil War , after which he returned to Forsyth and commenced the practice of law . He was a member of the Georgia House of Representatives from 1865 to 1867 and was appointed assistant secretary of the Georgia Senate in 1870 and secretary in 1873 . He resigned to become Solicitor General of the Flint circuit , which office he held until 1877 ; he served in the Georgia Senate from 1878 to 1880 and 1884 to 1886 . Thomas Cabaniss was elected as a Democrat to the Fifty - third United States Congress , serving from March 4 , 1893 to March 3 , 1895 ; he was an unsuccessful candidate for renomination in 1894 , and was appointed a member of the Dawes Commission to adjust affairs in the Indian Territory . He was mayor of Forsyth in 1910 and judge of the city court in 1913 and 1914 . He died in Forsyth in 1915 ; interment was in Oakland Cemetery in that same city . Cabaniss ' cousin , Thomas Chipman McRae of Arkansas , was also a U . S . Representative .
S - class torpedo boat The Finnish S class torpedo boats was a series of six ex - Russia n torpedo boat s , that had been taken over by the Finns after the Russian revolution and the Finnish Civil War . S1 - S5 belonged to the Russian " Sokol " class torpedo boat destroyers , while S6 was of the smaller Modified " Ussuri " class ( also called Modified " Sungari " class ) torpedo boats .
Werner Schmidt - Hammer Werner Schmidt - Hammer ( 26 September 1894 – 1 January 1962 ) was a highly decorated Generalleutnant in the Wehrmacht during World War II . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . Werner Schmidt - Hammer was captured by Soviet troops in May 1945 and was released in October 1955 .
SCALPEL SCALPEL ( Small Contained - Area Laser Precision Energetic Load ) is a laser - guided bomb produced by Lockheed Martin . The weapon is being developed from the Enhanced Laser Guided Training Round ( E - LGTR ) which is the training version of the Paveway II series of bombs . The rationale behind the system is to provide a light , low - collateral damage weapon which can utilise the infrastructure and platform integration already in place for the E - LGTR system . On 14 March 2010 , the US Navy announced its intention to purchase Scalpel .
Soviet communications ship SSV - 33 SSV - 33 Ural ( " ССВ - 33 Урал " ) ( NATO reporting name : Kapusta ( Russian for " cabbage " ) ) was a command and control ship operated by the Soviet Navy . " SSV - 33 " s hull was derived from that of the nuclear powered s . " SSV - 33 " served in electronic intelligence , missile tracking , space tracking , and communications relay roles . Due to high operating costs , " SSV - 33 " was laid up . The on board radio reconnaissance system was called " Coral " , this involved two computer types : " Elbrus " and several " EC - 1046 " computers . This ship is mentioned in the popular post - apocalyptic fiction novel World War Z .
Georgia Militia The Georgia Militia existed from 1733 to 1879 . It was originally planned by General James Oglethorpe prior to the founding of the Province of Georgia , the British colony that would become the state of Georgia . One reason for the founding of the colony was to act as a buffer between the Spanish settlements in Florida and the British colonies to the north . For background with respect to the region ' s Native Americans , see the Yamasee War ( 1715 – 1717 ) . Gordon Smith states , “ … ‘ ante - bellum ’ Georgia was in an almost constant swirl of ‘ war or rumors of war ’ . ” This was due to the presence of Tories , Indians , bandits , privateers and border disputes with France and Spain . “ Central to the American concept of a republican democracy , composed as it was of citizen - soldiers , the militia system was essential to the political and social structure . The basic building blocks at the bottom of the Georgia Militia pyramid were the general militia districts . Established pursuant to the Militia act of 1784 , these theoretically contained one company of at least sixty - three men … the governor as commander - in - chief . ” “ The General Militia Acts of 1803 , 1807 , and 1818 directed that all district male residents from eighteen to forty - five years old , except those exempted by laws such as ministers , enrol in their district company and perform regularly scheduled drills , at the designated unit muster ground . ” Campaigns included the Oconee War s , 1787 - 1797 , The Embargo Wars , 1807 - 1812 , The War of 1812 , 1812 - 1815 , The First Seminole War , 1817 - 1819 , The Second Seminole War , 1835 - 1843 , The Creek War of 1836 , 1836 - 1837 , The Cherokee Disturbances and Cherokee Removal , 1836 - 1838 , and The Mexican - American War , 1846 - 1848 . Three brigades of Georgia militia under the command of Brigadier General Pleasant J . Philips engaged Union forces on November 22 , 1864 , near Macon , Georgia , in the Battle of Griswoldville , the first battle of Sherman ' s March to the Sea . On April 16 , 1865 , in response to Wilson ' s Raid through Alabama , Georgia forces under the command of Brigadier General Robert C . Tyler engaged union force in the Battle of West Point . The desperate Battle of Columbus ( 1865 ) , fought the same day , would prove to be the last battle of the American Civil War .
2007 Helmand province airstrikes The 2007 Helmand province airstrikes were the set of airstrikes conducted by NATO and resulted in death of at least 45 Afghan civilians . The death count in southern Helmand province was the highest since 2001 , when US - led forces used heavy bombing in their campaign to drive the Taliban from power . Background . The War in Afghanistan began on October 7 , 2001 , in response to the September 11 , 2001 attacks on the United States . This marked the beginning of the U . S . War on Terrorism . The stated purpose of the invasion was to capture Osama bin Laden , destroy Al - Qaeda , and remove the Taliban regime which had provided support and safe harbor to Al - Qaeda . The U . S . and Britain led the aerial bombing campaign , with ground forces supplied primarily by the Afghan Northern Alliance and supplemented by NATO troops . The U . S . military name of the conflict was Operation Enduring Freedom ( OEF ) . A U . N . tally shows that of civilian deaths this year , 314 were caused by international or Afghan security forces , and 279 by insurgents . A similar Associated Press count , though lower , shows the same trend : 213 killed by the U . S . or NATO and 180 by the Taliban . The event . On 22 June 2007 , NATO fighters attacked alleged insurgents in South Afghanistan . They targeted several houses in the southern part of Helmand province . What is not clear is exactly how many people died . It is known that women and children were among the dead , some local leaders say over 100 people were killed . The US and NATO say they do not have civilian casualty figures . Afghans ' reaction . Civilian deaths have infuriated Afghans . Afghan president Hamid Karzai has condemned the forces for carelessness and viewing Afghan lives as " cheap . " He has also blamed the Taliban for using civilians as human shields . President Hamid Karzai ordered a six - man team to conduct a more thorough investigation into the dozens of deaths in Helmand province , said Sher Mohammad Akhanzada , a member of parliament from the province . Karzai accused NATO of careless operation . NATO ' s response . NATO , which has admitted some civilians were killed in the battle late Friday but says the number is far fewer than 45 , welcomed Karzai ' s order . International reactions . Pakistan condemned civilian killings by NATO forces in tribal areas bordering Afghanistan .
George Gates Captain George Brian Gates ( born 21 July 1899 , date of death unknown ) was a World War I flying ace credited with 15 aerial victories . He joined the Royal Naval Air Service in June 1917 , and was wounded in action towards the end of September 1918 . Honors and awards . Distinguished Flying Cross ( DFC ) Lieut . George Brian Gates On a recent occasion this officer , singlehanded , engaged two enemy two - seaters , bringing down both in flames . He has , in addition , destroyed a third machine and shot down two kite balloons in flames . On whatever duty engaged — bombing , attacking troops on the ground , or fighting in the air — this officer displays consistent courage and skill . Distinguished Flying Cross ( DFC ) Bar Lieut . ( A . / Capt . ) George Brian Gates , D . F . C . ( FRANCE . ) This officer sets a fine example to the other pilots of his squadron , being conspicuous for his cool courage and brilliant leadership . During the past month he has accounted for six enemy two - seaters , five being driven down in flames and one crashed . References . " Sopwith Camel Aces of World War 1 . " Norman Franks . Osprey Publishing , 2003 . ISBN 1 - 84176 - 534 - 1 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84176 - 534 - 1 .
Battle of Ishibashiyama The was the first in which Minamoto Yoritomo , who was to become shogun less than a decade later , was commander of the Minamoto forces . The battle was fought on September 14 , 1180 in the southwest of present - day Odawara , Kanagawa Prefecture near Yoritomo ' s headquarters at Kamakura . Background . Yoritomo was exiled by Taira no Kiyomori following the Heiji Rebellion of 1160 . In the following years , the Taira clan attempted to consolidate their position , eventually forcing the Emperor Takakura to in favour of his infant son , Antoku , whose mother was a Taira . Prince Mochihito felt that the throne should have been his , and in August 1180 , issued an order to Yoritomo to gather the clans of the Kantō Plain in an uprising against the Taira . When Kiyomori heard that Yoritomo had left Izu Province for the Hakone Pass , he appointed Ōba Kagechika to stop him . Although there was much sympathy for Yoritomo ' s call to arms , the clans were wary of openly supporting him and an army of only 300 gathered at Ishibashiyama where he had raised his standard . A force from the Miura clan was prevented from reaching Yoritomo by the Sakawa River which was in flood . The Battle . Kiyomori launched a night attack on the Minamato camp with 3 , 000 men . A further 300 under Itō Sukechika skirted around the camp and attacked from the rear . The defenders were aided by elements of Kiyomori ' s force who were secretly loyal to the Minamato and who could disrupt the battle without detection in the dark and stormy conditions . However , sheer weight of numbers soon told and the Minamato made a fighting retreat , culminating in a final stand by a hollow tree . When all was lost , Yoritomo is said to have hidden inside the tree trunk with a single companion . Here he was found by one of his secret allies and smuggled from the battlefield . Yoritomo fled by sea from Capa Manazuru to Awa Province in the south of present - day Chiba Prefecture on September 28 , 1180 .
Royal Aircraft Factory F . E . 9 The Royal Aircraft Factory F . E . 9 was a prototype British two - seat fighter - reconnaissance aircraft of the First World War . A single - engined pusher biplane of 1917 , the F . E . 9 had poor performance and handling , and only three were built . Development and design . In summer 1916 , the Royal Aircraft Factory set out to design a replacement for its F . E . 2 two - seat pusher fighter . Although effective gun synchronising gear was now available , which would allow a tractor design with superior performance to be designed , the factory chose to continue the pusher layout of the F . E . 2 in its new two - seat fighter , the F . E . 9 . Its nacelle extended well forward of the wings and was located high up in the wing gap to give a good field of fire for the observer , who was seated in the nose , ahead of the pilot , with dual controls fitted . It had unequal span , single - bay wings , with ailerons on the upper wing only with large horn balances ( the amount of control surface forward of the hinge ) . It was powered by a 200 hp ( 149 kW ) Hispano - Suiza 8 V8 engine , with the Royal Aircraft Factory having priority for this important and widely used engine . Three prototypes and 24 production aircraft were ordered , with the first of three prototypes flying in April 1917 . It was found to have a poor climb performance and handling , with the ailerons being overbalanced , which tended to force the aircraft onto its back in steep turns . To try to solve its handling problems it was fitted with various designs of aileron and rudders . After service trials of the first prototype in France , Major General Hugh Trenchard recommended that development be stopped , despite this the second prototype flew in October 1917 , with two - bay wings , which was passed to No . 78 Squadron based at Biggin Hill in the Home Defence role . The third prototype appeared in November 1917 , and was used for trials at Farnborough until early 1918 . Although the 24 production aircraft were not completed , the F . E . 9 did form the basis for the later N . E . 1 night fighter and A . E . 3 Ram ground attack aircraft .