naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Military history of the United Arab Emirates The military history of the United Arab Emirates began when the Trucial Oman Scouts , long the symbol of public order on the coast and commanded by British officers , were turned over to the United Arab Emirates as its defense forces in 1971 . Although small in number , the UAE armed forces are equipped with some of the most modern weapon systems , purchased from a variety of outside countries . Most UAE troops are citizens of other Arab countries and Pakistan . Officers , however , are almost all UAE nationals . Most are graduates of the United Kingdom ' s Royal Military Academy at Sandhurst , with others having attended the United States Military Academy at West Point , the Royal Military College , Duntroon and St . Cyr , the military academy of France . France opened the Abu Dhabi Base in May 2009 . The UAE ' s armed forces have engaged in numerous wars since inception . During the Persian Gulf War , UAE troops , reportedly numbering several hundred , participated in the conflict as part of the GCC Peninsula Shield force that advanced into the city of Kuwait . United States aircraft bombed Iraqi positions from the UAE , and United States ships operated out of UAE ports . The UAE Air Force also carried out strikes against Iraqi forces . A total of six UAE combat deaths were reported as a result of the fighting . Presently , the UAE is also part of the War in Afghanistan ( 2001 - present ) .
Action of 23 March 2010 The Action of 23 March 2010 was an attack by Somali pirates on a Panamanian - flagged merchant vessel and the subsequent capture of the pirates by the Spanish Navy . The encounter happened off the coast of Somalia and ended with the death of one pirate and the capture of six others . Action . The MV " Almezaan " had already been attacked and captured twice by Somali pirates over the past few years . In both incidents , ransoms were paid and the freighter was released . After the second attack , the operators of the ship hired a security team to protect the vessel from the pirates . While sailing off Somalia towards Mogadishu in the Indian Ocean on Tuesday , 25 March 2010 , the Panama flagged vessel was engaged by pirates on a large whaler and two small skiff s . The pirates advanced towards the ship , firing AK - 47 s and rocket - propelled grenade s . As the pirates closed in on their target , the " Almezaan " s security detachment responded . Little is known but the security force of a few men armed with small arms fired on the attacking skiffs which temporarily forced them back . One pirate was killed and one skiff sustained several small caliber bullet holes . The pirates then attacked again but the merchant vessel was apparently able to slip away . After the attack on the freighter , the pirates began to flee . The successful defense of the freighter and the death of a pirate by the security team was the first known engagement of its type to have occurred according to news reports . " Almezaan " s master reported the incident over the radio to the allied naval presence in the region and the Spanish frigate " Navarra " proceeded to the area after a short cruise . Accounts differ in terms of what happened next , what is known is that the Spaniards sighted the large mother ship and the two skiff s , the Spanish commander then ordered their capture by launching a helicopter . The helicopter approached the vessels and fired a few warning shots . The pirates refused to surrender so a boarding party was dispatched to the pirate skiffs but by the time the Spanish boarding party had reached the pirates , they had already thrown their weapons into the sea and surrendered . The skiffs were captured and contained seven pirates , one of whom was the man the security team had killed . The Spanish also observed several of the gunshots in the side of the skiff . The sailors returned to their frigate and the mother ship was sunk by naval gunfire . The six living pirates were detained but later released by the Spanish Navy and sent back to Somalia in the remaining skiffs . The pirates were freed due to the crew of " Almezaan " who refused to testify against their attackers , possibly fearing reprisal .
Hisham Jaber General Hisham M . Jaber ( born September 13 , 1942 ) ( ) is a retired Lebanese Major General . Early life and education . Born in Nabatieh , in South Lebanon , he is the grandson of historian Muhammad Jaber Al Safa , and great - grandson of sheikh Ahmad Reda . After graduating from the military academy , he was sent to the French postgraduate " école d ' application " , in Saint - Maixent - l ' École , for specialized infantry training . He then followed intensive courses in public relations and information at the Defense Information School ( DINFOS ) in Indiana , U . S . A . in 1976 . He continued his studies in psychological warfare in Fort Bragg , North Carolina . In 1982 , Jaber graduated from the Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth , Kansas , also earning a Master ' s Degree in mass communication from the University of Kansas . Jaber then obtained a DEA ( " diplôme d ' études approfondies " ) in contemporary history at the Sorbonne ( " Paris IV " ) , Paris , France in 1993 , and later in 1997 , a Ph . D . in modern political history also at the Sorbonne .
Michael Cresap Captain Michael Cresap ( April 17 , 1742 – October 18 , 1775 ) was a noted frontiersman born in Maryland . Biography . Cresap was the son of the celebrated pioneer Colonel Thomas Cresap ( " c . " 1702 – " c . " 1790 ) . He spent part of his adult years in the Ohio Country as a trader and land developer . He led several raids against Indians whom he believed were hostile to white settlement . The war leader Logan ( " c . " 1723 ? – 1780 ) , of the Mingo Indians , accused Cresap of murdering his family . In fact , the killings were almost certainly perpetrated by Daniel Greathouse , yet Cresap was immortalized in Logan ' s speech — quoted in Thomas Jefferson ' s " Notes on the State of Virginia " ( 1785 ) — as the murderer of Logan ' s family . As a result of the murders , Logan waged war on the settlements along the Ohio and in western Pennsylvania , killing , perhaps , nearly thirty men , women and children . Lord John Murray Dunmore , the British Royal Governor of Virginia , raised an army and appointed Cresap to the rank of captain . The decisive battle of Dunmore ' s War was the Battle of Point Pleasant ( 10 October 1774 ) in Virginia ( now West Virginia ) . Here Dunmore ' s forces defeated a band of Shawnee Indians led by Cornstalk . After Lord Dunmore ' s War , Cresap returned to Maryland and subsequently raised a company of riflemen for the Continental Army during the American Revolution . He died from illness in New York City while in the service of the army ; he is interred there in Trinity Church Cemetery .
Roger - Bernard II , Count of Foix Roger Bernard II ( c . 1195 – 26 May 1241 ) , called the Great , was the sixth count of Foix from 1223 until his death . He was the son and successor of the illustrious count Raymond - Roger and his wife Philippa of Montcada . He made his name famous in 1217 when , for six weeks , he defended the castle of Montgrenier against the onslaught of Simon de Montfort , 5th Earl of Leicester . That same year , he distinguished himself at the siege of Toulouse . In 1220 , he assisted his father in the recapture of Lavaur and Puylaurens and was instrumental in helping his father retake his lost dominions . The resumption of Mirepoix wasn ' t accomplished until his own reign , however . At the moment of his accession , he and the new count of Toulouse , Raymond VII , besieged Carcassonne . On 14 September 1224 , the Albigensian Crusade rs surrendered and the war came to an end , each southern lord making peace with the church . However , in 1226 , the new king of France , Louis VIII , called " the Lion " , renewed the conflict in order to enforce his royal rights in Languedoc . Roger - Bernard tried to keep the peace , but the king rejected his embassy and the counts of Foix and Toulouse took up arms again . Roger - Bernard and a small contingent of his feudatories constituted a pocket of resistance in Limoux from June 1226 to June 1227 , but the war was largely a discontinuous series of skirmishes . In January 1229 , Raymond of Toulouse signed the Treaty of Meaux with Louis the Lion ' s successor , Louis IX . Already excommunicated ( since March or April 1227 ) and with his only ally gone and a new royal army in the field against him , Roger - Bernard sued for peace in June . By the ensuing treaty , he received back much of his land , but not Mirepoix , which he had previously fought so hard to reconquer . In 1226 , he married Ermesinde , daughter and heir of Arnau de Castellbò , viscountess of Castellbò and a Cathar , and from then on , when his relations with his French sovereign allowed it , he concentrated on expansion and fortification southwards . He fortified the towns guarding the way to Andorra and Urgel . He fell into conflict with the bishop of Urgel over the valley of Caboet in May 1233 . He opposed the Inquisition and got into even more conflict with the bishop in April 1239 . He did not involve himself in the war of Raymond Trencavel on behalf of his family , the Trencavel , though he did negotiate an honourable treaty in 1240 . He ended his days at peace with the established church ( having been excommunicated a second time in 1236 ) and was buried in the abbey of Boulbonne . He was succeeded by his son Roger IV , whom he had married to Brunissende , the daughter of Raymond Folc IV and heiress of Viscounty of Cardona .
Butler ' s General Order No . 28 Butler ' s General Order No . 28 was a decree made by Maj . Gen . Benjamin Butler during the American Civil War . Following the Battle of New Orleans , Butler established himself as military commander of that city on May 1 , 1862 . Many of the city ' s inhabitants were strongly hostile to the Federal government , and many women in particular expressed this contempt by insulting Union troops . Accordingly , on May 15 , Butler issued an order to the effect that any woman insulting or showing contempt for any officer or soldier of the United States should be treated as a woman of the town " plying her avocation " - meaning soliciting of prostitution . The order had no sexual connotation ; rather , it permitted soldiers to not treat women performing such acts as ladies . If a woman punched a soldier , for example , he could punch her back . Known as the " Woman ' s Order , " it nonetheless was very controversial at home and abroad , and was a cause of Butler ' s removal from command of New Orleans on December 16 , 1862 .
Parliament of Bermuda The Parliament of Bermuda has two chambers . Originally , there was only one , the House of Assembly , which held its first session in 1620 , making Bermuda ' s Parliament amongst the World ' s oldest legislatures . An appointed Privy Council originally performed roles similar to that of an upper house , and of a cabinet . This was replaced with an appointed upper house , the Senate , in 1968 , and a Cabinet composed from Members of Parliament from the party with the most seats in the lower house ( party politics , and universal adult suffrage having been introduced at the same time - forty years after its introduction in Britain ) . A Premier was also introduced as leader of the ruling party , and an official opposition : the Westminster System .
No . 455 Squadron RAAF No . 455 Squadron was a Royal Australian Air Force torpedo bomber squadron during World War II and became famous as part of the so - called " ANZAC Strike Wing " . History . No . 455 Squadron was formed at Williamtown , New South Wales on 23 May 1941 . Formed in accordance with Article XV of the Empire Air Training Scheme , the squadron was destined for service in Europe with the Royal Air Force . While the Williamtown party waited to be shipped to the UK , other personnel — these being predominantly members of the RAF — began assembling at RAF Swinderby , Lincolnshire in the United Kingdom . 455 Squadron came into existence there on 6 June 1941 and was equipped with Hampden bombers . The bulk of the Australian personnel came to join them on 1 September 1941 , having been en route to the UK since 15 June . Initially assigned to No . 5 Group RAF , Bomber Command , the Squadron transferred to RAF Coastal Command on 26 April 1942 and made a deployment to Vaenga in the Soviet Union in September . No . 455 Squadron was re - equipped with Beaufighters in October 1943 and operated against German shipping off Norway and in the Baltic Sea until the end of the war . No . 455 Squadron was disbanded on 25 May 1945 .
Capture of Trincomalee ( 1795 ) The Capture of Trincomalee was the taking by force of the port of Trincomalee in the island of Ceylon ( present - day Sri Lanka ) by British forces on August 26 , 1795 . The principal fortress , Fort Ostenburg , held out until August 31 . On 23 July 1795 a squadron under Commodore Peter Rainier consisting of " Suffolk " , " Hobart " , " Centurion " , " Diomede " , with troop - transports , and sailed for Ceylon to take Trincomalee and other Dutch settlements on Ceylon . On 2 August 1795 " Diomede " , with a transport brig in tow , struck on a sunken rock and sank . She went down with all her stores on board but boats from the squadron saved her crew . Although the loss of " Diomede " delayed the landing by a day , on 31 August the British captured Fort Ostenburg and with it complete control of Trincomalee . The British would go on to capture other Dutch settlements in India and Ceylon , but denying Trincomalee to the French was the most important objective . The British held Trincomalee until Sri Lanka ' s independence in 1948 .
USS Estero ( AG - 134 ) USS " Estero " ( AG - 134 / AKL - 5 ) was a in the United States Navy . She was named after Estero , an island off the coast of Florida . " Estero " , which originally served with the U . S . Army as USA " FS - 275 " , was acquired by the U . S . Navy in March 1947 and commissioned on 5 July , with Lieutenant ( junior grade ) H . E . Toponce , in command . Pacific Ocean operations . She was employed in logistics support of the administration of the United Nations Trust Territories , calling throughout the Marshalls , Carolines , and Marianas . On 31 March 1949 she was reclassified AKL - 5 . Korean War service . At the outbreak of the Korean War she was fitted out for emergency ammunition carrying service , participating thereafter in the Inchon invasion in September 1950 . Early in 1951 she was converted to carry refrigerated cargo , and in September resumed cargo duty bearing supplies to warships until the end of hostilities . Vietnam War service . From 25 August to 2 September 1954 she made five trips in support of " Operation Passage to Freedom " , the evacuation of refugees from North Vietnam . Subsequently she performed her logistics services for the fleet in the western Pacific , with only brief interludes as in May through July 1957 when she transported an Air Force team which was surveying the habitability of prospective stations in the Sulu Sea . Note : The year of the Sulu Sea Operation appears to be incorrect ( unless there were two ) . I participated in that operation and I left the ship in July 1956 . During the 1956 operation her crew also performed reconnaissance of strategic access features which earned the ship a Letter of Commendation from the Chief of Naval Operations . Formosan Crisis operations . During the Formosan crisis in 1957 - 58 , she rendered important support with emergency lifting of ammunition from Japan to Taiwan . " Estero " shuttled supplies among Korea , Japan , and Hong Kong . On 22 January 1960 " Estero " was decommissioned . Her name was stricken from the Navy List on 1 February 1960 . " Estero " earned seven battle star s in the Korean War .
INS Nirghat ( K89 ) INS " Nirghat " ( K89 ) was a Vidyut class missile boat of the Indian Navy . " INS Nirghat " was a part of the 25th " Killer " Missile Squadron of the Indian Navy . Operation Trident . During the Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 , " INS Nirghat " was part of the Operation Trident strike force , along with its sister vessels from the 25th Killer squadron ( and ) . On the afternoon of December 4 , the strike group made its way towards Karachi . Late that evening , around 70 miles south of Karachi , the " Nirghat " detected a large Pakistan Navy target , later identified as the destroyer PNS Khaibar , about 45 miles to its northwest . " Nirghat " launched 2 missiles on PNS Khaibar , sinking it . Other vessels of strike group sank a Pakistan Navy minesweeper PNS Muhafiz and the merchant ship " MV Venus Challenger " . Lieutenant Commander Inderjit Sharma , the Commanding Officer , and Master Chief M . N . Sangal of the " Nirghat " were awarded the Vir Chakra for their roles during the operation .
Bliss - Leavitt Mark 2 torpedo The Bliss - Leavitt Mark 2 torpedo was a Bliss - Leavitt torpedo adopted by the United States Navy for use in an anti - surface ship role after the E . W . Bliss Company of Brooklyn , New York , which had been building Whitehead torpedo es for the US Navy , began designing and manufacturing their own torpedoes in 1904 . It was the first American - built torpedo to utilize counter - rotating turbines , each driving a propeller . This design eliminated the unbalanced torque that contributed to its predecessor ' s ( the Bliss - Leavitt Mark 1 torpedo ) tendency to roll . Characteristics . The design of the Bliss - Leavitt Mark 1 torpedo was revolutionary , but not without problems . The single - stage turbine engine drove a single propeller , which had a tendency to develop unbalanced torque and thus to roll in the water , affecting its accuracy . This problem was corrected by Navy Lieutenant Gregory Davison in the Mark 2 by using a twin - turbine engine driving twin propellers , thus steadying the torpedo ' s trajectory . The Mark 2 was a " hot - running " torpedo , propelled by heated air . About 250 units were built by E . W . Bliss for the US Navy . The Bliss - Leavitt Mark 2 was launched from battleship s , torpedo boat s and cruiser s .
ITL MARS The ITL MARS ( Multi - purpose Aiming Reflex Sight ) is a gun sight that combines two sighting devices , a reflex sight and a laser sight , as well as a backup iron sight . It is designed and produced by ITL Optronics company , based in Israel . The laser may be either visible or infrared and can be activated as need via a pressure switch . It has been purchased by a number of forces including the U . S . military for its M16 series weapons , Israel for its IMI Tavor TAR - 21 rifle , India ( locally manufactured under license as raptor sight ) for its INSAS rifle , as well as other commercial customers .
5th West Virginia Volunteer Cavalry Regiment The 5th West Virginia Volunteer Cavalry Regiment was a cavalry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War . Service . The 5th West Virginia Cavalry was organized from the 2nd West Virginia Volunteer Infantry Regiment on January 26 , 1864 . The regiment was consolidated into a single battalion at Charles Town , West Virginia in September 1864 and was absorbed by the 6th West Virginia Volunteer Cavalry Regiment on December 14 , 1864 . Casualties . The 5th West Virginia Cavalry suffered 3 officers and 68 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded in battle and 118 enlisted men dead from disease for a total of 189 fatalities . Colonels . Abais Allen Tomlinson
Hari Singh Dhillon Maharaja Hari Singh Dhillon ( died 1764 ) was one of the most powerful , admired and famous of all the royal Sikh warriors of the 18th century . He was Maharaja of Amritsar , Lahore and large areas of central and western Panjab . He was the nephew of Bhuma Singh Dhillon , a famous Sikh soldier . They were a family of Jats of the Dhillon clan from the Malwa region of Punjab Moga District . His military exploits were legendary and his defence of Amritsar , with his army , from Afghan attacks is still remembered with much affection by the Sikh community today . His army became the most popular to join due to his tireless defence of Amritsar . Such was the respect and admiration of the Sikh community for Hari Singh , that at the formation of the Dal Khalsa in 1748 , he was democratically elected leader of the Taruna Dal founded in ( 1734 ) at Amritsar which is considered to be one of the greatest honours given , in the 18th century , to any Sikh . He fought against the Afghans with the help of his friends Sardar Charhat Singh Sukerchakia ( died 1770 ) ( the grandfather of Maharaja Ranjit Singh ) and Baron Jassa Singh Ahluwalia , during Ahmed Shah Abdali ' s sixth invasion of Punjab . He was an intelligent leader , a progressive soldier and a wise statesman . The author of " Tarikh - e - Punjab " writes that " " Hari Singh was clever , powerful and a man of shining abilities . " " His two sons were Jhanda Singh Dhillon and Ganda Singh Dhillon . He based his HQ around Amritsar . After the death of Sardar Hari Singh Dhillon , The Dhillon sardar s went on to become the most powerful family in Panjab . They ruled over most of the major cities of Punjab , including Amritsar , Lahore , Multan , Chiniot , Jhang , Bhera , Rawalpindi , Hasan Abdal , Sialkot and Gujrat and large areas of central and western Panjab . They were the first Sikh family to conquer Multan , although they were unable to hold onto it . The Dhillon family ' s power brought them , some 30 years later after Hari Singh Dhillon , into conflict with their neighbours . They were eventually defeated by an alliance of rival Sikh misl s , led by Ranjit Singh in 1799 , 1801 , 1802 and by 1810 the last Bhangi territories which stood in Gujrat District were annexed by Ranjit Singh .
Castel Volturno Airfield Castel Volturno Airfield is an abandoned military airfield in Italy , located approximately 3 km east of Castel Volturno , in the Province of Caserta in the Italian region Campania , located about 35 km northwest of Naples and about 35 km west of Caserta on the Volturno river . It was an all - weather temporary field built by the United States Army Air Force XII Engineer Command using a graded earth compacted surface , with a prefabricated hessian ( burlap ) surfacing known as PHS . PHS was made of an asphalt - impregnated jute which was rolled out over the compacted surface over a square mesh track ( SMT ) grid of wire joined in 3 - inch squares . Pierced Steel Planking was also used for parking areas , as well as for dispersal sites , when it was available . In addition , tents were used for billeting and also for support facilities ; an access road was built to the existing road infrastructure ; a dump for supplies , ammunition , and gasoline drums , along with a drinkable water and minimal electrical grid for communications and station lighting . Once completed it was turned over for use by the Twelfth Air Force 31st Fighter Group from Jan through April 1944 flying Spitfire s and transitioning to P - 51 Mustang s . Also the 27th Fighter Group was stationed at the airfield during April and May 1944 , flying A - 36 Apache s , later converting to P - 47 Thunderbolts . The airfield was closed in June 1944 and largely dismantled . Today , there are few remaining traces of the airfield . The end of the former main runway is now used as a concrete foundation for agricultural buildings in farmland . Two blister hangars are being used for storage in s amall area to the west of the airfield .
Wolfgang von Chamier - Glisczinski Wolfgang von Chamier - Glisczinski ( 16 April 1894 – 22 August 1943 ) was a highly decorated Generalleutnant in the Luftwaffe during World War II . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . Wolfgang von Chamier - Glisczinski died on 22 August 1943 when his airplane crashed near Sisak , Croatia . He was posthumously promoted to Generalleutnant .