naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
HMS Cosby ( K559 ) HMS " Cosby " was a " Buckley " class Captain class frigate during World War II , it was named after Captain Phillips Cosby ( 1727 – 1808 ) of during the American Revolutionary War . Originally destined for the US Navy HMS " Cosby " was provisionally given the name USS " Reeves " ( later this name was reassigned to DE 156 ) however the delivery was diverted to the Royal Navy before the launch . The Commanding Officers of HMS " Cosby " were Lt Cdr R . S . Connell RN December 1943 and Lt I . Pepperell RN August 1944 . General information . HMS " Cosby " served with the Nore Command and the Devonport Command earning battle honours for service in the English Channel , North Foreland and North Sea .
Luigi Olivi Tenente Luigi Olivi was a World War I flying ace credited with six aerial victories . He won two awards of the Silver Medal for Military Valor and was killed in action . Biography . Olivi was born in Campobasso on 18 November 1894 . He lived in Ancona prewar . He joined the Italian military before Italy entered World War I . On 31 March 1914 , he was promoted to Caporal . He was promoted again , to Sergente , on 31 July 1914 , and sent off to aviation school at Aviano to train on Bleriot s . He received his pilot ' s license on 16 June 1915 . On 25 October 1915 , he was injured in an accident at Malpensa while flying a Macchi Parasol . His original flying duty was artillery observation for " 2a Squadriglia " ( later redubbed " 42a Squadriglia " . He then transitioned to Nieuport s , training at Cascina Costa , and was assigned to 76a Squadriglia on 25 July 1916 . Between 8 October 1916 and 17 June 1917 , he scored six confirmed victories , including one shared with Mario Stoppani ; he also had an unconfirmed claim . After his final victory , Olivi returned to take aerial photos of his final victim , and was killed in action . Luigi Olivi had flown 217 hours on 180 combat sortie s . In 48 aerial combats , he had claimed eight aerial victories , six of which were confirmed . He had been recognized with two awards of the Silver Medal for Military Valor .
6th Virginia Regiment The 6th Virginia Regiment was raised on December 28 , 1775 at Williamsburg , Virginia for service with the Continental Army . The regiment would see action at the Battle of Trenton , Battle of Princeton , Battle of Brandywine , Battle of Germantown , Battle of Monmouth and the Siege of Charleston . The regiment was merged into the 2nd Virginia Regiment on May 12 , 1779 .
Maurice Leblanc - Smith Major Maurice Leblanc - Smith ( 23 February 1896 – 29 October 1986 ) was a World War I flying ace credited with seven aerial victories . Leblanc - Smith was the son of Stanley le Blanc Smith and his wife Amy Harris and was christened Maurice Smith . His father , who had been a successful rower , was on the London stock - exchange , and his occupation allowed the family to live in substantial comfort at Leatherhead , in Surrey . Maurice gradually incorporated his father ' s name into his own . He gained his flying certificate on 14 July 1915 , at Brooklands . He flew with RFC squadrons 18 and 73 . Flying Sopwith Camels , he claimed seven victories , including two Fokker DR . 1 tri - planes and two of the highly - acclaimed Fokker D . VIIs .
Felixstowe Porte Baby The Felixstowe Porte Baby was a British reconnaissance flying boat of the First World War first flying in 1916 . Design and development . The Porte Baby was designed by John Cyril Porte at the Royal Naval Air Station at Felixstowe , where the prototype was also built ; ten additional aircraft were built by May , Harden and May of Southampton . The Porte Baby was an unequal - span , three - bay biplane of wood - and - fabric construction , the hull being mounted below the lower wing . The engines , normally three Rolls - Royce Eagle s , ( but sometimes with a 260 hp Green as the centre , pusher engine ) were mounted between the wings ; two in tractor configuration and the central one in pusher . The two pilots were in an enclosed cockpit , but three gunners had open stations armed with machine guns . As the image shows , the incongruously - named Baby was used to prove the concept of a larger aircraft carrying aloft and launching a lighter aircraft ( in this case a Bristol Scout ) , taking off carrying the Bristol and successfully releasing it on 17 May 1916 , a technique which came to be known variously as composite or parasitic . Operational history . The production Porte Babies were used to fly patrols over the North Sea from Felixstowe and Killingholme . Its slow speed and large size , however , made it vulnerable to fighter attack , and after one aircraft was almost destroyed by German aircraft , being forced down and having to taxi back from off the Dutch coast to England , the Portes were kept from patrolling areas where they could encounter enemy aircraft . The Porte Baby remained in service in October 1918 .
Supreme Council of National Defense ( Romania ) The Supreme Council of National Defence ( Consiliul Suprem de Apărare a Ţării ; acronym : CSAT ) is the autonomous administrative authority in Romania , invested by the Constitution with the task of organizing coordinating , in a unitary fashion , the activities related to the defense of the country and national security . Control . The activity of the Council is examined by the Parliament . Annually , not later than the first trimester of the following year , if and when asked by the special committees of the Parliament , and also whenever necessary , the Council presents , in a joint session of the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate , its report on activities it has developed .
Bay - class frigate The Bay class was a class of 26 anti - aircraft ( A / A ) frigate s built for the Royal Navy under the 1943 War Emergency Programme during World War II ( one of which was cancelled and six completed as despatch vessels or survey ships ) . They were based on the hulls of incomplete Loch class anti - submarine ( A / S ) frigate s . In 1959 and 1961 , four frigates of the class ( " Bigbury Bay " , " Burghead Bay " , " Morecambe Bay " and " Mounts Bay " ) were transferred to the Portuguese Navy . Between 1966 and 1968 , based in Mozambique , these ships were part of the Portuguese naval deterrent force against the Royal Navy Beira Patrol . In 1966 the Portuguese Navy also bought the survey vessel " Dalrymple " which served until 1983 . Design . The Bay class made use of the hull , machinery , lattice mast and superstructure of incomplete Loch class frigates . The armament was altered to suit them to the A / A role , with twin QF 4 in Mark XVI guns fore and aft in mounts HA / LA Mark XIX fitted with remote power control ( RPC ) , controlled by a rangefinder - director Mark V carried on the bridge and fitted with radar Type 285 for range taking . Due to a shortage of supply of guns and mountings , many ships had these removed from laid up V and W class destroyer " WAIR " conversions and Hunt class destroyer s that were constructive total losses . A pair of Mark V " utility " mounts for twin 40 mm Bofors guns were sited amidships , each with its own predictive Simple Tachymetric Director ( STD ) for fire control . The A / A armament was completed by a pair of mounts Mark V for twin 20 mm Oerlikon guns , carried in the bridge wings . Later , the Oerlikons were replaced with single mounts Mark VII for Bofors guns , a further pair of which were added amidships on raised platforms . For A / S use , a Hedgehog projector was carried on the fo ' c ' sle and the quarterdeck carried two racks and four throwers for up to 50 depth charge s . In addition to the Radar Type 285 fire control set , Radar Type 291 air warning was carried at the head of the topmast in addition to Radar Type 276 ( later 293 ) target indication at the masthead . The associated IFF transponders were also carried on the foremast to distinguish between friendly and enemy targets and a high frequency direction finder ( HF / DF ) was carried on a short pole mainmast aft . Six Bays were completed to different designs . " Dundrum Bay " and " Gerrans Bay " were renamed " Alert " and " Surprise " and completed as " despatch vessels " , Commander - in - Chief ' s ( C - in - C ) yachts for the Mediterranean and Far East Station s . These ships omitted the Mark V Bofors mounts and the aft guns and had the superstructure extended to provide additional flag accommodation and stepped a tall mainmast . The four other ships were completed as survey vessels , specifically to deal with the vast numbers of uncharted wrecks and mines around the British Isles from wartime . They were unarmed , except for four 3 - pounder saluting guns . They had shorter forward shelter decks and carried survey boats under davits abreast the funnel and minesweeeping gear aft .
7 . 65×20mm Longue The 7 . 65×20mm Longue ( also known as 7 . 65mm French Longue , 7 . 65 mm Long , 7 . 65mm MAS , 7 . 65×20mm , and 7 . 65L ) was a straight , rim less cartridge used in the French Modèle 1935 pistol , as well as the MAS - 38 submachine gun . The cartridge was developed for the United States and secretly produced in quantity too late for its intended use during World War I . The United States scrapped the weapons built for the cartridge between the world wars . France adopted weapons for the cartridge and those weapons saw combat use ; so the cartridge is best known by its French name . The French military were introduced to the cartridge when the US demonstrated the Pedersen device after the end of World War I in Le Mans and again when John Browning exhibited a carbine in the same caliber in 1920 . The US . 30 Pedersen cartridge ( Auto Pistol Ball Cartridge caliber . 30 Model of 1918 or " . 30 - 18 Automatic " ) used in the Pedersen device was the basis for the 7 . 65×20mm Longue . The cartridge dimensions were identical , although Pedersen device cartridges were loaded with a slightly heavier bullet which achieved a velocity of per second in the longer barrel of M1903 Springfield rifles . Remington Arms produced 65 million cartridges for the Pedersen device between 1918 and 1920 . French 7 . 65×20mm Longue ammunition was manufactured in quantity from approximately 1935 to 1960 .
Conscription in South Korea Conscription is legislated in South Korea , with military service mentioned as one of the Four Constitutional Duties ( along with taxes , education , and labor ) for all citizens . The current effective Conscription Law , however , applies only to males although women can volunteer as officers . Military service varies according to branch : 21 months for the Army and Marine Corps , 23 months for the Navy , 24 months for the Air Force and 25 months for civil service . The other professional civil service is from 26 months to 36 months . South Korea currently has among the longest military service periods in the world , ranked just behind Israel . In recent years , there has been significant pressure from the public demanding either a shortening of the term or a switch to voluntary military service .
HMS Antigua ( K501 ) HMS " Antigua " ( K501 ) was a Colony - class frigate of the United Kingdom in commission from 1943 to 1945 that served during World War II . She originally was ordered by the United States Navy as the " Tacoma " - class patrol frigate USS " Hamond " ( PF - 73 ) and was transferred prior to completion . Construction and acquisition . The ship , originally designated a " patrol gunboat , " PG - 181 , was ordered by the United States Maritime Commission under a United States Navy contract as USS " Hamond " . Laid down by the Walsh - Kaiser Company at Providence , Rhode Island , on 3 April 1943 , she was reclassified as a " patrol frigate , " PF - 73 , on 15 April 1943 . Intended for transfer to the United Kingdom , the ship was renamed " Antigua " by the British prior to launching and was launched on 26 July 1943 , sponsored by Mrs . Louise M . Reddick . Service history . Transferred to the United Kingdom under Lend - Lease on 4 November 1943 , the ship served in the Royal Navy as HMS " Antigua " ( K501 ) on patrol and escort duty until 1945 . Disposal . The United Kingdom returned " Antigua " to the United States on 2 May 1946 . She soon was sold to the Sun Shipbuilding and Drydock Company of Chester , Pennsylvania , for scrapping .
Arado Ar 95 The Arado 95 was a single - engine reconnaissance and patrol biplane designed and built by the German firm Arado in the late 1930s . Ordered by Chile and Turkey , a number were taken over by the " Kriegsmarine " ( German Navy ) when World War II started . Development . The Arado 95 was designed in 1935 as a two - seat seaplane , for coastal patrol , reconnaissance and light attack roles . The first prototype , an all - metal biplane powered by a BMW 132 radial engine , flew in 1936 , while a second prototype was powered by a Junkers Jumo 210 liquid - cooled engine . The two prototypes were evaluated against the similar Focke - Wulf Fw 62 . The BMW - powered version was considered worthy of further study , and a batch of six were sent for further evaluation with the " Legion Condor " during the Spanish Civil War . The Arado Ar 95 was the basis for the prototype Ar 195 carrier - based torpedo bomber , which was proposed for operation from the German aircraft carrier . Operational history . The Ar 95 was not ordered by the German armed forces , and so was offered for export in two versions , the Ar 95W floatplane and Ar 95L landplane , with a fixed , spatted undercarriage . Six Ar 95Ls were ordered by the Chilean Air Force , being delivered prior to the start of World War II . Turkey placed an order for Ar 95Ws , but these were taken over by Germany on the outbreak of war . The requisitioned Ar 95s were designated by the " Luftwaffe " as the Ar 95A , and were used for training and for coastal reconnaissance operations in the Baltic Sea , operating off the coast of Latvia and Estonia in 1941 , and in the Gulf of Finland . They continued operating until late 1944 .
David Hawkes ( VC ) David Hawkes VC ( 1822 – 14 August 1858 ) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Imperial forces . Details . Hawkes was 35 years old , and a private in the 2nd Battalion , The Rifle Brigade ( Prince Consort ' s Own ) , British Army during the Indian Mutiny when the following deed took place for which he , Henry Wilmot and William Nash were awarded the VC : He was killed in action at Faizabad , British India , on 14 August 1858 . His VC is located at The Fitzwilliam Museum in Cambridge .
Casemate de Marckolsheim Sud The Casemate de Marckolsheim Sud is a pre - World War II fortified position near the Rhine river in eastern France . The casemate was part of an extension of the Maginot Line fortifications along France ' s border with Germany . As a unit of the Fortified Sector of Colmar , the casemate was part of French defenses during the German assault of 15 – 18 June 1940 , Operation " Kleiner Bär " . It has been preserved and is part of a museum focusing on the Rhine section of the Maginot Line . The museum is located at the eastern edge of the town of Marckolsheim . Concept and design . Marckolsheim Sud ' s numerical designator was 35 / 3 , referring to its place in the third , or " village " line of fortifications , about back from the river bank . It was built in the mid - 1930s by the " Commission d ' Organisation des Régions Fortifiées ( CORF ) " , which was responsible for the major fortifications of the Maginot Line . Unlike other portions of the Maginot Line , the Rhine defenses were not interconnected , consisting of individual casemates or blockhouses a few hundred meters apart , arranged to fire along the length of the defended frontier . The Marckolsheim Sud casemate is a double casemate , designed to fire laterally in either direction along the front , supporting its neighbors to the north and south . The position was armed with two twin heavy machine guns , type JM and , two 47mm anti - tank gun / JM combinations , one of each firing laterally . The faces of these firing positions were defended by two automatic rifle embrasures . A further automatic rifle position defended the casemate ' s entrance . On top of the fort , two cupolas or cloches were situated to fire in all directions , with a JM cloche mounted centrally and a GFM automatic rifle cloche to one side . The Marckolsheim Sud casemate , and its companion , Marckolsheim Nord , were not typical of the sector , being somewhat larger than most , with two cloches rather than the usual single GFM cloche . The design category was " SBFM special . " 1940 . Marckolsheim Sud was commanded in 1940 by Lieutenant Marois of the French 42nd Fortress Infantry Regiment . On 15 – 17 June , the sector was attacked by German forces of the German 360th Infantry Regiment , 221st Infantry Division . Marckolsheim Sud and Nord put up particularly fierce resistance to German attack . The Germans brought up 8 . 8 cm guns , disabling one cloche , and called in Stuka attacks , which buried the other in debris from bomb blasts . Without the means to defend itself in all directions , and with German assault teams throwing explosives into the casemate openings , the garrison was forced to surrender on the 17th . Museum . Marckolsheim Sud has been restored and houses a museum , the " Musée Mémorial de la Ligne Maginot du Rhin " .
6th ( Brandenburg ) Cuirassiers " Emperor Nicholas I of Russia " The 6th ( Brandenburg ) Cuirassiers “ Emperor Nicholas I of Russia ” were a heavy cavalry regiment of the Royal Prussian Army . The regiment was formed in 1807 . The regiment fought in the War of the Sixth Coalition , the Second Schleswig War , the Austro - Prussian War , the Franco - Prussian War and World War I . The regiment was disbanded in 1919 .
HMS A9 HMS " A9 " was an early Royal Navy submarine . She was a member of Group Two of the first British A - class of submarines ( a second , much different A - class submarine appeared towards the end of the Second World War ) . Like all members of her class , she was built at Vickers Barrow - in - Furness .
Caesar of Naples Caesar the Brave ( Caesarius , ) was the admiral of the fleet of the Duchy of Naples during the reigns ( 840 – 870 AD ) of his father , Sergius I , and brother , Gregory III . In 846 , he commanded the Neapolitan contingent in the Christian victory over the Saracens at Gaeta . In 849 , he commaned the Neapolitans at the Battle of Ostia . In May 859 , a massive joint expedition of Salerno , Naples , Amalfi , and Suessola marched on Capua . Count Lando I was in a paralysis at that time and his son Lando II took up arms to defend the city . He defeated the forces sent against them , led by Caesar and Gregory , at the bridge of Teodemondo over the Volturno . Caesar was captured with 800 soldiers and led back to Capua in chains . Erchempert places the battle on 8 May , the day of Michael the Archangel , whose cult was popular among the Lombards . It is therefore significant to Erchempert ( a Lombard ) that the Lombard Lando should defeat a largely Greek army on such a day . In 870 Caesar was imprisoned by his nephew , Sergius II , having opposed his closeness to the Aghlabid s , and he died in prison .
All round defence All - around defense and perimeter defense are synonym s for one category of the ( relative ) positioning of defensive fighting position s that are supposed to give military units and sub - unit s the ability " to repel an attack from any direction by being organized or sited for all round defence " . This defense can be used by military unit s from squad up . This defense is adopted so that the unit is capable of observing all ground and directing fire onto the observed ground . Definition . This defense can be defined as " a defense without an exposed flank , consisting of forces deployed along the perimeter of the defended area " . Positioning of the outer defensive fighting positions . The positioning of the outer defensive fighting position s — relative to each other — of a platoon , can be traced as " circular or triangular rather than linear " , from a bird ' s - eye view . In a circle . One version of a specific type of layout of fighting positions , consists of soldiers forming a wide circle around the soldier in charge ( and radioman etc . ) with a spacing typically of 3 – 4 metres between each person ( on the circle ' s circumference ) . In situations with more than one platoon or squad , more than one all round defence will typically be formed about 20 metres away from each other . It is a useful formation because it allows a full 360° arc of fire , and because everybody is spread out , if the formation is attacked , by direct or indirect fire , the formation will minimise casualties . Without cover . When a group of soldiers relocate as a part of a defensive operation , a perimeter defense can be temporarily maintained without cover . This defense is typically used in any situation where a small unit would need to regroup — including after an attack .
Battle of Wide Bay The Battle of Wide Bay was a battle during the New Britain Campaign of the Second World War . It involved the landing of Australian Army troops at Wide Bay on 10 March 1945 , with the objective of isolating the Imperial Japanese forces to the Gazelle Peninsula .
Hiromichi Shinohara Early life . Hiromichi Shinohara was born in August 1913 on a farm in Suzumenomiya , near Utsunomiya in the Tochigi Prefecture . After finishing his formal education he went into military service , joining the 27th Cavalry regiment in 1931 . In that capacity he took part in the Japanese invasion of Manchuria and was involved in the Jiangqiao Campaign in April 1932 . Imperial Japanese Army Air Force career . In June 1933 he went to the Tokorozawa Flying School ( " Tokorozawa Rikugun Koku Seibi Gakkō " ) , graduating in January 1934 and he became enlisted as a Corporal in the 1st Chutai of the 11th Hiko Datai , posted in Harbin , Manchukuo ( Manchuria ) . By the end of 1938 he had climbed through the ranks , becoming a Warrant Officer . He was 25 years old and had six years of flying experience by the time the Nomonhan Incident ( Battles of Khalkhin Gol ) began in May 1939 . During his first combat sortie , on 27 May 1939 , Shinohara , flying a Nakajima Ki - 27 , downed four Soviet Polikarpov I - 16 fighters . He became an ace within 24 hours , after he claimed six more victories , downing a Polikarpov R - Z reconnaissance plane and five Polikarpov I - 15 biplane fighters . No other pilot in history scored 10 victories during his first day of combat . From then on his victories continued , culminating on 27 June 1939 in an Imperial Japanese Army Air Force record of eleven victories in a single day during an air battle over Tamsak - Bulak . Only top ace of all time Erich Hartmann ( 12 ) , Emil Lang ( 18 ) , Hans - Joachim Marseille ( 17 ) , Erich Rudorffer ( 13 in 17 minutes ) , have surpassed him . Shinohara ' s luck however ran out on him two months later when on 27 August 1939 he himself was shot down by Soviet Polikarpov I - 16 fighters after claiming three victories during a bombing escort mission . Warrant Officer Hiromichi Shinohara was posthumously promoted to the rank of Pilot Officer ( Second Lieutenant ) , having claimed 58 victories in only three months of combat — the last three in the battle that would take him down — earning him the nickname of the " Richthofen of the Orient " .