naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Variable yield Variable yield — or dial - a - yield — is an option available on most modern nuclear weapon s . It allows the operator to specify a weapon ' s yield , or explosive power , allowing a single design to be used in different situations . For example , the Mod - 10 B61 bomb had selectable explosive yields of 0 . 3 , 5 , 10 or 80 kilotons , depending on how the ground crew set a dial inside the casing when it was loaded onto an aircraft . Variable yield technology has existed since at least the early 1960s . Examples of variable yield weapons include the B61 nuclear bomb family , B83 , W80 , W85 , and WE177A warheads . Most modern nuclear weapons are Teller – Ulam design type thermonuclear weapon s , with a fission " primary " stage and a fusion ( or fission ) " secondary stage " which is collapsed by the energy from the primary . These offer at least three methods to vary yield : All current British nuclear warheads incorporate variable yield technology as standard .
Chokutō The is a straight one edged Japanese sword that was produced prior to the 10th century . Chokutō were used on foot for stabbing or slashing and was worn hung from the waist . History . Chokutō was among the earliest in the history of Japanese swordforging . It was created before development of differential tempering in Japanese swordsmithing . Chokutō typically come in hira - zukuri and kiriha - zukuri tsukurikomi ( blade styles ) which make them very distinct from later tachi and katana which rarely use these forms . The distinctive feature of the chokutō is the straight blade , similar to the ancient swords found in the Three Kingdoms Period of China . Its blades are also often confused with those of shikomizue ; there is little evidence to suggest that Chokutō were ever mounted as cane swords . Though curved blades are as old as the sword itself , they did not become widespread in Asia and the Middle East until after the dominance of the Mongol Empire . Japanese warriors of the Kamakura Shogunate experienced the effectiveness and lethality of curved blades firsthand in the Mongol invasions of Japan . Rudimentary forms what would eventually become the tachi gradually began to eclipse the chokutō in popularity as the curved blades demonstrated greater ease of handling and lethality in mounted combat . Very few examples of chokutō mountings remain , although enough to reconstruct their various typologies which always followed Chinese and Korean models ; this is evident in one of the last Kofun period sword types developed , the single - edged warabitetō ( 蕨手刀 ) .
Francis Cubbon Captain Francis Richard Cubbon MC & Bar was an aerial observer and flying ace in the First World War . In conjunction with his pilots , he was credited with 21 aerial victories . Early life and service . Francis Richard Cubbon was the only surviving son of his parents ' marriage . His father was Captain Richard Cubbon , a supply and transport officer of the Indian Army ; Married Ethel May Locke , two children John Cubbon , William Henry Cubbon , later was Supreme Court Justice in South Australia , his mother was from Quetta , Pakistan . Cubbon was born in London but spent most of his youth in Poona , India . The young Cubbon was educated at both Alleyne College and Dulwich College before attending and graduating Sandhurst . He was posted to the Indian Army on 6 September 1911 . His first assignment was to the Yorks and Lancashire Regiment in Karachi . He subsequently was appointed to the 72nd Punjabis on the Northwestern Frontier of India as a second lieutenant on 1 December 1912 . Cubbon was confirmed in this rank on 6 December 1913 . He was promoted to captain with this unit on 6 September 1915 . In November 1915 , he was invalided home . Service in Royal Flying Corps . Like so many invalided and convalescent land soldiers of the First World War , Cubbon volunteered for flight duty and was accepted as an observer on 25 March 1917 . By Bloody April , 1917 , he was assigned to 20 Squadron as an observer in Royal Aircraft Factory F . E . 2 s . Frederick Libby , the United States of America ' s first ace , gave a vivid description of an observer ' s duties aboard the plane that was an incremental development of the pre - 1914 Farman Experimental : And Libby did not even mention the hazards of spilling overboard with a propeller chopping along behind the crew . Cubbon scored two victories on 24 April 1917 with Lieutenant R . E . Johnson in F . E . 2 number A6392 . He then flew with Captain Frederick Thayre for the next six weeks and claimed some nineteen victories . Seventeen of these were over German Albatros D . III single - seated fighters . Upon Capt . Albert Ball ' s death on 7 May , Cubbon became the second ranking ace of the Royal Flying Corps . Killed in action . On 9 June , two days after scoring their final victory together , Cubbon and Thayre attacked an Albatros two - seater and sent it down in a smoking nose dive . They were then killed in action by a direct hit from anti - aircraft fire from K Flak Battery 60 near Warneton . A German message drop confirmed their demise to British authorities , but their graves remain undiscovered . The nineteen victories shared included five Albatros D . IIIs shot down in flames and eleven destroyed , an Albatros reconnaissance two - seater in flames and another destroyed . A D . III was claimed driven down ' out of control ' . Cubbon also added his two victories with Johnson — a D . III destroyed and one ' out of control ' . Cubbon received both the Military Cross on 11 May and a Bar in lieu of a second award on the 16th , both being gazetted posthumously on 18 July 1918 . Awards and decorations . Military Cross : Bar to the Military Cross :
USCGC Oak ( WLB - 211 ) The USCGC " Oak " ( WLB - 211 ) is a United States Coast Guard seagoing buoy tender home - ported in Charleston , South Carolina . The ship tends buoys along the Southeastern U . S . coast and throughout the Caribbean Sea including Puerto Rico , the U . S . Virgin Islands , Haiti and Guantanamo Bay , Cuba . The " Oak " also performs other duties , such as maritime border security , marine environmental protection , maritime law enforcement , search and rescue , and domestic icebreaking . History . The keel for the " Oak " was laid on July 30 , 2001 at Marinette Marine Corporation in Wisconsin . " Oak " was launched on January 26 , 2002 . The ship ' s sponsor was Mrs . Billye Brown , wife of Congressman Henry E . Brown ( R - SC ) . " Oak " made the trip from Marinette , Wisconsin to Charleston , SC and was commissioned on March 7 , 2003 , the first Coast Guard cutter to be commissioned following the creation of the Department of Homeland Security . The " Oak " took Aids to Navigation responsibility for the waterways of decommissioned USCGC " Madrona " , USCGC " Laurel " and USCGC " Papaw " and regularly sees duty throughout the Southeast U . S . and Caribbean . The " Oak " has been involved in Operation Unified Response following the 2010 Haiti earthquake , primarily to clear debris from and repair Port international de Port - au - Prince , the damaged seaport in Port - au - Prince . She was dispatched immediately following the quake , stopping in Miami , Florida on the way to stock with relief supplies . The vessel arrived on January 17 , about six days after the disaster struck . She and the Navy salvage ship USNS " Grasp " were tasked with returning the wharves to operation .
South Portland A - 26 Invader crash The Long Creek Air Tragedy Memorial is a commemorative granite structure built to memorialize the victims of the worst aviation accident in Maine history . It is located at the intersection of Westbrook Street and MacArthur Circle West in South Portland . Background . Phillip " Phee " Russell had played basketball , baseball , and football at South Portland High School before graduating in 1939 to attend the University of Maine . Russell married his high school classmate and sweetheart in June , 1943 . He was commissioned a United States Army Air Forces Second Lieutenant the same month and became a flight instructor at Barksdale Field in Louisiana . A year later , Russell received permission to visit his wife and 3 - month - old daughter in South Portland as part of a long - range training mission . July 11 , 1944 . Russell ' s family and friends gathered at the Portland airport to await his arrival in patchy heavy fog . The airport officially closed at 1635 because of the fog . Six minutes later , his family reportedly heard Russell ' s voice requesting landing instructions on the airport radio , and saw his A - 26B - 5 Invader appear briefly out of the fog at an estimated altitude of 200 feet . The airport instructed Russell to climb to 1500 feet , and the plane disappeared into the fog . Waiting for a radio response from Russell , airport observers saw flames and heard crash noises from the direction in which the plane had disappeared . The aircraft struck the ground and cartwheeled through a government - operated trailer park housing families of shipyard workers at the New England Shipbuilding Corporation . Sixteen trailers were destroyed by fire and a dozen more damaged by pieces of the disintegrating airplane . Seventeen trailer - park residents died , and twenty more were injured . The bodies of Russell and his navigator , Staff Sargent Wallace Mifflin , were found in the trailer - park wreckage . Memorial . 66 years later , the Long Creek Air Tragedy Memorial was erected to commemorate the crash and honor the victims . A similar memorial on Deer Mountain , 100 miles to the north , marks the site of Maine ' s second - worst plane crash . Through coincidence , both crashes occurred on the same day . The granite for the Long Creek memorial came from a quarry in Wells , Maine , the same quarry that supplied granite for the Tomb of the Unknowns in Arlington National Cemetery .
Atoc Atoc was a general and brother of the Inca emperor Huáscar . After the death of Huáscar ' s father , Huayna Capac , Atoc was sent north ( probably in 1529 ) to quell the separatists under Huáscars half - brother Atahualpa . Atahualpa was defeated in the battle of Chillopampa Plains and captured , but managed to escape and set up a new army . Another battle was fought at Chimborazo , and this time Atahualpa emerged as victor . His general Chalkuchimac reportedly had Atoc mutilated and killed , either by having his head being put to use as a goldened chicha cup or his eyes being torn out and left alone on the field of defeat . His and his co - general Hango ' s hides were allegedly carved off and used as drums . Shortly after , Atahualpa recaptured Tumebamba and Cajamarca and , in April of the following year , Atahualpa ' s generals seized Cuzco .
James Park James Park VC ( 1835 – 14 June 1858 ) was a Scottish recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . Details . Park was approximately 22 years old , and a gunner in the Bengal Artillery , Bengal Army during the Indian Mutiny when the following deeds took place at the Relief of Lucknow for which he was awarded the VC : He was killed in action in Lucknow , British India on 14 June 1858 .
Obice da 149 / 19 modello 37 The Obice da 149 / 19 modello 37 was a heavy howitzer which served with Italy during World War II . It was intended to replace Italy ' s assortment of World War I - era heavy howitzers , but this was prevented by the prolonged development time and the very slow pace of production . Despite orders totaling 1392 weapons only 147 had been built by September 1942 . There were three models , the 37 , 41 and 42 , differing only in details . The standard tractor was the Trattore SPA TM 40 . While an unremarkable design the Germans liked it enough to keep it in production with the designation of 15 cm sFH 404 ( i ) after the Italian surrender in 1943 . With the same weight it had superior range compared to the German 15 cm sFH 18 . It was used by the Italian army until 1974 .
Hermann von Strantz Hermann Christian Wilhelm von Strantz ( 13 February 1853 in Nakel an der Netze – 3 November 1936 in Dessau ) was a Prussian officer , and later General of Infantry during World War I . He was a recipient of Pour le Mérite . World War I . In 1914 , von Strantz was commanding V Corps with headquarters in Posen . In peacetime the Corps was assigned to the VIII Army Inspectorate but on mobilisation V Corps was assigned to the 5th Army forming part of centre of the forces for the Schlieffen Plan offensive in August 1914 on the Western Front . " Armee - Abteilung " Strantz ( named for von Strantz while he was in command , but later renamed to " Armee - Abteilung C " ) was formed on 18 September 1914 from the left ( southern ) wing of the 5th Army . It initially commanded V Corps and III Bavarian Corps , controlling half a dozen divisions . Strantz remained as commander of V Corps concurrently but was deputised in this post by a Divisional Commander . Strantz remained as commander of the " Armee - Abteilung " until 2 February 1917 when he retired from active service ( ) .
5th Guards Armoured Brigade The 5th Guards Armoured Brigade was a Second World War British Army formation , a component unit of the Guards Armoured Division . History . This brigade was converted from the 20th Infantry Brigade ( Guards ) on 15 September 1941 . It was stationed in the United Kingdom until 30 June 1944 when it arrived in Normandy as part of the Guards Armoured Division . The brigade served throughout the North West Europe Campaign . On 12 June 1945 it was converted to the 5th Guards Brigade .
Education Promotion Certificate The Education Promotion Certificate was established in 1971 by the Royal Army Educational Corps . This occurred in response to a drastic re - organisation of the RAEC to meet the generally poorly qualified level of new recruits entering the British Army . Whilst basic soldiering skills were quickly taken to by these recruits , it was found that this poor level of education meant that the additional responsibility and skill of the NCO ' s was harder to attain . The EPC therefore was specifically designed to meet the training needs of Sergeants and Warrant Officer s .
4th Reconnaissance Group The 4th Reconnaissance Group is an inactive United States Air Force unit . It was last assigned to Thirteenth Air Force and was stationed at Clark Field , Philippines . It was inactivated on 15 January 1946 . The unit operated P - 38 / F - 4 Lightning photo - reconnaissance aircraft in the Pacific Theater of World War II over a wide area . The group , based successively on New Caledonia , Espiritu Santo , Guadalcanal , and Morotai , flew reconnaissance missions over enemy territory to supply air force units with target and damage - assessment photographs and to provide army and navy units with intelligence on Japanese troop concentrations , installa¬tions , shore defenses , supply routes , and shipping . It also produced maps of Allied and enemy - held territory and prepared navigation charts for US units . During the last three months of the war the group photographed Japanese positions and installations on Mindanao and Borneo to aid US and Australian operations .
Bristol Bolingbroke The Bristol Fairchild Bolingbroke was a maritime patrol aircraft used by the Royal Canadian Air Force during the Second World War . Built by Fairchild - Canada , it was a variant of the Bristol Blenheim Mk IV bomber . Design and development . In 1935 , the British Air Ministry issued Specification G . 24 / 35 to procure a coastal reconnaissance / light bomber to replace the Avro Anson . Bristol proposed the Type 149 , based on its Blenheim Mk I , with Bristol Aquila engines to give greater range . While the Air Ministry rejected this proposal , a Blenheim Mk I , retaining its Mercury VIII engines , was converted as a Type 149 ( Blenheim Mk III ) for the general reconnaissance role . The nose was lengthened to provide more room for the bombardier , with the upper left surface of the nose being scooped out to maintain pilot visibility during takeoff and landing . The longer range also fulfilled a Canadian requirement for a maritime patrol aircraft . Consequently , Fairchild Aircraft Ltd . ( Canada ) of Quebec started production of the Blenheim Mk IV as the Bolingbroke ( the originally intended name for the Blenheim IV ) . This type was nicknamed the " " Bolly " " . After a small run of aircraft constructed to British specifications , as the Bolingbroke Mk I , Fairchild switched production to the Bolingbroke Mk IV with Canadian and American instruments and equipment . These versions also included anti - icing boots and a dinghy . One of the early Mk IV variants was the Bolingbroke Mk IVW which was powered by two 825 hp ( 615 kW ) Pratt & Whitney SB4G Twin Wasp Junior engines . Incapable of maintaining altitude on one engine , the normal bomb load was reduced to 500 pounds on these aircraft to compensate for the low engine power . The most - produced variant was the Bolingbroke Mk IVT trainer , of which 457 were completed . A total of 626 Bolingbrokes were produced . Operational history . Most of the 151 Mk IVs built served in their intended role as patrol bombers on the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of Canada between 1940 and 1944 . Two squadrons of these aircraft also served in Alaska during the Aleutians campaign . The Mk IVT trainers saw extensive use in the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan ( BCATP ) .
Institute 22 The Institute 22 organization was created in 1978 , by the Academy of Sciences and the Ministry of Defense in the Soviet Union . Its mission was to investigate UFO s in the Soviet Union . Institute 22 was a secret organization for 13 years ( until the fall of the Soviet Union ) , and can be compared to the American Project Blue Book . During its existence a great number of soldiers , sailors and pilots of the Red Army were given orders to watch for UFOs and other unexplained events , without any further information . The orders could be handed out quite easily since the Ministry of Defense was involved - thus no questions could be asked . Institute 22 have investigated around 3000 UFO reports . About 5 - 10 % of all cases remained unexplained when the organization dissolved . There is a conspiracy theory that Institute 22 was involved in a cover - up of a near - nuclear launch . In 1982 , one of the Soviet Nuclear Bases was brought online , and for no apparent reason a nuclear missile was ready to launch . After 30 seconds of panic and chaos , the launch was aborted as mysteriously as it had appeared . Later , witnesses said that there had been some UFO activity near the area of the base - thus the reason for Institute 22 ' s involvement and cover - up . The UFOs were explained as flares , which the Army was testing from a higher altitude . The nuclear crisis was explained as a simple test .
USS Nahma ( SP - 771 ) USS " Nahma " ( SP - 771 ) , an armed yacht , was built by the Clydebank Engine and SB Co . , Glasgow , Scotland in 1897 ; acquired by the United States Navy on free lease from Robert Walton Goelet on 21 June 1917 for use as a section patrol vessel and commissioned on 27 August 1917 , Lt . Comdr . E . Friedrick in command . Service history . Soon after fitting out and shakedown , " Nahma " reported to Gibraltar to join a group of American vessels based there and serving as convoy escorts . With these ships , she escorted vessels in the Mediterranean , as well as between the UK and Gibraltar until the end of World War I . Following the Armistice she remained in the Mediterranean for relief and quasi - diplomatic work . Operating in the Aegean and Black Seas she carried relief supplies to refugee areas ; evacuated American nationals , non - combatants , the sick , and the wounded from civil war torn areas of Russia and Turkey ; and provided communications services between ports . She was decommissioned at Greenock , Scotland , on 19 July 1919 , and was returned to her owner .
Ferranti Blue Fox The Ferranti Blue Fox was a British airborne radar designed and built for the Royal Navy by Ferranti Defence Systems in the late 1970s . Design and development . The Blue Fox was a lightweight frequency agile I - band airborne radar designed for use on the British Aerospace Sea Harrier FRS . 1 , with two roles , airborne interception and air - to - surface search and strike . The radar was modular with a flat aperture slotted - array antenna . Three two - seat Hawker Hunter s were also fitted with Blue Fox radars for Royal Navy Sea Harrier pilot training , designated Hunter T . 8M .
USS Might ( PG - 94 ) USS " Might " ( PG - 94 ) was laid down as Canadian corvette CN - 312 by Morton Engineering and Drydock Co . , Ltd . , Quebec , Canada , on 28 November 1941 and launched as HMS " Musk " on 15 July 1942 . The ship was transferred to the United States Navy on 20 July 1942 , renamed " Might " on 14 August 1942 , and commissioned at Quebec on 22 December 1942 , Lieutenant Commander J . K . Hartley in command . Service history . After fitting out and shakedown from Boston , " Might " reported to the Eastern Sea Frontier on 10 March 1943 at New York City for convoy escort duty . Sailing primarily to Cuba and occasionally to Key West , she continued this duty after transferring to the Coast Guard on 27 June , Lieutenant Commander J . P . Martin , USCG , in command . During the next 18 months , " Might " completed 21 voyages to Cuba and two to Key West . The protection she provided made it possible for this vital coastwise and Caribbean traffic to continue despite German submarine menace and freed larger destroyer types for the hunter - killer operations which defeated the U ‑ boats in the Atlantic . In November 1944 , and continuously from 9 January to 1 May 1945 , " Might " served week - long barrier patrols in the western Atlantic . After anti - submarine exercises out of her Staten Island base , " Might " arrived Charleston , S . C . , on 28 June and decommissioned there on 9 October 1945 . Her name was struck from the Navy list on 24 October 1945 , and she was delivered to the Maritime Commission on 18 October 1946 for immediate transfer to her purchaser , United Boat Service Corp . , City Island , N . Y . Post - war . From 1950 to 1956 she was owned as " Olympic Explorer " by Balleneros Ltd . , S . A . , Panama , and sailed as a commercial whale chaser . Then sold to a Japanese shipping company , she was renamed " Otori Maru No . 3 " , and in 1957 was renamed " Kyo Marti No . 12 " .