naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Chřibský hrádek Chřibský hrádek , also " Karlštejn " ( German " Unterer Karlstein " or " Wüstes Schloss " ) is a ruined rock castle near Chřibská ( " Kreibitz " ) in the Bohemian Switzerland in the Czech Republic . Location and area . Chřibský hrádek Castle is located on a rock outcrop in the valley of the Doubický potok ( " Daubitzbach " ) not far from the isolated gamekeeper ' s house of " Hájovna Saula " ( also " U Sloupu " ) that , today , houses an information office for the Bohemian Switzerland National Park . To the north is the small municipality of Doubice ( " Daubitz " ) , to the east the town of Chřibská .
Fall of Agadir The Fall of Agadir refers to the conquest of the city of Agadir in Morocco by the Saadians against the Portuguese in 1541 . Background . Establishment and trade role . Agadir had been a Portuguese base since 1505 . Before that , a few unsuccessful attempts to capture it had been made by the Spanish Governor of the Canary Islands , in 1500 and 1504 . The first Portuguese fort was built privately in 1505 by a Portuguese countryman , and the King of Portugal officially acquired it in 1513 , also enlarging it and calling it " Santa Cruz do Cabo de Gue " . Agadir was an important base , as it was sufficiently far south to connect to the sub - Saharan trade , mainly dealing in gold and slaves . Its role was so important that the southern Saadians under Araj initially refrained from attacking the city , between 1513 to 1525 , until the capture of Marrakesh , and instead attacked the cities of Safi and Azemmour . Siege . The conquest of Agadir was finally achieved by Saadian leader Muhammad al - Shaykh . He was able to mount the campaign as a peace had been signed with the northern Wattasids , through the 1527 Treaty of Tadla . He first built a kasbah on top of a hill to observe the city and direct his troops more efficiently . The Kasbah is still visible to this day , located about 7 kilometers from the city center . He then set up a siege that lasted 6 months , until the Portuguese Governor of Agadir had to surrender . He used Western artillery , which he had obtained from European traders . The city had been poorly manned and provisioned by the Portuguese . Reinforcements were too sporadic . At one point a barrel of powder exploded which opened a gaping hole in the city ' s defenses . The Portuguese had also lost local support following the assassination of their allies Yahia ou Ta ' fuft of Safi in 1518 , and Malik ibn Mawud of Agadir in 1521 . Aftermath . After taking the city , Muhammad al - Shaykh reinforced its defences . The capture of the city was followed by the removal of the Portuguese presence in most of Morocco ; the ports of Safi and Azammur were also evacuated by the Portuguese in October 1541 . Ksar - el - Kebir and Asila were also evacuated in 1550 , after the Saadians captured Fez , capital of Wattasid Morocco , in 1549 . Only Ceuta , Tangier and Mazagan remained in Portuguese hands . This considerably reinforced Muhammed al - Shaykh ' s personal prestige , and opened the way to his conquest of the Moroccan throne . Under the Portuguese , Agadir had been an important trading center between Europe and Morocco , particularly for the products of Sus . Agadir later continued to develop as a trading base with Europe , receiving European cloth and wheat in exchange for gold and sugarcane . At the end of the 17th century , the harbour fell under the rule of the Tazeroualt leaders , who were opposed to the Alaouites . When the Alouites gained supremacy in the 18th century , they closed the harbour of Agadir , in favour of the harbour of Essaouira further north .
M86 Pursuit Deterrent Munition The M86 Pursuit Deterrent Munition ( PDM ) is a small U . S . anti - personnel mine intended to be used by special forces to deter pursuing enemy forces . It functions like a small hand grenade , featuring a pin and fly - off lever . It is based on the M67 / M72 ADAM artillery deployed mine . Once the pin is pulled and the lever has been ejected a timer is started . After 25 seconds , seven tripwire s are launched from the mine to a maximum distance of 6 meters . The mine then performs an electronic self check , and is fully armed 65 seconds after the battery is activated . When any of the tripwires is touched , the mine activates , a liquid propellant charge launches the mine 1 to 2 m into the air . The M43 fragmentation warhead detonates - breaking the mine into 600 fragments . The mine self - destructs after four hours , or after the battery reaches a certain level . If it fails to detonate , the battery will discharge over approximately 14 days , rendering the mine inactive . The mines are normally issued in pairs and carried in a special bandolier .
John William Ormsby John William Ormsby VC MM ( 10 January 1881 – 20 July 1952 ) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . Ormsby was a career soldier first serving in the Second Boer War . Details . He was 36 years old , and a sergeant in the 2nd Battalion , The King ' s Own Yorkshire Light Infantry , British Army during the First World War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC . On 14 April 1917 at Fayet , France , during operations which culminated in the capture of an important position , Sergeant Ormsby , acting as company sergeant - major showed complete indifference to the heavy machine - gun and rifle fire and set a fine example . After clearing a village he pushed on and drove out many snipers from localities further forward . When the only surviving officer was wounded he took command of the company and led them forward under heavy fire for 400 yards to a new position , holding it until relieved . The medal . His Victoria Cross is displayed at the King ' s Own Yorkshire Light Infantry Museum , Doncaster , England .
Cornelius Scranton Bushnell Cornelius Scranton Bushnell ( July 19 , 1829 – May 6 , 1896 ) was an American railroad executive and shipbuilder who was instrumental in developing ironclad ships for the Union Navy during the American Civil War . Background . Bushnell was born in Madison , Connecticut . At the age of 15 , he decided to become a sailor and shipped out on a coastal vessel . Within a year and a half , he was master of a 60 - ton schooner . Later , he went into the grocery business with his brother . Railroad . The bankrupt New Haven and New London Railroad offered new opportunities for him . Working with friends and with his own capital , he invested in the railroad . By 1860 , under Bushnell ' s guidance , it had completed a critical connection with the Providence Road , which completed the connection between New York City and Boston . By 1861 , Bushnell had been elected president of the railroad . USS " Monitor " . He was in Washington , D . C . , when the Civil War broke out . At that time , he volunteered to defend the capital in a militia unit until regular troops could be moved in . He mustered out on May 4 , 1861 , after the arrival of the 6th Massachusetts Infantry . In mid - 1861 , the Confederates raised and began refitting a 3500 - ton frigate , the USS " Merrimac " , that had been burned to the waterline by the Federals . They began restoring the ship as an ironclad . News of this caused great worry in Washington and the race was on to build Federal ironclads . With S . H . Pook of Boston , a naval expert , Bushnell and other officials soon developed plans for their own ironclad for the U . S . Navy , a vessel later known as the " Galena " . Out of a concern for the stability of the proposed craft , Bushnell traveled to see Capt . John Ericsson for his analyis and opinion , which he agreed to do . But Ericsson also had his own plans and a working model of a unique floating battery , a low slung ironclad outfitted with a revolving turret . This novel design was to revolutionize naval warfare . An impressed Bushnell went back to Washington and , within 8 days , the new design was approved by Navy officials and the Secretary of the Navy , Gideon Welles . Through Bushnell ' s efforts , the USS " Monitor " was rapidly completed and went on to fight the refurnibished Merrimac ( by then known as the CSS " Virginia " ) at Battle of Hampton Roads , saving the Union fleet of wooden sailing ships . After the war . Following the Civil War , Bushnell returned to the railroad industry , and was one of the organizers of the Union Pacific Railroad . He died in New York City . The town of Bushnell , Nebraska is named after him .
Chester Harding ( governor ) Chester Harding ( December 31 , 1866 - November 11 , 1936 ) was Governor of the Panama Canal Zone from 1917 to 1921 . He graduated from the University of Alabama in 1884 with a Bachelors in Engineering and later graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point in 1889 . He was commissioned in the U . S . Army Corps of Engineers . He was appointed Division Engineer of Gatun Locks Division in 1907 , and as the Panama Canal maintenance engineer in 1915 . He served as governor of Panama Canal Zone from January 1917 to 1921 . Harding also served a term from 1913 - 1914 as one of the commissioners in charge of the District of Columbia .
Walter Boenicke Walter Boenicke ( 15 December 1895 – 21 April 1947 ) was a highly decorated General der Flieger in the Luftwaffe during World War II who commanded the 3 . Flieger Division . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . Walter Boenicke was captured by British troops in May 1945 and committed suicide on 21 April 1947 .
Pride - and - ego down Pride - and - ego down is a US Army term that refers to techniques used by captors in interrogating prisoners to encourage cooperation , usually consisting of " attacking the source ' s sense of personal worth " and in an " attempt to redeem his pride , the source will usually involuntarily provide pertinent information in attempting to vindicate himself . " Official documents state that such techniques should not go " beyond the limits that would apply to an EPW [ enemy prisoner of war ] . " . US Army Definition from FM 2 - 22 . 3 . 8 - 45 . ( Interrogation ) The emotional - pride and ego - down approach is based on attacking the source ' s ego or self - image . The source , in defending his ego , reveals information to justify or rationalize his actions . This information may be valuable in answering collection requirements or may give the [ human intelligence ] HUMINT collector insight into the viability of other approaches . This approach is effective with sources who have displayed weakness or feelings of inferiority . A real or imaginary deficiency voiced about the source , loyalty to his organization , or any other feature can provide a basis for this technique . 8 - 46 . The HUMINT collector accuses the source of weakness or implies he is unable to do a certain thing . This type of source is also prone to excuses and rationalizations , often shifting the blame to others . An example of this technique is opening the collection effort with the question , " Why did you surrender so easily when you could have escaped by crossing the nearby ford in the river ? " The source is likely to provide a basis for further questions or to reveal significant information if he attempts to explain his surrender in order to vindicate himself . He may give an answer such as , " No one could cross the ford because it is mined . " 8 - 47 . The objective is for the HUMINT collector to use the source ' s sense of pride by attacking his loyalty , intelligence , abilities , leadership qualities , slovenly appearance , or any other perceived weakness . This will usually goad the source into becoming defensive , and he will try to convince the HUMINT collector he is wrong . In his attempt to redeem his pride and explain his actions , the source may provide pertinent information . Possible targets for the emotional - pride and ego - down approach are the source ' s — 8 - 48 . There is a risk associated with this approach . If the emotional - pride and ego - down approach fails , it is difficult for the HUMINT collector to recover and move to another approach without losing his credibility . Also , there is potential for application of the pride and ego approach to cross the line into humiliating and degrading treatment of the detainee . Supervisors should consider the experience level of their subordinates and determine specifically how the interrogator intends to apply the approach technique before approving the interrogation plan .
Robert Hall ( National Guard officer ) Robert K . Hall was an officer in the United States North Dakota Army National Guard . He commanded troops during the strategically important Guadalcanal campaign and contributed significantly to the U . S . victory in the Battle for Henderson Field . Pre - World War II . During the 1930s , as a Captain in the part - time National Guard , he was known for his serious attitude towards training . " Hall ' s experience in WW I impressed the men , as did his serious demeanor and taciturn nature . " Guadalcanal . As a Lieutenant Colonel , he commanded 3rd Battalion , 164th Infantry during the Battle for Henderson Field in the Guadalcanal Campaign . His regiment , part of the U . S . Army ' s Americal Division , had only just arrived on Guadalcanal as an emergency reinforcement and would become the first U . S . Army unit to see action during World War II . In the middle of a dark and rainy night on 24 October 1942 , under close combat conditions , he and Lt . Col . Chesty Puller , commander of 1st Battalion , 7th Marines , made the decision to place Hall ' s men among the understrength Marines rather take their own place on the 7500 - ft . line . Puller and Hall personally placed the soldiers with Marines in existing positions . The soldiers , armed with the new M - 1 rifle s , added considerable firepower to the Marines , who were armed with the older M1903 Springfield rifle s . " With daylight , Puller and Hall reordered the lines , putting ( Hall ' s ) 3rd Battalion , 164th into its own positions to Puller ' s left . " Hall ' s troops were crucial in helping repulse numerous attacks by troops from the Imperial Japanese Army ' s 2nd Infantry Division . The Japanese defeat in the battle was the last serious attempt by Japanese army troops to retake Henderson Field , an important strategic victory for the United States and its allies . Acting on the recommendation of Puller , First Marine Division commander A . A . Vandegrift awarded Colonel Hall the Navy Cross for his role in the battle . Hall was wounded on Guadalcanal in November 1942 , but recovered to lead his battalion in the final battles for control of the island . He subsequently returned to the states and trained troops in jungle combat . He retired from the Army at the end of the war . Legacy . The command relationship between Hall and Puller and their merged battalion is still studied in military schools . After the battle , the 164th Infantry was informally called " The 164th Marines , " and members were welcomed at Marine reunions for many years .
Vasily Borisovich Sheremetev Vasily Borisovich Sheremetev ( ) ( 1622 - 1682 ) was a Russian military commander . Boyar since 1653 , voivode of Smolensk ( 1656 - 1658 ) , later of Kiev ( 1658 - 1660 ? ) . One of Russian commanders during the Russo - Polish War ( 1654 – 1667 ) ; he fought in the battle of Ochmatów ( 1655 ) and the battle of Cudnów ( 1660 ) . Taken prisoner by the Tatars , he died in captivity .
Dresba Dresba ( also Krumaya ) is an abandoned military airfield in Chukotka Autonomous Okrug , Russia located 343 km west of Pevek . It was built around 1960 , but it is unknown whether the airfield was simply graded or if paved surfaces were built . It was intended to be a strategic bomber air base along the shore of the Arctic Ocean , giving it access to northern resupply ship routes , and was presumably for either forward deployment or weather diversion for the Soviet Union ' s Tupolev Tu - 95 and Tupolev Tu - 22 bomber force . Preview images of declassified KH - 5 satellite passes from August 1966 on the USGS Earth Explorer website show the aerodrome to be in new condition . A radar facility exists on satellite imagery 14 km northwest of the airfield .
George Washington - class submarine The " George Washington " class was a class of nuclear - powered ballistic missile submarines deployed by the United States Navy . The Navy ordered a class of nuclear - powered submarine s armed with long - range strategic missiles on 31 December 1957 , and tasked Electric Boat with converting two existing attack submarine hulls to ballistic missile - carrying boats to quickly create the deterrent force . To accomplish this conversion , Electric Boat persuaded the Navy in January 1958 to slip the launch dates for two fast attack submarines , the just - begun The " George Washington " s were essentially " Skipjack " s with a missile compartment , inserted between the ship ' s control / navigation areas and the nuclear reactor compartment . In the case of the lead ship , , that was literally the case : the keel already laid by Electric Boat at Groton , Connecticut for " Scorpion " was cut apart and extended to become the keel for " George Washington " . Then Electric Boat and Mare Island Naval Shipyard began construction of one other boat each from extended plans . President Eisenhower authorized construction of two more submarines on 29 July 1958 . Newport News Shipbuilding and Portsmouth Naval Shipyard began work immediately . The " George Washington " s carried the Polaris A1 missile on their patrols until 2 June 1964 , when the " George Washington " changed out her missiles for Polaris A3s . The last member of this class , swapped out her A1s for A3s on 14 October 1965 . In the early 1980s , to make room within the limitations imposed by SALT II for the ballistic missile submarines , " George Washington " , , and had their missiles removed and were reclassified as attack submarines , a role in which they served for several years prior to being decommissioned by 1986 . Boats . Submarines of the George Washington Class :
Confederate Monument in Lawrenceburg The Confederate Monument in Lawrenceburg , Kentucky is an figure which was built in 1894 by the Kentucky Women ' s Monumental Association , a predecessor of the United Daughters of the Confederacy , an organization founded in that year . Its governing body is the government of Lawrenceburg . It shows a Confederate soldier dressed in a winter coat with a rifle held vertically before him . Around the pedestal of the monument may be found the names of the Confederate regiments raised in Anderson County and a list of those men wounded or killed during the war . There were a few Civil War skirmishes at Lawrenceburg , just before the Battle of Perryville in October 1862 . In particular , the Union Ninth Kentucky Cavalry fought the Confederate cavalry under Colonel Scott on October 6 , 1862 . Confederate troops that would control Frankfort had marched through the town . In later years , the local area saw guerrilla warfare , which force the creation of a Union Home Guard unit in the town . On July 17 , 1997 , the Lawrenceburg Confederate Monument was one of sixty different monuments related to the Civil War in Kentucky placed on the National Register of Historic Places , as part of the Civil War Monuments of Kentucky Multiple Property Submission . It is one of ten monuments of soldiers in the Multiple Property Submission on a courthouse lawn The Kentucky Women ' s Monumental Association was a predecessor of the United Daughters of the Confederacy , an organization founded in 1894 . The Kentucky association was one of a number formed to honor " the dead of those who fought for the Southern cause " , addressing " the specter of death hung over the South . " The United Daughters of the Confederacy , a unified association that was a successor , actually was named National Association of the Daughters of the Confederacy from 1894 to 1895 . It is directly credited with 15 monuments now listed on the U . S . National Register . In recent years the UDC has been in the news for winning a court case with Vanderbilt University over continued use of " Confederate Memorial Hall " as the name of a building financed by the UDC .
Mark 90 nuclear bomb The Mark 90 nuclear bomb , given the nickname " Betty " , was a cold war nuclear depth charge , developed by the United States in 1952 . It had a length of 10 ft 2 in , a diameter of 2 ft 7 . 5 in , and a weight of 1 , 243 lb , and it carried a Mark 7 nuclear warhead with a yield of 5 - 10 kilotons . Its purpose was to serve as an anti - submarine weapon for the United States Navy . A test of the Mark 90 was conducted in 1955 , as Operation Wigwam . All units were withdrawn from service by 1960 . Accident . On September 25 , 1959 , a United States Navy Martin P5M - 2 Marlin ( BuNo " 135540 " , SG tailcode , ' 6 ' , of VP - 50 ) was patrolling out of NAS Whidbey Island when it was forced to ditch in the Pacific Ocean , about 100 miles west of the Washington - Oregon border . A Mark 90 depth charge casing was lost and never recovered , but it was not fitted with an active warhead . The ten crew members were rescued by the US Coast Guard , after ten hours in a raft . The press was not notified at the time .
Theodore Hardy Theodore Bayley Hardy , VC , DSO , MC ( 20 October 1863 – 18 October 1918 ) was a Chaplain in the British Army and English recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . In addition to the VC , Hardy had been awarded the Military Cross and the Distinguished Service Order , making him one of the most decorated non - combatants of the First World War . Early life . Hardy was born 20 October 1863 to George and Sarah Richards Hardy of Exeter . Hardy was educated at the Royal Commercial Travellers School , Pinner , Middlesex from 1872 – 1879 , City of London School from 1879 – 1882 and at the University of London . He was ordained in 1898 . He was an Assistant Master at Nottingham High School from 1891 – 1907 , at which one of the Junior School ' s houses is named in his honour . He was married to Florence Elizabeth Hastings , who died in 1914 . World War I . Hardy was aged 51 when war broke out , and was priest at Hutton Roof in the Lake District . He volunteered at once but was turned down as being too old . Eventually , in August 1916 , he was accepted for army service as a Temporary Chaplain to the Forces , 4th Class and attached to 8th Battalion , The Lincolnshire Regiment . He carried out the following deeds for which he was awarded a series of decorations . First he was awarded the Distinguished Service Order ( DSO ) on 18 October 1917 , the full citation was published on 7 March 1918 : This was followed by the Military Cross ( MC ) on 17 December 1917 , the citation following on 23 April 1918 : Finally came the VC on 7 July 1918 : Hardy was appointed to the honorary position of Chaplain to His Majesty on 17 September 1918 . Death . He was wounded in action when again trying to tend to the wounded and died a week later in Rouen , France , on 18 October 1918 . He was buried at St . Sever Cemetery Extension , Rouen , France , in block S , plot V , row J , grave 1 . There are memorials to Hardy at Carlisle Cathedral , at the former Royal Commercial Travellers School Pinner Middlesex ( now the Harrow Arts Centre ) , City of London School and in his old church at Hutton Roof in Cumbria . The Medals . His medals are displayed at The Museum of Army Chaplaincy " ( Amport , Hampshire , England ) " .