naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Flight Surgeon Badge ( United States ) The Flight Surgeon Badge is a military badge of the United States Armed Forces which has existed since the Second World War . The Flight Surgeon Badge is presented to those members of the military who are both qualified medical officers and certified flight surgeon s . The original Flight Surgeon Badge was first issued by the United States Army Air Forces during World War II . Since then , the decoration has expanded into four separate military service versions of the Flight Surgeon Badge , with the United States Marine Corps the only branch of service which does not issue the Flight Surgeon Badge . To be awarded the Flight Surgeon Badge , a service member must be a commissioned officer who holds a designation as a medical staff officer . Following the completion of initial military medical training , a service member must undergo further study in Aerospace Medicine . Upon completion of a medical residency , those eligible for the Flight Surgeon Badge must next undergo basic air operations training consistent with that of a qualified aircrew member . Once all requirements have been met , a service member must complete a probationary period to include a series of in - flight missions and medical skills evaluation . Only at the end of this lengthy process with the service member will be awarded the Flight Surgeon Badge . The United States Army and United States Air Force issue the Flight Surgeon Badge in three ratings : Basic , Senior , and Master ( Army ) / Chief ( Air Force ) . The Basic Flight Surgeon Badge is presented upon completion of initial flight surgeon qualifications , while the Senior and Master versions of the badge are presented based on years of service and number of flight hours performed as a flight surgeon . Typically , the Senior Flight Surgeon Badge is awarded after three to seven years of service , while the Master version is obtained after seven to fifteen years of service . The Senior version of the Flight Surgeon badge is denoted by a star centered above the decoration , while the Master and Chief Flight Surgeon badges display a star and wreath . The United States Navy and Coast Guard issue the Flight Surgeon Badge in a single degree . There is no Marine Corps equivalent because the United States Marines do not maintain a separate medical corps and utilize naval personnel for these tasks . It should also be noted that the Flight Surgeon Badge is presented only to qualified and licensed physicians , physician assistants , and nurse practitioners who have undergone the full amount of required training . Enlisted and Warrant personnel , who serve in the temporary position of flight surgeon during certain in - flight missions , are not eligible for the decoration . In addition to the Flight Surgeon Badge , the United States Navy and Air Force award the Flight Nurse Badge for those nurses qualified in aerospace medicine and in - flight operations . A flight medical specialty badge , the Aviation Psychologist Badge , is an additional decoration awarded by the U . S . Navy .
Baltiysk ( air base ) Baltiysk is a former air base in Kaliningrad Oblast at the north of Vistula Spit a natural cape , Russia located 5 km southwest of Baltiysk on the opposite site of natural outlet . Constructed in the 1930s by the German airforce , Soviet airforce took this place over after 1945 and it used to be Russia ' s westernmost air base . It has been deactivated in the 1990s and Google Earth imagery shows it to be in a severe state of decay . It appears to house a small number of interceptor alert pads .
ALSIB ALSIB ( or the Northern Trace ) was the Soviet Union portion of the Alaska - Siberian air road receiving Lend - Lease aircraft from the Northwest Staging Route . Aircraft manufactured in the United States were flown over this route for World War II combat service on the Eastern Front . Routing . United States ferry pilots delivered aircraft to Ladd Army Airfield in Fairbanks , Alaska . There each aircraft was serviced by USAAF personnel in preparation for Soviet inspection . After Soviet inspectors accepted the aircraft , five regiments of ferry pilots conveyed aircraft from Fairbanks to Soviet pilot training facilities near Krasnoyarsk . Each regiment was assigned to a specific segment of the route to become familiar with navigation and weather within that segment . Single - seat Bell P - 39 Airacobra and Bell P - 63 Kingcobra fighters flew in groups with a pair of multi - engine North American B - 25 Mitchell or Douglas A - 20 Havoc bombers . The lead bomber navigated for the flight and the trailing bomber watched for stragglers . Bombers and Douglas C - 47 Skytrain s might fly independently , and C - 47s transported ferry pilots east for new aircraft . 1st regiment . Soviet First regiment pilots accepted the planes at Fairbanks and flew over the Bering Strait via St . Lawrence Island . 2nd regiment . Second regiment pilots flew from Uelkal to Seymchan . 3rd regiment . Third regiment pilots flew from Seymchan to Yakutsk . 4th regiment . Fourth regiment pilots flew from Yakutsk to Kirensk . 5th regiment . Fifth regiment pilots flew from Kirensk to Krasnoyarsk .
French frigate Thétis ( 1788 ) Thétis was a 40 - gun " Nymphe " - class frigate frigate of the French Navy . From 1790 , she served in various diplomatic missions in the Indian Ocean , before returning for a refit in Brest in 1793 . From 1795 , she was shuttled from France to Guadeloupe . She took part in the Invisible Squadron of Zacharie Allemand , before returning to Martinique along with the 16 - gun brig " Lynx " . On 17 December 1806 , " Thétis " and the brig " Sylphe " captured . The French sold " Netley " and she became the privateer " Duquesne " . Less than nine months later , on 23 September 1807 , HMS " Blonde " captured " Dusquesne " . ( The " Chroniques de la Marine Française " report that in 1807 , " Thétis " captured a 18 - gun brig name " Methly " . This may be a slightly garbled reference to the capture on " Netley " , there being no Royal Navy vessel named " Methly " . ) HMS " Amethyst " captured " Thétis " off Lorient by in the Action of 10 November 1808 , and she was brought in British service as HMS " Brune " . British casualties in the engagement were severe , with 19 killed and 51 wounded , but French losses were several times larger , with 135 dead , including her commander , " Capitaine de Vaisseau " Jacques Pinsum , and 102 wounded .
Henry James Knight Henry James Knight VC ( 5 November 1878 – 24 November 1955 ) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . Details . Born in Yeovil , Somerset ( Born James Huntley Knight , Enlisted Henry James Knight ) he was 21 years old , and a corporal in the 1st Battalion , The King ' s ( Liverpool ) Regiment , British Army during the Second Boer War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC . The full citation was published in the London Gazette of 4 January 1901 and reads : Further information . He later achieved the rank of captain in the Manchester Regiment . His Victoria Cross is displayed at the Museum of the King ' s Regiment , Liverpool , England .
USS Chewink ( AM - 39 ) The first USS " Chewink " ( AM - 39 / ASR - 3 ) was a in the United States Navy . She was later converted to a submarine rescue ship . " Chewink " was launched 21 December 1918 by Todd Shipyard Corp . , New York City ; sponsored by Miss M . Sperrin ; and commissioned 9 April 1919 , Lieutenant ( junior grade ) J . Williams in command . She was reclassified ASR - 3 on 12 September 1929 . North Sea mine clearance operations . " Chewink " sailed from Boston , Massachusetts , 23 May 1919 for Kirkwall , Orkney Islands , arriving 5 July to aid in the vast task of clearing the North Sea minefields . U . S . East Coast operations . She returned via Lisbon , the Azores , and Bermuda to New York , arriving 19 November , and for the next 11 years operated along the east coast and to Cuba and Puerto Rico in a variety of duties , which included salvage , target towing , a school for Naval Engineering , recovering mines , experimental underwater radio tests , net laying and tending , and tending submarines . U . S . West Coast operations . In October 1930 she sailed from New London , Connecticut , with Submarine Division 4 for Pearl Harbor , to be stationed there as submarine tender , until 5 January 1931 , and then at Coco Solo , Panama Canal Zone until August 1933 . " Chewink " was decommissioned at Pearl Harbor 21 August 1933 , remaining there until April 1937 , when her berth was changed to Mare Island Navy Yard . World War II East Coast operations . " Chewink " recommissioned 12 November 1940 , sailed from San Diego , California , 3 February 1941 , and on 10 May reached New London , Connecticut , her base through the remainder of her active service . During World War II , she aided America ' s growing ability to make war beneath the sea as she operated training divers , in submarine search and rescue exercises , as a station ship , and as a target ship for submarine torpedoes . Her operations took her to Halifax , Nova Scotia , and Argentia , Newfoundland , and several times to Key West , Florida . End - of - War decommissioning . " Chewink " was decommissioned at Brooklyn , New York 4 February 1947 . She was used as a target and sunk off New London , Connecticut , 31 July 1947 .
El Pípila El Pípila ( ) is the nickname of a local hero of the city of Guanajuato in Mexico . His real name was Juan José de los Reyes Martínez Amaro ( 1782 – 1863 ) , son of Pedro Martínez and María Rufina Amaro . word for a hen turkey . It is said his nickname stands for his freckled face ( similar to that of a turkey ) or his laughter resembling the bird ' s peculiar gargle . " Pípila " was a miner . He came from the nearby town of San Miguel , now San Miguel de Allende , and worked in the Mellado mine . ( The Rayas and Mellado mines were the first in Guanajuato , opened in 1558 ) . Miners are of great importance in the state and city of Guanajuato , which was the largest exporter of silver in the world at the end of the 18th century . Silver and other minerals are still mined there today . " Pípila " , became famous for an act of heroism near the very beginning of the Mexican War of Independence , on 28 September 1810 . The insurrection had begun in the nearby town of Dolores , led by Miguel Hidalgo , a criollo priest born in Pénjamo . He soon moved to the city of Guanajuato , Guanajuato , where the Spanish barricaded themselves – along with plenty of silver and other riches – in a grain warehouse known as the Alhóndiga de Granaditas . The granary was a stone fortress with high stone walls , but its wooden door proved to be an Achilles ' heel . With a long , flat stone tied to his back to protect him from the muskets of the Spanish troops , Pípila carried tar and a torch to the door of the Alhóndiga and set it on fire . The insurgents – who far outnumbered the Spanish in the warehouse – stormed inside and killed all the soldiers and the civil Spanish refugees . Some accounts say that Pípila was not alone but went accompanied by other indigenous miners ready to fight for their freedom from the Spanish , but as the story is told today in Guanajuato , Pípila stood alone to break through the door . The monument . The stone monument of a muscular man , holding aloft a flaming torch , towers on a hill at the edge of the city . Visitors can ride on a funicular to and from the monument , or they can walk up one of several steep stairways to the top . At the base of the monument , a series of broad stone plaza s provides plenty of space for the numerous camera - carrying tourists and young lovers . From the foot of the monument , they have a fantastic view of the whole city of Guanajuato . One part of the final episode of telenovela " Entre el amor y el odio " was filmed here .
Martin Tappe Martin Tappe ( 10 January 1910 — 19 April 1969 ) was an Obersturmbannführer ( Lieutenant Colonel ) and Oberstleutnant of Schutzpolizei in the Waffen SS during World War II who was awarded the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross , which was awarded to recognize extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership by Nazi Germany during World War II . Martin Tappe was born on the 10 January 1910 , in Löhne Westfalen . He was awarded the Knights Cross in March 1945 while in command of the II . Battalion , 8th SS Polizei Panzer Grenadier Regiment ( 4th SS Polizei Panzergrenadier Division ) on the Eastern Front . Tappe survived the war and died on the 19 April 1969 in Wuppertal .
Richard Müller ( general ) Richard Müller ( 4 November 1891 – 16 July 1943 ) was a highly decorated Generalleutnant in the Wehrmacht during World War II . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . Richard Müller was killed on 16 July 1943 northeast of Orel , during the Battle of Kursk .
SS Laurentic ( 1927 ) The second SS " Laurentic " was an 18 , 724 - ton ocean liner built in 1927 by Harland and Wolff , Belfast , for the White Star Line . She served the White Star Line from 1927 to 1936 , undergoing two collisions during her career . The ship was then transformed into an auxiliary cruiser for the Royal Navy in the Second World War . The " Laurentic " was torpedoed by the on 3 November 1940 off Bloody Foreland , County Donegal , Ireland , but she remained afloat . But after two more torpedoes hit her , she sank with the loss of 49 lives . This was the second ship of the company to have worn the name . The first , commissioned in 1909 , suffered the same fate during the First World War . Passenger career . The " Laurentic " was built in the Harland & Wolff of Belfast with the hull number 470 . Launched on 16 June 1927 , she was the last ship of the company using coal , and used two quadruple expansion engines powering sided propellers and a low pressure turbine for the central propeller , initiated by the . The ship was completed on 1 November 1927 . On November 12 , she made her maiden voyage between Liverpool and Halifax then on to New York . On 27 April 1928 , the ship was transferred to the Liverpool - Quebec - Montreal route and remained there during the rest of her commercial career . In January 1931 , it was expected that the ship transferred to a Mediterranean cruise but the Great Depression made it unprofitable and eventually left the passengers for the . The " Laurentic " had two collisions during her career . The first occurred on 3 October 1932 with the " Lurigethen " of the HE Moss Line . Both vessels remained afloat following the collision . The second occurred on 18 August 1935 with the " Napier Star " of the Blue Star Line , leaving six dead among the crew of " Laurentic " . Military service and sinking . The White Star Line and Cunard Line merged in 1934 , without this having an impact on the career of the ship . The ship was docked in December 1935 and served the following September as troop transport bound for Palestine . In this capacity , she made her last trip for the White Star Line in December of that year . In 1937 she took part in the Coronation Naval Review at Spithead carrying government guests . In 1939 , with the start of the Second World War , the " Laurentic " was requisitioned as HMS Laurentic and converted into an auxiliary cruiser , losing her recasting part of the superstructure aft . On 3 November 1940 , the Laurentic was called for help from a ship torpedoed by a U - boat . Arriving at the scene , she was torpedoed twice by U - 99 commanded by Otto Kretschmer , but the torpedoes missed their target . The " Laurentic " answers , but after four hours of fighting , she was struck by two torpedoes which sent her to the bottom with 49 losses of 416 people on board . She was the last White Star vessel to sink and one of the final four White Star vessels along with MV Georgic , MV Britannic and SS Nomadic .
2nd Indian Cavalry Division The 2nd Indian Cavalry Division was a division of the British Indian Army formed at the outbreak of World War I . It served on the Western Front , being renamed as 5th Cavalry Division on 26 November 1916 . In March 1918 , the 5th Cavalry Division was broken up . The British and Canadian units remained in France and the Indian elements were sent to Egypt to help constitute 2nd Mounted Division . History . The division sailed for France from Bombay on October 16 , 1914 , under the command of Major General G A Cookson . During the war the division would serve in the trenches as infantry . Due to the difference on troop levels each cavalry brigade , once dismounted , formed a dismounted regiment . In March 1916 the 2nd Indian Cavalry Division was attached to the British Fourth Army . On July 1 , 1916 the Secunderabad Cavalry Brigade moved into a reserve position on the Somme , ready to exploit any breakthrough . The same brigade was sent up again on July 14 , to Montauban to support the attack on the Bazentin – Longueval ridge . At 17 . 30 the leading two regiments were ordered to advance between High Wood and Delville Wood . The British 7th Dragoon Guards and the Indian 20th Deccan Horse galloped forward to a position between the woods , but little could be achieved . At 03 . 30 on July 15 , they returned to Montauban , having suffered casualties of 74 men and 110 horses . Cavalry units were again brought forward on September 15 to support the attack on Flers - Courcelette , but were not drawn into the fighting and played no further part in the Battle of the Somme except as labour units in reserve . The high number of officer casualties suffered early on had an effect on its later performance . British officers that understood the language , customs , and psychology of their men could not be quickly replaced , and the alien environment of the Western Front had some effect on the soldiers . The 2nd Indian Cavalry Division was renamed the 5th Cavalry Division on 26 November 1916 and attached to the 5th Army . In March 1918 the division was transferred to Egypt , although its two British regular cavalry regiments ( 8th Hussars and 7th Dragoon Guards ) remained in France . Order of Battle December 1914 . 5th ( Mhow ) Cavalry Brigade " to 15 September 1915 , then to 1st Indian Cavalry Division " 7th ( Meerut ) Cavalry Brigade " to June 1916 " 9th ( Secunderabad ) Cavalry Brigade II Indian Brigade , Royal Horse Artillery Order of Battle March 1917 . 3rd ( Ambala ) Cavalry Brigade " from 1st Indian Cavalry Division on 15 September 1915 " 9th ( Secunderabad ) Cavalry Brigade Canadian Cavalry Brigade " from June 1916 " XVII Brigade , Royal Horse Artillery ( II Indian Brigade , RHA redesignated )
Direction du renseignement militaire The Direction du renseignement militaire ( DRM ) ( " English " : " Directorate of Military Intelligence " ) is a French intelligence agency that has the task of collecting and centralizing information for the French Armed Forces . Created in 1992 , its role is similar to that of the US DIA , the UK DI or the Russian GRU . The DRM reports directly to the Chief of Staff of the French military . Mission . The mission of the directorate is to provide timely intelligence and meet the needs of the French defence ministry and defence agencies . The stated aims of the DRM :
A Battery ( The Chestnut Troop ) Royal Horse Artillery A Battery ( The Chestnut Troop ) Royal Horse Artillery is the senior Battery in the Royal Regiment of Artillery and is part of 1st Regiment Royal Horse Artillery . The Chestnut Troop is currently based in Assaye Barracks in Tidworth . Current Role . The unit is currently equipped as a Close Support Artillery Battery , with the AS - 90 Self - propelled gun . History . Formation . 1793 - A Troop Royal Horse Artillery was raised as The Chestnut Troop at Woolwich on 1 February 1793 . Equipped with Chestnut horses from the start , Lord Wellington asked of the whereabouts of “ The Chestnut Troop ” during the Battle of Waterloo . This unofficial title stuck until Edward VII sanctioned , in Army Order 135 , that the Battery be designated A Battery ( The Chestnut Troop ) Royal Horse Artillery . This honour title is unique as its not associated with one particular incident , and affords " The Chestnut Troop " the privilege to be known as such outside the Royal Regiment of Artillery . As the senior Battery within the whole of the Royal Regiment of Artillery , it takes position at the Right of the Line on the parade . A Troop was raised as the first fully self - contained and fully mounted unit equipped with six , six - pounder guns . 1800 ’ s . Until the turn of the 20th century the Troop served in both the UK and India , before serving in the South African War . World War One . 1914 - The outbreak of the First World War saw the Troop deployed to France . It served throughout the War , firing its last round at Orrs on 4 November 1918 . Interwar . In 1919 the Chestnut Troop was deployed in North West Persia as part of the Norperforce . They were later deployment to Basra in 1921 . In 1938 the Chestnut Troop became part of 1st Regiment Royal Horse Artillery which involved , at the outset , the formation of a Battery as a 12 gun composite Battery . Cold War . After the War the Troop served in Egypt , the UK and Germany . 1965 to 1967 - Aden Recent and Current Conflicts . Northern Ireland . It completed four tours of Northern Ireland throughout the 1970s .
USS Osberg ( DE - 538 ) USS Osberg ( DE - 538 ) was a " John C . Butler " - class destroyer escort acquired by the U . S . Navy during World War II . The primary purpose of the destroyer escort was to escort and protect ships in convoy , in addition to other tasks as assigned , such as patrol or radar picket . The ship was named after Ensign Carl A . Osberg , who saw action 4 June 1942 as a TBD Devastator torpedo bomber during the Battle of Midway . Post - war decommissioning . " Osberg " was decommissioned in 1947 . Reactivated during Korean War . " Osberg " was recommissioned for duty during the Korean War ; however , Navy records do not record her activity . Final decommissioning . " Osberg " was finally decommissioned 25 February 1958 . She was struck from the Navy list on 1 August 1972 , and , on 5 February 1974 she was sold for scrapping .
Philip Mayne Philip Mayne ( 22 November 1899 – 9 April 2007 ) is thought to have been the last surviving British officer of the First World War . He is also thought to have been the oldest surviving member of Christ ' s Hospital , of the University of Cambridge Engineering Department , of King ' s College , Cambridge and indeed of the whole University of Cambridge . Mayne was born in Hampstead . His father was a caterer . He won a scholarship to Christ ' s Hospital and then to King ' s College , Cambridge , but the Great War intervened . Mayne became a cadet in the Royal Engineers and was commissioned as a second lieutenant in September 1918 . Attending a training camp in Wales , he caught the Spanish flu , and was not fit to be sent to the front before the war ended . Mayne was demobilised on 24 December 1918 , and attended Cambridge University from January 1919 , having missed only the first term of his first year . He studied mathematics and then mechanical , electrical and civil engineering . Mayne graduated in 1921 and joined the electrical department of the National Physical Laboratory . He moved to Imperial Chemical Industries in Billingham in 1924 . Mayne worked in a reserved occupation in the Second World War , making chemicals for explosives . He rose to the position of technical director before he retired in 1961 . Mayne attributed his longevity to a healthy lifestyle claiming that " I have never had too much to drink and have always cycled , swum and gardened " . He died peacefully in his sleep in Richmond , North Yorkshire on 9 April 2007 , aged 107 . Mayne was survived by his three children , eight grandchildren and 21 great - grandchildren . He was the paternal grandfather of Australian journalist Stephen Mayne .