naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Stay - behind In a stay - behind operation , a country places secret operatives or organisations in its own territory , for use in the event that an enemy may overrun that territory . If this occurs , the operatives would then form the basis of a resistance movement , or would act as spies from behind enemy lines . Small - scale operations may cover only small areas , but larger stay - behind operations envisage reacting to the conquest of entire countries . Significant stay - behind operations existed during World War II . The United Kingdom put in place the Auxiliary Units . Partisans in Axis - occupied Soviet territory in the early 1940s operated with a stay - behind element . During the Cold War , the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation ( NATO ) and the Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) sponsored stay - behind networks in many European countries , intending to activate them in the event of that country being taken over by the Warsaw Pact or if a communist party came to power in a democratic election . According to Martin Packard they were " financed , armed , and trained in covert resistance activities , including assassination , political provocation and disinformation . " Many hidden weapons caches were found , in Italy , Austria , Germany , the Netherlands and other countries , at the disposition of these " secret armies " . The most famous of these NATO operations was Operation Gladio , acknowledged by Italian Prime Minister Giulio Andreotti on October 24 , 1990 . The United Kingdom ' s Territorial Army regiments of SAS and Honourable Artillery Company provided such stay - behind parties in the UK ' s sector of West Germany . In some cases , stay - behind operations have deviated from their stated purpose , and have become active against elements in their own countries which they deem to be subversive — rather than fighting an outright invasion , they claimed to be fighting a quieter subversion of their country . In some countries , there has been a considerable degree of overlap between official stay - behind organisations and other , non - official groups — for example , the French opponents of Algerian independence in the Organisation de l ' armée secrète included many members of its country ' s stay - behind organisation .
Biała Podlaska Airport Biała Podlaska Airport is a former military airport , located near the town of Biała Podlaska , in the north of Lublin Voivodship . It is under modernisation to serve as a cargo airport and , in the future , to probably also serve passenger services in this area completely deprived of airports . The company „ Port Lotniczy Biała Podlaska ” tried to revive the airport , but currently the airport manager changed . The Biała Podlaska airport is the only one in the eastern part of Poland area with the potential to serve passenger services and should . Its infrastructure is : 2 runways of 3300 x 60 meters the larger one and the smaller of 2260 x 30 meters , with taxiways and aprons , what seems to allow to handle even intercontinental flights . It is possible for the airport to cover the nearby western Belarus and attract passengers also from this area . The airport is situated nearly at the border with the Republic of Belarus ( 10 , 3 million people ) , where , due to the duopolies on the market , there are no low cost airline ’ s services , and quantity of air travels per person per year is unbelievably low due to the monopoly of its national airlines . Airport in Biała Podlaska is located in direct proximity to the Belarusian city of Brest . There is a boarder crossing with Belarus in nearby Terespol / Brest ( approx . 10 km distance to the east ) . Table . Border traffic with Brest in the year 2003 . Border crossing Quantity of passeners traversing the border crossing in 2003 Terespol - rail 934 . 822 Terespol - road 2 . 379 . 446 Source : www . bialapodlaska . uc . gov . pl In proximity of 70 kilometers there is a precious complex of Białowieża Primaeval Forest , known as Belaveskaya Pushcha ( Белавеская пушча ) in Belarus and Puszcza Białowieska in Poland . This is an ancient virginal forest straddling the border between Belarus and Poland , located 70 km north of Brest . It is the only remaining part of the once immense forest spreading across the European Plains and it is a UNESCO World Heritage Site . History . The airport is a former military base . Airport infrastructure . The post - military airport ranks in top five airports in Poland in terms of its infrastructure length . There exists a railroad spur next to the terminal that can be used for passenger service .
Craig Sawyer Craig R . " Sawman " Sawyer ( born 1963 ) is a former Navy SEAL , sniper and combat instructor . Sawyer is also the owner of " Tactical Insider " , which brings technical advice on weapons and combat to Hollywood films and actors . Sawyer began his military career with the United States Marine Corps , but switched to the United States Navy to pursue a career in special operations as a Navy SEAL serving in SEAL Team One and then went on to the Naval Special Warfare Development Group . Throughout his career , Sawyer has become an expert in several military and combat disciplines like shooting , counter - terrorism , surveillance and counter - surveillance , climbing , criminal investigation , parachuting , and hand - to - hand combat , among others . After his military career , Sawyer has run specialized teams to provide security to politicians and dignitaries like Hillary Clinton , John McCain , Donald Rumsfeld , and John Negroponte , among others . Sawyer founded " Tactical Insider " to provide training and technical advice to films , actors , and corporate clients . He has contributed to news shows like FOX News and " CBS Evening News with Katie Couric " . He has also been a frequent contributor to History Channel ' s show " Sniper : Deadliest Missions " . Since 2010 , Sawyer has been a recurring trainer for History ' s marksmen competition " Top Shot " , appearing in all five seasons . Sawyer is also a motocross driver and champion . He was also selected by Maxim as " Maximum Warrior " .
Battle of Garisi The battle of Garisi was fought between the Georgian and Safavid Iranian armies at the village of Garisi ( present - day Tetritsq ' aro ) in 1556 or 1558 , and resulted in a pyrrhic victory of the Georgians . This conflict was an immediate consequence of the Treaty of Amasya signed between the Ottoman and Safavid empires in 1555 . This peace deal left a fragmentized Kingdom of Georgia divided into spheres of influence . The kingdoms of Kartli and Kakheti , and the eastern part of the principality of Samtskhe were allotted to the Safavids which had already garrisoned the Georgian capital of Tbilisi . Luarsab I , the indomitable king of Kartli , refused to recognize the terms of the Amasya treaty and continued to worry Tbilisi . This provoked another Iranian expedition , the fourth in Luarsab ’ s reign . The Safavid forces , the Qizilbash , placed by Shah Tahmasp I under the command of Shāhverdī Khān Ziyādoghlū Qājār , beylerbey of Ganja , crossed into Kartli in 1556 or 1558 . Lursab and his son Svimon met the invaders at Garisi . In a pitched battle , the Georgians managed to beat off the Qizilbash , but Luarsab was killed in action .
Marienkhof Marienkhof ( German ) or Dunayevka ( Russian ) is an air base in Kaliningrad Oblast , Russia located 10 km south of Pionersky . It was in use during the 1950s and has been abandoned near the end of the Cold War . It has a spartan layout , unimproved pads , if any , and alert strip feeding directly onto runway threshold , thus it may have been used by a Soviet Anti - Air Defense regiment . It is now the location of Pionersky Radar Station .
Howard E . Woodford Howard E . Woodford was a soldier in the United States Army who received the Medal of Honor in World War II during actions in the campaign to recapture the Philippines from Japanese forces in 1945 . He was killed in action while helping a Filipino guerrilla battalion repulse enemy forces . He is buried in Akron , Ohio . Medal of Honor citation . Woodford , Howard E . " Rank and organization : " Staff Sergeant , U . S . Army , Company I , 130th Infantry , 33d Infantry Division " Place and date : " Near Tabio , Luzon , Philippine Islands , June 6 , 1945 " Entered service at : " Barberton , Ohio " Citation : " Namesake . A transport ship was named in his honor the " Sgt . Howard E . Woodford " .
TM - 46 mine The TM - 46 mine is a large circular metal cased Russia n anti - tank mine . The TMN - 46 is a variant of the mine fitted with a secondary fuze well on the bottom ( where it cannot be seen ) which is slightly off - set from the centre of the mine . This secondary fuze well can be fitted with a pull - fuze which functions as an anti - handling device . The mine was used by the North Vietnam ese forces during the Vietnam War , and is found in many countries in Africa , the Middle East and South East Asia . Because the TM - 46 has a metal casing , it is very easy to detect with a mine - detector . However , mine - fields containing TM - 46s may have also been sown with minimum metal mine s , e . g . the PMA - 2 .
Western Command ( United Kingdom ) Western Command was a command of the British Army . History . The Command was established in 1905 and was originally called the Welsh & Midland Command before changing its name in 1906 . In 1907 Western Command relocated to Watergate House in Chester . In 1938 , after a brief stay in temporary accommodation at Boughton , it moved to a new purpose - built neo - Georgian property at Queen ' s Park in Chester . Among the formations formed in the Command area during the First World War was the 13th ( Western ) Division , which assembled on Salisbury Plain . In 1939 , under Lieutenant General Robert Haining , the command consisted of Welsh , West Lancashire , and East Lancashire Areas , each commanding two divisions plus other troops . It covered Wales and the Counties of Cumberland , Westmoreland , Lancashire , Staffordshire , Shropshire , Herefordshire , Cheshire , and Beachley , Gloucestershire as well as the Isle of Man and the coast defence garrisons of Berehaven , Queenstown and ( for the purpose of technical training only ) Lough Swilly . Regular Troops reporting to the Command included : The Command was merged into HQ UK Land Forces ( HQ UKLF ) in 1972 and the property handed over to the Royal Army Pay Corps . It was effectively downgraded to district status , and later Wales and Western districts were established to take over the command ' s area . General Officers Commanding - in - Chief . General Officers Commanding - in - Chief have included :
Luke Edward Wright Luke Edward Wright ( August 29 , 1846 – November 17 , 1922 ) was a United States political figure . He served as Governor - General of the Philippines between 1904 and 1906 and also as Secretary of War from 1908 to 1909 . Biography . Wright was born in Giles County , Tennessee and moved with his family to Memphis in 1850 . He attended the public schools , and enlisted at fifteen in the Confederate Army with Company G of the 154th Senior Tennessee Infantry Regiment during the American Civil War . In 1863 , Wright was cited for bravery under fire in the Battle of Murfreesboro and was promoted to second lieutenant . After the Civil War , Wright attended the University of Mississippi from 1867 to 1868 , but did not graduate . He married Katherine Semmes in 1868 . After studying law in his father ’ s office , Wright was admitted to the bar and entered into practice in Memphis . For eight years , he served as Tennessee Attorney General , and was instrumental in establishing a relief committee during an epidemic of yellow fever in 1878 . In 1900 , Wright was a member of the second Philippine Commission and was appointed vice - governor of the Philippines in 1901 . Wright became full Governor - General of the Philippines in 1904 and continued in that office until 1906 . From 1906 to 1907 , Wright served as the first full United States Ambassador to Japan . From July 1 , 1908 to March 1 , 1909 , Wright served as United States Secretary of War under President Theodore Roosevelt . He stressed actions to eliminate unfit officers and sought to take advantage of aviation technology . He served less than a year before resigning . He returned to private life and died in Memphis in 1922 . Legacy . The " Pool of Pines " , better known as Wright Park in Baguio City , Philippines was named after Governor Luke E . Wright , the architect of this long , shallow reflecting pool . A street in Dumaguete City in Negros Oriental province is named after him .
César Augusto Guzzetti Admiral César Augusto Guzzetti ( 1925 – 1988 ) was President Jorge Rafaél Videla ' s foreign minister , during Argentina ' s military government . Guzzetti served as foreign minister from 30 March 1976 until 23 May 1977 . During this time he met Henry Kissinger , US Secretary of State , who gave the Argentine military government tacit approval for its extreme methods of dealing with alleged terrorists and political prisoners .
Donald V . Bennett Donald Vivian Bennett ( May 9 , 1915 – November 28 , 2005 ) retired as a four - star general from the United States Army in 1974 . He attended Michigan State University and graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1940 then served overseas in World War II . Bennett won the Distinguished Service Cross as well as two Purple Heart s for his service . He was born in Lakeside , Ohio and retired to Asheville , North Carolina . He entered military service from Ohio . As a Lieutenant Colonel , Bennett , along with the 62nd Armored Field Artillery Battalion on the June 6 , 1944 landed with the second wave at 0720 on D - Day . His party was subjected to a tremendous volume of machine gun fire which inflicted 50 percent casualties before they reached the comparative safety of the shingle at the base of the cliff adjoining the beach . Observing that following units were pinned down on the beach , he immediately left his cover and moved about the beach under heavy fire in order to assemble and reorganize the infantry assault companies , four tanks , and an antiaircraft unit . By redistributing the remaining officers and equipment ; by emplacing the . 50 calibre machine guns of the antiaircraft unit so as to give close support to the infantry ; and by radioing for tank and artillery fire support from the LCTs , he organized a sizeable force and at about 10 : 00 hours , which successfully assaulted the ridge . He then continued moving about the beach under intense fire and succeeded in locating a protected place to bring his battalion and move it across the beach . Lieutenant Colonel Bennett , in disregarding his own safety under such heavy enemy fire throughout the day and in his clear thinking , contributed immeasurably to the establishment of the beachhead . General Bennett recounts his World War II experience in his memoir , " Honor Untarnished " , published by Tom Doherty Associates , LLC in 2003 . General Bennett also served as superintendent of the United States Military Academy from 1966 to 1969 . He was Commander of VII US Corps from June 1968 until September 1969 , and Commander of U . S . Forces Korea from September 1972 until July 1973 . He retired in 1974 as commanding general of the U . S . Army Pacific Command . Bennett died on November 28 , 2005 at the age of 90 and was buried at the United States Military Academy Cemetery in West Point , New York .
Winnie the War Winner Winnie the War Winner was a radio set built by Sparrow Force during the Battle of Timor in 1942 . The radio re - established contact between Sparrow Force and the Australian Army in Darwin on 19 April 1942 . At the time , the Allies believed that Sparrow Force had been captured by the Japanese Army . By then , Sparrow Force had fought a guerilla campaign isolated from Australia for 60 days . The radio is currently on display in the Australian War Memorial in Canberra . Design . The radio was built by Captain George Parker , Signaller Keith Richards , Corporal John Donovan , Signaller Jack Loveless , Sergeant Jack Sargeant , and Signaller " Saus " Liversidge . The signallers built the radio using salvaged equipment , including the power pack from a Dutch transmitter , aerial wire , a receiving set , and a QANTAS wireless transmitter . To power the equipment , a generator , taken from an old car , charged the batteries . The generator was operated by four natives turning handles attached to a four - foot diameter wheel , which drove a smaller 18 - inch wheel connected by a rope loop . The smaller wheel ran the generator , which charged the batteries . Contact . The first communication between Sparrow Force and Northern Force Headquarters in Darwin was : = " The Men of Timor " = = In late 1942 , Army public relations sent the Academy Award winning filmmaker Damien Parer , and war correspondent Bill Marien to Timor , to record the efforts of the Australian commandos . His film , " Men of Timor " , was greeted with enthusiasm by Australian audiences . There are several discrepancies between the re - inaction of the first communication on 19 April 1942 and official accounts . Jack Sargeant ' s wife ' s name was not " Joan " as the film recounts but rather Kathleen . This change was made to protect her identity .
Juma Oris Colonel Juma Oris Abdalla ( 1933 ? - March 2001 ) was a rebel leader in the West Nile sub - region of Uganda in the early 1990s . He was previously a minister in Idi Amin ' s government ( serving as foreign minister from 1975 – 1978 ) , and later was allegedly backed by the government of Sudan . Oris is alleged to have committed human rights violations by planting landmines in ambush attempts in northern Uganda during the mid - 1990s . In the late 1980s and early 1990s Joseph Kony , the leader of the rebel group known as the Lord ' s Resistance Army claimed to be possessed by the spirit of Juma Oris . It appears he was unaware that Oris was at the time still alive — something which he discovered when the two men eventually met in person . Having suffered a stroke in 1999 , Oris died in Khartoum in March 2001 not as alleged in fighting with the Uganda Peoples ' Defence Forces as reported by the Africa Research Bulletin of July 2001 .
Teat - fire cartridge The Teat - fire cartridge was a . 32 caliber pistol cartridge designed by Daniel Moore and manufactured by Moore and his partner David Williamson for their Pocket Revolver , was produced under both the Moore and National Arms marques by the National Arms Company of Brooklyn , New York in the mid - 19th century . The Moore Caliber . 32 Teat - fire , which used a unique cartridge to get around the Rollin White patent owned by Horace Smith and Daniel Wesson , proved very popular during the Civil War , with both soldiers and civilians . The " Teat - fire " cartridges did not have a rim at the back like conventional cartridges , but were rounded at the rear , with a small " teat " that would protrude through a tiny opening in the rear of the cylinder . The priming mixture was contained in the " teat " and when the hammer struck it , the cartridge would fire . Thus , it was akin to a rimfire cartridge , but instead of having priming all the way around the edge of the rim , it is centrally located in the teat . Moore ' s Caliber . 32 Teat - fire Pocket Revolver proved very popular during the American Civil War , with both soldiers and civilians . National Arms produced about 30 , 000 of the revolvers from 1864 to 1870 , when it was acquired by Colt ' s Manufacturing Company .
Battle of Andernach The Battle of Andernach , between the followers and the opponents of King Otto I of Germany , took place at 2 October 939 in Andernach on the Rhine river and ended with a decisive defeat of the rebels and the death of their leaders . Duke Eberhard of Franconia , a scion of the Conradine dynasty , had been a loyal supporter of the Liudolfing king Henry I of Germany ( 919 - 936 ) . After the king ' s death however , he soon entered into conflict with his son and successor , Otto I , who did not see himself , as his father did , as ` primus inter pares ` . After Eberhard and other princes refused to pay homage to Otto in 937 his opponents joined Eberhard . In 938 he rebelled together with Otto ’ s elder half - brother Thankmar and the duke Eberhard of Bavaria . However , Thankmar would be slain by Otto ’ s followers in the church of Eresburg ( 938 ) , and Eberhard of Bavaria would be replaced by his uncle Berthold . After a short reconciliation with Otto , Eberhard allied himself in 939 with Gilbert of Lorraine and Otto ’ s younger brother Henry of Bavaria to renew the rebellion . Gilbert , duke of Lorraine since 928 , who had also been loyal during the rule of Henry I , now attempted to escape from his brother - in - law ' s sphere of influence and allied himself with the new king of the West Franks Louis IV , joining the revolt headed by Henry of Bavaria and Eberhard of Franconia . King Otto achieved at first a victory over the rebels in a battle in Birten close to Xanten , although he could only pray and watch on the other side of the Rhine . Nonetheless he was not able to capture the conspirators . Meanwhile Gilbert and Eberhard went to the south and devastated the areas of royalist counts . They received support from Louis IV , of Otto ‘ s brother - in - law Hugh the Great and other important West Frankish rulers . When Otto besieged Breisach , the insurgents advanced from Metz to the Rhine and crossed it by Andernach . After the army went pillaging through the Niederlahngau , it started again to cross over the Rhine by Andernach . Gilbert and Eberhard were surprised by the two royalist counts , Konrad Kurzbold , count of Niederlahngau , and his cousin Udo , count of Wetterau and Rheingau . Although the Conradines and the cousins of Eberhard stood both on Otto ‘ s side , they followed the rebels with a small army and attacked only when the majority of the opposing army had already set with its booty over the Rhine . Eberhard was slain in the fight and Gilbert drowned in the Rhine when he attempted to escape to the other side . Thus ended the rebellion against Otto I .