naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Siege of Al - Dāmūs The Siege of Al - Dāmūs was a battle of the Reconquista that occurred in the year 1210 . The forces of the Kingdom of Aragon , together with auxiliary forces of the Knights Templar and Knights Hospitaller , were pitted against the defending forces of the Almohades . The Christian forces defeated the Muslim defenders . This battle was significant because in taking the castle at Ademuz , the Christian forces riled their Muslim opponents to initiate a grand offensive that would eventually culminate in the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa . This offensive , in turn , marked the end of the Islamic domination of the region and the beginning of Christian rule in the province . Context . In 1210 , the Almohad Empire , based in the Balearic Islands ( conquered in 1203 ) , launched a great incursion into the Catalan coast led by Abubola the Elder . The Muslim forces , being the combined forces from the Magreb and Al - Andalus , disembarked and began pillaging the countryside seizing much booty and captives in the process . In March of 1210 , in response to the Almohad incursion , King Peter II of Aragon , who was at the time in the city of Monzón , gathered an army to attack the Moors of the Taifa of Valencia . Within the objectives of this campaign lied " Al - Dāmūs " ( Spanish : Ademuz ) , one of the fortresses that formed the defensive net of the Turia River . The Siege . In the middle of 1210 , Al - Dāmūs was conquered by Peter II of Aragon with the help of the Knights Hospitaller and the Knights Templar . Amongst the knights that participated in the campaign were Ramón de Castillazuelo , Bishop of Zaragoza , García de Gúdal , Bishop of Osca , García Frontín I , Bishop of Tarazona , Jimeno Cornel , García Romeo , Artal II de Alagón , Blasco Romeo , Pero Sesé , Ato I de Foces , Guillén I de Cervelló , Guillén de Peralta , Arnaldo Palacín , Arnaldo de Alascó , Adam de Alascó , Don Atorella , Sancho de Antillón , Guillén de Moncada , Guillén Ramón II de Moncada , " senescal de Cataluña " , and Guillén de Ódena . Por parte de los templarios estaba Pedro de Montagut . Consequences . The offensive continued until the Christian forces finally took the Castle of Serreilla . Pedro del Pomar was charged by King Peter II of Aragon to repopulate all the lands won by the conquest with Christians from the surrounding kingdoms . The loss of Ademuz and the devastation caused by the campaign , devastated the Almohades so much that they sent a delegation of nobles from Xarq al - Ándalus to Marrakech to beg Muhammad al - Nasir for reinforcements . This was one of the motivating factors that led to the launch of the Muslim expedition that would culminate in the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212 . This would in turn end the supremacy of Al - Andalus in the Iberian Peninsula . The fortress would again change into Almohad hands later in 1210 in an offensive that also recaptured Castielfabib , but failed to reach Moya .
Garud Commando Force The Garud Commando Force is the special forces unit of the Indian Air Force . It was formed in 2003 and has a strength of 1000 - 1500 personnel . Indian Air force has started its elite force for the protection of its vital squadrons and aircraft all over the world , presently the GARUDs are deployed in Congo peace keeping operations . As the training centre is near Delhi , optees are trained with paratroopers of Indian army . The unit derives it ' s name from that of Garuda , a divine bird - like creature of Hindu Mythology . The Air Force had felt a need to have a Special Forces unit for actions such as Combat Search and Rescue ( CSAR ) , Counter Insurgency Operations , and Emergency Response to terrorist activities involving airfields . In September 2003 , the Government of India authorized a force of 1080 Special Operations Airmen . The training was designed to be difficult , and most who tried would not pass the rigors training regimen . The Garuds were unveiled as the Indian Air Force ' s new Commando force on February 6 , 2000 . History . After attempts by terrorists to attack two major air bases in Jammu and Kashmir in 2001 , Indian Air Force commanders felt the need for a specialized force to protect these critical elements and to have a dedicated Commando Force trained in Special Forces techniques , Combat Search and Rescue , Counter Insurgency ( COIN ) Operations and Emergency response to terror - threats to airfields . While the Army might have provided some Special forces units to the Air Force , its units were always subject to being posted out on rotation to other areas as per the Army ' s requirements . It was felt that the specialized training the air force would have provided such units would have to be repeated again and again for the replacement units . The initial plans mooted in October 2002 called for a specialized force with 2000 commandos . The group was originally called " Tiger Force " , but was later renamed as " Garud Force " . In order to address the need for a dedicated force , in September 2003 , the Government of India authorized a 1080 strong force to be raised and trained on the lines of the Para commandos of the army and MARCOS of the Indian Navy , with the mandate of performing niche , Air Force specific operational tasks . Soon after , the first batch of 100 volunteers from the IAF No . 1 Airmen Training Center at Belgaum , Karnataka were earmarked to undergo Garud Training at Gurgaon . The Garuds were first unveiled on 6 February 2004 , when the first batch of 62 " Air Commandos " passed out of training in New Delhi . The Garuds were first seen publicly during the Air Force Day celebrations at New Delhi on 8 October 2004
Daly Waters Airfield Daly Waters Airfield was an airfield located at Daly Waters , Northern Territory , Australia . History . Daly Waters was Australia ' s first international airfield . The airfield was a centre for the London to Sydney air race of 1926 and was a refuelling stop for early Qantas flights to Singapore . The airfield was a waypoint on the " Brereton Route " the early months of 1942 during World War II for operations between Australia and Java . It was a staging base for aircraft from Cloncurry , Queensland and then up to Darwin , Northern Territory area airfields . The Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) requisitoned the airfield and on 15 March 1942 it became " RAAF Base Daly Waters " . Daly Waters became an operational base known as " RAAF Daly Waters " on 15 May 1942 . The 64th Bomb Squadron of the USAAF Fifth Air Force 43rd Bombardment Group were based at Daly Waters from 16 May 1942 until 2 August 1942 , flying B - 17 Flying Fortress es from the airfield . The squadron made numerous attacks on Japanese shipping in the Dutch East Indies and the Bismarck Archipelago . Other operations during this period included support for ground forces on New Guinea ; attacks on airfields and installations in New Guinea , the Bismarck Archipelago , Celebes , Halmahera , Yap , Palau , and the southern Philippines ; and long - range raids against oil refineries on Ceram and Borneo . In late 1943 the RAAF base was wound down as the war proceeded north , and the airfield was returned to civil use . Commercial traffic continued at the airfield until 1970 . Ansett and TAA operated one flight a week on a Wednesday with TAA flying south in the morning and Ansett flying north in the evening . The last TAA flight was April 1 , 1970 with Ansett a week or so later . The original Qantas hangar still stands , housing exhibits of photographs and equipment from the area ' s aviation past . The main runway , although deteriorated , appears to still be serviceable . The airfield is still utilized by the RAAF for joint military maneuvers .
Battle of Emsdorf The Battle of Emsdorf was fought on 14 July 1760 during the Seven Years ' War at Emsdorf in present - day Hesse , Germany , between forces of British , Hanoverian and Hessian troops under the Prince of Hesse - Kassel ( or Hesse - Cassel ) against German troops in French service under " Marechal de Camp " von Glaubitz . It was part of the campaign to disrupt the French line of communications by capturing Marburg , a French supply depot . The Anglo - Hannoverian force consisted of six Hanoverian and Hessian infantry battalions , some Hanoverian jägers , Luckner ' s light cavalry hussars and the British 15th Light Dragoons . The French force consisted of five infantry battalions from the German regiments of Royal - Bavarière and Anhalt , a regiment of hussars and some light troops . The British forces initially surprised the French force in camp as they sat down to lunch . The French hussars fled at the onset while two of the infantry battalions managed to form up before receiving the concentrated fire of the Hessian battalions . Glaubitz sent one battalion back to Marburg while he tried to withdraw to Kirchhain with the rest of his troops . Most of the escape routes were cut by Luckner and the light troops . The Anglo - Hannoverian ultimately captured over 1650 prisoners , mostly due to several charges by the British 15th Light Dragoons into the retreating French force . The victory was largely won by the well handled British 15th Light Dragoons who suffered heavily with 125 of the 186 Allied casualties . Lieutenant Colonel William Erskine of the 15th Dragoons presented King George III with 16 colors captured by his regiment after the battle . However , the objective of capturing Marburg was not achieved . The Battle of Emsdorf was also the first ever Battle Honour awarded . Earlier battles were then given the status of a Battle Honour .
Doppelsöldner Likewise , schooled in the use of the Zweihänder ( two - hander ) , a two - handed sword , were entitled to double pay and thus qualified as . The fencing guild of the Brotherhood of St . Mark had the monopoly on the use of the after Frederick III , Holy Roman Emperor granted it to them in 1487 . The was allegedly used by the to break through formations of pikemen , especially Swiss pikemen , by either being swung to break the ends of the pikes themselves or to knock them aside and attack the pikemen directly . The veracity of this tradition is disputed , but at least as a legend , it appears to date to at least the 17th century .
War Cross for Military Valor The War Cross for Military Valor ( ) is an Italian decoration for military valor . Established in 1922 , the cross may only be awarded in time of war . Appearance . The medal is a Greek cross made of copper . Inscribed on the horizontal arms is " Al Valor Militare " ( For Military Valor ) . On the top arm of the cross is the monogram of the Italian Republic . The bottom arm depicts a Roman sword sheathed in bay leaves . The back of the cross depicts a five - pointed star , with rays radiating from behind that star out to the arms of the cross . The cross is suspended from a solid blue ribbon .
Ralph Earle ( American naval officer ) Ralph Earle ( 3 May 1874 - 13 February 1939 ) served the United States Navy during the Spanish - American War and World War I . He was the Chief , Bureau of Ordnance ( BUORD ) and retired as a rear admiral in 1927 . Early years . Earle was born and died in Worcester , Massachusetts , and graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1896 . Navy service . He served at sea in several ships , among them , , and . While on board , he won commendations from the President and Secretary of the Navy for his conduct at the time of a disastrous turret explosion . He commanded at the U . S . occupation of Veracruz , Mexico , and later commanded . Ordnance expertise . Ashore , Earle had duty at the U . S . Naval Academy and the Naval Proving Ground . An expert on guns and explosives , he was made Chief of the Bureau of Ordnance shortly before the United States entered World War I . Under his administration the North Sea mine barrage was conceived and executed using a new type of mine , and the plan of mounting naval 14 - inch guns on railway cars for use as long - range artillery on the Western Front , was evolved and carried out . Later years . After his retirement in 1927 , Rear Admiral Earle served as president of Worcester Polytechnic Institute until his death , 13 February 1939 . Earle , well loved as WPI ' s sixth president implemented a five year plan which brought the students a swimming pool and a new hall named after R . Sanford Riley among other needed campus improvements . He also served as president of the Worcester Economic Club in 1931 . Honored in ship naming . The , launched 10 December 1941 by Boston Navy Yard , was named in his honor . The launch was sponsored by Mrs . John F . Hines , Jr . , daughter of Rear Admiral Earle . The Naval Weapons Station Earle ( New Jersey ) was also named ( in 1943 ) to honor the admiral because of his strong association with ordnance projects .
Henry I . Kowalsky Colonel Henry I . Kowalsky ( August 16 , 1859 - November 28 , 1914 ) was a notable San Francisco defense attorney . Notably , he was employed by King Leopold II of Belgium as a lobbyist to the US government in favor of the Congo Free State . Kowalsky was known as " Colonel " without having ever been in the military . He earned the designation when he was appointed to , and served as , the Judge Advocate General for California Governor R . W . Waterman . Biography . The fourth son of Levi and Fannie Kowalsky , Henry was born in Buffalo , New York on August 16 , 1859 . His family moved to San Francisco , California in 1866 to join his father who had been living in different areas around the state . The young Henry attended Lincoln Grammar School in San Francisco until his graduation in 1874 . His early attempt at business was short lived , selling his paper delivery route after only a few days of operation while still in school . He became the editor of a monthly magazine , originally called Our Boys Monthly Magazine , called Field and Fireside . Kowalsky ' s magazine became a success and he was praised for the his leadership of the publication . It was discontinued , and he moved to Tomales , a small town in Marin County , California , and began working as a store clerk for his brother , Edward H . Kowalsky in 1872 . Leaving the store in 1877 , he and his brother became members of the United States Election Map Co . , along with Henry C . Donnell and Charles S . Israel . King Leopold II Controversy . Kowalsky sought out the friendship of the Belgian heir apparent , Prince Albert , during one of the Prince ' s trips to the United States . Through this friendship , Kowalsky was introduced to King Leopold II in December 1904 . King Leopold II was working to thwart negative press he was receiving in the United States , in regards to atrocities being committed in his personally owned Congo Free State . He needed someone with connections to the people who would shape the policy of the United States . The King hired Kowalsky with an annual retainer of 100 , 000 francs ( over $ 2 million US in 2013 dollars ) . It seems however , that this new position raised the ire of Congo state officials already working in the US . After several months , Kowalsky gave them the ammunition they needed in order to work to remove him : getting into a fist fight with a creditor in open court . A year after signing it , the King let Kowalsky ' s hefty contract expire , embarrassing Kowalsky . He beseeched the King to reinstate it . As Kowalsky was becoming a burden , and an embarrassment to the Congo state , the King paid him off , reinstating the contract and adding an additional 125 , 000 francs to go away quietly . The payoff backfired , and for a week after December 10 , 1906 , newspapers across the country detailed the correspondence between Kowalsky , King Leopold II , and the Congo state . This was a dreadful turn of events for the King , leading directly to joint efforts between the United States and Great Britain to end his one - man rule in the Congo .
Eric Malcolm Jones Sir Eric Malcolm Jones KCMG CB CBE ( 27 April 1907 – 24 December 1986 ) is a former director of the British signals intelligence agency , GCHQ , a post he held from 1952 to 1960 . Career . Born in Buxton in Derbyshire and educated at King ' s School , Macclesfield , Jones spent the early part of his life as a manager in a Manchester textile factory . He joined the Royal Air Force reserve in 1940 and was then posted to Bletchley Park . From April 1943 , Jones was the head of Hut 3 , which was responsible for intelligence on the Wehrmacht and Luftwaffe . After the War he went to Washington D . C . as representative of British Signals Intelligence . He was made Deputy Director of GCHQ in 1950 and was the Director of GCHQ from April 1952 until 1960 . He received a knighthood in 1957 . In retirement he became a Non - Executive Director of Simon Engineering .
Gheorghe Pănculescu Gheorghe C . Pănculescu ( March 26 , 1903 – January 7 , 2007 ) was the last Romania n World War I veteran and one of the last World War I veterans in the world . Pănculescu was born in Warsaw , then part of the Russian Empire . In 1918 at the age of 15 , he enlisted underage into the Romanian Army , and served in World War I , though he did not see any action . Pănculescu stayed in the army after the war , and by World War II he had reached the rank of General . He died on 7 January 2007 at the age of 103 . See also . List of veterans of World War I who died in 2007 List of last surviving World War I veterans by country
Watford City Air Force Station Watford City Air Force Station is a United States Air Force installation located about 40 km southwest of Watford City , North Dakota . It is the site of an ARSR - 4 radar system , which provides air traffic surveillance along the US - Canada border , as well as limited weather radar data . Current use . Watford City AFS currently is a Joint Surveillance System ( JSS ) ARSR - 4 site .
HMS Dasher ( P280 ) HMS " Dasher " is an " Archer " - class P2000 patrol and training vessel of the British Royal Navy , currently part of the Faslane Patrol Boat Squadron ( FPBS ) at HMNB Clyde . Until 2010 she was part of the Royal Navy Cyprus Squadron ( RNCS ) , formed in February 2003 in support of Operation Telic , the U . S . led invasion of Iraq . Prior to 2004 " Dasher " was the training vessel for Bristol University Royal Naval Unit ( URNU ) , duties most recently performed by HMS " Raider " . As of September 2012 , " Raider " , took " Dasher " < nowiki > ' s role on FPBS , and < / nowiki > " Dasher " once again returned to Bristol URNU as their training vessel .
B . F . Reed Benjamin Franklin Reed or B . F . Reed , as he was commonly known , was a captain in the Illinois Volunteers ( Co . D , 21 Reg ) in the American Civil War . He raised his own company and then led these volunteers for two years in Mississippi ( where he met Ulysses Grant ) , Tennessee , and Georgia . Prior to the war he was a speculator in farmland in central Illinois , near the town of Tuscola , and while away with the army he corresponded with his real estate partner , Charles Welliver . Reed was a courageous soldier but his real distinction was literary . His letters to Welliver show character development from his initial status as a businessman who happened to be in uniform to a toughened soldier with a strong sense of civic responsibility . The letters contain an especially vivid description of the Battle of Murfreesboro , including accounts of the behavior of individual soldiers from his company . His last letter , from the Battle of Chickamauga , is filled with foreboding , probably because he could see Longstreet gathering his forces opposite his position . He was mortally wounded the next day , September 19 , 1863 , and died in a Confederate field hospital . The American Legion Post in Tuscola , Illinois , is named after B . F . Reed , as is a room of Civil War memorabilia in the Douglas County courthouse . Original copies of Reed ' s letters are deposited at the University of Illinois library .
Inaba Masakuni Inaba clan genealogy . The " fudai " Inaba clan originated in Mino province . They claim descent from Kōno Michitaka ( d . 1374 ) , who claimed descent from Emperor Kammu ( 736 – 805 ) . Masakuni was part of the cadet branch of the Inaba which was created in 1588 . This branch is descended from Inaba Masanari , who fought in the armies of Nobunaga and then Hideyoshi . In 1619 , Masanari was granted the " han " of Itoigawa ( 25 , 000 " koku " ) in Echigo Domain ; then , in 1627 , his holding was transferred to Mōka Domain ( 65 , 000 " koku " ) in Shimotsuke province . Masanari ' s descendants resided successively at Odawara Domain ( 105 , 000 " koku " ) in Sagami province from 1632 through 1685 ; at Takata Domain in Echigo province from 1685 through 1701 ; at Sakura Domain in Shimōsa province from 1701 through 1723 . Masakuni ' s heirs and others who were also descendants of Inaba Masanari settled at Yodo Domain ( 115 , 000 " koku " ) in Yamashiro province from 1723 through 1868 . The head of this clan line was ennobled as a " Viscount " in the Meiji period . Tokugawa official . Masakuni served in a variety of positions in the Tokugawa shogunate . He was the shogun ' s representative , the Kyoto " shoshidai " in the period spanning July 26 , 1863 through May 16 , 1864 . During the Battle of Toba - Fushimi , he refused the entry of pro - Shogunate forces into Yodo , and thus helped tip the balance in the favor of the Satsuma and Chōshū forces . He was made a viscount in the Meiji era , and served as a Shinto priest and government official .
Forward Operating Base Budwan FOB Budwan ( " forward operating base " ) was a military base located near Gereshk in the Helmand province of Afghanistan . It was occupied by ISAF forces from the United Kingdom and Denmark as part of Task Force Helmand during the War in Afghanistan . It was one of three smaller forward operating bases ( FOBs ) used by British and Danish forces around Gereshk ( the others being FOB Sandford and FOB Keenan ) in addition to their headquarters at FOB Price . The closing and disassembling of Budwan started in December 2010 . The last troops and equipment left in late January 2011 . The units stationed there were relocated to other bases around Gereshk .
HMAS Lismore ( J145 ) HMAS " Lismore " ( J145 / B247 / A121 ) , named for the city of Lismore , New South Wales , was one of 60 Bathurst class corvette s to be constructed during World War II , and one of 20 to be manned and commissioned by the Royal Australian Navy ( RAN ) under Admiralty order . During her Australian service , Lismore covered , and spent the longest period away from Australia of any RAN vessel during World War II ; 1 , 409 days . Serving with the RAN for five years , " Lismore " later spent twelve years as part of the Royal Netherlands Navy ( RNN ) , classified as the frigate HNLMS " Batjan " . Construction . " Lismore " was laid down by Morts Dock & Engineering Co in Sydney on 26 February 1940 . She was launched on 10 August 1940 by the wife of Commodore Gerard Muirhead - Gould , the Naval - Officer - in - Charge Sydney , and commissioned on 25 January 1941 . Operational service . From December 1941 " Lismore " operated with the British Eastern Fleet . On 17 June 1943 when the British troopship was sunk off the coast of Libya , " Lismore " and her sister ship were among the ships that rescued 1 , 477 survivors . In December 1944 " Lismore " was assigned to the British Pacific Fleet . The corvette earned four battle honour s for her wartime service : " Indian Ocean 1941 - 44 " , " Sicily 1943 " , " Pacific 1945 " , and " Okinawa 1945 " . " Lismore " was paid off from RAN service on 3 July 1946 , transferring immediately into the Royal Netherlands Navy , where she was renamed HNLMS " Batjan " and reclassified as a frigate . She was removed from service in 1958 .