naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Camel cavalry Camel cavalry , or camelry , is a generic designation for armed forces using camels as a means of transportation . Sometimes warriors or soldiers of this type also fought from camel - back with spears , bows or rifles . Camel cavalry were a common element in desert warfare throughout history due in part to the animal ' s high level of adaptability . They provided a mobile element better suited to work and survive in an arid and waterless environment than the horses of conventional cavalry . The smell of the camel according to folklore alarms and disorients horses , making camels an effective anti - cavalry weapon . For this purpose Emperor Claudius is said to have brought a detachment of camel cavalry as part of his invasion force for conquering Britain . Early history . The first recorded use of the camel as a military animal is by the Arab king Gindibu , who is claimed to have employed as many as 1000 camels at the Battle of Qarqar in 853 BC . A later instance occurred in the Battle of Thymbra in 547 BC , fought between Cyrus the Great of Persia and Croesus of Lydia . According to Xenophon , Cyrus ' cavalry were outnumbered by as much as six to one . Acting on information from one of his generals that the Lydian horses shied away from camels , Cyrus formed the camels from his baggage train into the first camel corps in history . Although not technically employed as cavalry , they were crucial in panicking the Lydian cavalry and turning the battle in Cyrus ' favor . Muslim conquests and colonial period . The camel was used in this way by many civilizations , especially in Arabia and North Africa . Both camel and rider were sometimes armored like the contemporary cataphracts . The Arabs used camels to great effect against their horse - mounted European enemies during the Muslim conquests . Napoleon used camels for his French campaign in Egypt and Syria . During the late 19th and much of the 20th centuries , camel troops were used for desert policing and patrol work in the British , French , German , Spanish and Italian colonial armies . Descendents of such units still form part of the modern Indian , Moroccan and Egyptian armies . The British - officered Egyptian Camel Corps played a significant role in the 1898 Battle of Omdurman ; one of the few occasions during the colonial period when this class of mounted troops took part in substantive numbers in a set - piece battle . Camels are still used by the Jordanian Desert Patrol . See also . parody :
Frodsham Castle Frodsham Castle was in the market town of Frodsham , Cheshire , England ( ) . Initially it served a military purpose , it then became a manor house and a gaol . After being damaged in the Civil War it was replaced by new house , Park Place . Location . The castle stood on rising ground at the foot of Overton Hill at the western end of the town of Frodsham and guarded the narrow pass between Frodsham Marsh and the hill . History . It is likely that the castle was built by Hugh Lupus , Earl of Chester around 1070 . This was probably a timber structure which completely collapsed during the 14th century . A new castle was built on the site which was occupied by the bailiff who administered the site on behalf of the Lord of the Manor , who was usually the Earl of Chester or the sovereign . It is thought that the building was more a fortified manor house than a castle because there is evidence of only minimal fortification and there is no record of any attempt to obtain permission to crenelate . Nevertheless the walls had " enormous thickness " . It later became the gaol of the Manor . In the early 17th century Sir Thomas Savage of Clifton purchased from the Crown the Manor , the Lordship and the Castle of Frodsham ; these had previously belonged to the Frodsham family . Sir Thomas died in 1635 to be succeeded by his son , John , who four years later inherited the title of Earl Rivers . During the Civil War , John Savage was living in the nearby mansion of Rocksavage . He was a Royalist and his house was damaged by Parliamentary forces . He died in Frodsham Castle in 1654 but while his corpse was still in the castle awaiting burial , the building was destroyed in a fire . The ruins were bought by John Daniels of Daresbury and then in about 1750 by Daniel Ashley , a local solicitor . His son , Robert Wainwright Ashley , who was also a lawyer , demolished the ruins and built a house , Park Place . Part of the foundations of the castle formed the cellars of this house . Present state . The site is now occupied by a larger house , Castle Park House which is owned and administered by Cheshire West and Chester Council . References . Citations Sources
Royal Air Force Music Services Royal Air Force Music Services is based at RAF Northolt ( previously at RAF Uxbridge ) and RAF Cranwell , and forms the central administration of one hundred and seventy musicians divided between the Central Band of the Royal Air Force , The Band of the Royal Air Force College , The Band of the Royal Air Force Regiment and Headquarters Music Services . These main military bands contain within their ranks the Royal Air Force Squadronnaires , Royal Air Force Swing Wing , Royal Air Force Shades of Blue , and The Salon Orchestra of the Central Band of the Royal Air Force . Royal Air Force Music Services ' primary role is to provide musical support to Royal Air Force and related charity events worldwide thus enhancing the public perception of the Royal Air Force as a whole . However , the Royal Air Force ' s musicians also undertake operational roles both as individuals and as a unit . From the concert stage to operational theatres around the globe Royal Air Force Musicians perform to the highest traditions of the Service in whichever role they are asked to fulfil . The RAF Music Services ' Principal Director of Music is Wing Commander Duncan Stubbs . History . With the establishment of the Royal Air Force in 1918 , Dr Walford Davies was invited to become the RAF ' s first Organising Director of Music . Davies established the RAF School of Music and wrote the Royal Air Force March Past . With the end of the War many RAF musicians were demobilized and Walford Davies left the Service in 1919 .
9th Reserve Division ( German Empire ) The 9th Reserve Division ( " 9 . Reserve - Division " ) was a unit of the Imperial German Army , in World War I . The division was formed on the mobilization of the German Army in August 1914 . The division was disbanded during the demobilization of the German Army after World War I . The division was a reserve division of the V Reserve Corps and was raised primarily in the Province of Posen and the Province of West Prussia . Combat chronicle . The 9th Reserve Division began the war on the Western Front . It was part of the Fifth Army and pursued the Allies during the Great Retreat to the Woëvre region . It then participated in the Race to the Sea , seeing action in Flanders . It returned to the Woëvre region in December 1914 , where it remained until early 1916 . In 1916 , it fought in the Battle of Verdun until June , and then went to the Champagne region to recover . It then saw action in the later phases of the Battle of the Somme . It remained in the Somme region and fought in the Battle of Arras in early 1917 , the Battle of Passchendaele in Autumn 1917 , and the tank battle at Cambrai in November 1917 . In 1918 , it saw action in the German Spring Offensive , including the Battle of Picardy . It remained in the line in the northern part of the Western Front until war ' s end . Allied intelligence noted that the division fought well in the battles of 1917 , and rated the division as second class in 1918 . Order of battle on mobilization . The order of battle of the 9th Reserve Division on mobilization was as follows : Order of battle on March 28 , 1918 . The 9th Reserve Division was triangularized in March 1915 and reorganized again during the Battle of Verdun in April 1916 . Over the course of the war , other changes took place , including the formation of the artillery and signals commands . The order of battle on February 25 , 1918 was as follows :
Henry McIver Henry Douglas McIver ( 1841 – 1907 ) was a soldier of fortune who fought for 18 countries . McIver spent first ten years of his life in Virginia , USA , and then he was sent to his uncle , General Donald Graham , to finish school and prepare for West Point . General Graham - an experienced warrior and adventurer - influenced young Henry very much . Instead of West Point , McIver joined the private army of the East India Company when he was only 16 years old . He was sent to India in 1858 . At that time , the Sepoy Mutiny ( Sepoy - native soldiers in the East Indian Company army ) raged in India . In his first battle , McIver was wounded seriously . In 1860 , McIver fought under Giuseppe Garibaldi in Italy , and after that joined the pretender for the Spanish crown , Don Carlos . When the American Civil War broke out , Henry McIver joined the Confederate side . Although he was only 20 years old at the time he was already an experienced soldier . While fighting for the Confederates , he was under the command of three famous Confederate generals : Jackson , Stewart and Smith . At the end of the war , he challenged a Union officer , Major Tomlin , to a duel , which he won , running Tomlin through the body . When the Confederacy capitulated , McIver fled to Mexico , where he joined Emperor Maximilian in fighting Juárez ’ s rebels . In Mexico he was captured by Indians , and escaped three months later by swimming across the Rio Grande . He fought at Monterrey , and for his deeds received the title of count . When the Juárez rebellion was successful , Maximilian was executed , and McIver fled to Tampico , where he boarded a ship and left for South America . In the War of 1877 - 1878 , McIver offered his services to the Serbians , initially being commissioned a colonel of volunteers and later rising to the rank of general and overall cavalry commander of the Serbian contingents . In 1883 , McIver organized a company for British colonization of New Guinea ; the project had to be abandoned in 1884 after failing to gain the approval of the Earl of Derby .
Greek sloop Karteria Kartería ( ; Greek for " Perseverance " ) was the first steam - powered warship to be used in combat operations in history . It was built in 1825 in an English shipyard for the revolutionary Hellenic Navy during the Greek War of Independence , at the instance of Capt Frank Abney Hastings , a former Royal Navy officer . It was built by Daniel Brent at the Greenland South Dockyard , Rotherhithe , London . It was the first vessel completed out of an order for 6 such vessels from Thomas Cochrane , appointed in 1825 by the Greek provisional government as commander - in - chief , naval operations . The order was financed through the conclusion of the second Greek loan . The 400 - ton vessel was classified as a sloop - of - war and was propelled by steam - powered paddles . Power was generated by 2 small steam engines . The vessel was also masted and could operate under sail . It was armed with just 4 guns , but they were 68 - pounders , the most powerful calibre . Using the on - board furnaces , it could heat shot to a red - hot state , to be used as incendiary missiles . She fired 18 . 000 rounds in 1827 alone ( Sondhaus ) . The ship entered service in Greece in 1826 . It was the first steam warship to see combat . ( The first steam warship ever built was American , the USS " Demologos " , a 30 - gun armoured warship launched in 1814 , but it was never used in battle ) . Under the command of Hastings , the " Kartería " soon gained a fearsome combat reputation . Successful operations included a raid on the port of Itea , near Salona ( Amfissa ) in the Gulf of Corinth , on 29 / 30 September 1827 , where it sank 9 Ottoman ships .
Strike Fighter Weapons School Pacific Strike Fighter Weapons School Pacific ( SFWSPAC ) is the Pacific Fleet Strike Fighter School which duty is to safely teach graduate level tactics , techniques and procedures to Pacific Fleet Strike Fighter squadrons , it is based at NAS Lemoore , California . Its Atlantic Fleet equivalent is Strike Fighter Weapons School Atlantic which is based at NAS Oceana , Virginia . History . SFWSPAC was established on October 15 , 1973 at Naval Air Station Lemoore as Light Attack Weapons School , Pacific ( LAWSPAC ) . In reality , the history of the school dates back ten years when the Weapons Training Center was established under the co - management of Attack Squadron 122 ( today VFA - 122 ) and Attack Squadron 125 ( today VFA - 125 ) . When the A - 7 Corsair II came into service and the intensified tempo of fleet operations and its training requirements expanded , Weapons Training Center was moved to Commander Fleet Air Lemoore ( presently Commander , Strike Fighter Wing , US Pacific Fleet ) . Due to the sophistication in attack weaponry and delivery systems , LAWSPAC was formed as a parallel training component within Weapons Training Center , which was devoted to train Weapons Training Officers . Soon , the Chief of Naval Operations recognized the need for postgraduate weapons training and expressed the desire to create a commissioned unit , the stated goal was that “ eventually all pilots and every career aviator should have special training in weapons . " Commander , Light Attack Wing , US Pacific Fleet , commissioned the Weapons Training Center as LAWSPAC , a permanently shored based command at NAS Lemoore . On July 1 , 1988 , LAWSPAC was redesignated to Strike Fighter Weapons School , Pacific due to the expanded growth of F / A - 18 units in the Navy . In August 1996 , the Intelligence Department of the Strike Fighter Wing Pacific was incorporated into SFWSPAC to enhance the strike planning and support training for fleet squadrons . Today , SFWSPAC is dedicated to provide standardized graduate level training of F / A - 18 weapons employment and dedicated to guaranteeing the combat readiness of the Strike Fighter Community by providing the best possible training in mission planning , tactics , weapons systems and ordnance handling . Thirty weapons and tactics courses for strike fighter aircraft are taught on a continuing basis . The total amount of ordnance uploaded in courses totals over 2 ½ million pounds annually . Currently SFWSPAC is staffed with 23 officers , 29 enlisted personnel and 7 civilians .
DRDO light tank The DRDO light tank is a tracked amphibian armoured vehicle developed in India by DRDO . It is based on " Sarath " chassis , a license - produced variant of BMP , built by the Ordnance Factory Medak with French GIAT TS - 90 turret having 105 mm gun . This vehicle is aimed to carry high caliber weapons without sacrificing the mobility . Development . The ‘ Design and Development of Light Tank on BMP - I ’ project approved in 1983 was intended to be complete in 1986 . It never reached completion , but continued in production and trials until 1996 to a total cost of Rs 4 . 53 crore ( Rs 2 . 91 through foreign exchange ) , well beyond its estimated Rs 2 . 54 crore . The Army , who had inspired the project with a 1976 GSQR , determined in July 1985 that a light tank on BMP was not needed , but did not withdraw its association from the project and even made suggestions that led in 1988 to 105mm turrets being implemented rather than the planned 90mm turrets . In May 1993 , a year after the project left Combat Vehicles Research and Development Establishment , Avadi , to come under the governance of Vehicle Research and Development Establishment , Ahmednagar , the Army again announced that the light tank was unnecessary . Nevertheless , firing trials continued until August 1996 , notwithstanding the February 1994 recommendation of the scientific advisor to Raksha Mantri that the project be closed . Recent events . In October 1999 , the Indian Army has put out a request for information ( RFI ) issued to prospective vendors for the requirement of about 200 wheeled light tanks ( armoured cars ) and about 100 tracked light tanks . This have brightened the prospects of the light tank project to achieve a limited production .
124th Battalion ( Governor General ' s Body Guard ) , CEF The 124th ( Governor General ' s Body Guard ) Battalion , CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War . Based in Toronto , Ontario , the unit began recruiting in late 1915 in that city . After sailing to England in August 1916 , the battalion was redesignated the 124th Pioneer Battalion , CEF . References . Meek , John F . " Over the Top ! The Canadian Infantry in the First World War . " Orangeville , Ont . : The Author , 1971 .
Catherine Leroy Catherine Leroy ( 1945 – 8 July 2006 ) was a French - born photojournalist and war photographer , whose stark images of battle illustrated the story of the Vietnam War in the pages of " Life " magazine and other publications . Life . Catherine was brought up in a convent in Paris . She was moved by images of war she had seen in Paris Match , and decided she wanted to travel to Vietnam to " give war a human face . " At the age of 21 booked a one way ticket to Laos in 1966 , with just one Leica M2 and $ 100 in her pocket . On arrival in Saigon Leroy met the photographer Horst Faas , bureau chief of the Associated Press . A year later she became the first accredited journalist to participate in a combat parachute jump , joining the 173d Airborne Brigade in Operation Junction City . Two weeks after the battle for Hill 881 , she was wounded with a Marine unit near the demilitarized zone . In 1968 , during the Tet Offensive , Leroy was captured by the North Vietnamese Army . She managed to talk her way out and emerged as the first newsperson to take photos of North Vietnamese Army Regulars behind their own lines . The story made the cover of Life Magazine . Her most famous photo , " Corpsman In Anguish " , ( 1967 ) was one of three taken in quick succession portraying U . S . Navy Corpsman Vernon Wike . In the pictures the sailor is crouched in tall grass during the battle for Hill 881 near Khe Sanh . He is cradling his comrade who has been shot while smoke from the battle rises into the air behind them . In the first frame Wike has two hands on his friends chest , trying to staunch the wound . In the second , he is trying to find a heartbeat . In the third frame , " Corpsman In Anguish " , he has just realised the man is dead . After Vietnam , she covered conflicts in several countries , including Northern Ireland , Cyprus , Somalia , Afghanistan , Iraq , Iran , Libya and Lebanon . After her experiences in Beirut she swore off war coverage . Leroy originally sold her work to United Press International and The Associated Press , and later worked for Sipa Press and Gamma . In 1972 , Leroy shot and directed " Operation Last Patrol " , a film about Ron Kovic and the anti - war Vietnam veterans . Leroy co - authored the book " God Cried " , about the siege of West Beirut by the Israeli army in 1982 . She lived in the Hotel Chelsea in the late 1980s . Later in life , she founded and ran a vintage clothing store , " Piece Unique " , with a website . She died in Santa Monica , California , following a battle with lung cancer . Awards . Leroy won numerous awards for her work , including in 1967 the George Polk award , Picture of the Year , The Sigma Delta Chi and The Art Director ' s Club of New York . She was the first woman to receive the Robert Capa Gold Medal Award - " best published photographic reporting from abroad requiring exceptional courage and enterprise " - for her coverage of the civil war in Lebanon , in 1976 . In 1997 , she was the recipient of an Honor Award for Distinguished Service in Journalism from the University of Missouri .
Odd Fellows and Confederate Cemetery The Odd Fellows and Confederate Cemetery , at the corner of Cemetery and Commerce Streets in Grenada , Mississippi is a historic cemetery . It includes Gothic architecture , Romanesque architecture , Classical architecture . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988 , for architectural criteria .
Royal Rifles of Canada The Royal Rifles of Canada was a rifle regiment in the Canadian Army and fought alongside the Winnipeg Grenadiers in the Battle of Hong Kong during World War II . The unit was formed in 1862 as the 8th Battalion and renamed the 8th Regiment in 1900 . It was reformed alongside the Les Voltigeurs de Québec in 1920 . Its recruiting areas included the Eastern Townships , Quebec City and Gaspé , Quebec , and Northern New Brunswick . The Royal Rifles of Canada fought gallantly in the Battle of Hong Kong in December 1941 . The survivors surrendered on December 25 , 1941 , and spent the rest of the war in captivity . The regiment was transferred to the Supplementary Order of Battle in 1966 , but the regiment ' s headquarters on the Plains of Abraham , Quebec City , became home to a museum , which was destroyed by a fire in 2008 . The Sherbrooke Hussars , a present - day Canadian Forces Primary Reserve unit , has the honorary distinction of placing the Royal Rifles ' badge and the date 1941 on its guidon . This distinction is not a battle honour , but an acknowledgement that one of its predecessor units , the 7th / XI Hussars , provided about half its effective strength to the Royal Rifles while it was preparing for overseas . Lineage of the Royal Rifles of Canada :
HMS Belliqueux ( 1780 ) HMS " Belliqueux " ( Eng . " warlike " ) was a 64 - gun third rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy , launched on 5 June 1780 at Blackwall Yard , London . She was named after the French ship captured in 1758 . In 1781 " Belliqueux " took part at the Battle of Fort Royal , and in 1782 she was at the Battle of the Saintes . At the Action of 4 August 1800 , " Belliqueux " captured the French frigate " Concorde " . Philip Dundas , Lieutenant - Governor of Penang died on - board on 8 April 1807 , while the " Belliqueux " was in the Bay of Bengal . " Belliqueux " was employed as a prison ship from 1814 , and was broken up in 1816 .
Richard Delphy Richard Delphy ( ca . 1795 – 14 August 1813 ) was an officer in the United States Navy during the War of 1812 . Delphy was appointed Midshipman 18 May 1809 and served with distinction in United States during the engagement with HMS " Macedonian " 25 October 1812 . He was killed in the action in which " Argus " lost to HMS " Pelican " 14 August 1813 . Namesake and honors . A memorial to Delphy and the Captain is at St Andrew ' s Church in England ; Delphy is listed as aged 18 , but there is no way to confirm this as fact . The destroyer USS " Delphy " ( DD - 261 ) was named for him .