naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Claustra Alpium Iuliarum Claustra Alpium Iuliarum ( Latin : " Barrier of the Julian Alps " ) was a defense system within the Roman Empire between Italia and Pannonia that protected Italy from possible invasions from the East . It secured the Postojna Gate , the land link between the eastern and western part of the empire , and thus the Claustra represented an inner border defense of the empire . Contrary to a linear limes the Claustra consisted of a series of interconnected fortifications with its center at Ad Pirum at today ' s Hrušica . Development . In the year 6 the Great Illyrian Revolt took place threatening the Roman heartland . Subsequently , in order to protect Italy , a series of walls and fortifications were gradually erected around the area of the strategic Postojna Gate . Most of the construction was done after 284 under Diocletian and Constantine I . Although this development was done subsequent to a major invasion of Northern Italy by the Alemanni in 271 , Whittaker indicates that inner fortification lines were primarily aimed to secure the internal stability of the empire rather than keeping barbarians out . The fortification system included Forum Iulii ( today Cividale del Friuli ) , Tarsatica ( today Rijeka ) and followed the valley of the Idrijca river . It stretched over the Postojna Gate to the hills south of Emona ( today Ljubljana ) . In - depth fortifications along the Roman road started at Castra ad fluvium frigidum ( today Ajdovščina ) and ended at Nauportus ( today Vrhnika ) . The central hill fortress of Ad Pirum was typically manned with 500 soldiers but could keep up to 100 , 000 soldiers . Ad Pirum ’ s walls were unearthed by Austrian and Italian archeologists and shown to be at a height of 8 m and a thickness of 2 m ; the wall towers were 10 m high . Battles . Castra Alpium Iuliarum saw a number of battles . Early fortifications may have been useful in 169 when the Marcomanni attempted to enter Italy but proved inadequate when the Alemanni invaded Italy in 271 . In 351 Constantius II took Ad Pirum during his fight against his challenger Magnentius . Most importantly , the Battle of the Frigidus took place in 394 between Castra and Ad Pirum . In this battle the eastern emperor Theodosius I prevailed over his western rival Eugenius and by his victory secured Christianity as the main religion of the empire . After the 5th century the Roman fortifications fell into disrepair . Today selected sections have been restored by archeologists .
Palmachim Airbase Palmachim Air Force Base is an Israeli military facility and spaceport located near the cities of Rishon LeZion and Yavne on the Mediterranean Sea . It is named after nearby Kibbutz Palmachim on the Mediterranean shore . The base is home to several IAF helicopter and UAV squadrons , and serves as a rocket launch site for the Arrow missile . Palmachim is also used to launch the Shavit launch vehicle into retrograde orbit by launching over the Mediterranean , acting as Israel ' s primary spaceport . The launchpad is situated at This ensures that rocket debris falls into water , and that the rocket does not fire over regional neighboring countries near Israel that could use the technology . Palmachim is also used to test ballistic missiles , such as the Jericho . Recent launches include : In July 2007 , it was agreed that once Sde Dov Airport in Tel Aviv was closed , its military terminal would be transferred to Palmachim although Sde Dov Airport continues to operate . Launch history . On 17 January 2008 Israel test fired a multi - stage ballistic missile believed to be of the Jericho III type , reportedly capable of carrying " conventional or non conventional warheads . " On 2 November 2011 , Israel successfully test fired a missile believed to be an upgraded version of the Jericho III ; the long trail of smoke was seen throughout central Israel .
CIS 40 GL The CIS 40 GL is a 40 mm autonomous grenade launcher , developed in the late 1980s and produced by the Singaporean defense firm CIS - Chartered Industries of Singapore ( currently ST Kinetics ) . The launcher is employed primarily by the Singapore Armed Forces and the police and security forces of several other countries .
Alsask Radar Dome The Alsask Radar Dome is a disbanded radar dome located near Alsask , a village on the Alberta - Saskatchewan border . It is within the Rural Municipality of Milton No . 292 . History . The Alsask Radar Dome is the last surviving dome of what was called the Pine Tree Line , a Cold War era network of radar domes . It was jointly utilized by the Canadian and American governments for monitoring Soviet activity in the North American airspace . It was a part of the CFD Alsask radar station . Construction of the dome began in 1961 and the dome was completed two years later . It was disbanded in 1987 and was designated a heritage property in 2002 . The first floor contained the transmitter equipment and the second floor housed the receiver - associated equipment . Due to vandalism , the entrance stairs were removed . Construction . The dome , which protects the radar equipment , is made of fibreglass . The tower itself is made of steel with metal cladding .
Shahamad Khan Shahmed Khan , ( 1 July 1879 – 28 July 1947 ) , was an Indian recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . Military career . A Punjabi Muslim from District Rawalpindi in modern Pakistan , he was 36 years old , and a Naik in the 89th Punjabis , British Indian Army ( now 1st Battalion The Baloch Regiment , Pakistan Army ) during the First World War , and serving on the Tigris Front in Mesopotamia , when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC : " Shahamad Khan was in charge of a machine - gun section 150 yards from the enemy ' s position , covering a gap in the New Line at Beit Ayeesa , Mesopotamia on 12th / 13 April 1916 . After all his men , apart from two belt - fillers , had become casualties , Shamahad Khan , working the gun single - handed , repelled three counter - attacks . Under extremely heavy fire , he continued to hold the gap , whilst it was being made secure , for three hours . When his gun was disabled by enemy fire , he and the two belt - fillers continued to hold the ground with their rifles until they were ordered to retire . Along with the three men who were sent to his assistance , he brought back to his own lines , his gun , ammunition and a severely wounded man . Eventually he returned to remove all remaining arms and equipment , except for two shovels . But for his action , the line would undoubtedly have been penetrated by the enemy . " He later achieved the rank of Subedar . He is buried in his ancestral village of Takhti , Pakistan .
Iltyd Nicholl Clayton Brigadier Sir Iltyd Nicholl Clayton CBE ( 1886 – 30 June 1955 ) was a British Army officer notable for his attachment to the Middle East Office in Cairo during and after World War II and his involvement in the formation of Arab League and formulation of post - war British policy in the Middle East . He was educated at Lancing College and the Royal Military Academy , Woolwich . He was commissioned into the Royal Garrison Artillery in 1906 and promoted Lieutenant in 1909 . He served in the First World War , reaching the rank of Major . After post - war spells in Iraq and Cairo , he served as Regimental Lieutenant - Colonel of the Royal Artillery from 1934 to 1938 and retired in 1939 . Recalled to service during the Second World War , he served as Advisor on Arab Affairs to the British Government ( 1943 – 1945 ) . He was later Special Advisor to Head of British Middle East Office and served as Minister attached to the British Embassy in Cairo ( 1947 – 1948 ) .
Michael Thornberry Michael Thornberry ( born August 16 , 1972 ) was a United States Army officer who competed in the 1996 Olympic Games in Team Handball , where the team finished in 9th place . He was born in Virginia Beach , Virginia . Thornberry was a 1994 graduate of West Point .
Joseph A . Mower Joseph Anthony Mower ( August 22 , 1827 – January 6 , 1870 ) was a Union general during the American Civil War . He was a competent officer and well respected by his troops and fellow officers to whom he was known as " Fighting Joe " . William T . Sherman said of Mower , " he ' s the boldest young officer we have " . Biography . Mower was born in Woodstock , Vermont . He entered the U . S . army in 1855 , having previously served as a private in the Mexican War . During the Civil War , he became colonel of the 11th Missouri Volunteer Regiment and fought at the siege of Corinth . He assumed command of the 2nd Brigade / 2nd Division in the Army of the Mississippi and led it into action at the battle of Corinth . He was wounded in the neck and taken prisoner by Confederate forces but he was recovered by Union soldiers the same day . He was promoted to brigadier general of volunteers on November 29 , 1862 . He recovered from his wounds and returned to command a brigade during the Vicksburg Campaign and siege of Vicksburg where he caught the attention of William T . Sherman . During the Red River Campaign he commanded the 1st and 3rd Divisions of the XVI Corps and won brevets in the regular army for actions at the battles of Fort De Russy and Yellow Bayou . He commanded the 1st Division of the Right Wing - XVI Corps at the battle of Tupelo . He was promoted to major general on August 12 , 1864 , and General Sherman ordered Mower to join the Union forces in Atlanta . He commanded the 1st Division of the XVII Corps during the March to the Sea and the Carolinas Campaign . His division played a significant role in the battles of Salkehatchie and Bentonville . Sherman made him commander of XX Corps in the Army of Georgia late in the war . After the fighting had ceased he sailed for Texas along with General Gordon Granger . He was placed in command of the District of Eastern Texas . He died in New Orleans , Louisiana on January 6 , 1870 .
Jack White ( VC ) Jack White VC ( 23 December 1896 – 27 November 1949 ) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . Background . Jack White was born Jacob Weiss in Leeds , Yorkshire , on 23 December 1896 into a Jewish family . After finishing his education , he joined the family business , a waterproofing company . When the First World War broke out , he returned home from a business trip and volunteered for active service with the King ' s Own Royal Regiment ( Lancaster ) . Originally assigned to battalion destined for France , he missed the battalion ' s deployment while home on compassionate leave to attend the death of his father . Instead , he was transferred to the 6th King ' s Own Royal Regiment ( Lancaster ) . The 6th King ' s Own Royal Regiment ( Lancaster ) was attached to the 13th ( Western ) Division . Originally ordered to Gallipoli , he was remained with the battalion through the Gallipoli campaign . Eventually , he and his unit were ordered to join the Tigris Corps , attempting to relieve the Siege of Kut . After the failure of the relief effort , White ' s unit participated in the counter - offensive in 1917 . It was during the 13th Division ' s crossing of the Diyala River that he earned the Victoria Cross . Details . White was 20 years old , and a private in the 6th Battalion , The King ' s Own ( Royal Lancaster ) Regiment , British Army during the First World War when , on 7 / 8 March 1917 on the Dialah River , Mesopotamia , the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC . This citation was gazetted on 27 June 1917 : He was also awarded the Italian Bronze Medal of Military Valour . Further information . Jack White later achieved the rank of Lance - Corporal . Ironically , although he was a Victoria Cross holder , he was not permitted to join the Home Guard during the Second World War . He was denied this because it was claimed his parents had failed to be properly naturalized as British Citizens , despite the fact that he was born in Yorkshire .
Major ( United Kingdom ) In the British military , major is a military rank which is used by both the British Army and Royal Marines . The rank insignia for a major is a crown . The equivalent rank in the Royal Navy is Lieutenant - Commander , and Squadron Leader in the Royal Air Force . By the time of the Napoleonic wars , an infantry battalion usually had two majors , designated the " senior major " and the " junior major " . The senior major effectively acted as second - in - command and the majors often commanded detachments of two or more companies split from the main body . The second - in - command of a battalion or regiment is still a major . From 1 April 1918 to 31 July 1919 , the Royal Air Force maintained the rank of major . It was superseded by the rank of squadron leader on the following day . By World War I , majors were often commanding independent companies , squadron s and batteries , but those that were organically part of a regiment or battalion were still usually commanded by captains . After World War II , major became the usual rank held by Officers Commanding all companies , squadrons and batteries , and remains so today .
Eric Poole Eric Skeffington Poole ( 20 January 1885 in Nova Scotia – 10 December 1916 ) , was a Second Lieutenant in the West Yorkshires , was one of only three British officers executed during the First World War . After a stay in hospital , suffering from shell shock , he was subsequently convicted of desertion and shot at Poperinghe on 10 December 1916 . Poole arrived in England in 1905 .
Armed Forces of the Philippines Reserve Command The Armed Forces of the Philippines Reserve Command , known officially as the AFP RESCOM or RESCOM , ( Filipino : " Pangasiwaan ng Panlaang Kawal ng Hukbong Sandatahang Lakas ng Pilipinas " ) is one the Armed Forces of the Philippines ' Major Support Commands created for the sole purpose of Reserve Force management , procurement , and organization . Mission . Their mission is to develop , organize , train , equip , and administer AFP Affiliated and Technical Service Reservists into capable , responsive and mobilizeable reserve force as an integral component of the AFP in the defense of the state and to participate in socio - economic development efforts . They are also tasked in augmenting the regular force whenever needed . Training . Training is the major task handled by AFPRESCOM . Its primary modes of enlisting reservists are the Military Orientation Training Course ( MOTC ) and the Basic Citizens Military Training ( BCMT ) . Graduates are given enlisted ranks based on reciprocity of their civilian experience in the military environment . Reserve officers are commissioned based on Armed Forces of the Philippines policy on ( direct ) commissionship in the reserve force known as Circular 30 . Those who are commissioned thru this source subsequently undergo an officer orientation program . Many officers in AFPRESCOM are licensed physicians , dentists , nurses , pharmacists , teachers , lawyers and chaplains . Some are directly commissioned as Lieutenant Colonels thru the commissioning program of National Defense College of the Philippines as graduates of the Masters in National Security Administration . Other than time - in - grade and merit promotions , rank adjustments are authorized depending on civilian qualifications . Types of Reservists . There are currently two ( 2 ) types of reservists in the component of the Armed Forces of the Philippines ( AFP ) Reserve Force :
Stanley Henry Parry Boughey Stanley Henry Parry Boughey VC ( 9 April 1896 – 4 December 1917 ) was a British recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . Boughey was born in Liverpool on 9 April 1896 . He was 21 years old , and a second lieutenant in the 1 / 4th Battalion , The Royal Scots Fusiliers , British Army during the First World War . He was awarded the VC for his actions on 1 December 1917 at El Burf , Palestine , against the Ottoman Army . He was wounded committing the act , and died three days later , on 4 December . Citation . Boughey was interred at the Gaza War Cemetery .
Dade Monument ( West Point ) Dade Monument is a monument and United States Military Academy Cemetery , in honor of Major Francis L . Dade and his command of 110 men who were defeated by Seminole warriors at Dade Massacre on 28 December 1835 . The monument has moved several times in its history . First erected in 1845 , it originally stood overlooking the Hudson River on the east edge of the Plain . It was moved further inland prior to 1898 to make way for the construction of Cullum Hall . In 1917 is was moved further south in front of the Old Cadet Library . In 1948 , it was relocated to its current location near the entrance to the West Point Cemetery to make way for the Patton Monument .
Confederate Monument of Bardstown The Confederate Monument of Bardstown , in Bardstown , Kentucky was erected in 1903 in the Bardstown / St . Joseph ' s Cemetery to honor the sacrifice of 67 Confederate soldiers who died during the American Civil War , 17 of which are unknown . Most were under the command of Major General Braxton Bragg who died in 1862 in conflicts around Bardstown . It was dedicated by the J . Crepps Wickliffe Chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederacy . The base is made of limestone , and the statue of the Confederate soldier was made of zinc . A relief portrait of General Robert E . Lee is located directly beneath the statue . The inscription reads : It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 17 , 1997 , one of sixty monuments to the American Civil War in Kentucky so honored on the same day . Starting in early autumn of 1999 the Sons of Confederate Veterans endeavored to restore / erect the individual gravemarkers .
Vandenberg AFB Launch Facility 08 Vandenberg Air Force Base Launch Facility 08 ( LC - 08 ) is a former US Air Force Intercontinental ballistic missile launch facility on Vandenberg AFB , California , USA . It was a launch site for the land - based Minuteman missile series .
Pace - Finletter MOU 1952 On 4 November 1952 , a memorandum of understanding ( MOU ) was signed between United States Air Force Secretary Thomas K . Finletter and United States Army Secretary Frank Pace that removed the weight restrictions on helicopter s that the U . S . Army could use . It also widened the range of tasks the Army ' s helicopters could be used for . However , it also created an arbitrary 5 , 000 pounds weight restriction that limits the Army ' s ability to fly fixed - wing aircraft . As a result , the U . S . Army today is dependent upon the U . S . Air Force to purchase and man fixed - wing ground - attack aircraft to fulfill close air support missions . " . . . that established a fixed wing weight limit ( for the Army ) of five thousand pounds empty , but weight restrictions on helicopters were eliminated . . . " ( Pushing the Envelope , pg . 196 ) Background . One of the consequences of President Harry S Truman creating the modern U . S . Defense Department was the splitting off of the U . S . Army Air Corps from the U . S . Army , and creating the U . S . Air Force . With the Air Force ' s natural inclination towards Air Superiority and Strategic ( i . e . , nuclear ) priorities , the Army wanted some air capabilities of its own . However , this would mean the duplication of some resources between the Army and Air Force . Eventually there came to be a meeting between Air Force Secretary Thomas K . Finletter and Army Secretary Frank Pace resulted in the Pace - Finletter MOU of 4 November 1952 . The previous Agreement of 2 October 1951 that was not able to resolve issues as the 4 November 1952 MOU did . This MOU built upon the Key West Agreement . The agreement . The agreement read : Consequences . Some people " credit " this agreement for the Army ' s having been freed up to develop the Helicopter - based United States Army Aviation Branch that had been established in 1947 . Other people " blame " this agreement for the Air Force ' s perceived ignoring the needs of ( Air to ) Ground Support other than the A - 10 Thunderbolt II or " Warthog " . The Air Force had tried to retire and / or transfer to the Reserves its entire A - 10 fleet , replacing them with the F - 16 Fighting Falcon , just before the First Gulf War . The First Gulf War proved the value of the A - 10 in the CAS ( Close Air Support ) role , while also showing the limitations of the F - 16 as a CAS aircraft . External links . Tangential . One consequence of the MOU was a lack of enthusiasm for Close air support alternatives such as the ( two - seat ) N / AW A - 10B Warthog :
Chen Qimei Chen Qimei ( ) ( January 17 , 1878 – May 18 , 1916 ) was a Chinese revolutionary activist , close political ally of Sun Yat - sen , and early mentor of Chiang Kai - shek . He was as one of the founders of the Republic of China , and the uncle of Chen Guofu and Chen Lifu . Born in Wuxing , Zhejiang , China , he went to Japan for studies in 1906 , and there joined the Chinese Tongmenghui . Befriended by fellow Zhejiang native Chiang Kai - shek , in 1908 , Chen brought Chiang into the Tongmenghui . In 1911 , after the Wuchang Uprising , Chen ' s forces occupied Shanghai . He was then made military governor of the region . He fled to Japan with Sun Yat - sen upon the failure of the revolution against Yuan Shikai ' s dictatorship . They subsequently formed the Chinese Revolutionary Party , which later became the Kuomintang , or the Chinese Nationalist Party . Returning to Shanghai for another round of revolution , Yuan had him assassinated on May 18 , 1916 . The assassination was believed to have been carried out by Zhang Zongchang , a general loyal to Yuan . Chen is perceived as one of the early revolutionary heroes and one of the founding fathers of the Republic of China . He was also the eldest member of which later came to be known as the Chen Family , one of the four most powerful and influential families at the time . The university which had been originally named after him has become a part of today ' s Fudan University and Zhejiang University after the Chinese Civil War . A monument of him is located in Huzhou , Zhejiang , China .