naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Charles Spofford Charles Merville Spofford ( November 17 , 1902 – March 23 , 1991 ) was an American lawyer who held posts in NATO and on the boards of numerous arts organizations . Born in Saint Louis , Missouri , he was graduated Phi Beta Kappa from Yale University in 1924 , where he was a member of Skull and Bones , and Harvard Law School in 1928 . He joined the New York law firm Davis Polk & Wardwell in 1930 and became a partner in 1940 , retiring in 1973 after 33 years . He served in the US Army during World War II , rising to the rank of Brigadier General and earning a Purple Heart , Distinguished Service Medal , Legion of Honor , Croix de Guerre and Order of the British Empire . From 1950 to 1952 he served in NATO as deputy US representative to the North Atlantic Council and later chair of the Council of Deputies and chair of the European Coordinating Committee . He proposed to John D . Rockefeller III what would become the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts in 1956 and served as president of the Metropolitan Opera Association from 1946 - 1950 .
HMS Robust HMS " Robust " was a 74 - gun third rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy , launched on 25 October 1764 at Harwich . She was the only vessel of the Royal Navy to bear the name . On 21 July 1801 , the boats of , , and succeeded in boarding and cutting out the French naval corvette " Chevrette " , which was armed with 20 guns and had 350 men on board ( crew and troops placed on board in expectation of the attack ) . Also , " Chevrette " was under the batteries of Bay of Cameret . The hired armed cutter " Telemachus " placed herself in the Goulet and thereby prevented the French from bringing reinforcements by boat to " Chevrette " . The action was a sanguinary one . The British lost 11 men killed , 57 wounded , and one missing ; " Chevrette " lost 92 officers , seamen and troops killed , including her first captain , and 62 seamen and troops wounded . In 1847 the Admiralty awarded the Naval General Service Medal with clasp " 21 JULY BOAT SERVICE 1801 " to surviving claimants from the action . Fate . " Robust " was employed on harbour service from 1812 , and was broken up in 1817 .
James E . Kyes James Ellsworth Kyes ( April 16 , 1906 – December 23 , 1943 ) was an American naval officer . Born in Everett , Washington , Kyes graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1930 . As commanding officer of USS " Leary " ( DD - 158 ) , Commander Kyes was awarded the Navy Cross posthumously for " extraordinary heroism " during action against German submarines in the North Atlantic 23 December 1943 . After his ship had received three torpedo hits and was sinking , he gave the order to abandon ship . As he prepared to leave " Leary " , he checked to see that none of his men remained on board and spied a kitchen mess boy whose life jacket was torn and useless . Comdr . Kyes removed his own jacket and handed it to the boy . He then calmly climbed over the side and was swallowed up by the waters of the cold Atlantic , gallantly sacrificing his own life to protect a young member of his crew . Legacy . In 1945 , the destroyer USS " James E . Kyes " ( DD - 787 ) was named in his honor .
Project Diana Project Diana , named for the Roman moon goddess Diana — goddess of the hunt , wild animals and the moon — was an experimental project of the US Army Signal Corps in 1946 to bounce radio signals off the moon and receive the reflected signals . This was the first experiment in radar astronomy and the first attempt to actively probe another celestial body . It was the inspiration for later EME ( Earth - Moon - Earth ) communication techniques . At a laboratory at Camp Evans ( part of Fort Monmouth ) , in Wall Township , New Jersey , a large transmitter , receiver and antenna array were constructed for this purpose . The transmitter , a highly modified SCR - 271 radar set from World War II , provided 3 , 000 watts at 111 . 5 MHz in 1 / 4 second pulses , applied to the antenna , a " bedspring " reflective array antenna composed of an 8x8 array of half wave dipole s in front of a reflector which provided 24 dB of gain . Reflected signals were received about 2 . 5 seconds later , with the receiver compensating for Doppler modulation of the reflected signal . The antenna could be rotated in azimuth only , so the attempt could be made only as the moon passed through the 15 degree wide beam at moonrise and moonset , as the antenna ' s elevation angle was horizontal . About 40 minutes of observation was available on each pass as the moon transited the various lobes of the antenna pattern . The first successful echo detection came on 10 January 1946 at 11 : 58am local time by John H . DeWitt and his chief scientist E . King Stodola . Project Diana marked the birth of the US space program , as well as that of radar astronomy . It was the first demonstration that artificially - created signals could penetrate the ionosphere , opening the possibility of radio communications beyond the earth for space probes and human explorers . It also established the practice of naming space projects after Roman gods , e . g . , Mercury and Apollo . Today , the Project Diana site is maintained by the Infoage Science / History Learning Center .
SS Sin - ai Maru ( 1921 ) Sin - ai Maru , also known as Shin - ai Maru was a 3 , 794 ton transport ship of the Imperial Japanese Army during World War II . Built by Fujimagata Dockyard , Osaka and launched in 1921 as " Shin - ai Maru " . She was renamed " Sin - ai Maru " in 1938 . She left Rabaul , New Britain on 1 March 1943 , as part of " Operation 81 " , carrying a cargo of troops , equipment , fuel , landing craft and ammunition for Lae , New Guinea . The convoy was attacked by aircraft of the United States Army Air Forces and Royal Australian Air Force from 2 March 1943 , known as the Battle of the Bismarck Sea . " Sin - ai Maru " was bombed on 3 March and sank at 07°15 ' S . , 148°30 ' E .
Zendian problem The Zendian problem was an exercise in communication intelligence operations ( mainly traffic analysis and cryptanalysis ) devised by Lambros D . Callimahos as part of an advanced course , CA - 400 , that Callimahos taught to National Security Agency cryptanalysts starting in the 1950s . Content . The scenario involves 375 radio messages said to have been intercepted on December 23 by the US Army contingent of a United Nations force landed on the fictional island of Zendia in the Pacific Ocean . A typical intercept looks like this : For each message , the first line is provided by the intercept operator , giving call sign s , frequency , time , and reference number . The rest of the message is a transcript of the Morse code transmission . At the beginning of the intercepted message there is a header which consists of 8 four - digit groups . Initially , the meaning of the numeric header is not known ; the meanings of various components of this header ( such as a serial number assigned by the transmitting organization ' s message center ) can be worked out through traffic analysis . The rest of the message consists of " indicators " and ciphertext ; the first group is evidently a " discriminant " indicating the cryptosystem used , and ( depending on the cryptosystem ) some or all of the second group may contain a message - specific keying element such as initial rotor settings . The first two groups are repeated at the end of the message , which allows correction of garbled indicators . The remaining characters are encrypted text . Since the transmissions always use complete groups , " nulls " may have been used to pad out the text . Cryptosystems employed include transposition , dinome , and rotor - based cipher s and a one - part code . While these can be successfully tackled without use of a computer , solution is not easy . The practical exercise reinforces many basic principles , including ways to exploit having a " collection " of message traffic . A certain amount of cleartext inter - operator " chatter " is also provided , and may help with the analysis . Headers and discriminants are also given for intercepts from the next three days ; these may be used for traffic analysis and in determining daily operating procedures . Availability . The Zendian problem has been declassified and is available either as part of " Military Cryptanalytics " or as a book in itself . Both are published by Aegean Park Press , Walnut Creek , CA , USA . The Dundee Society . Cryptanalists who successfully finished CA - 400 became members of the Dundee Society . This society was founded by Lambros D . Callimahos and was so named after the empty Dundee marmalade jar on his desk , as he couldn ' t disclose the society ' s real purpose . Map of Zendia . A print showing the fictional nation of Zendia hangs on the wall of the library at the National Cryptologic Museum , which is run by NSA .
Oregon in the American Civil War At the outbreak of the war , regular U . S . Army troops in the District of Oregon were withdrawn from posts in Oregon and Washington Territory and sent east . Volunteer cavalry and infantry were recruited in California and sent north to Oregon to replace the Federal troops and keep the peace and protect the populace . Oregon also raised the 1st Oregon Cavalry that was activated in 1862 and served until June 1865 . During the Civil War , immigrants to the newfound gold fields in Idaho and Oregon continued to clash with the Paiute , Shoshone and Bannock tribes of Oregon , Idaho and Nevada until relations degenerated into the bloody 1864 - 1868 Snake War . The 1st Oregon Volunteer Infantry Regiment was formed in 1864 and its last company was mustered out of service in July 1867 . Both units were used to guard travel routes and Indian reservations , escort immigrant wagon trains , and protect settlers from Indian raiders . Several infantry detachments also accompanied survey parties and built roads in central and southern Oregon . Oregon ' s second United States Senator , Col . Edward Dickinson Baker was killed while leading Union troops at the Battle of Ball ' s Bluff near Leesburg , VA on October 21 , 1861 . His death in battle occurred exactly one month after another Oregonian , Captain James W . Lingenfelter of Company B , 71st Pennsylvania infantry , was killed while on the picket line . In civilian life , Captain Lingenfelter had been a practicing attorney in Jacksonville , Oregon . He had been visiting in the East when the war started and enlisted to serve with Colonel Baker .
Claude Alexandre de Bonneval Claude Alexandre , Comte de Bonneval ( 14 July 1675 – 23 March 1747 ) was a French army officer who later went into the service of the Ottoman Empire , eventually converting to Islam and becoming known as Humbaracı Ahmet Paşa . He was the descendant of an old family of Limousin ; at the age of thirteen he joined the Royal Marine Corps . After three years he entered the army , in which he rose to the command of a regiment . He served in the Italian campaigns under Catinat , Villeroi and Vendôme , and in the Netherlands under Luxembourg , giving proofs of indomitable courage and great military ability . His insolent bearing towards the minister of war was made matter for a court martial ( 1704 ) . He was condemned to death , but saved himself by fleeing to Germany . Through the influence of Prince Eugene of Savoy he obtained a general ' s command in the Austrian army , and fought with great bravery and distinction against France , and afterwards against Turkey . He was present at the Battle of Malplaquet , and was severely wounded at Peterwardein . The proceedings against him in France were then allowed to drop , and he visited Paris , and married a daughter of Marshal de Biron . He returned , however , after a short time to the Austrian army , and fought with distinction at Belgrade . He might now have risen to the highest rank , had he not made himself disagreeable to Prince Eugene , who sent him as master of the ordnance to the Low Countries . There his ungovernable temper led him into a quarrel with the Marquis de Prié , Eugene ' s deputy governor in the Netherlands , who answered his challenge by placing him in confinement . A court martial was again held upon him , and he was condemned to death ; but the emperor commuted the sentence to one year ' s imprisonment and banishment . Bonneval was returned to Vienna , stripped of his rank , titles and honours , and exiled to Venice . Soon after his release , Bonneval offered his services to the Turkish government , professed Islam , and took the name of Ahmed . He was made a " pasha " , and appointed to organize and command the Turkish artillery , eventually contributing to the Austrian defeat at Niš and the subsequent end of the Austrian - Ottoman war marked by the Treaty of Belgrade , where Austria lost northern Serbia with Belgrade , Lesser Wallachia , and territories in northern Bosnia . In Constantinople , he met the young Giacomo Casanova , who was then a Venetian naval officer stationed there . He was also close friends with a well - respected local mullah , Ismail Pasha . He rendered valuable services to the sultan in his war with Russia , and with the famous Nader Shah . As a reward he received the governorship of Chios , but he soon fell under the suspicion of the Porte , and was banished for a time to the shores of the Black Sea . He died at Istanbul in March 1747 . The " Memoirs " published under his name are spurious . See
Erich Rudnick Erich Rudnick ( 1 July 1916 – 25 November 1988 ) was a highly decorated Oberleutnant in the Wehrmacht during World War II . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross , and was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . He was also awarded the very rare Close Combat Clasp in Gold , one of only 631 awarded .
Veborg Veborg ( died 750 ) , was a Legend ary Scandinavian Shieldmaiden , famous for having participated in the legendary Battle of Bråvalla , which occurred in Sweden in approximately 750 . She was of Swedish or Danish origin . The battle was between King Harald Hildetand of Denmark and Sweden , and his Viceroy King Sigurd Ring of Sweden ; Sweden was during this age several little kingdoms , but Harald Hildetand had been elected king over most of them . King Sigurd had plans to unite all these kingdoms under one crown permanently , while king Harald wished to keep the possibility of electing different kings to each one , and the battle was therefore between unionists and separatists . It is said that the different sides drew mercenaries from Russia , England , Germany and Ireland , and on the side of the separatists of king Harald participated three hundred female soldiers , so - called Shieldmaidens , and the most famous one , besides Visna and Harald ' s own daughter Princess Hed , was Veborg ; these three women are described as the generals of the female troops . Veborg ' s contribution in the battle is described in detail ; One of the strongest warriors of King Harald was Ubbe from Friesland , who defeated three Swedish princes and the fighter Agnar before he was finally killed by one of the greatest fighters of the unionists , the warrior Starke . Veborg then rushed forward to kill Starke ; She cut off his jaw , but he managed to escape her and cut off the arm of the Shieldmaiden Visna , who was holding the separatists banner . Veborg , described as very brave , then meets the warrior Thorkell the Stubborn in a long and furious struggle , until Thorkell " After many wounds and much verbal arguing " finally manage to kill her .
Sidney Cowan Captain Sidney Edward Cowan was a World War I flying ace credited with seven aerial victories . Cowan was a charter member of 24 Squadron from its 1 September 1915 formation . Between 4 May and 16 September 1916 , Cowan used an Airco DH . 2 to destroy four enemy planes and drive down two more out of control . He was then transferred to 29 Squadron , and scored once more on 17 November 1916 , driving down a Halberstadt D . II out of control . As he strove to attack a second German plane , he collided with another British pilot in a double fatality accident .
Gunter Jahn Gunter Jahn ( 27 September 1910 – 12 April 1992 ) was German U - boat commander during World War II . He was born in Hamburg , Germany and began his naval career in April 1931 as a Seekadett . He first served on the light cruiser Nürnberg for more than two years , including nine patrols in the first year of the war . In March 1941 Jahn joined the U - boat force and his first patrol were on board " U - 98 " in September 1941 . Later in November he commissioned " U - 596 " . On his second patrol he broke through the Strait of Gibraltar and went on to become one of the most successful U - boat commanders in the Mediterranean Sea . In July 1943 he left the boat and became the commander of the 29th U - boat Flotilla . In September 1944 he fell into French captivity , where he spent nearly two years .
Aceh Medal The Aceh Medal ( ) was founded by King William III of the Netherlands on May 12 , 1874 in a royal decree . The medal was presented to troops participating in the First Aceh Expedition and the Second Aceh Expedition . Criteria . All soldiers participating in the First Aceh Expedition and / or the first six months of the Second Aceh Expedition were entitled award of the medal under Royal Decree No . 9 of May 12 , 1874 . Officially this was called the Aceh Medal 1873 - 1874 , but because the purpose of the operation was to take the Kraton , the medal is also known as the " Kraton - medaille " . Exceptionally , the recipients of the Aceh medal were also entitled to the Expedition Cross with " Atjeh 1873 - 1874 " clasp . This provision in the Royal Decree of April 24 , 1875 is contrary to the applicable rule in the Netherlands for a single fact no more than one medal may be awarded . The medal was awarded to the Ensign of the 9th Infantry Battalion , Netherlands Indies Army . Design . The Aceh medal is a circular made of gilt bronze , it is in diameter . The bronze for the medals comes from the craton captured bronze cannons . The obverse shows the right facing effigy of King William III of the Netherlands , Grand Duke of Luxembourg , with the inscription " WILLEM III KONING DER NEDERLANDEN GHVL " ( WILLIAM III King of the Netherlands Grand Duke of Luxembourg ) . The reverse of the medal bears the inscription " ATJEH 1873 EN 1874 " surrounded by a wreath of laurel and oak leaves . Originally , the medal bore the inscription entitled " ATCHIN 1873 EN 1874 " . A Royal Decree dated August 28 , 1874 changed it to the last title . The ribbon is 37 mm wide , as is usual in the Netherlands , and was originally dark orange . A Royal Decree dated April 24 , 1875 , the changed the color to " Nassau blue " .
SM UB - 66 SM " UB - 66 " was a German Type UB III submarine or U - boat in the German Imperial Navy ( ) during World War I . She was commissioned into the German Imperial Navy on 1 August 1917 as SM " UB - 66 " . " UB - 66 " was sunk by at on 18 January 1918 , 30 crew members died in the event . Construction . She was built by Friedrich Krupp Germaniawerft of Kiel and following just under a year of construction , launched at Kiel on 31 May 1917 . " UB - 66 " was commissioned later that same year . Like all Type UB III submarines , " UB - 66 " carried 10 torpedoes and was armed with a deck gun . " UB - 66 " would carry a crew of up to 3 officer and 31 men and had a cruising range of . " UB - 66 " had a displacement of while surfaced and when submerged . Her engines enabled her to travel at when surfaced and when submerged .
Jabara Award The Jabara Award for Airmanship , named in memory of Colonel James Jabara ( 1923 - 1966 ) , is awarded each year to the United States Air Force Academy graduate whose accomplishments demonstrate superior performance in fields directly involved with aerospace vehicles . With 15 kills , Colonel Jabara was the second leading Air Force ace of the Korean War . Colonel Jabara was the First American Jet Ace . Each year the U . S . Air Force Academy and the Association of Graduates present the Colonel James Jabara Award to an Academy graduate or graduates whose airmanship contributions are of great significance and set them apart from their contemporaries .
USS North Carolina ( ACR - 12 ) USS " North Carolina " ( ACR - 12 ) was a " Tennessee " - class armored cruiser of the United States Navy and the second Navy ship so named . She was also known as " Armored Cruiser No . 12 " and later renamed " Charlotte " ( CA - 12 ) . She was laid down on 21 March 1905 by Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Co . , Newport News , Virginia , launched on 6 October 1906 , sponsored by Miss Rebekah Glenn , daughter of the Governor of North Carolina R . B . Glenn , and commissioned at Norfolk on 7 May 1908 , Captain William A . Marshall in command . Pre - World War I . Following shakedown along the eastern seaboard and in the Caribbean , " North Carolina " carried President - elect William Howard Taft on an inspection tour to the Panama Canal in January – February 1909 . From 23 April – 3 August , the new cruiser cruised the Mediterranean . Sailing with to protect Americans threatened by conflict in the Ottoman Empire . " North Carolina " sent a medical relief party ashore on 17 May to Adana , Turkey , to treat both wounded and desperately ill Armenia ns , victims of massacre . " North Carolina " provided food , shelter , disinfectants , distilled water , dressings and medicines , and assisted other relief agencies already on the scene . For the remainder of her Mediterranean cruise , " North Carolina " cruised the Levant succoring both American citizens and refugees from oppression . In the years before World War I , " North Carolina " trained and maneuvered in the western Atlantic and Caribbean and participated in ceremonial and diplomatic activities . Highlights included attending centennial celebrations of the independence of Argentina ( May – June 1910 ) and Venezuela ( June – July 1911 ) ; carrying the Secretary of War for an inspection tour of Puerto Rico , Santo Domingo , Cuba , and the Panama Canal ( July – August 1911 ) ; and bringing home from Cuba bodies of the crew of the destroyed for their final interment in Arlington National Cemetery . World War I . As war began in Europe , " North Carolina " departed Boston on 7 August 1914 to protect Americans in the Near East by helping them evacuate and return to the United States . She rendezvoused with the USS " Tennessee " off Cape Cod before crossing the Atlantic . After calling at ports of England and France , she cruised constantly between Jaffa , Beirut , and Alexandria , her presence a reminder of the might of still neutral America . She returned to Boston on 18 June for overhaul . When the U . S . entered the war , " North Carolina " sailed north to escort troop transport s plying between Norfolk and New York . Inter - war period . From December 1918 – July 1919 , she brought men of the American Expeditionary Force home from Europe . Renamed " Charlotte " on 7 June 1920 so that her original name might be assigned to a new battleship , she decommissioned at Puget Sound Navy Yard , Bremerton , Washington on 18 February 1921 . Her name was struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 15 July 1930 , and she was sold for scrapping on 29 September .