naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Onager ( siege weapon ) The onager was a Roman siege engine that is a type of Ballista that uses a torsional force , generally from twisted rope , to store energy for the shot . The onager consisted of a large frame placed on the ground to whose front end a vertical frame of solid timber was rigidly fixed . A vertical spoke that passed through a rope bundle fastened to the frame had a sling attached which contained a projectile . To fire it , the spoke or arm was forced down , against the tension of twisted rope s or other spring s , by a windlass , and then suddenly released . As the sling swung outwards , one end would release , as with a staff - sling , and the projectile would be hurled forward . The arm would then be caught by a padded beam or bed , when it could be winched back again . The onagers of the Roman Empire were mainly used for besieging forts or settlements . They would often be armed with huge stones or rocks that could be covered with a combustible substance and set alight . In the Middle Ages ( recorded from around 1200 ) a less powerful version of the onager was used that held the projectile ( s ) in a fixed bowl instead of a sling . Some have speculated that contemporary drawings depicting fixed bowls were intentionally misleading and that catapults at the time still used slings . Such deception would occur because , at the time , catapults were state of the art weapons of war and their exact operation and construction would be a closely guarded secret . It derived its name from the kicking action of the machine , similar to that of an onager ( wild ass ) , it was created as a simpler , cheaper version of the ballista . This engine was sometimes called the " mangonel " , although that name may have also been used for a variety of siege engines .
Rolland V . Heiser Lieutenant General Rolland V . Heiser , U . S . Army , retired , is a member of the New College of Florida Board of Trustees , and is the former president of the New College Foundation , a position he held for 22 years . In this capacity , Heiser was instrumental in raising the lion ' s share of the New College Foundation ' s current $ 30 million endowment . Previously , during his 32 year career with the United States Army . LTG Heiser served as the Chief of Staff of USAREUR under General Alexander Haig from 1976 to 1978 . Previous to that assignment he was the commander of the 1st Armored Division from March 1974 to August 1975 . Heiser is also known for his founding of the Korean Military Academy in 1954 and the Vietnamese National Defense College in 1968 . Heiser graduated from Western Military Academy in Alton , Il in 1943 . He received his bachelor ’ s degree from the United States Military Academy in 1947 , and his master ’ s degree from George Washington University in 1965 . LTG Heiser is a resident of Sarasota , Florida .
Derajat Brigade The Derajat Brigade was formed after the 1903 reforms of the British Indian Army by Herbert Kitchener when he was Commander - in - Chief , India . The brigade was part of the Northern Army and deployed along the North West Frontier . The Derajat Brigade had its winter head - quarters at Dera Ismail Khan , and the garrison consisted of a mountain battery , a regiment of Native cavalry , and three regiments of Native infantry . Detachments from these regiments helped to garrison the outposts of Drazinda , Jandola , and Jatta . In 1914 at the start of World War I the brigade formation was :
List of active United States Air Force aircraft squadrons This is an organized list of all of the active aircraft squadrons that currently exist in the United States Air Force , sorted by type . Most squadrons have changed names and designations many times over the years , so they are listed by their current designation . Aggressor Squadrons . Aggressor Squadrons ' sole purpose is to train and evaluate United States Air Force fighter pilots who have either just received their fighter pilot status or those who want a refresher . They fly USAF aircraft with a different paint - scheme and act as " adversary " aircraft that student pilots must " shoot down . " Fighter Squadrons . Fighter squadrons are the primary combat squadrons of the United States Air Force flying primarily the F - 15E Strike Eagle , the F - 16 Fighting Falcon , the A - 10 Thunderbolt , and the F - 22 Raptor . The Lockheed Martin F - 35 Lightning II is due to enter in Air Force by 2014 .
Battle of Warbonnet Creek The Battle of Warbonnet Creek was a skirmish characterized by a duel between " Buffalo Bill " Cody and a Cheyenne young warrior named Heova ' ehe or Yellow Hair ( often incorrectly translated as ' Yellow Hand ' ) . The engagement is often referred to as the First Scalp for Custer because of this incident . It occurred July 17 , 1876 , in Sioux County in northwestern Nebraska . After the defeat of George A . Custer at the Battle of Little Bighorn , many Native Americans joined with Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse , encouraged by the Indians ' success . About 200 - 300 Cheyenne warriors with their families of Morning Star ' s band also known as Dull Knife , set out from the Spotted Tail and Red Cloud agencies in Nebraska . The United States Army had brought the U . S . 5th Cavalry Regiment , commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Eugene Asa Carr , from Oklahoma to a position on the Cheyenne River in South Dakota to guard against such an occurrence . Carr was replaced in command on July 1 by Colonel Wesley Merritt , and when news of the Battle of the Little Big Horn reached General George Crook on July 5 , the 5th Cavalry was ordered to reinforce Crook on Goose Creek in Montana . However word of the breakout of the Cheyenne also reached Merritt , and guided by " Buffalo Bill " Cody , Merritt was able to intercept the Cheyenne warriors . Merritt planned an ambush . The veteran cavalry officer hid most of his 350 troopers inside covered wagons and posted sharpshooters nearby but out of sight . Spotting Merritt ' s seemingly unescorted wagon train along Warbonnet Creek , a small war party of 6 Cheyenne warriors charged directly into the trap to divert attention from the main body of Cheyenne . A few warriors were wounded by the troopers , but the only real action of the engagement was a " duel " between " Buffalo Bill " and a Cheyenne warrior named Heova ' ehe ( translated as Yellow Hair ) . Cody pulled his Winchester carbine and killed the Indian , then pulled out a Bowie knife and scalped him . The rest of the warriors after an attempt to rescue the small war party , fled seeing the main body of soldiers revealed , so quickly that not a single trooper was killed or injured . Merritt then complied with his orders to join Crook , whose expedition then linked up with that of General Alfred H . Terry , bringing a combined strength of the U . S . force to about 4 , 000 . Ever the showman , Buffalo Bill returned to the stage in October , his show highlighted by a melodramatic reenactment of his duel with Yellow Hair . He displayed the fallen warrior ' s scalp , feather war bonnet , knife , saddle and other personal effects .
HMS Hampton Court ( 1709 ) HMS " Hampton Court " was a 70 - gun third rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy , built at Rotherhithe according to the 1706 Establishment and launched on 19 August 1709 . The " Hampton Court " was part of Vice - Admiral Edward Vernon ' s fleet and took part in the expedition to Cartagena de Indias during the War of Jenkin ' s Ear . On 12 December 1741 orders were issued for " Hampton Court " to be taken to pieces and rebuilt at Deptford Dockyard as a 64 - gun third rate to the 1741 proposals of the 1719 Establishment . She was relaunched on 3 April 1744 . " Hampton Court " remained in service until 1744 , when she was broken up .
William Wain Prior William Wain Prior ( July 18 , 1876 – March 9 , 1946 ) was a Danish Major General and the Commander in chief of the Royal Danish Army from 1939 to 1941 . Before the Occupation of Denmark by Germany in 1940 , Prior encouraged the Danish government to increase the strength of the army . These requests , however , were not accepted by the majority of the Danish parliament , who feared that increased military strength might provoke Nazi Germany . When Germany invaded Denmark in 1940 , he argued that the Danish army should actively defend the country , even when Germany threatened through the dropping the OPROP ! leaflets to bomb the capital of Copenhagen . However , the Danish government did not agree to this , due to concerns that major Danish cities like Copenhagen might suffer the same destruction that other cities like Warsaw had just experienced during the German invasion of Poland . Prior continued as Commander in Chief of the Danish Army during the early part of the German occupation , and worked actively to prevent the Danish army from becoming involved on the German side during World War II . He resigned as Commander in Chief in October 1941 .
Mark 12 torpedo The Mark 12 torpedo was a destroyer - launched anti - surface ship torpedo used by the United States Navy in World War II . It was developed and manufactured by the Naval Torpedo Station in Newport , Rhode Island , which built 200 units . The Mark 12 was similar to the Mark 11 torpedo , but with a lower high speed setting of 44 knots versus 46 knots .
Ælfwine of Deira Ælfwine ( c . 661 – 679 ) was the King of Deira from 670 to 679 . He was a son of Oswiu of Northumbria and a brother of Ecgfrith of Northumbria . After the succession of Ecgfrith as king of Northumbria in 670 , he made Aelfwine king of the sub - kingdom of Deira . Aelfwine was still a boy at the time , and the title may have been intended to designate him as the heir of the childless Ecgfrith . He was , however , killed in battle against the Mercians at the Battle of the Trent in 679 . Although his death could have led to an escalation of the war , further conflict was averted by the intervention of the Archbishop of Canterbury , Theodore , and King Æthelred of Mercia paid a " weregild " to Ecgfrith in compensation for Aelfwine ' s death . Bede writes : “ In the ninth year of the reign of King Ecgfrith ( in 679 ) , a great battle was fought between him and Æthelred , king of the Mercians , near the river Trent , and Ælfwine , brother to King Ecgfrith , was slain , a youth about eighteen years of age , and much beloved by both provinces ; for King Æthelred had married his sister Osthryth . There was now reason to expect a more bloody war , and more lasting enmity between those kings and their fierce nations ; but Theodore , the bishop , beloved of God , relying on the Divine aid , by his wholesome admonitions wholly extinguished the dangerous fire that was breaking out ; so that the kings and their people on both sides were appeased , and no man was put to death , but only the due mulct paid to the king who was the avenger for the death of his brother ; and this peace continued long after between those kings and between their kingdoms . ”
Siege of Brussels The Siege of Brussels took place between January and February 1746 during the War of the Austrian Succession . A French army under the overall command of Maurice de Saxe , in a bold and innovative winter campaign besieged and captured the city of Brussels , which was then the capital of the Austrian Netherlands , from its Austrian garrison . The French were boosted by the fact that a large part of the Allied army was forced to return to Britain where a Jacobite Rising of 1745 had broken out and Bonnie Prince Charlie had won a stunning victory at the Battle of Prestonpans . This left very few troops to actively oppose the French forces . After the French made two breaches in the walls of Brussels , the Austrian defenders were compelled to surrender on 22 February in a siege that lasted just three weeks . The governor of the Austrian Netherlands , Count Kaunitz , was forced to withdraw his administration north to Antwerp . The siege severely damaged his view of Austria ' s allies , principally Britain and the Dutch Republic , who he considered had done virtually nothing to protect Brussels from the French . A decade later Kaunitz would be one of the architects of the Franco - Austrian Alliance in which Austria abandoned its former alliance with Britain and joined with its traditional enemy France . The French followed up the capture of Brussels by taking other key cities and fortresses in the Austrian Netherlands including Mons and Namur . Brussels remained under French occupation until it was returned to Austria by the 1748 Treaty of Aix - la - Chapelle along with the rest of the Austrian Netherlands , although it was January 1749 before the French finally evacuated the city .
Everyman ' s Welfare Service Everyman ' s Welfare Service ( also simply called Everyman ' s and formerly known as Campaigners for Christ , Campaigners , or C4C ) is a parachurch organization that was founded in 1936 in Melbourne , Victoria , Australia . It provides opportunities for recreation to members of the military , operating recreation centres on most Australian Defence Force bases . It is affiliated with the National Young Life Campaign of England . As Campaigners for Christ , the organization engaged in open - air preaching and ran a centre in Port Moresby , Papua New Guinea . C4C owned a room in a building opposite Adelaide Railway Station in which they engaged in evangelism . Athol Richardson served as the C4C president during World War II . Evangelist Frank Jenner partnered with C4C , although he was not officially part of the organization . Eventually , the organization was renamed " Everyman ' s Welfare Service " in reference to Colossians 1 : 28 .
Brownwood Regional Airport Brownwood Regional Airport is a city owned , public use airport located five nautical miles ( 6 mile , 9 km ) north of the central business district of Brownwood , a city in Brown County , Texas , United States . It is included in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011 – 2015 , which categorized it as a " general aviation " facility . The 21st Cavalry Brigade of the III Corps , U . S . Army also utilize the airport as part of their flight training area for the Apache and Blackhawk helicopters . The airport has been served by commercial airlines in the past . Service was subsidized by the Essential Air Service program until March 13 , 2005 , when it was terminated due to federal law not allowing a subsidy over $ 200 per passenger for communities located within 210 miles of the nearest large or medium hub airport ( Brownwood is 145 miles from Austin - Bergstrom International Airport , a medium hub serving Austin , Texas ) . As per Federal Aviation Administration records , Brownwood Regional Airport had 1 , 764 passenger boardings ( enplanements ) in calendar year 2003 , 1 , 417 enplanments in 2004 , and 232 in 2005 . History . The airport was opened during World War II as Brownwood Army Airfield and was used by the United States Army Air Forces as a training base . The 68th and 77th Reconnaissance Groups trained at Brownwood during 1942 with a variety of aircraft , including B - 17 Flying Fortress e , B - 24 Liberator s , P - 40 Warhawk s and A - 20 Havoc s . In addition to the training performed at the airfield , patrols were flown over the Gulf of Mexico and along the Mexican border . The role of the Brownwood Army Airfield from November , 1943 , to September , 1944 was to operate as a refresher school and replacement training unit for liaison pilots within the Third Air Force . One of the primary aircraft used in this role was the Stinson L - 5 . In October , 1944 , the airfield became the new combat crew training center . From January , 1945 , until the end of World War II , the primary mission of the Brownwood Army Airfield was the training and preparation of combat crews for overseas replacement . The U . S . Government deeded the airport to the City of Brownwood after World War II . There are static displays of an F - 4 Phantom and an F - 111 jets on the airport grounds . Facilities and aircraft . Brownwood Regional Airport covers an area of 1 , 497 acres ( 606 hectare ) at an elevation of 1 , 387 feet ( 423 m ) above mean sea level . It has two asphalt paved runways : 17 / 35 is 5 , 599 by 150 feet ( 1 , 707 x 46 m ) and 13 / 31 is 4 , 608 by 101 feet ( 1 , 405 x 31 m ) . For the 12 - month period ending February 6 , 2012 , the airport had 6 , 000 aircraft operations , an average of 16 per day : 83 % general aviation , 12 % air taxi , and 5 % military . At that time there were 44 aircraft based at this airport : 82 % single - engine , 16 % multi - engine , and 2 % helicopter .
Peter K . Cullins Peter Kendall Cullins ( November 19 , 1928 – May 3 , 2012 ) was an American U . S . Navy admiral who commanded the " USS Waddell " and the " USS Little Rock " , a 1000 - man guided missile cruiser and the flagship for Commander of the Sixth Fleet . Born in Annapolis , he graduated from the U . S . Naval Academy with a bachelor of science degree in 1951 . On January 1 , 1977 , he became the first commander of the Naval Data Automation Command . In March 1980 , he became Commander South Atlantic Force . He retired as a Rear Admiral the following year .
Wight Seaplane The Wight Seaplane was a British twin - float seaplane produced by J Samuel White & Company Limited ( Wight Aircraft ) . It was also known as the Admiralty Type 840 . Design and development . Designed by Howard T Wright and built by the aircraft department of the shipbuilding company J Samuel White & Company Limited , the Wight Seaplane was a slightly smaller version ( 61 ft ( 18 . 59m ) span ) of the Wight Pusher Seaplane . The aircraft was a conventional two - float seaplane with tandem open cockpits and a nose mounted 225 hp ( 168 kW ) Sunbeam engine . Fifty two aircraft were built and delivered and an extra 20 were produced as spares production being undertaken by Portholme Aviation and William Beardmore & Co . , Ltd . Service History . The Wight Seaplane served with the R . N . A . S . at Dundee Felixstowe , Scapa Flow and Gibraltar , being used for anti - submarine patrols between 1915 and 1917 .
Ma Dunjing ( 1906 – 1972 ) Ma Dunjing ( ; 1906 – 1972 ) was a prominent Muslim Ma Clique General in China during the Republic of China era , and was the son of General Ma Hongbin . Some sources give his birth date as 1901 rather than 1906 . He fought against and defeated the Japanese in May 1938 in Suiyuan province during World War II , and he fought against the Communists in the Ningxia Campaign , but he defected to the Communists with his father , Ma Hongbin and led his 81st Corps to cross over to the communists . He died in Lanzhou in 1972 . Ma Dunjing ' s grandfather was General Ma Fulu who died fighting the foreigners in the Boxer Rebellion in Beijing in 1900 . His family moved Ma Fulu ' s remains in 1995 from Beijing to Linxia County .
Dornier Do 23 The Dornier Do 23 was a German medium bomber of the 1930s . Design and development . The earlier Do 11 had exhibited several problems , so two initiatives were launched to address those shortcomings . The first resulted in the Do 13 . The second effort was a more extensive rework which resulted in the Do 23 . Several of the handling problems were thus corrected , but performance of the Do 23 was still considered mediocre , and it saw a limited service life , being phased out of front - line service by the late 1930s . It was replaced by aircraft such as the Heinkel He 111 , but it did go on to serve and see action in World War II in the Czech branch of the " Luftwaffe " .
Archaeological looting in Iraq Since the 2003 invasion of Iraq , archaeological looting has become a problem . Though some sites , such as Ur and Nippur , are officially protected by US and Coalition forces , most are not . Saddam Hussein treasured his national heritage immensely and acted to defend these sites and the artifacts within them ; with the fall of his government on 9 April 2003 , these sites have been left completely open to looting . Looters have therefore descended upon many of these sites and are in the process of destroying them and extracting artifacts to sell to collectors and dealers . Past archaeological research is being destroyed in the process , as is the potential for future research . A series of international agreements banned the trade in looted antiquities in 1970 , and in 2003 the United Nations passed UN Resolution 1483 , which called upon all member states of the UN to act to prevent the trade of Iraqi cultural properties without verifiable provenance . However , this has done little to put a dent in the looting and international sale of Iraqi artifacts . Authorities have recovered shipments on a number of occasions , but overall a ban such as this one is very difficult to enforce . Four hundred items , most stolen from the National Museum of Iraq , were captured by Iraqi paramilitary units in May 2003 when they stopped a car near the Iranian border purely by chance . By June , customs inspectors and other authorities in the United States had seized over six hundred of the museum ' s artifacts . Nearly everything stolen from the museum still had its accession number , preceded by the letters " IM " for " Iraqi Museum , " written on it ; this way the buyers of the stolen goods could be assured of their provenance . Italy has recovered many of these items as well . Meanwhile , Jordan recovered over one thousand artifacts in those few months , and is one of Iraq ' s only neighbors to be taking great measures to prevent themselves being used by the looters and their buyers for shipping or concealing the stolen goods . The Global Heritage Fund website
Maxine Conder Rear Admiral Maxine Conder was Director of the United States Navy Nurse Corps from 1975 to 1979 Early life . Born in 1924 , Maxine Conder is a native of the state of Utah . She earned her nursing diploma in 1947 from St . Marks Hospital School of Nursing in Salt Lake City , Utah . Navy Nurse Corps career . Conder served in hospital ship USS Haven ( AH - 12 ) off of Korea , and in Naval Hospital , Guam , as well as in various stateside assignments . After several assignments as chief nurse , she was promoted to the rank of captain in 1970 . As Director of the Navy Nurse Corps , she became the second woman promoted to the rank of rear Admiral . Education . In 1962 , Conder earned a Bachelor of Science degree from the University of Utah . In 1966 , she earned a master ' s degree in nursing from the University of Washington . Awards and decorations . Rear Admiral Conder was awarded the Legion of Merit .