naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Unteroffiziere mit Portepee Unteroffiziere mit Portepee , literally " petty officers with swordknot " , is the designation for German senior non - commissioned officer s in the German Army . The name derives from earlier traditions in which senior enlisted men would carry a sword into battle . The word portepee derives from French " port " ( e ) - " épée " . " Unteroffiziere mit portepee " of the former Prussian Army were entitled to wear a sword - knot to their sabre , which was originally restricted to officers . Ranks in this category include : and equivalents of the Navy — replacing " Feldwebel " with " Bootsmann " — and , historically , the Cavalry and Artillery ( with " Wachtmeister " ) . The latter is not to be confused with the Navy ' s " Kompaniefeldwebel " of today which are also called Wachtmeister . German non - commissioned officers were identified by the use of metallic lace ( called " Tresse " ) on the collar of the uniform jacket , as well as the edges of the shoulder straps . Senior non - commissioned officers in the Wehrmacht also used silver " stars " on the shoulder strap to differentiate between ranks ; one star for a Feldwebel , two for an Oberfeldwebel , and three for a Stabsfeldwebel .
63d Fighter Wing The 63d Fighter Wing ( 63 FW ) is a disbanded unit of the United States Air Force , last stationed at Ellington Field , Houston , Texas . It was withdrawn from the Texas Air National Guard ( TX ANG ) and inactivated on 11 October 1950 . This wing is not related to the 63d Troop Carrier Wing , Medium , or subsequent units that was constituted on 10 May 1949 and activated on 27 June 1949 . History . World War II . Organized as a command and control organization for Twelfth Air Force . Deployed to Algeria in January 1943 and initially was used to organize air defense units . Transferred to XII Fighter Command and controlled fighter groups engaged in escort , patrol , strafing , and reconnaissance missions against enemy forces in North Africa . Later moved to Italy and participated in Italian Campaign , also in Rhone Valley Campaign in Southern France ; Western Allied Invasion of Germany in the spring of 1945 . Inactivated in November 1945 . Air National Guard . Allocated to the Texas Air National Guard for command and control origination for units in the South Central region ( Texas , Oklahoma , Louisiana ) of the United States . Extended federal recognition and activated on 24 May 1946 . At the end of October 1950 , the Air National Guard converted to the wing - base ( Hobson Plan ) organization . As a result , the wing was withdrawn from the Texas ANG and was inactivated on 31 October 1950 . Assigned units were federalized as a result of the Korean War and assigned to USAF Major Commands ,
Reduction in rank Reduction in rank may refer to two separate concepts : History . Reduction in rank ( Latin " gradus deiectio " meaning position degradation ) was used as a Roman military punishment . United States . The Uniform Code of Military Justice Subchapter III , non - judicial punishment , § 815 . Article 15 , commanding officer ' s non - judicial punishment , authorizes commanding officer s to " in addition to or in lieu of admonition or reprimand " impose " reduction to the next inferior pay grade , if the grade from which demoted is within the promotion authority of the officer imposing the reduction or any officer subordinate to the one who imposes the reduction . " Additionally , an officer of the grade of major , lieutenant commander , or above is authorized to impose " reduction to the lowest or any intermediate pay grade , if the grade from which demoted is within the promotion authority of the officer imposing the reduction or any officer subordinate to the one who imposes the reduction , but an enlisted member in a pay grade above E - 4 may not be reduced more than two pay grades . " Uniform Code of Military Justice Subchapter VIII , Sentences , provides that :
Army of the Republic of Serb Krajina The Serbian Army of Krajina ( Serbian : Српска Војска Крајине , " Srpska Vojska Krajine " ; abbreviated СВК / SVK ) was officially formed on 19 March 1992 . The Republic of Serbian Krajina ( RSK ) covered an area of some 17 , 028 km² at its peak . The RSK was located entirely inland and thus had no navy . The military , along with the self - proclaimed Republic of Serbian Krajina , dissolved in 1995 . Organization . Structure . At creation of army it was planned that its number will make 80 , 080 people , however in reality it was less .
Bathurst Rebellion The Bathurst Rebellion was a brief bushranging episode outside of Bathurst , New South Wales , involving a group of escaped convicts known as the ‘ Ribbon Gang ’ , during September and October 1830 . The insurgents were led by 25 - year - old English convict - servant Ralph Entwistle and at its peak they numbered more than 80 men . Although the circumstances remain unresolved the men may have been motivated by an act of injustice inflicted on Entwistle the previous year when he was flogged by the local police magistrate for swimming naked at a ford on the Macquarie River when governor Lieutenant General Sir Ralph Darling and his entourage had passed by . Alternatively the real cause may have been a grievance at being deprived of adequate food and clothing by a local landowner . The troubles began on 23 September when Entwistle and four others escaped from their assigned farm in Fitzgerald ’ s Valley , south of Bathurst , seizing firearms in the process . During the following days the escapees appeared at other farms , seizing more weapons , and being joined by more convicts . When the convict manager of one of the farms refused to join Entwistle he was shot and killed . Following an extensive manhunt by local volunteers , mounted police and British Army soldiers from the 39th Regiment of Foot , ten members of the gang – including Entwistle himself – were subsequently captured , but not before a series of shoot - outs during which a number of men on both sides were shot and wounded . The rebels were subsequently tried and found guilty of murder before a Special Commission and a jury of military officers ; they were publicly executed in Bathurst by hanging on 3 November .
. 450 Adams The . 450 Adams was a British black powder centrefire revolver cartridge , initially used in converted Beaumont - Adams Revolver s , in the late 1860s . Officially designated . 450 Boxer Mk I , and also known variously as the . 450 Revolver , . 450 Colt , . 450 Short , . 450 Corto and . 450 Mark III , and in America as the . 45 Webley , it was the British Army ' s first centrefire revolver round . History . The . 450 was adopted for the Adams revolver in November 1868 , and served until it was replaced in service in 1880 by the . 476 Enfield ( in the Enfield Mark 1 and 2 ) , which was in turn supplanted by the . 455 Webley cartridge in 1887 . Originally loaded with of black powder over a bullet , it was later also offered in a smokeless powder loading . Despite the different designations , the . 450 may be fired in any weapon chambered for . 455 Webley , . 455 Colt , or . 476 Enfield . While not considered a suitable military round , 450 Mark III cartridges did serve in reserve for the British armed forces as late as the First World War . The . 450 Adams also proved popular among civilian users of Webley RIC and British Bulldog revolvers , being loaded in Europe , and persisting in the United States until around 1940 . Both Colt ' s and Smith & Wesson offered revolvers in . 450 Adams . It was roughly similar in power to the contemporary . 38 S & W , . 41 Colt , or . 44 S & W American . Handloaded ammunition can be made from shortened . 455 Webley brass .
5th Landwehr Division ( German Empire ) The 5th Landwehr Division ( " 5 . Landwehr - Division " ) was a unit of the Imperial German Army in World War I . The division was formed in October 1914 as the Waldow Division ( " Division Waldow " ) , named after its commander . It was made up primarily of Landwehr soldiers from the garrison of Metz . It became the 5th Landwehr Division in January 1915 . The division was disbanded in 1919 during the demobilization of the German Army after World War I . Combat chronicle . The Waldow Division / 5th Landwehr Division served on the Western Front . It generally occupied the line between the Meuse and Moselle Rivers and around Verdun . From February to July 1916 , it participated in the Battle of Verdun . In September 1918 , it fought the Americans and French in the Battle of Saint - Mihiel . Allied intelligence rated the division as fourth class ; it was considered primarily a sector holding division and not an offensive formation . Order of battle on formation . The Waldow Division / 5th Landwehr Division was formed as a square division . The order of battle of the division on October 25 , 1914 was as follows : Late - war order of battle . The division underwent a number of organizational changes over the course of the war . It was triangularized in April 1917 . A signals command was formed and combat engineer support was expanded to a full battalion . The order of battle on January 4 , 1918 was as follows :
Parkash Singh Havildar Parkash Singh VC ( 31 March 1913 – 23 March 1991 ) was a Sikh recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . Biography . Parkash Singh was born on 31 march 1919 in Sharikar village , in the Lyallpur District of what was British India ( now modern Pakistan ) . During the Second World War , Singh was a 28 year old Havildar serving in the Bren Gun Carrier Platoon of 5th Battalion 8th Punjab Regiment , British Indian Army ( now 5th Battalion The Baloch Regiment of Pakistan Army ) . In January 1943 , his battalion was engaged in fighting on the Mayu Peninsula in the Arakan , Burma , against Japanese forces , when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC : Singh later achieved the rank of Major in post - independence Indian Army . He died in 1991 aged 72 , whilst undergoing heart surgry England , at Ealing , London . His Victoria Cross is displayed at the Imperial War Museum , London .
Émile Allegret Émile Allegret ( born the 24 April 1907 at Dijon and died 22 November 1990 at Vaux - sur - Mer ) was a French soldier and member of the French Resistance during World War II . Biography . After secondary school , he joined the French Air Force in 1926 for five years . A non - commissioned officer , he followed the course for " élève aspirant " ( training student ) ( EOR ) . He then graduated from the " École nationale de l ' aviation civile " ( French civil aviation university ) and became an engineer and test pilot . A reserve officer , he was staying at Royan as a flight instructor when war was declared in September 1939 . He heard the appeal of 18 June 1940 and , after the second Armistice at Compiègne , refused to fly for the German air force . Émile Allegret quickly joined the French Resistance . Obliged to conceal his identity , he became an agent of the resistance movement " Organisation civile et militaire " . After joining the 6th arrondissement of Paris , he carried out information missions on the Atlantic coast and in particular at Royan , where he revealed the location of fortifications and coastal defense batteries . He succeeded in a mission to avoid weapons and ammunition stored in the basement of the City Hall of Royan . Hunted by the Gestapo , he had to leave France and succeeded , the 24th of December 1942 , in joining Spain by crossing the Pyrenees . He enlisted in the Free French Forces the 25th of January 1943 at the French mission at Gibraltar . Arriving in London , he was incorporated in the Free French Forces the 13th of February 1943 , and on the 5th of March 1943 he joined the Bombardment Group " Lorraine " , called " Squadron 342 " . He flew against German anti - aircraft 23 December 1943 , and again the 5 and 9 February 1944 . During this time , in January 1944 , the lieutenant Allegret took command of the squadron " Metz " and multiplied the bombing operations . Then , he participated in the historic mission of protection , smoke screening troops for Normandy landings on the Normandy coast the 6th of June 1944 . He was seriously injured on duty , 27 January 1945 . He ended the war with the rank of Captain , carrying out 55 bombings in total with " Lorraine " , including several skim bombings . After the war , Émile Allegret started a career as an air navigation engineer . He joined the " Secrétariat général de l ' aviation civile " ( civil aviation department ) in 1961 as an air navigation division engineer . He became head of the Toulouse - Blagnac Airport . He last job was head assistant at the Nice Côte d ' Azur Airport before retiring in May 1968 . Émile Allegret died 22 November 1990 ( 83 years old ) at Vaux - sur - Mer .
Buck and ball Buck and ball was a common load for muzzle - loading muskets , and was frequently used in the American Revolutionary War and into the early days of the American Civil War . The load usually consisted of a . 69 caliber round lead musket ball that was combined with three to six buckshot pellets . Construction . Buck and ball was issued in paper cartridge s that combined the projectiles with the black powder propellant charge to facilitate rapid loading of the weapon . The buckshot would set in front of the ball , so that the ball would act as a gas seal for the buckshot . Like any other paper cartridge , the rear of the cartridge would be torn open to expose the powder , which would be loaded , and the remaining paper , balls , and buckshot would be rammed down on top . Purpose . The intent of the buck and ball load was to combine the devastating impact of the full - size ( normally . 65 caliber ) ball with the spreading pattern of a shotgun , and served to greatly improve the hit probability of the smoothbore musket used in combat , especially at closer ranges , where the buckshot would retain significant energy , and against closely packed troops where the spread of the buckshot would be advantageous . Claud E . Fuller , in his book " The Rifled Musket " , shows tests of a rifled musket firing Minie ball s , and a smoothbore musket firing round ball and buck rounds at various ranges against a 10 ' x 10 ' target . The firers consisted of several men in line shooting in volley . At ranges of 200 yards ( 180 m ) and under , the buck and ball from the smoothbore musket , while less accurate than the rifled musket , actually produces a greater number of hits due to the greater number of projectiles . At 200 yards , 37 of 50 Minie balls strike the target , vs . 18 of 50 smoothbore balls and 31 of 150 buckshot , for a total of 49 hits in 50 shots . At 100 yards , 50 shots by smoothbore buck and ball against the 10 x 10 target result in 79 buckshot hits and 37 ball strikes , as opposed to 48 minie ball hits in 50 shots . Beyond this range , the buckshot will have lost too much energy to be effective due to its lower ballistic coefficient . Use . Perhaps the most famous proponent of the buck and ball loading was George Washington , who encouraged his troops to load their muskets with buck and ball loads during the American Revolution . The Union Irish Brigade retained their smoothbore muskets until late in the American Civil War so they could fire buck and ball during the relatively close range battles . The buck and ball load was standard issue throughout the Seminole Wars of 1815 - 1845 . With the advent of general issue rifled muskets in the American Civil War , and longer engagement ranges during the later stages of the war , the buck and ball loading began to fade from use . Buck and ball did see action in the remaining inventory of smoothbore muskets at Gettysburg and later actions . The effective Irish Brigade use of buck and ball against Pickett ' s Charge is notable . The buck and ball load has been replaced in current military inventories by standard buckshot loadings in the combat shotgun .
Battle of Limanowa The Battle of Limanowa took place from 1 December to 13 December 1914 , between the Austro - Hungarian Army and the Russian Army near the town of Limanowa ( south - east of Kraków ) . The Austro - Hungarian high command had assumed that the German success would weaken Russian forces in the north and that the Galician front would remain quiet . Both these assumptions were incorrect . Though the Habsburg 2nd army offensive opened on 16 November and met early success , the Russians proved stronger than expected and their 4th army yielded little ground . Meanwhile , further south the Russian 2nd army advanced across the San river and moved into the Tarnów area by 20 November . Further north , the Habsburg 4th Army , supported by the 47th German Reserve Division , moved onto the offensive in the last days of November . In fierce battles around the towns of Łapanów and Limanowa , the Russian 3rd army was beaten and forced to retreat east , ending its opportunity to reach Kraków . To avoid being surrounded , the Russian 8th Army also had to retreat , stopping its advance toward the Hungarian plains . Order of battle . Russian forces . Russian Southwestern Front , Commander - in - chief – Nikolai Ivanov
Araki Murashige He commanded part of Nobunaga ' s army in the ten - year siege of the Ishiyama Honganji , but was accused in 1578 of sympathies to the Mōri clan , one of Nobunaga ' s enemies , by Akechi Mitsuhide . He retreated to Itami and held out there against a one - year siege before the castle fell in 1579 ; Araki escaped , and lived out the rest of his life in obscurity . There is a semi - legendary tale told about Araki ' s creative use of a " tessen " , or iron fan , in saving his own life . After being accused of treason by Akechi Mitsuhide , Araki was called before his lord , Oda Nobunaga . As was customary , he bowed low over the threshold before entering the room . But he sensed somehow Nobunaga ' s plan to have his guards slam the " fusuma " sliding doors on him , breaking his neck . Araki placed his fan in the doors ' groove , preventing the doors from closing . Nobunaga ' s plan revealed , Araki ' s life was spared , with much reconciliation . His son , raised under his mother ' s name , was the significant artist Iwasa Matabei .
Armored train Štefánik The Armored train Štefánik was a military train used during World War II ( during the Slovak National Uprising ) in Slovakia . The building of the armored train started on September 4 , 1944 . It was finished on September 18 , 1944 in a Railway Manufacture in Zvolen , Slovakia . It was equipped with : The commander of the train was Captain F . Adam , and his assistant was npor . A . Tököly . The crew was 70 men . Its first action was on September 27 , 1944 at the line Hronská Dúbrava – Kremnica . Near Stará Kremnička it was fighting against a German army advancing to Zvolen . When moving to Hronská Dúbrava , the German Luftwaffe destroyed the train ' s engine . After repair , it successfully fought at Žiar nad Hronom , Jalná and Hronská Dúbrava , from where it moved on October 18 , 1944 to Krupina , where it fought against SS Schill . Two days later , it moved to Dobrá Niva , where it was attacked several times by the German Luftwaffe . After a German attack on October 25 , 1944 it left Zvolen as the last train , moved to Banská Bystrica and then moved to Ulmanka , where it was blocked by a retired train . After discarding all weapons the crew continued fighting as a partisan battalion .
XXXVIII Reserve Corps ( German Empire ) The XXXVIII Reserve Corps ( ) was a corps level command of the German Army in World War I . Formation . XXXVIII Reserve Corps was formed in December 1914 . It was part of the second wave of new Corps formed in the early stages of World War I consisting of XXXVIII - XXXXI Reserve Corps of 75th - 82nd Reserve Divisions ( plus 8th Bavarian Reserve Division ) . The personnel was predominantly made up of " kriegsfreiwillige " ( wartime volunteers ) who did not wait to be called up . From 28 March 1915 to 31 December 1917 it was known as Beskidenkorps ( Beskids Corps ) . The Corps was still in existence at the end of the war in the 3rd Army , " Heeresgruppe Deutscher Kronprinz " on the Western Front . Structure on formation . On formation in December 1914 , XXXVIII Reserve Corps consisted of two divisions . but was weaker than an Active Corps In summary , XXXVIII Reserve Corps mobilised with 18 infantry battalions , 2 cavalry detachments , 24 field artillery batteries ( 96 guns ) , 2 cyclist companies and 2 pioneer companies . Commanders . XXXVIII Reserve Corps had the following commanders during its existence :
103rd Infantry Division ( German Empire ) The 103rd Infantry Division ( " 103 . Infanterie - Division " ) was a unit of the Imperial German Army in World War I . The division was formed on May 3 , 1915 and organized over the next few weeks . It was part of a wave of new infantry divisions formed in the spring of 1915 . The division was disbanded in 1919 during the demobilization of the German Army after World War I . The division was formed primarily from the excess infantry regiments of existing divisions which were being triangularized . The division ' s 205th Infantry Brigade was formerly the 44th Infantry Brigade of the 22nd Infantry Division , and came to the division with the 32nd Infantry Regiment . The 71st Infantry Regiment came from the 38th Infantry Division and the 116th Reserve Infantry Regiment came from the 25th Reserve Division . The 32nd and 71st Infantry Regiments were Thuringian units , raised in the Duchy of Saxe - Meiningen , the Principality of Schwarzburg - Sondershausen , and Prussian Thuringia ( part of the Prussian Province of Saxony ) . The 116th Reserve Infantry Regiment was from the Grand Duchy of Hesse . Combat chronicle . The 103rd Infantry Division initially served on the Eastern Front , seeing its first action in the Gorlice - Tarnów Offensive . It was then transferred south to participate in the Serbian Campaign . It advanced to the Greek border and remained on the Macedonian front until April 1916 . The division was then sent to the Western Front , entering the line in the Champagne region . From June to July 1916 , it fought in the Battle of Verdun . In October and November , it fought in the Battle of the Somme , after which it returned to the trenchlines in the Champagne region and by Verdun . In May 1917 , the division fought in the Second Battle of the Aisne , also called the Third Battle of Champagne ( and by the Germans , the Double Battle on the Aisne and in the Champagne ) . Afterwards , it was in the trenchlines in the Chemin des Dames region and later near St . Quentin and on the Oise River . In April 1918 , the division participated in the German Spring Offensive , fighting in the First Battle of the Somme ( 1918 ) , also known as the Battle of St . Quentin or the Second Battle of the Somme ( to distinguish it from the 1916 battle ) , and in the Third Battle of the Aisne . It later fought in the Second Battle of the Marne and the Meuse - Argonne Offensive . The division remained in the line until the end of the war . Allied intelligence rated the division as a good division in 1917 but as third class in 1918 . Order of battle on formation . The 103rd Infantry Division was formed as a triangular division . The order of battle of the division on May 15 , 1915 was as follows : Late - war order of battle . The division underwent relatively few organizational changes over the course of the war . Cavalry was reduced , artillery and signals commands were formed , and combat engineer support was expanded to a full pioneer battalion . The order of battle on April 19 , 1918 was as follows :