naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Long Island - class escort carrier The " Long Island " - class escort carrier was a two - ship class , originally listed as " AVG " ( Aircraft Escort Vessels ) . They were converted from merchant ships . The first ship of the class — , originally AVG - 1 , later ACV - 1 then CVE - 1 — was launched on 11 January 1940 , and served in the United States Navy through World War II . The second and last ship of the class — — was launched on 14 December 1939 , and served in the Royal Navy through World War II . It is also listed in U . S . Navy records as BAVG - 1 ; the " B " presumably stood for " British " .
Battle of Panormus The Battle of Panormus was fought in 251 BC between a Roman consular army led by Lucius Caecilius Metellus and Carthaginians led by Hasdrubal during the First Punic War . The resulting Roman victory allowed for Panormus to remain in Roman control for the remainder of the war . Prelude . Towards the end of 252 BC or early 251 BC , Carthage had put down a Libyan revolt in Africa and sent an army under the command of Hasdrubal , son of Hanno the Great , to Sicily . Hasdrubal was present at the Battle of Tunis , along with the Greek mercenary general Xanthippus , and learned much from this experience . According to Polybius , Hasdrubal roamed the region of western Sicily around the cities of Lilybaeum and Selinus for two years unopposed by the Romans who kept to high ground . However , Hasdrubal decided to attack a Roman consular army under the command of Consul Lucius Caecilius Metellus , which was gathering the harvest around Panormus . Hasdrubal marched his men and elephants through the Orethus valley towards Panormus . This operation seemed reasonable because the other consular army was on its way to Rome and the conditions were favourable . Battle . Having caused the Romans to retreat behind the walls of Panormus , and subsequently ravaged the countryside , Hasdrubal ' s forces came towards the city by exiting the valley and crossing the Orethus River . Metellus ordered his light troops to harass the Carthaginian vanguard and discharge their javelins into the elephants . In order to do this , the Roman light troops took cover in the ditches that surrounded the city . The commander of the Carthaginian elephants , believing the resistance to be weak , advanced to scatter the light troops . The elephants were now exposed and javelins and missiles discharged upon them from both the city walls and the entrenched light troops caused them to panic and charge into their own ranks . At this point , Metellus and his legions were stationed outside of a city gate facing the Carthaginian left . At the fleeing of the elephants , Metellus ordered the legions to charge the Carthaginian left flank . This manoeuvre broke the Carthaginian line and routed their army . However , the Romans did not pursue the fleeing army but rather captured the remainder of the elephants , who were later slaughtered in the circus in Rome . Aftermath . As was custom after a defeat , Hasdrubal was recalled to Carthage to be executed . His successor , Adhubal , decided Selinus could no longer be garrisoned and had the town destroyed . With the exception of Hamilcar Barca ' s guerrilla warfare , this defeat marked the end of significant Carthaginian land campaigning in Sicily .
Troy A . McGill Troy A . McGill ( July 15 , 1914 – March 4 , 1944 ) was a United States Army soldier and a recipient of the United States military ' s highest decoration — the Medal of Honor — for his actions during the Admiralty Islands campaign of World War II . Biography . McGill joined the Army from Ada , Oklahoma in November 1940 , and by March 4 , 1944 was serving as a Sergeant in Troop G , 5th Cavalry Regiment , 1st Cavalry Division . During an enemy attack on that day , on Los Negros in the Admiralty Islands , he held his ground against the numerically superior force . After ordering the only other un - wounded man in his squad to retreat , he continued to hold his position alone and eventually engaged the enemy in hand to hand combat until he was killed . For these actions , he was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor six months later , on September 11 , 1944 . McGill , aged 29 at his death , was buried at Knoxville National Cemetery in his birth city of Knoxville , Tennessee . A section of Interstate 40 in Knoxville , Tennessee is named " Troy A . McGill Memorial Highway " . Medal of Honor citation . Sergeant McGill ' s official Medal of Honor citation reads : For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity above and beyond the call of duty in action with the enemy at Los Negros Island , Admiralty Group , on 4 March 1944 . In the early morning hours Sgt . McGill , with a squad of 8 men , occupied a revetment which bore the brunt of a furious attack by approximately 200 drink - crazed enemy troops . Although covered by crossfire from machine - guns on the right and left flank he could receive no support from the remainder of our troops stationed at his rear . All members of the squad were killed or wounded except Sgt . McGill and another man , whom he ordered to return to the next revetment . Courageously resolved to hold his position at all cost , he fired his weapon until it ceased to function . Then , with the enemy only 5 yards away , he charged from his foxhole in the face of certain death and clubbed the enemy with his rifle in hand - to - hand combat until he was killed . At dawn 105 enemy dead were found around his position . Sgt . McGill ' s intrepid stand was an inspiration to his comrades and a decisive factor in the defeat of a fanatical enemy .
First American engagement in World War II Determining when the first engagement of the United States in World War II occurred depends on the scholar and if such actions led to formal entry of the United States into the conflict . Attacks on American armed forces . The attack on the United States gunboat on 12 December 1937 by Japan ese forces in China ( usually referred to as the Panay incident ) could be considered as the first hostile American action during World War II . Although the war was not officially declared in Europe until Germany invaded Poland on 1 September 1939 , Japan had been involved in military actions against China since 1931 . The first American military death in the European Theatre occurred on 21 April 1940 , during the German invasion of Norway . Military attaché Captain Robert M . Losey was killed during a German bombardment of Dombås while assisting with the evacuation of U . S . embassy personnel and others to Sweden . Either the casualties inflicted on by German U - boat " U - 568 " on 17 October 1941 , or the sinking of the by " U - 552 " on 31 October 1941 might be considered the first American naval losses of World War II . The United States was neither officially involved in the war at the time nor did the incidents cause them to declare war . Attacks by American armed forces . The first American hostile action against Axis forces was on 10 April 1941 , when the destroyer attacked a German U - boat that had just sunk a Dutch freighter . The " Niblack " was picking up survivors of the freighter when it detected a U - boat preparing to attack . The " Niblack " attacked with depth charges and drove off the U - boat . There were no casualties on board the " Niblack " or the U - boat . By coincidence , the " Niblack " was in the same convoy as the " Reuben James " when the " Reuben James " was sunk and picked up survivors from the " Reuben James " . The first American hostile action against Axis forces that resulted in physical destruction was on 14 September 1941 , when destroyed a German weather station in northeast Greenland . The action was based on an agreement with Denmark Ambassador to the United States Henrik Kauffmann in April 1941 to patrol the Danish island . The first American - caused casualties occurred on 7 December 1941 when the USS " Ward " attacked and sank a Japanese midget submarine near the entrance to Pearl Harbor prior to the commencement of the Japanese air attack upon Hawaii later that day . As a result of the attack on Hawaii , America declared war on Japan on 8 December 1941 . Germany and Italy declared war on the United States three days later . The first planned offensive action by Americans in World War II came in January 1942 when the aircraft carrier attacked Japanese bases in the Marshall Islands .
Legio II Flavia Virtutis Legio II " Flavia Virtutis " ( " brave Flavian " ) was a " comitatensis " Roman legion , levied by Emperor Constantius II ( 337 - 361 ) , together with I " Flavia Pacis " and III " Flavia Salutis " . According to Ammianus Marcellinus ( " Res Gestae " xx . 7 . 1 ) , in 360 II " Flavia Virtutis " was stationed in Bezabde with II " Armeniaca " and II " Parthica " , when the King of Persia Shapur II sieged and conquered the city , killing many of the inhabitants . According to " Notitia Dignitatum " ( " in partibus Occidentis " , vii ) , at the beginning of the 5th century , the " comitatensis " legion " Secundani " ( very probably II " Flavia Virtutis " ) were under the command of the " comes Africae " .
Friedrich - Wilhelm Hauck Friedrich - Wilhelm Hauck ( 10 January 1897 – 15 April 1979 ) was a highly decorated General der Artillerie in the Wehrmacht during World War II who commanded several corps . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . Friedrich - Wilhelm Hauck was captured by British troops in May 1945 and was released in 1948
Andrew F . Cook , Jr . Andrew Fred Cook , Jr . ( January 2 , 1920 – November 4 , 1942 ) was an officer in the United States Marine Corps during World War II . He was killed in action in the Battle of Guadalcanal November 4 , 1942 , receiving the Navy Cross for gallantry and self - sacrifice in the action in which he gave his life . Early life and service . He was the older brother of fellow Navy Cross recipient Dallas Harry Cook . He enlisted in the U . S . Marine Corps September 15 , 1938 . Cook served in the field from May 10 , 1942 , and he was promoted to second lieutenant July 14 , 1942 . Legacy . USS Cook ( APD - 130 ) and USS Cook ( FF - 1083 ) have been named after the brothers .
Eduard Wagner General Eduard Wagner ( 1 April 1894 - 23 July 1944 ) was a German Artillery officer who was the quartermaster - general of the German Army and a member of the resistance to Adolf Hitler . He was born in Kirchenlamitz , Bavaria . After service in World War I he was a member of the Reichswehr . In World War II he served as the quartermaster - general from 1941 to 1944 and was promoted to General der Artillerie on 1 August 1943 . On July 24 , 1939 he drew up regulations that allowed German soldiers to take hostages from civilian population and execute them as response to resistance . He personally welcomed the idea of future invasion of Poland , writing that he looks to it " gladly " . In May 1941 , he drew up the regulations with Reinhard Heydrich that ensured that the Army and " Einsatzgruppen " would co - operate in murdering Soviet Jews . On the Eastern Front he had a role in ensuring that suitable winter clothing was supplied to the German forces and on 27 November 1941 he reported that " We are at the end of our resources in both personnel and material . We are about to be confronted with the dangers of deep winter . " Wagner even was well informed about planned war crimes of the future . In late February 1943 Otto Bräutigam of the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories had the opportunity to read a personal report by Wagner about a discussion with Heinrich Himmler , in which Himmler had expressed the intention to kill about 80 % of the populations of France and England by special forces of the SS after the German victory . Before , Hitler had called the English lower classes “ racially inferior ” . He was a conspirator against Adolf Hitler and when Claus von Stauffenberg sought approval to an assassination attempt on 15 July 1944 he was cited as being definite that the assassination of Hitler should only be attempted if Heinrich Himmler was also present . On 20 July 1944 he arranged the airplane that flew Stauffenberg from Rastenburg back to Berlin after the July 20 plot bomb had exploded . After the failure of the coup attempt he feared that his arrest by the Gestapo was imminent and that he might be forced to implicate other plotters . He committed suicide by shooting himself in the head at noon on 23 July 1944 .
F24 camera The F24 camera is a 1920s British aerial camera used by British and Allied armed forces into the mid - 1950s . It is widely and erroneously referred to as F . 24 or F - 24 . Design and development . The outline design of the F24 camera was carried out by the Royal Aircraft Establishment at Farnborough , and it was introduced in 1925 . Detailed design , and most production , was by Williamson Manufacturing Company Ltd of London NW . 10 . The F24 was designed to be lighter and smaller than the F8 camera of 1919 , but the F8 continued to be used in less demanding installations . The main component units of the F24 are a body with roller blind focal plane shutter , gearbox , film magazine , and lens cone . Image film format is 5 " x5 " , on 5 " wide roll film , with magazine capacity up to 250 exposures ( the F8 offered images up to 8 " x7 . 5 " on 9 " wide film ) . Shutter speed is preset between 1 / 100s and 1 / 1000s . By about 1940 , most configurations of the F24 included a Dallmeyer Pentac lens with focal length 8 " , aperture f2 . 9 , with either a Type 21 hand adaptor with two side handles , or a Type 25 fixed mounting and Type 35 control box and motor drive . Weight of a typical hand - held version is about 20 lb . Prior to 1940 , available lenses included focal lengths of 3 . 25 " ( f5 . 6 ) , 5 " ( f2 . 8 ) , 6 " , 10 . 5 " . In 1937 , a 14 " ( f5 . 6 ) lens was introduced , followed in late 1940 by a 20 " ( f5 . 6 ) lens , and in 1942 by a 36 " lens . Longer lenses , and larger image formats , offered more detailed images from extremely high altitudes . During the Second World War , the F24 was also manufactured by Vinten . A modified but compatible version with lower weight was designed and manufactured by Eastman Kodak as the K - 24 , for use by US forces . Also in 1942 , the F24 was developed into the F52 that used an image format of 8 . 5 " x7 " , magazines up to 500 exposures , and was better suited for 36 " and 40 " lenses in larger installations . Operational history . During the Second World War , the F24 was installed in aircraft types including Avenger , Blenheim , Catalina , Corsair , Halifax , Hellcat , Hudson , Hurricane , Lancaster , Liberator , Lysander , Maryland , Mitchell , Mosquito , Mustang , Spitfire , Stirling , Sunderland , Wellington .
USS Detroit ( LCS - 7 ) USS " Detroit " ( LCS - 7 ) will be a " Freedom " class littoral combat ship of the United States Navy . The ceremonial “ laying of the keel ” was in early November 2012 , at Marinette WI . Namesake . The USS " Detroit " ( LCS - 7 ) will be the sixth ship to be named after the city of Detroit , Michigan .
French ship Pélican ( 1693 ) Pélican was a French warship from the late 17th century . Built in Bayonne , France , the original " Pélican " was launched in 1693 . A 500 ton ship equipped with 44 guns and commanded by Captain Pierre Le Moyne d ' Iberville , she ran aground on the shores of Hudson Bay a few days after an heroic battle , badly damaged by the encounter and a fierce storm . The " Pélican " s life was short but glorious . She set sail from France on 8 April 1697 and ran aground on the shores of Hudson Bay on 8 September of the same year . However , in five short months of service , her place in history was assured as the victor in the greatest naval battle in the history of New France . On learning that the British were planning to keep control of Hudson Bay , Louis XIV , King of France , assembled a fleet of warships , consisting of the " Pélican " , the " Palmier " , the " Wesp " , and the " Profond " , in order to recapture " Fort Bourbon " as the French called York Factory , Manitoba , the heart of the fur trade . On the morning of 5 September 1697 , the " Pélican " , temporarily separated from her sister ships , came face to face with three British ships – the " Hampshire " , the " Dering " , and the " Hudson Bay " – which were carrying supplies to the nearby fort . Although they were outnumbered , the crew of the " Pélican " engaged in battle , and triumphed , thereby earning their place in history . The " Pélican " , however , was also fatally damaged in the battle . Holed below the waterline , the Pélican had to be abandoned . The " Pélican " s victory , later known as Battle of Hudson ' s Bay , was certainly due in large part to the leadership of Captain Pierre Le Moyne d ' Iberville . In addition to setting an example of courage and valour for his men , he fought a remarkable strategic battle with the result that the " Hampshire " sank , the " Dering " retreated , and the " Hudson Bay " was captured complete with cargo . Le Pélican ( 1992 ) . A full - size authentic replica of " Pélican " was built at La Malbaie in Quebec . Construction began in 1987 , but the project was beset with problems . She was completed in 1992 . The ship , known as Le Pélican , was moved to Donaldsonville , Louisiana on the Mississippi River where it became the property of the Fort Butler ( Donaldsonville , Louisiana ) Foundation , but is currently grounded in poor condition and awaiting sale to a new owner . On 19 January 2008 , a barge towboat struck " Pélican " . Fuel leaking from the towboat caused the river to be closed to boat traffic .
Robert Lister Bower Major Sir Robert Lister Bower KBE CMG KPM ( 12 August 1860 – 13 June 1929 ) was a British Army , colonial and police officer who served as Chief Constable of the North Riding of Yorkshire Constabulary from 1898 until his death in 1929 . Bower came from an old Yorkshire family ; his father was Robert Hartley Bower of Welham Hall , Malton and his mother was a daughter of Sir John Lister - Kaye , 2nd Baronet of Denby Grange . Bower went to Harrow School in 1874 and was later commissioned into the Kerry Militia , from where he transferred to the King ' s Royal Rifle Corps in 1881 . He served in the Egypt ian campaign of 1882 and fought at Tel - el - Mahuta , Kassassin and Tel - el - Kebir . He also served in the 1884 Sudan campaign , fighting at El Teb and Tamai , where he was mentioned in dispatches , and in the Nile expedition of 1884 – 1885 , being mentioned in dispatches twice more . In 1892 he served with the Jebu expedition in West Africa and from 1892 to 1893 he was Political Officer at Jebu Ode . From 1893 to 1897 he was British Resident at Ibadan , Nigeria . For these services he was appointed Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George ( CMG ) in 1897 . In 1898 he was appointed Chief Constable of the North Riding of Yorkshire . He served in this role until his death , with a break in 1914 – 1916 when he returned to the Army as Deputy Assistant Adjutant - General in Egypt . He was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( CBE ) in the 1920 civilian war honours and was promoted to Knight Commander ( KBE ) in the 1925 Birthday Honours . Bower died suddenly from heart failure brought on by pneumonia .
8th Coastal Defence Flotilla The 8th Coastal Defence Flotilla ( 8th CDF ) is one of three tactical unit of the Polish Navy , composed of 5 main sub - units . The 8th CDF was established in 1965 . In 1994 it was named after vice - admiral Kazimierz PORĘBSKI . The flotilla consists of two ship squadrons and two shore units , supported by Naval Base ŚWINOUJŚCIE . The unit operates various combat ships and auxiliary vessels such as minelayers , minesweepers , landing crafts and logistic support vessels . The main base of 8th CDF is Swinoujscie Harbour . Its main tasks are : defence of the Polish Coast and sea zone , minecountermeasure ( MCM ) , minelaying , transporting the army , and search and rescue ( SAR ) missions .
Tomé de Sousa Tomé de Sousa ( 1503 - 1579 ) was the first governor - general of the Portuguese colony of Brazil from 1549 to 1553 . He was a nobleman and soldier born in Rates , Póvoa de Varzim . Sousa was born a half - breed noble and participated in military expeditions in Africa , fought the Moors and commanded the nau " Conceição " to Portuguese India , part of the armada of Fernão de Andrade . Sousa in Brazil . He was the agent in charge of restoring the king ' s authority in Brazil . Up until this point , Brazil had been neglected by Portugal , which was putting all of its resources into the spice trade in India . There was a decline in the spice trade and increasing threats around Brazil ' s borders by the surrounding Spanish colonies , which prompted Portugal to intervene . As part of this mission , Sousa had established his capital city of Salvador at Bahia on the Atlantic coast between São Paulo and Pernambuco . The new capital was supposed to bring together the twelve pre - existing settlements , though Sousa traversed the bordering areas and aided them by carrying over the idea of justice and diminishing the lawlessness and chaos . He planned on making the colony a strong military base to protect the Portuguese settlers from Indian or other outside forces . He brought 1 , 000 colonists and soldiers with him on an expedition to Brazil , including four hundred " degredado s " - " men banished from Portugal for some minor criminal activity . " Among the colonists were six Jesuits , the first in Brazil , whom he assisted in the christianization of the natives and helped to reaffirm the King ' s rule over the colonies . In terms of his relations with the Indians , he was able to befriend them and to prevent any further hostilities from them , as he proved to enjoy cruel and often extreme punishment . Return to Portugal . In 1552 , Sousa suggested that Rio de Janeiro might be a potential area for settlement and in 1553 he returned to Portugal to work under the King , acting as his adviser on Brazilian affairs . Sousa also helped to attract settlers to Brazil by installing municipal organizations , similar to the ones in Portugal , into the cities . Along with that he also managed to appoint local officials over the captaincies and strengthened tactical areas around the coast that would be beneficial to the safety of the citizens . Further reading . Crow , John A . " The Epic of Latin America , Fourth Edition . " University of California Press . 1992
USS Chafee ( DDG - 90 ) USS " Chafee " ( DDG - 90 ) is an " Arleigh Burke " - class guided missile destroyer in United States Navy . She is named for Senator John Lester Hubbard Chafee ( 1922 – 1999 ) , a Marine veteran of Guadalcanal who also served as the Secretary of the Navy . " Chafee " was laid down by the Bath Iron Works at Bath in Maine on 12 April 2001 , launched on 2 November 2002 and commissioned on 18 October 2003 . " Chafee " is an active unit of the Pacific Fleet and operates out of Pearl Harbor in Hawaii ; currently , " Chafee " is assigned to the " Nimitz " carrier group . The construction of USS " Chafee " and USS " Momsen " , from initial steelcutting to sea trials , was documented in the Discovery Channel television special " Destroyer : Forged in Steel " . The destroyers were not referenced by name , but their numbers were visible on their bows . Ship history . " Chafee " left her homeport of Pearl Harbor 20 May 2005 for her maiden deployment with the Carrier Strike Group . She returned safely to her homeport after a regularly scheduled deployment in support of the Global War on Terrorism . " Chafee " departed Pearl Harbor 9 April 2007 , as part of the San Diego based Carrier Strike Group ( CSG ) and deployed to the U . S 5th Fleet ( C5F ) area of operations . On 1 June 2007 , the " Chafee " fired its main gun at Al - Qaeda suspects in the Puntland region of Somalia . The men were wanted for the 1998 United States embassy bombings . " Chafee " returned home to Pearl Harbor , 22 September 2007 , marking the end a successful 167 - day Western Pacific and Middle East deployment .