naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
United Nations Safe Areas United Nations Safe Areas ( UN Safe Areas ) were humanitarian corridor s established in 1993 in the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina during the Bosnian War by several resolutions of the United Nations Security Council . On 16 April 1993 , with the United Nations Security Council Resolution 819 the Srebrenica enclave was declared a safe area . On 6 May 1993 , the United Nations Security Council Resolution 824 further extended the status to Sarajevo , Žepa , Goražde , Tuzla and Bihać . These cities and territories were placed under the protection of the UN peacekeeping units UNPROFOR . The establishment of the UN Safe Areas is considered today to be one of the most controversial decisions of the United Nations . The resolutions were unclear about the procedure by which these safe areas were to be protected in a war zone like Bosnia and Herzegovina . The resolution created a difficult diplomatic situation because the member states that voted in favor of it were , for political reasons , not willing to take the necessary steps to ensure the security of the safe areas . In 1995 the situation in UN Safe Areas was deteriorating , and it led to a diplomatic crisis which culminated in the Srebrenica massacre ; one of the worst atrocities in Europe since WWII . The UN Resolution 819 and 836 had designated Srebrenica a " safe area " to be protected using " all necessary means , including the use of force " . Continued attacks on UN Safe Areas as well as the continued Siege of Sarajevo also ultimately resulted in NATO intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina named Operation Deliberate Force . By the end of the war every one of the Safe Areas had been attacked by the Serbs , and Srebrenica and Žepa were overrun .
Istanbul Cooperation Initiative The Istanbul Cooperation Initiative ( ICI ) is an initiative launched during NATO ' s 2004 Istanbul summit . During this summit , NATO leaders decided to elevate the Alliance ’ s Mediterranean Dialogue to a genuine partnership and to launch the ICI with selected countries in the broader region of the Middle East . The initiative is an offer to engage in practical security cooperation activities with states throughout the Greater Middle East . This new initiative stands alongside NATO ' s Partnership for Peace Program and the Mediterranean Dialogue . NATO itself regards these security cooperation partnerships as a response to the new challenges of the 21st century and as a complement to the G8 and U . S . - EU decisions to support calls for reform from within the Broader Middle East region . The ICI offers practical cooperation with interested nations in the Greater Middle East in such areas as :
Australian stores lighter Yampi Lass Yampi Lass was a stores lighter of the Royal Australian Navy ( RAN ) during the Second World War . Built as a scow , " S . B . C " was used by the Swan Brewery Company and transported beer down the Swan River . She was bought by the Yampi Sound Mining Company and used to transport stores to their mine on Koolan Island . She was requistioned by the Royal Australian Navy during the Second World War , however she was never commissioned . While at , Darwin she was sunk during a storm inside Darwin Harbour on 11 April 1943 . Salvaged in October 1945 , she was sold for £15 10s .
No . 1457 Flight RAF No . 1457 ( Fighter ) Flight was formed at RAF Colerne on 15 September 1941 , and was equipped with Turbinlite Douglas Boston and Douglas Havoc aircraft . On operations they cooperated with the Hawker Hurricane s of 247 Squadron . By 15 November 1941 the flight moved to RAF Predannack , Cornwall . During its operational life the flight had three sightings of possible enemy aircraft . The first occasion was on 24 June 1942 , when the flight lit up a suspected Ju 88 and the satellite fighters of 247 sqn fired - on a RAF Short Stirling . Others sightings occurred on 27 June and in August , but no enemy aircraft was shot down . The flight was replaced with 536 Squadron on 8 September 1942 ( not on 2 September due to administrative reasons ) but officially disbanded as late as 31 December 1942 . 536 Sqn , which had taken over men and machines , carried on flying the Turbinlite Bostons and Havocs till the system was abandoned on 25 January 1943 , when Turbinlite squadrons were , due to lack of success on their part and the rapid development of AI radar , thought to be superfluous .
Michael L . Oates Michael Oates is a retired United States Army Lieutenant General from San Antonio , Texas . He was commissioned in the Infantry upon graduation from the United States Military Academy in 1979 . Military career . Lieutenant General Mike Oates was promoted to Lieutenant General on 30 Dec 2009 and assumed duties as Director , Joint Improvised Explosive Device Defeat Organization ( JIEDDO ) . He retired from this assignment in March , 2011 . General Oates is from San Antonio , Texas . His wife Barbara is from San Angelo , Texas and they have 3 grown daughters ; Katherine , Elizabeth and Margaret . LTG Oates ’ previous assignment was as Commanding General of the 10th Mountain Division ( Light Infantry ) and Fort Drum and as Commanding General , Multi - National Division ( SOUTH ) , in Iraq . General Oates was commissioned as an infantry officer following his graduation from the United States Military Academy at West Point , New York in 1979 . His initial duty assignments included service with the 2nd Battalion , 7th Cavalry , 1st Cavalry Division at Fort Hood , Texas and the 2d Battalion , 187th Infantry ( Airborne ) , Republic of Panama . Subsequent tactical assignments included service with the 3d Brigade , 101st Airborne Division ( Air Assault ) at Fort Campbell , Kentucky , and as Commander , 1st Battalion , 32d Infantry , 10th Mountain Division at Fort Drum , New York . General Oates later commanded 1st Brigade , 101st Airborne Division ( Air Assault ) from 1998 to 2000 and commanded the 10th Mountain Division ( Light ) from 2007 to 2009 . General Oates ’ non - tactical assignments include service as an Infantry Assignments Officer ; Current Operations Officer in the J3 , Joint Staff ; Executive Officer to Honorable Tom White , Secretary of the Army ; and as Chief of Staff to LTG Keith Kellogg , U . S . Army , Retired , the Chief Operations Officer , Coalition Provisional Authority , Baghdad , Iraq . General Oates holds a masters degree in National Security and Strategic Studies from the United States Naval War College , Newport , Rhode Island . He is a graduate of the Army ’ s Command and General Staff College . His awards include the Distinguished Service Medal ( with Oak Leaf Cluster ) , Legion of Merit ( with Oak Leaf Cluster ) , Bronze Star Medal ( with 2 Oak Leaf Clusters ) , Meritorious Service Medal ( with 4 Oak Leaf Clusters ) , and Army Commendation Medal ( with 2 Oak Leaf Clusters ) .
USS Bagley ( DD - 185 ) The second USS " Bagley " ( DD – 185 ) was a " Wickes " class destroyer in the United States Navy following World War I . She was renamed USS " Doran " and later transferred to the Royal Navy as HMS " St . Mary ' s " ( I - 12 ) , a Town class destroyer . As USS " Bagley " and USS " Doran " . Named for Ensign Worth Bagley , she was launched 19 October 1918 by Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company , Newport News , Virginia ; sponsored by Mrs . Adelaide Worth Bagley , mother of Ensign Bagley , commissioned 27 August 1919 , Commander R . L . Walker in command , and reported to the Atlantic Fleet . Between August 1919 and July 1920 " Bagley " served in destroyer Flotillas 1 , 3 , and 8 participating in maneuvers and training in the Atlantic and Caribbean . She was placed in reserve commission 16 July 1920 and out of commission at Philadelphia 12 July 1922 . During 25 April 1932 – 20 April 1934 she was on loan to the Coast Guard . The name " Bagley " was dropped 31 May 1935 and , until 1939 , she was referred to as DD - 185 ( ex - " Bagley " ) . She was renamed Doran 22 December 1939 , for John James Doran . Recommissioned 17 June 1940 , she reported to the Atlantic Squadron . " Doran " served with the Squadron until 22 September 1940 , when she was decommissioned at Halifax , Nova Scotia , and transferred in the destroyer - land bases exchange to Great Britain . See USS " Doran " for other ships of that name . As HMS " St . Mary ' s " . She was renamed HMS " St . Mary ' s " and arrived at Belfast , Northern Ireland , 8 October 1940 . Assigned to the permanent escort force of the 1st Minelaying Squadron , she arrived on the west coast of Scotland 31 October and took part in some of the early minelaying operations in Denmark Strait , between Iceland and Greenland . She also escorted a number of convoys . During 1941 she took part in most of the Squadron ' s minelaying operations and rendered service in the defense of shipping . On 29 August 1941 she was in a collision with the transport Royal Ulsterman off the west coast of Scotland and was in Salford Docks until December . " St . Mary ' s " carried out minelaying and shipping defense duties in 1942 and 1943 . In February 1944 she was paid off in the Tyne and remained there until the end of the war , when she was scrapped .
Ulchi - Freedom Guardian Ulchi - Freedom Guardian ( UFG ) is the new name ( as of 2008 ) of the military exercise previously known as Ulchi - Focus Lens , a combined military exercise between South Korea and the United States . The exercise is the world ' s largest computerized command and control implementation which mainly focuses on defending South Korea from a North Korean attack . The exercise was initiated in 1976 and is conducted annually during August or September . The word ' Ulchi ' comes from the name of a famous Korean general called Eulji Mundeok , who was the Commander - In - Chief of the army of Goguryeo . History . The origin of the exercise is Taeguk Yeonseup ( Taeguk Exercise ) , which began after the Blue House ambush by North Korean special forces in 1968 . The title of the exercise was changed to Ulchi Yeonseup ( Ulchi Exercise ) in the following year . In 1976 , it was integrated with ROK - US Combined Forces Command ' s military training , Focus Lens , into Ulchi - Focus Lens . The name of the exercise was changed again in 2008 to Ulchi - Freedom Guardian . Reaction of North Korea . On 20 August 2012 , the usually uneventful exercise began between the South Korea and the United States over the objections of North Korea . North Korea alleged that the drill was a precursor to a war planned against them . The North Korean foreign ministry stated that " the prevailing situation requires us to bolster up the war deterrent physically and goes to prove that it was entirely just when we determined to fully reexamine the nuclear issue . " Anti - war activists joined in , gathering outside the U . S . Army base in Seoul on to protest the drill . The United States Department of State countered , saying that North Korea must refrain from " bellicose statements . " General James D . Thurman , added on , stating that Ulchi Freedom Guardian is " a key exercise in strengthening the readiness of Republic of Korea and U . S . forces . "
USS Mirna ( SP - 1214 ) USS " Mirna " ( SP - 1214 ) was a United States Navy patrol vessel in commission from 1917 to 1918 . " Mirna " was built in 1911 as a private motorboat of the same name . In late July 1917 , the U . S . Navy acquired her under a free lease from her owner , Joseph Snellenburg Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , for use as a section patrol vessel during World War I . She was commissioned as USS " Mirna " ( SP - 1214 ) . Assigned to the 4th Naval District on 17 August 1917 , " Mirna " served on patrol duties on the Delaware River through the end of 1917 . In January 1918 " Mirna " was ordered returned to her owner . The Navy returned her to Snellenburg on 8 May 1918 .
Battle of Creadran Cille The Battle of Creadran Cille was fought in 1257 between the Gaels of Tír Chonaill , led by Goffraidh Ó Dónaill , and the Normans , led by Maurice FitzGerald . It took place near Sligo . The forces of Tír Chonaill were victorious and drove the Normans out of their territory . According to the " Annals of the Four Masters " ( English translation ) : A brave battle was fought by Godfrey O ' Donnell , Lord of Tirconnell , in defence of his country , with the Lord Justice of Ireland , Maurice Fitzgerald , and the other English nobles of Connaught , at Creadran - Cille in Ros - cede , in the territory of Carbury , to the north of Sligo . A desperate and furious battle was fought between them : bodies were mangled , heroes were disabled , and the senses were stunned on both sides . The field was vigorously maintained by the Kinel - Connell , who made such obstinate and vigorous onsets upon the English that , in the end , they routed them with great slaughter . Godfrey himself , however , was severely wounded ; for he met Maurice Fitzgerald face to face in single combat , in which they wounded each other severely . In consequence of the success of this battle , the English and the Geraldines were driven out of Lower Connaught . M1257 . 14 On the same day Mac Griffin , an illustrious knight , was taken prisoner by O ' Donnell ' s people ; and Sligo was afterwards burned and totally plundered by them . Donough , the son of Cormac O ' Donnell , was killed in the heat of this battle of Creadran . They ( O ' Donnell ' s people ) then returned home in consequence of O ' Donnell ' s wounds ; but , were it not that his wounds had oppressed him , he would have routed his enemies to the River Moy . Godfrey , on his return , prostrated and demolished the castle which had been erected by the English a short time before , at Cael - uisce , to carry on the war against the Kinel - Connell . M1257 . 15 Maurice Fitzgerald , for some time Lord Justice of Ireland , and the destroyer of the Irish , died .
Greek brig Aris The brig Aris ( , named after the god of war , Ares ) , was one of the most distinguished Greek ships during the Greek War of Independence and continued to serve in the Greek Navy until the early 20th century as a training ship . History . The 350 - ton " Aris " was constructed as a merchant vessel in Venice in 1807 . Upon the outbreak of the Greek Revolution in March 1821 , her owner , Anastasios Tsamados ( 1774 - 1825 ) from Hydra , armed the ship with 16 12 - pounder guns and joined the fleet of his home island . " Aris " participated in many of the early naval clashes with the Ottoman Navy , but became famous after the action fought at Navarino on , which became known as the " Sortie of " Aris " " ( Έξοδος του Άρεως ) . Sphacteria . At that time , a Greek garrison was quartered at the island at Sphacteria , which controlled the entrance of the excellent natural harbour of the Bay of Pylos ( Navarino ) . Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt , tasked by the Ottoman sultan to suppress the Greek revolt , needed to take the island in order to use the bay for his own purposes . " Aris " , along with 5 other brigs , were anchored at Sphacteria when , on the morning of April 26 , the combined Ottoman - Egyptian fleet arrived and started its attack on the island , bombarding the Greek positions and disembarking numerous troops . Most captains of the ships were on land , along with part of their crews , who were manning the island ' s cannons . The other ships sailed before the Ottoman fleet could seal off the bay , and after fighting off the Ottomans , were able to escape . The crew of " Aris " however still awaited their captain , who had been killed . Instead , Nikolaos Votsis , the captain of the " Athena " , which had already sailed without him , and Dimitrios Sachtouris , the commander of the Navarino fortress , came aboard , fleeing the advancing Egyptian soldiers . Votsis took over as captain , with Sachtouris as his first mate , and set sail . Also present on the ship was the Secretary of State , Alexandros Mavrokordatos , who was sent to the hold for safety . " Aris " sailed through the midst of the Turco - Egyptian fleet , being attacked on all sides for several hours and facing in total 32 ships one after another , before reaching the open sea . Casualties among the crew were just two dead and six wounded . After the Revolution . After the end of the War of Independence , the ship was bought by the Greek government for the new Royal Hellenic Navy and renamed " Athena " ( Αθηνά ) . It reverted to its old name in 1879 , and was in service , mainly as a training vessel for the Hellenic Naval Academy , until , when it was ceremonially sunk off Salamis with full honours on the 100th anniversary of the Greek Revolution . The action , justified on the grounds of the expense involved in the ship ' s maintenance , caused much criticism at the time from those who favoured her retention as a naval monument . Today , only the ship ' s figurehead is preserved , at the National Historical Museum of Athens .
Weapons platform A weapons platform is generally any structure or system on which a weapon can be mounted . For example , a fighter jet is a weapons platform for missile s , bomb s or autocannon s . Other vehicles such as the Humvee are considered weapons platforms as well , such as for grenade launcher s , machine gun s and some missile launchers . The term can describe a naval vessel , or an actual firearm system . In more general use , a weapons platform could be structured around a gun , such as a gun turret on a ship , or bracing on an aircraft . In addition , space satellites have been proposed as potential weapons platforms . These satellites could carry an arsenal of weapons , such as to threaten other countries with the possibility of a nuclear strike . ( See Rods from God ) The earliest weapons platforms were chariot s , followed by war - wagon s . The ancient Greek Helepolis , a massive siege tower which mounted catapults , could also be considered a weapons platform . The next attempt to mount weapons on platforms was made at sea , with catapults and eventually cannon mounted on their final form as ships of the line before the advent of ironclad warships mounting turrets . On land , the attempt to mount weapons on mobile platforms in the modern period was first made with railway gun s . These , as forms of artillery , were the last vestiges of development of the super - weapon thinking before the advent of the tank s that changed the use of weapons platforms in warfare , although the largest railway guns were still used during the Second World War on the Eastern Front .
USS Lehigh ( AK - 192 ) USS " Lehigh " ( AK - 192 ) was an " Alamosa " - class cargo ship that was constructed by the U . S . Navy during the closing period of World War II . She was declared excess - to - needs and returned to the U . S . Maritime Commission shortly after commissioning . Service career . The second ship to be so named by the Navy , " Lehigh " ( AK - 192 ) was laid down under a Maritime Commission contract by Walter Butler Shipbuilding Co . , Superior , Wisconsin , 8 June 1944 ; launched 25 November 1944 ; sponsored by Mrs . Stanley Butler ; acquired by the Navy 30 July 1945 . " Lehigh " placed in service the same day for ferrying from Beaumont , Texas , to Galveston , Texas ; placed out of service on the 31st ; and commissioned at New Orleans 13 September 1945 , Lt . George Kotnick in command . Because of the reduced need for cargo ships following World War II , " Lehigh " decommissioned 6 November 1945 and was turned over to the War Shipping Administration ( WSA ) the same day . Her ultimate fate is not known .
Jack Beddington John Louis " Jack " Beddington ( 1893 – 1959 ) was a United Kingdom advertising executive , best known for his work as publicity director for Shell in the 1930s and as head of the Ministry of Information Films Division during the Second World War . Biography . Early life . Jack Beddington was born in South Kensington , London in 1893 to Charles Lindsay Beddington and Stella Goldschmidt de Libantia . He was educated at Wellington College and Balliol College , Oxford . During World War I he served with the King ' s Own Yorkshire Light Infantry . In January 1918 he married Olivia Margaret Streatfeild . Shell - Mex and BP Ltd . . After a period working for the Asiatic Petroleum Company in Shanghai , Beddington became publicity manager for Shell UK in 1928 . During the 1930s , Beddington worked as assistant general manager and director of publicity for Shell - Mex and BP Ltd , a joint marketing venture started in 1932 between Shell and British Petroleum . He employed a number of artists such as Paul Nash , John Piper and Graham Sutherland to produce artwork for Shell . During this time , he spent a significant amount of money on producing films through the Shell Film Unit , on various topics . This unit was established by Edgar Anstey in 1934 as a result of a report written by documentary film - maker John Grierson about how Shell could make better use of film publicity . Rather than being direct advertising , the films produced served to promote a more positive image of Shell as existing for the public good rather than merely for profit . He also established , with John Betjeman , the ' Shell Guides ' to English counties . Second World War . In April 1940 , Beddington was appointed director of the Ministry of Information Films Division , replacing Kenneth Clark . He remained in this post until 1946 . In August 1940 , he renamed the GPO Film Unit as the Crown Film Unit , with Ian Dalrymple as its head . This unit focused on the production of documentary films , which Beddington supported even in the face of opposition from the Select Committee on National Expenditure . Almost three - quarters of all films produced or commissined by the Films Division between 1940 and 1945 were written , directed or produced by members of the documentary film movement , a group of film - makers brought together by John Grierson . Although many of these documentaries were for non - theatrical distribution , under Beddington ' s tenure , the Crown Film Unit produced such feature - length documentaries as " Target for Tonight " , " Desert Victory " and " Western Approaches " . After the war Beddington and Barnett Freedman helped launch the Lyons ' Lithograph series .
Donald G . Cook Donald G . Cook is a retired United States Air Force four - star general who served as Commander , Air Education and Training Command at Randolph Air Force Base , Texas from 2001 to 2005 . Cook entered the Air Force in 1969 through the ROTC program at Michigan State University . He completed undergraduate pilot training at Williams Air Force Base , Arizona . He has commanded a flying training wing , two space wings and the 20th Air Force . He has served as Legislative Liaison in the Senate Liaison Office , on the staff of the House Armed Services Committee , and as Director for Expeditionary Aerospace Force Implementation at U . S . Air Force headquarters . Prior to assuming command of Air Education and Training Command , he was assigned to Air Combat Command as Vice Commander . He is a command pilot and has flown more than 3 , 300 hours in the B - 52D / G / H , T - 37B and T - 38A . After retirement , Cook was elected to the Board of Directors of Burlington Northern Santa Fe Corporation , Crane Corporation , HawkerBeechcraft Corporation and USAA Federal Savings Bank .