naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
167th Volksgrenadier Division ( Wehrmacht ) The 167th Volksgrenadier Division ( German : " 167 . Volksgrenadierdivision " ) , formerly the 167th Infantry Division ( German : " 167 . Infanteriedivision " ) was a German Army infantry division in World War II . Operational history . Formation and France . The 167th Infantry Division was formed in the Bavarian capital of Munich in November 1939 , absorbing the 7th ; 27th and 34th Field - Replacement Battalions from their respective divisions in January . It was also at this point that its commanding officer , Colonel Gilbert , was promoted to Major General , shortly before his replacement by " Lieutenant General " Oskar Vogl . The division took part in the initial 1940 invasion of France with Army Group C , capturing Ouvrage Kerfent and Ouvrage Bambesch - two components of the Maginot Line - between 20 – 21 June . The division remained in occupied France until February 1941 , when it returned to its garrison in Bavaria . In August 1940 , " Major General " Hans Schönhärl took over as commanding officer , being promoted to " Lieutenant General " in December . Barbarossa and the Soviet Union . In June 1941 , the division was transferred to the occupied Polish capital of Warsaw as the Axis forces began their assault on the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa . In August , Schönhärl was replaced as commanding officer by " Major General " Verner Schartow , himself replaced by " Major General " Wolf Trierenberg . On December 17 , Red Army forces succeeded in punching a hole in the 167th ' s sector , only to be forced back by support from the 112th Infantry , with some tank support . The Ardennes . The re - created division , now designated " 167 . Voksgrenadierdivision " , took part in the Ardennes Offensive . On December 29 , it and the 1st SS - Panzer Division were support divisions under " General of the Panzer Troops " Hasso von Manteuffel ' s Fifth Panzer Army as the remnants of his army attempted to re - encircle Bastogne . During the initial assault divisional morale was high , and a non - commissioned officer was confident that the army would reach the English Channel shortly . On New Years Day , the 167th Volksgrenadier and 5th Parachute Divisions aided the panzers in defending the area around the Belgian town of Lutrebois in Luxembourg . While the three were able to hold off the approaching Americans and dealt heavy casualties to their enemies , the situation elsewhere in the Ardennes was different and the 167th was ordered to fall back .
HMS Verulam ( R28 ) HMS " Verulam " ( R28 ) was an V - class destroyer of the British Royal Navy that saw service during World War II . She was later converted into a Type 15 fast anti - submarine frigate , with the new pennant number F29 . She participated in the Battle of the Malacca Strait with HMS " Saumarez " , " Venus " , " Vigilant " , and " Virago " which cumulated in the sinking of the Japanese cruiser " Haguro " on 16 May 1945 . In 1953 she took part in the Fleet Review to celebrate the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II .
Birtha ( Mesopotamia ) Birtha ( ) was an ancient fortress on the river Tigris , which was said to have been built by Alexander the Great . It would seem , from the description of Ammianus , to have resembled a modern fortification , flanked by bastions , and with its approaches defended by out - works . Shapur II here closed his campaign in 360 , and was compelled to retire with considerable loss . D ' Anville identifies this place with modern - day Tikrit , Iraq , in which Edward Gibbon agrees with him . The word " Birtha " in Syriac means a castle or fortress , and might be applied to many places . From the known position of Dura , it has been inferred that the remarkable passage of the Tigris by Jovian in 363 took place near Tikrit . Towards the end of the 14th century , this impregnable fortress was stormed by Timur . The ruins of the castle are on a perpendicular cliff over the Tigris , about 200 feet ( 65 m ) high . This insulated cliff is separated from the town by a broad and deep ditch , which was no doubt filled by the Tigris . At the foot of the castle is a large gate of brick - work , which is all that remains standing ; but round the summit of the cliff the walls , buttresses , and bastions are quite traceable . There are the ruins of a vaulted secret staircase , leading down from the heart of the citadel to the water ' s edge .
Hans - Georg Benthack Hans - Georg Benthack ( 2 March 1894 – 17 August 1973 ) was a highly decorated Generalmajor in the Wehrmacht during World War II . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership .
Gennaios Kolokotronis Gennaios Kolokotronis ( Greek : Γενναίος Κολοκοτρώνης , 1803 , Zante - 1868 , Athens ) , baptized Ioannis Kolokotronis in Stemnitsa , Arcadia , was the son of Theodoros Kolokotronis , a hero of the Greek War of Independence . He acquired the name " Gennaios " ( meaning " brave " ) during the Greek War of Independence in which he fought valiantly despite his youth . Kolokotronis served as the aide de camp of King Otto with the rank of Major General , and was appointed by Otto as his last Prime Minister . He died on May 23 , 1868 .
Dum Dum Arsenal Dum - Dum Arsenal was a British military facility located near the town of Dum Dum ( near Calcutta ) in modern West Bengal , India . The arsenal was at the center of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , caused in part by the suspicion of Indian soldiers that the cartridges distributed at the arsenal , which they were expected to bite open , were greased with pig lard ( a problem for Muslims ) or cow fat ( a problem for Hindus ) . It was at this arsenal that Captain Neville Bertie - Clay developed the so - called " Dum - dum bullet " ( Mark IV cartridge ) , an exposed - nose bullet designed to mushroom in flesh . This was the first expanding bullet for military use , later banned from use in warfare by the Hague Convention . On 7 December 1908 , a serious explosion occurred by accident at the Dum - Dum arsenal , resulting in death or serious injury to about 50 native workmen .
105th Infantry Division ( German Empire ) The 105th Infantry Division ( " 105 . Infanterie - Division " ) was a unit of the Imperial German Army in World War I . The division was formed on May 5 , 1915 and organized over the next few weeks . It was part of a wave of new infantry divisions formed in the spring of 1915 . The division was disbanded in 1919 during the demobilization of the German Army after World War I . The division was formed primarily from the excess infantry regiments of existing divisions which were being triangularized . The division ' s 209th Infantry Brigade was formerly the 69th Infantry Brigade of the 36th Infantry Division , and came to the division with the 129th Infantry Regiment . The 21st Infantry Regiment came from the 35th Infantry Division and the 122nd Füsilier Regiment came from the 26th Infantry Division . The 21st and 129th Infantry Regiments were raised in West Prussia . The 122nd Füsilier Regiment was from the Kingdom of Württemberg , and was later replaced by the 400th Infantry Regiment , raised primarily in the Rhineland . Combat chronicle . The 105th Infantry Division initially served on the Eastern Front , seeing its first action in the Gorlice - Tarnów Offensive . It was then transferred south to participate in the Serbian Campaign . It advanced to the Greek border and remained on the Macedonian front until June 1916 . Elements of the division were detached and sent to Bulgaria during this period . The division was sent back to Galicia in June in response to the Russian Brusilov Offensive . In September , the division went to Latvia , and fought near Riga and Jakobstadt ( now Jēkabpils ) . At the end of October 1917 , the division was sent to the Western Front , entering the line in the German " Siegfried " position . It fought in the tank Battle of Cambrai in November 1917 and in the German counterattack in December . In April 1918 , the division participated in the German Spring Offensive , fighting in the First Battle of the Somme ( 1918 ) , also known as the Second Battle of the Somme ( to distinguish it from the 1916 battle ) . It remained in the Somme salient and fought against various Allied counteroffensives . The division moved to the St . Mihiel salient in September and then occupied the line in the Woëvre region . In October , it met the Allied Meuse - Argonne Offensive . The division remained in the line until the end of the war . Allied intelligence rated the division as third class . Order of battle on formation . The 105th Infantry Division was formed as a triangular division . The order of battle of the division on May 15 , 1915 was as follows : Late - war order of battle . The division underwent relatively few organizational changes over the course of the war . The 122nd Füsilier Regiment , a Württemberg unit , was replaced by the Prussian 400th Infantry Regiment . Cavalry was reduced , artillery and signals commands were formed , and combat engineer support was expanded to a full pioneer battalion . The order of battle on June 16 , 1918 was as follows :
Sea Frontier Sea Frontiers were established by the United States Navy from 1 July 1941 during World War II as areas of defense against enemy vessels , especially submarine s , along the American coasts . Sea Frontiers generally started at the shore of the United States and extended outwards into the sea for a nominal distance of two hundred miles . As early as 1927 the Navy ' s plans for the coastal defense of the United States and its Territories and possessions provided for the establishment of Naval Coastal Frontiers that would be larger operational commands than the individual Naval Districts . On July 1 , 1941 , the Chief of Naval Operations formally established several Naval Coastal Frontiers ; on February 6 , 1942 , these were renamed Sea Frontiers . Each Frontier was a geographic area , usually comprising a number of Naval Districts but including in addition the outer shipping lanes in its sea area . The land areas of the Frontiers corresponded roughly to the Army ' s Defense Commands , but the boundaries were not identical . The Frontier Commander was usually also the commandant of a Naval District within the Frontier . The chief responsibilities of the Sea Frontiers during World War II were operational ; Frontier forces engaged actively in scouting for enemy forces , particularly submarines , and in attack on any enemy units within their boundaries . Toward the end of the war the Frontiers were assigned administrative and logistic functions in addition to their operational responsibilities . Navy General Order No . 143 , issued on February 3 , 1941 , stated that Commandants of United States naval districts and Commanders of Naval Coastal Frontiers have administrative responsibility direct to the Navy Department for local and coastal forces ; but Commanders of Naval Coastal Frontiers have task responsibility to the Chief of Naval Operations for Naval Coastal Frontier Forces . ( Source Eastern Sea Frontier history , HyperWar ) In addition to the Sea Frontiers under the cognizance of U . S . military authorities , the Canadian Coastal Zone was the responsibility of the Royal Canadian Navy . This formation was very active since the majority of trans - Atlantic convoys originated or terminated in Canadian waters . List of Sea Frontiers . Western Sea Frontier ' s commander also served as commander of the Pacific Reserve Fleet as of 1937 - 38 .
Salvius Salvius ( died c . 100 BCE ) was a flute player who was proclaimed king by the rebelling slaves of ancient Sicily during the Second Servile War . He assumed the name Tryphon , from Diodotus Tryphon , a Seleucid king who ruled from 142 BC to 138 BC . As a rebel slave he waged war against the Romans .
Tetricus II Caius Pius Esuvius Tetricus ( also seen as Gaius Pius Esuvius Tetricus but better known in English as Tetricus II ) was the son of Tetricus I , Emperor of the Gallic Empire ( 270 - 274 ) . In 273 , he was raised to the rank of " Caesar " , with the title of " princeps iuventutis " , and in January 274 he started his first consulship , together with his father . After the defeat and deposition of his father in the autumn of 274 , he appeared as a prisoner in Aurelian ' s triumph , but the emperor spared their lives . According to some sources , he even kept his senatorial rank .
Wichard Joachim Heinrich von Möllendorf Wichard Joachim Heinrich von Möllendorf ( 7 January 1724 – 28 January 1816 ) was a Generalfeldmarschall of the Kingdom of Prussia . Biography . Möllendorf was born in Lindenberg ( Prignitz ) , now a part of Wittenberge , in the Margraviate of Brandenburg . He began his career as a page of King Frederick the Great in 1740 . The outbreak of the Silesian Wars gave him his first opportunity of seeing active service , and the end of the second war saw him a captain , promoted for bravery at Soor ( 1746 ) . In the Seven Years ' War , his brilliant conduct at the churchyard of Leuthen and at Hochkirch won him his majority . In 1760 his exertions retrieved the almost lost battle of Torgau , and the last success of the great King Frederick was won by the brigades of Prince Wied and Möllendorf ( now major - general ) at the Burkersdorf heights . Möllendorf was captured by the Austrians , but released in 1761 , and was made general a year after . He received an Order of Merit for his exertions . Seventeen years later , as lieutenant - general , he won at Brix one of the few successes of the War of the Bavarian Succession ( or Potato War ) . In the years of peace Möllendorf occupied considerable posts , being made governor of Berlin in 1783 . Promoted to general of infantry in 1787 , and general field marshal in 1793 , that year he commanded the troops which put into effect the second partition of Poland . He commanded the Prussian army on the Rhine in 1794 . In the disastrous Battle of Jena - Auerstedt ( 1806 ) Möllendorf played a considerable part , though he did not actually command a corps . He was present with King Frederick William III at Auerstedt . He was wounded , and fell into the hands of the French , in the debacle which followed . After releasing him , Napoleon awarded him the cross of the Legion of Honor . He passed the remainder of his life in retirement . He died in 1816 in Potsdam .
Frank O . Briggs Frank Obadiah Briggs ( August 12 , 1851May 8 , 1913 ) was a United States Senator from New Jersey . Biography . He was born on August 12 , 1851 in Concord , New Hampshire to James F . Briggs . He attended the public schools , Francestown Academy , and Phillips Academy . He was graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1872 and served in the Second Regiment , United States Infantry , as second lieutenant until 1877 , when he resigned from the Army . In 1877 , he moved to Trenton , New Jersey and engaged in the manufacture of wire and wire products ; he was a member of the Trenton School Board from 1884 to 1892 and was Mayor of Trenton , New Jersey from 1899 to 1902 . In 1901 and 1902 , he was a member of the New Jersey State Board of Education , and was New Jersey State Treasurer from 1902 to 1907 . Briggs was Chairman of the New Jersey Republican State Committee from 1904 to 1907 and again from 1910 to until his death in 1913 . He was elected as a Republican to the U . S . Senate , serving from March 4 , 1907 , to March 4 , 1913 ; he was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection . While in the Senate , he was chairman of the Committee on Geological Survey ( Sixty - first Congress ) and a member of the Committee to Audit and Control the Contingent Expense ( Sixty - second Congress ) . He resumed his former business pursuits in Trenton , where he died in 1913 , aged 61 . He was buried in Riverview Cemetery .
Alster ( A 50 ) The Alster ( A 50 ) is an intelligence ship of the German Navy . She is the lead ship of the German Navy ' s Type 423 . The " Alster " is a reconnaissance ship , which was originally intended to gather data on Soviet ships . She has a wide array of modern electromagnetic , hydroacoustic , and electro - optic sensors for strategic intelligence gathering . Her sensitive antennas can identify radar locations monitor flights , and can also listen in on radio and phone conversations . She can be used as an advance warning unit . Her crew is a mixture of German Navy sailors and German Bundesnachrichtendienst ( Federal Intelligence Agency ) officers . On the 26th of October 2006 , Israeli planes flew over the " Alster " while she was serving with the UNIFIL peacekeeping forces off the coast of Lebanon , stirring an international incident . German authorities declared that the planes had fired shots at the ship and evaded from the scene launching flares . The Israeli side , though denying that firing had occurred , acknowledged the incident and declared that no aggression was meant . Diplomatic activity resulted in a settlement , though none of the parties backed from its position . Namesake . Alster is the name of a small river in Hamburg and Schleswig - Holstein .
Joseph Kellaway Joseph Kellaway VC ( 1 September 1824 – 2 October 1880 ) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . Details . Kellaway was 30 years old , and a boatswain third class in the Royal Navy during the Crimean War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC . On 31 August 1855 in the Sea of Azov , Crimea , Boatswain Kellaway of HMS " Wrangler " , with the mate and three seamen , was put ashore to burn some boats , fishing stations and haystacks on the opposite side of a small lake . They had nearly reached the spot when they were ambushed by 50 Russians . One man fell into their hands , but Mr . Kellaway and the two other seamen had escaped when the mate accidentally fell . Mr . Kellaway immediately returned to help him , but they were surrounded by the enemy and notwithstanding a gallant resistance by Mr . Kellaway they were taken prisoner . Further information . He later achieved the rank of chief boatswain .
RPG - 43 The RPG - 43 ( for " ruchnaya protivotankovaya granata " meaning " hand - held anti - tank grenade " ) was a high explosive anti - tank ( HEAT ) hand grenade used by the Soviet Union during the Second World War . It entered service in 1943 , replacing the earlier model RPG - 40 . The RPG - 43 used a shaped charge HEAT warhead , whereas the RPG - 40 used the simpler HE ( High Explosive ) warhead . The RPG - 43 had a penetration of around 75 mm of RHA at a 90 degree angle . Later in the war , it was improved to become the RPG - 6 . History . During the early days of Operation Barbarossa the USSR ' s only infantry anti - armour weapons were anti - tank rifle s , anti - tank guns , and the RPG - 40 . These were adequate against early German tanks such as the Panzer I and Panzer II but , as the war progressed , they were found to be nearly useless against the heavier Panthers and Tigers . The RPG - 43 was developed as a result , and it was used in large numbers until the end of the war . After the war it was passed on in large numbers to Soviet client state s , and was used in the numerous Arab – Israeli conflict s . Despite being thoroughly outdated it can still be encountered in many third world nations mainly due to its reliability and low cost . Description . The RPG - 43 externally was shaped like an oversized stick grenade with a 95 mm HEAT warhead on the end . It weighed 1 . 247 kg of which 612 g was high explosive . When thrown , a cylindrical metal cone was released from the rear of the grenade and held by fabric strips to stabilise flight and increase the likelihood of a 90 degree hit . Its range was limited by how far the user could throw it , and was obviously shorter than the contemporary rocket - propelled US Bazooka and recoilless German Panzerfaust , so that the user had to get closer and was in more danger of being seen . However , it was much smaller than rocket weapons and produced no sound , smoke , or light when launched , therefore not betraying the thrower ' s position . Despite its limitations it was cheap and quick to manufacture , allowing it to become the main Soviet infantry anti - tank weapon of World War II . Tactics . Overall the RPG - 43 was an awkward and difficult weapon to use effectively . To use it , the user had to get within throwing range of an enemy tank , which was often dangerous . Despite having a powerful warhead , it took a skilled user to make the most of it as , like all shaped - charge weapons , it was only effective if the striking angle was close to 90 degrees . It also had to hit hard enough to detonate the impact fuse , or it would bounce harmlessly off the tank .
Wilhelm Durchdenwald Wilhelm Durchdenwald ( 27 June 1914 – 17 August 1942 ) was a highly decorated Oberleutnant in the Wehrmacht during World War II . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . Wilhelm Durchdenwald was killed on 17 August 1942 during the Battle of Stalingrad . He was posthumously awarded the Knight ' s Cross on 13 November 1942 .
No . 322 ( Dutch ) Squadron RAF No . 322 ( Dutch ) Squadron of the Royal Air Force was a fighter squadron during the Second World War . History . No . 322 Squadron of the Royal Air Force was formed from the Dutch personnel of No . 167 Squadron RAF on 12 June 1943 at RAF Woodvale . The squadron retained the code - letter combination VL which had been used previously by No . 167 Squadron until late 1944 or early 1945 , when it was changed to 3W . It served at RAF West Malling and other stations during the Second World War . From 20 June to 21 July 1944 , and equipped with Spitfire Mk XIVs , the squadron was tasked with intercepting the V - 1 Flying Bomb " doodlebug " missiles launched from the Dutch and French coasts towards London . Flying Officer Brugwal was the most outstanding pilot on these ' anti - diver ' patrols , claiming five of the missiles in one day ( 8 July ) . The total for the squadron was 108 . 5 destroyed . On 7 October 1945 , the squadron disbanded at Wunstorf in Germany as part of the RAF . In recognition of the squadron ' s wartime record , the squadron continued its existence at Twente Airbase on 27 September 1946 as the 322e Jachtvliegtuig Afdeling ( Fighter Division ) of the Royal Netherlands Army . Current No . 322 Squadron Royal Netherlands Air Force . In the Netherlands is the No . 322 Squadron RNLAF official considered as being the continuation of the No . 322 ( Dutch ) Squadron RAF , including its motto and mascot Polly Grey , the parrot . The current No . 322 Squadron RNLAF is equipped with the F - 16 fighting Falcon , operating from Leeuwarden Air Base . Current 322 Squadron . The tradition of the " In Dutch "
1 , 2 , 4 - Butanetriol trinitrate 1 , 2 , 4 - Butanetriol trinitrate ( BTTN ) , also called butanetriol trinitrate , is an important military propellant . It is a colorless to brown explosive liquid . BTTN is used as a propellant in virtually all single - stage missile s used by the United States , including the Hellfire . It is less volatile , less sensitive to shock , and more thermally stable than nitroglycerine , for which it is a promising replacement . BTTN as a propellant is often used in a mixture with nitroglycerin . The mixture can be made by conitration of butanetriol and glycerol . BTTN is also used as a plasticizer in some nitrocellulose based propellants . BTTN is manufactured by nitration of 1 , 2 , 4 - butanetriol . Biotechnological manufacture of butanetriol is under intensive research .