naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
War Plan Black One of the Rainbow Plans , War Plan Black was the name of an American military plan to fight Germany in the early 20th century . The best - known version was conceived as a contingency plan during World War I in case France fell and the Germans attempted to seize French possessions in the Caribbean or to launch an attack on the eastern seaboard . The United States was to plant mines and have submarines on patrol at sites Germany might seize for a foothold in the Caribbean . The plan was revised in 1916 to concentrate the main US naval fleet in New England , and from there defend the US from the German navy . Following Germany ' s defeat , the plan lost importance .
230th Battalion ( Voltigeurs Canadiens - Français ) , CEF The 230th ( Voltigeurs Canadiens - Français ) Battalion , CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War . Based in Ottawa , Ontario , the unit began recruiting in early 1916 in eastern Ontario , Hull , Quebec , and the surrounding district . The battalion also drew heavily from members of the 70th Regiment , based in Hull , Quebec . The battalion became the 230th Forestry Battalion in October 1916 . This unit apparently sent six drafts overseas in 1917 ; these were on January 23 ( ) , January 26 ( ) , March 3 ( ) , May 3 ( ) , June 2 ( ) , and June 25 ( SS " Justicia " ) . The 230th Battalion was disbanded in 1918 . Following the war , it was perpetuated by 70th Regiment , which is still active . References . Meek , John F . " Over the Top ! The Canadian Infantry in the First World War . " Orangeville , Ont . : The Author , 1971 .
5th North African Infantry Division The 5th North African Infantry Division was a French Army formation during World War II . During the Battle of France in May 1940 the division was made up of the following units : The Division was created in September 1939 and was dissolved in June 1940 following the invasion of France . The Division was commanded by Generals Ferdinand Vieillard ( to April 1940 ) and Augustin Agliany . It was an active division which existed during peacetime . The Tirailleurs Regiments were made up of native troops from North Africa . The Zouaves Regiment was made up from European settlers in North Africa and some recruited from France .
Mountain Rangers Mountain Rangers was the nickname of an Oregon militia regiment formed in during the American Civil War . A mounted unit , the Mountain Rangers were officially Company A , 1st Regiment , 1st Brigade , Oregon State Militia . During the Civil War the State of Oregon organized militias to replace the Federal troops who had been recalled for the war . Organized on May 18 , 1863 in Ashland , the Mountain Rangers were organized as an independent military company , the only one in Southern Oregon . The men approved a constitution and bylaws , and elected their officers and NCO ' s . They agreed to buy military fatigue caps , furnish their own horses and wear grey shirts and blue overalls . Officers wore U . S . military uniforms . For the Fourth of July , the Mountain Rangers ordered new uniforms with matching dark blue coats and pants . Jackson County officials rented a saloon in Ashland to serve as an armory for weapons and ammunition supplied by the state . The Rangers were primarily a marching and social organization with many of the region ' s leading citizens in the ranks . Prominent Oregon pioneer Abel Helman served as captain . A highlight for the Oregon militiamen was the Military Ball at the Ashland Hotel on Jan . 8 , 1864 , in celebration of the anniversary of the Battle of New Orleans . The Mountain Rangers are one of the best documented Oregon militia units because of the meticulous journal kept by company journalist and future captain Oliver Applegate . The Oregon volunteer troops were demobilized beginning in 1866 when federal troops moved back into the northwest . No longer did the citizens of Oregon nor the state legislature consider the need for a well - armed and disciplined reserve force .
8th District of Columbia Infantry Battalion The 8th District of Columbia Infantry Battalion was an infantry battalion that served in the Union Army between April and July , 1861 , during the American Civil War . Service . The battalion was organized at Washington , D . C . . Its purpose , until June , was the defence of Washington . In June , the regiment formed part of an expedition to Rockville , Maryland , passing through Seneca Mills ( on June 10 ) and reaching Great Falls on July 7 . They were then mustered out during July , 1861 .
Ice Exercise 2009 Ice Exercise 2009 ( ICEX ) was a two - week US naval military exercise that took place in March 2009 . Its aim was to test submarine operability and war - fighting capability in Arctic conditions . The polar region has lately become the subject of increased attention on the part of the Arctic Circle countries because of potential competition for its natural resources . Overview . Two US Atlantic Fleet attack submarines , and , took part in the exercise . The Russian Pacific Ocean Fleet has said it would be closely monitoring the exercise . " Any action by foreign submarines in the vicinity of Russia ' s maritime borders naturally demands heightened scrutiny on our part , especially in the light of an accident involving a British submarine during a previous exercise , " an official from the fleet said . He also said that the Pacific Fleet would use all its reconnaissance capability deployed on the Kamchatka Peninsula to track the activities of the U . S . exercise . Michael Byers of " Globe and Mail " speculated that the USS " Annapolis " might travel to Alaska using a 2 , 000 - kilometre shortcut through the Northwest Passage , which Canada claims as " internal waters . " According to maritime law , in Canadian internal waters , Washington must obtain Ottawa ' s permission for any voyage , whether on the surface or submerged . According to Byers , " Ottawa ' s failure to protest against the submarine transits could constitute evidence that - in the corridors of international diplomacy , where it really matters - Canada has already surrendered its claim . "
Lucius Coelius Antipater Lucius Coelius Antipater was a Roman jurist and historian . He is not to be confused with Coelius Sabinus , the Coelius of the Digest . He was a contemporary of C . Gracchus ( b . c . 123 ) ; L . Crassus , the orator , was his pupil . Style . He was the first who endeavoured to impart to Roman history the ornaments of style , and to make it more than a mere chronicle of events , but his diction was rather vehement and high - sounding than elegant and polished . Pomponius considers him more an orator than a jurist ; Cicero , on the other hand , prizes him more as a jurist than as an orator or historian . Writings . None of his juridical writings have been preserved . He wrote a history of the Second Punic War , and composed Annales , which were epitomized by Brutus . Antipater followed the Greek history of Silenus Calatinus , and occasionally borrowed from the " Origines " of Cato the Elder . He is occasionally quoted by Livy , who sometimes , with respectful consideration , dissents from his authority . It is manifest , however , from Cicero and Valerius Maximus that he was fond of relating dreams and portents . Editions . Orelli refers to the dissertations on Antipater by Bavius Antius Nanta and G . Groen van Prinsterer , inserted in the Annals of the Academy of Leyderi for 1821 . His fragments , several of which are preserved in Nonius , are to be found appended to the editions of Sallust by Joseph Wasse , Corte , and Havercamp ; and also in Krause ' s Vitae et Fragmenta vet . Histor , Mom . p . 182 , & c . Reception . Hadrian is reported to have preferred him as an historian to Sallust ( Spartianus , Hadrian , c . 16 ) ; by Valerius Maximus he is designated " certus Romanae historiae auctor " ( a reliable authority on Roman history ) .
Arsenal An arsenal is a place where arms and ammunition are made , maintained and repaired , stored , issued to authorized users , or any combination of those . Over the centuries , this has included every variant of such a place , whether privately or publicly owned ( with the latter in older royal and modern state - owned versions ) . Armories and arsenals are both places where arms or ammunition may be made , maintained and repaired , stored , or issued . The usage differences between the names is mainly a matter of historical linguistic development . It is a common principle in natural language that synonym s have subtle connotative boundaries ( albeit ones that may be somewhat permeable over time and distance ) . Types . A lower - class arsenal , which can furnish the material and equipment of a small army , may contain a laboratory , gun and carriage factories , small - arms ammunition , small - arms , harness , saddlery tent and powder factories , and a powder factory ; in addition it must possess great store - houses . In a second - class arsenal the factories would be replaced by workshops . The situation of an arsenal should be governed by strategic considerations . If of the first class , it should be situated at the base of operations and supply , secure from attack , not too near a frontier , and placed so as to draw in readily the resources of the country . The importance of a large arsenal is such that its defences would be on the scale of those of a large fortress . Operational subdivision . The usual subdivision of branches in a great arsenal is into " storekeeping " , " construction " and " administration " . Under " storekeeping " we should have the following departments and stores : Departments of issue and receipt , pattern room , armoury department , ordnance or park , harness , saddlery and accoutrements , camp equipment , tools and instruments , engineer store , timber yard , breaking - up store , unserviceable store . Under " construction " : Gun factory , carriage factory , laboratory , small - arms factory , harness and tent factory , powder factory , etc . In a second - class arsenal there would be workshops instead of these factories . " Administration " : Under the head of administration would be classed as the chief director of the arsenal , officials military and civil , non - commissioned officers and military artificers , civilian foremen , workmen and laborers , with the clerks and writers necessary for the office work of the establishments . In the manufacturing branches are required skill , and efficient and economical work , both executive and administrative ; in the storekeeping part , good arrangement , great care , thorough knowledge of all warlike stores , both in their active and passive state , and scrupulous exactness in the custody , issue and receipt of stores . Frederick Taylor introduced command and control techniques to arsenals , including the U . S . ' s Watertown Arsenal ( a principal center for artillery design and manufacture ) and Frankford Arsenal ( a principal center for small arms ammunition design and manufacture ) .
USS Wahtah ( YT - 140 ) USS " Wahtah " ( YT - 140 ) , later YTB - 140 , was a United States Navy harbor tug in commission from 1939 to 1946 . " Wahtah " was laid down on 28 August 1939 at Portsmouth , Virginia , by the Norfolk Navy Yard . She was launched on 14 December 1939 , sponsored by Miss Marie Yvonne Thornton , and soon thereafter was placed in service at the Washington Navy Yard in Washington , D . C . . For the remainder of her active career , " Wahtah " remained attached to the Washington Navy Yard performing local tugging and towing operations , providing waterfront fire protection , and other related services . She was reclassified as a large harbor tug and redesignated YTB - 140 on 15 May 1944 . Struck from the Navy List on 15 October 1974 , she was soon sold .
ORP Żbik ORP " Żbik " was a which saw service in the Polish Navy from 1932 to 1955 . Her name means " wildcat " in Polish . " Żbik " was laid down in 1927 in Caen , launched in 1930 , and entered service in 1932 . When World War II began on 1 September 1939 , she took part in the Worek Plan for the defense of the Polish coast . According to the plan she laid her mines , one of which sank a small ( 525 t ) German minesweeper " M - 85 " on 1 October . After suffering battle damage and shortages of fuel , the submarine withdrew to neutral Swedish waters and was interned on 25 September . After the war , she returned to Poland in October 1945 and served in the navy of the Polish People ' s Republic until 1955 . She was scrapped in 1956 . Commanders . 20 . 2 . 1932 - ? . 12 . 1932 captain E . Plawski ? . 12 . 1932 - ? . 7 . 1938 captain H . Kloczkowski ? . 7 . 1938 - 25 . 9 . 1939 lieutenant M . Zebrowski External links .
Algerine - class gunvessel The " Algerine " - class gunvessel was a class of three Royal Navy composite gunvessel s built in 1880 . Two of them were sold after only 10 years of service , but the other was converted to a survey ship before commissioning and survived in this role until 1907 . Design and construction . Designed in 1879 by Nathaniel Barnaby , the Chief Constructor of the Royal Navy , the " Algerine " - class gunvessels were similar to the s of 1875 , but with the addition of a poop deck . It had been found that the addition of both poop and focsle made gunvessels far more comfortable in the tropics ; an awning spread between the two allowed men to sleep on the upper deck during hot nights . The composite method of construction used iron for the keel , stem , stern post and framing , with wooden planking . As well as the benefits of low cost , this construction allowed repairs to be conducted easily when away from well - equipped dockyards . This was the last class of composite gunvessels built for the Royal Navy . Propulsion . A two - cylinder horizontal compound - expansion steam engine produced between and through a single screw , giving a speed of about . Sail plan . The vessels of the class were barque - rigged , but some of the pictures show yards on the mizzen mast , which would have made them ship rigged . The advantage of the barque rig was the need for less manpower , but on a distant station and with an experienced crew , and infrequent coaling stops , captains sometimes preferred to gain the greater sailing benefits of the ship rig , and had the flexibility to do so . Armament . The " Algerine " - class gunvessels were designed with one ( 4½ ton ) muzzle - loading rifles , two 64 - pounder muzzle - loading rifles , 2 machine guns and a light gun . The single 7 - inch gun was later replaced by a pair of 5 - inch breech - loading guns . " Rambler " , as a survey vessel , was finished with four 20 - pdr breech loading guns , one machine gun and one light gun . Service lives . HMS " Rambler " . " Rambler " was commissioned in 1880 and served on the China Station , including a survey in Western Australia . In 1899 she contributed men to a naval brigade during the Boer War , and was sold in 1907 . HMS " Ranger " . " Ranger " served on the East Indies Station . Having been sold in 1892 , she was hired as an ammunition hulk during World War I . HMS " Algerine " . " Algerine " commissioned in 1886 , six years after she was launched .
Sikorsky S - 41 The Sikorsky S - 41 was an amphibious flying boat airliner produced in the United States in the early 1930s . Essentially a scaled - up monoplane version of the Sikorsky S - 38 biplane flying boat , Pan Am operated the type on routes in the Caribbean , South America , and between Boston and Halifax . Development . The S - 41 had a parasol wing configuration , with two radial engines mounted on struts between the fuselage and the wing . The cabin was completely enclosed within the all - metal hull and could seat 15 passengers . The United States Navy purchased three examples and designated them RS - 1 ; these were joined by two Pan Am aircraft pressed into Navy service and designated RS - 5 . Accidents and incidents . On 27 August 1931 , one of these vessels crash landed at sea while making the run between Halifax N . S . and Boston MA . After two hours clinging to the sides of a partially inflated life raft in rough seas , the 12 survivors were rescued by the " F / V Nova Julia " , a mackerel seiner out of Gloucester MA , captained by Capt . Leo Favaloro . There was one fatality . Seventy year old Edward Bamwell was assumed trapped in the wreckage as it disappeared beneath the waves just a moment after he gallantly allowed one of the three women passengers to precede him to the waiting raft . The Sikorsky had only been in service one month . Heavy fog was cited as the cause of the crash . On 28 October 1931 , Col Thomas C . Turner , Chief of the Aviation Section of the United States Marine Corps ferried a Sikorsky RS - 1 to Port - au - Prince , Haiti . After arrival , he was struck by one of the aircraft ' s propellers and died from his injuries .
Land battery A land battery is a special type of gun emplacement or " anti - shipping " naval interdiction fortification used in coastal defense to protect areas such as anchorages , harbors , and rivers . They are also used in restricted waters such as straits or channel s , or coastal inland waterway s which have the tactical and strategic purpose of area denial to the enemy . In the modern era , land batteries were primarily built during times of war , such as those constructed in both World War I and World War II against the U - boat threat , or off North Vietnam during the Vietnam War . Those most recently constructed are based in Iran and Iraq .
USS Williams ( SP - 498 ) The first USS " Williams " ( SP - 498 ) , sometimes cited as USS " Williams 18 , later USS " SP - 498 , was a United States Navy patrol vessel in commission from March to December 1918 . Construction and acquisition . " Williams " was built as the private vessel " Grayling " - described by sources both as a wooden - hulled screw steam yacht and as a motorboat - in 1907 by B . Frank Wood at City Island , The Bronx , New York , for Justus Ruperti of New York City to a design by the firm of Tams , Lemoine , and Crane . Apparently she later was renamed " Williams " . The U . S . Navy eventually acquired " Williams " for use as a section patrol vessel during World War I . She was commissioned at New York City as USS " Williams " ( SP - 498 ) on 16 March 1918 with Chief Boatswain M . T . Moran , USNRF , in command . World War I operations . During her " unofficial trial trip " on 18 March 1918 , " Williams " suffered a broken propeller shaft and was towed to the Philadelphia Marine Basin for repairs . One month later , while being taken in tow by the patrol yacht , " Williams " was jammed between " Aramis " and the pier , suffering damage again . Apparently still without propulsion , " Williams " was towed to an offshore mooring and used for a month as a floating classroom by groups of hydrophone ( or " listening tube " ) trainees , or " listeners . " At the end of each day , she was towed back to port . Drydocked in May 1918 , " Williams " made a trial trip under her own power on 14 May 1918 , her first time underway under her own power in nearly two months . On 28 May 1918 , " Williams " s propeller struck the bottom while she was operating off Sandy Hook , New Jersey , and was damaged . She soon underwent repairs , after which she trained " listeners " using " listening tubes " for the remainder of the spring and summer of 1918 . She suffered slight damage in collision with the salvage tug on 27 September 1918 . At 1045 hours on 16 October 1918 , " Williams " got underway quickly to come to the assistance of the sinking British steamer " Port Phillip " . She lay to off " Port Phillip " and presumably rendered assistance , although she did not enter her activities into her logbook . On 17 October 1918 , all listening gear was removed from " Williams " and stored and she was drydocked for repairs at the New York Navy Yard in Brooklyn , New York . She apparently remained at the shipyard through the end of World War I on 11 November 1918 and into December 1918 . At some point in 1918 , " Williams " was renamed " SP - 498 " , presumably to avoid confusion with the new destroyer , which was then under construction . The exact date of the name change is not available . Disposal . In the early part of December 1918 , all armament , ammunition , and naval gear were removed from " SP - 498 " . She then proceeded to Shadyside , New Jersey , on 18 December 1918 , where on that day she was simultaneously decommissioned , stricken from the Navy List , and returned to her owner .
David Syrett David Syrett ( 8 January 1939 in White Plains , New York – 18 October 2004 in Leonia , New Jersey ) was Distinguished Professor of History at Queens College , City University of New York in Flushing , New York and a widely respected researcher and documentary editor on eighteenth - century British naval history and the Battle of the Atlantic during World War Two . Early life and education . The son of the well - known historian of the early American republic and editor of the " Papers of Alexander Hamilton " , Harold Syrett ( d . 1984 ) , David Syrett was graduated from Columbia University in 1961 . After completing his M . A . at Columbia in 1964 , he went on the University of London , where he completed his Ph . D . in 1966 with a thesis on “ Shipping and the American War . Academic Affiliations . New York Military Affairs Symposium , President , 1990 – 2004
Antonov An - 72 The Antonov An - 72 ( NATO reporting name Coaler ) is a Soviet transport aircraft , developed by Antonov . It was designed as a STOL transport and intended as a replacement for the Antonov An - 26 , but variants have found success as commercial freighters . The An - 72 and An - 74 get their nickname , " Cheburashka " , from the large engine intake ducts , which resemble the oversized ears of the popular Soviet animated character of the same name . Design and development . The An - 72 first flew in . Produced in tandem with the An - 72 , the An - 74 variant adds the ability to operate in harsh weather conditions in polar regions , because it can be fitted with wheel - skis landing gear , de - icing equipment and a number of other upgrades allowing the aircraft to support operations in Arctic or Antarctic environments . Other An - 72 versions include the An - 72S VIP transport and An - 72P maritime patrol aircraft . An unusual design feature of the An - 72 is the use of the Coandă effect to improve STOL performance , utilizing engine exhaust gases blown over the wing ' s upper surface to boost lift . The first flight was made on August 31 , 1977 , but it was only in the 1980s that production started . The power plant used is the Lotarev D - 36 turbofan engine . The An - 72 bears a resemblance to the Boeing YC - 14 , a prototype design from the early 1970s which had also used overwing engines and the Coandă effect . The rear fuselage of the aircraft has a hinged loading ramp with a rear fairing that slides backwards and up to clear the opening . Up to 7 . 5 tons can be airdropped whilst there are folding side seats for 52 passengers . Operational history . The An - 72 has STOL capabilities : its takeoff roll is 620 metres and its landing run is 420 metres . This aircraft was designed to be used on unprepared surfaces : its robust undercarriage and high - flotation tyres allow operations on sand , grass or other unpaved surfaces . In January 1997 and 1998 , the Paris - Dakar rally was assisted by two An - 72 aircraft . In 1999 , a total of four aircraft of this type joined the rally . Operators . Civil operators . In August 2006 , a total of 51 An - 72 and Antonov An - 74 aircraft remain in airline service . Major operators include Badr Airlines ( three ) , Air Armenia ( three ) , Enimex ( five ) , Gazpromavia ( 12 ) , and Shar Ink ( eight ) . Some 17 other airlines operate smaller numbers of the type .