naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Short range air defense Short Range Air Defense ( SHORAD ) is a group of anti - aircraft weapons and tactics that have to do with defense against low - altitude air threats , primarily helicopters and low - flying close air support aircraft such as the A - 10 or MiG - 27 . SHORAD and its complements , HIMAD ( High to Medium Air Defense ) and THAAD ( Terminal High Altitude Area Defense ) divide air defense of the battlespace into domes of responsibility based on altitude and defensive weapon ranges . Canada . The Canadian Forces Land Force Command use the Air Defense Anti - Tank System ( ADATS ) based on the M113A2 . The ADATS is considered to be the most successful SHORAD system in the world with 85 % or better engagement success rate . ADATS is a completely self - contained system in an unmanned turret with FLIR ( Forward - Looking Infrared ) and TV sensors , laser rangefinder and designator , a search radar . Composed of eight missiles Air Defense Anti - Tank System , the ADATS can find and hit multiple threats in few second . United States . In the United States Army , SHORAD teams are attached as organic air defense assets at the battalion or brigade level . US SHORAD teams are based around the FIM - 92 Stinger missile and its mounted platforms , the M1097 Avenger and M6 Linebacker . Airborne and Air Assault units primarily employ MANPADS teams for SHORAD ; armored units rely on the Linebacker and Bradley Stinger Fighting Vehicle . In the United States Marine Corps , SHORAD teams are employed via the two Low Altitude Air Defense ( LAAD ) Battalions . LAAD teams are employed in A - MANPADS ( Advanced Man Portable Air Defense System ) Increment 1 vehicles . Related Military Occupational Specialties . The following Military Occupational Specialties ( MOS ' s ) are related to SHORAD :
George Nicholas Bascom George Nicholas Bascom ( 1837 - February . 21 , 1862 ) U . S . Army officer , in Arizona and in the American Civil War . George N . Bascom was born in Owingsville in Bath County , Kentucky . His ancestors were of French Huguenot and French Basque . Bascom was appointed to the United States Military Academy at West Point , and graduated 26th in a class of 27 in 1858 . Following his graduation he was first stationed at Camp Floyd in Utah and then in Arizona at Fort Buchanan as a 2nd Lieutenant of the U . S . 7th Infantry Regiment . In January 1861 he was involved in what became known as the Bascom Affair at Apache Pass , that is considered to be the key event in triggering the 1861 - 1872 Apache War . After the American Civil War began , Bascom , was promoted to captain , of the U . S . 16th Infantry Regiment . However before he could return to join his new regiment , the three companies of the 7th Infantry that had moved to Fort Craig were involved in the Battle of Val Verde in New Mexico Territory . Bascom was killed in action by Confederate forces on February 21 , 1862 , during the battle . Subsequently Fort Bascom , New Mexico , was named in his honor . Captain Bascom was originally buried at nearby Fort Craig , in the post cemetery . When the Fort Craig was closed in 1885 , all the bodies were reburied at the Santa Fe National Cemetery . Bascom ' s burial was one of that was not identifiable and is believed to be one of the unknown markers .
RCV - 9 The RCV - 9 is a light armoured vehicle manufactured by Land Systems OMC ( a business unit of BAE Systems ) of South Africa . Production history . It was developed in 1986 as a private venture by Sandock - Austral as an internal security vehicle for protecting high risk areas such as airports . Soon after the company taken over by TFM , it was merged into Reunert Defence OMC in 1997 .
Anneliese Kohlmann Anneliese Kohlmann ( March 1 , 1921 – September 17 , 1977 ) was a German SS camp guard within the Nazi concentration camp system during World War II , notably , at the Neuengamme concentration camp established by the SS in Hamburg , Germany ; and at Bergen - Belsen . She was tried for war crimes at the so - called Belsen Trial in Lüneburg in 1945 . Camp service and postwar trial . Kohlmann was born in Hamburg to Margret and Georg Kohlmann , a Masonic leader . On April 1 , 1940 , she became a member of the NSDAP but until November 1944 worked as a streetcar conductor . On 4 November 1944 , Kohlmann joined the SS Women ' s Auxiliary and was appointed as " Aufseherin " at the Neugraben subcamp of the notorious Neuengamme concentration camp system using prisoner forced labour in various locations across northern Germany . In March 1945 , she was transferred to slave - labor camp in Hamburg - Tiefstack . Soon after the liberation she was arrested on the grounds of Bergen - Belsen after her former victims from Neugraben and Tiefstack identified her wearing prisoner clothes . She was kept in Celle prison until her trial . Kohlmann was found guilty of repeatedly whipping inmates including pregnant women across the face , kicking until they lost consciousness , condemning at least one female prisoner to punishment of 30 lashes for a piece of stolen bread , and sexually exploiting younger women . She was sentenced to only two - year prison term due to her short service in the SS and the defense claim that she did not kill anyone . After serving her sentence ( cut in half by time spent in jail before trial ) Kohlmann remained in Hamburg . She moved to West Berlin in 1965 . On September 17 , 1977 Kohlmann died in Berlin at the age of 56 . " Aufseherin " Anneliese Kohlmann is most remembered as one of the SS female camp guards at Bergen - Belsen , ordered to help bury the bodies of camp victims in a mass grave , which was photographed by the Allies and widely distributed thereafter .
Island castle The island castle ( ) is a variation of the water castle . It is distinguished by its location on an artificial or natural island . It is a typical lowland castle . Because the island on which the castle was erected is separated from the shore by at least two bodies of water , artificial defences such as moats or shield wall s were usually unnecessary if the castle was surrounded by flowing water . Such castles could therefore be very easily and cheaply built . Many island castles in lakes were , however , relatively easily captured in winter if there was an ice sheet thick enough to support attacking troops , because they were often rather poorly fortified . The best - known island castle in Germany is Pfalzgrafenstein Castle near Kaub . The only Gothic water castle in Europe is Trakai Castle in Lithuania .
Type 95 Heavy Tank The Type 95 Heavy Tank was the final version of the Japanese multi - turreted designs in commission during the time periods of World War I and World War II . Modeled from Axis German and Italian tank designs , this tank featured 2 turrets , the main armament being a 70mm cannon , and its secondary turret mounting a 37mm gun and two 6 . 5mm machine guns . Only the prototype was ever produced , in 1934 .
Cherokee - class fleet tug The Cherokee " class , originally known as the Navajo " class , was a class of fleet tug s built for the United States Navy prior to the start of World War II . They represented a radical departure from previous ocean - going tug designs , and were far more capable of extended open ocean travel than their predecessors . This was due in large part to their 205 ' length , 38 ' beam , and substantial fuel - carrying capacity . They were also the first large surface vessels in the US Navy to be equipped with diesel / electric drive . The original ships of the Navajo class differed from their later , more numerous counterparts ( the Bannock , Abnaki , and Achomawi classes ) in various ways , most noticeably by the inclusion of a full - counter stern . Other , less visible differences included variances in armament , lifting boom design and capacity , superstructure arrangement , and internal layout . The first three three vessels were constructed from 1938 - 1940 , at the Staten Island Shipyard division of Bethlehem Steel Corp . Navajo and Seminole joined the Pacific fleet in 1940 , and Cherokee to the Atlantic fleet . Navajo was en route to San Diego from Pearl Harbor on December 7 , 1941 , and immediately reversed course once news broke of the attack . She became a critical element of salvage operations there , as did her sister ship Seminole , in the days following the attack . Following the loss of the first two ships of the class , " Navajo " and " Seminole " , the class was renamed from its original name of " Navajo " - class to " Cherokee " - class .
Torpedo gunboat In late 19th - century naval terminology , torpedo gunboats or , in north European usage , torpedo cruisers , were a form of gunboat armed with torpedo es and designed for hunting and destroying smaller torpedo boats . By the end of the 1890s torpedo gunboats were superseded by their more successful contemporaries , the torpedo boat destroyers . A number of torpedo gunboats , such as the " Alarm " class and the " Dryad " class , were built for the Royal Navy during the 1880s and the 1890s ; similar vessels were also constructed or otherwise acquired by a number of European nations and Japan . Essentially very small cruiser s , torpedo gunboats were equipped with torpedo tubes and an adequate gun armament , intended for hunting down smaller enemy torpedo boat . In practice they failed in their primary objective , as they were not fast enough to keep up with torpedo boats . One of the faster torpedo gunboats was the Spanish warship " Destructor " , commissioned in 1887 . See also . List of gunboat and gunvessel classes of the Royal Navy # Torpedo gunboats
Rookmangud Katawal General Rookmangud Katawal is a former Chief of Army Staff of the Nepali Army . Biography . A graduate of the Indian National Defence Academy and the Indian Military Academy , he holds a Bachelor of Arts degree from Nepal ' s Tribhuwan University and a Masters Degree in National Defence from Pakistan ' s Quaid - i - Azam University . General Katawal is also the Distinguished International Honour Graduate of the US Special Forces Course , and earned the coveted Gideon in the U . S . Ranger Course . He is also a graduate of the Army Command and Staff College , Camberley UK , the Senior Command Course , India and the National Defence University , Islamabad , Pakistan . Military career . In 1988 he became the Chief Military Personnel Officer of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon . General Katawal was appointed as Chief of the Army Staff ( COAS ) of the Nepalese Army on 10 September 2006 . Earlier , he was Chief of General Staff from 10 September 2004 to 10 September 2006 in the rank of Lieutenant General , and commanded the then Western Division in the peak of counterinsurgency operations between December 2003 and August 2004 . General Katawal is also ' Colonel Commandant ' of his old battalion , Shree Pashupati Prasad . On 29 December 2001 , General Katawal was appointed the first co - coordinator of the National Security Council Secretariat . He also served as the Adjutant General ( AG ) and the Director of Military Intelligence of the Nepalese Army , and as the Commandant of the Royal Nepalese Military Academy . He holds the distinction of having commanded three consecutive Brigades , two Infantry and one Special Forces . He has also served in the United Nations Emergency Force ( UNEF ) in the Suez Canal area , and has been the Nepalese Government ' s Liaison Officer to the Brigade of Gurkhas of the British Army and Government of Hong Kong , and the Chief Military Personnel Officer of the United Nations Interim Forces in Lebanon ( UNIFIL ) . Positions and controversy . He has been fiercely resisting group integration of Maoist rebels into the National Army and has been at odds with Maoist government on several other issues . Controversy surrounding his relationship with the ruling government , largely focused on recruiting issues , led to his brief sacking on May 3 , 2009 . It was also rumored that he had a strong backing from Indian government . Protests in response to his sacking included the withdrawal of the Communist Party of Nepal ( Unified Marxist - Leninist ) from the ruling coalition government . The CPN - Maoist s at the head of the coalition then named Lt . General Kul Bahadur Khadka as a replacement COAS . Shortly afterwards , the President of Nepal overrode both decisions and ordered him to continue his service . This resulted in Prime Minister Prachanda ' s resignation and a general collapse of the government .
38th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment The 38th Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War . Service . The 38th Illinois Infantry was organized at Camp Butler , Illinois and mustered into Federal service on August 15 , 1861 for three years service . The regiment was mustered out on December 31 , 1865 . Total strength and casualties . The regiment suffered 7 officers and 107 enlisted men who were killed in action or who died of their wounds and 3 officers and 177 enlisted men who died of disease , for a total of 294 fatalities .
Charles Luers Nordsiek Charles Luers Nordsiek ( April 19 , 1896 – March 9 , 1937 ) was a Seaman in the United States Navy and a Medal of Honor recipient for his role in the United States occupation of Veracruz . He died March 9 , 1937 and is buried in Arlington National Cemetery , Arlington , Virginia . His grave can be found in section 7 , lot 10230 - SS . Medal of Honor citation . Rank and organization : Ordinary Seaman , U . S . Navy . Born : 19 April 1896 , New York , N . Y . Accredited to : New York . G . O . No . : 101 , 15 June 1914 . Citation : On board the U . S . S . Florida , Nordsiek showed extraordinary heroism in the line of his profession during the seizure of Vera Cruz , Mexico , 21 and 22 April 1914 .
USS Reliance ( 1860 ) USS " Reliance " ( 1860 ) was a steamer acquired by the Union Navy for use during the American Civil War . Her duties included river patrols and bombarding with her howitzers . " Reliance " , a wooden screw steamer built in 1860 at Keyport , New Jersey , was purchased by the Union Navy at New York City on 7 May 1861 ; and commissioned there on 13 May 1861 , Acting Lt . Jared P . K . Mygatt in command . Assigned to the Potomac Flotilla . Assigned to the Potomac Flotilla , she began her active service by blockading the Virginia side of the Potomac River . From 29 May to 1 June 1861 , she joined in attacks against Confederate positions at Aquia Creek , Virginia . On 20 June she engaged Rebel batteries at Marlborough Point , Virginia ; and a week later she fought Confederate forces at Mathias Point , Virginia . " Reliance " patrolled the river , searching for smuggled supplies , runaway slaves , and deserting Confederate soldiers . On 12 August 1862 , she captured the sloop , " Blossom " , and sent a boat expedition into Sturgeon Creek . She seized the sloop " Painter " off Alexandria , Virginia , 30 October and took the longboat , " New Moon " , on 24 November carrying contraband cargo . " Reliance " is captured by Confederate raiders . Along with other boats of the Flotilla , she cooperated in operations with troops of the Army of the Potomac along the Rappahannock River . During these operations , " Reliance " service was ended by a daring Confederate raid . On 12 August 1863 , Lt . John Taylor Wood , CSN , led 80 Rebel troops with six boats loaded on wagons secretly overland to the Rappahannock ; concealing themselves by day , the raiders searched the river by night and found " Reliance " and anchored off Windmill Point at the mouth of the river . On 23 August , Wood ' s men surprised , boarded , and captured the two Federal gunboats . " Reliance " is destroyed to prevent its recapture by the Union Navy . The Southerners took their two prizes to Port Royal , Virginia , only to be destroyed on 28 August to prevent their recapture by approaching Union cavalry under Gen . Hugh Judson Kilpatrick .
109th Division ( Imperial Japanese Army ) The Imperial Japanese Army ' s was a division of 20 , 000 soldiers . Commanded by Tadamichi Kuribayashi , it was the main Japanese garrison on the volcanic islands of Iwo Jima and Chichi Jima which was attacked by American forces from February to March 1945 . Formation . Formed on 30 June 1944 , the 109th Division consisted of two reinforced brigades under the command of Lt . General Tadamichi Kuribayashi who was a descendant of Samurai s , half the 109th was stationed to each island with Major General Tachibana commanding those on Chichi Jima and Kuribayashi commanding those on Iwo Jima . Many of the 109th ' s personnel had previously served in China , Burma and the Dutch East Indies and had become reservists who were now reluctant to go back to battle . To bolster morale the Japanese Emperor Hirohito sent his own palace guard of anti - aircraft gunners to Chichi Jima to support the troops — as it was expected the main force of Americans would strike there , however the Allied Joint Chiefs of Staff decided to bypass Chichi Jima altogether . Preparations . With preparations underway Kuribayashi worked with the tactic of defense - in - depth building numerous pillboxes for machine - gunners and 13 , 000 yards of tunnels with even a field - hospital worked in . However he had issues with many officers — dismissing 18 of them along with his Chief - of - staff , Kuribayashi also lost control of the Naval troops who dug in on the beaches . The Battle Begins . On the 19th of February 1945 the battle began , but quickly came the feeling that the 109th were doomed as air or naval relief would not be able to help . Kuribayashi ordered his troops to inflict maximum damage and casualties on the enemy and to " kill 10 men before dying " . For 33 days the 109th fought on Iwo Jima , facing against tanks and heavy bombardments from the sea and air . In the end only 1083 Japanese survived , with a mere 216 captured from the 109ths 21 , 000 men during the battle , the other 867 Japanese soldiers came from other units . As for Kuribayashi , it is generally thought that he committed suicide by leading the last major counterattack . The rest held out hungry and alone in Iwo Jima ' s tunnels until the U . S . soldiers used explosives to clear the tunnels weeks later . Knowledgeable Predictions . During a dinner with Major Yoshitaka Horie ( in charge of 109th Divisions Detached Headquarters on Chichi Jima ) Kuribayashi asked Horie his opinion for defending Iwo Jima , to which Horie replied it was vulnerable as " a pile of eggs " and better to sink it to the bottom of the ocean with enough explosives . Kuribayashi — who had spent much time in Canada as deputy military attache and traveled often in America — was in agreement , however they knew that at 628 miles from Tokyo Iwo Jima would be " a dagger aimed straight at the heart of the homeland " . Before leaving Japan to take up his post , Kuribayashi had informed his wife not to expect him home .
4th U . S . Light Artillery , Battery H Battery " H " 4th Regiment of Artillery was a light artillery battery that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War . Service . The battery was attached to 5th Division , Army of the Ohio , February to May 1862 . ( United with 4th U . S . Light Artillery , Battery M February 1862 to January 1863 . ) Artillery , 4th Division , Army of the Ohio , to September 1862 . 10th Brigade , 4th Division , II Corps , Army of the Ohio , to November 1862 . Artillery , 2nd Division , Left Wing , XIV Corps , Army of the Cumberland , to January 1863 . Artillery , 2nd Division , XXI Corps , Army of the Cumberland , to October 1863 . Artillery , 1st Division , IV Corps , Army of the Cumberland , to March 1864 . 1st Division , Artillery Reserve , Department of the Cumberland , to October 1864 . Transferred to Battery " I " 4th Artillery October 1864 . Detailed service . Arrived at Louisville , Ky . , January 1862 . Moved to Nashville , Tenn . , February 14 – 25 , 1862 ; thence march to Savannah , Tenn . , to reinforce Army of the Tennessee March 20 - April 6 . Battle of Shiloh , April 6 – 7 . Advance on and siege of Corinth , Miss . , April 29 - May 30 . Bridge Creek May 22 . Tuscumbia Creek May 31 . Buell ' s Campaign in northern Alabama and middle Tennessee June to August . March to Louisville , Ky . , in pursuit of Bragg August 21 - September 22 . Pursuit of Bragg to London October 1 – 22 . Battle of Perryville , Ky . , October 8 . Danville October 11 . March to Nashville , Tenn . , October 22 - November 9 , and duty there until December 26 . Advance on Murfreesboro December 26 – 30 . Battle of Stones River December 30 – 31 , 1862 and January 1 – 3 , 1863 . At Murfreesboro until June . Tullahoma Campaign June 23 - July 7 . Occupation of middle Tennessee until August 16 . Passage of Cumberland Mountains and Tennessee River and Chickamauga Campaign August 16 - September 22 . Battle of Chickamauga , September 19 – 20 . Siege of Chattanooga , Tenn . , September 24 - November 23 . Reopening Tennessee River October 26 – 29 . Chattanooga - Ringgold Campaign November 23 – 27 . Demonstration on Dalton , Ga . , February 22 – 27 , 1864 . Near Dalton February 23 . Tunnel Hill , Buzzard ' s Roost Gap and Rocky Faced Ridge February 23 – 25 . Reserve Artillery at Nashville , Tenn . , until October . Transferred to Battery " I " October 1864 . Reorganized at Washington , D . C . , February 1865 , and duty in the defenses of that city until August 1865 .
Battle of Empel The Battle of Empel or Miracle of Empel ( " Milagro de Empel " in Spanish ) was a battle fought on December 7 and December 8 , 1585 near the place of Empel , as part of the Eighty Years ' War , in which a Spanish force miraculously escaped destruction . In Spain the battle is still remembered as it is believed that the army was saved due to intervention of Mary of the Immaculate Conception . The Battle . After the campaign of 1585 , Alexander Farnese , Duke of Parma decided to go into winter quarters on Dutch territory . The troops of Karl von Mansfeld occupied the area around ' s - Hertogenbosch . Some 5000 experienced troops , including Juan del Águila , under " Maestre de Campo " Francisco de Bobadilla were stationed on Bommelerwaard , which was supposed to be rich enough to support these troops through the winter . But all farmers had left the island , taking their livestock with them . To make the situation of the hungry and wet spaniards troops even worse , Philip of Hohenlohe - Neuenstein appeared with a strong force and 100 ships . He breached the dikes of Bommelwaard , forcing the Spanish back over the Rhine to Empel . There they were unable to reach ' s - Hertogenbosch , because the terrain was flooded and guarded by the fleet of Hohenlohe . The island was attacked as well by artillery fire coming from a fort , at the other side of the river . The situation for the Spanish looked desperate , until a Spanish soldier , while digging a trench , as he said : " it is more to be my grave than a trench " , around the church , found a painting representing Mary of the Immaculate Conception . < br > Bobadilla saw the discovery as a sign from God , and had the painting put on the Spanish flag for worship . The next day the wind turned , and an intense cold made the water freeze , which is still unknown how could it had happend , because it is not normal and never experienced before there . The Dutch fleet , surrounding the island , was stuck , and the exhausted Spanish , after beeing aware of what happened to the river , assaulted the fleet and took it all , leaving ten ships whole and sinking the rest of the fleet . The Dutch land bastion , with panic because they heard the fight in their ships , was assaulted and taken as well . Few , or nearly none , spaniards died , and the force escaped from a sure annihilation . The same day , Mary of the Immaculate Conception was proclaimed patroness of the Tercios of Flanders and Italy . In the 19th century . On December 8 , 1854 , Pope Pius IX defined the dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary ; In 1892 , Maria Cristina of Austria ( Maria Christina Désirée Henriette Felicitas Rainiera von Habsburg - Lothringen , u Österreich ) , Queen Regent of Spain , proclaimed Mary of the Immaculate Conception patroness of the entire Spanish Infantry .