naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Project on Nuclear Issues The Project on Nuclear Issues ( PONI ) is a program hosted by the Center for Strategic and International Studies ( CSIS ) to advance the public debate about the future role nuclear technology will play on the world stage . Origin . Created in 2003 with support from a few government agencies and private donations , PONI has two stated goals . First , it seeks to " build and sustain a networked community of young nuclear experts from the military , the national laboratories , industry , academia , and the policy community . " Second , " < nowiki > [ work ] < / nowiki > to contribute to the debate and leadership on nuclear issues by generating new ideas and discussions among both its members and the public - at - large . " Philosophy . From the PONI public website : " Perhaps the most critical challenge in sustaining the US nuclear deterrent after the end of the Cold War is maintaining the human infrastructure necessary to support US nuclear capabilities . This is especially true as the human infrastructure necessary to support a nuclear stockpile at the envisioned level of 1700 - 2200 operational warheads is not appreciably smaller than that necessary to support one at current levels . The challenge is therefore to maintain a smaller , but still vibrant , community of nuclear experts . " Leadership . Clark A . Murdock started PONI when it was widely recognized that the nuclear community faced an impending crisis . With the widespread and rapid retirement of nuclear scientists and experts from the national laboratories , private industry , and the government . His study " Revitalizing the U . S . Nuclear Deterrent " , co - authored with Michèle Flournoy , documented these concerns with shocking clarity . Clark initiated PONI out of concern about the future leadership and expertise of the nuclear community .
Mokotów Field Pole Mokotowskie ( Polish for " Mokotów Field " ; often erroneously referred to by newcomers to Warsaw in the plural form , " Pola Mokotowskie " , " Mokotów Fields " ) is a large park in Warsaw . Part of it is called " Józef Piłsudski Park . " Located between Warsaw ' s Mokotów district and the city center , the park is one of the largest in Warsaw . Until World War II , a major part was occupied by an airfield and the Warsaw Polytechnic aircraft works . Pole Mokotowskie was also , until 1934 , the site of Warsaw Airport and , until 1939 , of the Warsaw Horse Racing Track . Located within the park is the Polish National Library . The park is also famous for its bars . Just to the south is a Warsaw Metro station , the " Pole Mokotowskie " station . Notes . Re
Brigade Major In the British Army , a Brigade Major was the Chief of Staff of a brigade , the title is no longer used except in the Household Division and in divisional level artillery HQs . In 1913 Staff Captains of Artillery in the British Army were re - styled as Brigade Majors to bring them into line with Cavalry and Infantry practice . During the Great War , the Brigade Major was reportedly " a key personality who affected the health and happiness of the battalions . "
XM - 54 mine The XM - 54 was an experimental U . S . incendiary landmine tested during the Vietnam War . It was a large bounding mine that could either be command detonated or trip wire activated . It contained 15 . 3 lbs ( 6 . 9 kg ) of plasticised white phosphorus . Approximately 200 were shipped to Vietnam in August 1968 , and some were used operationally .
HMCS Regina ( FFH 334 ) HMCS " Regina " ( FFH 334 ) is a that has served in the Canadian Forces since 1993 . " Regina " is the fifth vessel in her class which is the name for the Canadian Patrol Frigate Project . She is the second vessel to carry the designation . " Regina " was laid down on 6 October 1989 at MIL Davie Shipbuilding , Lauzon and launched on 25 January 1992 . She was officially commissioned into the CF on 29 December 1993 and carries the hull classification symbol 334 . She is assigned to Maritime Forces Pacific ( MARPAC ) and is homeported at CFB Esquimalt . Service . " Regina " serves on MARPAC missions protecting Canada ' s sovereignty in the Pacific Ocean and enforcing Canadian laws in its territorial sea and Exclusive Economic Zone . " Regina " steamed from Esquimalt on 3 July 2012 to the Arabian Sea and joined Combined Task Force 150 on 21 August . She returned to home port on 14 March 2013 . In 2013 the " Regina " visited Manila , Philippines for a goodwill visit to the Philippines . Lineage - Regina . First of Name Second of Name
Battle of Palo Alto The Battle of Palo Alto was the first major battle of the Mexican - American War and was fought on May 8 , 1846 , on disputed ground five miles ( 8 km ) from the modern - day city of Brownsville , Texas . A force of some 3 , 400 Mexican troops – a portion of the " Army of The North " – led by General Mariano Arista engaged a force of 2 , 400 United States troops – the " " Army of Observation . " " Background . The war began as a result of Mexican efforts to besiege a U . S . army installation , " Fort Texas " , ( Garrison : Major Brown with 7th Infantry , Capt . Loud ' s Artillery Co . with four 18 pounders , & Lt . Bragg ' s Light Artillery four guns ) which the Mexicans viewed as having been built within the boundaries of Mexican Texas . General Zachary Taylor , receiving supplies from Port Isabel , heard the distant report of cannon fire . The Mexicans had begun to attack Fort Texas . Taylor gathered his troops and rushed to relieve the defenders of the fort but was intercepted by a Mexican force commanded by General Arista . Another Mexican force ( 1 , 540 men , including Artillery 14 Guns , Matamoros Natl . Guards Battalion , Mexico ( Col . F . de Berra ) , Puebla ( Col . Orihuella ) , & Morelia ( Col . Urriza ) Activos Battalions ) under General Francisco Mejia were left behind at Fort Brown & Matamoros . Battle . General Arista ' s army was stretched a mile wide , making an American bayonet charge impossible . Taylor , in an unlikely move , advanced his artillery to attack the enemy . It was this " Flying Artillery " — the tactic of using light artillery to attack then quickly move to another location and fire once more , developed by Major Samuel Ringgold — that won the battle for the Americans . The Mexican artillery , heavy and slow , was futile in the thick brush at Palo Alto . Arista ordered cavalry charges to flank the artillery gunners , but the American " Flying Artillery " was able to mobilize and relocate . Aftermath . Ringgold died of wounds inflicted in the battle , but his death spurred a significant boost to morale across America . After the first day , Taylor arose to find that the Mexicans had withdrawn from the field of battle and moved camp to the site of the next engagement , Resaca de La Palma . Mexicans suffered large casualties compared to the Americans for several reasons . The Mexican army had poor gunpowder compared to the Americans , shortening the range of their cannon and musket fire . The poor powder had a tendency to explode prematurely and caused many soldiers to pour smaller amounts of gunpowder , further affecting the range of their weapons . Mexican soldiers usually had little training and were often scared of the volatile gunpowder . The battlefield is now Palo Alto Battlefield National Historical Park and is maintained by the National Park Service . Order of battle . Mexican . Army of the North - Gen . div . Mariano Arista 12 Guns ( 2 - 8 lbs , 8 - 4 lbs and 2 - ? lbs ) Infantry American . Army of Observation – Brigadier General Zachary Taylor 1st Brigade " Left Wing " – Lt . Col . William G . Belknap 2nd Brigade " Right Wing " – Colonel David E . Twiggs
HMS Holland 4 " Holland " - class submarine No 4 was launched on the 23 May 1902 . She was built by Vickers , at Barrow in Furness , Cumbria , United Kingdom , and was laid down in 1902 . She was commissioned into the Royal Navy on 2 August 1903 . In 1905 the submarine was fitted with a conning tower . She was the only member of the " Holland " - class to be given this modification . She foundered on 3 September 1912 . She was salvaged and used as a gunnery target on 17 October 1914 .
60th Brigade ( United Kingdom ) The 60th Brigade was a formation of British Army . It was part of the new army also known as Kitchener ' s Army . It was assigned to the 20th ( Light ) Division and served on the Western Front during the First World War .
GAU - 12 Equalizer The General Dynamics GAU - 12 / U Equalizer is a five - barrel 25 mm Gatling - type rotary cannon . The GAU - 12 / U is used by the United States , Italy and Spain , which mount the weapon in their fighter jets such as the AV - 8B Harrier II , airborne gunship s such as the Lockheed AC - 130 , and land - based fighting vehicles . Development . The five - barrel ' Equalizer ' cannon was developed in the late 1970s , based on the mechanism of the GAU - 8 / A Avenger cannon , but firing a new NATO series of 25 mm ammunition . The GAU - 12 / U cannon is operated by a 15 hp ( 11 kW ) electric motor , in external mounts supplied by a bleed air driven pneumatic system . Its rate of fire is normally 3 , 600 rounds per minute , with a maximum of 4 , 200 rounds per minute . For use in the AC - 130 gunship , the fire rate is limited to 1 , 800 rounds per minute in order to conserve ammunition and reduce barrel wear . Current uses . The current principal application for the Equalizer is the AV - 8 Harrier II s of the United States Marine Corps , Italian Navy and Spanish Navy . The Harrier II carries the Equalizer system in a pair of pods mounted on the fuselage sides , with the cannon in the port pod and 300 rounds of ammunition in the starboard pod , fed through a bridge at the aft ends of the pods that also contains the drive system for the gun . The complete installation , which includes a double - ended feed system that returns empty cartridges to the magazine , weighs 900 lb ( 410 kg ) empty and 1 , 230 lb ( 560 kg ) loaded . RAF and Fleet Air Arm Harriers have not adopted the Equalizer for their Harrier GR7 and GR9s . The British had originally planned a pair of ADEN 25 guns ( using the same ammunition as the GAU - 12 / U , but based on the 30 mm ADEN cannon ) . That gun was canceled in 1999 after protracted development problems , and British Harrier GR7 / 9s were without gun armament until retirement . The Equalizer is also used in the AC - 130U Spooky gunship , where one cannon is mounted on the port side , and the U . S . Marine Corps LAV - AD air - defense vehicle . Other applications have been planned for the GAU - 12 / U , including a mounting for the AH - 1 Cobra attack helicopter . GAU - 22 / A . The GAU - 22 / A is the latest application of the GAU - 12 / U , which is a four barrel version designed for use on the F - 35 Lightning II . The CTOL version of the aircraft will carry the gun internally , while on the STOVL and CV versions an external podded gun will be fitted . The major difference between the GAU - 12 / U and the GAU - 22 / A is the use of a four barrel system , rather than the five barrels on the standard GAU - 12 / U . The four barrel version is purported to reduce weight and improve accuracy . This system is currently undergoing intensive testing and qualification . The weapon ' s current contractor is General Dynamics Armament and Technical Products . The rate of fire is reduced to 3300 rounds per minute and the accuracy is improved to 1 . 4 milliradians as compared to the GAU - 12 . The Nammo 25 mm APEX projectile is being developed for the GAU - 22 / A . Media . Test firing of GAU - 22 gun
Sagamore Hill Military Reservation Sagamore Hill Military Reservation was a coastal defense site located in Sagamore Beach , Massachusetts . History . The Sagamore Hill Military Reservation was built on state land . Its mission was to protect the Cape Cod Canal from possible air and naval attack . It never did have to fire its guns in defense but did play an important part in the defense of the canal . Site now . The Panama mounts ( 1942 ) and battery commander ' s station of a two - gun 155mm battery still remain here , as well as several magazine igloos .
Convoy PQ 11 Convoy PQ 11 was an Arctic convoy sent from Great Britain by the Western Allies to aid the Soviet Union during World War II . It sailed in February 1942 and arrived in Murmansk without loss . Voyage . PQ 11 sailed from Kirkness , Iceland on 14 February 1942 . The convoy was undetected by German aircraft or U - boat s in the continuous darkness of the polar night , and arrived safely at Murmansk , the Soviet Union ' s only ice - free Arctic port , on 22 February . Ships . PQ 11 consisted of 13 merchant ships ; eight British , two Soviet , one American , one of Panamanian and one of Honduran registry . The convoy was escorted by two destroyers , " Airedale " and " Middleton , two corvettes and four ASW Trawler s . These were supportd by the cruiser " Nigeria " . The convoy was joined in the last stage of the voyage by two Soviet destroyers and five Royal Navy minesweepers based at Murmansk .
Geoffrey Keyes Geoffrey Keyes ( October 30 , 1888 – September 17 , 1967 ) was a highly decorated officer of the U . S . Army with the rank of Lieutenant General , who commanded the II Corps during World War II . Early life . Geoffrey Keyes was born on October 30 , 1888 in Fort Bayard , New Mexico as a son of U . S . Army officer , Captain Alexander S . B . Keyes and his wife , Virginia Maxwell Keyes . Like his father , Geoffrey Keyes enrolled as a Cadet at the United States Military Academy at West Point on March 2 , 1908 and graduated on June 12 , 1913 with the rank of Second Lieutenant . His first assignment was with the 6th Cavalry Regiment , where he served until October , 1916 and participated in the Pancho Villa Expedition . His next assignment was at United States Military Academy at West Point , where he served as an instructor of French language . He was also head football coach for one season in 1917 . compiling a record of 7 – 1 . His interwar service included duty with Panama Canal Division as an Assistant Chief of Staff ( G - 3 ) , instructor at United States Military Academy at West Point and at Cavalry School at Fort Riley , Kansas and Chief of Supply of Supply Division within War Department . He also graduated from the Command and General Staff School in 1926 and the Army War College in 1937 . World War II . In 1940 , he was Chief of Staff of the 2nd Armored Division . Keyes became Commanding General of the 3d Armored Division in 1942 . From June to September 1942 , he commanded the 9th Armored Division before going to North Africa as Deputy Commanding General of the I Armored Corps . From 1943 to 1945 , he was Commanding General of II Corps . He commanded the Seventh United States Army from 1945 to 1946 and the Third United States Army from 1946 to 1947 . In 1947 , Keyes was appointed U . S . High Commissioner on the Allied Council for Austria . He served as Director , Weapons Systems Evaluation Group ( WSEG ) from 1951 to 1954 . Keyes retired in 1954 and died on September 17 , 1967 at Walter Reed Hospital in Washington , D . C . . He is interred at West Point . Decorations . Lieutenant general Keyes ' s ribbon bar :
Poczet Poczet ( fellowship or retinue ) ( plural " Poczty " ) was the smallest organized unit of soldiers in Kingdom of Poland and Polish - Lithuanian Commonwealth from the 15th until the 18th century . The name of a medium or heavy - cavalry soldiers in poczet was pocztowy . In the cavalry , each poczet was commanded by a " towarzysz husarski " or " towarzysz pancerny " . Several Poczets were combined to form larger units such as the " Chorągiew " ( Company , or more correctly , the equivalent of the medieval Lances fournies ) . Pocztowy was an assistant and subordinate of the " Towarzysz " , in some respects similar to more ancient knight ' s servant - page or squire . He was armoured like his superior , but fought in the second or third line and was responsible for guarding his back and flanks in a battle .
Heinrich Praßdorf Heinrich " Heinz " Praßdorf ( 7 December 1918 – 8 November 2000 ) was a German U - boat machinist in World War II and recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross ( ) . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . He was born and died in Rostock .
HMCS Edmonton ( MM 703 ) HMCS " Edmonton " ( MM 703 ) is a that has served in the Canadian Forces since 1997 . " Edmonton " is the fourth ship of its class , all of which were built for the Maritime Coastal Defence Vessel Project . It is the first vessel to use the designation HMCS " Edmonton " . " Edmonton " was laid down on 8 August 1995 at Halifax Shipyards Ltd . , Halifax , and was launched on 31 October 1996 . It was officially commissioned into the CF on 21 May 1997 and carries the pennant number 703 . It is assigned to Maritime Forces Pacific ( MARPAC ) and is homeported at CFB Esquimalt .
SS Empire Conyngham Empire Conyngham was a 1 , 408 GRT cargo ship that was built as Marie in 1899 by Neptun AG , Rostock , Germany for German owners . A sale in 1923 saw her renamed Norburg . She was sold to Latvia in 1925 and renamed Gauja , serving until 1941 when she was captured by the Kriegsmarine in the Baltic Sea . In 1945 , she was seized by the Allies , passed to the Ministry of War Transport ( MoWT ) and was renamed " Empire Conyngham " . In 1946 , she was scuttled with a cargo of obsolete bombs . Description . The ship was built in 1899 by Neptun AG , Rostock . The ship was long , with a beam of and a depth of . She was assessed at 1 , 501 GRT , 895 NRT . The ship was propelled by a triple expansion steam engine , which had cylinders of , and diameter by stroke . The engine was built by Neptun AG . History . " Marie " was built for the Flensburger Dampfschiff Gesellschaft , Flensburg . She was operated under the management of H Schuldt . In 1923 , she was sold to Ozean Dampschiff AG and was renamed " Norburg " . In 1925 , she was sold to the Latvian Government and was renamed " Gauja " . Her port of registry was Riga and the Code Letters TBDP were allocated . " Gauja " was operated under the management of Valsts Kuģu Pārvalde . By 1935 , her code letters had been changed to YLCZ and the ship was assessed at 1 , 408 GRT , 829 NRT . On 8 June 1941 , " Gauja " was captured by the Kriegsmarine in the Baltic Sea . She was renamed " Friedrich " and operated by Otto Wiggers , Rostock . " Friedrich " was captured by the Allies in May 1945 . She was passed to the MoWT and renamed " Empire Conyngham " . Her port of registry was changed to London and the Code Letters GKWN were allocated . On 18 June 1949 , " Empire Conyngham " departed Dartmouth , Devon with a cargo of obsolete bombs . She was escorted by . On 20 June , she was scuttled in the Bay of Biscay ( ) .
SS Michael E SS " Michael E " was the first British Catapult Aircraft Merchant ship ( " CAM ship " ) ; a merchant ship fitted with a rocket catapult to launch a single Hawker Hurricane fighter to defend a convoy against long - range German bombers . " Michael E " was merchant ship that was built in 1941 . She was sunk on her maiden voyage by a German submarine . Description . " Michael E " was built by William Hamilton & Co Ltd , Port Glasgow . Launched in 1941 , she was completed in May of that year . She was the United Kingdom ' s first CAM ship , armed with an aircraft catapult on her bow to launch a Hawker Sea Hurricane . The ship was long between perpendiculars ( overall ) , with a beam of . She had a depth of and a draught of . She was 7 , 628 GRT and 5 , 508 NRT . She had six corrugated furnaces feeding two 225 lb / in single - ended boilers with a combined heating surface of . The boilers fed a 443 NHP triple - expansion steam engine that had cylinders of , and diameter by stroke . The engine was built by David Rowan & Co Ltd , Glasgow . History . " Michael E " was owned by the Bury Hill Shipping Co Ltd . She was placed under the management of Counties Ship Management Ltd of London , an offshoot of the Rethymnis & Kulukundis shipbroking company . She was named after Michael E Kulukundis , a member of the Kulukundis family that had a major shareholding in her . Her Code Letters were BCKB , her UK Official Number was 163168 and she was registered in London . " Michael E " was a sister ship of , , and , which also were managed by CSM and owned by companies associated with R & K . Sinking . On 28 May 1941 " Michael E " sailed in ballast on her maiden voyage from Belfast , Northern Ireland bound for Halifax , Nova Scotia with convoy OB 327 . The convoy was dispersed on 1 June and at 20 : 43 hours on 2 June " Michael E " was in the North Atlantic several hundred miles southwest of Cape Clear when fired two torpedoes at her . One missed but the other struck her in the stern killing a crew member and two DEMS gunners , and at 22 : 21 hours she sank by the stern . On 3 June the Dutch cargo ship rescued " Michael E " ' s Master , 44 crew , two gunners and 12 RAF personnel . Replacement ship . In September 1941 William Hamilton & Co completed a second CAM ship of the same class for CSM . She was launched as and effectively replaced " Michael E " . " Primrose Hill " survived until October 1942 when a German - operated submarine sank her by torpedo and shellfire .
6th Motor Transport Battalion The 6th Motor Transport Battalion headquartered in Red Bank , New Jersey , consists of seven reserve companies in seven cities : Visit their website at http : / / www . mfr . usmc . mil / 4thMLG / 6thMotorTransBn / index . htm , New Jersey
HMS Inglis ( K570 ) HMS " Inglis " ( K570 ) was a in the Royal Navy . Built as USS " Inglis " ( DE - 125 ) , an , at the Boston Navy Yard , Boston , Massachusetts , for the United States Navy , she was launched 2 November 1943 ; accepted and transferred to Great Britain under Lend - Lease 12 January 1944 . This , and other " Evarts " - class destroyer escorts , formed the Captain class of frigates in the Royal Navy and played a vital part in Allied antisubmarine operations in the Atlantic . The " Inglis " was returned to the U . S . Navy on 20 March 1946 . She was sold to C . B . Baldridge , Bay , Ohio , in September 1947 and subsequently scrapped .
William P . Richardson William Pitt Richardson ( May 25 , 1824 - August 4 , 1886 ) was a Republican politician from the state of Ohio , USA . He was Ohio Attorney General in 1865 . Richardson was born on May 25 , 1824 , at Washington County , Pennsylvania . He entered Washington College in 1841 , and graduated in 1844 . He was then a teacher , and remained so after moving to Ohio . He enlisted as a private in the Third Ohio Infantry in 1846 , and served in the Mexican - American War . In 1852 , he was elected Prosecuting Attorney of Monroe County , Ohio , and held that office until 1861 . During the Civil War , he enlisted as a Major in the 25th Ohio Infantry , was promoted to Lieutenant Colonel and Colonel . On May 2 , 1863 , at the Battle of Chancellorsville , he was wounded and lost use of his right arm . In 1864 , he was elected Ohio Attorney General , but resigned after less than a year , replaced by Chauncey N . Olds of Franklin County being appointed by Governor Brough . He was Brevetted Brigadier General in December , 1864 . The same year , he was named commander of the military prison at Camp Chase in Columbus , and was later Collector of Internal Revenue for the Fifteenth ( Ohio ) district . He died at New Castle , Indiana August 4 , 1886 , and was interred at Oak Grove Cemetery in Marietta , Ohio . His granddaughter , Rhea , was the mother of the famous American film director John Huston and grandmother of the actors Anjelica Huston and Danny Huston .