naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
77th Reserve Division ( German Empire ) The 77th Reserve Division ( " 77 . Reserve - Division " ) was a unit of the Imperial German Army in World War I . The division was formed at the end of December 1914 and organized over the next month , arriving in the line in early February 1915 . It was part of the second large wave of new divisions formed at the outset of World War I , which were numbered the 75th through 82nd Reserve Divisions . The division was initially part of XXXIX Reserve Corps . The division was disbanded in September 1918 and its assets distributed to other units . When originally formed , the division had two reserve infantry regiments from the Province of Westphalia ( 255th and 256th ) and one from the Rhine Province ( 257th ) . The two Westphalian regiments were replaced late in the war by the 332nd Infantry Regiment , a garrison regiment from Posen with two Rhineland battalions and one Posen battalion ( with a number of Poles as well as Germans ) , and the 419th Infantry Regiment , a thoroughly mixed unit made of companies taken from different regiments . Combat chronicle . The 77th Reserve Division initially fought on the Eastern Front , seeing its first action in the Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes . It later fought in the Gorlice - Tarnów Offensive , including in the siege of Kovno and the battles of the Neman River , Grodno , and Vilnius . The division remained in the Courland region near Daugavpils throughout 1916 and until September 1 , 1917 . It then fought in the Battle of Riga and afterwards remained in positional warfare north of the Daugava River . After the armistice on the Eastern Front , the division briefly served in Livonia and Estonia , and then was transferred to the Western Front . It fought in the 1918 German Spring Offensive , seeing action in the First Battle of the Somme ( 1918 ) , also called the Second Battle of the Somme ( to distinguish it from the 1916 battle ) . After more fighting in the Somme region , the division went to the Woëvre region , between the Meuse and Moselle Rivers . The division was hit hard by the American attack on St . Mihiel , losing a large number of prisoners , and was dissolved shortly thereafter , with the remnants being distributed to other units . Allied intelligence rated the division as third class . Order of battle on formation . The 77th Reserve Division , like the other divisions of its wave and unlike earlier German divisions , was organized from the outset as a triangular division . The order of battle of the division on December 29 , 1914 was as follows : Order of battle on February 10 , 1918 . The most significant wartime structural change in the divisions of this wave was the reduction from two field artillery regiments to one . Over the course of the war , other changes took place , including the formation of artillery and signals commands and the enlargement of combat engineer support to a full pioneer battalion . The order of battle on February 10 , 1918 was as follows :
Zherdevka ( air base ) Zherdevka ( also Zerdevka ) is an interceptor aircraft air base in Russia located 7 km east of Zherdevka , Tambov Oblast . It was home to the 14th Guards Leningrad Twice Red Banner Order of Suvorov Fighter Aviation Regiment ( 14th Guards IAP ) which flew MiG - 29E aircraft from 21 April 1991 through the mid - 2000s . In 1998 ( Butuwski ) or 1999 ( M . Holm ) the regiment moved to Khalino , near Kursk .
Low rate initial production Low rate initial production ( LRIP ) is a term commonly used in military weapon projects / programs to designate the phase of initial , small - quantity production of a weapons system . The prospective first buyer and operator ( i . e . , a country ' s defense authorities and the relevant military units ) gets to thoroughly test the weapons system over some protracted amount of time — in order to gain a reasonable degree of confidence as to whether the system actually performs to the agreed - upon requirements before contracts for mass production are signed . At the same time , manufacturers can use the LRIP as a production test - phase where they develop the assembly line models that would eventually be used in mass production . Therefore , the LRIP is commonly the first step in transitioning from highly customized , hand - built prototypes to the final mass - produced end product . In practice , either the production capability or the weapons system itself can be unready during the LRIP phase . This can mean that systems produced during LRIP are built significantly differently both in terms of technique and cost owing to the immaturity of the production line or changes in the weapons system ' s design , necessitating a large degree of hand - assembly and trial - and - error typically associated with the prototyping stage . Furthermore , the cost of each LRIP system can be much greater than the final mass production unit cost , since the LRIP cost can include both the R & D and setup cost for production , although the goal is that this additional cost is spread out over future production carried out by the assembly capacity developed during LRIP . The term is also applied in fields other than weapons production , most commonly in non - weapon military equipment programs . Immaturity in a system ' s design or its method of production discovered during LRIP phase can result in additional LRIP phases to verify corrections / improvements , or project cancellation . The Congressional Budget Office has found that the United States Department of Defense rarely achieves projected cost savings because too many programs fail to move from LRIP to full scale production .
Dussack A Dussack ( also dusack , dysack , tesak , tuseckn , thuseckn , disackn , or dusägge , dusegge , dusegg , from the Czech " tesák " ) is a large type of knife often with a long cutting edge in the front and a shorter in the back . It is thought to originate from Central and Eastern Europe ( specifically in Bohemia in 300 AD ) . The word dussack was adopted about the 16th century by the Germans to refer to a practice weapon of similar design . This dussack was intended to represent various short , single - edged weapons in a training environment . Using a dussack , one could train for the falchion , or cutlass , " Hiebmesser " or " großes Messer " ( which translates to English as " big knife " ) . As usage of the dussack became more widespread , various schools turned use of the dussack into a sport as opposed to training for a real weapon . Practice dussacks had a short , thick , single - edged blade measuring between 25 and 38 inches ( 65 and 95 cm ) long . A dussack was usually made of wood . Additionally there is a single reference to dussacks also being made from leather , and at least one metal dussack is known to survive . The dussack was gently curved and brought to a point at the tip . The dussack often lacked a hilt . Instead , the handgrip was merely a hole cut inside of the blade ; without a pommel or upper guard , it looked something like a large hole for gripping scissors . No wooden ( or leather ) practice dussacks are known to have survived ; unsurprising given the perishable nature of the dussack , and only woodcuts and training manuals from the period document their existence .
Sangamon - class escort carrier The " Sangamon " class were a group of four escort aircraft carrier s of the United States Navy that served during World War II . Overview . These ships were originally MARAD type T3 - S2 - A1 oilers , launched in 1939 for civilian use . They were acquired and commissioned by the U . S . Navy in 1940 - 41 . Due to the shortage of MARAD type C3 ships for conversion to desperately needed escort carriers , it was decided in early 1942 to convert four oilers to escort carriers . The conversion took around six months . These ships were the largest escort carrier conversions built for the U . S . Navy . The late - war Commencement Bay class escort carrier s were about as large , but were built as carriers from keel up . Being built as oilers , the machinery space was located aft , resulting in the placing of the smokestacks on both sides aft of the flight deck . They were excellent examples of the type , roomy and tough with a large flight deck and good stability on even high seas . The " Sangamon " s could operate about 30 aircraft , and were the only escort carriers to operate dive bomber s . Service history . From late 1942 until the end of the war the ships saw active duty in the Mediterranean , Atlantic and Pacific Campaigns . Three of the class were damaged by Japanese kamikaze attacks at the Battle of Leyte Gulf , but all survived the war . In the Pacific , the carriers often operated together as Carrier Division 22 . The ships were withdrawn from active service shortly after the end of the war . Some of them were kept in reserve and reclassified as helicopter escort carriers ( CVHE ) . All had been sold or scrapped by the early 1960s .
544th Bombardment Squadron The 544th Bombardment Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit . Its last was assigned to the 384th Bombardment Wing , stationed at Little Rock Air Force Base , Arkansas . It was inactivated on 1 September 1964 . History . Established as a B - 17 Flying Fortress heavy bomber squadron ; trained under Second Air Force . Deployed to European Theater of Operations ( ETO ) , assigned to VIII Bomber Command in England , Flew combat missions over Nazi Germany and Occupied Europe until the German capitulation in May 1945 . Reassigned to Air Transport Command and used B - 17s as transports for demobilized personnel . Flew transport routes to French Morocco and Azores ; returning to Istes France . Squadron inactivated in France during February 1946 . Activated as a B - 29 Superfortress squadron in the reserves , 1947 . Not manned or equipped , inactivated in 1949 due to budget reductions . Reactivated in August 1955 as a Strategic Air Command B - 47 Stratojet squadron which were designed to carry nuclear weapons and to penetrate Soviet air defenses with its high operational ceiling and near supersonic speed . The squadron flew the B - 47 for about a decade when by the mid - 1960s it had become obsolescent and vulnerable to new Soviet air defenses . Inactivated with the phaseout of the B - 47 ; sending aircraft to storage at Davis - Monthan in the late summer of 1964 and the squadron was inactivated .
Fort Garland Fort Garland ( 1858 – 1883 ) , Colorado , USA , was designed to house two companies of soldiers to protect settlers in the San Luis Valley , then in the Territory of New Mexico . It was named for General John Garland , commander of the Military District of New Mexico . Colonel Kit Carson and New Mexico Volunteers were stationed here in 1866 and he successfully negotiated a treaty with the Utes in 1867 . The Ninth Cavalry ( Buffalo Soldiers ) was stationed here between 1876 and 1879 . In 1876 , these troops were called to the La Plata region to prevent conflict between the Utes and white prospectors . The following year , they helped remove white settlers from Ute reservation lands . In 1879 , United States military units from Fort Garland were called upon by Nathan Meeker , the Indian Agent at the White River Agency . Meeker and others were killed , and family members taken captive by unhappy Utes . The captives were released and the Utes were moved once again , which reduced the need for a fort . Fort Garland Museum . The Colorado Historical Society restored the fort and opened the Fort Garland Museum in 1950 . Restored and reconstructed buildings include the adobe Commandant ' s Quarters , where Kit Carson and his wife once lived , the cavalry barracks with exhibits of Hispanic traditional arts and 19th century transportation artifacts , and officer ' s quarters . Permanent exhibits focus on Kit Carson and Buffalo Soldiers . The museum is administered by History Colorado . Pike ' s Stockade , the reconstructed stockade site where Zebulon Pike raised the American flag in 1807 , is located about 45 miles southwest of the fort .
Mitsubishi G1M The Mitsubishi G1M was a long - range twin - engined Attack Bomber built by Mitsubishi for the Imperial Japanese Navy in the 1930s . Design and development . The sole prototype G1M , initially designated Mitsubishi Navy Experimental 8 - Shi Special Reconnaissance Aircraft and re - designated Mitsubishi Navy Experimental 8 - Shi Land based Medium Attack Aircraft before first flight , was a predecessor of the Mitsubishi G3M , an important step for the Navy air force towards more capable land - based bombers such as the Mitsubishi G4M " Betty " . There is sometimes confusion between this aircraft and the Mitsubishi 3MT5 ( also designated ' Mitsubishi G1M ' and ' Navy Experimental 7 - shi Carrier Attack Bomber ' ) . The 3MT5 was a biplane and the 8 - shi experimental Attack Bomber was a monoplane , two entirely different aircraft .
Fiscal - military state A fiscal - military state is a state that bases its economic model on the sustainment of its armed forces , usually in times of prolonged or severe conflict . Characteristically , fiscal - military states will subject citizens to high taxation for this purpose . In the past , states such as Spain , the Netherlands and Sweden , which were embroiled in long - lasting periods of war for local or global hegemony , were organized as fiscal - military states . The British East India Company also employed military fiscalism in maintenance of rule in India in the mid - 18th century . Colonial powers generated their revenue for the maintenance of the army . Currently there are few states that could be described as fiscal - military states , which is probably due to the decline of large scale international conflicts in recent times . North Korea , with its official " Military first " policy , is one of the more obvious examples of a modern - day fiscal - military state .
14 September 2005 Baghdad bombings The 14 September 2005 Baghdad bombings were a series of more than a dozen terrorist attacks in the Iraqi capital of Baghdad . The most deadly bombing occurred when a suicide car bomb er detonated his vehicle in a crowd of construction workers who had gathered in Baghdad ' s Oruba Square looking for jobs . The attack , which occurred in the mainly Shia district of Kadhimiya , killed 112 people , and injured 160 . The al - Qaeda in Iraq group claimed that the bombing was in retaliation for a recent offensive against the Iraqi insurgency , but the groups leader Abu Musab al - Zarqawi released an audio tape on the same day declaring war against the Shiites in Iraq so a sectarian motive for the bombing is possible .
Ili National Army Ili National Army was an army of the Chinese People ' s Liberation Army that consisted originally of six regiments : Suidun Infantry Regiment , Ghulja Regiment , Kensai Regiment , Ghulja Reserve Regiment , Kazakh Cavalry Regiment , Dungan Regiment , Artillery Subdivision , Sibo Subdivision , Mongol Subdivision . Last two subdivisions were later reformed to regiments . Motorized part of army consisted of one artillery subdivision with 12 cannons , two armoured vehicles and twp tanks . All regiments were armed by mostly German weapons , provided by the Soviet Union by order of Joseph Stalin , command personnel was trained in the Soviet Union . Rebel aviation included 42 airplanes , captured in Ghulja Kuomintang air base and repaired by Soviet military personnel . On December 20 , 1949 the Ili National Army joined the People ' s Liberation Army of China as Sinkiang 5th Army Corps of PLA , but then was reformed , its Division s were transferred to the newly created Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps of PLA with all weapons of Divisions having been seized . Later these National Divisions were disbanded , most of its personnel had been imprisoned , executed or fled to the USSR . According to M . Kutlukov , during September , 1945 , the Ili National Army had gained decisive victories over Kuomintang troops in Jungaria , where two just new - formed full - sized Kuomintang Divisions of Nationalist Second Army ( around 25 , 000 troops ) , armed with American weapons , were trapped and fully annihilated ( except of surrendered 6 , 000 soldiers and officers , including 7 generals ) , in battles in the highly fortified Wusu - Shihezi district , thanks to the mass heroism of soldiers and officers of National Army , experience of numerous Soviet military personnel and advisers , participated directly in the military operations , employment of heavy artillery fire and aerial bombings ( by rebel aviation ) of Kuomintang positions in the strategic oil rich district . Ili National Army was formed on April 8 , 1945 . In November 11 , 1946 the Ili National Army was renamed as the East Turkestan National Army which had increased in size massively , according the US embassy official estimates in Ürümqi , by late 1946 the East Turkestan National Army ' s man power consisted of 350 , 000 - 400 , 000 troops , with 80 , 000 cavalry .
BL 5 inch gun Mk I – V The BL 5 inch guns Mk I - Mk V were early British 5 - inch breechloading naval guns after it switched from muzzle - loaders in the late 1870s . They were originally designed to use the old gunpowder propellants . The 5 - inch calibre was soon discontinued in favour of QF 4 . 7 - inch . Naval service . Guns equipped the following British warships : These guns also equipped several small gunboats of Colonial navies of Australia in the 1880s in response to the perceived threat of Russian expansionism in the Pacific ( The " Russian scares " ) . < br style = " clear : left ; " > Second Boer War ( 1899 - 1902 ) field gun . A number of guns mounted on carriages from obsolete RML 40 pounder gun s accompanied the British siege train ( heavy artillery ) to South Africa . They were not required for the expected siege of Pretoria , which did not eventuate . Its usefulness in the field was limited by lack of a recoil control system , and the QF 4 . 7 inch gun was the most commonly used British heavy gun in the war . Coast defence gun . The gun was installed as a conventional coast defence gun in South Africa and Australia , and several in the United Kingdom . Its more common use ashore in the UK was as " moveable armaments " in forts : on 2 - wheeled carriages similar to field carriages but intended only for moving short distances to position guns for defence of the fort . These used either obsolete 40 - pounder RML carriages or special high - mounting carriages for firing over parapets with recoil controlled by a hydraulic buffer built into the platform to which the carriage was fastened . See diagram at Palmerston Forts Society .
George Washington Rodgers Commander George Washington Rodgers ( October 30 , 1822 – August 17 , 1863 ) was an officer of the United States Navy . Biography . Rodgers was born in Brooklyn , the son of Captain George Washington Rodgers ( 1787 – 1832 ) and Anna Maria Perry . His maternal grandfather was Christopher Raymond Perry and he came from a family with an extensive history in the Navy . Rodgers was warranted midshipman in the Navy on April 30 , 1836 and was promoted to passed midshipman on July 1 , 1842 . He served in the West Indies , Africa , and Mediterranean . During the Mexican - American War ( 1846 – 1848 ) , Rodgers served in the Gulf of Mexico as acting master on the steamer " Colonel " and frigate . Rodgers served with the Coast Survey from 1849 to 1850 and was promoted to lieutenant on June 4 , 1850 . Rodgers was assigned to duty on the sloop from 1851 to 1853 . In 1861 Rodgers became Commandant of Midshipmen at the United States Naval Academy , replacing his brother Christopher Raymond Perry Rodgers ( 1819 – 1892 ) . In April 1861 he prevented capture of the by secessionists ; he also transferred the Naval Academy to Newport , Rhode Island , where it would remain until returning to Annapolis in 1865 , after the end of the American Civil War . Rodgers was promoted to commander on January 16 , 1862 . In 1863 , seeking an active post in the Union Navy , left his post and took command of a new ship , the , patrolling the James River . Rodgers served in the West Indies enforcing the Union blockade against Confederate blockade runner s . Rodgers commanded the ironclad monitor in two unsuccessful attacks on Charleston Harbor , in October 1862 and on April 7 , 1863 , at the First Battle of Charleston Harbor . Rodgers was appointed chief of staff to Rear Admiral John A . Dahlgren on July 4 , 1863 , and " was distinguished for his bravery in the silencing of Fort Sumter and the batteries on Morris Island . " Rodgers was killed aboard the " Catskill " on August 17 , 1863 , after a shot pierced the pilothouse while Rodgers commanded the attack on Fort Wagner in the Second Battle of Charleston Harbor .
Paul Szameitat Paul Szameitat ( 19 December 1919 – 2 January 1944 ) was a German Luftwaffe night fighter ace and recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross during World War II . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . Paul Szameitat claimed 29 victories , 28 at night .
HMS Hardy ( F54 ) HMS " Hardy " was an anti - submarine warfare frigate of the " Blackwood " class or Type 14 . She was named after Thomas Masterman Hardy , Captain of at Trafalgar . " Hardy " was the first Type 14 frigate built , completed on 8 December 1955 , by Yarrow Shipbuilders . Operational Service . On commissioning " Hardy " served in the Third Training Squadron at Londonderry before transferring to the Second Training Squadron in Portland in 1957 . In 1960 she underwent a major modernisation and refit , before joining the Twentieth Frigade Squadron in Londonderry . In 1967 " Hardy " transferred to the Second Frigate Squadron and attended Portsmouth Navy Days . The after 40 mm gun in these ships were removed early in their careers due to hull strengthening problems . Serving mainly in the Londonderry and Portland areas , " Hardy " attended the 1977 Silver Jubilee Fleet Review off Spithead when she was part of the 2nd Frigate Squadron . She paid off to the Standby Squadron in August 1977 , then , after another short spell of operational service at Portland , became a stores accommodation ship in Portsmouth in October 1979 . She was used as a target for Exocet missiles and was finally sunk , by torpedo , in the Western Approaches 3 July 1984 .
Jack of plate A jack or jack of plate is a type of armour comprising small iron plates sewn between layers of felt and canvas . The jack is similar to the brigandine . The main difference is in the method of construction : a brigandine is riveted whereas a jack is sewn . Jacks of plate were created by stitching small overlapping squares of iron in between two canvases . The garments weighed about 17 pounds , which made them much more pleasing to wear than solid breastplates . They allowed soldiers with weapons to rest the butts of the weapons firmly against their shoulders , which wasn ' t feasible with smooth surface plate armours . Primarily , they were used in Europe during the medieval times . The present day equivalent of a jack of plate is a bullet - proof vest .