naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Davis gun The Davis gun was the first true recoilless gun developed and taken into service . It was developed by Commander Cleland Davis of the US Navy , in 1910 , just prior to World War I . Back to Back . His design connected two guns back to back , with the backwards - facing gun loaded with lead balls and grease of the same weight as the shell in the other gun , acting as a counter . His idea was used experimentally by the British and America as an anti - Zeppelin and anti - submarine weapon mounted on the British Handley Page O / 100 bomber and the American Curtiss HS - 2L and H - 16 ( flying boats ) respectively . The direct development of the gun ended with World War I , but the firing principle has been copied by later designs . Statistics . The gun was made in three sizes of 1 . 57 " , 2 . 45 " and 3 " , taking 2 , 6 and 12 pound shots respectively . The 3 " carried a pressure 15 tons per square inch when fired . Usually a Lewis machine gun was mounted on top of the Davis gun ' s barrel which was then used for sighting and as an auxiliary and anti - aircraft weapon . Museum Pieces . There is an example still at the Naval Aviation Museum at Pensacola , Florida and another at the Imperial War Museum in London .
8th Regiment California Volunteer Infantry The 8th Regiment California Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War . It spent its entire term of service in the western United States , serving in posts around San Francisco Bay , and on the Columbia River . , attached to the Department of the Pacific .
Timeline of the Molotov – Ribbentrop Pact The timeline of the Molotov – Ribbentrop Pact is a chronology of events , including Molotov - Ribbentrop Pact negotiations , leading up to , culminating in , and resulting from the Molotov – Ribbentrop Pact . The Treaty of Non - Aggression between the Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union was signed in the early hours of August 24 , 1939 , but was dated August 23 .
Cameron Barracks Cameron Barracks stands on Knockentinnel Hill on the eastern outskirts of Inverness in Scotland . It was constructed by the Royal Engineers ' Office ( Edinburgh ) between 1876 and 1884 . History . The barracks was the home of the Queen ' s Own Cameron Highlanders from 11 June 1886 until September 1960 when the regiment moved to Fort George , shortly before the amalgamation of Seaforths and Camerons . During World War I , the barracks was used to process many thousands of volunteer recruits . Returning wounded and demobilising soldiers also passed though the barracks towards the end of the war and on its conclusion . Conscientious objectors were , for a time , held here , as was the crew of a captured German submarine . The barracks are in use today as a training base for TA and Cadet units . Architecture . Built in the Baronial style , it consists of 4 2 - storey blocks enclosing 3 sides of the parade ground . The north - west and west blocks each have , at their centre , twin conical - roofed drum towers linked by a balcony above the round - arched entrance . The north - east block is surmounted by an asymmetrical clock - tower . There is , at north - east corner , a square - plan entrance tower forming the main gateway . The barracks was listed as Category : B on 21 May 1971 . Music . Cameron Barracks has a very long affiliation with both Army Piping and Cadet Force Piping . The first Army Class of Instruction was held at Cameron Barracks in 1910 under the expert tutolage of Pipe Major John MacDonald and supervisory direction of the Piobaireachd Society . The Army Cadet Force has endeavoured to keep this affiliation alive and each year an eight day course of instruction is held at Cameron Barracks during the Easter school holidays .
6th Regiment Illinois Volunteer Cavalry The 6th Regiment Illinois Volunteer Cavalry was a cavalry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War . Service . The 6th Illinois Cavalry was mustered into service at Camp Butler , Illinois on November 19 , 1861 . The regiment was mustered out on November 20 , 1865 . Total strength and casualties . The regiment suffered 5 officers and 60 enlisted men who were killed in action or who died of their wounds and 8 officers and 328 enlisted men who died of disease , for a total of 401 fatalities .
Lockport Air Force Station Lockport Air Force Station ( ADC ID : P - 21 , NORAD ID : Z - 21 ) is a closed United States Air Force General Surveillance Radar station . It is located north - northeast of Shawnee , New York . It was closed in June 1979 by the Air Force , and turned over to the Federal Aviation Administration ( FAA ) . The FAA moved to a new site near near Dansville , New York as part of the Joint Surveillance System ( JSS ) , designated by NORAD as Eastern Air Defense Sector ( EADS ) Ground Equipment Facility J - 02 . History . Lockport Air Force Station was part of the last batch of twenty - three radar stations constructed as part of the Air Defense Command permanent radar network . It has its origins at Fort Niagara , NY , when a temporary " Lashup " radar station was established there in August 1950 . The 763d Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron was activated with a World War II AN / CPS - 6 radar set at Fort Niagara , the site being designated ( L - 19 ) . the 763d AC & W squadron moved to its permanent site at Shawnee , NY in September 1951 after enough construction was finished for beneficial occupancy , and initially the station functioned as a Ground - Control Intercept ( GCI ) and warning station . As a GCI station , the squadron ' s role was to guide interceptor aircraft toward unidentified intruders picked up on the unit ' s radar scopes . The Shawnee site was a joint United States Army / United States Air Force facility with Army personnel establishing Army Air - Defense Command Post ( AAFDC ) NF - 17DC for Nike Missile air - defense system operations for the Niagara Falls - Buffalo Defense Area . The 763d initially began operating a pair of AN / CPS - 6 B radars , which it operated throughout the 1950s . Shawnee was renamed Lockport Air Force Station on 1 December 1953 . During 1959 Lockport AFS joined the Semi Automatic Ground Environment ( SAGE ) system , initially feeding data to DC - 03 at Syracuse AFS , New York . After joining , the squadron was re - designated as the 763d Radar Squadron ( SAGE ) on 1 February 1959 . The radar squadron provided information 24 / 7 the SAGE Direction Center where it was analyzed to determine range , direction altitude speed and whether or not aircraft were friendly or hostile . Lockport started operating an AN / FPS - 7 radar in 1960 . Height - finding chores were handled at that time by a pair of AN / FPS - 6 s . During 1962 United States Army Nike operations ended , and the Air Force added an AN / FPS - 26 to replace one of the AN / FPS - 7 height - finder radars . In addition to the main facility , Lockport operated two unmanned AN / FPS - 14 Gap Filler sites Over the years , the equipment at the station was upgraded or modified to improve the efficiency and accuracy of the information gathered by the radars . Routine operations continued until 29 June 1979 when the 763rd was inactivated and Lockport AFS was closed as part of the phaseout of Aerospace Defense Command . Today the facility is being redeveloped for commercial uses . A few USAF buildings remain in deteriorated condition . Air Force units and assignments . Units . Assignments :
P . J . Grigg Sir Percy James Grigg PC ( 16 December 1890 – 5 May 1964 ) , better known as Sir P . J . Grigg was a British civil servant who was surprisingly moved from being the Permanent Under - Secretary of State at the War Office to become Secretary of State for War , the political head of the same department during the Second World War . Background and education . The son of a carpenter , Grigg was born in Exmouth and won a scholarship to Bournemouth School and St John ' s College , Cambridge where he studied mathematics . Career in civil service . In 1913 he achieved a first in the civil service examination and he served in the Treasury . During the First World War he served in the Royal Garrison Artillery . After the war he returned to the Treasury and in 1921 he became Principal Private Secretary to the Chancellor of the Exchequer , serving several successive Chancellors including Winston Churchill . He held this post until 1930 when he became Chairman of the Board of Customs and Excise and Chairman of the Board of Inland Revenue . In 1939 Grigg became Permanent Under - Secretary of State for War and oversaw a turbulent department , which in 1940 witnessed no less than four different Secretaries of State ( Leslie Hore - Belisha , Oliver Stanley , Anthony Eden and David Margesson ) . Secretary of State for War . He proved an effective civil service head but it came as a great shock to many when in February 1942 Churchill dismissed Margesson and replaced him with Grigg – who had to convey the news to Margesson himself . Amongst the many Ministerial appointments made by Churchill from outside the sphere of Westminster politics , this was seen as one of the most unusual , but was a response to considerable military setbacks such as the loss of Singapore , and the need to appease critics by replacing some ministers . Grigg retained his post for the rest of the war , holding it also in Churchill ' s 1945 " Caretaker Government " . In 1942 he was elected as Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Cardiff East , beating Fenner Brockway . However in the 1945 general election he lost his seat and left public life . Later life . In his later years Grigg held many directorships , including those of the Imperial Tobacco Company , the Prudential Assurance Company , the National Provincial Bank and the Distillers Company . He died in May 1964 , aged 73 .
J . J . Colledge James Joseph Colledge ( 1908 - 26 April 1997 ) was a British naval historian , author of " Ships of the Royal Navy " , the standard work on the fighting ships of the British Royal Navy from the 15th century to the 20th century . He wrote " Warships of World War Two " with H . Trevor Lenton , listing Royal and Commonwealth warships .
The Face of Battle The Face of Battle is a 1976 non - fiction book on military history by the English military historian John Keegan . It deals first with the structure of historical writing about battles , the strengths and weaknesses of the " battle piece , " and then with the structure of warfare in three time periods — medieval Europe , the Napoleonic Era , and World War I — by analyzing three battles : Agincourt , Waterloo , and the Somme , all three of which involved British soldiers and occurred in approximately the same geographical area . The work was groundbreaking in that it does not examine the battles only from the point of view of the generals nor does it simply accumulate quotes from ordinary soldiers . Instead , it focuses on the practical mechanics of battle and critically examines popular myths about warfare . For instance , Keegan disputes the effectiveness of cavalry charges in the Middle Ages . At Agincourt , the lightly armored archer s dug stakes into the ground to impede horses , while heavy infantry who stood their ground had little to fear from cavalry . Focusing on the mechanics of battle , Keegan discusses troop spacing , the effectiveness of weapons and formations , and other measures of tactical importance . He also examines on the experience of the individual soldier of the time . This is particularly evident in the 1988 illustrated edition , whose frontispiece is a photograph of a weeping " Vietnamese soldier holding the body of his dead child " . The book was originally published in United Kingdom by Jonathan Cape and in the United States by the Viking Press . A new edition was published by Viking in 1988 titled , " The Illustrated Face of Battle , " with additional maps , diagrams , paintings , and photographs . The Folio Society issued an edition in 2009 .
Thomas T . Fauntleroy ( soldier ) Thomas Turner Fauntleroy ( 6 October 1796 in Richmond County , Virginia – 12 September 1883 in Leesburg , Virginia ) , colonel , US Army . Fauntleroy was born in Virginia , and was commissioned a lieutenant in the U . S . Army during the War of 1812 . Commissioned a Major of Dragoons , June 8 , 1836 , he served in the Seminole War . He was promoted to Lieutenant Colonel , Second Regiment of Dragoons , June 30 , 1846 . In the Mexican – American War he commanded the cavalry of General Scott ' s army in Mexico . In 1849 he was in command of the First Regiment of Dragoons , commanding troops on frontier duty in Texas . From here , he was assigned to the Post at Mission San Diego de Alcalá at San Diego and was promoted to Colonel , July 25 , 1850 . In the winter of 1854 - 1855 he conducted a campaign against the hostile Utes of the Rocky Mountains and made another mid - winter campaign against the Apache in New Mexico . He led several expeditions against the Apaches in the company of Kit Carson and from 1859 - 1861 commanded the Department of New Mexico . After the Battle of Fort Sumter that began the American Civil War , in May 1861 , Fauntleroy resigned his commission and returned to Virginia . There he was appointed by the Governor of Virginia John Letcher as Brigadier - General of the Provisional Army of Virginia . But after the organization of the Confederate States of America he refused to confirm his commission . He was relieved of that rank on his request on August 25 , 1861 , having never held Confederate rank . However his eldest son , C . M . Fauntleroy was a U . S . Navy officer that joined the Confederate Navy and commanded the CSS Rappahannock . His second son , also named Thomas T . Fauntleroy , was a Virginia politician and judge of the Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals . Another son Archibald Magill Fauntleroy was a surgeon in the Confederate army and later a physician . A daughter , Mary Thurston Fauntleroy , married U . S . Surgeon - General Joseph Barnes . Fauntleroy was buried in Mount Hebron Cemetery , Winchester , Virginia .
Caldiero 1805 Order of Battle Caldiero 1805 Order of Battle The armies of the First French Empire and the Austrian Empire fought the Battle of Caldiero from 29 to 31 October 1805 just east of Verona in Italy . Marshal André Masséna led the French Army of Italy while Archduke Charles commanded the Austrian " Armee von Italien " . Historians variously call the battle a French victory , an Austrian victory , or indecisive . Austrian losses were over 5 , 500 , while the French suffered at least 5 , 000 casualties . Archduke Charles began a withdrawal from Italy on 1 November . The retreat ended in early December with Archduke Charles ' army intact at Kormend in western Hungary . Unfortunately for Austria , by this time , Emperor Napoleon had decisively defeated the Austro - Russian army at the Battle of Austerlitz . French order of battle . Army of Italy : Marshal André Masséna Left Wing . Commander : Masséna Right Wing . Commander : General of Division Jean - Antoine Verdier North of Verona . Commander : General of Division Jean - Mathieu Seras " ( not engaged ) " Austrian Army order of battle . A few months before the outbreak of war , Austrian infantry regiments were reorganized into four line battalions and one grenadier battalion . Each battalion consisted of four companies each of 160 musketeers . Armee von Italien : Feldmarschall Archduke Charles Right Wing . Commander : Feldmarschall - Leutnant Joseph Anton Simbschen Center . Commander : General der Kavallerie Count Heinrich von Bellegarde Left Wing . Commander : Feldmarschall - Leutnant Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss - Plauen Far Left Wing . Commander : General - Major Armand von Nordmann Reserve . Commander : Feldmarschall - Leutnant Eugène - Guillaume Argenteau Detached Corps . Commander : Feldmarschall - Leutnant Paul Davidovich " ( not engaged ) " Detached Division . Commander : Feldmarschall - Leutnant Josef Philipp Vukassovich ( replaced by Rosenberg ) " ( not engaged ) "
G 101 ( glider ) G 101 was a designation for a Swedish military glider based on the German SG 38 Schulgleiter . Forty were in use from 1942 to 1953 . F 17 Kallinge operated some . An example of a G 101 can be seen at the Swedish Air Force Museum .
Ernst Feßmann General Ernst Feßmann ( 6 January 1881 – 25 October 1962 ) was a Cavalry General in the German army who was notable for commanding one of the first Panzer Division s . He joined the Bavarian army in the 2nd Royal Bavarian Chevau - légers " Taxis " as an officer cadet on 15 July 1900 and was commissioned as a leutnant . After service in the German Imperial Army in World War I in which he commanded the 2nd Cavalry Regiment he was retained in the Reichswehr in which he commanded a motorized battalion . From 1934 to 1935 he commanded the Panzer Lehr Brigade and on 15 October 1935 as a generalleutnant he was appointed commander of the 3rd Panzer Division in Berlin , which was one of the first three Panzer Divisions to be created . The other two were the 1st Panzer Division formed in Weimar and commanded by Maximilian von Weichs and the 2nd Panzer Division formed in Würzburg and commanded by Heinz Guderian . Feßmann retired from the Wehrmacht in September 1937 as a General der Panzertruppe but returned to active service at the outbreak of World War II as commander of the 267 Infantry Division which served on the Western Front and took part in the invasions of Belgium , France and the Netherlands . He retired again on 30 April 1943 .
Hans - Jürgen von Arnim Hans - Jürgen Bernhard Theodor von Arnim ( 4 April 1889 – 1 September 1962 ) was a German colonel - general ( Generaloberst ) who served during World War II . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross ( ) . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . Early life . Arnim was born in Ernsdorf in the Prussian Province of Silesia , the son of General Hans von Arnim ( 1861 – 1931 ) and Martha Honrichs ( 1865 – 1953 ) . Military career . Arnim joined the German Army in 1907 . During the First World War he saw action on both the Eastern and Western fronts . After the war , he remained in the Reichswehr and rose to command the elite 68th Infantry Regiment in Berlin . With the rise of Nazi Germany , Arnim was made a major - general in 1938 . World War II . Arnim commanded the 52 . Infanterie - Division in both the Battles for Poland and France . In October 1940 , Arnim was given command of the 17 . Panzer - Division . With the outbreak of the war against the Soviet Union , he was promoted to lieutenant general under Heinz Guderian , and was seriously wounded a few days after the start of the campaign . On 1 October 1941 , he was promoted to General der Panzertruppe and placed in command of XXXIX . Panzerkorps until November 1942 , when he was appointed commander of the 5th Panzer Army under Erwin Rommel in North Africa . When Adolf Hitler refused to allow Rommel to return to Tunisia , Arnim was promoted to full general ( Generaloberst ) on 4 December 1942 , and made Commander - in - Chief of Army Group Africa and " de facto " commander of the Afrika Korps from 9 March 1943 until his capture by the British Indian Army ' s 4th Infantry Division two months later on 12 May 1943 . After he was captured , Arnim allegedly expected to be met by his opposite numbers and asked to see Dwight D . Eisenhower . The American general replied to his aides to get as much information out of him as they could , but a personal meeting was out of the question . Eisenhower would not meet with any German officers until the final surrender . Instead Arnim was brought to the British 1st Army commander - in - chief , General Kenneth Anderson . Arnim served the rest of the war as a British prisoner of war interned along with 24 other German general officers at Camp Clinton , Mississippi , and was released on 1 July 1947 . He returned to Germany , where the estates he had held before the war had been taken and divided by the Soviet occupation authorities as part of a process of land reform . He died in Bad Wildungen , Hesse .
Borgeby Castle Borgeby Castle ( ) lies in Lomma Municipality , Scania in southern Sweden , beside the Kävlingeån , the largest river in Scania . The castle is built on the site of an 11th - century castle or fortress . Finds on the site may relate it to Harald Bluetooth . It may be reconstructed similar to the Trelleborg type with a diameter of 150 metres . Construction must have been in several phases with two separate ditches . The buildings on the site burned down during the Viking time . Excavations in 1998 found evidence of a mint . This is thought to proof that this site belonged from its beginnings until 1536 to the Archbishop of Lund . The buildings have been changed over the centuries . " Börjes Tower " was probably built in the 15th century . The tower stands alone since the eastern wing was demolished in 1860 and renovated in 1870 . The gatehouse appears to be from the 16th century but has older parts . The main building of today was built between 1650 and 1660 . The stable was built of bricks in 1744 . According to the testament of the archbishop Karl Eriksson ( † 1334 ) horses were bred on the grounds during the 14th century . The castle was burned in 1452 by the Swedes and in 1658 by the Danes . Excavation findings also suggest it being burnt in the 16th century though there is nothing to be found in the records . This may have been during the farmers ' revolt of 1525 . Since the Danish king Christian III mortgaged the property to the aristocratic Mayor of Malmö , Jørgen Kock , several Danish and Swedish aristocratic families have resided in the castle since the Reformation . As of today it is a museum for the paintings of the artist Ernst Nordlind , whose father - in - law acquired the castle in 1886 at an auction .
USS Arco ( ARD - 29 ) USS " ARD - 29 " was an auxiliary repair dock serving with the United States Navy during World War II . " ARD - 29 " was placed in service at San Diego , California on 1 July 1944 and was employed by the Navy at the Naval Repair Base at San Diego during the latter part of 1944 and the beginning of 1945 . Early in 1945 , the drydock began to receive modifications at the Kaiser Cargo yard at Richmond , Calif . , in preparation for assignment to advanced bases in the Pacific . She was placed in commission on 23 June 1945 , Lt . Hector Phillips , USNR , in command . " ARD - 29 " visited Everett , Wash . , for about a month before getting underway for the Central Pacific on 22 July . She stopped en route at Kwajalein in the Marshall Islands to change tugs and then continued on to the Marianas on 24 August under tow by . The floating drydock arrived at Guam on 2 September and operated there and later at Okinawa until late in 1946 when she was transferred to Pearl Harbor . " ARD - 29 " provided repair services to Pacific Fleet ships at Pearl Harbor until the beginning of 1959 . At that time , she was towed back to Guam where she served out the last 12 years of her Navy career . During this assignment , she was named " Arco " on 28 March 1967 . On 1 November 1971 , " Arco " was loaned to the Imperial Iranian Navy . On 15 September 1976 , her name was struck from the Navy list and she was sold to Iran on 1 March 1977 . As of the end of 2007 , she was still on the active list of the Iranian Navy as ’ ’ Drydock No . 400 ’ ’ .
HMS Falmouth ( 1693 ) HMS " Falmouth " was a 50 - gun fourth rate ship of the line of the English Royal Navy , launched at Deptford on 25 June 1693 . The ship took part in the Action of August 1702 and on the 4th and 5th days of the action supported Admiral John Benbow attacks when other members of the squadron failed to do so . " Falmouth " was captured by the French in 1704 and was wrecked in 1706 .