naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
M197 Gatling gun The M197 electric cannon is a three - barreled electric Gatling - type rotary cannon used by the United States military . Development . The M197 electric cannon ' developed primarily for use by United States Army helicopter gunship s . Development began in 1967 after experience in the Vietnam War revealed the inadequacy of the 7 . 62 mm Minigun for gunship use . The M197 is essentially a lightened version of the General Electric M61 Vulcan cannon , with three barrels instead of six . Its maximum rate of fire is one quarter that of the Vulcan , largely to limit its recoil for light aircraft and helicopter use . It shares the Vulcan ' s " M50 " and " PGU " series 20 mm ammunition . History . The M197 went into service on later marks of the AH - 1 Cobra , using either the M97 or A / A49E - 7 armament subsystems , and was also fitted in a ventral turret on the U . S . Marine Corps YOV - 10D Bronco NOGS . It is also the basis of the " GPU - 2 / A " gun pod , which incorporates the cannon , a battery and electric drive motor , and 300 rounds of linkless ammunition . In the Cobra , the weapon is supplied with a magazine of 700 linked rounds , with a total capacity including feeder system of 750 rounds . It has a cyclic rate of fire of 650 rounds per minute . Standard practice is to fire the cannon in 30 to 50 - round bursts . The M197 remains in use in the latest AH - 1W Cobra and AH - 1Z Viper gunships . Although the weapon ' s rotary drive is theoretically quite reliable , its ammunition feed has been anything but : Marine pilots initially reported an alarmingly high jam rate ( sometimes greater than 30 % ) . The USMC and the manufacturer are aware of the problem and in 2011 a link less feed system developed by Meggit Defense Systems was incorporated into the AH - 1W and the Zulu ' s . The system is capable of holding 650 + / - 3 rounds in the storage unit with approximately 40 rounds in the feed chute . The M197 is also mounted as a chin turret in Italy ' s Agusta A129 Mangusta CBT helicopter , with a capacity of 500 rounds . The XM301 was an improved M197 intended to be the gun on the later cancelled RAH - 66 Comanche . The weapon ' s current contractor is General Dynamics Armament Systems .
AA - 52 machine gun The AA - 52 ( full designation in French : " Arme Automatique Transformable Modèle 1952 " , " Transformable automatic weapon model 1952 " ) , also known as " La Nana " is one of the first French - produced guns of the post - World War II era . It was manufactured by the French government - owned MAS company . The AA - 52 is still used today as a vehicle - mounted weapon due to large quantities in service , but has been replaced in the helicopter role by the Belgian FN MAG , starting with the EC 725 Caracal of the Special Operations units and the Air Force Search and Rescue teams . The AA - 52 had been largely phased out for infantry use in favour of the lighter FN Minimi . The AA - 52 is still in use in Afghanistan . History . The AA - 52 machine gun was conceived and developed following the French military ' s experiences in the First Indochina War during the early 1950s . At that time , the French army was equipped with an assortment of weapons from British and American sources , as well as some German weapons from the Second World War . Effective supply of ammunition and replacement parts was an almost insoluble task and the army decided to adopt a standard machine gun . The result was the AA - 52 , conceived for ease of production . The construction is of simple welded stamped sheet steel . Overview . The AA - 52 is a peculiar weapon among modern machine guns because it uses lever - delayed blowback operation . When firing , the pressure pushing the case head rearward initiates an impulse on a cam that sends the bolt carrier rearward . After a certain distance , a link ( in this case the firing pin ) pulls the bolt head , hence extracting the spent case . Since there is no primary extraction , the chamber is fluted to allow powder gases to flow back , unsticking the case from the wall chamber like on H & K type roller - delayed blowback weapons . The AA - 52 can be used as a light machine gun with a bipod or as a heavy machine gun with a tripod . When used with a tripod for continuous fire , the gun is fitted with a heavier barrel . In the light machine gun configuration , the AA - 52 is a relatively light weapon to carry . The AA - 52 can be fired from the shoulder but this is slightly awkward because of the position of the handle , however the bipod can be used as a handguard when not in use . The barrel is changed by pressing a latch and rotating it a quarter of a turn . The APX ( SOM ) telescopic sight used on the MAS - 49 and the FR - F1 sniper rifle can be mounted on the AA - 52 as well as an infrared night sight . Variants . NF - 1 . The AA - 52 originally used the standard 7 . 5×54mm French cartridge . The general adoption of the 7 . 62x51mm NATO cartridge reduced the opportunity for export sales , and the gun was adapted for this standard NATO calibre . MAC - 58 . The MAC - 58 was a version of the AA - 52 chambered in . 50 BMG . A few prototypes were tested and one retained for preserial production , but it never reached production due to the large quantity of US M2 Browning machine guns already in service with the French armed forces .
Battle of Polesella The Battle of Polesella , fought on 22 December 1509 , by forces of the Duchy of Ferrara and the Republic of Venice , was a naval battle on the River Po in the War of the League of Cambrai in the Italian Wars . It was an overwhelming victory for Ferrara . The battle . In 1509 the Venetian fleet was moored on the river Po , waiting for the right moment to attack Ferrara . Meanwhile , the Slavonian and Albanian mercenaries ( called " Stratioti " ) made daily incursions into the Dukedom , sowing death and terror . On the night of 21 – 22 December , given the high level reached by the waters of the Po , that had brought the enemy galleys up to the level of the embankment , the Ferrarese forces set up their famous artillery along the river and at dawn opened fire . In the indescribable chaos that followed this surprise action , many ships were sunk and others captured . The soldiers and sailors who tried to escape into the water were taken prisoner and shot or killed without mercy as soon as reach firm ground . It was rather a massacre than a battle . The troops of Ferrara conquered 15 galleys and a number of other ships . The Venetians lost 2 . 000 killed or drowned and 60 flags . Angelo Trevisan succeeded in fleeing , but his damaged galley sunk 5 km further . Back in Venice , he was tried for " misconduct and carelessness " . When Duke Alfonso I d ' Este entered Ferrara five days later , his wife Lucrezia Borgia was waiting for him with her maids of honour , the court and the jubilant population . The battle was described by Ludovico Ariosto in his epic poem " Orlando Furioso " ( canto 40 , 2 , vv . 1 - 4 ) .
Erdélyi Bastion Erdélyi Bastion is a bastion at Buda Castle in Budapest , Hungary . It is sometimes calle the Transylvanian bastion . It is the strongest part of the fortification South from Bécsi kapu . Its floor plan is multi cornered ; it looks like an Old Italian fortification . It may have been designed by Domenico da Bologna , although Paolo Giovio wrote that it had been built by János Szapolyai during the 1530s . The bastion is 50 meters long and 22 meters wide . Its wedge shaped facades are connected to the wall of the castle with wings .
Jules Paivio Jules Peter Paivio ( 29 April 1916 – 4 September 2013 ) was a Canadian architect , professor , and soldier . A veteran of the Spanish Civil War , he was the last surviving member of the Mackenzie – Papineau Battalion . Early life . Paivio was born near Port Arthur , Ontario , and raised in nearby Sudbury by his Finnish parents . Spanish Civil War . Paivio left Canada at the age of 19 to fight in the Spanish Civil War . He was captured during the war , saved from execution by an Italian officer , and placed in a prisoner - of - war camp . Paivio was the last surviving Canadian veteran of the Spanish Civil War , and in 2012 he was honored by the Spanish government by being granted honorary citizenship . World War Two . During World War Two , Paivio trained soldiers in map - reading and surveying . Academic career . Paivio was a trained architect and taught at Ryerson University . Death . Jules Paivio died on 4 September 2013 , at the age of 97 .
Walter Long ( British Army officer ) Brigadier General Walter Long CMG , DSO ( 26 July 1879 – 27 January 1917 ) was a British soldier . The eldest son of the 1st Viscount Long and his wife Lady Dorothy ( Doreen ) Boyle , he was baptized 11 September 1879 at St John ' s Church , West Ashton , Trowbridge , Wiltshire . Military career . Educated at Harrow , he joined the Royal Scots Greys in 1899 . In November of that year he went with his regiment to South Africa , where he took part in the ride under Sir John French to the relief of Kimberley , Northern Cape , and was badly wounded at Dronfield . He was mentioned in dispatches several times in South Africa , and while there , gained the DSO , and the Queen ' s and King ' s Medal s , each with two clasps . On return to duty he was appointed ADC to General Sir Bruce Hamilton . He served throughout the campaign , and when he returned to England was made ADC to Sir Harry Scobell commanding the First Cavalry Brigade at Aldershot . Long resigned this appointment in order to return to his regiment . After serving with his regiment for some years , he went to India as additional ADC to General Sir Garrett O ' Moore Creagh , and afterwards he went to Canada to serve as ADC to the Duke of Connaught . Long spent the early part of World War I in France , and took part in the Battle of Mons , after which he was made a Brigadier General . After fighting at the Somme in July 1917 he was highly commended by the commander of his division , General Bridges , who wrote of him that his services were invaluable , and his ' cheery laugh was worth a battalion ' . He was mentioned in dispatches several times by Lord French and also Sir Douglas Haig , and was given a CMG . Shortly before his death he was given a brevet lieutenant - colonelcy . Long was a champion light - weight boxer while at Harrow , and for two years middle - weight champion in the British Army . Family . He married on 17 December 1910 in London , Sibell Vanden Bempde - Johnstone OBE , granddaughter of Baron Derwent . There was one son from this marriage , Walter , who succeeded his grandfather as 2nd Viscount Long . Death . Brigadier General Long was killed in action at Hébuterne , France on 28 January 1917 , aged 37 . King George sent a telegram to his father expressing his heartfelt sympathy , regretting that his army had lost one of its promising young generals . He is buried at the Couin British Cemetery , France . His widow remarried on 25 April 1921 to Ralph Glyn , 1st Baron Glyn . She died in 1958 .
Remington Model 31 The Remington Model 31 is a pump - action shotgun that competed with the Winchester Model 1912 for the American sporting arms market . Produced from 1931 to 1949 , it superseded the John Pedersen - designed Model 10 and Model 17 and was replaced by the less expensive Remington 870 . History . While the Remington Model 17 enjoyed some success , a solid , 12 - gauge featuring side - ejection was needed to compete with Winchester . C . C . Loomis sized up the Model 17 and adapted it for side ejection . The Model 31 was Remington ' s first side ejecting pump - action shotgun . Stocks were walnut with checkered walnut forend and later changed to a ribbed forend . The Model 31 was made in three gauges with 121 , 000 12 - gauge models made and 75 , 000 16 - and 20 - gauge examples also produced . The Federal Bureau of Investigation acquired one Model 31 per office in 1935 in response to the Kansas City Massacre . Despite being well received , sales still lagged far behind the Winchester . Remington went back to the drawing board and designed the Model 870 ; this shotgun matched the durability of the Model 12 at a significantly lower cost . Despite the overwhelming success of the 870 , many shotgun connoisseurs consider the Model 31 to be the " ne plus ultra " of pump shotguns with its " ball - bearing " slide action . The Model 31 was later used as a basis for the modernized and simplified Mossberg 500 , 590 , 835 and Maverick 88 shotguns . The biggest differences being the use of aluminum alloy receivers in most variants .
Alexander Hermann , Count of Wartensleben Alexander Hermann Graf von Wartensleben ( 16 December 1650 , Bad Lippspringe – 26 January 1734 , Berlin ) was an officer in the armies of various German states , a Prussian Generalfeldmarschall and a member of the Cabinet of Three Counts with August David zu Sayn - Wittgenstein - Hohenstein and Johann Kasimir Kolbe von Wartenberg - due to their heavy taxation , this was also known as the " three great W ( oes ) " of Prussia ( Wartenberg , Wartensleben , Wittgenstein ) . Life . He was the eldest son of Herrmann Hans von Wartensleben and his wife Elisabeth von Haxthausen . His father was lord of Güter Exten , as well as of Rinteln , Nordhold and Ottleben . He led the Wartensleben Infantry Regiment at the Battle of Blenheim . 1709 he became lord of the manor in Lichte ( Wallendorf ) , Thuringian Highlands .
Adam Gale Malloy Adam Gale Malloy ( September 10 , 1830 – November 10 , 1911 ) was a colonel in the Union Army during the American Civil War who was nominated and confirmed for appointment to the grade of brevet brigadier general in 1866 . Biography . Malloy was born on September 10 , 1830 in Ireland . He died on November 10 , 1911 in Escondido , California and is buried in San Marcos , California . Military career . After the outbreak of the American Civil War , Malloy joined the Union Army and was assigned to the 6th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment . He was later promoted to Colonel and given command of the 17th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment . Malloy was mustered out of the volunteers on July 19 , 1865 . On January 13 , 1866 , President Andrew Johnson nominated Malloy for appointment to the grade of brevet brigadier general of volunteers to rank from March 13 , 1865 , and the United States Senate confirmed the appointment on March 12 , 1866 . Malloy remained an officer in the re - organized United States Army following the war until he was discharged on August 23 , 1870 . Initially , he was a first lieutenant with the 17th U . S . Infantry Regiment but on September 21 , 1866 , he was transferred to the 35th U . S . Infantry Regiment . He was unassigned as of August 12 , 1869 .
Bo - hiya ( Japanese fire arrow ) Bo hiya ( hiya ) is the Japanese version of the fire arrow . Bo - hiya were used in ancient Japan and by the samurai class of feudal Japan . History and description . Fire arrows of some type have been used in Japan as far back as the 6th century where they are said to have been used during a military campaign in Korea . Bows ( yumi ) were used to launch these early fire arrows . In 10th - century China , gunpowder was used to launch fire arrows , and this type of fire arrow was used against the Japanese by Mongolian naval vessels in the 13th century . In 1543 the Japanese acquired matchlock technology from the Portuguese , and the resulting firearms developed by the Japanese led to new means of launching fire arrows . These rocket - type bo - hiya had the appearance of a thick arrow with large fins , a wood shaft and a metal tip ; they resembled the Korean cannon - fired rocket ( Chongtong ) Bo - hiya were ignited by lighting a fuse made from incendiary waterproof rope which was wrapped around the shaft ; when lit the bo - hiya was launched from either a wide - bore cannon , a form of tanegashima ( Japanese matchlock ) called " hiya zutsu " , or from a mortar - like weapon . By the 1500s Japanese pirates ( wokou also , kaizoku or wako ) were reported to have used bo - hiya . During one sea battle it was said the bo hiya were " falling like rain " . Bo - hiya were standard equipment on Japanese military vessels where they were used to set fire to enemy ships .
James H . Baker James Heaton Baker was a Republican politician who was Ohio Secretary of State from 1856 - 1858 , Minnesota Secretary of State , 1860 - 1862 , and served in the American Civil War . James H . Baker was born May 6 , 1829 in Monroe , Butler County , Ohio . He was educated in common schools , and graduated from Ohio Wesleyan University . He became a teacher , and had charge of the Female Seminary at Richmond , Indiana . In 1853 he purchased the Scioto Gazette in Chillicothe , Ohio . In 1855 he was elected to a single term as Ohio Secretary of State . Later in life , he would be Minnesota Secretary of State 1860 - 1862 . During the American Civil War , Baker served as Colonel of the 10th Minnesota Infantry Regiment in the Union Army in 1862 – 1863 . He was appointed Provost Marshal for the Department of Missouri , and served till the close of the war . He was mustered out of the volunteers on October 21 , 1865 . In recognition of Baker ' s service , on January 13 , 1866 , President Andrew Johnson nominated Baker for appointment to the grade of brevet brigadier general to rank from March 13 , 1865 , and the U . S . Senate confirmed the appointment on March 12 , 1866 . After the war , Baker was appointed Register of Public Lands at the Boonville , Missouri Federal Land Office , which he performed for two years . He then retired to a farm in Minnesota , and was appointed Commissioner of Pensions by President Grant from 1871 - 1875 . Baker died at Mankato , Minnesota , May 25 , 1913 . He is buried at Glenwood Cemetery in Mankato .
Federico Tesio Federico Tesio ( 17 January 1869 – 22 May 1954 ) was an Italian and one of the most important breeders of Thoroughbreds in the history of horse racing . He has been called " the only genius ever to operate in the breeding world " and " the greatest single figure in the history of Italian racing " . Born in Turin , orphaned at 6 years of age , Federico Tesio obtained a degree from the University of Florence . He served in the Italian Army during World War I and in 1939 was appointed to the Italian Senate . In 1898 he and his wife Lydia Tesio established the Dormello Stud in Dormelletto , Novara on 19 hectares on the banks of Lake Maggiore in northern Italy . All of the credit for breeding successes is due to him , while his wife played an important role in the social aspects of the operation , being responsible for bringing in Marchese Mario Incisa Della Rochetta as his partner in 1932 . An owner / breeder who also always trained his own horses , Tesio was a leading horse breeder whose horses have had a pervasive influence in the breeding of the thoroughbred throughout the world . He bred several undefeated champions including Nearco , Ribot , Braque and Cavaliere d ’ Arpino , whom he considered the best horse that he ever bred Cavaliere d ' Arpino sired Bellini the sire of Tenerani which in turn was the sire of Ribot , acknowledged as the greatest racehorse Europe had seen after winning the Prix Arc de triomphe twice , defeating a very strong field in the 2nd win by 6 lengths . Nearco sired Nearctic , sire of Northern Dancer . 37 % of all throroughbred foals in 2012 born in Australia descended in the male tail line to Northern dancer . Donatello II was a certain winner of the Prix du Jockey Club but in his only defeat for Tesio , the jockey was instructed to take the lead , and lost . Donatello then immediately went to stud in the UK . Tesio bred , owned and trained 22 winners of the Derby Italiano In 1947 , Federico Tesio published a book titled " Puro - Sangue - Animale da Esperimento " ( " The Pure Blood - An Animal of Experimentation " ) . It was reissued in 2005 in an English translation titled " Tesio : In His Own Words " which was published by Russell Meerdink Co . Ltd ( ISBN 978 - 0929346762 ) . The Federico Tesio Stakes at Pimlico Race Course in Baltimore , Maryland is named in his honor . The Premio Lydia Tesio race at the Capannelle Racecourse in Rome is named for his wife and the Premio Federico Tesio for him at San Siro Racecourse in Milan . He died in 1954 , shortly before the debut of Ribot , a horse who has been described as his " masterpiece " . In 1999 , nearly half a century after his death , he was named at number 18 in the Racing Post ' s list of 100 Makers of 20th Century Racing .
French occupation of Santo Domingo The French occupation of Santo Domingo started in 1795 when France came to own the whole island when by the Treaty of Basel Spain ceded Santo Domingo as a consequence of the French Revolutionary Wars . At the time , slaves led by Toussaint Louverture in Saint - Domingue were in revolt against France . In 1801 Toussaint Louverture captured Santo Domingo from the French and took control of the entire island . In 1802 an army sent by Napoleon under the command of Charles Leclerc , captured Toussaint Louverture and sent him to France as prisoner . His successors and yellow fever succeeded in expelling the French again from Saint - Domingue . The nation declared independence as Haiti in 1804 . France went on to recover Spanish Santo Domingo . In 1808 , following Napoleon ' s invasion of Spain , the " criollos " of Santo Domingo revolted against French rule , an event known as the Reconquista . The first battle took place in Palo Hincado on November 7 , 1808 , when Gen . Juan Sánchez Ramírez , leading an army of local and Puerto Rican soldiers , attacked by surprise and a garrison of the French Army under the command of Governor Gen . Louis Ferrand , who later committed suicide . The news was heard by Gen . Dubarquier who garrisoned 2000 soldiers in Santo Domingo . The Spanish laid siege to the city on November 27 , 1808 , with the aid of 6 frigates from the Royal Navy , and troops under the command of General Hugh Lyle Carmichael . Santo Domingo was returned to Spanish control by 9 July 1809 .