naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Battle of Indus The Battle of Indus was fought at the Indus river , in the year 1221 between Jalal ad - Din Mingburnu , the sultan of the Khwarezmid Empire and his only remaining forces of fifty thousand , and the Mongolian horde of Genghis Khan . Background . Jalal ad - Din Mingburnu was fleeing to India with his men together with thousands of refugees from Persia , following the Mongol sacking of several cities , including Bukhara and Samarkand , the latter being the Khwarezmian capital . After having won the Battle of Parwan , near the city Ghazna ( Ghazni ) in eastern Persia , Jalal ad - Din Mingburnu headed for India to seek refuge together with his army of some fifty thousand men and several thousand refugees . However , the horde of Genghis Khan caught up with him when he was about to cross the river Indus . The sultan posted most of his men in the way of the Mongols to let him and the refugees pass the river in safety . When the army who awaited the enemy was busy fighting the Mongolian vanguard , Genghis Khan led the main force towards the sultan who was trapped between the Mongols and the river . Prelude and description . The sultan engaged the Mongols with his fifty thousand men against the Mongols ' over thirty thousand . This attempt failed however and the soldiers were soon separated from the refugees who were brutally slaughtered . When the sultan realized he was doomed , he and his closest followers crossed the Indus River at Hund . Only a few of the refugees and probably none of the soldiers made it to the other side alive . Aftermath . Jalal ad - Din Mingburnu spent three years in exile in India before returning to Persia .
Château de Saint - Chaptes The Château de Saint - Chaptes is a modernised castle in the " commune " of Saint - Chaptes in the Gard " département " of France . The medieval castle was built in the 13th century and modified in the 15th and 17th centuries . Protected by towers , it was surrounded by moat s which have now been filled . The exact date of construction is unclear , but it is known that the castle was pillaged in 1217 . In 1623 , it was enlarged for the stay of Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu to prepare for the Peace of Alais . In the 18th century , interior modification included the creation of a central access corridor and the creation of a grand staircase . Under the First Empire , the building was updated in the current taste by the Countess de Brueys . The remains of the ramparts , dating back to the 14th century , include two towers whose height was halved during the Revolution , forming the entrance to the castle . The rampart itself was rebuilt in the 19th century . Privately owned , the Château de Saint - Chaptes has been listed since 1998 as a " monument historique " by the French Ministry of Culture .
Matsu - class destroyer The were a class of destroyer built for the Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ) , who referred to them as . Design basis . The " Matsu " class were built late in World War II , and they were intended to be more cost - effective in response to the changing character of naval warfare at that time . These ships were lighter and smaller than previous Japanese destroyers , with different armament such as enhanced anti - aircraft guns and anti - submarine weapons , and radar . Since surface warfare was believed to be less likely at this stage of the war , armament such as torpedo tubes that would be useful against surface ships was reduced . As in other navies during the war , the IJN substantially simplified the design to speed up construction , and used " Ōtori " class machinery , because high speed was unnecessary for convoy escort operations . However , mass production was not achieved . The " Matsu " class design was subsequently further simplified , resulting in the or . The " Tachibana " class destroyers adopted the first modular design in a Japanese destroyer . " Matsu " class destroyers whose construction was started late in the programme were completed as " Tachibana " class . The IJN converted twelve destroyers to " Kaiten " mother ships to prepare for the Japanese mainland decisive battle .
CSS Chicora CSS Chicora was a Confederate ironclad ram that fought in the American Civil War . She was built under contract at Charleston , South Carolina in 1862 . James M . Eason built her to John L . Porter ' s plans , using up most of a $ 300 , 000 State appropriation for construction of marine batteries ; Eason received a bonus for " skill and promptitude . " Her iron shield was 4 " thick , backed by 22 " of oak and pine , with 2 - inch armor at her ends . Keeled in March , she was commissioned in November , Commander John Randolph Tucker , CSN assuming command . In thick , predawn haze on January 31 , 1863 , " Chicora " and CSS " Palmetto State " raided the Federal blockading force of unarmored ships lying just outside the entrance to Charleston Harbor . With ram and gun , " Palmetto State " forced USS " Mercedita " to surrender , then disabled USS " Keystone State " , who had to be towed to safety . " Chicora " meanwhile engaged other Union ships in a long - range gun duel , from which she emerged unscathed to withdraw victoriously to shelter inside the harbor . She took part in the defense of the forts at Charleston on April 7 when they were attacked by a squadron of ironclad monitors under Rear Admiral Samuel Francis du Pont , USN . The Federal ships were forced to retire for repairs and did not resume the action . " Chicora " was actively employed in the fighting around Charleston during 1863 and 1864 . Her valuable services included the transporting of troops during the evacuation of Morris Island , and the bombardment of Forts Sumter , Gregg , and Wagner . In August 1863 she had the distinction of furnishing the first volunteer officer and crew for the Confederate Submarine Torpedo Boat " H . L . Hunley " . " " A Lieutenant ’ s commission in the Confederate States Navy was conferred on me , with orders to report for duty on the ironclad Chicora at Charleston . My duties were those of a deck officer , and I had charge of the first division . On the occasion of the attack upon the blockading squadron . . . It was my part , on the memorable morning , to aim and fire one effective shell into the Keystone State while running down to attack us , which ( according to Captain LeRoy ’ s report ) , killing twenty - one men and severely wounding fifteen , caused him to haul down his flag in token of surrender . The enemy now kept at a respectful distance while preparing their ironclad vessels to sail up more closely . Our Navy Department continued slowly to construct more of these rams , all on the same general plan , fit for little else than harbor defense . " " - - William T . Glassell , Lt . CSN She was destroyed by the Confederates when Charleston was evacuated on February 18 , 1865 . Coker , PC , " Charleston ' s Maritime Heritage 1670 – 1865 " , Charleston , CokerCraft Press 1987
INDRA naval exercises The end of the Cold War which brought greatly reduced defense budgets saw a collapse in ship building and naval activity in Russia throughout the 1990s . During this time , the Russian navy had no presence in the Indian Ocean . This changed in 2001 , when a contingent of naval ships , including anti - submarine warfare vessels and a tanker docked at Mumbai . In April 2003 , nine warships of the Russian navy departed from their bases at Sevastopol in the Black Sea and Vladivostok for the Indian Ocean . These units engaged in a number of exercises with the Indian navy . Russian Defence Minister Sergei Ivanov proposed joint naval exercises to be held later that year . INDRA . INDRA is a joint , bi - annual military exercise conducted by India and Russia starting in 2003 . The exercise is tasked with boosting coperation and interoperability between the Russian and Indian navies . The word INDRA is a portmanteau of the participants ' respective countries . The exercise involves live firing drills , as well as air defence and anti submarine operations . Additionally , counterpiracy , terrorism and drug smuggling operations are carried out . Image gallery . Vessels taking part in INDRA2007
Russo - Swedish War ( 1590 – 95 ) The Russo - Swedish War of 1590 – 1595 was instigated by Boris Godunov in the hope of gaining the territory of the Duchy of Estonia along the Gulf of Finland belonging to Sweden since the previous Livonian War . As soon as the Truce of Plussa expired early in 1590 , a large Russia n army led by Godunov and his sickly brother - in - law , Fyodor I of Russia , marched from Moscow towards Novgorod . On 18 January they crossed the Narva River and laid siege to the Swedish castle of Narva , commanded by Arvid Stålarm . Another important fortress , Jama ( Jamburg ) , fell to Russian forces within two weeks . Simultaneously , the Russians ravaged Estonia as far as Reval ( Tallinn ) and Finland as far as Helsingfors ( Helsinki ) . On 25 February , the local Swedish governor Klas Henriksson Horn was compelled to sign an armistice , which obliged Sweden to surrender the territories won by the Treaty of Plussa — namely Jama , Koporye , and Ivangorod . This peace settlement displeased John III of Sweden , who sent a fleet to take hold of Ivangorod , but this attempt to besiege the fortress was checked by a Russian castellan . Matters then remained quiet until summer 1591 , when the Swedes struck against Gdov , capturing a local governor , Prince Vladimir Dolgorukov . The other war theatre was Eastern Karelia , where the Swedes sacked Kola and other Russian settlements bordering the White Sea . A raiding party led by Finnish peasant chief Pekka Vesainen , destroyed the Pechenga Monastery on December 25 , 1589 , killing 50 monks and 65 lay brothers . He then turned his troops to $ 3 but could not manage to destroy the Kola Fortress due lack of men . Instead he captured and burned Kandalaksha ( Kantalahti ) and a small Russian settlement in Kem . Again , due lack of men , he could not capture the Solovetsky Monastery on the Solovetsky Islands . Godunov ' s government gradually overcame these setbacks , as Prince Volkonsky was sent to pacify Karelia , while the noblest Russian generals — Bogdan Belsky , Fyodor Mstislavsky and Prince Trubetskoy — devastated Finland . After that , the war settled into indecisive skirmishing from which it would not subsequently emerge . Three years elapsed before Sweden , in May 1595 , agreed to sign the Treaty of Teusina ( Tyavzino , Tyavzin , Täyssinä ) . The treaty restored to Russia all territory ceded in the Truce of Plussa of 1583 to Sweden except for Narva . Russia had to renounce all claims on Estonia , including Narva , and Sweden ' s sovereignty over Estonia from 1561 was confirmed .
Chen Ji ( Yuan Shu official ) Chen Ji was an official serving under the warlord Yuan Shu during the late Han Dynasty period of Chinese history . In the campaign against Lü Bu , Chen led the third army , but ended up meeting a grave failure . Chen then followed in putting up a resistance against Cao Cao , but ended up being captured and put to death .
Capture of Ormuz ( 1507 ) The Capture of Ormuz in 1507 occurred when the Portuguese Afonso de Albuquerque attacked Hormuz Island to establish the Castle of Ormuz . This conquest gave the Portuguese full control of the trade between India and Europe passing through the Persian Gulf . The capture of Ormuz was a result of a plan by the King of Portugal , Manuel I , who in 1505 had resolved to thwart Muslim trade in the Indian Ocean by capturing Aden , to block trade through Alexandria ; Ormuz , to block trade through Beirut ; and Malacca to control trade with China . A fleet under Tristão da Cunha was sent to capture the Muslim fort on Socotra in order to control the entrance to the Red Sea ; this was accomplished in 1507 . The main part of the fleet then left for India , with a few ships remaining under Albuquerque . Albuquerque disobeyed orders and left to capture the island of Ormuz . He obtained the submission of the local king to the king of Portugal , as well as the authorisation to build a fort using local labour . He started to build a fort on 27 October 1507 , and initially planned to man it with a garrison , but could not hold it because of local resistance and the defection to India of several of his Portuguese captains . During the works for the building there was the mutiny of the Captains , an episode of insubordination that led to the defection of three Portuguese captains to India . These , with the support of the sovereign of Ormuz , fought the forces of Albuquerque in early January 1508 . After a few days of battle , Albuquerque was forced to withdraw from the city , abandoned the fort under construction . He sailed away on April 1508 with the two remaining ships . He returned to Socotra where he found the Portuguese garrison starving . He remained in the Gulf of Aden to raid Muslim ships , and attacked and burnt the city of Kālhāt ( Calayate ) . He again returned to Ormuz , and then set sail to India on board a merchant ship he had captured . In March 1515 , Albuquerque returned to Ormuz , leading a fleet of 27 vessels , with a strength of 1 , 500 soldiers and 700 malabaris , determined to regain it . He held the position of the ancient fortress on April 1 , referring to the building , now under a new name : Fort of Our Lady of the Conception . In 1622 , a combined Anglo - Persia n force combined to take over the Portuguese garrison at Hormuz Island in the Capture of Ormuz ( 1622 ) , thus opening up Persia n trade with England . " The capture of Ormuz by an Anglo - Persian force in 1622 entirely changed the balance of power and trade " .
USS Montezuma ( 1798 ) The first USS " Montezuma " was a ship in the United States Navy during the Quasi - War with France . Her merchant name was retained . " Montezuma " was built in Virginia in 1795 for transatlantic voyages ; acquired by the Navy 26 June 1798 from William Taylor at Baltimore , Maryland , for service against French naval vessels and privateers attacking American merchantmen during the Quasi - War ; and placed in service by the end of August 1798 , Capt . Alexander Murray in command . Departing Baltimore on 3 November , " Montezuma " sailed as flagship of a squadron consisting of brig , cutter , and schooner for the West Indies to cruise off Guadeloupe and Martinique , to protect American merchantmen and search for French men - of - war . The ships encountered two enemy vessels on 20 November and gave chase , capturing without a fight the brig " Fair American " , an American vessel taken by French privateer s only five days previously , but losing " Retaliation " to two French frigate s that appeared on the horizon . After a long chase the squadron was able to evade the French warships and then put into St . Thomas . " Montezuma " continued on her duty in the West Indies , convoying merchant ships to various Caribbean ports into 1799 and then on 7 March fell in with and captured French brig " Les Amis " , 16 guns , off Curaçao . She was ordered home in mid - March and arrived Philadelphia after convoying 57 merchant ships to various ports on the eastern seaboard 12 May 1799 . " Montezuma " sailed on her second voyage to the West Indies , 28 May , Lt . John Mullowny in command , this time bound for St . Kitts in the Leeward Islands , escorting U . S . shipping and then sailing to Jamaica to take on prize money , carrying it to Philadelphia , arriving Fort Mifflin on 31 July . The warship departed Fort Mifflin on 4 August on her last voyage in the Navy , dispatched to St . Kitts to pick up French prisoners for immediate return to Baltimore . Arriving on 28 August , " Montezuma " , because of cramped , unfavorable conditions , loaded only 50 prisoners and departed on 30 August to return to Baltimore , arriving on 14 September . There the ship remained while all her armament and stores were removed , preparatory to being sold , because of her poor seakeeping ability as a warship . Following much deliberation , " Montezuma " was finally sold to her original owner , William Taylor of Baltimore on 30 December 1799 . Re - equipped for merchant service she sailed the Atlantic on a Baltimore - Liverpool run until disposed of some years before the beginning of the War of 1812 .
SS Empire Almond Empire Almond was a cargo ship that was built in 1941 . She was renamed Marquita in 1946 , Marsland in 1951 , Huta Zgoda in 1960 and MP - Zozie - 12 in 1969 . She was scrapped in 1978 . History . " Empire Almond " was built by Taikoo Dockyard and Engineering Co Ltd , Hong Kong as yard number 297 . She was launched on 23 July 1941 and completed in September 1941 . " Empire Almond " was built for the Ministry of War Transport and initially operated under the management of the W Runciman & Co Ltd , London and later the Coolham Steamship Co Ltd . " Empire Almond " was initially homeported in Hong Kong but her homeport was changed to London in 1942 . War service . " Empire Almond " was a member of a number of convoys during the Second World War . Convoy OS 33 sailed from Liverpool for Freetown , Sierra Leone on 1 July 1942 , arriving on 20 July . " Empire Almond " sailed from the Clyde with a destination of Takoradi , Ghana with a cargo of Government stores . Convoy MKS 52 departed from Augusta on 13 June 1944 . " Empire Almond " was bound for Malta for attention to defects . Convoy KMS 67 left Liverpool on 24 October 1944 and arrived at Gibraltar on 2 November . " Empire Almond " was carrying a cargo of stores and general cargo , bound for Alexandria . At 1300 hrs on 26 October , " Empire Almond " was stopped with an engine fault . It took about 4 hours before she was able to resume her journey . She was escorted by the S and , rejoining the convoy at 2200 hrs . Convoy MKS 72 left Lisbon on 23 December 1944 . " Empire Almond " was carrying a cargo of steel . Convoy KMS 85 left Liverpool on 17 February 1945 and reached Gibraltar on 24 February . " Empire Almond " sailed from Southend bound for Lisbon . Post - war . In 1946 " Empire Almond " was sold to Kaye , Son & Co , London and renamed " Marquita " . " Marquita " visited Auckland , New Zealand on 3 May 1949 . She was renamed " Marsland " in 1951 . In 1960 , " Marsland " was sold to the Polska Żegluga Morska , Szczecin and renamed " Huta Zgoda " . In about 1967 " Huta Zgoda " was sold to Rejonowe Zaklady Zbozowe PZZ and converted into a grain storage hulk at Gdansk . In 1969 , " Huta Zgoda " was sold to Zaklady Obrutu Zbozami Importawanymi i Eksportowymi PZZ and renamed " MP - Zozie - 12 " . she served in this capacity until 1978 . " MP - Zozie - 12 " was sold for scrap in 1978 , arriving at Faslane under tow on 10 July . Official number and call sign . Official number a were a forerunner to IMO Numbers . " Empire Almond " had the UK Official Number 172790 and call sign VRFR .
Bernard Matthew Cassidy Bernard Matthew Cassidy VC ( 17 August 1892 – 28 March 1918 ) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . Details . Cassidy was 25 years old , and a second lieutenant in the 2nd Battalion , The Lancashire Fusiliers , British Army during the First World War at the Spring Offensive when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC . On 28 March 1918 at Arras , France , at a time when the flank of the division was in danger , Second Lieutenant Cassidy was in command of the left company of his battalion . He had been given orders to hold on to the position at all costs and he carried out this instruction to the letter . Although the enemy came in overwhelming numbers he continued to rally and encourage his men , under terrific bombardment until the company was eventually surrounded and he was killed . He is remembered on the Arras Memorial . Cassidy has a street named after him in Canning Town in London called Bernard Cassidy Street . His VC is on display in the Lord Ashcroft Gallery at the Imperial War Museum , London .
Edward C . Daly Edward C . Daly born 27 April 1914 in Pink Hill , North Carolina , enlisted in the United States Navy 13 February 1934 . Awarded Navy Cross . Coxswain " Daly " was killed 7 December 1941 while serving in USS Downes ( DD - 375 ) , damaged in the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor . He was posthumously awarded the Navy Cross for his courageous and daring attempt to rescue a wounded shipmate trapped in a flaming compartment of the ship . Namesake . The USS Edward C . Daly ( DE - 17 ) was so named in his honor .
XXI Corps ( United States ) Initially constituted on 2 December 1943 in the Army of the United States , the XXI Corps was activated on 6 December 1943 at Camp Polk , Louisiana . XXI Corps fought for 116 days in the European Theater of Operations , fighting from Alsace through southern Germany and into Austria . The corps was commanded in combat by Major General Frank W . Milburn as a subordinate unit of the Seventh U . S . Army . Eastern France . The corps commenced combat operations in mid - January 1945 during pitched battle by the U . S . Seventh Army to regain ground lost to Germany ' s Operation Nordwind New Year ' s offensive into Alsace . From 25 January until 16 February 1945 , XXI Corps was attached to the French First Army and took part in bitter winter combat that ultimately collapsed the Colmar Pocket . After a period of rest , the corps returned to the front on 28 February 1945 and pushed to the edge of the Siegfried Line during the first week of March , 1945 . Germany and Austria . On 20 March 1945 , after five days of combat , the corps broke through the Siegfried Line and captured Saarbrücken . Crossing the Rhine behind the U . S . XV Corps , the XXI Corps captured Würzburg on 5 April 1945 , after a three - day battle marked by an assault across the Main River . Facing determined opposition , the corps fought its way into Schweinfurt on 12 April 1945 , after five days of battle . Assaulting Fuerth on 18 April 1945 , the corps seized Ansbach the following day and began a drive on the Danube River , over which the corps seized an intact bridge at Dillingen on 22 April 1945 . On 28 April 1945 , Augsburg fell to the XXI Corps , and on 1 May 1945 , the corps seized Bad Tölz and captured German Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt . On 3 May 1945 , the corps entered Austria , and advanced along the Inn River until German forces in the area unconditionally surrendered on 6 May 1945 . Campaign credits and inactivation . XXI Corps is credited with service in the Rhineland , Ardennes - Alsace , and Central Europe campaigns . XXI Corps Headquarters was inactivated in Germany on 30 September 1945 . Subsequent to the Second World War , the corps was active from September 1957 until June 1970 . The post - Second World War activation and inactivation occurred at Indiantown Gap Military Reservation , Pennsylvania .