naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Robert E . Laws Robert Earl Laws ( January 18 , 1921 – January 1 , 1990 ) was a United States Army soldier and a recipient of the United States military ' s highest decoration — the Medal of Honor — for his actions in World War II . Biography . Laws joined the Army from his birth city of Altoona , Pennsylvania in July 1942 , and by January 12 , 1945 was serving as a Staff Sergeant in Company G , 169th Infantry Regiment , 43rd Infantry Division . On that day , in Pangasinan , Luzon , the Philippines , he single - handedly destroyed a Japan ese pillbox . Despite being wounded , he then led an attack on enemy rifle positions and engaged a Japanese soldier in hand to hand combat . For these actions , he was awarded the Medal of Honor eight months later , on September 10 , 1945 . Laws left the Army while still a staff sergeant . He participated in the 1952 unveiling of the PRR ' s World War II memorial statue located in 30th Street Station , Philadelphia . He died at age 68 and was buried in Blair Memorial Park , Bellwood , Pennsylvania . Medal of Honor citation . Staff Sergeant Laws ' official Medal of Honor citation reads : He led the assault squad when Company G attacked enemy hill positions . The enemy force , estimated to be a reinforced infantry company , was well supplied with machineguns , ammunition , grenades , and blocks of TNT and could be attacked only across a narrow ridge 70 yards long . At the end of this ridge an enemy pillbox and rifle positions were set in rising ground . Covered by his squad , S / Sgt Laws traversed the hogback through vicious enemy fire until close to the pillbox , where he hurled grenades at the fortification . Enemy grenades wounded him , but he persisted in his assault until 1 of his missiles found its mark and knocked out the pillbox . With more grenades , passed to him by members of his squad who had joined him , he led the attack on the entrenched riflemen . In the advance up the hill , he suffered additional wounds in both arms and legs , about the body and in the head , as grenades and TNT charges exploded near him . Three Jap s rushed him with fixed bayonet s , and he emptied the magazine of his machine pistol at them , killing 2 . He closed in hand - to - hand combat with the third , seizing the Jap ' s rifle as he met the onslaught . The 2 fell to the ground and rolled some 50 or 60 feet down a bank . When the dust cleared the Jap lay dead and the valiant American was climbing up the hill with a large gash across the head . He was given first aid and evacuated from the area while his squad completed the destruction of the enemy position . S / Sgt . Laws ' heroic actions provided great inspiration to his comrades , and his courageous determination , in the face of formidable odds and while suffering from multiple wounds , enabled them to secure an important objective with minimum casualties .
British official war artists British official war artists were a select group of artists who were employed on contract , or commissioned to produce specific works during the First World War , the Second World War and select military actions in the post - war period . Official war artists have been appointed by governments for information or propaganda purposes and to record events on the battlefield ; but there are many other types of war artist . A war artist will have depicted some aspect of war through art ; this might be a pictorial record or it might commemorate how war shapes lives . A war artist creates a visual account of war by showing its impact as men and women are shown waiting , preparing , fighting , suffering , celebrating , The works produced by war artists illustrate and record many aspects of war , and the individual ' s experience of war , whether allied or enemy , service or civilian , military or political , social or cultural . The rôle of the artist and his work embraces the causes , course and consequences of conflict and it has an essentially educational purpose . First World War . The British Expeditionary Force s in Europe included artists whose work was exhibited at the Imperial War Museum after the end of hostilities . After the outbreak of the First World War , Charles Masterman , head of the British War Propaganda Bureau and acting on the advice of William Rothenstein , appointed Muirhead Bone as Britain ' s first official war artist in May 1916 . After Bone returned to England he was replaced by his brother - in - law , Francis Dodd , who had been working for the " Manchester Guardian " . In 1917 arrangements were made to send other artists to France including Eric Kennington , William Orpen , Paul Nash , Christopher R . W . Nevinson and William Rothenstein . John Lavery was recruited to paint pictures of the home front . Nash later complained about the strict control maintained by the Bureau over the official subject matter , saying " " I am no longer an artist interested and curious , I am a messenger who will bring back word from the men who are fighting to those who want the war to go on for ever . Feeble , inarticulate , will be my message , but it will have a bitter truth , and may it burn their lousy souls . " " Second World War . The British War Advisory Scheme ( WAS ) was administered by the War Artists ' Advisory Committee ( WAAC ) of the Ministry of Information . The project was devised by Kenneth Clark , Director of the National Gallery . He was the WAAC chair and is credited with having established the WAS . There was a general appreciation of the need to develop what " the camera cannot interpret . " The government recognized that " a war so epic in its scope by land , sea and air , and so detailed and complex in its mechanism , requires interpreting [ by artists ] as well as recording . "
Hugo Cores Hugo Cores ( November 7 , 1937 – December 7 , 2006 ) was an influential Uruguayan political activist . Born in Villa Crespo , Argentina , Cores was a target of Operation Condor , a campaign of assassination and intelligence - gathering among South American governments in the mid - 1970s . He avoided assassination , however , and became the last surviving core member of the Partido por la Victoria del Pueblo , before his death in 2006 . His remains are buried in the Cementerio del Buceo , Montevideo .
15 cm Autokanone M . 15 / 16 The 15 cm Autokanone M . 15 / 16 was a heavy field gun used by Austria - Hungary in World War I . Guns turned over to Italy as reparations after World War I were taken into Italian service as the Cannone da 152 / 37 . Austrian and Czech guns were taken into Wehrmacht service after the Anschluss and the occupation of Czechoslovakia as the 15 . 2 cm K 15 / 16 ( t ) . Italian guns captured after the surrender of Italy in 1943 were known by the Wehrmacht as the 15 . 2 cm K 410 ( i ) . They weren ' t used much by the Germans , probably because of their unique ammunition , and generally served on coast - defense duties during World War II . Design . The M . 15 was a thoroughly conventional design for its day with a box trail , iron wheels and a curved gunshield . It was notable as being the first Austro - Hungarian gun to be designed for motor transport , hence the Autokanone designation . For transport the barrel was generally detached from the recoil system and moved on its own trailer . The original M . 15 weapons had a maximum elevation of only 30° , but an elevation of 45° was demanded early in the gun ' s production run , mainly to engage high - altitude targets in the mountains . 27 M . 15 guns were completed before production switched to the improved M . 15 / 16 with greater elevation in the first half of 1917 . A total of 44 barrels and 43 carriages were completed by the end of the war . It seems likely that surviving M . 15 guns were rebuilt after the war to M . 15 / 16 standards . During the Twenties , guns in Italian service had been refurbished by Vicker - Terni and given new wheels .
French frigate Prairial ( F731 ) The Prairial is a light monitoring frigate ( " " frégate de surveillance " " ) of the French " Marine Nationale " . She is the second ship of the , and the second French warship named after the ninth month of the Republican Calendar . She was built in the beginning of the 1990s by the Chantiers de l ' Atlantique in Saint Nazaire . She is currently based in Tahiti . Although categorised as a surveillance ship , she armed with two anti - ship Exocet missiles and a 100 mm gun . She is also furbished with 35 extra berths for marines . " Prairial " was deployed to East Timor as part of the Australian - led INTERFET peacekeeping taskforce from 16 October to 29 November 1999 .
Walther - Hans Böttcher Walther - Hans Böttcher ( 4 November 1916 – 6 June 1943 ) was a highly decorated Hauptmann in the Wehrmacht during World War II . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . Walther - Hans Böttcher was killed on 6 June 1943 after stepping on a mine near Arkhangelsk , Russia .
Victory Banner The Soviet Banner of Victory ( ) is the banner raised by the Red Army soldier s on the Reichstag building in Berlin , on April 30 , 1945 , the day that Adolf Hitler committed suicide . It was raised by three Soviet soldiers : Alexei Berest , Mikhail Yegorov , and Meliton Kantaria , from Ukraine , Russia , and Georgia respectively . The Victory Banner , made under battle field conditions , is the official symbol of the Victory of the Soviet people against Nazi Germany during the second world war . It is also believed to be one of the national treasure s of Russia and a symbol of the Pridnestrovye region . The Cyrillic inscription reads : Although this flag was not the only one to be hoisted on the Reichstag , it was the first and only survivor of all the " official " flags specially prepared to be raised there . On May 9 , during Victory Day parade in Moscow , a copy of Victory Banner # 5 is carried immediately behind the Russian flag by members of the 154th Moscow Commandant ' s Regiment Honor and Colors Guards . According to the Law of the Russian Federation , the Banner of Victory is to be stored forever in a place which provides its safety and public availability . Yeltsin ' s Victory Banner . There was a variation of the Soviet flag , without the hammer and sickle , to which president Boris Yeltsin gave a status similar to that of the national flag , on April 5 , 1996 . President Vladimir Putin also adopted the Victory Banner as the official flag of the Russian Army . This flag was named after the flag raised on the Reichstag , but it is also called Victory Flag . Today this variation is no longer an official symbol . The Russian Ground Forces flag was once again changed to a flag without the Soviet - era star . The flags to be used for celebrations of the Soviet Victory Day were defined by a federal law .
USS Cliffrose ( AN - 42 ) USS " Cliffrose " ( AN - 42 / YN - 61 ) was an which served with the U . S . Navy in the western Pacific Ocean theatre of operations during World War II . Her career was without major incident , and she returned home safely after the war with two battle stars to her credit . Launched in Washington . " Cliffrose " ( YN - 61 ) was launched 27 November 1943 by Everett - Pacific Shipbuilding and Drydock Co . , Everett , Washington ; sponsored by Miss S . Morgan ; reclassified " AN - 42 " , 20 January 1944 ; and commissioned 30 April 1944 , Lieutenant Commander G . Montague , USNR , in command . World War II service . Cliffrose sailed from San Pedro , California , 21 June 1944 for Pearl Harbor , arriving 4 July for local duty . She departed 8 August for the Florida Islands and the invasion of Peleliu on 15 September . She carried out surveys for the installation of moorings , and then laid an anti - torpedo net across the western entrance of Kossol Passage , remaining in the Palau Islands until 8 December , when she sailed for Ulithi . Arriving 10 December , she was briefly overhauled and had duty repairing nets . " Cliffrose " put out from Ulithi 25 March 1945 for the Okinawa invasion , arriving on 1 April , the day of the first landings , for duty installing and repairing nets until 5 August . After upkeep at Saipan , she returned to Okinawa 20 September , loaded supplies , and cleared 25 October for Bungo Suido , Japan , arriving 29 October . Here she laid navigational aids until the end of the year , sailing then for Pearl Harbor and San Pedro , California , where she arrived 1 January 1946 . " Cliffrose " cleared San Pedro , after local operations , 3 July 1946 for Pearl Harbor , where she operated from 16 July to 16 August ; Guam and Subic Bay , arriving 14 September . She served in Philippine waters until 25 December , when she cleared Subic Bay for Shanghai , arriving 31 December . Post - war decommissioning . " Cliffrose " was decommissioned 7 January 1947 and turned over to the Republic of China through the U . S . State Department . Honors and awards . " Cliffrose " received two battle stars for World War II service .
USS Protector ( ARS - 14 ) USS " Protector " ( ARS - 14 ) was an commissioned by the U . S . Navy during World War II . Her task was to come to the aid of stricken vessels . " Protector " ( ARS - 14 ) was laid down by Colberg Boat Works , Stockton , California , 30 April 1942 , launched 27 April 1943 sponsored by Mrs . F . S . M . Harris , and commissioned 28 December 1943 , Lt . Comdr . Myron E . McFarland in command . World War II service . After training and conducting salvage operations off the U . S . West Coast , " Protector " sailed from Seattle , Washington , for Alaskan waters , arriving 25 June . Attached to the Alaskan Sea Frontier " Protector " performed salvage and diving operations at various Alaskan stations until April 1945 . She then returned to California , whence she sailed for the Marshalls , arriving at Eniwetok Atoll 2 August . " Protector " was engaged in salvage of a sunken aircraft off Parry Island until 15 September when she sailed for Yokosuka , arriving 26 September . She conducted salvage operations at Yokosuka until 11 November , then assisted , aground in the vicinity of Fort No . 2 , Tokyo Bay . On 7 January 1946 , " Protector " departed Yokosuka , sailing via Pearl Harbor to San Francisco as escort and tow for . Post - war decommissioning . On 24 February 1946 she arrived at San Francisco , California , where she decommissioned 15 May . She was struck from the List of Navy Vessels 8 October 1946 , transferred to the Maritime Commission ; and sold 30 December 1946 to Mr . Glen R . Butt of Cambridge , Massachusetts . She was later resold , in 1952 , to Pakistani interests . Her current fate is unknown .
USNS Bald Eagle ( T - AF - 50 ) USNS " Bald Eagle " ( T - AF - 50 ) was an acquired by the U . S . Navy . Her task was to carry stores , refrigerated items , and equipment to ships in the fleet , and to remote stations and staging areas . " Bald Eagle " was laid down ( date unknown ) , as a Maritime Commission type ( C2 - S - B1 ) hull , under Maritime Commission contract ( MC hull 186 ) at Moore Dry Dock Company , Oakland , California . She was launched ( date unknown ) and delivered to the War Shipping Administration , 28 May 1943 . She was acquired by the U . S . Navy in 1950 . Assigned to the Military Sea Transportation Service . " Bald Eagle " was assigned by the Navy to the Military Sea Transportation Service ( MSTS ) and placed in service as USNS " Bald Eagle " ( T - AF - 50 ) . Operations under MSTS . " Bald Eagle " transported frozen foods from Virginia to Bremerhaven , Germany , on a regular basis during the early 1950s . Decommissioning . She was placed out of service ( date unknown ) and struck from the Naval Vessel Register ( date unknown ) . Final disposition : scrapped in 1973 . Military awards and honors . " Bald Eagle ' s " crew was eligible for the following medals :
Hans - Georg von der Osten Leutnant Hans - Georg von der Osten began his career as a World War I flying ace credited with five aerial victories . He later rose to command of all Luftwaffe bases in Germany , during World War II . After service in the 3rd Uhlans Rgt . he joined the Air Service in February 1916 , serving with FEA 9 . He then instructed for a spell before transferring to Jasta 11 . He was acting commander of the Jasta in Jan - feb 1918 , before taking over jasta 4 . On 28 March he was shot down and wounded by fighters while flying a Pfalz D . III , seeing no further action during the conflict . During the second world war he served in a Luftwaffe staff role .
Bucellarius Bucellarii ( the Latin plural of " Bucellarius " ; literally " biscuit – eater " , ) is a term for a unit of soldiers in the late Roman and Byzantine empire , that were not supported by the state but rather by some individual such as a general or governor , in essence being his " household troops " . These units were generally quite small , but , especially during the many civil wars , they could grow to number several thousand men . In effect , the bucellarii were small private armies equipped and paid by wealthy influential people . As such they were quite often better trained and equipped , not to mention motivated , than the regular soldiers of the time . In the 6th century , Belisarius , during his wars on behalf of Justinian , employed as many as 7 , 000 bucellarii . By this time , the bucellarii were well integrated into the main Roman army , and soon the term came to be applied indiscriminately to well - equipped cavalry troops . Thus , in the 7th century , when the military recruitment areas formed the basis for the Theme system , one of the first " themata " was that of the " Boukellariōn " , in the area of Paphlagonia and Galatia , with its capital at Ankara .
Colossus - class battleship ( 1882 ) The " Colossus " - class battleships were ironclad warships , carrying their main armament in turrets , which served in the Victorian Royal Navy from 1882 . They were the first British warships to carry large rifled breech - loading main guns . Design . They were in all essential points improved versions of the " Ajax " class , with slightly greater displacement , protection and speed , with better handling characteristics , and most significantly , with breech - loading artillery replacing the obsolescent muzzle loaders . they also used steel rather than iron for most of the hull structure , and utilised the innovative compound armour for the belt and turrets . The class was originally designed to carry the then - standard muzzle - loading artillery , while European navies had already for several years been equipped with breech - loading guns . At this time , for historical reasons , the Board of Admiralty was ultimately responsible for the designs of Royal Naval warships , but the War Office was responsible for the design and provision of naval artillery . In 1879 , while the " Colossus " class was under construction , a 100 - ton muzzle - loader was being tested at the Royal Arsenal , Woolwich , and the 16 - inch 80 - ton guns destined for HMS " Inflexible " were nearly complete . Responding to a groundswell of professional opinion , the Admiralty sent a group of senior officers to witness and report on the performance of the new breech loading weapons being produced at Krupp s at Essen . As a result of their report , Woolwich undertook the manufacture of 12 inch calibre breech - loaders , with a breech mechanism manufactured at Elswick . The " Colossus " class was nominated to be armed with these guns ; the delay in their manufacture largely accounts for the protracted building times of these vessels . Both ships did well on sea - trials , exceeding their design speed . They threw up what is described as a " remarkable bow wave , which rose like a solid wall for thirteen feet , the like of which has never been observed . " They had a quick roll , and because of the low freeboard and the long chases of the guns , the gun muzzles dipped into the sea at a roll of 13° when trained on the beam . They were fitted with large bilge keels and with anti - rolling tanks . They were both reported to be slow to respond to the helm , with large turning circles .
FMA AeMB . 2 The FMA AeMB . 2 Bombi was a bomber aircraft developed in Argentina in the mid - 1930s . It was a low - wing cantilever monoplane of conventional configuration . It was fitted with fixed tailwheel undercarriage , the main units of which were covered by long , " trouser " - style fairings . The initial AeMB . 1 configuration was fitted with a dorsal machine gun turret , later removed from the AeMB . 2 to improve stability . Fifteen production examples saw service with the Argentine Air Force between 1936 and 1945 . Only two were lost to air accidents .
Chemical oxygen iodine laser Chemical oxygen iodine laser , or COIL , is an infrared chemical laser . As the beam is infrared , it cannot be seen with the naked eye . It is capable of output power scaling up to megawatts in continuous mode . Its output wavelength is 1 . 315 µm , a transition wavelength of atomic iodine . The laser is fed with gaseous chlorine , molecular iodine , and an aqueous mixture of hydrogen peroxide and potassium hydroxide . The aqueous peroxide solution undergoes chemical reaction with chlorine , producing heat , potassium chloride , and oxygen in excited state , singlet delta oxygen . Spontaneous transition of excited oxygen to the triplet sigma ground state is forbidden giving the excited oxygen a spontaneous lifetime of about 45 minutes . This allows the singlet delta oxygen to transfer its energy to the iodine molecules injected to the gas stream ; they are nearly resonant with the singlet oxygen , so the energy transfer during the collision of the particles is rapid . The excited iodine then undergoes stimulated emission and lases at 1 . 315 µm in the optical resonator region of the laser . The laser operates at relatively low gas pressures , but the gas flow has to be nearing the speed of sound at the reaction time ; even supersonic flow designs are described . The low pressure and fast flow make removal of heat from the lasing medium easy , in comparison with high - power solid - state lasers . The reaction products are potassium salt , water , and oxygen . Traces of chlorine and iodine are removed from the exhaust gases by a halogen scrubber . COIL was developed by the US Air Force in 1977 , for military purposes . However , its properties make it useful for industrial processing as well ; the beam is focusable and can be transferred by an optical fiber , as its wavelength is not absorbed much by fused silica but is well absorbed by metals , making it suitable for laser cutting and drilling . Rapid cutting of stainless steel and hastelloy with a fiber - coupled COIL has been demonstrated . In 1996 , TRW Incorporated managed to get a continuous beam of hundreds of kilowatts of power that lasted for several seconds . RADICL , Research Assessment , Device Improvement Chemical Laser , is a 20 kW COIL laser tested by the United States Air Force in around 1998 . COIL is the main weapon laser for the military airborne laser and advanced tactical laser programs . On February 11 , 2010 , this weapon was successfully deployed to shoot down a missile off the central California coast in a test conducted with a laser aboard a Boeing jumbo jet that took off from the Point Mugu Naval Air Warfare Center ( for more details , see Boeing YAL - 1 . ) All gas - phase iodine laser ( AGIL ) is a similar construction using all - gas reagents , more suitable for aerospace applications . The ElectricOIL , or EOIL , offers the same iodine lasing species in an alternate gas - electric hybrid variant .