naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Peacekeeping intelligence Peacekeeping intelligence develops and applies the proven process of intelligence to the decision - support needs of the Secretary General ( mandate and force structure ) , the field commanders ( civilian , military , and police ) , and the tactical commanders and humanitarian assistance supervisors . Source : Robert David Steele , " Peacekeeping Intelligence & Information Peacekeeping , " author ' s draft subsequently published in the International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence , Fall 2006 .
Pantauchus Pantauchus ( ) ( late 4th century BC - 3rd century BC ) , ( son of Nicolaus , from Aloros ) was a Macedonian trierarch of Nearchus ' s fleet and general during the short reign of Demetrius Poliorcetes ( 294 - 288 BC ) . He was considered to be the bravest as well as physically the strongest among Demetrius ' army commanders . When Demetrius decided to invade Aetolia , king Pyrrhus of Epirus set out to meet him with his army . However , the two armies marched following different directions and did not encounter each other . As a result , Demetrius started pillaging Epirote territory . He had stationed a large proportion of his forces in Aetolia under Pantauchus ' orders . Consequently , Pyrrhus led his troops into battle against Pantauchus . The conflict was remarkable for its intensity and harsh nature , since commanders from both sides displayed great courage and dare . Pantauchus challenged king Pyrrhus himself and soon enough a hard duel began between them . Initially , they used their spears but after a while they engaged in hand to hand combat with swords . The two men were skillful fighters and Pantauchus struck the Epirote king once but Pyrrhus wounded his opponent in the thigh and along the neck . The Macedonian general was forced to flee and his companions managed to rescue him . Pyrrhus ' legendary personal valor and fighting ability proved crucial for the battle ' s result , since the Epirotes were greatly inspired by their ruler ' s example and crushed the enemy phalanx . Several retreating Macedonians were killed and 5 , 000 were captured .
Hakkapeliittain Marssi Hakkapeliittain marssi ( " March of the Hakkapeliittas " ) or Finska Rytteriets Marsch " in Swedish " ( " March of the Finnish Cavalry " ) , also known as Suomalaisen ratsuväen marssi 30 - vuotisessa sodassa or Finska rytteriets marsch i trettioåriga kriget ( " March of the Finnish cavalry in 30 years war " ) is one of the Finnish and Swedish cavalry ' s battle marches and one of the oldest currently played . It originates from the times of Thirty Years ' War when Finnish cavalrymen were known as hakkapeliitta and it became popular with military bands . It was given lyrics ( in Swedish ) in 1872 by Zacharias Topelius and is commonly known as the " March of the Finnish Cavalry during the Thirty Years War " . The Prussian army officially adopted it for use in 1891 ; it is now a standard of the German marching band repertoire . The march is the official regimental march of the Swedish 19th infantry regiment , I 19 . The Swedish cavalry regiment " K1 " ( now part of the Life Guards ) also claimed the march as " theirs " because of their heritage from the Finnish cavalry in the late 18th century . The Finnish composer Uuno Klami developed a free orchestral version of this theme under the title " Suomalaisen ratsuväen marssi " ( " March of the Finnish Cavalry " op . 28 ) in 1939 . The Finnish poet Eino Leino published another " Hakkapeliittain Marssi " as part of a collection by the name of " Tähtitarha " ( " Garden of stars " ) in 1912 . Names of the song in different languages : Finnish lyrics . Alternative lyrics Poetic English translation . Source :
Castle town A castle town is a settlement built adjacent to or surrounding a castle . Castle towns were common in Medieval Europe . Some examples include small towns like Alnwick and Arundel , which are still dominated by their castles . In Western Europe , and England particularly , it is common for cities and towns that were not castle towns to instead have been organized around cathedrals . Towns organized around Japanese castle s are called " jōkamachi " .
USS Valiant ( PYc - 51 ) USS " Valiant " ( PYc - 51 ) , originally USS " PC - 509 " , was a United States Navy patrol vessel in commission from 1941 to 1944 . Construction and acquisition . " Valiant " was built in 1929 as the private yacht " Vara " by the Herreshoff Manufacturing Company at Bristol , Rhode Island . The U . S . Navy acquired " Vara " from her owner , Harold S . " Mike " Vanderbilt ( 1884 - 1970 ) , on 7 October 1940 . She was converted for naval service at the New York Navy Yard in Brooklyn , New York , classified as a submarine chaser ( PC ) , and commissioned as USS " PC - 509 " on 27 December 1941 at New York City . Operational history . " PC - 509 " was assigned to the Panama Canal Zone , where she was based throughout her naval career , and tasked with escorting convoys in the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea . She reached the Canal Zone on 2 February 1942 . From February 1942 through April 1943 , she escorted convoys according to a varied itinerary that included visits to Guantanamo Bay and Havana in Cuba ; Jacksonville , Miami , and Key West in Florida ; and Charleston , South Carolina . In May 1943 , " PC - 509 " began to concentrate on the Canal Zone - Guantanamo Bay convoy route exclusively . On 15 July 1943 , she was classified as a coastal patrol yacht ( PYc ) , renamed USS " Valiant " , and redesignated PYc - 51 . Between May 1943 and August 1944 , she escorted seven convoys from the Panama Canal Zone to Guantanamo Bay ; after the first six of these , she escorted another convoy back to the Canal Zone . Between convoys , she conducted routine patrols and participated in searches for German submarine s , although there is no record of her ever seeing combat . " Valiant " escorted her seventh convoy from the Canal Zone safely into Guantanamo Bay on 25 August 1944 . This time , instead of escorting a convoy back to the Canal Zone , she headed north for inactivation . She stopped briefly at Charleston on 28 August 1944 and arrived at Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , on 31 August 1944 . Decommissioning and disposal . " Valiant " was decommissioned at Philadelphia sometime in September 1944 and turned over to the Commandant , 4th Naval District , for disposal . She was stricken from the Navy List on 14 October 1944 and sold by the War Shipping Administration on 15 June 1945 .
Křivoklát Castle Křivoklát Castle can be found in Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic . Křivoklát was founded during the 12th century and belonged to Bohemian kings . During the reign of Přemysl Otakar II a large , monumental royal castle was built , later rebuilt by king Václav IV and later enlarged by king Vladislav of Jagellon . The castle was damaged by fire several times . It was turned into a harsh prison and the building slowly deteriorated . During the 19th century , the family of Fürstenberg became the owners of the castle and had it reconstructed after a fire in 1826 . Today the castle serves as a museum , tourist destination and place of theatrical exhibitions . Collections of hunting weapons , Gothic paintings and books are stored there . the Village Křivoklát slowly grew up under the castle since 14th century .
German submarine U - 241 German submarine " U - 241 " was a Type VIIC U - boat of the Nazi German " Kriegsmarine " during World War II . An order was placed for " U - 241 " on 10 April 1941 and construction began on 4 September 1942 at Germaniawerft , Kiel , as " werk 675 " . She was launched the following year on 25 June 1943 and commissioned under the command of " Oberleutnant " Arno Werr a month later on 24 July . Four days into her first patrol , she shot down an attacking flying boat but was sunk with all hands the next day . Service record . " U - 241 " began training with the 5th U - boat Flotilla on 24 July 1943 , the day that the U - boat was commissioned . " U - 241 " remained with the 5th U - boat Flotilla until 31 March 1944 , when her training was complete . " U - 241 " began the first and only patrol of her career on 1 April 1944 . She was assigned as a front ( operational ) boat to the 3rd U - boat Flotilla and left her original home port of Kiel on 23 April of that year . She arrived in Kristiansand in occupied Norway the next day , on 24 April . On 30 April , " U - 241 " left Kristiansand for her new home port of Bergen , which she arrived at on 4 May 1944 . On 13 May , " U - 241 " left Norway for the North Sea . On 17 May , just four days after leaving port , the boat came under attack from a Norwegian Catalina flying boat from No . 333 Squadron RAF . The incident occurred at 10 : 21 p . m . about 125 miles west of Ålesund , Norway . Anti - aircraft fire from the submarine hit the aircraft during its attack run and caused the Catalina ' s depth charges to miss their intended target . One of the AA gunners also managed to shoot a large hole in the hull of the aircraft . Although the plane was able to return to Britain the pilot was forced to make an emergency landing in the River Tay in Scotland before he could reach his base at Woodhaven , Fife . During the landing the plane suffered damage beyond all possible repair and the pilot was forced to beach it . Although " U - 241 " defended herself on that occasion , she was attacked with depth charges by another Catalina , this time from 210 Squadron , the following day . This resulted in the sinking of the submarine with the loss of all 51 crew members . Disputed fate . According to a book " Steurmann durch Krieg und Frieden " ( ' Helmsman through War and Peace ' ) by Hans Schmid , the author and two other men survived the sinking , were rescued and taken prisoner . All sources for ' uboat . net ' state that there were no survivors .
Rhodes Maritsa Airport Rhodes Maritsa Airport ( ) is a military airport located on the island of Rhodes in Greece . The airport is located 14 km south west of the capital city of Rhodes , near the village of Maritsa , and 3 km south of the new Rhodes International Airport . History . The airport was built in 1938 during the Italian occupation of the Dodecanese as a base for the " Regia Aeronautica " and was called " Aeroporto di Martisa " G . Pessi Parvis " " and its Italian airport code was 801 . It housed a squadron of Savoia - Marchetti SM . 81 and a squadron of Fiat CR . 32 biplane fighters . In 1940 , during World War II , it was bombed by the British Royal Air Force but stayed under Italian control until the Dodecanese Campaign , when it fell under German control . After the war it became the main airport for the island until 1977 , when the new Rhodes International Airport was opened . Since then Maritsa Airport is being used as a base for the Hellenic Air Force hosting permanently a SAR Super Puma helicopter .
Egyptian Republic Railways 4211 class The Egyptian Republic Railways 4211 class was a class of 0 - 6 - 0 diesel shunter introduced on Egyptian Republic Railways ( now Egyptian National Railways ) in the 1950s . Arnold Jung Lokomotivfabrik in Jungenthal , Rheinland - Pfalz , Germany built the first batch of 15 in 1953 and the second batch of 27 in 1955 – 56 . During the 1956 Israeli invasion of Sinai number 4239 ( Jung works number 21646 ) was captured in Sinai on the former Palestine Railways line between El Kantara East and Gaza . It was taken into Israel Railways and renumbered 251 . It was little used and in about 1970 it was scrapped .
Powder keg A powder keg is a barrel of gunpowder . The powder keg was the primary method for storing and transporting large quantities of black powder up until the 1870s and the adoption of the modern cased bullet . However , the barrels had to be handled with care , since a spark or other source of heat could cause the contents to deflagrate . Metaphor . Powder keg is also a metaphorical term sometimes political , socio - economic , historical or other circumstances have made the subject prone to outbursts . The analogy is drawn from a perception that certain territories may seem peaceful and dormant until another event triggers a large outburst of violence . The term is most often used to simplify and help the understanding of what many times is a complex set of circumstances that lead to conflicts ( see diagram of World War I Powder Keg ) . While the term is used to designate the entire region of Europe it is almost always used to specifically to insult countries on the Balkan peninsula and particularly the ex - Yugoslavian countries . The most cited event attributed to the use of the term was the assassination of Franz Ferdinand that took place in Sarajevo , Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1914 which triggered World War I . Powder keg is also used in literature as in the lyrics of Bonnie Tyler ' s Total Eclipse of the Heart : " We ' re living in a powder keg and giving off sparks " . Also a weapon commonly used by the Goron Link in the Nintendo 64 game , Legend of Zelda : Majoras Mask .
Rudi Reußner Rudi Reußner ( 10 January 1918 – 18 December 1987 ) was a highly decorated Oberfeldwebel in the Luftwaffe during World War II and a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership .
49th Troop Carrier Squadron The 49th Troop Carrier Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit . Its last assignment was with the 313th Troop Carrier Group stationed at Camp Myles Standish , Massachusetts . It was inactivated on 22 September 1945 . History . Activated in early 1942 under Air Transport ( Later I Troop Carrier ) Command as a C - 47 transport squadron ; trained in the southeastern United States . Deployed to North Africa as part of the Operation Torch landings ; being assigned to Oujda Airfield ; French Morocco . Performed troop carrier and transport airlift of supplies to ground forces advancing though Algeria into Tunisia under Twelfth Air Force . Also evacuated wounded personnel to rear areas . Carried airborne paratroopers and performed airborne assault missions over Sicily and Italy as part of the invasion forces . Reassigned to IX Troop Carrier Command in the European Theater of Operations ( ETO ) in February 1944 as part of the pre - invasion buildup of forces in England . Performed combat airborne assault missions as part of D - Day ; Operation Market - Garden and Operation Varsity 1944 - 1945 . Also performed supply and evacuation missions in France and the Low Countries ; participated in the Western Allied invasion of Germany ; 1945 . Continued combat airlift and supply missions until the German capitulation in May 1945 . Squadron continued to operate from Achiet , France during 1945 , performing transportation of personnel and supplies within Europe ; demobilized in place during August , and inactivated as a paper unit in September 1945 .
Minimum metal mine A minimum metal mine is a land mine that is designed to use the absolute smallest amount of metal possible in its construction in order for it to still function . Both minimum metal anti - tank and anti - personnel mine s exist . Some designs contain virtually no metal at all ( less than a gram ) . Typically this is achieved by encasing the explosive charge in a plastic , wooden , or glass body , with metallic components limited to the few small parts that can not easily be made from other materials , such as the spring , striker tip , and shear wire . Minimum metal mines are extremely difficult to detect using conventional metal mine detectors and usually require modern techniques , such as robotic Multi Period Sensing ( MPS ) equipment , to identify . These techniques are usually restricted to well - funded international mine clearing organizations and major militaries , making minimum metal mines especially pernicious where they are encountered . Examples . Early examples included the German Glasmine 43 , Schu - mine 42 and Topfmine used during World War II . These designs were either difficult or impossible to find using 1940s metal detectors . Many different types of minimum metal mines have been produced in various countries over the years . Relatively modern examples include the antitank mines M19 ( USA , less than 3g of metal ) and TMA - 3 ( Serbia , no metal ) and the anti - personnel mines PRB M - 409 ( Belgium , less than 1g ) and the PMA - 2 or PMA - 3 Serbia , ( approx 1g non - magnetic ) and VS - 50 ( Italy ) . Since the 1970s and until 1993 ( when the country enacted a national landmines manufacturing ban , four years before signing the Ottawa Treaty ) Italy became a world leader in the manufacture of minimum metal mines ; the three main Italian landmine manufacturers were mostly producing minimum - metal by the early 1980s . " Valsella Meccanotecnica SpA " manufactured the VS - 50 and VS - Mk2 . " Misar SpA " produced the SB - 81 and SB - 33 , and " Tecnovar Italiana SpA " produced the TS - 50 ) , and the TC / 3 . 6 and TC / 6 mines ) . Non - metallic mines . Though rare , a few land mine designs ( both anti - tank and anti - personnel ) contain no metal whatsoever . Such mines cannot be found using metal detectors because there is no metal to detect . Typically , 100 % non - metallic landmines have a plastic case and a fuze which comprises a glass or plastic vial containing a mixture of friction - sensitive pyrotechnic composition and glass powder . Downward pressure on the pressure plate overcomes the breaking strain of a plastic shear pin which snaps . Pressure is then transferred to the glass vial , crushing and fracturing it . Alternatively , when the shear pin breaks , pressure on the fuze is transferred onto a plastic belleville spring which flips downwards , stabbing a non - metallic tapered pin ( sometimes made from a glass ceramic ) through a thin plastic membrane covering the vial of friction - sensitive pyrotechnic mixture . Either way , this action causes a flash of flame that triggers the detonator and initiates the adjacent booster which in turn detonate s the main explosive filling .
26th Indian Infantry Division The 26th Indian Infantry Division , was part of the Indian Army during World War II . It fought in the Burma Campaign . History . When the Japanese invaded Burma in 1942 , the various units in training or stationed around Barrackpur near Calcutta in India were hastily formed into the " Calcutta " Division on 20 March 1942 . On 15 May , the division was retitled the Indian 26th Division . The division ' s badge was a Bengal tiger stepping through a blue triangle , representing the " delta " of the Ganges River , on a black background . For much of 1942 , the division was heavily engaged in internal security , and not regarded as battle - worthy due to lack of training and transport . It formed part of Indian XV Corps , but late in 1942 , it was taken over directly by Eastern Army . For the First Arakan offensive , all the division ' s brigades were detached one by one and committed to the offensive under the 14th Indian Infantry Division . In March , the offensive stalled and the HQ of 26th Division relieved that of the 14th Division , taking over the Arakan front too late to prevent a minor disaster . After this the British fell back almost to their starting point on the Indian frontier . Once reorganised , the division was in reserve for the first part of the Second Arakan Offensive , once again under XV Corps . When a Japanese counter - attack at Ngakyedauk cut off the forward troops , 26th Division was deployed to relieve them . It fought down the coastal plain to reopen the roads by which the 5th Indian Division was supplied . After the battle ended with the repulse of the Japanese attackers , the division took over the 5th Division ' s front and took part in the capture of two vital railway tunnels . After this , the Arakan offensive wound down to spare troops and resources for the battles in Manipur . The division was withdrawn during the monsoon rains to recuperate . Beginning in late 1944 , the division was committed once again to the Arakan . During the Third Arakan Offensive and subsequent operations , 26th Division took part mainly in amphibious operations , including the unopposed capture of Akyab Island , and the Battle of Ramree Island . Finally in April and May 1945 , the division took part in Operation Dracula , the capture of Rangoon . After the Japanese surrender , the division reinforced other troops in Java and Sumatra , where the end of the war brought widespread disorder . The division was formally disbanded in India on 31 August 1945 , but most of its units were stationed in Sumatra at Padang and Medan until November 1946 , when they embarked at the port of Belawan to be disbanded in India . Order of battle . " as of 1st April 1944 " Assigned brigades . All theses brigades were assigned or attached to the division at some time during World War II
HMAS Toorie HMAS " Toorie " was a auxiliary minesweeper operated by the Royal Australian Navy ( RAN ) during World War II . Built in 1925 by the Walsh Island Dockyard and Engineering Works , Newcastle for Dorman Long , Sydney as " Sir Arthur Dorman " . She was sold in 1928 to the Adelaide Steamship Company ownership and renamed " Toorie " . She was utilised along the Queensland coast as a sugar lighter between shore to larger vessels offshore . " Toorie " requisitioned by the RAN in late 1940 and commissioned on 14 January 1941 as a auxiliary minesweeper . She was decommissioned in January 1943 and returned to her owners after reconversion work . Fate . " Toorie " was sold in 1956 and scrapped in Hong Kong .
130 mm coastal defense gun A - 222 The A - 222 " Bereg " ( ; " Coast " ) is a Russia n 130 mm self - propelled coastal artillery gun , which was developed in the 1980s and first shown to the public in 1993 at an arms fair in Abu Dhabi . The Bereg artillery system is consisting of one command and control vehicle ( CPU ) , a combat support vehicle ( MOBD ) and up to six weapon systems ( SAU ) . All of them are mounted on 8×8 wheeled all - terrain vehicles providing excellent mobility . The AK - 130 gun is mounted on a wheeled MAZ - 543 8×8 vehicle and was designed to engage surface ships and fast attack boats as well as ground targets . It is capable of engaging targets within 1 – 2 minutes and can fire up to 12 shots per minute . As of 2003 , the only operator of the system was the Russian unit 40th BRAP at a naval base in Novorossiysk at the Black Sea .