naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Enrico Toti Enrico Toti ( 20 August 1882 in Rome – 6 August 1916 in Monfalcone ) was an Italian cyclist , patriot and hero of World War I . Enrico lost his left leg while working for Italian railways , at the age of 24 . After his injury he became a cyclist . In 1911 , riding on a bicycle with one leg , he cycled to Paris , and then through Belgium , the Netherlands and Denmark , up to Finland and Lapland . From there , via Russia and Poland , he returned to Italy in June 1912 . In January 1913 Toti started cycling again , this time in Egypt ; from Alexandria , he reached the border with Sudan where the English authorities , considering the trail too dangerous , ordered him to end the journey , and sent him to Cairo where he came back to Italy . When war broke out between Italy and the Austrian Empire , Toti tried to volunteer for the Italian army but was not accepted due to his injury . Undaunted , he reached the frontline with his bicycle and managed to serve as an unpaid , unregistred , fully non - regulation " civilian volunteer " attached to several units . Forced to leave the combat zone and return home by the Carabinieri ( Military Police ) , Toti stubbornly returned to the front and finally managed to join ( still unofficially ) the 3rd Bersaglieri Bicycle Battalion . He was killed in the Sixth Battle of the Isonzo . Fatally wounded in a clash , he hurled his crutch at the enemy . He was posthumously awarded the Gold Medal of Military Valor ( Italy ' s highest award for valour ) , one of the relatively few civilians to have this honour bestowed on them . Commemoration . Two submarines of the Italian Navy were named after Enrico Toti :
Domenikon Massacre The Domenikon Massacre was a violent reprisal by the Italian Royal Army on February 16 – 17 , 1943 during Italy ' s occupation of Greece following the Greco - Italian War , in which about 150 civilians were killed . The incident represents one of the worst Italian war crimes during World War II . Events . Domenikon is a village in central Greece in Thessaly . When Greek partisans attacked Italian forces and killed Italian soldiers , General Cesare Benelli , commander of the " Pinerolo " Division , ordered an action in reprisal . Hundreds of Italian soldiers surrounded the village and searched it house to house . They captured more than 150 men , ranging from 14 to 80 years of age . They held them as hostages well into the night and then proceeded to execute them . This event was not an isolated incident . According to historian Lidia Santarelli , it was the first in a series of repressive measures carried out in the spring and summer of 1943 , following an order by General Carlo Geloso , commander of the Italian forces of occupation , whereby anti - rebel action would result in collective punishment . The order was based on the notion that in order to crush the Greek partisan movement , whole local communities had to be wiped out . Aftermath . After the Italian capitulation in 1943 , German forces moved immediately to take over the Italian occupation zone . Most of the Italian occupying divisions surrendered to the numerically inferior Germans , but notably , the Pinerolo Division , responsible for the Domenikon Massacre , was the only one to join sides with the Greek Resistance . This page of history was long forgotten . Interest was renewed when documentary film - maker Giovanni Donfrancesco made " La guerra sporca di Mussolini " ( Mussolini ’ s Dirty War ) , which was first broadcast on 14 March 2008 on the History Channel . In Italy the documentary was never shown because Italy ’ s public broadcaster RAI was not interested in the project , but large private broadcaster Rete 4 shown the documentary on 3 January 2010 . On 16 February 2009 , Italy apologised to Greece ( through its ambassador in Athens ) for the massacre .
Type 80 Air - to - Ship Missile Type 80 Air - to - Ship Missile ( 80式空対艦誘導弾 , ASM - 1 ) is an Air - to - ship missile developed in Japan . The missile is primarily intended as an air - launched coastal defence weapon . In fact it is somewhat more capable than this , able to engage both sea and land targets such as buildings and bridges . The Type 80 also serves as the basis of several other weapons ; it forms part of the ground - launched SSM - 1 system and was also developed into the Type 88 SSM ( Surface - to - Ship Missile ) , the Type 90 SSM ( Ship - to - Ship Missile ) , and the 91 and 93 ASMs ( Air - to - Ship Missile ) . The major launch platforms for the Type 80 are the Mitsubishi F - 1 , JASDF F - 4EJ " Kai " and Mitsubishi F - 2 .
Operation Granby Operation Granby was the name given to the British military operations during the Gulf War in 1991 . It covered both deployments in defence of Saudi Arabia and the liberation of Kuwait . These two parts of the war were identified separately by the Americans as Operation Desert Shield and Operation Desert Storm . Operation Granby took its name from John Manners , Marquess of Granby a British commander in the Seven Years ' War . The Joint Commander Gulf Forces ( based in the United Kingdom at RAF High Wycombe ) was Air Chief Marshal Sir Patrick Hine 1 October 1990 — 31 March 1991 , and Air Chief Marshal Sir Michael Graydon from 31 March 1991 . His political adviser was Andrew Palmer . The Commander British Forces Middle East , the in - theatre commander ( based in Riyadh ) , was initially Air Vice Marshal Andrew Wilson ( September — October 1990 ) , then Lieutenant - General Sir Peter de la Billiere 6 October 1990 — March 1991 , and Air Commodore Ian Macfadyen from March 1991 . The Air Commander British Forces Middle East ( initially Arabian Peninsula ) was Air Vice Marshal Andrew Wilson from August to 17 November 1990 then Air Vice Marshal William ( Bill ) Wratten from 17 November 1990 . The Senior British Naval Officer Middle East was Captain Anthony McEwen , Royal Navy until September 1990 ( on HMS " York " ) , then Commodore Paul Haddocks September to December 1990 . Finally Commodore Christopher Craig , on HMS " Brave " and HMS " London " , was in command from 3 December 1990 to March 1991 .
USS Nestor ( ARB - 6 ) USS " Nestor " ( ARB - 6 ) was one of twelve " Aristaeus " - class battle damage repair ships built for the United States Navy during World War II . Named for Nestor ( in Greek mythology , the son of Neleus , the King of Pylos and Chloris ) , she was the only U . S . Naval vessel to bear the name . Originally laid down as USS LST - 518 on 13 September 1943 by the Chicago Bridge and Iron Company of Seneca , Illinois ; launched sponsored by Miss Rita Jenkins ; converted by Maryland Dry Dock Company of Baltimore , Maryland ; and commissioned 24 June 1944 with Commander Frank W . Parsons , USNR , in command . Service history . Designed to make emergency repairs in forward areas to battle - damaged ships , " Nestor " left Norfolk 4 August 1944 for Guantanamo Bay , the Panama Canal , and Ulithi , arriving 21 October to take up her primary mission . During the next five and a half months she acted as tender to small craft and repaired all types of naval vessels from battleship s to LCI s . " Nestor " left Ulithi 19 April 1945 for Kerama Retto , seized in the initial phase of the Okinawa campaign to serve as a base for the ships engaged in the main assault . Japanese air attacks , often by suicide plane , inflicted heavy damage on the fleet , and " Nestor " worked round - the - clock , often under fire her self , to help keep the fighting ships in action . As Okinawa itself became secure , " Nestor " entered Buckner Bay 10 July and continued her vital services , which here included the tremendous task of building a cofferdam . " Nestor " was driven aground by wind and heavy seas in the devastating Typhoon " Louise " of 9 October , and had to be abandoned . She decommissioned on 29 November , was stricken on 3 January 1946 , and her hulk was sold for scrap on 1 May 1947 . In November 1945 the CNO directed that the hulk be sunk or destroyed , but this was not done and she became one of around 15 Okinawa typhoon wrecks that were finally sold for scrap in two batches in May and November 1947 by the State Department ' s Foreign Liquidations Commission . " Nestor " along with , , three floating docks , and some smaller craft , were included in the May batch and were purchased by the Oklahoma - Philippines Company in what was referred to as the " Berry sale " . The date of her scrapping is not known . " Nestor " earned one battle star for World War II service .
Shahidka Shahidka ( — Russian feminine gender derivation from " shahid " ) , sometimes called " Black Widow " or Chyornyye Vdovy in Russian , is a term for Islamist Chechen female suicide bomber s , willing to be a martyr in the name of Islamist Jihad or holy war . They became known at the Moscow theater hostage crisis of October 2002 . The commander Shamil Basayev referred to the shahidkas as a part of force of his suicide bomber s called the Riyad - us Saliheen Brigade of Martyrs . Basayev also stated that he himself trained at least fifty of black widows . The term of " Black Widows " probably originates from the fact that many of these women are widow s of men killed by the Russian forces in Chechnya ( the toxic connotation of black widow spider is intended ) . In 2003 , the Russian journalist Julia Jusik coined the phrase " Brides of Allah " ( Невесты Аллаха ) when she described the process by which Chechen women were recruited by Basayev and his associates ; the phrase was also used again after the Beslan attack , as the title of an installment of the Russian NTV programme " Top Secret " ( Совершенно секретно ) . Background and motives . The ranks of the Shahidkas are filled mainly with 15 - to 19 - year - old women . According to journalist Julia Jusik , many of the women have been sold by their parents to be used as shahidkas , others have been kidnapped or tricked . Another group come from wahhabist families and are pressured to become shahidkas by their family . Many have been prepared to the suicide by way of narcotics and rapes . Several have been pregnant at the time . However , Robert W . Kurz and Charles K . Bartles refuted this view , stating that in most cases the female Chechen suicide bombers do not fit this model . Mostly they are given no training at all in preparation for the suicides as no weapon skill is needed to strap on the explosives . Many do not even blow themselves up , but are blown up by remote control . On the other hand , Besayev , as stated above , reported that the women are trained for their mission . Michael Radu also argued that these women are specifically trained for suicide attacks . Additionally , black widows can also be those whose brothers or close relatives were killed in one of the two Chechen wars between Russia and Islamist rebels since 1994 or indeed in clashes with Russian - backed forces . Robert W . Kurz and Charles K . Bartles provide another view in regard to their motives and argued that these women are much more motivated by revenge , despair , and their drive for an independent state than by religious fundamentalism or individual honor .
Murari Rao Murari Rao Ghorpade , known simply as Murari Rao , was a soldier and army general in the Maratha Army who administered the fort of Tiruchirappalli and surrounding areas from 1741 to 1743 . His administration marks the only period of Maratha occupation in Tiruchirappalli . Murari Rao occupied Tiruchirappalli at the head of a strong Maratha army after defeating and imprisoning the Carnatic general Chanda Sahib . However , he was forced to relinquish the fort after administering it for a period of two years .
21st Parachute Division ( Germany ) The 21 . Fallschirmjäger - Division ( 21st Parachute Division ) was a fallschirmjäger ( airborne ) division of the German military during the Second World War , active in 1945 . The division was formed in March 1945 in the Netherlands , using elements of Sturm - Brigade Gericke and troops from the disbanded Fallschirmjäger Ausbildungs - und - Ersatz - Division . The division did not manage to form fully before the end of the war , and did not see combat .
Convoy OG 71 OG71 was a North Atlantic convoy of the OG series which ran during World War II from Liverpool to Gibraltar . U - Boats . The convoy was attacked by 8 u - boats from 1st U - boat Flotilla , operating out of Brest . They sank a total of 10 ships comprising a total tonnage of 15 , 185 tons .
William Hohri William Minoru Hohri ( March 13 , 1927 – November 12 , 2010 ) was an American political activist , born to Japanese immigrants parents , who was sent to a concentration camp with his family after the Attack on Pearl Harbor triggered the US ' s entry into World War II . After leading a class action lawsuit seeking redress for the actions of the federal government in the Japanese American internment , which was dismissed , Hohri ' s advocacy helped convince Congress to pass legislation that provided compensation to each surviving internee . The legislation signed by President Ronald Reagan included an apology to those sent to the camps . Hohri was born on March 13 , 1927 , in San Francisco to parents who had immigrated into the United States . He spent the first few years of his life in an orphanage after both of his parents were stricken with tuberculosis and when he was returned to his family was fluent only in English , a language that his parents were unable to speak . When Pearl Harbor was attacked on December 7 , 1941 , Hohri was a student at North Hollywood High School . His father was detained the day after the attack and sent to an internment camp in Fort Missoula , Montana . Under the terms of Executive Order 9066 issued by President Franklin D . Roosevelt in February 1942 and later upheld by the Supreme Court of the United States , Hohri was sent to the Manzanar internment camp in a remote area of California together with the rest of his family and the more than 100 , 000 other Japanese Americans who had been swept up in the wave of anti - Japanese sentiment that was whipped up by the Japanese attack on the U . S . He completed high school in the camp and earned his undergraduate degree from the University of Chicago after he was released . By profession , Hohri worked as a computer programmer . Calling the U . S . government ' s actions " consistent with the general pattern of discrimination already established " on a " de facto " basis before the war , Hohri became active in efforts to obtain compensation to those who had been interned and an official apology for the policy . As head of the National Council for Japanese American Redress , Hohri was the lead plaintiff in a lawsuit that sought $ 27 billion in damages for the class of individuals held in the internment camps , but the case was ultimately unsuccessful . In the wake of Hohri ' s efforts , the United States Congress passed the Civil Liberties Act of 1988 , under which an apology was offered and each surviving internee received $ 20 , 000 in compensation , which Hohri used to buy a Japanese - made car . The American Book Awards recognized him in 1989 for his book " Repairing America : An Account of the Movement for Japanese American Redress " . A resident of Los Angeles , Hohri died at the age of 83 on November 12 , 2010 , due to complications of Alzheimer ' s disease at his home there in Pacific Palisades . He was survived by his wife , as well as by two daughters , three grandchildren and three great - grandchildren .
Candar corps The candar corps was the name given to palace guards in Turkish and Islamic states in the Middle Ages . Also in Persian and in some Arab states , certain soldier classes were also called " candar " . They were especially assigned to guard palaces and the heads of state . In the Great Seljuq Empire , the candar corps consisted of specially trained Turkish and foreign slaves . The head of the candar corps was called " Emir - i Candar " and he was included in the governing body . After the breakup of the empire , some members of this corps went to the Turkoman beylik s in Anatolia , Shiraz , Khorasan , and through the Mamluk s to Yemen and Maghreb states to take up being palace guards . In Anatolian Seljuqs ( Sultanate of Rûm ) , candars guarded the palace and the head of state and his headquarter s , together with the " Hassa " soldiers . They were cavalry men , and they would use sword s , bows and carry shield s . One of these candars who actually was in the Seljuq court , Demir Yaman Candar , founded his own Jandarid principality , near Kastamonu , Turkey . In the Mamluk palace , the candar corps was as large as a regiment , and was divided into smaller units called " nevbe " . They had wider authorities and responsibilities , such as accompanying those who would enter the court , accompanying the monarch himself at campaigns to protect him , performing arrests and executions , as well as guarding the prison allocated to political insurgent s . The Ottoman Turks did not have candars at their courts ; instead they had set up a different institution to take up their position .
Battle of Beitang The Battle of Beitang , during the Boxer Rebellion , was fought on September 20 , 1900 between the Eight Nation Alliance and the Chinese army . Battle . Beitang is located to Tianjin ' s north . It was necessary to capture Beitang for organising railway connection between Tianjin and Manchuria . During the night , Russian troops captured Chinese position near the destroyed Beitang railway station , and built several batteries . In the morning , Russian and German cannons began to bombard the fortress , and at 10a . m . the Chinese garrison fled . At noon , the fortress was captured without fighting .
Fernando Matthei Fernando Matthei Aubel ( b . Osorno July 11 , 1925 ) is a retired Chilean Air Force General who was part of the military junta that ruled Chile from 1973 to 1990 , replacing the dismissed Gustavo Leigh as Air Force Commander in Chief on July 24 , 1978 . He was part of the Junta from 1977 to 1990 , retiring from the Air Force in July 1991 . Before becoming a junta member , Matthei was Minister of Health of the military government . In October 1988 , Matthei was the first Junta member to publicly admit that the regime had lost the referendum ( plebiscite ) to elect Pinochet for a new eight - year presidential term . Later the same day , the government stated that the referendum result would be respected and that the 1980 Constitution path to democracy would be strictly followed . 2003 saw the publishing of the book " Matthei . Mi testimonio " , written by Chilean historians Patricia Arancibia and Isabel de la Maza , in which Matthei recounts his public life . In September , 2005 , Matthei admitted in a television program that he " did everything possible so that Argentina would lose " the 1982 Falklands War with Britain . Matthei is the father of Chilean senator and 2013 presidential candidate Evelyn Matthei . Literature . Arancibia P . y de la Maza I . ( 2003 ) " Matthei . Mi testimonio " . La Tercera / Mondadori , Santiago .
William Barnett ( Georgia politician ) William Barnett ( March 4 , 1761 – April 1832 ) was an American politician and soldier . Born in Amherst County , Virginia in 1761 , Barnett moved with his father to Columbia County , Georgia . At the start of the American Revolution , Barnett and his brother returned to Virginia to fight under Marquis de Lafayette and were participants in the surrender of Cornwallis at the Siege of Yorktown . Barnett returned to Elbert County , Georgia , after the war and settled on the Broad River . He was the county sheriff from some time and was elected to the Georgia Senate and presided as that body ' s president . Upon the resignation of Howell Cobb in 1812 to accept a captain ' s commission in the United States Army to fight in the War of 1812 , Barnett was elected as Democratic - Republican to the 13th United States Congress and served from October 5 , 1812 , until March 3 , 1815 . After his congressional service , Barnett was appointed in 1815 as a commissioner to establish the boundaries of the Creek Indian reservation . He moved to Montgomery County , Alabama and died there in April 1832 . He was buried in the Gilmer - Christian - Barnett Cemetery , near Mathews Station in that county .
Sir John Borlase Warren , 1st Baronet Sir John Borlase Warren , 1st Baronet ( 2 September 1753 – 27 February 1822 ) , was an English admiral , politician and diplomat . Born in Stapleford , Nottinghamshire , he was the son and heir of John Borlase Warren ( died 1763 ) of Stapleford and Little Marlow . He entered Emmanuel College , Cambridge in 1769 , but in 1771 entered the Royal Navy as an able seaman ; in 1774 he became member of Parliament for Great Marlow ; and in 1775 he was created a baronet , the baronetcy held by his ancestors , the Borlases , having become extinct in 1689 . His career as a seaman really began in 1777 , and two years later he obtained command of a ship . In April 1794 , as Commodore of the frigate squadron off the north west French coast assisting in the blockade of Brest , Warren and his squadron captured a number of French frigate s . In 1795 , he commanded one of the two squadrons carrying troops for the Quiberon expedition and in 1796 his frigate squadron off Brest is said to have captured or destroyed 220 vessels . In October 1798 , a French fleet — carrying 5 , 000 men — sailed from Brest intending to invade Ireland . The plan was frustrated in no small part due to the squadron under his command during the Action of 12 October 1798 . In 1802 , he was sworn of the Privy Council and sent to St . Petersburg as ambassador extraordinary , but he did not forsake the sea . In 1806 he captured a large French warship , the " Marengo " , at the Action of 13 March 1806 . He was commander - in - chief on the North American Station from 1807 to 1810 . He became an Admiral in 1810 , and was commander - in - chief on this Station again from 1813 to 1814 . During the British invasion he led a detail of British troops that occupied Havre de Grace and set fire to much of the town , including the home of Commodore John Rodgers . He died on 27 February 1822 . His two sons predeceased him . His daughter and heiress , Frances Maria ( 1784 – 1837 ) , married George Venables - Vernon , 4th Baron Vernon . Their son was George Venables - Vernon , 5th Baron Vernon . There is a monument to him in St . Mary ' s Church , Attenborough in Nottinghamshire . A popular figure in the area of his birth , there are a number of pubs named after him in Nottingham and nearby towns .
Harry Nicholls Harry Nicholls VC ( 21 April 1915 - 11 September 1975 ) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . He was born on 21 April 1915 and was 25 years old , and a lance - corporal in the 3rd Battalion , Grenadier Guards , British Army during the Second World War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC . On 21 May 1940 near the River Escaut , in the village of Esquelmes north of Tournai for 6 km in Belgium , Lance - Corporal Nicholls , although suffering from shrapnel wounds in his arm , continued to lead his section in a counter - attack against overwhelming opposition . He advanced over a ridge and when the position became critical , he rushed forward , putting three enemy machine - guns out of action . He then attacked massed enemy infantry beyond a second ridge until his ammunition ran out and he was taken prisoner . Nicholls was presented with his VC ribbon by a German commandant when he was a prisoner of war in Poland . His Victoria Cross is displayed at The Guards Regimental Headquarters ( Grenadier Guards RHQ ) , Wellington Barracks in London . Victoria Cross citation . The announcement and accompanying citation for the decoration was published in supplement to the London Gazette on 31 July 1940 , reading