naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Thomas Lincoln Casey , Sr . Thomas Lincoln Casey , Sr . ( May 10 , 1831 – March 25 , 1896 ) was a soldier and engineer . Biography . Thomas Lincoln Casey was a noted military and civil engineer of the late 19th Century . He served as Chief of Engineers for the United States Army Corps of Engineers and oversaw the completion of the Washington Monument . He was the son of Major General Silas Casey who led the assault on Chapultepec Castle in the Battle of Chapultepec in the Mexican - American War and also served as a major general in the American Civil War . Casey was born in Sackets Harbor , New York . He graduated first in his class from West Point in 1852 and was assigned to the Corps of Engineers . He taught engineering at West Point from 1854 to 1859 . During the American Civil War he oversaw construction and improvements to coastal fortifications in Maine , completing the massive Fort Knox on the Penobscot River as well as work on Fort Preble , Fort Scammel and Fort Gorges near Portland . Casey headed the division the Office of the Chief of Engineers responsible for military engineers , equipment , and fortifications . From 1877 to 1881 , Casey headed the Office of Public Buildings and Grounds , District of Columbia . He had design responsibility for the State , War , and Navy Building , which is now the Eisenhower Executive Office Building . He re - designed and completed the Washington Monument after problems arose with the original design . He was promoted to brigadier general as assigned as Chief of Engineers on July 6 , 1888 . He retired from the Army on May 10 , 1895 having reached the mandatory retirement age of 64 . He worked on the design of the Thomas Jefferson Building , which houses the Library of Congress ; it was nearly completed when he died suddenly on March 25 , 1896 . Upon his death , responsibility for the project passed to his son , architect Edward Pearce Casey . Casey was a member of the National Academy of Sciences and an officer of the Legion of Honor of France . In 1882 he succeeded his father as a member of the Massachusetts Society of the Cincinnati . He was also a First Class Companion of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States . Thomas Lincoln Casey was buried with his father and other family members at the Casey Farm in Rhode Island . Projects . Casey ' s engineering projects included : References . " This article contains public domain text from "
Parthian shot The Parthian shot was a military tactic made famous by the Parthians , an ancient Iranian people . The Parthian archer s mounted on light horse , while retreating at a full gallop , would turn their bodies back to shoot at the pursuing enemy . The maneuver required superb equestrian skills , since the rider ' s hands were occupied by his bow . As the stirrup had not been invented at the time of the Parthians , the rider relied solely on pressure from his legs to guide his horse . The tactic could also be used during feigned retreat , with devastating effect . This tactic was used by most Eurasian nomads , including the Scythians , Huns , Turks , Magyars , and Mongols , and it eventually spread to armies away from the Eurasian steppe , such as the Sassanid clibanarii and cataphract s . A notable battle in which this tactic was employed ( by the Parthians ) was the Battle of Carrhae . In this battle the Parthian shot was a principal factor in the Parthian victory over the Roman general Crassus . Parting shot / Parthian shot . By way of metaphor , " Parthian shot " is also used to describe a barbed insult , delivered as the speaker departs . A common opinion holds that , in a case of folk etymology , the term parting shot , used similarly , developed as an eggcorn - like re - interpretation of " Parthian shot " , meaning the term was corrupted through common parlance . However , the two phrases have separate histories . The first record of the phrase " parting shot " was by John McCleod , surgeon on board His Majesty ' s ship " Alceste " contained in " A narrative of a Voyage to the Yellow Sea " ( 1818 ) : In 1828 records in " The Friend , or Advocate of Truth " ( a publication of The Religious Society of Friends ) used the phrase in the figurative sense : The two phrases have rather similar phonetic soundings but are actually separately derived at different times . Although the Parthian archers of old have been famous for their shooting , the term " parthian shot " was recorded for the first time in 1832 by Captain Mundy , ADC to Lord Combermere on a hunting trip in India : The figurative use of the phrase " Parthian shot " appeared later in The Times ( 1842 ) : If chronology were to be the source , it would appear that the English usage of " parting shot " preceded the use of the phrase " Parthian shot " . " Parthian shot " is less often used . " Parting shot " is far more likely to be encountered .
Souain experiment The Souain experiment was a French military experiment using a prototype tank , in the former battlefield of Souain , in northeastern France , on 9 December 1915 . The experiment has a decisive influence of the French tank program and initiated the design and order of the first French operational tank , the Schneider CA1 . The experiment occurred the same month the British " Little Willie " was being completed . Background . The immobility of the trench warfare characterizing the First World War led to a need for a powerfully armed military engine that would be at the same time protected from enemy fire and could move on the extremely irregular terrain of battlefields . This led to numerous attempts at designing an effective all - terrain armoured vehicle . Caterpillar experiments . In January 1915 , the French arms manufacturer Schneider & Co . sent out its chief designer , Eugène Brillié , to investigate tracked tractors from the American Holt Company , at that time participating in a test programme in England , for a project of mechanical wire - cutting machines of the Breton - Pretot type . On his return Brillié , who had earlier been involved in designing armoured cars for Spain , convinced the company management to initiate studies on the development of a " Tracteur blindé et armé " ( armoured and armed tractor ) , based on the " Baby Holt " chassis , two of which were ordered . Experiments on the Holt caterpillar tracks started in May 1915 at the Schneider plant with a 75 hp wheel - directed model and the 45 hp integral caterpillar Baby Holt , showing the superiority of the latter . On 16 June , new experiments followed in front of the President of the French Republic , and on 10 September for Commander Ferrus , an officer who had been involved in the study ( and ultimate abandonment ) of the Levavasseur tank project in 1908 . Finally , a Baby Holt caterpillar was demonstrated at Souain on 9 December 1915 , to the French Army , with the participation of commandant Ferrus , lieutenant Charles Fouché , Colonel Estienne ] and General Philippe Pétain . Souain was a former battlefield with rough terrain and trenches , recently conquered over the Germans , and offered perfect conditions to test the qualities of the new tank prototype . The results of the Baby Holt caterpillar were excellent , displaying remarkable mobility in the difficult terrain of Souain . The length of the Baby Holt however appeared to be too short to bridge German trenches , justifying the development of longer caterpillar tracks for the French tank project . The Souain prototype could effectively bridge shell holes and trenches up to 1 meter in width , with a maximum limit of 1 . 20 meters , but required some sustainment to bridge wider gaps , rendering it unsatisfactory as such . According to the official report " the machine can only cross through a cut - up terrain if some basic trench sustainment is prepared "
Type C3 - class ship Type C3 ships were the third type of cargo ship designed by the United States Maritime Commission ( MARCOM ) in the late 1930s . As it had done with the Type C1 ship s and Type C2 ship s , MARCOM circulated preliminary plans for comment . The design presented was not specific to any service or trade route , but was a general purpose ship that could be modified for specific uses . The C3 was larger and faster than the C1 and C2 contemporaries , measuring from stem to stern ( vs . for the C2 ) , and designed to make ( vs . for the C2 ) . Like the C2 , it had five cargo holds . A total of 465 of these ships were built between 1940 and 1947 . During World War II , many C3 ships were converted to naval uses , particularly as s and as destroyer tender s , submarine tender s , and seaplane tender s .
No . 570 Squadron RAF No . 570 Squadron RAF was a bomber unit active within No . 38 Group RAF as an airborne , bomber support and special operations squadron during World War II . History . No . 570 Squadron RAF was formed at RAF Hurn on 15 November 1943 , equipped with Armstrong Whitworth Albemarle s . It was part of No . 38 Group RAF and was engaged in supply dropping missions to French resistance units when it was not training paratroops and glider - towing . In July 1944 the squadron re - equipped with Short Stirling s , and in September 1944 participated in Operation Market Garden , the ill - fated attempt by the allies to capture the Arnhem bridge , during which time the squadron was engaged in glider towing and supply drops . The squadron also took part in Operation Varsity in March 1945 , a major allied airborne offensive across the Rhine . When the war finished , the squadron transported troops to Norway , and was then assigned to various overseas mail routes prior to disbanding at RAF Rivenhall on 8 January 1946 .
Dickin Medal The PDSA Dickin Medal was instituted in 1943 in the United Kingdom by Maria Dickin to honour the work of animals in war . It is a bronze medallion , bearing the words " For Gallantry " and " We Also Serve " within a laurel wreath , carried on a ribbon of striped green , dark brown and pale blue . It is awarded to animals that have displayed " conspicuous gallantry or devotion to duty while serving or associated with any branch of the Armed Forces or Civil Defence Units " . The award is commonly referred to as " the animals ' Victoria Cross " . Maria Dickin was the founder of the People ' s Dispensary for Sick Animals ( PDSA ) , a British veterinary charity . She established the award for any animal displaying conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty whilst serving with British Empire armed forces or civil emergency services . The medal was awarded 54 times between 1943 and 1949 – to 32 pigeons , 18 dogs , three horses , and one cat – to acknowledge actions of gallantry or devotion during the Second World War , and subsequent conflicts . The awarding of the medal was revived in 2000 to honour Gander , a Newfoundland dog who saved infantrymen during the Battle of Lye Mun . In early 2002 , the medal was given in honour of three dogs for their role responding to the September 11 attacks ; it was also awarded to two dogs serving with Commonwealth forces in Bosnia - Herzegovina and Iraq . In December 2007 , 12 former recipients buried at the PDSA Animal Cemetery in Ilford , Essex , were afforded full military honours at the conclusion of a National Lottery - aided project to restore the cemetery . The first recipients of the award , in December 1943 , were three pigeons , serving with the Royal Air Force , all of whom contributed to the recovery of air crew from ditched aircraft during the Second World War . The most recent animal to be honoured is Theo , a search dog serving in Afghanistan . As of October 2012 , the Dickin Medal has been awarded 64 times .
USS Westmoreland ( APA - 104 ) USS " Westmoreland " ( APA - 104 ) was a that served with the US Navy during World War II . " Westmoreland " was laid down under a Maritime Commission contract ( MC hull 872 ) on 8 December 1943 at Pascagoula , Mississippi , by Ingalls Shipbuilding , launched on 28 April 1944 , and placed in reduced commission for ferrying purposes , on 12 July 1944 . Shifted to Todd Shipyards of Hoboken , New Jersey , for conversion to an attack transport , the ship was decommissioned on 22 July for the duration of the yard period . Once the task of fitting the ship out as an attack transport was completed , " Westmoreland " was placed in commission on 18 January 1945 , Capt . James M . Hicks in command . Operational history . After spending most of February on shakedown in Chesapeake Bay , " Westmoreland " sailed for the Pacific on 22 February and arrived at the eastern entrance to the Panama Canal on the 27th . After transiting the canal , the attack transport pushed on for the Hawaiian Islands and reached Pearl Harbor on 14 March . Transport and training operations . After training in Hawaiian waters , the ship returned to the west coast at the end of May for voyage repairs at San Pedro , California . In mid - June , she shifted northward to load troops and cargo at Portland , Oregon , for transportation to Hawaii . " Westmoreland " subsequently conducted one round - trip voyage between Pearl Harbor and San Francisco in July and then spent most of the first half of the month of August on exercises and further training in Hawaiian waters . During that time , the Japanese , worn down by ceaseless Allied pounding from the air and from the sea , surrendered on 15 August 1945 . Occupation and demobilization missions . Although " Westmoreland " had been commissioned too late to participate in combat against the Japanese in the Pacific , she nevertheless did take part in the massive reverse movement of men back to the United States , Operation Magic Carpet . The attack transport subsequently called at Manila , in the Philippines , and Sasebo , Japan , operating with Transport Squadron 22 , and brought back troops to Portland , before she returned to the Philippines once more . She carried a draft of troops from Samar to San Francisco before heading for the East Coast of the United States . She transited the Panama Canal on 8 April 1946 and arrived at Norfolk five days later . " Westmoreland " was decommissioned there on 5 June 1946 and was struck from the Navy List on 19 June . Commercial service . Acquired by the Isthmian Steamship Company ( later called Isthmian Lines ) in July 1947 , " Westmoreland " was renamed " Steel King " . The former attack transport carried general cargo for her company until about 1974 , when her name disappeared from contemporary shipping registers .
Stanton Frederick Kalk Stanton Frederick Kalk ( 14 October 1894 – 6 December 1917 ) was an officer in the United States Navy during World War I . He received the Navy ' s Distinguished Service Medal for his actions after his ship was torpedoed by a German submarine . Biography . Born in Alabama , Kalk graduated from the Naval Academy in 1916 . After serving in the battleship , he was assigned to the destroyer on 10 September 1917 . While steaming on patrol duty from Brest , France , to Queenstown , Ireland , " Jacob Jones " was attacked 6 December by German submarine " U - 53 " . Although Kalk , officer - of - the - deck during the attack , " took correct and especially prompt measures in maneuvering to avoid the torpedo , " the destroyer could not turn in time to escape . She sank stern first in 8 minutes . Though stunned by the explosion and weakened by his action after the ship went down , Kalk swam from one raft to another in an attempt to equalize weight on them . Displaying " extraordinary heroism , " he disregarded his own condition while endeavoring to save the lives of his men . Game to the last , Kalk overtaxed his own strength ; he died from exposure and exhaustion . For his " splendid self - sacrifice " Lt . ( j . g . ) Kalk was posthumously awarded the Distinguished Service Medal . Namesake . The destroyer was named for him .
HMS Kenilworth Castle ( K420 ) HMS " Kenilworth Castle " ( K420 ) was a Castle - class corvette of Britain ' s Royal Navy . She was built by Smiths Dock Company at South Bank - on - Tees , launched on 17 August 1943 and commissioned on 14 November 1943 . In World War II she served as a convoy escort and participated in the sinking of two U - boat s : She was scrapped at Llanelli in June 1956 .
Immanuel Shifidi Immanuel Hafeni Augustus Shifidi ( 16 July 1929 – 30 November 1986 ) , born in Windoek , was a Namibian activist . He was one of the fighters at Omugulugwombashe on 26 August 1966 when eight helicopters of the South African Defence Force attacked SWAPO guerrilla fighters at the camp . It was the first armed battle in the Namibian War of Independence . Immanuel Shifidi was arrested and tortured after the defeat at Omugulugwombashe . He was convicted under the Terrorism Act and received a death sentence . Following international pressure the sentence was converted to life in prison at Robben Island . He served 18 years of this sentence and was released in December 1985 . On 30 November 1986 he was assassinated at a SWAPO rally marking the United Nations International Year of Peace .
Siege of Sluis ( 1587 ) The Siege of Sluis of 1587 took place between 12 June and 4 August 1587 , as part of the Eighty Years ' War and the Anglo - Spanish War ( 1585 – 1604 ) . On 12 June 1587 , Don Alexander Farnese , Duke of Parma " ( Spanish : Alejandro Farnesio ) " , Governor - General of the Spanish Netherlands , and commander - in - chief of the Army of Flanders , laid siege to the strategic deep - water port of Sluis , defended by English and Dutch troops under Sir Robert Dudley , Earl of Leicester , Governor - General of the United Provinces , and Sir Roger Williams . On 24 June , the bombardment began , and on 4 August , after of 13 days of constant fighting around the walls , the English garrison surrendered . < ref name = " Parker / Martin p . 126 – 127 " > Parker / Martin p . 126 – 127 < / ref > The lost of the English - held port of Sluis revealed the inability of Leicester to assert his authority over the Dutch allies , who refused to cooperate in relieving the town , and led to recriminations between the Governor - General and the States of Holland . Other notable English soldiers under Leicester ' s command were Sir Thomas Baskerville and Sir Francis Vere . In the following months , the Earl of Leicester launched a series of unsuccessful attacks against the Spaniards . < ref name = " The Eighty Years War ( 1568 - 1648 ) " > The Eighty Years War 1568 - 1648 < / ref > In September , 1587 , Leicester attempts to capture Leiden , but failed , < ref name = " The Eighty Years War ( 1568 - 1648 ) " / > and his plans to capture Enkhuizen and Hoorn , two important ports of West Friesland , also failed . On 16 December 1587 , Leicester returned to England .
Action of 5 September 1918 The Action of 5 September 1918 was a naval battle off the coast of France in the North Atlantic during World War I . The action was fought between a German U - boat and American warships . Background . was a German ocean liner operating between the U . S . and Europe . On the outbreak of the war , she sought refuge in the then - neutral United States to avoid the British Royal Navy and was taken into Bar Harbor , Maine , where she was interned . After America entered World War I in April 1917 , the ship was seized and turned over to the United States Navy , who renamed her USS " Mount Vernon " in honor of Mount Vernon . " Mount Vernon " ′ s was used to transport American troops across the Atlantic to France . SM U - 82 — a German submarine — had several successful patrols of the Atlantic to sink any and all allied shipping . Action . On the morning of 5 September 1918 , " Mount Vernon " and four destroyer s were off France and steaming in convoy toward the U . S . when " Mount Vernon " was attacked by " U - 82 " . The German vessels ' periscope was spotted off the starboard bow , by a man of " Mount Vernon " ′ s gun crew ; they immediately fired a round from the gun . The shot was a hit . Apparently unaffected by the shot which reportedly did not harm anyone , " U - 82 " surfaced . The U - boat fired a single torpedo at " Mount Vernon " and then submerged . The American captain ordered " right full rudder " but the ship could not turn fast enough and was hit . The destroyers , , and responded immediately and approached the battle area . Once they arrived near " Mount Vernon " , they observed the damage from a large explosion on " Mount Vernon " ′ s side . The German commander — seeing the fast approaching American destroyers — decided not to follow up with a second torpedo so no further damage to the U . S . auxiliary cruiser was sustained . The four destroyers dropped depth charge s for many minutes after " Mount Vernon " was hit , but they failed to sink the U - boat which slipped away . Despite this , the American destroyers were credited with saving " Mount Vernon " from being sunk . " Mount Vernon " steamed safely back to Brest with the loss of 36 out of the 1 , 450 persons on board . Thirteen others were wounded , all of the American casualties were the result of the single torpedo explosion . The ship suffered considerable damage but after immediate improvised repairs , she was able to return to Brest under her own steam with an allied warship for additional protection . Aftermath . Further temporary repairs were made at Brest , and from there " Mount Vernon " proceeded to Boston , Massachusetts for a complete repair . This was " Mount Vernon " ′ s last battle of the war and one of the bloodier days for the U . S . Navy during the conflict with Germany . " U - 82 " continued to fight , as did the four U . S . destroyers .
114th Engineer Battalion ( United States ) The 114th Engineer Battalion was an engineer battalion of the United States Army . During World War II , the battalion a National Guard unit from New England , was attached to the 32nd Infantry Division to replace the 107th Engineer Combat Battalion , which was bound for Ireland . They fought at Papua , New Guinea . Michael A . Catera was a replacement in the unit .
Harpers Ferry - class dock landing ship The " Harpers Ferry " - class of the United States Navy is a class of dock landing ship s completed in the early 1990s . Modified from the " Whidbey Island " class , it sacrifices landing craft capacity for more cargo space , making it closer to an amphibious transport dock type , but was not designated as such . Externally , the two classes can be told apart by the order of weapons . The " Harper ' s Ferry " type has the Phalanx CIWS mounted forward , and the RAM launcher on top of the bridge , while the " Whidbey Island " has the opposite arrangement . All ships of the class are scheduled to undergo a midlife upgrade to ensure they remain in service through 2038 . The ships will be upgraded each year through 2013 , and the last ship will be modernized in 2014 . Ships homeported on the East Coast will undergo upgrades at Metro Machine Corp . , and ships based on the West Coast will receive upgrades at General Dynamics National Steel and Shipbuilding Company in San Diego . Major elements of the upgrade package include diesel engine improvements , fuel and maintenance savings systems , engineering control systems , increased air conditioning / chill water capacity , and replacement of air compressors . The ships also replaced steam systems with all - electric functionality that will decrease maintenance .