naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Battle of Mynydd Hyddgen The Battle of Mynydd Hyddgen was part of the Welsh revolt led by Owain Glyndŵr against English rule that lasted from 1400 to 1415 and the battle occurred in June 1401 . Its location was on the western slopes of Pumlumon , near to the present - day Ceredigion / Powys boundary . Background . The Battle of Mynydd Hyddgen is considered the first victory in the field won by Owain Glyndŵr ( 1359 – c . 1416 ) , leader of the Welsh revolt and it could be said that it set the tone for the spread of the rebellion in its early stages and at a key time if the rebellion was to gather meaningful momentum . The battle began when English settlers of Pembrokeshire and settlers of Flemish descent ( who had also settled in Pembrokeshire , encouraged by the earlier English King Henry I of England ) , attacked the small army of Glyndŵr , which was encamped at the bottom of the Hyddgen Valley . The two armies . The settlers were reinforced by a large force of English soldiers and Flemish mercenaries . This was Owain ' s early base as his rebellion started and spread . It is estimated that his force at this stage amounted to five hundred men , just a third of the attacking force and some records , such as the ' Annals of Owen Glyn Dwr ' written by Gruffydd Hiraethog many years later in 1550 and based on earlier accounts that have not survived , put his force at just 120 men . It is thought that Owain ' s force would have been made up mostly of archers mounted on hill ponies that would have been well suited for travelling across boggy or mountainous regions . The English - Flemish army meanwhile would have generally consisted of infantry with some light cavalrymen supporting them . Despite having decent equipment , many of the English - Flemish soldiers were lacking in military experience , and there was a general lack of discipline within their army . The battle . The precise location of the battle is not known , and little is known of the course of the battle itself . " Mynydd " means " mountain " in Welsh . However , it is known that Glyndŵr ' s army was able to fight back these attackers ( despite being outnumbered and on the low ground ) , killing 200 , chasing the main force away and making prisoners of the rest . It can be assumed that Owain ' s success lay in the maneuverability of his light troops . The English army ( being more heavily laden ) would have had more trouble traversing the marshy ground of the valley .
Battle of Nihriya The Battle of Niḫriya was the culminating point of the hostilities between the Hittites and the Assyrians for control over the remnants of the former empire of Mitanni . When Šuppiluliuma I ( 13th century BCE ) conquered Mitanni , he created two provinces ( Aleppo and Carchemish ) , and distributed the large part of territories of this kingdom between his allies . The rest of what had been the empire of Mitanni retained its independence as a Hittite vassal state called Ḫanigalbat . During the reign of the Hittite king Mursili III ( better known as Urḫi - Tešub ) , Ḫanigalbat was conquered by the Assyria Empire and the Assyrians controlled the East bank of the Euphrates . Hence , when Ḫattusili III ousted his nephew Urḫi - Tešub and seized the Hittite throne , he had to be content with the permanent loss of Ḫanigalbat to the Assyrians despite its former status as a Hittite vassal state . ( i . e . Ḫattusili faced a fait accompli ) The Assyrian involvement in Syria continued under the command of king Sulmanu - ašared I and precipitated a crisis with Ḫatti . The Hittites considered Assyrian involvement to be a clear attack on the frontiers of their empire and went into battle under their king : Tudḫalia IV , Ḫattusili ' s son and successor . This led to a major battle which is known today as the Battle of Niḫriya . A letter ( RS 34 . 265 ) giving details of the campaign and its outcome was sent by Sulmanu - ašared to Ugarit . In addition information within Hittite document KBo IV 14 has been interpreted to show that the battle must have occurred around year 20 of Sulmanu - ašared . The former idea that Niḫriya was to be equated with Na ’ iri , along the Upper Tigris , has been shown to be wrong . As per the Mari and Dur - Katlimmu letters , Niḫriya was located in the Upper Balih region . Outcome . The conflict between the two great powers took place in the neighborhood of Nihriya , with the Assyrians gaining a decisive victory . The Assyrian victory shook the Hittite state to its foundations as its king Tudhaliya IV was placed in a difficult situation since he faced several internal revolts against his reign . Tudhaliya IV would ultimately overcome all these challenges to his authority and retain the kingship of Hatti . Hostilities between Assyria and Ḫatti continued for some five years before a peace was negotiated and maintained .
Excelsior tank The Tank , Heavy Assault , A33 ( Excelsior ) was a British experimental heavy tank based on the Cromwell ( A27 ) design developed in the Second World War when there were concerns as to performance of the Churchill tank . Development . After the Dieppe Raid in August 1942 , there was concern that the Churchill was not as good as expected and a tank to combine the infantry and cruiser tank roles was planned . While two lines of tanks were still policy , there was interest in standardizing on common components . The design used the Cromwell ' s combination of Rolls - Royce Meteor engine and Merrit - Brown transmission . English Electric built two prototypes on a Cromwell tank hull the first with the suspension of the US M6 Heavy Tank and the second with a widened Cromwell track and armoured skirts . The design included extra armour and an Ordnance QF 75 mm gun . When the problems of the early Churchill models were worked out , the project was dropped .
John P . Erickson John P . Erickson ( 1826 – August 2 , 1907 ) was a Union Navy sailor in the American Civil War and a recipient of the U . S . military ' s highest decoration , the Medal of Honor , for his actions during the Wilmington Campaign . Born in 1826 in London , Erickson immigrated to the U . S . and was living in Brooklyn when he joined the Navy . He served as a captain of the forecastle on the in the Wilmington Campaign , from the First Battle of Fort Fisher on December 24 , 1864 , through the campaign ' s end on February 22 , 1865 . He was severely wounded and received treatment at a hospital in Portsmouth , Virginia . For his actions during the campaign , he was awarded the Medal of Honor months later on June 22 , 1865 . Erickson ' s official Medal of Honor citation reads : Served on board the U . S . S . " Pontoosuc " during the capture of Fort Fisher and Wilmington , 24 December 1864 , to 22 February 1865 . Carrying out his duties faithfully throughout this period , Erickson was so severely wounded in the assault upon Fort Fisher that he was sent to the hospital at Portsmouth , Va . Erickson was recommended for his gallantry , skill , and coolness in action while under the fire of the enemy . Erickson died on August 2 , 1907 , at age 80 or 81 and was buried at Green - Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn .
8 - inch Gun M1 The 8 inch Gun M - 1 was a 203 mm towed heavy gun developed in the United States . It was used by the US Army and the British Army in World War II . Development . Serious development began in June 1940 of an gun that would have a range of , a road speed of , be transported in 2 loads weighing no more than and be suitable for rail movement . Use of the carriage of the 240 mm howitzer M1 eased development , but the gun was very troublesome and wasn ' t standardized until January 1944 . The main problems were excessive bore wear and poor accuracy , but it was felt that nothing better could be produced in a timely manner . Thus it entered production at a low rate and in small numbers . Like the 240 mm howitzer , it was mounted on a stretched Heavy Tank T26E3 chassis that had an extra bogie wheel per side as the 8in Gun Motor Carriage T93 , but the war ended before they could be used and were later scrapped . Transport . It also shared transport wagons with the 240 mm howitzer . One six - wheeled wagon carried the M2 carriage and the other carried the barrel as shown below : This separate configuration required the use of the M2 truck mounted crane for set up .
German submarine U - 348 German submarine " U - 348 " was a Type VIIC U - boat of the Nazi German " Kriegsmarine " during World War II . She carried out six patrols but sank no ships . She was sunk near Hamburg by US bombs . Service history . The submarine was laid down on 17 November 1942 at the " Nordseewerke " yard at Emden as ' werk ' 220 , launched on 26 June 1943 and commissioned on 10 August under the command of " Oberleutnant " Hans - Norbert Schunck * . " U - 348 " served with the 8th U - boat Flotilla , for training and then with the 9th flotilla for operations from 1 April 1944 . She came back under the command of the 8th flotilla on 12 July and was reassigned to the 5th flotilla on 16 February 1945 ; she stayed with that organization until her destruction on 30 March . " U - 348 " made short trips from Kiel in Germany to Stavanger , Kristiansand and Bergen in Norway in April 1944 . 1st , 2nd 3rd patrols . Her first patrol began with her departure from Bergen on 23 April 1944 . The detonation of a landmine near Stavanger on 6 May killed one man and wounded another . She returned to Bergen on the 15th . The submarine ' s second foray was uneventful . " U - 348 " s third patrol was preceded by more short trips , this time between Trondheim , Kiel and Reval , ( now Tallinn in northern Estonia ) . 4th , 5th and 6th patrols . The boat ' s fourth sortie was divided into three parts in July and August 1944 , but kept to the " Ostsee " ( Baltic ) . Patrol number five was sub - divided into four . It included departures from Helsinki in Finland and Reval and arrivals at Mösholm and Libau ( now Liepāja in western Latvia ) . Her sixth patrol from Danzig ( now Gdansk in modern Poland ) terminated in Swinemünde ( now known as Świnoujście , also in Poland ) . Fate . She moved from Swinemünde to Hamburg in February 1945 . On 30 March she was destroyed by US bombs during an air - raid . * " Oberleutnant " Hans - Joachim Förster served from June to August 1943 as " Baubelehrungs " ( familiarization ) commander in the last days before the boat was commissioned .
Lebanese Front The Lebanese Front ( | " Jabhat al - Lubnaniyya " ) or Front libanais in French , was a coalition of mainly Christian parties formed in 1976 during the Lebanese Civil War . It was intended to act as a counter force to the Lebanese National Movement ( LNM ) of Kamal Jumblatt and others . The Lebanese Front was presided by the charismatic former president of Lebanon , Camille Chamoun , and its main participants were Pierre Gemayel , the founder and leader of the then largest political party in Lebanon , the Kataeb Party , president Suleiman Franjieh , who had just finished his presidential years in office . It also included first class intellectuals , such as distinguished professor of philosophy and diplomat Charles Malik who had been president of the United Nations General Assembly in 1958 , and Fouad Frem al - Boustani , the president of the Lebanese University . The front also included religious figures such as Father Charbel Qassis , who was later replaced by Father Bulus Naaman the " head of the permanent congress of the Lebanese monastic orders " . For a brief while the poet Said Aql was a member . As soon as the war erupted in Lebanon , and before the Lebanese Front was formed , many of the future leaders of the Lebanese Front organized their political parties into militias , most notably Camille Chamoun ' s National Liberal Party , Pierre Gemayel ' s Kataeb Party , and Suleiman Franjieh ' s Marada Brigade . The total number of men summed to around 18 , 000 , which is a relatively large number given that the total population in Lebanon was close to three million . However , the relations among the participants became tensed mainly due to Frangieh ' s pro - Syrian approach . In addition , in 1978 , Suleiman Franjieh ' s son , Tony , and his family were assassinated by armed Kataeb militiamen acting on orders from Bashir Gemayel , the son of Pierre Gemayel . The incident is known as the Ehden massacre . It was this turning point that made Suleiman Franjieh resign from the Front . In 1982 , the Lebanese Front promoted Bashir Gemayel for the presidency . He was elected as president as soon as the Israeli forces invaded Lebanon , only to be assassinated three weeks later . During the second half of the 1980s , most of the prominent leaders of the Lebanese Front died ( Pierre Gemayel in 1984 , both Chamoun and Charles Malik in 1987 ) and were replaced by leaders of much less influence : George Saadeh and Karim Pakradouni . The Lebanese Front then lived for a short period only , and its new leaders shifted towards Syria . Dany Chamoun , son of deceased Camille Chamoun , formed a new Lebanese Front that was not pro - Syrian , but a week after the end of the Lebanese Civil war in October 1990 , Dany was assassinated and the Lebanese Front came to an end .
SM UB - 40 SM " UB - 40 " was a German Type UB II submarine or U - boat in the German Imperial Navy ( ) during World War I . The U - boat was ordered on 22 July 1915 and launched on 25 April 1916 . She was commissioned into the German Imperial Navy on 17 August 1916 as SM " UB - 40 " . The submarine sank 100 ships in 28 patrols . " UB - 40 " was scuttled in Ostende when the German army retreated from Belgium on 5 October 1918 . The wreck of UB - 40 is located & identified by divers in the recent years .
Royal Canadian Ordnance Corps The Royal Canadian Ordnance Corps ( RCOC ) was an administrative corps of the Canadian Army . The Royal Canadian Ordnance Corps RCOC can trace its roots back to the Canadian Stores Department . Formed in 1871 , the Canadian Stores Department was a civil department of the Canadian Government . This civil service was charged with control of forts , ammunition , stores , buildings and an ordnance depot left by the departing British Military . On 1 July 1903 the responsibilities of the Canadian Stores Department were transferred to the Ordnance Stores Corps . In 1907 it was renamed the Canadian Ordnance Corps ( COC ) . The Canadian Ordnance Corps was redesignated the Royal Canadian Ordnance Corps on 3 Nov 1919 . As a matter of honour , King George V , the Canadian monarch bestowed on the organization the right to use the prefix royal before its name . The crest of the Royal Canadian Ordnance Corps consists of a belt , with a Kings Crown on top , with the text " " Honi Soit qui mal y pense " " with six maple leaves around the edge . At the center of the belt is a shield superimposed with three cannon balls and three cannons . At the bottom the text " Royal Canadian Army Service Corps " is written on a ribbon . In the First World War the COC , in conjunction with the CASC , was supporting 400 , 000 men , 150 , 000 French civilians and 25 , 000 horses . In 1919 , for recognition of outstanding service during the War , King George V authorized the “ Royal ” designation . The Canadian Ordnance Corps was redesignated the Royal Canadian Ordnance Corps on 29 Apr 1936 . In the Second World War , the RCOC had a strength of 35 , 000 military personnel , not including the thousands of civilian personnel employed at RCOC installations . They procured all the material goods required by the Army , from clothing to weapons . Up until 1944 , the RCOC was responsible for maintenance and repair . Ordnance Field Parks , that carried everything from spare parts to spare artillery , supported the Divisions and Corps . The Royal Canadian Ordnance Corps was redesignated The Royal Canadian Ordnance Corps on 22 Mar 1948 . The Royal Canadian Ordnance Corps reverted to the Royal Canadian Ordnance Corps on 18 Apr 1955 . In 1960 , 1 Ordnance Field Park moved from Edmonton to Calgary and in 1968 merged with the Base Supply organization to become the Supply Company of 1 Service Battalion . A memorial in Cobourg , Ontario dedicated to the personnel who served as part of 26 Central Ordnance Depot , Royal Canadian Ordnance Corps consists of a large depiction of the Royal Canadian Ordnance Corps badge . Unification . When the Army , Royal Canadian Navy , and Royal Canadian Air Force were merged in 1968 to form the Canadian Forces , the administrative Corps of the Army were deactivated and merged with their Naval and Air Force counterparts to form the Canadian Forces ' personnel branch es . The Royal Canadian Ordnance Corps was combined with the transport and supply elements of the Royal Canadian Army Service Corps to form the Logistics Branch .
Center for Army Analysis The Center for Army Analysis ( CAA ) is a US Army organization under the Deputy Chief of Staff G - 8 ( DCS G - 8 ) which is responsible for studying how the US Army , along with other branches of the US Military , can work together to become a more effective , and more cohesive , fighting force . Mission . Mission of CAA is to conduct analysis of Army forces and systems in the context of joint and combined warfighting . The CAA provides analytical studies focusing on theater - level , Joint and combined operations , and Army - wide processes providing required Army forces and systems . These studies help senior Army leadership , the Army Staff , and operational commanders address transformation , programming and budgeting , and operational issues . Full - time analysts are deployed in Afghanistan , Africam , and the Pacific , providing operations research and analysis support to senior commanders . CAA further supports deployed forces with more sophisticated operations research and analytical capabilities through its real - time reach back operations at Fort Belvoir , Virginia . Making the Army Vision Reality , the CAA has helped shape modernization , Reset , and transformation strategies ; base realignment and stationing decisions ; and resource allocation issues ; thereby saving taxpayer dollars and enhancing force efficiency .
2nd Legions Home Army Infantry Division The 2nd Legions Home Army Infantry Division “ Pogon ” ( Polish : 2 Dywizja Piechoty Legionow AK " Pogon " , 2 DP Leg . AK ) was a unit of the Polish Home Army ( AK ) , created in 1944 in the Home Army District Radom - Kielce . Creation of the division was based on a September 1942 order of the AK headquarters , which stated that in the future Operation Tempest , the Home Army units were to be named after pre - September 1939 units of the Polish Army . Therefore , the Second Legions Home Army Infantry Division was based on and named after the 2nd Legions Infantry Division , which until the Invasion of Poland had its headquarters in Kielce . Structure . The Division was commanded by Colonel Antoni Zolkiewski ( nom de guerre “ Lin ” ) , while his chief of staff was Captain Michal Mandziara “ Siwy ” . The Second Legions Home Army Infantry Division “ Pogon ” consisted of the following subunits : Operation Tempest . In mid - August 1944 , when the Division concentrated for the Operation Tempest , it had 3 , 075 soldiers , with 1 , 107 serving in the largest subunit , the 2nd Legions Infantry Regiment . On August 20 , the Division , concentrated near Przysucha , set off towards Warsaw , to fight in the Warsaw Uprising . Since this turned out to be impossible , as the route northwards was blocked by strong German units , on August 23 the Division headed towards Checiny , planning to capture Kielce . On August 26 , it fought the Wehrmacht in the village of Dziebaldow . In September 1944 , it took part in a number of skirmishes and battles . On October 8 , 1944 , following the order of headquarters of the Home Army District Radom - Kielce , the division was disbanded due to deteriorating general situation , shortage of food and autumn conditions . After this order , its subunits acted independently , fighting the Wehrmacht until late autumn 1944 .
Sergeant major general Sergeant Major General is a now - extinct military rank that can trace its origins to the Middle Ages . Originally simply sergeant major , the title — unlike the modern military rank of the same name — signified a general officer , commander of an army ' s infantry and typically third in command of the army as a whole ( after the lieutenant general and captain general ) ; he also acted as a sort of chief of staff . Early in the 17th century , individual regiments began appointing their own Sergeants Major to perform a similar role on a smaller scale ( these evolved into modern - day major s ) : the older , senior position became known as sergeant major general to distinguish it . A prominent example was Philip Skippon in the English New model Army as organized by Oliver Cromwell . Over the course of the 17th century , the increasing professionalisation of armies saw sergeant major general become the most junior of the general ranks . At the same time , the " sergeant " portion of the title was more and more commonly dropped ; by the early 18th century , the rank ' s name had been permanently shortened to major general . Since sergeant major general had ranked below lieutenant general , the newly named rank of major general appeared to create a precedence issue , in that a major outranks a lieutenant but a lieutenant general outranks a major general . This continues to cause confusion to those unfamiliar with the history of the rank , particularly in those armies using insignia similar to the British army . Nearly every country in the world maintains the rank of major general or a close equivalent . The rank is also referred to as a " two - star general " , most often in countries which maintain the lower rank of brigadier general .