naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Thach Weave The Thach Weave ( also known as a Beam Defense Position ) is an aerial combat tactic developed by naval aviator John S . Thach of the United States Navy soon after the United States ' entry into World War II . Thach had heard , from a report published in the 22 September 1941 Fleet Air Tactical Unit Intelligence Bulletin , of the Japanese Mitsubishi Zero ' s extraordinary maneuverability and climb rate . Before even experiencing it for himself , he began to devise tactics meant to give the slower - turning American F4F Wildcat fighters a chance in combat . Every evening while he was based in San Diego , he would think of different tactics that could overcome the Zero ' s maneuverability , and tested them in flight the following day . Working at night with matchsticks on the table , he eventually came up with what he called " Beam Defense Position " , but which soon became known as the " Thach Weave " . It was executed either by two fighter aircraft side - by - side or by two pairs of fighters flying together . When an enemy aircraft chose one fighter as his target ( the " bait " fighter ; his wingman being the " hook " ) , the two wingmen turned in towards each other . After crossing paths , and once their separation was great enough , they would then repeat the exercise , again turning in towards each other , bringing the enemy plane into the hook ' s sights . A correctly executed Thach Weave ( assuming the bait was taken and followed ) left little chance of escape to even the most maneuverable opponent . Thach called on Ensign Edward " Butch " O ' Hare , who led the second section in Thach ' s division , to test the idea . Thach took off with three other Wildcats in the role of defenders , Butch O ' Hare meanwhile led four Wildcats in the role of attackers . Trying a series of simulated attacks , Butch found that in every instance Thach ' s fighters had either ruined his attack or actually maneuvered into position to shoot back . After landing , Butch excitedly congratulated Thach : " " Skipper , it really worked . I couldn ' t make any attack without seeing the nose of one of your airplanes pointed at me . " " The tactic was first tested in combat by Thach during the Battle of Midway , when his flight of four Wildcats was attacked by a squadron of Zeroes . Thach ' s wingman , Ensign R . A . M . Dibb , was attacked by a Japanese pilot and turned towards Thach , who dove under his wingman and fired at the incoming enemy aircraft ' s belly until its engine ignited . The maneuver soon became standard among US Navy pilots and was adopted by USAAF pilots . Marines flying Wildcats from Henderson Field on Guadalcanal also adopted the Thach Weave . The Japanese Zero pilots flying out of Rabaul were initially confounded by the tactic . Saburō Sakai , the famous Japanese ace , relates their reaction to the Thach Weave when they encountered Guadalcanal Wildcats using it : The maneuver was so effective that it was used by American pilots during the Vietnam War , and is still an applicable tactic today .
David Forman ( general ) David Forman ( 3 November 1745 – 12 September 1797 ) was born in Monmouth County , New Jersey of parents Joseph Forman and Elizabeth Lee . His father was a wealthy shipowner and he was educated at Princeton . At the start of the American Revolutionary War he rallied to the patriot cause and was appointed lieutenant colonel of a New Jersey state regiment . When his commander assumed command of the brigade , he was promoted colonel of the regiment during the New York and New Jersey Campaign in 1776 . At the time of the battles of Trenton and Princeton Forman ' s regiment waged a merciless war against the American Loyalists of Monmouth County . Then and later he became known as " Devil David " for his zeal in suppressing the local Tories . In January 1777 , the Continental Congress authorized him to raise Forman ' s Additional Continental Regiment with the rank of colonel in the Continental Army . In March 1777 he was promoted brigadier general of New Jersey militia . He led a militia brigade in an unsuccessful attack at Germantown in October 1777 . He resigned his general ' s commission because of political troubles but continued to assist the revolutionary cause . At the Battle of Monmouth he served on the staff of Charles Lee as an adviser . When local guides failed to appear on time , he directed the vanguard on the correct route . When Charles Hector , comte d ' Estaing ' s French fleet appeared off the coast soon afterward , Forman stepped in as a liaison between the French and George Washington . His regiment was absorbed by Spencer ' s Additional Continental Regiment in April 1779 . He organized a system of outposts on the coast in 1780 that reported British and French ship movements . This information was passed on to Washington . Late in the war , he played a small role in the Asgill Affair . After the war he had portraits done by James Sharples and by Charles Willson Peale . He and his wife Ann Marsh had eleven children ; of these only five daughters survived him . A slaveowner , he bought a property at Natchez , Mississippi and sent 60 of his slaves to work there in 1789 . He was Vice President of the New Jersey Society of the Cincinnati from 1791 to 1793 . The following year he moved to Maryland . In 1796 he traveled to Natchez where he had a debilitating stroke the following spring . The dying man took a ship home but it was captured by a British privateer and brought into The Bahamas where he succumbed on 12 September 1797 .
Fritz Feßmann Fritz Feßmann ( 25 December 1913 – 11 October 1944 ) was a German officer serving during World War II and recipient of the coveted Knight ' s Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross and its higher grade Oak Leaves and Swords was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . Feßmann was killed in action on 11 October 1944 . He had just debarked from his vehicle when a Soviet shell exploded before him , throwing him back into the vehicle and killing him instantly . He was posthumously awarded the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords and promoted to Major of the Reserves .
HMNZS Matai ( T01 ) HMNZS " Matai " ( T01 ) was a Marine Department lighthouse tender which was requisitioned by the Royal New Zealand Navy ( RNZN ) and converted into a minesweeper . Operational history . " Matai " was the government ' s lighthouse tender servicing the marine lights around New Zealand and offshore islands , and had been used for cable laying in the 1930s . She was named after a native tree . She was requisitioned on 3 March 1941 and handed over to a dockyard for conversion . After commissioning on 1 April 1941 , " Matai " took over as the flotilla leader of the 25th Minesweeping Flotilla from " Muritai " and the flotilla began clearing a German minefield in the Hauraki Gulf .
V Corps ( Pakistan ) The V Corps , also known as Victory Corps , is an administrative corps of Pakistan Army assigned in Karachi , Sindh Province of Pakistan . The V Corps is the only corps that is stationed in the Sindh Province , while the II Strike Corps and the IV Corps are both stationed in Punjab Province . It is headquartered in Karachi , and currently commanded by Lieutenant - General Muhammad Ijaz Chaudhry . History . The Corps was raised in 1975 to command Pakistani units in the entire of Sindh and some parts of southern Punjab and eastern Balochistan . The corps was heavily used in the Sindh anti - dacoity operations in the rural Sindh and the anti - terrorism operations in the urban Sindh during the late 1980s and the early 1990s . The Corps played an important role in 1999 coup d ' état led by Chief of Army Staff and Chairman of Joint Chief of Staff Committee General Pervez Musharraf . The coup removed the democratically elected government of Prime minister Nawaz Shariff in 1999 . Order of battle . The order of battles of the corps is as follows :
USNS Cesar Chavez ( T - AKE - 14 ) USNS " Cesar Chavez " ( T - AKE - 14 ) , a " Lewis and Clark " - class dry cargo ship , will be the first ship operated by the United States Navy to be named for Cesar Chavez ( 1927 – 93 ) , labor leader and civil rights activist . Mr . Chávez joined the Navy at the age of seventeen in 1944 during World War II , and served for two years . Chávez had hoped that he would learn skills in the Navy that would help him later when he returned to civilian life , however he soon discovered that at the time Mexican - Americans in the Navy could only work as deckhands or painters . " Cesar Chavez " keel was laid down on 9 May 2011 by the National Steel and Shipbuilding Company ( NASSCO ) in San Diego . The ship was launched on 5 May 2012 .
Haze gray and underway Haze gray and underway is a United States Navy saying that refers to surface ship s in arduous duty at sea , in contrast to submarine s or naval units in ceremonial roles or in port . It is a term of tribal pride and identification , " e . g . " surface ship crew use it to distinguish themselves from submarine crew . United States Navy saying . The United States Navy saying " haze gray and underway " refers firstly to the color " haze gray " . Haze gray is a paint color scheme used by USN warship s to make the ships harder to see clearly . The gray color reduces the contrast of the ships with the horizon , and reduces the vertical patterns in the ship ' s appearance . It is the color of USN combatant and auxiliary surface ships , as opposed to the dark gray or black color of submarines , the bright colors of ceremonial vessels and aircraft , or the white of hospital ships and some U . S . Coast Guard cutters . Secondly , " underway " , as opposed to being anchored , docked , alongside , moored , or otherwise attached to a fixed place . Thus , " haze gray and underway " is shorthand for naval surface warships at sea . It is also used to refer to life in a vessel at sea with the working Navy , as opposed to shore postings .
Cavalry Tank Museum , Ahmednagar Cavalry Tank Museum was established by the Armored Corps Centre and School , Ahmednagar in February 1994 . It is the only museum of its kind in Asia and houses about 50 exhibits of vintage armored fighting vehicles . The oldest exhibit is the silver Ghost Rolls Royce armored car . The older exhibits date to First World War vintage and served on the battlefields of Cambrian Somme and Flanders . A large number of vehicles are from Second World War period . Amongst the exhibits are British Valentine , Japanese type 95 HA - GO and Tyand - 97 Chi - Ha , Sherman Crab flail tank , M - 47 Patton Centurion Mark ll , German Panzer and pride of India Vijayanta . In the Memory hill house souvenirs of all regiments of the Armored Corps are kept . Museum remains open on all days form 9 : 00 am to 5 : 00 pm . There is an entry fee of Rs . 10 / - per person .
Bandaranaike Airport attack The Bandaranaike Airport attack was an assault by the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam ( LTTE ) on Bandaranaike International Airport , on July 24 , 2001 . The attack was one of the boldest the LTTE mounted during its war with the Sri Lankan government , and had a profound impact on the country ' s military , economy , and airline industry . Background . Reports said that the LTTE timed the attack to coincide with the rioting of Black July in 1983 , in which 1000 of Tamils were killed by Sinhalese mobs . Even though the Tamil rebellion far preceded the attack in history , this is considered the start of the Sri Lankan Civil War . The rebels launched this attack on Sri Lanka ' s key military target and country ' s only international airport . Assault . Around 3 : 30 am on July 24 , 14 members of the LTTE Black Tiger suicide squad infiltrated Katunayake air base , located about 35 km ( 22 mi ) north of Colombo . After destroying electricity transformers to plunge the base in darkness , they cut through the barbed wire surrounding the base to begin their assault . Using rocket - propelled grenade s , anti - tank weapon s , and assault rifle s , the militants attacked air force planes . They were not able to attack the aircraft parked in hangars but did destroy eight military aircraft on the tarmac : three K - 8 Karakorum trainer aircraft , one Mil Mi - 17 helicopter , one Mil Mi - 24 helicopter , two IAI Kfir fighter jets , and a MiG - 27 . Five K - 8s and one MiG - 27 were also damaged . A total of 26 aircraft were either damaged or destroyed in the attack . Some of the LTTE members climbed to the top of the air base ' s control tower , which they used as a vantage point . Eight Tigers and three air force officers died in the battle at the air base . The six remaining LTTE members then crossed the runway to nearby Bandaranaike Airport . Using their weapons , they began blowing up civilian aircraft , which were all empty . One Airbus A330 was destroyed by an explosive charge , another A330 by the explosion of an oil tank ; an A340 was destroyed by a rocket fired from the terminal building . In addition , an A320 - 200 and an A340 - 300 were damaged in the assault . The attack was over by 8 : 30 am . All 14 guerrillas were killed , along with six Sri Lankan air force personnel and one soldier killed by friendly fire . 12 soldiers were injured , along with three Sri Lankan civilians and a Russian engineer . No foreign tourists were harmed during the attack . The three Airbuses destroyed constituted three of SriLankan Airlines ' 12 aircraft . The two other damaged aircraft meant that nearly half of the Airlines ' planes were out of commission . Effects . Bandaranaike Airport was closed for 14 hours during and after the attack . Flights were diverted to India during the assault due to the threat of attack . The cost of replacing the civilian aircraft was estimated at $ 350 million USD . The attack caused a slowdown in the economy of Sri Lanka , to about - 1 . 4 % . Tourism also plummeted , dropping 15 . 5 % at the end of the year .
Vietnam Era Museum & Educational Center The Vietnam Era Museum & Educational Center is located in Holmdel Township , New Jersey , United States . The Vietnam Era Museum & Educational Center opened in 1998 and is located adjacent to the New Jersey Vietnam Veterans Memorial , which was constructed in 1995 . The facility had a construction budget of $ 3 . 5 million ; it was intended to provide a balanced view of the controversial war . When opened it was the only museum of its kind in the United States .
James Reiskimmer James Riskinner or Reiskimmer was a 17th - century English privateer who operated from Providence Island against Spanish shipping during the late 1630s . A lieutenant on the ship " Warwick " , then part of a fleet under the command of Nathaniel Butler , he later took part in a privateering expedition under Butler between May – September 1639 . According to Nathanial Butler ' s journal , James ' s father , Captain Nicholas Reiskimmer , was appointed governor of Association Island ( Tortuga ) , but died shortly after arriving there . During the four - month voyage , Riskinner was elected to succeed its former captain Nicholas Roope who died after leaving Providence Island . However , due both to being unfamiliar with the Caribbean waters and little experienece in tracking down Spanish ships , Riskinner and the others were unsuccessful and the expedition returned to Providence Island in September 1639 . However , Riskinner continued searching for Spanish merchant ships and captured four Spanish ships before his return to England the following year with a Spanish prize carrying a large cargo of silver , gold , diamonds , pearls and jewels .
John Taffe John Taffe ( January 30 , 1827 – March 14 , 1884 ) was a Nebraska Republican politician . Biography . He was born in Indianapolis , Indiana on January 30 , 1827 . He passed the bar and moved to the Nebraska Territory in 1856 , becoming a member of the Nebraska Territorial house of representatives from 1858 to 1859 and as the president of the Nebraska Territorial council in 1860 and 1861 . During the American Civil War he enlisted and served as major in the Second Regiment of the Nebraska Volunteer Cavalry . He returned to Omaha , Nebraska , running and being elected to the Fortieth United States Congress from Nebraska . He was reelected two times serving from March 4 , 1867 to March 3 , 1873 . During the Forty - second United States Congress he was the chairman on the U . S . House Committee on Territories . He resumed his practice of law , becoming receiver of the public land office in North Platte , Nebraska , where he died March 14 , 1884 . He is buried in Prospect Hill Cemetery in Omaha .
USS Caracara ( AMc - 40 ) USS " Caracara " ( AMc - 40 ) , an commissioned by the U . S . Navy for use during World War II , was named after the Caracara , a large South American hawk . World War II operations . " Caracara " was launched on 23 August 1941 by the Bristol Yacht Building Co . , South Bristol , Maine . She was placed in service on 30 December 1941 , and after training with Experimental Minesweeping Group , Mine Warfare School , reported to the 10th Naval District where she engaged in minesweeping activities around the West Indies . She was stricken from the Navy Register on 21 January 1946 .
86th Infantry Division ( United States ) The 86th Infantry Division was a unit of the United States Army in World War I and World War II . World War I . The division saw no combat in World War I . It was activated 25 August 1917 at Camp Grant in Rockford , Illinois , went overseas in August 1918 , returned to the United States in November 1918 , and was deactivated in January 1919 . Included 171st Infantry Brigade ( 341st and 342nd Infantry Regiment s ) and 172nd Infantry Brigade ( 343rd and 344th Infantry Regiment s ) , plus field artillery units . World War II . Combat chronicle . The 86th Infantry Division arrived in France , 4 March 1945 , and moved to Köln , Germany , taking over defensive positions near Weiden , 24 March , in relief of the 8th Infantry Division . After a short period of patrolling on both sides of the Rhine , the division was relieved , and moved across the Rhine to Eibelshausen , Germany , 5 April . In a rapid offensive advance , the 86th moved across the Bigge River , cleared Attendorn , 11 April , and continued on to the Ruhr , taking part in the Ruhr pocket fighting . On 21 April , the division moved to Ansbach and continued to advance , taking Eichstätt on the 25th , crossing the Danube at Ingolstadt on the 27th , securing the bridge over the Amper Canal , 29 April , crossing the Isar and reaching Mittel Isar Canal by the end of the month . The division was ordered to take Wasserburg , 1 May , and leading elements had reached the outskirts of the city when they were ordered to withdraw , 2 May , and to move east to Salzburg . On 4 May , the Division captured the crown jewels of Hungary in Mattsee , Austria . At the end of the war , the division was securing the left flank of the XV Corps . After processing German prisoners of war , it was redeployed to the United States , arriving in New York 17 June 1945 . The division trained briefly at Camp Gruber , Oklahoma , 21 June - 11 August 1945 ; and then left San Francisco , 24 August 1945 , for the Philippines . The 86th Division was aboard ship in Leyte harbor when the Japanese surrendered . After landing on Luzon the unit was dispersed throughout the Island , some to Marikina , some to other locations . A few were assigned to Corregidor Island to guard Japanese prisoners of war . Nickname and Legacy . The division was nicknamed the " Black Hawk Division , " named after the Sauk Leader Chief Black Hawk . Frederic McLaughlin , was a commander with the 333rd Machine Gun Battalion of the 86th Infantry Division during World War I . In 1926 , McLaughlin would be granted a franchise by the National Hockey League , which he would put in his home town of Chicago . He named the team the Chicago Blackhawks after the unit . Present day . The 86th was redesignated as the HQ ' s 86th Training Brigade on 11 Feb 2009 and activated at Fort McCoy , Wisconsin on 16 September 2010 . Shortly after its reactivation , on 18 September 2010 , it was redesignated as Headquarters 86th Training Division . Government Printing Office , 1950 reproduced at http : / / www . history . army . mil / html / forcestruc / cbtchron / cbtchron . html
Battle of Chingleput The Battle of Chingleput was a short siege in early 1752 , during the Second Carnatic War . About 700 British East India Company recruits and sepoys under the command of Robert Clive captured the fortress of Chingleput , near Madras , defended by a French East India Company garrison of about 40 Europeans and 500 troops .
40th Air Division The 40th Air Division is an inactive United States Air Force unit . Its last assignment was with Fifteenth Air Force , stationed at Malmstrom AFB , Montana . It was inactivated on 14 June 1991 . As the 40th Bombardment Wing , the unit was one of the primary B - 17 Flying Fortress heavy strategic bombardment wings of VIII Bomber Command and later , Eighth Air Force in World War II . History . The 40th Bomb Wing was established on 15 January 1943 and officially activated on 21 January 1943 . In May of that year , the Wing deployed to Brampton Grange , England . During the war , the wing went through a succession of name changes starting on 3 May 1943 when they were redesignated the 40 Bombardment Wing ( Heavy ) . This was quickly followed by another change on 30 August 1943 when they were redesignated the 40 Combat Bombardment Wing ( Heavy ) . In September 1943 , the wing received three bombardment groups and began combat operations against Nazi Germany , striking such targets as Nantes , Emden , Wilhelmshaven , and Bremen . Its units participated in a mission to Schweinfurt on 14 October 1943 that resulted in the loss of over half of the aircraft dispatched . The final name change came on 13 August 1943 when they became 40 Combat Bombardment Wing , Heavy . For the remainder of World War II , the wing flew numerous missions against military targets throughout occupied Europe and Germany . Following the end of the war the Wing was inactivated on 25 December 1946 . Redesignated the 40th Air Division in March 1951 , it assumed a supervisory role over assigned units of the Strategic Air Command , ensuring that they were manned , trained , and equipped to conduct long range bombardment missions using either nuclear or conventional weapons . It also developed and maintained the capability for effective air refueling and Minuteman II ( intercontinental ballistic missile ) operations . In these roles the division conducted staff assistance visits and participated in numerous exercises such as Buy None , Buckskin Rider and Busy Player . After July 1989 , the 40th Air Division established policies to ensure support for wartime execution of a strategic ICBM wing and a strategic air refueling wing in accordance with the Single Integrated Operational Plan ( SIOP ) and Joint Chiefs of Staff ( JCS ) directed conventional war - fighting commitments . Components . Wings Groups Squadron
2d Photographic Reconnaissance Group The 2d Reconnaissance Group is an inactive United States Air Force unit . It was last assigned to the Third Air Force , being stationed at Will Rogers Field , Oklahoma . It was inactivated on 1 May 1944 . The unit was active during World War II as a reconnaissance and mapping training unit , initially being assigned to Second Air Force , then to Third Air Force in October 1943 . The group also trained crews and occasionally provided personnel to help man new groups and squadrons . Aircraft included B - 17 ' s , B - 24 ' s , B - 25 ' s , L - 4 ' s , L - 5 ' s , P - 38 ' s , and A - 20 ' s .