naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Expeditionary Combat Support System The Expeditionary Combat Support System ( ECSS ) was a failed enterprise resource planning software project undertaken by the United States Air Force ( USAF ) between 2005 and 2012 . The goal of the project was to automate and streamline the USAF ' s logistics operations by , in part , consolidating and replacing over 200 separate legacy system s . Development of the system was originally contracted to the Oracle Corporation in 2005 , and was later supervised by Computer Sciences Corporation . After spending $ 1 . 1 billion on its development , the USAF concluded in 2012 that the system , " has not yielded any significant military capability " and estimated that , " it would require an additional $ 1 . 1B for about a quarter of the original scope to continue and fielding would not be until 2020 . " Based on that conclusion , the USAF canceled the program in November 2012 . United States Senate Committee on Armed Services members Carl Levin and John McCain characterized the failed project as , " one of the most egregious examples of mismanagement in recent memory . "
Geoffrey Bridgeman Brigadier The Honourable Geoffrey John Orlando Bridgeman MC ( 3 July 1898 – 15 October 1974 ) , styled The Honourable from 1929 , was a British soldier and ophthalmologist . Background and education . Born at Harley Street in London , Bridgeman was the second son of William Bridgeman , 1st Viscount Bridgeman . His mother Caroline was the daughter of Cecil Thomas Parker , younger son Thomas Parker , 6th Earl of Macclesfield . Bridgeman ' s younger brother Maurice was a businessman and civil servant . He was educated in Eton College and went then to Trinity College , Cambridge . From 1917 he fought in the First World War , being commissioned into the Royal Field Artillery . In 1918 he was decorated with the Military Cross and after the end of the war retired as lieutenant . He resumed his studies in Cambridge and after winning a classical exhibition , Bridgeman read natural sciences and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in 1920 . Six years later at St George ' s Hospital he obtained a Bachelor of Medicine and in 1928 he received further a Bachelor of Medicine and a Bachelor of Surgery . Career . Bridgeman worked first as chief clinical assistant at Moorfields Eye Hospital and then as ophthalmic surgeon at East Ham Memorial Hospital . Subsequently he returned to St George ' s and became employed at the Western Ophthalmic Hospital . During the Second World War , he served in the Royal Army Medical Corps and gained the rank of brigadier . Bridgeman was attached to the Middle East and came afterwards to India . He was an honorary consultant ophthalmologist at the India and Burma Office and was elected a fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of England in 1933 . Bridgeman held membership of the Ophthalmological Society of the United Kingdom and of the British Medical Association . Family . On 3 July 1929 , Bridgeman married Mary Meriel Gertrude Talbot ( 18 January 1903 – 5 July 1974 ) , daughter of the Rt . Hon . Sir George John Talbot and Gertrude Harriot Cator . The couple had three children , one son and two daughters : Mary died in 1961 and Bridgeman survived her until 1974 . His son Robin succeeded his uncle Robert Bridgeman , 2nd Viscount Bridgeman in his title in 1982 . His maternal granddaughter is actress Flora Montgomery .
Field of fire ( weaponry ) The field of fire of a weapon ( or group of weapons ) is the area around it that it can easily and effectively reach by gunfire . The term " field of fire " is mostly used in reference to machine gun s . Their fields of fire incorporate the beaten zone . Beaten zone is a concept in indirect infantry small arms fire , specifically machine guns . It describes the area between the " first catch " and the " last graze " of a bullet ' s trajectory . At the first of these points , a bullet will hit a standing man in the head , at the last of these points , as the bullet drops , it will hit a standing man in the feet . Anyone standing within the beaten zone will be hit somewhere from head to foot . The concept works best as part of a static defence with the area covered by a position plotted out beforehand . Usually the machine guns will be mounted on a tripod and indirect fire sights ( such as a dial sight ) fitted in addition to , or instead of , direct fire ones . Fire can then be called in by spotter s to engage specific points in the guns ' field of fire , even if out of sight of the machine gunners . Overlapping machine guns , creating a crossfire , using the beaten zone concept , together with the idea of enfilading were an important part of World War I . Beaten zone can also refer to the area that shells will usually land in when fired from an artillery piece . It is in the shape of a rectangle with the longer sides parallel to the direction of fire because artillery tends to deviate more forwards and backwards than right and left .
XXXVII Corps ( United States ) The US XXXVII Corps ( 37th Corps ) was a ' Phantom Unit ' created in 1944 as part of Fortitude South II . World War II . The corps was first reported to the Germans as arriving in during May and June 1944 at Liverpool and establishing its headquarters in Great Baddow near Chelmsford in Essex with the US 17th Infantry Division and US 59th Infantry Division under its command . Initially under the command of US 3rd Army , the corps became part of US 14th Army in the middle of July 1944 , where it was to form , with British II Corps the first wave of the Pas de Calais landings . Following the conclusion of Fortitude South II it was reported as having moved to the region of Worthing in Sussex establishing its headquarters in Goring during August . During late September , early October 1944 , US 17th Infantry division was transferred to the command of US XXXIII Corps in exchange for US 25th Armored Division , following which it was announced that the Corps and the units under its command had departed England via Southampton . Insignia . Writing in " " , Thaddeus Holt indicated that no official insignia had been issued for the US XXXVII Corps , however , the official report on Operation Fortitude written by Roger Hesketh and published in 1999 under the title " " Fortitude : The D - Day Deception Campaign " contained a copy of a message sent by Agent Brutus to the Germans on the 24th of June 1944 which described the insignia as follows : " The XXXVII Corps recently included in the Third Army , has its headquarters in Great Baddow , two kilometers south - east of Chelmsford ; sign : on a yellow circle a diamond divided into two triangles , of which the top is white and the lower black . A third triangle , white , below , touches the black one at the apexes . " Agent Tate , provided the following description of the insignia to the Germans in a report sent on the 27th of August 1944 : " . . . two similar triangles with their points together ( looks like an old fashioned hour glass ) ; the upper triangle is black the lower is white . On the upper black triangle there is a third triangle , the flat side against the flat side of the black triangle . The third triangle is white . The whole thing is on a circular , yellow ground . "
Edward Talbot Thackeray Colonel Sir Edward Talbot Thackeray VC , KCB ( 19 October 1836 – 3 September 1927 ) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . The son of Rev Francis Thackeray and Mary Anne Shakespeare , he was the first cousin of the novelist , William Makepeace Thackeray . Thackeray was 20 years old , and a second lieutenant in the Bengal Engineers , Bengal Army during the Indian Mutiny when the following deed took place on 16 September 1857 at Delhi , British India for which he was awarded the Victoria Cross He later achieved the rank of colonel . Thackeray retired from the Army in 1888 and in 1898 he went to live in Italy were he spent the rest of his life . His medal is currently displayed at the National Museum of Military History in Johannesburg , South Africa .
US Army Medical Materiel Center – Europe The United States Army Medical Materiel Center - Europe ( USAMMCE ) , a subordinate unit of the U . S . Army Medical Research and Materiel Command at Fort Detrick , Maryland , serves as the Defense Logistics Agency ’ s Theater Lead Agent for Medical Materiel ( TLAMM ) for Europe . USAMMCE ' s mission is to provide the best medical logistics support to the U . S . European Command . USAMMCE ’ s missions also include out - of - sector support to the Department of State Humanitarian Assistance Program and the U . S . Central Command in Southwest Asia . From the Gulf War through the Bosnia and Kosovo deployments , business process improvements at USAMMCE benefitted deployed forces throughout the European theater . History . The United States Army Medical Materiel Center - Europe ( USAMMCE ) was originally activated as the Rhein Medical Depot in December 1951 in Einsiedlerhof , Germany . In the spring of 1957 , the Rhein Medical Depot was reorganized as the U . S . Army Medical Depot , Einsiedlerhof ( USAMDE ) and assumed the operation control of the 67th Medical Depot . USAMDE and the Medical Supply Division of the U . S . Army , Europe , were combined to form the U . S . Army Medical Materiel Center - Europe ( USAMMCE ) in October 1968 . USAMMCE moved to its current location in Pirmasens , Germany , in November 1975 as part of an Army – Air Force restationing initiative . The following medical supply , optical , and maintenance ( MEDSOM ) battalions were formed as subordinate units to USAMMCE in January 1980 : 37th MEDSOM to support the U . S . V Corps , 428th MEDSOM to support the U . S . VII Corps , and the 226th MEDSOM to support the Communications Zone . USAMMCE was designated as the Theater Single Integrated Medical Logistics Manager in June 1986 and assumed medical logistics support responsibility for all U . S . Armed Forces serving the U . S . European Command . The 226th MEDSOM was redesignated as the 226th Medical Battalion ( Logistics , Rear ) , the 37th was redesignated as the 37th Medical Detachment ( Logistics ) , and the 428th as the 428th Theater Medical Materiel Management Center ( TMMMC ) in June 1993 . In October 1994 , the 226th Medical Battalion ( Logistics , Rear ) was redesignated as the 226th Medical Battalion ( Logistics , Forward ) and was assigned to the 30th Medical Brigade , and the 37th Medical Detachment and the 428th TMMMC were inactivated . Upon inactivation of the U . S . Army ’ s 7th Medical Command , USAMMCE was assigned to the U . S . Army Medical Research and Materiel Command in October 1994 . USAMMCE became the executive agent for the Department of State ’ s Humanitarian Assistance Program on 1 October 1996 . In 2007 , USAMMCE was designated as the TLAMM ( Theater Lead Agent for Medical Materiel ) for Europe . This designation allows USAMMCE to be more involved in logistical planning and coordination for two major combatant commands .
Dwight family The New England Dwight family had many members who were military leaders , educators , jurists , authors , businessmen and clergymen . Around 1634 John Dwight came with his wife Hannah , daughter Hannah , and sons Timothy Dwight and John Dwight , from Dedham , Essex , England to North America where the town was named Dedham , Massachusetts . Son John died in 1638 , and he had two more daughters , before dying in 1660 . Known descendants are from their son Captain Timothy Dwight ( 1629 – 1717 ) and his third wife Anna Flint . Justice Nathaniel Dwight ( 1666 – 1711 ) married Mehitable Partidge ( 1675 – 1756 ) in 1693 . Their descendants were : Captain Henry Dwight ( 1676 – 1732 ) , farmer , merchant and judge , married Lydia Hawley ( 1680 – 1748 ) . Their descendants were :
Enemy Coast Ahead Enemy Coast Ahead is an autobiographical book recounting the World War II flying career of Wing Commander Guy Gibson VC , DSO , DFC . It covers his time in RAF Bomber Command from the very earliest days of war in 1939 through to 1943 . Gibson wrote the book aged 25 in 1944 whilst off operations . He had by this time completed two full tours , each of 30 operations , with Bomber Command ( with 83 and 106 Squadrons ) , another one as a night - fighter pilot with 29 Squadron and , as leader of the famous Dam Busters against raid the dams of the Ruhr Valley ( Operation Chastise ) with 617 Squadron in May 1943 . It was first published in book form in 1946 , to much critical acclaim and a fully uncensored account released in 2003 . The book was serialised in the Sunday Express during the winter of 1944 - 45 , following his death in September 1944 , when his Mosquito crashed near Steenbergen in the Netherlands . Synopsis . Gibson joined the RAF prior to the war , and he recounts the early stages of combat and the daily struggle with first the Handley Page Hampden and then the Avro Manchester aeroplanes on long and arduous missions into enemy airspace . He also clearly recounts the issues facing the early pilots " taking the war to Germany " from within what seemed an almost amateurish Bomber Command . Subsequently he flew the renowned Avro Lancaster . He quickly learned how to stay alive and rapidly grew in experience and maturity , rising from Pilot Officer to a highly decorated Wing Commander . 2003 Reprint . Using Gibson ’ s original draft , the reprint restored elements originally omitted – such as Gibson ’ s views on fellow pilots and staff , air tactics and the deployment of Bomber Command . Film . The 1954 film , " The Dam Busters " , was based on both Gibson ’ s " Enemy Coast Ahead " and on Paul Brickhill ' s " The Dam Busters " . The movie starred Richard Todd as Gibson and Michael Redgrave as Wallis .
Civilian - based defense Civilian - based defense , according to Professor Gene Sharp , a scholar of non - violent struggle , is a “ policy [ in which ] the whole population and the society ’ s institutions become the fighting forces . Their weaponry consists of a vast variety of forms of psychological , economic , social , and political resistance and counter - attack . This policy aims to deter attacks and to defend against them by preparations to make to society unrulable by would - be - tyrants and aggressors . The trained population and the society ’ s institutions would be prepared to deny the attackers their objectives and to make consolidation of political control impossible . These aims would be achieved by applying massive and selective noncooperation and defiance . In addition , where possible , the defending country would aim to create maximum international problems for the attackers and to subvert the reliability of their troops and functionaries . ” In Europe the policy is usually called civilian defense or social defense . Sharp also wrote that the term civilian - based defense “ indicates defense by civilians ( as distinct from military personnel ) using civilian means of struggle ( as distinct from military and paramilitary means ) . This is a policy intended to deter and defeat foreign military invasions , occupations , and internal usurpations . ” This defense “ is meant to be waged by the population and its institutions on the basis of advance preparation , planning , and training . ” However , the potential for civilian - based - defense as a complement to military defense has also been raised . The Civilian - based Defense Association and its magazine " Civilian - based Defense " promoted the policy . Concerning the potential for these tactics , Can Erimtan wrote , “ Gene Sharp … has written … books on ‘ Civilian - Based Defense ’ and democracy that can serve as blueprints for popular uprisings against authoritarian regimes . ”
Battle of Shigisan The Battle of , or Battle of Shigisen , also known in Japanese as , , , or was a battle fought in 587 between Soga no Umako and Mononobe no Moriya . The battle took place at the riverside of the river in Kawachi Province , Japan near Mount Shigi . The Mononobe clan , the most powerful opponent of Buddhism , was practically exterminated in the battle .
ALE - 50 Towed Decoy System The AN / ALE - 50 Towed Decoy System was developed by Raytheon to protect multiple US military aircraft from radar - guided missiles . The AN / ALE - 50 Towed Decoy System is an anti - missile countermeasures decoy system used on multiple U . S . Air Force , Navy , and Marine Corps aircraft , and by certain non - United States air forces . The system is manufactured by Raytheon Space and Airborne Systems at its facility in Goleta , California . The ALE - 50 system consists of a launcher and launch controller installed on the aircraft ( usually on a wing pylon ) , and one or more expendable towed decoy s . Each decoy is delivered in a sealed canister and has a ten - year shelf life . When deployed , the decoy is towed behind the host aircraft , protecting the aircraft and its crew against RF - guided missiles by luring the missile toward the decoy and away from the intended target . In both flight tests and actual combat , the ALE - 50 has successfully countered numerous live firings of both surface - to - air and air - to - air missiles . U . S . military pilots have nicknamed the decoy " Little Buddy " . The ALE - 50 was first deployed in 1996 , but is also used on the F / A - 18E / F Super Hornet and the B - 1B Lancer . The ALE - 50 has also been integrated into the next - generation ALQ - 184 ( V ) 9 ECM pod , creating an integrated threat - protection system that can be carried on a larger number of platforms . The ALE - 50 expendable decoys ’ estimated value is $ 22 , 000 each . The latest production run of 1 , 048 units will be delivering through October 2010 . The ALE - 50 towed decoy has provided combat - proven aircraft protection against RF missile threats in Kosovo , Afghanistan , and Iraq . Featuring low acquisition and life - cycle cost , the system adaptability enables installation and operation on virtually any airborne platform . The ALE - 50 towed decoy is currently operational on the F - 16 , F / A - 18E / F , and B - 1B aircraft .
Department of the Army ( Australia ) The Department of the Army is a former Australian federal government department . Created on 13 November 1939 following the outbreak of the Second World War , it assumed control of the administration and finance of the Australian Army from the Department of Defence . The department was abolished by the Whitlam government on 30 November 1973 when the single service departments were once again amalgamated , with its role assumed by the Army Office within the Department of Defence .
Action of May 1612 This raid took place on the night of 23 or 25 May 1612 when a force of Sicilian and Neapolitan galley s attacked some Tunisian vessels at La Goulette , northern Tunisia . 7 , or perhaps 9 or 10 , Tunisian sailing ships were destroyed , while several smaller vessels were captured . Ships involved : Allies . Sicily ( Ottavio de Aragon ) < br > 6 galleys < br > Naples ( Santa Cruz ) < br > 7 galleys < br > Tunisia . 7 or more sailing ships destroyed , several smaller captured < br >
USS LST - 471 USS " LST - 471 " was an built for the United States Navy during World War II . LST - 472 was laid down on 29 October 1942 at Kaiser Inc . Vancouver , Washington and launched on 3 December 1942 . She was commissioned on 11 March 1943 . Service history . During World War II , LST - 471 was assigned to the Asiatic - Pacific theater and participated in the following operations : the landings at Lae ( September 1943 ) ; the landings at Leyte ( October – November 1944 ) ; the landings at Lingayen Gulf ( January 1945 ) ; the Mindanao landings ( March 1945 ) and Balikpapan operations ( June – July 1945 ) . She was damaged by a Japanese aerial attack off Cape Ward Hunt , New Guinea on 4 September 1943 and subsequently drydocked at Sydney , New South Wales , Australia for repairs . LST - 471 returned to the United States and was decommissioned on 26 February 1946 . She was struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 12 April , before being sold on 21 January 1948 to Hughes Bros Inc , New York for scrap . She sank during a storm while under tow off Rodanthe , North Carolina . LST - 471 earned five battle star s for World War II service .
James Firth James Firth VC ( 15 January 1874 – 29 May 1921 ) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . Early life and family . He was born in Sheffield , Sheffield , son of Charles Firth , steel smelter , of Jarrow - on - Tyne , and Mrs Charles Firth . He joined the Army 29 July 1889 . He married Mary Florence in June 1897 and they had two children : Alleyne G Firth , born 25 June 1903 and Cecil J Firth , born 18 December 1907 . Military career . Firth was 26 years old , and a sergeant in the 1st Battalion , The Duke of Wellington ' s ( West Riding ) Regiment , British Army during the Second Boer War when the following deed took place on 24 February 1900 near Arundel , Cape Colony for which he was awarded the VC : He returned to the United Kingdom in early 1901 , and received the VC from King Edward VII during an investiture at Marlborough House 25 July 1901 . Death . He died of tuberculosis in May 1921 The medal . The medal is in the Lord Ashcroft Collection
Light Infantry The light infantry ( or skirmishes ) is a specialized type of infantry , to foray into fast and deep within enemy territory . Soldiers are equipped with lighter equipment to allow maneuvers to be performed with speed . History . Antiquity . The concept of light infantry was already present in the civilizations of antiquity . Troops as the Greek Peltast or Roman Velites fit perfectly in the designation of light infantry , not so much by the lightness of their equipment ( which was becoming heavier over time in the case of peltasts ) , as its way of fighting and its missions . Modern Age . Armies used to resort to irregular troops for the tasks of light infantry . Later in the seventeenth century , Dragoon assumed the role of light infantry . In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries , most infantry battalions had a light company . It was composed of soldiers generally smaller and more agile and initiative - as it used to have to fight in small groups . Also used to be chosen for their aim to act as snipers . A few of these units were provided rifles instead of muskets and wearing green uniforms . They were called the rifle regiments in the British Army , or Jäger the German troops . In Napoleonic France the light infantry was named " Voltigeurs " . Armies such as the British or French used entire regiments light infantry , sometimes considered elite units due to increased discipline and training required . As the nineteenth century progressed , the differences between light infantry and heavy infantry were become less marked .