naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Battle for the A - 9 highway The Battle for the A - 9 highway was fought in March and April 2000 for the control of the Sri Lankan A - 9 highway . Background . The A - 9 highway connected the Sri Lankan capital with the northern Jaffna peninsula . More importantly , the Elephant Pass military base , was the only land route for Jaffna . If the rebels were going to surround Elephant Pass they would have to take the north - south highway . Battle . On March 27 , the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam , or Tamil Tigers , ( LTTE ) , attacked the north - south highway . LTTE rebels attacked a coastal army base with a combined land and amphibious assault . The navy shot up the LTTE flotilla of small boats , but the ground attack continued . Heavy fighting continued into the night . On March 28 , the LTTE offensive was closing in on a four - base government complex . By next morning those bases fell . Several SLA tanks were also captured . By March 30 , the Tigers took another government base and managed to cut the A - 9 highway . At this point , thousands of civilian refugees had fled the area . The air force had been hitting rebel columns caught in the open while the navy had prevented the rebels from landing reinforcements along the coast . By April 3 , the LTTE continued to hold a four kilometer stretch of the A - 9 highway . However , more army reinforcements were coming in by air and sea , air strikes and navy ships were also hitting the rebels hard , stalling the LTTE offensive . On April 11 , the army managed , after two weeks of heavy fighting , to retake the A - 9 highway and clear all rebel positions from it . On April 18 , however , the LTTE renewed its offensive on the A - 9 . And the next day they cut the A - 9 highway again . By the next day all remaining SLA troops were in retreat toward the Elephant Pass military base , which was coming under heavy rebel artillery fire . Thus the operation to take the highway was a success for the Tigers and this led to more success in the battle for Elephant Pass , which fell three days later .
U - 48 - class submarine The " U - 48 " class was a class of four submarine s or U - boats planned for the Austro - Hungarian Navy ( ) during World War I . The design of the boats was based on plans purchased from the German firm of AG Weser in January 1916 . The Navy authorized Cantiere Navale Triestino to begin construction of the submarines in Pola in September 1916 . Only two of the planned four boats were laid down , but neither of them were launched or completed . Both incomplete submarines were scrapped after the war ended . Design . Austria - Hungary ' s U - boat fleet was largely obsolete at the outbreak of World War I , and over the first two years of the war the Austro - Hungarian Navy focused its efforts on building a U - boat fleet for local defense within the Adriatic . With boats to fill that need either under construction or purchased from Germany , efforts were focused on building submarines for operation in the wider Mediterranean , outside the Adriatic . In January 1916 Cantiere Navale Triestino ( CNT ) purchased plans for an submarine from the German firm of AG Weser of Bremen . Austro - Hungarian Navy modifications to the plans resulted in a submarine that displaced surfaced and submerged . The boats were to be long with a beam of and a draft of . For propulsion , the design featured two shafts , with twin diesel engines of ( total ) for surface running at up to , and twin electric motors of ( total ) for submerged travel at up to . The " U - 48 " class boats were designed for a crew of 32 men . The " U - 48 " design called for six torpedo tubes — four bow tubes and two stern tubes — and carried a complement of nine torpedoes . The original design specified two 90 mm / 35 ( 3 . 5 in ) deck gun s , which were superseded by two 120 mm / 35 ( 4 . 7 in ) deck guns in plans for the third and fourth boats . Construction . In September 1916 , Cantiere Navale Triestino ( CNT ) received authorization to build two boats of the class , " U - 48 " and " U - 49 " , with the proviso that the boats be built in Budapest with final assembly at the Pola Navy Yard . These first two boats , which comprised one - third of the six submarines under construction in 1916 , were followed by orders for " U - 58 " and " U - 59 " before the war ' s end . Although CNT had secured fully complete plans from Weser , the Austro - Hungarian design modifications delayed the start of construction . Additional changes after construction had begun slowed the progress of the boats . Compounding this were shortages of both material and skilled shipyard workers , further slowing construction . As a result , neither of the first two boats was ever launched , much less completed , and the second pair was cancelled before either was laid down . " U - 48 " was 70 % complete at war ' s end , while " U - 49 " was only 55 % complete . Both boats were scrapped in place in 1920 .
Hans Roser Hans Roser ( Marburg , 29 March 1893 – Ieper , 25 July 1915 ) was a German air observer during the First World War . He was a member of one of the " Feldflieger Abteilung " reconnaissance units tied to a German army unit , with the rank of " Fliegerhauptmann " . On 25 July 1915 he was shot down by the British pilot Lanoe Hawker , east of the legendary Hill 62 . The fight . In the beginning of World War I , fire - arms were not common on airplanes . Sometimes pilots tried to shoot at each other with rifles and guns but usually this was too difficult and useless . By the late spring of 1915 , the Germans invented the gun synchronizer that allowed a machine gun to fire through the propeller , but at the time of Roser ' s death the British had not developed a similar system . So Lanoe Hawker put a Lewis Gun at the side of his plane firing at an angle forwards and sideways , so that it could not shoot the blades of his own propeller . On 25 July 1915 three German planes flew over Allied territory . Hawker was flying alone , but took on all three . The first plane he tried to shoot at was seen to spin downwards but it is not certain whether it crashed . He successfully hit the second forcing it to make an emergency landing . The third plane was less fortunate : it was shot and fell out of the sky , burning and smoking . Roser fell ( or jumped , this is not clear ) out of the plane and fell to earth . Some reports say that he was captured alive and died later , but this is extremely unlikely as he fell from over a thousand metre . Hawker was rewarded with a Victoria Cross . Hawker died a year later ( 24 November 1916 ) , after he had been shot down by the German ' s Red Baron . Nowadays . Hans Roser is the only German buried at the Sanctuary Wood Cemetery . His is the only square gravestone , all other gravestones have a bow shape . In the register of Sanctuary Wood there is an inscription in English : " He couldn ' t fly without a plane " . Furthermore , there are German sentences with more information on the place and date of death and how he was shot . A Special Memorial at Sanctuary Wood remembers Hans Roser : " The young pilot , from West Germany , who did not even fight went to the front , unknowing . He has been one of too many , his grave still stands between thousands of others . "
Evan Howell Evan Park Howell ( December 10 , 1839August 6 , 1905 ) was an American politician and early telegraph operator , as well as an officer in the Confederate Army during the American Civil War . A native of Warsaw , Georgia ( located in what is now northern Fulton County ) born to Atlanta pioneer Clark Howell , Sr . , he became a runner and pupil of Atlanta ' s first telegraph operator , D . U . Sloan , at the age of twelve . In 1855 he attended Georgia Military Institute in Marietta . He read law in Sandersville , and briefly practiced law in Atlanta before the outbreak of war . In 1861 , he joined the infantry , enlisting in Georgia ' s First Regiment . Within 2 years , Howell was promoted to first lieutenant . He fought under Stonewall Jackson in Virginia , and then was sent West , where he fought in the Battle of Chickamauga and the Atlanta Campaign where he defended the city as a captain of artillery . He ended the war in Hardee ' s Corps as captain of Howell ' s Battery , Georgia Light Artillery . Upon his return , he farmed for two years clearing and selling lumber on his father ' s land near Atlanta . Then for a year he was a reporter then city editor of Atlanta ' s " Daily Intelligencer " . In 1869 he returned to practicing law and served a number of political positions including member of city council , member of the state Senate and solicotor - general of the Atlanta circuit . One of his law clients was the " Constitution " where he learned E . Y . Clarke was willing to sell part of his interest in the paper . In 1876 he purchased a controlling interest in the " Atlanta Constitution " and became its editor - in - chief . With Richard Peters , Samuel Inman , Lemuel Grant , and James W . English , he purchased the buildings on the site of the International Cotton Exposition of 1881 and made it the Exposition Cotton Mill , which was successful for many years . While editor of the " Constitution " in 1895 , he sent out transcripts of Booker T . Washington ' s " separate as the fingers " speech across the country . He served on the Atlanta city council numerous times and served as mayor shortly before his death at age 66 . His son , Clark Howell took up his mantel at the Constitution .
BT - 42 The BT - 42 was a Finnish assault gun , constructed during the Continuation War . It was constructed from captured Soviet BT - 7 light tank s and British 4 . 5 - inch howitzers ( 114 mm - calibre light howitzer , model 1908 ) from 1918 , which had been donated during the Winter War . Only eighteen vehicles were constructed . Development and use . As the Second World War progressed , the Soviets were fielding better and better tanks . The Finnish Army , on the other hand , had to make do with a large number of captured tanks , which were for the most part lightly armored and armed . The Finns decided to redesign the BT - 7 Model 1937 tank . They constructed a new turret and armed it with British - made 114 . 3 mm howitzer s that had been supplied by the British during the Winter War ( Q . F . 4 , 5 inch howitzer Mark II , also known as " 114 Psv . H / 18 " in Finland ) . Eighteen BT - 42 were built and these were pressed into service in 1943 . The BT - 42 was used for the first time in 1943 , at the Svir River , where it was used against enemy pillboxes . The design worked reasonably well against soft targets but was completely unsuitable for anti - tank warfare . To counter this , the Finns copied a German - designed HEAT round for the gun and it was initially thought that it would be effective against the sloped armour of the T - 34 . However , this was not the case . The BT - 42 quickly became very unpopular among its crews . Its mechanical weaknesses could mainly be attributed to the new turret , which apart from giving the tank a high profile also added significant weight to the vehicle , stressing the suspension and the engine . The BT - 42s were used again during the major Soviet offensive in 1944 . They were deployed in the defence of Vyborg . In one encounter , a Finnish BT - 42 hit a Soviet T - 34 18 times , failing even to immobilize the enemy vehicle . Eight of the 18 BT - 42s in action made no significant contribution to the fighting . At the time Finnish armored units were still composed mostly of older designs such as the Vickers 6 - Ton , T - 26 and T - 28 tanks , and that all of these suffered losses . Emergency supplies of German Panzer IV tanks , StuG III self - propelled assault guns and captured T - 34s made it possible for the Finns to replace its losses with more effective vehicles . The BT - 42 was retired soon after the Vyborg battles and was replaced in the role by German - made StuG IIIs .
AMOS AMOS or Advanced Mortar System is a 120 mm automatic twin barrel led , breech loaded mortar turret . AMOS has been fitted to a wide range of armoured vehicles such as the Sisu Pasi , Patria AMV and Combat Vehicle 90 . The Swedish Navy originally planned to fit AMOS to the CB90 assault craft , but found the ship too small to carry it . Instead a project to develop the larger Combat Boat 2010 was launched specifically to carry AMOS . When fitted to a vehicle , both GPS - and inertia positioning are used . The electronic fire - control system utilises digital maps . Twin barrelled AMOS is able to keep up rate of fire of 12 rounds per minute . Using its computer controlled MRSI feature ( multiple rounds simultaneous impact ) it is possible to set up a burst of up to 16 rounds that hit the target simultaneously . The first rounds are fired at higher angles with more propellant so that the rounds fly in a high arc . The next rounds are shot later with a slightly smaller angle and less propellant so that they fly a lower arc to the same target . This can be done seven times in a row , always adjusting the angle and power . The adjustment between shots is done by a computer . The strike of one AMOS unit roughly equals one strike of an artillery battery . An AMOS turret has a full 360 - degree field of fire at elevations between - 3 to + 85 degrees . AMOS is capable of both conventional indirect fire and direct fire for self - protection . In a typical installation — mounted on a Patria AMV or a similar vehicle , the vehicle can dash to the next position roughly 30 seconds after initiating the 14 - round salvo , leaving minimal time for detection and counter - attack by enemy ; evasion is the primary means of self - protection . AMOS is manufactured and marketed by Finnish / Swedish Patria Hägglunds , a joint venture between Finnish Patria and Swedish BAE Systems Hägglunds . The system is known as the SSG120 in Swedish service . Ammunition for AMOS includes the Strix guided round and a modification of the Spanish Instalaza 120 mm Mortar Cargo Round " MAT - 120 " ( although the latter are restricted to Finnish inventory and are slated for decommissioning due to their contravention of international treaty ) . Because AMOS is breech - loading , it cannot fire standard muzzle - loaded mortar rounds . AMOS rounds feature a ' short stub case ' at the base of the fins , similar to a sabot . In this way , expended rounds fired by AMOS can be easily differentiated from traditional mortar systems .
APILAS APILAS ( Armor - Piercing Infantry Light Arm System ) is a portable one - shot 112 mm recoilless anti - tank weapon , designed in France by GIAT Industries . Over 120 , 000 of the APILAS launchers have been produced , and they are in service with many countries . Description . The APILAS is supplied in an aramid fibre launcher tube with a retractable sight . The effective range of APILAS is from 25 m ( it takes 25 m for the rocket to arm itself ) up to 500 – 600 m depending on the target . The shaped charge warhead is electrically fused and will detonate at impact angles up to 80 degrees . An off - route mine system was developed using the APILAS rocket mounted on a tripod using a sensor package , or tripwires .
Cushing ' s Regiment of Militia Cushing ' s Regiment of Militia ( also known as the 6th Worcester County Militia Regiment ) was called up at Westborough , Massachusetts on August 16 , 1777 as reinforcements for the Continental Army during the Saratoga Campaign . The regiment marched quickly to join the gathering forces of General Horatio Gates as he faced British General John Burgoyne in northern New York . The regiment served in General Warner ' s brigade . With the surrender of Burgoyne ' s Army on October 17 , the regiment was disbanded on November 29 , 1777 .
Battle of Ectabana The Battle of Ecbatana was fought in 129 BC between the Seleucids led by Antiochus VII Sidetes and the Parthians led by Phraates II . Phraates II ( ca . 139 / 138 BC - ca . 128 BC ) faced the final attempt on the part of the Seleucids to regain their power in the east . The Seleucids suffered a crushing defeat at the Battle of Ecbatana and Antiochus VII himself perished . This battle marked the decisive and final defeat for the Seleucid kingdom by the Parthians .
Dimitrije Živković Dimitrije Živković was a general in the Royal Yugoslav Army who commanded the 6th Army during the German - led Axis invasion of Yugoslavia of April 1941 during World War II . Živković ' s command consisted of the Banat , Srem , Dunav , Krajina and Cer Division s , and the 2nd Cavalry Division . The 6th Army was originally intended to form the strategic reserve for the VKJ . It was deployed around Belgrade and in the Banat region east of the Tisza . It held two infantry divisions in reserve in the lower Morava valley .
Issen gorin Issen gorin which translated means " penny postcard " is a term associated with a value placed upon Japanese draftees in World War II . This term roughly meant that the individual was only worth the amount on the letter to draft them . More specifically , " Issen Gorin " translates to " one sen , five rin " , the cost of mailing a draft notice postcard ( less than an American penny ) . The name Issen Gorin was the name Japanese Officers and powerful military personnel used to refer to the average Japanese soldier . Meaning that the individuals responsible for the wellbeing of the Japanese soldiers viewed the soldiers as being worth less than a penny . In their abusive training and continued treatment during World War II , the Japanese soldiers were constantly reminded by their superiors that they are nothing but worthless Issen Gorin and , therefore , they should be entirely prepared to sacrifice themselves for the emperor via kamikaze attacks on U . S . warships .
92d Air Refueling Squadron The 92d Air Refueling Squadron ( 92 ARS ) is part of the 92d Air Refueling Wing at Fairchild Air Force Base , Washington . Mission . The squadron operates the KC - 135 Stratotanker aircraft conducting aerial refueling missions . History . World War II . Established as a B - 18 Bolo reconnaissance squadron ; assigned to Third Air Force although stationed in California for maritime patrol duty off the west coast . Deployed to Louisiana after the Attack on Pearl Harbor , engaged in antisubmarine patrols over the Gulf of Mexico . Redesignated as the 392d Bombardment Squadron in April 1942 , returned to California and flew antisubmarine patrols off the west coast while also conducting replacement training from , January 1942 – c . July 1943 . Re - equipped with Very Long Range ( VLR ) B - 24 Liberator s and deployed to the Central Pacific in November 1943 to take part in the island hopping campaign . Moved to Funafuti Airfield , Nanumea in the Gilbert Islands . Mounted bombing raids against enemy installations on those islands . It also raided airfields in the Marshall Islands to help prevent the launching of Japanese planes against the amphibious assault on Tarawa . Staging through the recently captured Tarawa and Mankin Islands , the squadron attacked several atolls in the Marshalls , including Kwajalein . Between November 14 , 1943 and April 1 , 1944 , the squadron carried out bombing missions over the Marshall Islands and participated in the actual invasion of Kwajalein in February 1944 . As the war moved closer to Japan , the squadron attacked Truk . The 392d also bombed Wake Island , Guam , Saipan , and harassed other islands in the Carolines and Marianas , bypassed by American amphibious forces . In August 1944 , the squadron moved to East Field , Saipan in the Mariana Islands . During the next six months , the 38th conducted intensive bombing strikes against airfields and shipping at Bonin and Volcano Islands , Iwo Jima , ChiChi Jima , and Yap . Its final bombing mission was at Iwo Jima on February 19 , 1945 , the same day three Marine divisions invaded the island . In March 1945 , the 392d returned to Hawaii on the popular but mistaken rumor that it was to be reequipped with B - 32 Dominator s . Instead , many of the crews and planes were reassigned to the 11th Bombardment Group and subsequently served with it . The remaining elements waited out the war conducting training sorties and routine patrols . Inactivated on 20 March 1946 . Cold War . The 92d Air Refueling Squadron was activated on 1 July 1957 when it assumed the mission , personnel , and aircraft of the inactivating 506th Air Refueling Squadron as Strategic Air Command transferred the 42d Air Division and its fighter resources at Bergstrom Air Force Base to Tactical Air Command . Has flown worldwide air refueling since reactivation . It furnished tankers and crews to support combat in Southeast Asia between 1965 and 1975 and to Southwest Asia from , 15 August 1990 – 15 April 1991 .
Sonderabteilung Lola Sonderabteilung Lola ( in Norway also known as " Rinnanbanden " ) was an independent group under the German " Sicherheitsdienst " in Trondheim , KDS Drontheim Referat IV , and consisted of around known 50 - 60 Norwegians informants who worked for Henry Rinnan , many of whom were former frontline soldiers in the Waffen SS . This group was not known to the vast majority of Norwegians , including the members of the NS party , until after the war . Under cover the group contacted people who were anti - Nazi , through whom they infiltrated the resistance movement . After a period of active work in the resistance group , both to gather information and build trust , the network was rolled up and the participants arrested and tortured . These kinds of infiltration operations were called " provocation business " , to expedite action and subsequently arrest the suspects . Rinnan even called this a " game in the negative sector " . The group worked towards the entirety of Central Norway , i . e . Trøndelag , Møre and Romsdal , even Nordland . Rinnan wanted to expand operations to Oslo , but this was possibly stopped by the Germans . The group , which after the war was called the Rinnan gang , was not formally a part of the " Sicherheitsdienst " until 1943 when Rinnan received a formal position within the occupation . He used these powers to enable interrogation by torture . Before this , he had reported resistance people to contact the German officers Gerhard Flesch and Walter Gemmecke , so that they were arrested , tortured and possibly killed , or put in concentration camps . Rinnan himself used a variety of aliases . From September 1943 the group had a base at Jonsvannsveien 46 in Trondheim , after the war known as " Bande - Klosteret " , which was equipped with cells and torture chambers in the basement , where several were killed under torture . Rinnan drove the group completely by their own rules and on a couple of occasions killed Norwegians without German prior consent . He even executed members of his own group if he believed they were acting suspiciously . Several hundred Norwegians were tortured , and it is believed that the group killed more than 80 people . In spring 1945 part of the group tried to flee to Sweden with hostages , but was stopped and arrested five kilometres from the border . Legal purge against group unfolded during 1945 and 1946 and resulted in seven life sentences and 12 death sentences , of which two were later converted to life sentences . Ten men were executed ( Rinnan , Bjarne Jenshus , Aksel Mære , Harry Rønning , Harry Hofstad , Olaus Hamrun , Per Bergeen , Kristian Randal , Harald Grøtte and Hans Egeberg ) . Many female members were sentenced to prison terms of up to life imprisonment .