naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Cobra II Cobra II : The Inside Story of the Invasion and Occupation of Iraq is a 2006 book written by Michael R . Gordon , chief military correspondent for " The New York Times " , and Bernard E . Trainor , a retired Marine Corps lieutenant general , which details the behind - the - scenes decision - making leading to the invasion of Iraq in 2003 . It then follows , in depth , the invasion itself and the early months of the occupation through summer 2003 . Considered comprehensive and even - handed , the book is widely hailed as the pre - eminent source of information on what actually happened and why , and how the Iraqi insurgency was germinated . The authors had access to a wide range of materials , including many classified documents , and access to the highest levels of the US and Iraqi government and military . They describe in great detail the meetings , correspondence , and positions of the various actors , including not only the US and Iraq , but other countries across the world as they considered the implications of joining the " Coalition of the Willing " . A large part of the book is dedicated to describing the internal meetings and perspectives of Iraqi leadership , previously unknown to the public . Thus the book covers the war from multiple angles . Predominant among the actors described are the US and Iraqi generals , Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld , and President George W . Bush and their closest staff members . The book carefully reconstructs the principal battles from primary sources including many interviews with both military leadership and front - line soldiers . Also discussed are the failures of US intelligence and the paucity of planning concerning post - war operations ( known as Phase IV ) . Themes . Gordon and Trainor argue broadly that America ' s Iraq War difficulties came from five major failures : " the misreading of the foe , " " the overreliance on technological advancement , " " the failure to adapt to developments on the battlefield , " " the dysfunction of American military structures , " and " the Bush Administration ' s disdain for nation - building . "
Stab ( Luftwaffe designation ) During World War II , the suffix Stab ( Staff ) was used in the German " Luftwaffe " ( air force ) to designate a headquarters unit . This applied to subordinate units in each " Gruppe " or " Geschwader " — the equivalent units to wing s and group s in other air forces . These command units used the green colour of their aircraft and individual identification letters to distinguish their aircraft from the rest of air units in same sections . These units were divided in the following form : On some occasions they also used letters G , Q , I , J , W and others , or numbers , but these were used less commonly . These units used the red - blue or blue - white - blue Reich Defense ( German Reich metropolitan defense ) sign . Under the cockpit , the rank of the air commander might have been indicated via a rank sign , with or without additional letters as mentioned above . For example :
Lavarack Barracks Lavarack Barracks is a major Australian Army base located in Townsville , Queensland . Lavarack Barracks is currently home to the Army ' s 3rd Brigade and 11th Brigade . Elements of the 3rd Brigade based at the Barracks include the Combat Signals Regiment , 3rd Combat Services Support Battalion and the 1st , 2nd and 3rd Battalions of the Royal Australian Regiment . The barracks are named after Lieutenant General Sir John Lavarack , an Australian Army officer during both World Wars and Governor of Queensland from 1946 to 1957 .
Austin Greyhound The Austin Greyhound was a British two - seat biplane fighter aircraft of World War I built by car manufacturer Austin . Owing to the end of the War and an unreliable engine , it was unsuccessful , only three being built . Development and design . In 1918 , Britain ' s Royal Air Force issued the Type III specification for a replacement for the Bristol F . 2 Fighter to be powered by the new ABC Dragonfly radial engine . The Austin Motor Company , who had produced large numbers of aircraft , including 800 Royal Aircraft Factory S . E . 5 s , submitted a design by J Kenworthy , formerly of the Royal Aircraft Factory , which was named the Austin Greyhound . An order for three prototypes was placed on 18 May 1918 . The Greyhound was a two - bay biplane of all - wooden construction . The Greyhound ' s engine was covered by a conical cowling , with the cylinder heads protruding . The circular shape of the cowling continued down the fuselage . The upper and lower wings were almost the same size . While the first prototype was quickly built , problems with the Dragonfly engine , which was found to be overweight and underpowered , and to have unsolvable reliability problems , meant that testing was delayed , with the second prototype being delivered to the Aeroplane and Armament Experimental Establishment at Martlesham Heath in January 1919 , being followed by the first prototype in May and the third in February 1920 . Although performance was good no production was ordered of any of the competitors , with the Bristol Fighter remaining in service until 1932 . The last Greyhound remained in use as a flying test bed at the Royal Aircraft Establishment , Farnborough until June 1922 .
Ouvrage Gordolon Ouvrage Gordolon is a work ( " gros ouvrage " ) of the Maginot Line ' s Alpine extension , the Alpine Line , also known as the Little Maginot Line . The ouvrage consists of one and two infantry blocks at an altitude of . Gordolon was built by Borie contractors at a cost of 21 . 4 million francs . Work started in November 1931 and was completed in April 1934 . Description . Ouvrage Gordolon was planned to control the road through Roquebilliėre in coordination with Ouvrage Flaut . Both " ouvrages " are unusual for the Alps in having anti - tank guns , which were more commonly used in main Maginot Line in the more favorable tank country of northeastern France . The compact plan was laid out on two levels , with a planned expansion of the barracks never carried out . A fourth block was planned as a casemate with two heavy machine gun embrasures , but not built . Two observation posts included the post at Pas d ' Albéras .
Hazara - i - Karlugh The Hazara - i - Karlugh ( ) were the Turkic soldiers that founded and ruled the Turki Shahi dynasties from 1400 to 1700 in what is now the current Hazara area of Pakistan . Etymology . Hazara - i - Karlugh literally means " The Legion of Karlugh " . Karlugh is a Persian pronunciation of the Turkic word Qarluq . History . The Karlugh Legion were settled in Hazara , Pakistan by Timur after his invasion of South Asia in 1398 - 99
USS Los Angeles ( ID - 1470 ) The first USS USS " Los Angeles " ( ID - 1470 ) was a tanker that served in the United States Navy from 1917 to 1919 . SS " Los Angeles " was built by Union Iron Works at San Francisco , California , as a commercial tanker in 1916 for the Union Oil Company of California . The U . S . Navy acquired her from Union Oil in 1917 for World War I service under a bareboat charter , gave her the naval registry Identification Number ( Id . No . ) 1470 , and commissioned her as USS " Los Angeles " on 9 August 1917 at New Orleans , Louisiana , with Lieutenant Commander Alexander Mackenzie in command . During the remainder of 1917 , " Los Angeles " operated along the United States East Coast and United States Gulf Coast and made two cruises with the Atlantic Train Force . On 9 January 1918 , " Los Angeles " was assigned to duty with the Naval Overseas Transportation Service and , after loading cargo at New York City , departed New York on 15 January 1918 for the British Isles . She reached Scapa Flow in the Orkney Islands on 4 February 1918 , discharged her cargo there , and departed on 7 February 1918 for the United States East Coast , where she arrived on 27 February 1918 . On 4 March 1918 , " Los Angeles " departed New York for Port Arthur , Texas . Arriving there on 10 March 1918 , she loaded fuel oil before departing for Hampton Roads , Virginia , on 14 March 1918 . She arrived at Hampton Roads on 20 March 1918 , then departed on 21 March 1918 to join a convoy bound for Europe . Between 21 March 1918 and 10 November 1918 , " Los Angeles " made four transatlantic runs out of United States East Coast ports , carrying fuel oil to Brest in France and to Portsmouth and Devonport in England . During the latter part of November 1918 , " Los Angeles " transported a cargo of fuel oil from Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , to Cristóbal in the Panama Canal Zone . After loading crude oil at Tuxpan , Mexico , she returned to New York on 16 December 1918 . " Los Angeles " was decommissioned at New York on 17 January 1919 and was returned to Union Oil the same day . The ship resumed commercial service as S . S . " Los Angeles " . She was renamed S . S . " Toteco " in 1941 and was scrapped in Mexico in 1966 .
1st Alabama Volunteer Infantry Regiment ( African Descent ) The 1st Alabama Volunteer Infantry Regiment ( African Descent ) was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army between May 21 , 1863 – March 11 , 1864 , during the American Civil War . Service . The infantry regiment was organized at Corinth , Mississippi . It served garrison duty at Corinth , Mississippi and then Memphis , Tennessee until March , 1864 . During this period of time it was attached to the 2nd Division , 16th Army Corp , Department of Tennessee , until November , 1863 . After Corinth , Mississippi , they were with the 16th Army Corps , until January , 1864 . On March 11 , 1864 , they were designated as the 55th United States Colored Infantry Regiment .
Dwight H . Sullivan Dwight H . Sullivan is a military officer and lawyer . From 2005 to 2007 , he served as the Chief Defense Counsel for the Office of Military Commissions . In 2007 , he became a civilian lawyer working for the Air Force doing death penalty defense appellate work . Sullivan is a colonel in the United States Marine Corps Reserve . He is a graduate of the University of Maryland and the University of Virginia School of Law . Prior to his role in defending the Guantanamo Bay detainees he worked with the Maryland office of the American Civil Liberties Union . Work on CAAFlog Sullivan is the founder of CAAFlog , a blog devoted to current topics in U . S . military law and the Uniform Code of Military Justice ( UCMJ ) . CAAFlog derives the first part of its name from the acronym for the Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces ( CAAF ) , an intermediate appellate court with jurisdiction over certain courts - martial in accordance with Article 67 of the UCMJ ( Title 10 , United States Code , Section 867 ) . CAAFlog currently features over a dozen contributors with experience in the field of U . S . military law . In 2008 , Sullivan spotted an error in the 2008 U . S . Supreme Court decision in " Kennedy v . Louisiana . " The court wrote that no U . S . federal jurisdiction authorized the death penalty for child rape , but Sullivan pointed out that this was not true because Congress had specifically authorized the death penalty for such offenses as part of the 2006 amendments to the UCMJ . The Supreme Court requested briefs on the issue and subsequently modified its opinion to address the error , but the court denied a rehearing and declined to alter its decision .
Melancthon S . Wade Melancthon Smith Wade ( December 2 , 1801 – August 11 , 1868 ) was a businessman , horticulturist , and soldier from the state of Ohio who served as a general in the Union Army during the early part of the American Civil War . Biography . Melancthon Wade , the son of an American Revolutionary War officer and prisoner - of - war , Daniel Everett Wade , was born in Cincinnati , Ohio . He was educated in the local schools and then opened a dry goods business that proved so successful that Wade was able to retire in 1840 at the age of 38 . Concurrently with his business endeavors , he served with the Ohio Militia from 1825 until 1849 , rising through the ranks from sergeant to brigadier general . Wade married Eliza Armstrong in 1821 . They had five children . When the Civil War erupted in 1861 , Wade was 58 years old . He volunteered his services to the Union Army and received a commission as a brigadier general on October 1 at the recommendation of Ormsby Mitchel . However , his appointment was never formally confirmed by the U . S . Senate . Wade ' s wife died on October 27 . He was assigned command of the newly constructed Camp Dennison near Cincinnati . Wade was given a full regiment of infantry to maintain and guard the training camp , as well as to assist in drilling and training the volunteer recruits that came in large numbers to the facility during the early months of the war . On March 18 , 1862 , because of poor health and his advancing age , Wade resigned his commission and retired from the service . He returned to his estate in Avondale to engage in work as a fruit farmer and to pursue other horticultural interests with his oldest son , Melancthon Armstrong Wade . Wade died at his home and was buried in Spring Grove Cemetery in Cincinnati .
Battle of Plum Point Bend The naval battle at Fort Pillow , Tennessee ( sometimes known as the engagement at Plum Point Bend ) took place on the Mississippi River between ships of the Confederate River Defense Fleet , which consisted of a number of wooden sidewheel paddleboats converted to naval ram s , and ships of the " Union " Mississippi River Squadron , which consisted of a number of ironclads , approximately four miles above Fort Pillow , Tennessee on May 10 , 1862 , during the American Civil War . Battle . Following the fall of Island No . 10 and other Confederate losses to the north and east of Confederate Fort Pillow , the Union squadron proceeded down river . Early in the morning on May 10 , 1862 , the Confederate River Defense Fleet surprised and attacked the Union squadron that had moved up to support mortar boat attacks on Fort Pillow . During the battle , the Union ' s and were rammed . The Union ships then moved away to shallow water . Unable to pursue due to deeper draft , the Confederate ships then withdrew . " Cincinnati " and " Mound City " were badly damaged and sunk . Although the Confederates were victorious , the Union squadron was able to proceed down river and attack the Confederate squadron during the Battle of Memphis the following month . Both " Cincinnati " and " Mound City " were later raised and placed back in service .
Educational and Training Services Branch The Educational and Training Services form part of the Adjutant General ' s Corps and have done since 1992 when this Corps of the British Army was formed . Their remit is to continue the general education of soldiers and officers alike , as well as the actual military training of the soldiers of the Army . In 1992 the Royal Army Educational Corps was disbanded and its Officers transferred into the newly formed Educational and Training Services Branch of the Adjutant General ' s Corps . It no longer had its own cap badge , or organisation , as enjoyed by the Military Provost Staff Corps , which also forms part of the AGC , until May 2007 when the Branch adopted its new capbadge generally very similar to the old RAEC cap badge but with a change in lettering . Under its current Director , Brigadier David Wilson ( appointed 2007 ) , it is in the process of adopting a new posture of " Educate Forward " which could lead to a substantial change in the distribution and number of Army Education Centres ( AEC ) in line with the Army ' s FAS ( Future Army Structures ) The ETS is nearly all made up of Officers , but has recently allowed SNCOs and WOs to join as Learning Development Instructors ( LDI ) . All ETS Officers are required to complete either the Direct Entrant ( 44 week ) commissioning course or the Late Entry Officer Course ( LEOC ) . Officers wishing to join the ETS also need a degree at honours level . This is due to the requirement for all ETS Officers to gain a professional teaching qualification during their first assignment . After Sandhurst all ETS Commissioned Officers and LDIs attend their Phase 2 training at the Army School of Education this is called the Branch Training ( BT ) Course and lasts 10 weeks . Once Officers have completed their BT Course they move to their first assignment which is usually either an Army Education Centre or the Army Foundation College . Affiliation . The Educational and Training Services Branch is a member of the International Association for Military Pedagogy ( IAMP ) .
Daisy Polk Daisy Polk ( 1917 ) was an American woman who became Comtesse de Buyer - Mimeure after marrying French Army General Marie Joseph Louis Robert de Buyer . Polk was a prominent woman from San Francisco ( she was the sister of architect Willis Polk and related to President Polk ) . Active in the American relief effort during World War I , she was assigned the reconstruction of the village of Vitrimont , France , with moneys supplied by Mrs . Crocker of San Francisco ; Vitrimont was the first of a number of villages restored with American aid . She and de Buyer met by chance in Vitrimont in 1916 : when her car broke down , de Buyer offered his assistance ; a year later they were married , in September . Her husband had been in command of the 6th Light Armoured Brigade . In 1915 he became commander of the Third Cavalry Corps , and a year later of the Second Army Corps . He retired in 1917 . The wedding was attended by such notables as General Pétain . In 1920 , she was named a Legion Chevalier . In the 1930s , Comtesse de Buyer - Mimeuse , a well - known public figure , was active with the Catholic Sewing Circle in Passy .
German submarine U - 342 German submarine " U - 342 " was a Type VIIC U - boat of the Nazi German " Kriegsmarine " during World War II . She was on her first patrol when she was sunk by a Canadian aircraft in April 1944 . She did not sink or damage any ships . Service history . The submarine was laid down on 7 December 1941 at the Nordseewerke yard at Emden as ' werk ' 214 , launched on 10 November 1942 and commissioned on 12 January 1943 under the command of " Oberleutnant " Albert Hossenfelder . " U - 342 " served with the 8th U - boat Flotilla , for training and then with the 7th flotilla for operations from 1 March 1944 . Patrol . " U - 342 " had sailed from Kiel in Germany to Bergen in Norway in March 1944 , but her patrol began when she departed Bergen on 3 April and headed for the Atlantic Ocean . She had passed through the ' gap ' between Iceland and the Faroe Islands , but was attacked and sunk by a Canadian Canso ( PBY Catalina ) of No . 162 Squadron RCAF southwest of Iceland on 17 April . Fifty - one men died ; there were no survivors .
Army Logistic Training Centre ( Australia ) The Army Logistic Training Centre ( ALTC ) is an Australian Army training establishment that is part of Forces Command . Established on 1 December 1995 , through the amalgamation of a nine separate logistic , health and personnel services schools and the Army College of TAFE , ALTC is headquartered at Bandiana , Victoria and was established in response to the need to provide more effective logistic training , which had been identified as a problem as early as 1981 . ALTC ' s motto is " Excel with Honour " . History and structure . Upon formation , ALTC combined the previously separate components into " effects - based training divisions " including " integrated logistics , material support , distribution and personnel support " under a headquarters with an operations cell and a development group . This had the result of " severing corps affiliations " and , as a result , in late 2007 the centre was reorganised into " four corps - aligned trade schools . . . [ and ] two schools of higher education " , being the Army School of Logistic Operations , the Army School of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering , the Army School of Transport , the Army School of Ordnance , the Army School of Health and the Australian Defence Force Chaplains College . Each school consists of several different wings or cells each tasked with delivering different training courses and each with their own headquarters elements , while the centre itself has an overarching headquarters that includes development , operations and planning groups . Training is undertaken in four principle locations : Puckapunyal , Victoria ; HMAS " Cerberus " at Crib Point , Victoria ; Ross Island Barracks in Townsville , Queensland , and the Albury – Wodonga Military Area ( AWMA ) . Within the AWMA , the ALTC is spread across several bases including Latchford Barracks at Bonegilla , and Gaza Ridge Barracks and Wadsworth Barracks at Bandiana . ALTC ' s School of Army Health previously operated out of Portsea , but is now based in the AWMA . Soldiers and officers from the Army ' s logistics corps – the Royal Australian Electrical and Mechanical Engineers , the Royal Australian Army Ordnance Corps , the Australian Army Catering Corps , the Royal Australian Corps of Transport , the Royal Australian Army Nursing Corps and the Royal Australian Army Medical Corps – and small numbers of Royal Australian Navy and Royal Australian Air Force personnel undertake various courses at ALTC as part of their initial employment training , or as part of corps - specific promotion courses . The centre is responsible for training around 5 , 000 students each year , spread across around 334 different courses , and works closely with civilian training providers such as Wodonga TAFE , Monash University and RMIT , to provide nationally recognised qualifications to military personnel . Upon completion of employment training graduating members are posted to various combat , combat support and service support units .
State within a state State within a state ( also or " status in statu " ) is a political situation in a country when an internal organ ( " Deep State " ) , generally from the armed forces , intelligence agencies , or police , does not respond to the civilian leadership . Sometimes , the term refers to state companies that , though formally under the command of the government , act " de facto " like private corporations . Sometimes , the term refers to companies that , though formally private , act " de facto " like " states within a state " . Certain political debates surrounding the separation of Church and State revolve around the perception that if left unchecked , the Church might turn into a kind of State within a State , an illegitimate outgrowth of the State ' s natural civil power . " Imperium in imperio " was also the first state motto of Ohio , reflecting its great size and influence within the early United States .
Gerrish ' s Regiment Gerrish ' s Regiment was one of the 27 infantry regiments of the Massachusetts line created by the Continental Congress in 1775 . Commanded by Colonel Samuel Gerrish , the unit saw action in the Boston and Cambridge campaigns and fought at Bunker Hill June 17 , 1775 . Formation . The unit was one of many established on June 14 , 1775 , when the Continental Congress assumed responsibility for militia regiments that had been raised by the colonies of New Hampshire , Massachusetts , Rhode Island , and Connecticut . Most of these units , including Gerrish ' s Regiment , were stationed outside Boston , Massachusetts , where they besieged the city occupied by British troops under the command of General Thomas Gage . Reorganization . As 1775 came to a close , with no end in sight to the siege of Boston and troops in Quebec preparing to attack Quebec City , Congress authorized a second establishment of the army , with a new regimental structure . Gerrish ' s Regiment then became the 26th Continental Regiment .