naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
20th Intelligence Squadron The 20th Intelligence Squadron is a United States Air Force unit , assigned to the National Air Intelligence Center , stationed at Offut AFB , Nebraska . Overview . The mission of the 20th is to provide prompt , precise intelligence enabling warfighters to safely engage and achieve global objectives . The 20th processes and analyzes raw electronic intelligence data , and prepares both operational and technical ELINT reports and studies . The 20th is organized into three flights : * Target Materials * Combat Applications * Operations History . The squadron was originally formed as the 20th Photographic Mapping Squadron in mid - 1942 . In these early years , the unit worked under several different names and was stationed in the Pacific Theater as an element of Fifth Air Force . The units operated a variety of photographic reconnaissance aircraft in the South Pacific , engaging in combat reconnaissance . It moved to Japan in 1945 , carrying out postwar reconnaissance and mapping of the Japanese Home Islands and Korean Peninsula as part of the War Department ' s Post Hostilities Mapping Project . It was inactivated June 1946 The squadron was allotted to the Air Force Reserve in 1947 as the 20th Strategic Reconnaissance Squadron , a long range reconnaissance squadron . It was called to active duty during the Korean War at the start of May , 1951 . Its personnel were used as fillers for regular United States Air Force units and it was inactivated as administrative unit two weeks later . The squadron was reactivated in the regular Air Force as the 20th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron in 1954 under the 432d Tactical Reconnaissance Group as an RF - 80A Shooting Star reconnaissance training squadron at Shaw AFB , SC . It upgraded to RF - 84F Thunderstreak s in 1955 . The squadron transferred to operational missions in 1959 with reassignment to the 363d Tactical Reconnaissance Wing and re - equipped with RF - 101 Voodoo s . The unit deployed to Florida in 1962 during Cuban Missile Crisis and flew tactical reconnaissance flights over Cuba during the Crisis . It returned to Shaw in late 1962 . The squadron deployed to Tan Son Nhut AB , South Vietnam , 1963 - 1965 flying tactical reconnaissance in Southeast Asia . It was nactivated in 1965 . The squadron was reactivated and designated the 20th Air Intelligence Squadron under the newly formed Air Combat Command in 1992 , operating out of Offutt Air Force Base , Nebraska . A year later , it was redesignated as the 20th Intelligence Squadron and transferred to the Air Intelligence Agency .
Tatsinskaya Airfield The Tatsinskaya Airfield was the main airfield used by the German Wehrmacht during the Battle of Stalingrad to supply the encircled 6th Army from outside . Overview . The Tatsinskaya Airfield , 260 km away from Stalingrad , became the most important airfield for the supply of the trapped 6th Army in Stalingrad after all land connections were severed after 24 November 1942 , when the airlift began . From Tatsinskaya , a Ju 52 plane would take approx . 1¼ hour to reach Stalingrad , from where it would return after a 3½ hour turnaround , theoretically making it possible to complete a mission in six hours . Tatsinskaya served as the main base for the Ju 52 transport planes , while Morozovskaya was mainly used by the He 111 bombers , which were converted to transport planes . The airfield was under threat of being taken by the Soviet Red Army but Hermann Göring forbade its evacuation , despite request from Major General Fiebig , who was in charge of the air supply for Stalingrad . On 23 December Göring gave permission to evacuate , but it was too late ; Tatsinskaya was overrun a day later , with the German Luftwaffe losing almost 70 of the 180 Ju 52 s stationed there and all ground equipment . The fall of the airfield , along with the one at Morozovskaya being threatened , brought supplies to the 6th Army to a halt until the 26th . Also briefly retaken by the Germans on the 28th , Tatsinskaya fell back into Soviet hands by 31 December . After the fall of Tatsinskaya , the Ju 52 from there were relocated to Salsk , while the He 111 went to Novocherkassk , increasing the distance to travel considerably . Location . The still existing airfield is located approximately east of the town of Belaya Kalitva , near the " stanitsa " of Tatsinskaya . Battle of Stalingrad airfields . Pocket airfields . Seven airfields were used inside the pocket to supply the 6th Army : External airfields . Eleven airfields were used to supply the 6th Army from outside of the pocket :
Personal weapon A personal weapon or ordnance weapon is a weapon that is issued to an individual member of a military or paramilitary unit , e . g . to individual infantry soldiers , but also side arm s carried by officers or other personnel . These weapons in pre - modern contexts tend to be melee weapons ( blade weapon s or polearms ) , and in modern contexts usually firearms , but also blade weapons such as the bayonet or the officer ' s sword .
Fernando Martínez Heredia Fernando Martínez Heredia is a Cuban Communist politician . Martínez was a founding member of the Cuban Communist Party , and as a member of the July 26 Movement , he took part in the revolution which overthrow the Batista dictatorship . After the revolution , Martínez has written many books and he has worked as head of the Philosophy Department at Havana University .
Battle of Khankala Battle of Khankala was a failed attempt by the Chechen to counterattack at the strategic position at Khankala from Grozny and Argun using armoured vehicles . Khankala is the former Soviet military base and airstrip at the eastern outskirts of Grozny , also overtaking the main Rostov - Baku highway and cutting direct access into the Chechen capital of Grozny from the town of Argun . It was captured by a column of Russian troops led by elements of the 104th Guards Airborne Division in a surprise south - east dash from the village of Tolstoy - Yurt . Reportedly , the Chechens lost six tanks and an armoured personnel carrier while failing to dislodge the Russian paratroopers .
Wojciech Chrzanowski Wojciech Chrzanowski ( 1793 – 1861 ) was a Polish general who participated in Napoleon ' s Russia n campaign and in the battles of Leipzig , Paris , and Waterloo . After Napoleon ' s final defeat he served in the national army of Poland , and was under Hans Karl von Diebitsch in Turkey in 1828 / 29 . He was awarded the Knight ' s Cross of the Order of Virtuti Militari . Chrzanowski was born on January 14 , 1793 in Biskupice . He was made Governor of Warsaw in 1831 . He was suspected of being untrustworthy in his conduct with the Russia ns and was shunned by many of the people . Charles Albert ( Carlo Alberto ) , King of Sardinia , chose Chrzanowski , who then served as commander in chief of the Sardinian forces in 1849 . He and Girolamo Ramorino were accused of treachery , and Ramorino was executed . Chrzanowski lived for a time in Louisiana but died in Paris ( February 26 , 1861 ) . He published several works in Polish .
USCGC Cowslip ( WLB - 277 ) USCGC " Cowslip " ( WLB - 277 ) is a sea going buoy tender ( WLB ) . A " Cactus " - class vessel , she was built by Marine Ironworks and Shipbuilding Corporation in Duluth , Minnesota . " Cowslip " s preliminary design was completed by the United States Lighthouse Service and the final design was produced by Marine Iron and Shipbuilding Corporation in Duluth . On 16 September 1941 the keel was laid . She was launched on 11 April 1942 and commissioned on 17 October 1942 . The original cost for the hull and machinery was $ 918 , 873 . " Cowslip " is one of 39 original seagoing buoy tenders built between 1942 - 1944 . All but one of the original tenders , the , were built in Duluth . After commissioning , " Cowslip " was assigned to Boston , Massachusetts , where she served until 1944 . From 1944 until 1973 , it was assigned to Portland , Maine . " Cowslip " was decommissioned in 1973 and later sold to a civilian firm in 1977 . After the loss of in 1980 , the Coast Guard reacquired " Cowslip " and recommissioned her as a replacement . After recommissioning , " Cowslip " was assigned to Governor ' s Island , New York from 1981 - 1983 . From 1983 - 1984 , she was moved to the Coast Guard yard in Curtis Bay , Maryland to take part in the Coast Guard ' s Service Life Extension Program ( SLEP ) that eventually provided major upgrades for 14 of the 39 180 - class ships . The work done to " Cowslip " , which cost $ 8 . 9 million , was completed in 1984 and required 16 months . The upgrades included new main engines , a Marine Sanitation Device system , upgraded electronics and navigation equipment , a propulsion control computer , and a central fluid power system . In addition , the ships ' s berthing spaces were renovated , the ship ' s office and radio room were expanded , additional storeroom space was added and the boom control booth was relocated . After renovation , " Cowslip " was assigned to Portsmouth , Virginia , where she stayed until 1995 . In 1995 " Cowslip " moved to the west coast and called Astoria , Oregon home port until her retirement . One notable incident in " Cowslip ' s " career is a collision with the container ship " Ever Grade " that occurred in the Columbia River in 1997 . Although sustaining significant damage , " Cowslip " was repaired and sent back into service . " Cowslip " was decommissioned for a second time in November 2002 and sold to the Nigerian Navy for use as a general purpose vessel .
USS LST - 989 USS " LST - 989 " was an in the United States Navy . Like many of her class , she was not named and is properly referred to by her hull designation . " LST - 989 " was laid down on 10 February 1944 at the Boston Navy Yard ; launched on 12 March 1944 ; sponsored by Mrs . Arthur L . Anderson ; and commissioned on 28 April 1944 , with Ensign H . L . Campbell in command . Service history . During World War II , " LST - 989 " was assigned to the European theater and participated in the invasion of southern France in August and September 1944 . Following the war , " LST - 989 " performed occupation duty in the Far East and saw service in China until mid - April 1946 . She was decommissioned on 7 October 1946 and struck from the Navy list on 13 November that same year . On 25 June 1948 , the ship was sold to the Humble Oil & Refining Co . , of Houston , Texas , for operation . " LST - 989 " earned one battle star for World War II service .
Whitcomb ' s Rangers Whitcomb ' s Rangers were authorized on October 15 , 1776 , and formed in November 1776 at Fort Ticonderoga in New York . The unit consisted of two companies of New Hampshire rangers for service with the Continental Army under the command of Benjamin Whitcomb , a veteran of Bedel ' s Regiment . They saw action at the Battle of Hubbardton , Battle of Bennington and the Battle of Saratoga . They were disbanded on January 1 , 1781 at Coos , New Hampshire .
USS Nathaniel Taylor ( 1863 ) USS " Nathaniel Taylor " was a Union schooner . Assigned to the stone fleet . Although the schooner was not sent north for adjudication , the Union Navy purchased her from the New York City prize court 19 May 1863 , and she was sunk as an obstruction at Petit Bois Channel .
Conscription in Cyprus Military service in the National Guard of the Republic of Cyprus is mandatory for males born of a Cypriot father , members of the Greek Cypriot community . Its duration is 25 months . Until 2007 , conscription was optional for members of the three religious groups , i . e . Armenians , Roman Catholics ( the Latins ) , and Maronites . Members of the Turkish Cypriot community are not conscripted into the National Guard . The obligatory service is usually 25 months , however it can be reduced accordingly , up to 6 months . All male visitors to the island of military age ( 16 and over ) who have a father of Cypriot extraction are required to obtain an exit visa from a Defence Ministry office .
Michael Harbottle Brigadier Michael Neale Harbottle , OBE ( 7 February 1917 – 30 April 1997 ) was a senior British Army officer who was Chief of Staff of the United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus from 1966 to 1968 and a peace campaigner . Michael Harbottle was born in Littlehampton , Sussex and educated at Marlborough College and at the Royal Military College , Sandhurst . He was commissioned into the Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry in 1937 . A left - handed batsman who bowled slow left - arm orthodox , he played a first - class cricket match for the Army in 1937 against Oxford University . He had considerable success in the match , scoring 156 runs in his only first - class innings , before being dismissed by Desmond Eagar . He also played for Dorset at a Minor counties level from 1937 to 1956 , although infrequently due to his military commitments . He served in the Second World War , commanded the 1st Green Jackets ( 43rd and 52nd ) at Warminster , Wiltshire from 1959 to 1962 and was Garrison Commander in Aden from 1962 to 1964 . He commanded 129 Infantry Brigade , TA from 1964 to 1966 . He was Chief of Staff of the UN Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus from 1966 to 1968 . He retired from the Army in 1968 . He was Vice President of the International Peace Academy from 1971 to 1973 . Harbottle was Visiting Senior Lecturer ( Peace Studies ) at Bradford University from 1974 to 1979 . He was Vice President of the United Nations Association UK from 1974 , and General Secretary of the World Disarmament Campaign from 1980 to 1982 . He took part in setting up Generals ( Retired ) for Peace and Disarmament in 1981 . In 1983 , he and his wife Eirwen Harbottle set up the Centre for International Peacebuilding . He was the coordinator for the Worldwide Consultative Association of Retired Generals and Admirals from 1991 . Harbottle was the author and coauthor of a number of books on the United Nations , Peacekeeping and Disarmament . He lived in Chipping Norton , Oxfordshire . He was appointed OBE in 1959 . Harbottle married Alison Humfress in 1940 with whom he was to have one son and one daughter . He married Eirwen Simonds in 1972 . Brigadier Michael Harbottle OBE died on 30 April 1997 .
HMS Boyne ( 1904 ) HMS " Boyne " was a Hawthorn Leslie type River Class Destroyer ordered by the Royal Navy under the 1903 – 1904 Naval Estimates . Named after the River Boyne in eastern Ireland following the British victory there in 1689 , she was the fifth ship to carry this name since it was introduced in 1692 for an 80 / 72 - gun two deck ship - of - the - line broken at Portsmouth by 1763 . Construction . She was laid down on 16 June 1903 at the Hawthorn Leslie shipyard at Hebburn - on - Tyne and launched on 12 September 1904 . She was completed on 1 May 1905 . Her original armament was to be the same as the Turleback torpedo boat destroyers that preceded her . In 1906 the Admiralty decided to upgrade the armament by landing the five 6 - pounder naval guns and shipping three 12 - pounder 8 hundredweight ( cwt ) guns . Two would be mounted abeam at the foc ' x ' le break and the third gun would be mounted on the quarterdeck . Pre - War . After commissioning she was assigned to the East Coast Destroyer Flotilla of the 1st Fleet and based at Harwich . On 27 April 1908 the Eastern Flotilla departed Harwich for live fire and night manoeuvres . During these exercises HMS " Attentive rammed and sank HMS " Gala then damaged HMS " Ribble " . In April 1909 she was assigned to the 3rd Destroyer Flotilla on its formation at Harwich . She remained until displaced by a Basilisk Class destroyer by May 1912 . She was assigned to the 5th Destroyer Flotilla of the 2nd Fleet with a nucleus crew . On 30 August 1912 the Admiralty directed all destroyer classes were to be designated by alpha characters starting with the letter ' A ' . The ships of the River Class were assigned to the E Class . After 30 September 1913 , she was known as an E Class destroyer and had the letter ‘ E ’ painted on the hull below the bridge area and on either the fore or aft funnel . World War I . In early 1914 when displaced by G Class destroyers she joined the 9th Destroyer Flotilla based at Chatham tendered to HMS " St George . The 9th Flotilla was a Patrol Flotilla tasked with anti - submarine and counter mining patrols in the Firth of Forth area . By September she had been redeployed to Scapa Flow Local Flotilla and tendered to HMS Orion " . Here she provided anti - submarine and counter mining patrols in defence of the main fleet anchorage . In August 1915 with the amalgamation of the 9th and 7th Flotillas she was deployed to the 7th Destroyer Flotilla based at the River Humber . She remained employed on the Humber Patrol participating in counter mining operations and anti - submarine patrols for the remainder of the war . Disposition . In 1919 she was laid up in reserve awaiting disposal . On 30 August 1919 she was sold to Hayes of Porthcawl for breaking . She was not awarded a Battle Honour for her service
Antonio Chiri " Sergente Maggiore " Antonio Chiri was a World War I flying ace credited with six confirmed and seven unconfirmed aerial victories . Biography . Antonio Chiri was born in Locana , the Kingdom of Italy on 26 August 1894 . On 9 September 1914 , Chiri was conscripted into the 17th Field Artillery Regiment of the Italian Army . On 18 April 1915 , he was accepted for pilot ' s training at Pisa . He was suspended from training early in the course , but kept on hand as a sheet metal mechanic . In November 1915 , he resumed pilot ' s training . On 1 April 1916 , he was promoted to corporal . On 8 June 1916 , he finally went on flying service with the " 77a Squadriglia " . After some months service there , he was transferred to " 78a Squadriglia " on 11 October 1916 . He was promoted again , to " Sergente " , on 31 October . On 19 March 1917 , Chiri shot down an Austro - Hungarian Hansa - Brandenburg C . 1 over Gallio Bassano for his first aerial victory ; the feat earned him a Silver Medal for Military Valor . On 26 August 1917 , he shot down his second enemy aircraft , over Loque , and was given his second in the field award of the Silver Medal for Military Valor . Chiri submitted victory claims through 27 October 1918 . These claims were shared with several other Italian aces , such as Marziale Cerutti , Gastone Novelli , Mario Fucini , Cosimo Rennella , and Cesare Magistrini . War ' s end brought a third award in the field of the Silver Medal for Military Valor . Chiri had also won the " Croce di Guerra " at some point . He had received his final promotion to " Sergente Maggiore " on 15 September 1918 . He had flown over 250 combat sortie s . Shortly after war ' s end , on 21 December 1918 , Chiri suffered a flying accident that resulted in his being invalided from military service . On 1 February 1919 , an evaluation committee from Italy ' s military intelligence branch released its evaluation of Italy ' s World War I aerial victories . The report listed six aerial victories by Chiri , but somehow he has subsequently been listed with five . Chiri managed to rejoin the military to serve in the " Regia Aeronautica " reserves . At some point he was raised to the officers ' ranks , as he reached the rank of " Capitano " on 8 June 1942 . Antonio Chiri died in Torino , Italy on 6 January 1971 .
Victory Medal ( United Kingdom ) The Victory Medal ( also called the Inter - Allied Victory Medal ) is a campaign medal - of which the basic design and ribbon was adopted by Belgium , Brazil , Cuba , Czechoslovakia , France , Greece , Italy , Portugal , Romania , Siam , Union of South Africa and the USA in accordance with decisions as taken at the Inter - Allied Peace Conference at Versailles as illustrated ( a ' Winged Victory ) but in a particular form of this historic Greek monument as determined by each nation , with the exception of the nations in the Far East who issued the medal but with a different design . The dates of the war were in every case 1914 to 1918 , except that of the British Empire , which gave the dates as illustrated ( 1914 to 1919 with 1921 being the year in which the war ended in point of Parliamentary law but in 1919 under common law relating to the status and functions of the monarchy ) . The medal was issued to all those who received the 1914 Star or the 1914 - 15 Star , and to most of those who were awarded the British War Medal - it was never awarded singly . These three medals were sometimes irreverently referred to as Pip , Squeak and Wilfred . Eligibility . To qualify for the Victory medal one had to be mobilised in any service and have entered a theatre of war between 5 August 1914 and 11 November 1918 . Women qualified for this and the earlier two medals , for service in nursing homes and other auxiliary forces . It was also awarded to members of the British Naval mission to Russia 1919 - 1920 and for mine clearance in the North Sea between 11 November 1918 and 30 November 1919 . International award . As well as the United Kingdom , a significant number of allied and associated countries involved in the conflict against the Austro - German alliance issued a Victory Medal . The proposition of such common award was first made by French marshal Ferdinand Foch who was supreme commander of the allied force during first world war . Each medal in bronze has the same diameter ( 36 mm ) and ribbon ( double rainbow ) but with a national design representing a winged victory except for Japan and Siam where the concept of a winged victory was not culturally relevant . External links . < br >
ORP Fala ORP " Fala " is a Polish patrol craft of the Project 912 class ( NATO : " Obluze " Class ) . She was the first ship of a five - ship series , commissioned in 1965 . Of a Polish design , they were built in Gdynia . " Fala " means ' the wave ' . She initially wore a number : " OP - 301 " , then : " 321 " . Initially she served in the Border Brigade of the Polish Navy , then in 1991 she , along with the other four ships , was given to the Polish Border Guard ( receiving a new livery ) . After decommissioning in 1996 , " Fala " was opened as a museum ship in Kolobrzeg , as part of the Muzeum Oręża Polskiego exhibition .