naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
American Red Cross Clubmobile Service The American Red Cross Clubmobile Service was a mobile service club created during World War II to provide servicemen with food , entertainment and " a connection home . " The Clubmobile was conceived by Harvey D . Gibson , a prominent New York banker and American Red Cross Commissioner to Great Britain , as a way to reach servicemen in airfields , camps and other theaters of war . All of the services provided by the Clubmobile were free , although some Clubmobiles began charging for food after 1942 . The original Clubmobiles operated from late 1942 until 1946 , traveling all throughout Great Britain and Europe . Women who volunteered for the Clubmobiles were popularly referred to as " donut dollies , " since one of their biggest tasks was making doughnuts for the servicemen . The first Clubmobiles were remodeled London Green Line buses driven by an English driver and operated by three American women . The Red Cross required the Clubmobile volunteers to be between the ages of twenty - five and thirty - five , have some college education and work experience , and to be “ healthy , physically hardy , sociable and attractive . " Each Clubmobile was fitted with a kitchen consisting of a built - in doughnut machine and a primus stove for heating water for coffee . One side of the kitchen opened out for serving food and drinks , while the rear of the Clubmobile consisted of a “ lounge ” area with built - in benches that also doubled as sleeping bunks . The lounge also contained a Victrola with loud speakers , current music records , books , candy , gum and cigarettes . For the Invasion of Normandy in June 1944 , around 100 GMC trucks were converted into Clubmobiles , each of which was driven and staffed by three American women . Like the original Clubmobiles , these trucks were also fitted with mini - kitchens . After the invasion , ten groups of Red Cross Clubmobile girls with eight Clubmobiles per group were sent into France . From then on out , the Clubmobiles traveled with the rear echelon of the Army Corps and received their orders from the Army . The women who worked the Clubmobiles were stationed in a town near American Army installations and traveled to a different army base each day . They learned how to make doughnuts and coffee in a Clubmobile kitchen , and would then drive around the base , chatting with the servicemen , handing out snacks , and playing music . The Clubmobile volunteers continued their service throughout France , Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany until V - E Day in 1945 , and provided limited service in Great Britain and Germany until 1946 . Later variations of the Clubmobiles would also operate during the Korean War and Vietnam War .
14th Army ( German Empire ) The 14th Army ( ) was an army level command of the German Army in World War I formed in September 1917 in Krainburg for use against Italy . Its Headquarters was located at Vittorio Veneto from 10 November 1917 until the army was disbanded on 22 January 1918 . The 14th Army served on the Italian Front throughout its existence . History . After the Eleventh Battle of the Isonzo , the Austro - Hungarians were exhausted and could not have withstood another attack . They appealled to the Germans for help and the Germans , fearing a collapse on the Italian Front , sent 7 divisions , 540 guns , 216 mortars and about 100 aircraft from the Western and Eastern Fronts . To control these troops , a new 14th Army under General der Infanterie Otto von Below was concentrated between Tolmin and Bovec . For the Battle of Caporetto a number of Austro - Hungarian divisions were added . Following the successful offensive , the front soon froze again in trench warfare . The German High Command decided to withdraw its forces again to use on other fronts . On 23 January 1918 the Army Command was recalled ( to form a new 17th Army on the Western Front ) . The German troops remaining on the Italian front came under the command of 51st Corps until it was withdrawn in February 1918 . Outline Order of Battle , Battle of Caporetto . Units are German unless designated as Austria - Hungary . Commanders . The 14th Army was commanded throughout its existence by General der Infanterie Otto von Below , former commander of 6th Army . On dissolution of 14th Army , von Below was transferred to command of the newly raised 17th Army on the Western Front .
Lewes bomb The Lewes bomb was a blast - incendiary field expedient explosive device , manufactured by mixing diesel oil and Nobel 808 plastic explosive . It was created by Lieutenant Jock Lewes , one of the original members of L Detachment SAS in 1941 . The SAS needed a combined incendiary and explosive device light enough to be carried by a small group of commandos yet powerful enough to destroy and set fire to aircraft on an enemy airfield . Weighing approximately , the Lewes Bomb could be carried in quantity by an individual . The only available bomb at the time was too cumbersome to be carried by a paratrooper . Lewes experimented with various types of incendiary and explosive materials , using trial and error . The final design used a pound of plastic explosive , mixed with a quarter pound of thermite and a small amount of diesel oil . Inside the mass was inserted a 2 ounce dry guncotton booster , plus a detonator attached to a thirty - second fuse . Alternatively , Lewes bombs could be triggered by pencil detonator s or booby - trap firing devices such as pressure release switches . It is not clear what was used as a container for the explosive , though it was probably a small canvas bag of some sort . In use , the device was placed inside the cockpit or on the wing of an aircraft in order to ignite the aviation fuel stored within .
Werner Pötschke Werner Herman Gustav Pötschke ( 6 March 1914 – 24 March 1945 ) was a German SS officer during World War II , eventually rising to the rank of Sturmbannführer . Early life . Pötschke was born in Brussels in Belgium on 6 March 1914 . He joined the SS in 1935 with SS number 288 965 , attached to the SS Disposal unit before being posted in 1938 to the SS - Standard " Der Führer " as a platoon commander . World War II . In 1939 he was involved in the invasion of Poland in charge of a platoon of the reconnaissance company of the SS Regiment " Der Führer " . By 1940 and the start of the Battle of France he was in command of the 1st Company , Reconnaissance Battalion , SS - Verfügungstruppe . In 1941 he took part in the Balkans campaign and fought from June 1941 in Russia . In April 1942 he was given command of the 2nd SS Reconnaissance Battalion SS Division " Das Reich " , being awarded the German Cross in gold in November . In April 1943 , he was transferred to command the I Battalion , SS Panzer Regiment 1 " LSSAH " in Grafenwöhr and Erlangen , also seeing service in August 1943 in Italy . From December 1943 he was back in Russia and for his achievements in the cauldron of the Kamanets - Podolsky battle was awarded the Knights Cross . In November 1944 he was promoted to SS Sturmbannführer and given command of the SS Panzer Regiment 1 " LSSAH " , which led the German attack during the Ardennes offensive . During this campaign , troops under his command engaged in the Malmedy massacre . After the failure of that attack the Division was moved to Hungary and for his performance at the Gran bridgehead on 15 March 1945 was awarded the Oak Leaves to the Knights Cross . Later that month while fighting to the south of Veszprem , he received serious wounds to the lower extremities caused by mortar shells during a commanders ' briefing on 23 March . He died of his wounds on 24 March 1945 .
Parabolic microphone Parabolic microphones are generally not used for standard recording applications because they tend to have poor low - frequency response as a side effect of their design . This is a direct result of the physical laws that govern sound waves . Parabolas only focus waves with a wavelength much smaller than the diameter of the parabola . Since sound waves travel at 342 m / s through the air ( speed of sound ) , obtaining hi - fidelity sound ( down to 20 Hz , the lower limit of human hearing ) would require a parabola with a diameter greater than 17 metres ( = 342 m / s / 20 Hz ) . Most parabolic microphones sacrifice low - end fidelity to get a more manageable size .
Lance P . Sijan Award The Lance P . Sijan USAF Leadership Award was created in 1981 to recognize individuals who have demonstrated the highest qualities of leadership in their jobs and in their lives . It has become one of the U . S . Air Force ' s most prestigious awards . Sijan , an Air Force captain and fighter pilot , died while a POW in Vietnam . Prior to his capture , the United States Air Force Academy graduate and posthumous Medal of Honor recipient evaded the North Vietnamese for six weeks after being shot down in November 1967 . Recipients of the Sijan Award are entitled to wear the Air Force Recognition Ribbon .
Gettysburg Air Force Station Gettysburg Air Force Station is a closed United States Air Force General Surveillance Radar station . It is located north of Gettysburg , South Dakota . It was closed in 1968 . History . In late 1951 Air Defense Command selected Gettysburg , South Dakota as one of twenty - eight radar stations built as part of the second segment of the permanent radar surveillance network . Prompted by the start of the Korean War , on July 11 , 1950 , the Secretary of the Air Force asked the Secretary of Defense for approval to expedite construction of the second segment of the permanent network . Receiving the Defense Secretary ’ s approval on July 21 , the Air Force directed the Corps of Engineers to proceed with construction . Gettysburg Air Force Station was activated on 1 January 1956 with the assignment of the 903d Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron . The station was initially equipped with an AN / MPS - 7 search radar and an AN / MPS - 14 height - finder radar , and initially the station functioned as a Ground - Control Intercept ( GCI ) and warning station . As a GCI station , the squadron ' s role was to guide interceptor aircraft toward unidentified intruders picked up on the unit ' s radar scopes . In 1958 an AN / FPS - 20 A search radar replaced the AN / MPS - 7 , and an AN / FPS - 6 A height - finder radar was installed . During 1960 Gettysburg AFS joined the Semi Automatic Ground Environment ( SAGE ) system , initially feeding data to DC - 11 at Grand Forks AFB , North Dakota . After joining , the squadron was re - designated as the 903d Radar Squadron ( SAGE ) on 15 January 1960 . The radar squadron provided information 24 / 7 the SAGE Direction Center where it was analyzed to determine range , direction altitude speed and whether or not aircraft were friendly or hostile The search radar subsequently was upgraded and redesignated as an AN / FPS - 66 in 1961 . In 1963 an AN / FPS - 90 joined the AN / MPS - 14 in performing height - finder duties . The station was re - designated as NORAD ID Z - 29 on 31 July . In 1964 an AN / FPS - 27 was installed , and the AN / FPS - 66 was retired . The Air Force inactivated the 903rd Radar Squadron on 18 June 1968 . The FAA continues to operate long - range radar there today using an AN / FPS - 67 B search radar atop the old AN / FPS - 27 radar tower as part of the Joint Surveillance System ( JSS ) . External links .
Walter Borchers Biography . Walter Borchers was born on 22 January 1916 in Ofen in Ammerland , Duchy of Oldenburg as the third of three brothers . All of whom would be awarded the Knight ’ s Cross of the Iron Cross during the course of World War II . His brother , Major Adolf Borchers received the Knight ' s Cross on 22 November 1944 as " Staffelkapitän " of 11 . / Jagdgeschwader 51 " Mölders " . A second brother , SS - Hauptsturmführer Hermann Borchers received the Knight ' s Cross on 16 October 1944 as commander of the I . Battalion of the SS - Panzergrenadier - Regiment 19 . Borchers was a member of the 5th " Staffel " ( squadron ) of Zerstörergeschwader 76 ( ZG 76 ) at the outbreak of World War II on 1 September 1939 . He became the " Staffelkapitän " of 5 . / ZG 76 in the fall of 1940 . He claimed 10 aerial victories during the Battle of France and Battle of Britain . His Staffel was transformed to the 8 . / Nachtjagdgeschwader 3 ( NJG 3 ) in the fall of 1941 , flying night fighter missions in Defense of the Reich . Borchers claimed his first nocturnal aerial victory on the night of 3 March 1943 . He claimed his 12th and 15th against the United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) heavies — four - engined strategic bomber s — in 1943 . Still an Oberleutnant he was made " Gruppenkommandeur " of the III . / Nachtjagdgeschwader 5 ( NJG 5 ) on 22 April 1943 , leading the " Gruppe " ( group ) until 23 March 1944 . In this position he claimed a further six nocturnal victories and four heavy USAAF bombers shot down . He was promoted to Major and took command of NJG 5 as " Geschwaderkommodore " . He received the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross on 29 October 1944 by which time he had achieved 45 aerial victories in total . Having claimed an Avro Lancaster , Borchers was shot down and killed in action on the night of 5 March 1945 by a long - range British night fighter north of Altenburg . Flying Junkers Ju 88 G - 6 " C9 + GA " ( " Werknummer " 622 319 — factory number ) his air gunner parachuted to safety while his radio operator " Leutnant " Friedrich Reul was also killed . Borchers had been nominated for the Oak Leaves to the Knight ' s Cross which he never received . His victor was Wing Commander Walter Gibb and Flying Officer Kendall of No 239 Squadron , Royal Air Force ( RAF ) , part of No . 100 Group RAF , flying a de Havilland Mosquito night fighter .
USCGC Tamaroa ( WMEC - 166 ) USCGC " Tamaroa " ( WAT / WMEC - 166 ) was a United States Coast Guard cutter , originally the United States Navy salvage tug USS " Zuni " ( ATF - 95 ) . Following the USCG custom of naming cutters in this class of ship after Native American tribes , she is named after the Tamaroa tribe of the Illiniwek tribal group . She was one of 70 built in her class for the US Navy . She saw action in World War II , including the Marianas , Philippines , and Iwo Jima operations . After the war she was transferred to the USCG . She was involved in the landmark tort case , " Ira S . Bushey & Sons , Inc . v . United States , " 398 F . 2d 167 ( 2d Circ . 1968 ) , in which the United States was held vicariously liable for the damage caused by the " Tamaroa " to a dry dock after an intoxicated seaman opened dry dock valves , causing the ship to list and slide off its blocks . The bulk of her USCG career was spent patrolling , working in drug interdiction , and fisheries protection . She was the first Coast Guard Cutter to arrive at the sinking " Andrea Doria " . She is perhaps most famous for a rescue described in the book " The Perfect Storm " ( by Sebastian Junger ) ; she rescued both the crew of the yacht " Satori " , as well as the crew of a downed Air National Guard helicopter . After she was decommissioned from the USCG , she was donated to the Intrepid Sea - Air - Space Museum in New York City . She was noticed tied up next to the " Intrepid " in 1994 by a former crewman who began a campaign to restore her . After several unsuccessful attempts , he hooked up with others interested in her fate and thus was formed what has become the Zuni Maritime Foundation , a newly formed non - profit organization in Richmond , Virginia . The foundation attempted to preserve the ship in an operational condition , and use her to educate the public . She is currently sitting in Norfolk , VA waiting to be turned into an artificial reef .
Potravlje Fortress Potravlje Fortress ( also known as Potravnik or Travnik ) is a medieval fortress located near a village of Potravlje , 15 km northwest of Sinj , Croatia . The fortress was probably constructed by Nelipčić dukes , and was first mentioned in 1372 . The Turks captured it in 1522 , but were pushed out by the Venetians in the late 17th century .
Battle of Lena The Battle of Lena occurred on January 31 , 1208 , and probably took place near Kungslena ( ) , which is located in the Tidaholm Municipality in Västergötland , Sweden . It was an important battle between the Danish - backed former Swedish King Sverker II of Sweden and Prince Eric . Danish King Valdemar the Victorious provided Sverker with a large army ; medieval sources estimate the size of the force at 12 , 000 to 18 , 000 . The defending Swedish force numbered between 7 , 000 and 10 , 000 , and were additionally backed up by a small number of Norwegian auxiliaries . The Swedes won , according to legend aided by Odin , and Sverker fled to Denmark . He returned for the Battle of Gestilren , where he died . Some historians claim that the Swedes used the winter weather to their advantage , as the Danish knights were slow and vulnerable in heavy snow .
Lucius Cassius Longinus ( consul 107 BC ) Lucius Cassius Longinus was a consul of the Roman Republic in 107 BC . His colleague was Gaius Marius . As a praetor in 111 BC , he was sent to Numidia to bring Jugurtha to Rome , promising him safe conduct . Jugurtha valued this pledge as much as the public pledge for his safety . In his consulship with Marius , he ventured to Gallia Narbonensis to oppose the Cimbri . He was killed at the Battle of Burdigala ( modern day Bordeaux ) against the Tigurini , a " pagus " of the Celtic Helvetii . ( According to ' Dictionary of Battles & Sieges : A - E ' by Tony Jaques , page 15 , Tigurini under Divicus ambushed Lucius at Aginnum , modern - day Agen on the River Garonne , where he was routed and killed . )
HMS Coventry ( 1695 ) HMS " Coventry " was a 50 - gun fourth rate ship of the line of the English Royal Navy , launched at Deptford Dockyard in 1695 . The French 54 - gun " Auguste " , together with the 54 - gun " Jason " , captured " Coventry " in September 1704 . On 17 March 1709 , " Portland " recaptured " Coventry " .
List of United States Air Force bomb squadrons This is a list of United States Air Force Bomb Squadrons . It covers all squadrons that were constituted or redesignated as " bomber squadron " sometime during their active service . Today " Bomb Squadrons " are considered to be part of the Combat Air Force ( CAF ) along with fighter squadrons . Units in this list are assigned to nearly every Major Command in the United States Air Force . All the active Bomb Squadrons are in Bold .
Samba spy scandal The Samba Military Spy Scandal was a cold war military intelligence program which would eventually emerged as a scandal in 1979 . According to the Indian Army , the military program was run by the MI of Pakistan to seek information on Indian Army ' s deposition in Western India . The Indian Army and associated intelligence agencies led the arrest of 168 active duty army officers and personnel on suspicion of working for the Military Intelligence of the Pakistan Army from Samba in the northern disputed state of Jammu & Kashmir . Samba , Jammu is a sleepy town in the Jammu region of the state . The region bordering with Pakistan . Revelation of scandal led to a serious breach in foreign relations of India and Pakistan . Between August 24 , 1978 and January 23 , 1979 , 50 - odd persons who had worked in the 168 Infantry Brigade and its subordinate units at Samba , 40 km from Jammu on the international border , were arrested on charges of spying for Pakistan at the instance of the Directorate of Military Intelligence ( MI ) . Its investigations involved practically the whole officer cadre of the Brigade . Those arrested included a Brigadier , three Lieutenant Colonels and a number of Majors , Captains , Junior Commissioned Officers ( JCOs ) , Non - Commissioned Officers ( NCOs ) and personnel of other ranks , plus 11 civilians who had worked in the Samba sector . They were all taken into custody at the instance of two self - confessed Pakistani spies who worked as gunners in the Indian Army - Sarwan Dass and Aya Singh . In December 1994 , Sarwan Dass swore an affidavit and appeared at a press conference to admit that he had falsely implicated the men . In December 1990 , Aya Singh was shot - while crossing the India - Pakistan border . The falsely implicated victims received justice only in December 2000 , and not fully either . The whole story , written by A . G . Noorani , was published in " Frontline " . The book " The Price of Loyalty " , written by Captain Ranbir Singh Rathaur , is a first hand account of the brutal and inhuman torture inflicted on the officers and men who were falsely implicated in the so - called Samba Spy Case .
German submarine U - 80 ( 1941 ) German submarine " U - 80 " was a Type VIIC submarine of the Nazi German " Kriegsmarine " during World War II . She was laid down at the " Bremer Vulkan Vegesacker Werft " in Bremen as ' werk ' 8 on 17 April 1940 , launched on 11 February 1941 and commissioned on 8 April under " Oberleutnant " Georg Staats . " U - 80 " spent her career as a training boat , first with the 1st U - boat Flotilla , then the 26th , 24th , 23rd and 21st flotillas . She sank or damaged no ships , but was herself sunk in a diving accident west of Pillau ( now Baltiysk in modern Russia ) , on 28 November 1944 .
Viktor Gutić Viktor Gutić ( 23 December 1901 – 1946 ) was the Ustaše commissioner ( ) for Banja Luka in the Independent State of Croatia ( NDH ) during World War II . He was responsible for the persecution of Serbs , Jews and Roma in the Bosanska Krajina region of Bosnia between 1941 and 1945 , and reported to the principal commissioner for Bosnia and Herzegovina , Jure Francetić . As commissioner , Gutić was responsible for organising Ustaše camps and centres in the region and appointing their staff . Biography . Viktor Gutić was born in Banja Luka on 23 December 1901 . On 23 April 1941 , less than two weeks after the proclamation of the NDH , Gutić ordered that all Serbs and Montenegrins then living in the Bosanska Krajina that had been born in Serbia or Montenegro were to leave the area within five days . This order was promulgated in the local " Croatian frontier " ( ) newspaper . Gutić subsequently announced his intention to kill the entire Serb population over the age of 15 in the Bosanska Krajina , and place the children in the care of monasteries to become " good Catholics " , and he was one of the main organisers of the massacres of Serbs that occurred in that region . After the NDH collapsed , Gutić fled to Austria and Italy . In Venice he was recognized , arrested , and taken to the Grottaglie camp . During his captivity he was in the presence of Slovenian general Leon Rupnik and Chetnik commander Dobroslav Jevđević . In early 1946 , he was extradited to Sarajevo in Yugoslavia where he was sentenced to death .