naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Base bleed Base bleed is a system used on some artillery shells to increase their range , typically by about 30 % . Most of the drag on an artillery shell comes from the nose of the shell , as it pushes the air out of its way at supersonic speeds . Shaping the shell properly can reduce this greatly . However , another powerful source of drag is the vacuum left behind the shell due to its blunt base . This drag is difficult to remove , because the shell needs to be " nose heavy " in order to have proper ballistics , and it cannot easily be shaped into a more aerodynamic form . Base bleed is one way to reduce this drag without extending the base of the shell . Instead , a small ring of metal extends just past the base , and the area in the rear of the shell is filled with a small gas generator . The gas generator provides little net thrust , but simply fills the area behind the shell with pressure , dramatically reducing the drag due to the vacuum . The only downsides are a small loss of accuracy due to the somewhat more turbulent airflow , and a small loss in explosive payload due to some of the shell being taken up by the engine . Since base bleed extends the range by a percentage , it is only really useful on longer range artillery . Until recently the loss in explosive was not considered worthwhile for the small gains in range . However , the introduction of much longer range systems based on the GC - 45 howitzer has changed the equation somewhat , as 30 % extra range on these systems represents 5 to 10 km . Base bleed shells are starting to become more common in units equipped with modern artillery of this type . History . The principles were developed in a joint effort between the Swedish ' Försvarets forskningsanstalt ' ( Defence Research Agency ) , FOA and the artillery bureau at Kungliga MaterielFörvaltningen , KFM ( later known as Försvarets MaterielVerk , FMV ) in the latter part of the 1960s in order to increase the range of the coastal artillery . By 1966 , it had been concluded that a small , slow - burning charge at the base of the projectile would positively reduce the vacuum behind it and hence increase the range due to the lower drag . The first full scale tests took place in 1969 with modified 10 . 5 cm steel shells with excellent results , and the Swedish patent was made in 1971 . The concept was quickly implemented into the 7 , 5 cm sjömålsgranat m / 66 ( anti - shipping shell m / 66 ) used in the coastal fortification system 7 , 5 / m57 , and then rapidly into all anti - ship shells in the Swedish military . Since the gas - generator for the 12 cm sjömålsgranat m / 70 was to be manufactured by a company in the USA , the classification " secret " was removed from the patent . Shortly thereafter , the international rights were sold out ending up with the Space Research Corporation ( SRC ) , owned by Gerald Bull .
Clayton P . Kerr Clayton P . Kerr ( August 16 , 1900 – August 13 , 1977 ) was a United States Army Major General who served as commander of the 49th Armored Division and Director of the Army National Guard . Early life . Clayton Price Kerr was born in Denver , Colorado on August 16 , 1900 . He was raised and educated in Dallas , Texas , and joined the National Guard as a member of Headquarters Troop , 6th Texas Cavalry in September , 1919 . He quickly advanced through the noncommissioned officer ranks , and became Sergeant Major of the 72nd Infantry Brigade . In 1921 he received his commission as a Second Lieutenant in the 56th Cavalry Brigade . He advanced through the ranks in command and staff positions , primarily with the 36th Infantry Division . His commands included Company E , 144th Infantry Regiment and 2nd Battalion , 144th Infantry . World War II . Kerr served with the 36th Division during the North African and Italian campaigns , initially as Inspector General and later as Chief of Staff . In February 1944 , he was assigned as the United States Representative and Deputy Commander of the Allied Military Mission to the Italian Army . Post World War II . Kerr was one of the original officers who formed the Texas Army National Guard ’ s 49th Armored Division . Among his assignments with the division was Commander of Combat Command B , and Commander of the Division Artillery . He was promoted to Brigadier General in 1947 . In 1958 Kerr was appointed Commander of the 49th Armored Division as a Major General . National Guard Bureau . In October , 1959 Kerr was named Chief of the Army Division ( now Director of the Army National Guard ) at the National Guard Bureau . He served in this position until his 1962 retirement . Military education . Kerr completed the Army officer courses for Infantry , Field Artillery and Air Defense Artillery . In addition , he was a graduate of the United States Army Command and General Staff College . Awards and decorations . Kerr ’ s awards include : the Distinguished Service Medal ; two awards of the Legion of Merit ; and Bronze Star Medal . His foreign decorations included : Officer of the Order of the British Empire ; Grand Commander , Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus ( Italy ) ; War Cross for Military Valor ( Italy ) ; Grand Officer of the Order of the Crown of Italy ; War Merit Cross ( Italy ) ; and Knight Commander of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta ( Italy ) . In 1964 Governor John Connally recognized Kerr ’ s long years of dedicated service with a state promotion to Lieutenant General . Death and burial . Kerr died in Dallas on August 13 , 1977 . He is buried at Sparkman - Hillcrest Memorial Park Cemetery in Dallas .
Arthur Forbes - Sempill Rear - Admiral Arthur Lionel Ochoncar Forbes - Sempill ( 1877 – 1962 ) was an officer of the Royal Navy active in the First World War . He was the fourth ( and youngest ) son of William Forbes - Sempill , 17th Lord Sempill ; his three elder brothers , John , Douglas and Robert , all served in the Army . In January 1898 , he was assigned to HMS " Centurion " as a sub - lieutenant , promoted to Lieutenant on 30 June of the following year , and then assigned to HMS " Victorious " . In 1900 he was assigned to HMS " Vernon " for torpedo training , in July 1902 posted to HMS " Empress of India " . , in December 1903 to HMS " Euryalus " , in May 1906 to HMS " Edgar " , in September 1908 to HMS " Bacchante " , and in May 1910 to HMS " King Alfred " . He was then promoted Commander , and assigned to HMS " Albemarle " in 1911 . In July 1914 he was assigned to HMS " Dominion " , in which he served during the early part of the First World War . He was later posted as executive officer of the battleship , where he saw service at the Battle of Jutland , and was recommended for promotion to Captain as a result . He later commanded the cruisers HMS " Blonde " and HMS " Cordelia " , and was present in the latter at the surrender of the German navy in 1918 . By 1919 , he was in command of HMS " Colossus " . He married in 1903 , and was divorced in July 1914 , on the grounds of adultery ; the case was not defended . He remarried in 1919 , to Helen Allen ; she died shortly thereafter , in 1921 . He remarried for a third time in 1926 , to Mary Holland , an American . He had one daughter from his second marriage , Janet , and one son by his third marriage , John , who would later inherit the baronetcy held by Arthur ' s father , after it had passed through his elder brother William and his nephew Ewan .
Norwegian Naval Academy The Royal Norwegian Naval Academy ( RNoNA , " Sjøkrigsskolen " in Norwegian ) is located at Laksevåg in Bergen . It was formally established October 27 , 1817 in Frederiksvern . The institution educates officers for the Royal Norwegian Navy . History . The predecessor of the Norwegian Naval Academy was the " Søcadet - Akademiet " , which was established in 1701 in Copenhagen for the education of naval officers for the Danish - Norwegian naval forces . After the union between Denmark and Norway dissolved in 1814 , the " Kongelige Norske Søcadet - Institut " ( Royal Norwegian Sea Cadet Institute ) was opened in 1817 at the main naval base at Fredriksvern . In 1864 both the main base and the Sea Cadet Institute were moved to Horten , where the operations continued until 1940 . During the subsequent German occupation of Norway , a temporary Naval Academy was established in London in 1941 . After the war the Academy was first located in Oslo , but in 1960 it was relocated to the present site in Laksevåg , Bergen . Study programmes . The RNoNA has a status of an independent institution under the Norwegian Act on Universities and University Colleges . It has been accredited to develop study programmes at the undergraduate level , to award bachelor degrees , and to evaluate degrees from other institutions . Master ’ s degrees are awarded at the Norwegian Defence University College in Oslo , but officers may continue with graduate studies also at civilian universities . In 2013 , the Academy offered six programmes leading to the Bachelor of Military Studies degree , whereof three programmes leads to a bachelor ' s degeree in engineering .
United States Uniformed Services Oath of Office All officers of the seven Uniformed services of the United States swear or affirm an oath of office upon commissioning . It differs slightly from that of the oath of enlistment that enlisted members recite when they enter the service . It is required by statute , the oath being prescribed by Section 3331 , Title 5 , United States Code . It is traditional for officers to recite the oath upon promotion but as long as the officer ' s service is continuous this is not actually required . One notable difference between the officer and enlisted oaths is that the oath taken by officers does not include any provision to obey orders ; while enlisted personnel are bound by the Uniform Code of Military Justice to obey lawful orders , officers in the service of the United States are bound by this oath to disobey any order that violates the Constitution of the United States . Text of the Oath . Note that the last phrase is not required to be said if the speaker has a personal or moral objection , as is true of all oaths administered by the United States government ; Article Six of the United States Constitution requires that there be no religious test for public office . The oath is for an indeterminate period ; no duration is specifically defined . Officers of the National Guard of the various States , however , take an additional oath : Commissioned Officers ( O - 1 through O - 10 second lieutenant or ensign through general or admiral , and W - 2 through W - 5 ( chief warrant officers ) ) are commissioned under the authority of the President of the United States with the advice and consent of the United States Senate , Warrant Officers ( WO - 1 ) are given a warrant under the authority of their respective Service Secretary ( e . g . Secretary of the Army or Secretary of the Navy ) , National Guard officers are additionally committed to the authority of the governor of their state . They may be activated in the service of their state in time of local or state emergency in addition to Federal activation . Reserve officers may only be activated by the President of the United States .
Technological escalation Technological escalation describes the situation where two parties in competition tend to employ continual technological improvements in their attempt to defeat each other . Technology is defined here as a creative invention , either in the form of an object or a methodology . An example is the mutual escalation seen between e - mail spam mers and the programmers of spam filters and other anti - spam techniques . Although escalation is usually meant negatively , if two companies are in an escalating competition to produce the best widget , the consumer benefits because they get a choice between better and better widgets .
Wilson Flagg Wilson Falor " Bud " Flagg ( October 26 , 1938 - September 11 , 2001 ) served in the United States Navy , achieving the rank of Rear Admiral . On October 15 , 1993 , he was censured for failing to prevent the 1991 Tailhook conference scandal , effectively ending further advancement . He was killed in the September 11 , 2001 attacks . Career highlights . During his military career , he logged more than 3 , 200 flight hours on the F - 8 Crusader , more than any other pilot . Flagg was a pilot for American Airlines from 1967 to 1998 . Flagg moved to Millwood , Virginia , around 1993 to start Daybreak Farm , a Black Angus beef cattle farm . Death and legacy . Flagg died at age sixty two in the crash of American Airlines flight 77 in the September 11 , 2001 attacks . He was a passenger on the flight , traveling to Las Vegas with his wife , Darlene " Dee " Flagg , and friend Barbara G . Edwards . At the National 9 / 11 Memorial , Flagg is memorialized at the South Pool , on Panel S - 70 .
William Strugnell Group Captain William Victor Strugnell ( 23 July 1892 - 1977 ) was a World War I flying ace credited with six aerial victories . He went on to a long career in the Royal Air Force , eventually rising to Group Captain and serving through World War II . Pre - World War I service . Strugnell ' s father was a sergeant major . At age 15 , Strugnell joined the Royal Engineers as a bugler . He then transferred to the Hampshire Regiment as a sapper before joining the Royal Flying Corps . He was a prewar pilot , having been the third noncommissioned officer in the British military to receive a pilot ' s license , in 1912 . He served with both 3 and 5 Squadrons before the war began . Once the war started , he went to France as a member of 1 Squadron . World War I . Effective 27 June 1915 , Sergeant Strugnell was commissioned a second lieutenant . On 5 February 1916 , he piloted a Morane - Saulnier that drove down an Aviatik C . I reconnaissance plane for his first victory . On 2 June 1916 , he was awarded a Military Cross . He spent some time on instruction duty before returning to action flying a Sopwith Pup in 54 Squadron as flight commander of A Flight . On 19 March 1917 , he shared in the setting afire of a German reconnaissance plane . On 14 April and 1 May , he sent another recon plane and an Albatros D . III down out of control . On 11 May 1917 , he cooperated with fellow aces Oliver Sutton , Maurice D . G . Scott , and three other pilots in destroying a recon plane ; Strugnell then singlehandedly destroyed an Albatros D . III . He finished the war as a major . Post World War I . Strugnell remained in the Royal Air Force , serving in Iraq and Egypt . He was promoted from Squadron Leader to Wing Commander on 1 July 1928 . He was promoted to Group Captain on 1 July 1934 . He retired in 1945 . As of 12 February 1951 , he was still being carried as a Flight Lieutenant in the reserves . Exactly eight years later , on 12 February 1959 , he finally gave up his commission . Honours and awards . Military Cross ( MC ) awarded 2 June 1916 . Military Cross ( MC ) Bar " Lt . ( temp . Capt . ) William Victor Strugnell , M . C . , Hamps . E . and R . F . C . For conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty . While leading an offensive patrol he attacked and brought down a hostile machine . Later , in the same patrol , he brought down a second machine . In all he has accounted for five machines and a kite balloon . ( M . C . gazetted 3 June 1916 . ) "
British West Indies Regiment In 1915 the British Army formed a second West Indies regiment from Caribbean volunteers who had made their way to Britain . Initially , these volunteers were drafted into a variety of units within the army , but in 1915 it was decided to group them together into a single regiment , named the British West Indies Regiment . The similarity of titles has sometimes led to confusion between this war - time unit and the long established West India Regiment . Both were recruited from black Caribbean volunteers and a number of officers from the WIR were transferred to the BWIR . Initially the new regiment was made up of men from : The British West Indies Regiment played a significant role in the First World War especially in Palestine and Jordan where they were employed in military operations against the Turkish Army . During the Palestine Campaign . General Allenby sent the following telegram to the Governor of Jamaica : " I have great pleasure in informing you of the gallant conduct of the machine - gun section of the 1st British West Indies Regiment during two successful raids on the Turkish trenches . All ranks behaved with great gallantry under heavy rifle and shell fire and contributed in no small measure to the success of the operations " . A total of 15 , 600 men of the British West Indies Regiment served with the Allied forces . Jamaica contributed two - thirds of these volunteers , while others came from Trinidad and Tobago , Barbados , the Bahamas , British Honduras ( now Belize ) , Grenada , British Guiana ( now Guyana ) , the Leeward Islands , St Lucia and St Vincent . Nearly 5 , 000 more subsequently volunteered . High wastage led to further drafts being required from Jamaica , British Honduras and Barbados before the regiment was able to begin training . The regiment totalled twelve battalions , and engaged in a number of roles and theatres . The British West Indies Regiment was finally disbanded in 1921 . Awards . World War I 81 medals for bravery were won and 49 men were mentioned in despatch es .
Battle of Dry Lake The Battle of Dry Lake , also known as Sorass Lake , was the first decisive victory of the United States over the Modoc Indians in northern California in 1873 . The battle led to the splintering of the Modoc bands , and was the last major battle of the Modoc War . Background . On May 2 , 1873 , Colonel Jefferson C . Davis became the new commander of the Department of the Columbia . Davis assumed field command of the army and ordered an expedition to trap Captain Jack who was moving southeast from the Lava Beds . The U . S . cavalry arrived and camped near the affectionately named , Sore Ass Lake . However , when they found that there was no water in the lake , they renamed it to Dry Lake . The battle . At dawn on May 10 , a small detachment of Modoc warriors attacked the U . S . camp while the rest took up a position in the bluffs above the lake . The startled troopers quickly rolled out of their blankets and took cover behind any obstacle they could find , no matter how small , in order to fasten their gunbelts and pull on their boots . The officers restored order and the mounted Warm Springs Indian scouts were sent around the Modoc flanks while the rest of the U . S . force was ordered to charge the bluffs . The troopers paused at the bottom of the bluff , leery to charge the strong position on top of the bluff . 1st Sgt . Thomas Kelley shouted " God damn it , lets charge " . For the first time in the Modoc War , U . S . troops charged and routed the warriors defending the bluff . The warriors fled so quickly that the Warm Springs had not even made it around the flanks , and one warrior , Ellen ' s Man George , was left dead on the field . The troopers pursued the Modocs for 4 miles but exhausted and lacking water , they stopped . Aftermath . The Battle of Dry Lake signaled the beginning of the end of the Modoc War . Davis reported after the battle that he was pleased with the conduct of his troopers and that they had not fled when the Modocs first attacked . An editorial in the ' Army and Navy Journal " said Davis ' presence in the field improved the formerly mismanaged field operations . The rout of Captain Jack and the death of Ellen ' s Man took a serious toll on the Modocs . A division grew between several of the leaders . Hooker Jim , Bogus Charley and Scarface Charley held Captain Jack responsible for Ellen ' s Man ' s death . They split and headed west . Captain Jack and Schonchin John stayed at Big Sandy Butte . Later that month , Bogus Charley and Hooker Jim surrendered to Col . Davis and pledged their help to Davis in capturing Captain Jack . Finally , in June 1873 , Captain Jack surrendered . References . Erwin N . Thompson , " The Modoc War : Its Military History and Topography " ( 1971 , Argus Books )
VF - 66 VF - 66 , known as the Firebirds , was a fighter squadron of the United States Navy established during World War II . Operstional history . VF - 66 was established on 1 January 1945 equipped with the FR - 1 Fireball . The squadron was slated for the Pacific , however never saw combat and was disestablished on 18 October 1945 .
Christopher Cradock Rear - Admiral Sir Christopher " Kit " George Francis Maurice Cradock KCVO CB SGM ( 2 July 1862 – 1 November 1914 ) was a British officer of the Royal Navy . Early life and career . Cradock was born at Hartforth , Richmond , North Yorkshire . He earned a reputation for great gallantry . He entered the Royal Navy in 1875 , and saw action in the Mediterranean , serving with distinction . In 1900 in China during the Boxer Rebellion , he commanded a mixture of British , German and Japanese sailors during the capture of the Taku forts , and was promoted Captain and received the Prussian Order of the Crown with swords as a result . Cradock was promoted to Rear - Admiral in 1910 . He was involved in the sea rescue of the passengers and crew of the in December 1911 . He was awarded the KCVO in 1912 . In 1913 , he was given command of the North America and West Indies Station . Craddock was the author of three books , " Sporting Notes in the Far East " ( 1889 ) , " Wrinkles in Seamanship " ( 1894 ) and " Whispers from the Fleet " ( 1908 ) which contained advice for naval officers . He never married , but kept a dog which accompanied him at sea . He commented that he would choose to die either during an accident while hunting ( this was his favourite pastime ) , or during action at sea . Death at the Battle of Coronel . With the start of the First World War , in August 1914 , Cradock , commanding the 4th Squadron of the Royal Navy , was ordered to pursue and destroy Admiral Maximilian von Spee ' s fleet of commerce - raiding cruisers . Cradock ' s fleet was significantly weaker than Spee ' s , consisting of mainly elderly vessels manned by largely inexperienced crews . Cradock found Spee ' s force off Chile and decided to engage it . In the resulting Battle of Coronel , Cradock ' s ships and were destroyed with the loss of all lives , including his own . Departing from Port Stanley he had left behind a letter to be forwarded to Admiral Hedworth Meux in the event of his death . In this he commented that he did not intend to suffer the fate of Rear - Admiral Ernest Troubridge , who in August had been courtmartialled for failing to engage the enemy despite the odds being severely against him , during the pursuit of the German warships " Goeben " and " Breslau " . The Governor of the Falklands and the Governor ' s aide both reported that Cradock had not expected to survive . A monument to Admiral Cradock was placed in York Minster . It is on the east side of the North Transept towards the Chapter House entrance . There is another monument to Cradock in Catherington churchyard , Hampshire . There is a monument and a stained glass window in Cradock ' s memory in his parish church at Gilling West . There is a neighbourhood in Portsmouth , Virginia named after him .