naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Blue Division ( Second French Empire ) Created during the Franco - Prussian War of 1870 , the Blue Division is the name given to the division d ' Infanterie de Marine which - for the first time in the history of the marines - joined ' marsouins ' or marine infantry ( 4 regiments ) and ' bigors ' or marine artillery ( 1 regiment ) . Commanded by general de Vassoigne , it was made up of two brigades : The Blue Division formed part of the 12th Army Corps under the command of Barthélémy Louis Joseph Lebrun , which was the last unit to arrive at Sedan after having made a last attempt to retreat with general de Wimpffen . It fought at Bazeilles on 31 August and 1 September 1870 . The town was retaken and abandoned four times , with 2 , 655 French and 5 , 200 Bavarians dead , inspiring the patriotic painting " Les dernières cartouches " ( " The Last Cartridges " ) by Alphonse de Neuville . Each year the marines celebrate the anniversary of the battle , ending the ceremonies with the unit ' s battle cry , " Au nom de dieu , vive la coloniale " ( " In God ' s name , long live " La Coloniale " " ) - the unit had God Himself as its patron saint .
Binh Tai Massacre The Bình Tai Massacre was a massacre perpetrated by the South Korean Forces on 9 October 1966 of 68 citizens in Binh Tai village in South Vietnam . It may be related to the Dien Nien - Phuoc Binh Massacre . Investigation . The Hankyoreh Sinmun investigated war crimes in Vietnam and revealed other atrocities . Colonel Kim Ki Tae , former commander of the Seventh Company , 2nd Marine Brigade of the ROK Marines , confessed to Hankyoreh that on 9 October 1966 South Korean troops set fire to the Binh Tai villagers ’ homes and shot the villagers who fled the burning buildings ,
Naval Air Station Whiddy Island U . S . Naval Air Station Whiddy Island was a US naval air station operated during the last year of World War I . Located on Whiddy Island in Bantry Bay , County Cork , Ireland , it was also known as Bantry Bay Station . The base was used for anti - submarine patrols by flying boats for a number of weeks before the end of the war , and remained in operation until the closure of the base in February 1919 . The base was built by local contractors and the first US personnel arrived on 12 March 1918 . Flight operations began with the arrival of the first aircraft on 25 September 1918 . The base was used by flying boat s which monitored the area south of Kinsale ( where the RMS " Lusitania " had been torpedoed ) for submarine activity . The aircraft took off and landed in Bantry Bay and were pulled up a concrete ramp to the airfield for servicing and storage . In all , five Curtiss Model H planes were based in Whiddy during 1918 : Number A1072 ( a Model H - 16 which crashed on 22 October 1918 ) , and numbers A1078 , A1084 , A3466 , A4047 , A4048 . These were " pusher " type of aircraft with the engine and propeller behind the pilot . These H16 " Large America " , were equipped with four Lewis machine gun s , a bomb load of four 230 pound bombs and a crew of five - a pilot , two observers , a mechanic and a wireless operator . The base , located on the eastern end of the island , operated under wartime conditions for only seven weeks , and while patrols continued for some months after the armistice , the base was closed on 15 February 1919 .
Flat Daddy A Flat Daddy ( also Flat Mommy or Flat Soldier ) is a life - sized cardboard cut - out of someone absent from home , the idea being to keep connected to family members during a deployment . Flat Daddies came in fashion after the start of the Iraq War when spouses and children were left alone after soldiers were called up for duty . By the mid - 2000s ( decade ) , thousands of Flat Daddies have been produced for families in the USA . The Flat Daddy concept dates back to at least 2003 , when Cindy Sorenson of Bismarck , North Dakota created a cutout of her husband who was deployed in Iraq with the North Dakota National Guard . The name was modeled on the 1964 children ' s book " Flat Stanley " and a program in which children mailed small cutouts of themselves . The idea was shared by Sorenson with Elaine Dumler , a motivational speaker who mentioned the idea in a book offering coping tips for families with a deploying soldier . Dumler obtained a trademark on the term " Flat Daddy " , hoping to prevent anyone from profiting on the idea . Dumler filed for the trademark on October 16 , 2006 , for use as photographs of active duty military personnel mounted on cardboard cut - outs , vinyl , and photo paper and in books in the field of military family readiness . The trademark application indicated that the term was first used in September 2003 . As of 2006 , the Maine National Guard had produced 200 " Flat Daddy " and " Flat Mommy " cutouts for the families of soldiers deployed in Iraq and Afghanistan . The Maine program was started based on information received at a National Guard conference . The state ' s family - support director noted the enthusiastic response to the program , stating that " If there ' s something we can do to make it a little easier on the families , then that ' s our job and our responsibility . It brings them a little bit closer and might help them somewhere down the line . " By 2007 , a Toledo , Ohio firm had manufactured over 1 , 000 of the cutout figures . While many of the initial Flat Daddies had been produced gratis , the firm was seeking sponsors for the 50 per week that it was producing .
97th Brigade ( United Kingdom ) The 97th Brigade was a formation of the British Army during the First World War . It was raised as part of the new army also known as Kitchener ' s Army and assigned to the 32nd Division . The brigade served on the Western Front .
Roland of Sicily Roland ( or Orlando ) ( 1296 – 1361 ) was the second - eldest illegitimate son of Frederick II of Sicily by his concubine Sibilla di Sormella . During his father ' s reign , he lived in the shadows , but he rose to influence in the courts of his half - brother Peter II and his nephews , Louis and Frederick IV , especially as the leader of the Catalan party after the death of his brother Giovanni of Randazzo . In 1339 , he was present fighting the Angevins then trying to conquer Lipari . Taken captive , he was freed in November 1340 through the interference of a Sienese widow , Camiola Turinga , a woman he promised to marry . He never did and was considered highly ungrateful by contemporaries , including Boccaccio . From 1343 to 1345 , he was governor of Palermo and in 1345 , " strategos " of Messina . He supported the duke of Randazzo as regent during the reign of Louis and then supported his sister - in - law Elisabeth of Carinthia after the duke ' s death . He was sent as an ambassador to Sardinia on behalf of Peter IV of Aragon in 1353 . He continued to help Elisabeth into the reign of his other nephew , who appointed him Duke of Athens and Neopatria . He was a soldier and a general during the last wars between the houses of Barcelona and Anjou for possession of Trinacria . He distinguished himself in the Battle of Aci and in defending Messina from the Angevins . In 1358 , he reconquered the area from Vizzini to Avola . He died in a spring skirmish at Caltanissetta , during the war between Federico Chiaramonte and Francesco Ventimiglia .
USS Gum Tree ( AN - 18 ) USS " Gum Tree " ( AN - 18 / YN - 13 ) was an " Aloe " - class net laying ship which was assigned to serve the U . S . Navy during World War II with her protective anti - submarine nets . Built in West Virginia . " Gum Tree " ( YN - 13 ) was launched 20 March 1941 by the Marietta Manufacturing Co . , Point Pleasant , West Virginia ; commissioned 16 September 1941 , Algiers , Louisiana , Lt . George H . Burrows in command . World War II service . After shakedown in the Gulf of Mexico and Mississippi River , " Gum Tree " sailed for Newfoundland on 25 September 1941 , reaching Argentia , Newfoundland , 25 January 1942 after touching at Key West , Florida ; New York City ; Newport , Rhode Island ; Boston , Massachusetts ; and , Halifax , Nova Scotia . She spent the following 17 months laying and tending nets off Newfoundland and then returned to the States for overhaul . Casco Bay , off Portland , Maine , was " Gum Tree ' s " home port for the remainder of the war as she tended harbor defenses there . Her designation was changed to " AN - 18 " 20 January 1944 . In September 1945 , the net - tender participated in some experimental net operations at Melville , Rhode Island , and then was ordered to Orange , Texas , where she arrived 6 December 1945 . Post - war decommissioning . " Gum Tree " decommissioned at Orange , Texas , 20 June 1946 and was struck from the Navy List 7 February 1947 . She was transferred 27 February 1948 to the U . S . Maritime Commission at Lake Charles , Louisiana .
Battle of Castricum The Battle of Castricum ( October 6 , 1799 ) saw a Franco - Dutch force defeat an Anglo - Russian force near Castricum , Netherlands . The battle was fought during the War of the Second Coalition against Revolutionary France between French and Dutch forces under the command of General Guillaume Brune and Herman Willem Daendels and British and Russian forces under the command of the Duke of York , Sir Ralph Abercromby and the Prince of Orange . Background . An Anglo - Russian force of 32 , 000 men landed in North Holland on August 27 , 1799 , captured the Dutch fleet at Den Helder on August 30 and the city of Alkmaar on October 3 . Following a series of battles at Bergen on September 19 and Alkmaar on October 2 ( also known as 2nd Bergen ) , they faced the French and Dutch armies at Castricum on October 6 . Action . The town of Castricum passed from British - Russian to Batavian - French hands several times until the former finally fled , losing 2536 men and 11 guns ; the Batavian - French losses stood at 1382 . The defeat persuaded the Duke that his position was untenable . After a chaotic retreat , in which two field hospital s were " forgotten " , the parties signed the Convention of Alkmaar on October 10 . Aftermath . The British and Russians were allowed to withdraw , without paying reparations , and retaining captured bounty . As a sign of gratitude for enabling him honourably to emerge from the inglorious Dutch imbroglio , Brune received a number of horses from the Duke . By 19 November all the British and Russian troops had been embarked and the expedition was over . In the years following the 1799 invasion , defensive lines were constructed in Holland to protect Amsterdam from future invasions from the north . Commemoration . In the " Huis met de Kogel " ( House with the Cannonball ) in Castricum , a cannonball that got stuck in the wall during the battle can still be seen . A plaque beneath the cannonball commemorates the battle . Various locality names in Castricum also provide a reminder of the battle , like the Russenbergen dunes and the Doodelaan street . The Russisch Monument in Bergen marks the fighting there . The French victory was also commemorated on the Arc de Triomphe in Paris as " Alkmaer " .
Searchwater radar Searchwater radar is a maritime surveillance radar developed by Thorn EMI under project P1149 . This type of radar has been in service with the Royal Air Force Hawker Siddeley Nimrod aboard the MR2 variant since the 1970s . The retirement of the Royal Navy ' s fleet carriers in 1978 meant that the airborne early warning ( AEW ) capable Fairey Gannet was also withdrawn from service . During the Falklands War , a number of warships were lost due to the lack of an indigenous AEW presence . Consequently , a greatly accelerated project was started to equip Westland Sea King helicopters with a slightly modified version of the system known as Searchwater LAST ( Low Altitude Surveillance Task ) . The radome was mounted in a distinctive inverted cupola on a swivel arm attached to the right side of the fuselage just aft of the main door . This arm allowed the helicopter to lower the radar below the fuselage in flight and to raise it for landing . Searchwater radar was developed by the Royal Signals and Radar Establishment and EMI ( later Thorn Sensors Group ) . Racal Radar Defence Systems acquired Searchwater in 1995 . Thorn and Racal merged to form Racal - Thorn Defence .
Thomas G . Lawler Thomas G . Lawler ( April 7 , 1844 - February 3 , 1908 ) was a British - born American soldier who served in the Union Army during the American Civil War and as the 23rd Commander - in - Chief of the Grand Army of the Republic , 1894 - 1895 . Early life and military career . Lawler was born April 1844 in Liverpool , England to Patrick and Jane ( Jones ) Lawler . He moved to the United States with his family when he was a young boy . The family settled in Rockford , Illinois and he was educated in the schools there . Lawler enlisted at age 17 on September 17 , 1861 as a private in Company E , 19th Illinois Volunteer Infantry and was immediately promoted to corporal . He served with the regiment for three years and rose through the ranks , being promoted to sergeant March 1 , 1863 , and mustered out of the service as a 2nd lieutenant . Lawler was elected to 1st lieutenant , but never received the promotion . He is credited with being the first man of the 19th Illinois infantry over the Confederate works at the Battle of Missionary Ridge while carrying the regiment ' s colors . Post - war service . Lawler was a charter member of Colonel Garrett L . Nevins G . A . R . Post # 1 in Rockford and remained an active member for 40 years ; he served Post Commander , 1868 - 1870 , 1882 , and 1907 . On September 28 , 1877 , he joined Company B , 3rd Illinois National Guard as its captain . Lawler was promoted to colonel , effective October 15 , 1886 . He stepped down as commander in 1892 to allow younger men the opportunity to command the regiment , although he remained on active duty with the regiment until placed on the retired list January 17 , 1907 . He was elected 23rd Commander - in - Chief of the Grand Army of the Republic and served 1894 - 1895 . During his term , Lawler worked with the U . S . War Department to help reverse dishonorable discharges of Civil War veterans whose discharges were deemed unjust . Additionally , he sought protection for Civil War veterans who were still in the service of the U . S . Army or Navy from being unjustly dishonorably discharged . He was active in civic duties in Rockford and worked to have a memorial hall built in Rockford that was dedicated to veterans of all U . S . wars . Construction began in 1901 on Memorial Hall and in 1903 it was dedicated by President Theodore Roosevelt . Lawler ' s business activities included serving as president of the Rockford Lumber & Fuel Company and president of the Forest City Insurance Company . He was appointed postmaster of Rockford by President Rutherford B . Hayes and served continuously until 1893 . Lawler died September 3 , 1908 at his home in Rockford and is buried there in Cedar Bluff Cemetery .
Audacious - class aircraft carrier The " Audacious " class aircraft carriers were a class of aircraft carriers proposed by the British government in the 1930s - 1940s and completed after the Second World War . History . The " Audacious " class was originally designed as an expansion of the " Implacable " class with double storied hangars . However , it was realised that the hangar height would not be sufficient for the new aircraft that were expected to enter service , so the design was considerably enlarged . Four ships were laid down between 1942 and 1943 during World War II as part of the British naval buildup - " Africa " , " Irresistible " , " Audacious " and " Eagle " . At the end of hostilities " Africa " and " Eagle " were cancelled . Work on the remaining two was suspended . They would be renamed and built to differing designs in the 1950s . As the builds of " Audacious " ( renamed " Eagle " ) and " Irresistible " ( renamed " Ark Royal " ) progressed they differed so much that they effectively became the lead ( and sole ) ships of each of their own classes . They formed the backbone of the postwar carrier fleet , and were much modified . Laid down in 1942 at Harland and Wolff , Belfast as HMS " Audacious " . Renamed at the start of 1946 as " Eagle " after the carrier sunk in 1942 . Launched in March 1946 . Decommissioned January 1972 . Ships In Class . Intended as HMS " Irresistible " , but named after the third " Ark Royal " that was lost in 1941 . Work on " Ark Royal " started in 1943 at Cammell Laird , Birkenhead . Launched in 1950 . Decommissioned February 1979 . Ordered from Swan Hunter , Wallsend - on - Tyne in August 1942 . Transferred to Vickers - Armstrong in December that year . Cancelled . Ordered from Fairfield , Govan on 12 July 1943 . Re - ordered as " Malta " Class in 1944 . Cancelled 15 October 1945
Gast gun The Gast Gun was a German twin barreled machine gun that was developed by Karl Gast of Vorwerk und Companie of Barmen and used during the First World War . It was notable for its high rate of fire of 1 , 600 rounds per minute and a unique mechanism that is used in the Gryazev - Shipunov GSh - 23L series of Russian aircraft cannon . Description . The weapon so combines two barrels into a single mechanism that the recoil from firing one barrel loads and charges the second . Ammunition fed into the gun from two , vertically mounted , cylindrical drums , one on each side . The drums held 180 rounds of German 7 . 92 mm rifle ammunition that a compressed spring fed into the breech . An experienced gunner could change ammunition drums in a few seconds . The weapon could fire single shots if one side of the mechanism had a problem . The gun ' s relative lightness at approximately without ammunition led to its airborne use ; a telescopic sight was mounted between the two barrels . Its simple design eased maintenance and enabled its being field stripped in one minute . History . In January 1916 , Karl Gast invented the gun , which would become known as the " Gast - Maschinengewehr Modell 1917 " , while working for the Vorwerk company ; the first weapon was produced in January 1916 . Gast took out patents in 21 January 1916 and 13 February 1917 , describing his weapon as " a double - barreled machine gun with recoiling barrels " . Rates of fire of 1 , 600 rounds per minute were achieved during trials . In August 1917 , Gast with a demonstration so impressed ordnance experts in August 1917 that a production order for 3 , 000 guns along with spare parts and ten ammunition drums and for each was awarded to Vorwerk und Companie at a unit price of 6 , 800 marks each . Delivery of the first 100 guns was promised for 1 June 1918 , with production increasing to 500 guns per month by September 1918 . Production of the weapon exceeded these initial projections , and the weapons were favourably received with promises of an order for a further 6 , 000 guns being promised in September 1918 . A version of the gun in 13 mm ( 13x92mm TuF ) the Gast - Flieger MG , was also under development ; it used the same ammunition as the Maxim MG TuF and had two , curved , box magazines . However , the gun was rarely used , and its existence was kept secret until three years after the Armistice ; in 1921 the Allied Control Commission finally became aware of the Gast gun when a cache of 25 of the guns , ammunition , and designs was found near Königsberg . Gast himself had applied for a US Patent in 1920 , which was issued in 1923 . A Gast gun was evaluated by the US Army and found to be reliable and mechanically practical . However it was not felt to offer a sufficient advantage over existing machine guns to justify the expense of producing the weapon .
James H . Flatley III James H . Flatley III was a Rear Admiral in the United States Navy . A Naval Aviator , fighter pilot and test pilot , he is the son of Vice Admiral James H . Flatley . Career . While a lieutenant at the Naval Air Test Center at NAS Patuxent River , Maryland , Flatley and his fellow crew members , " Smokey " Stovall and Ed Brennan , made history when they completed 21 full - stop landings and takeoffs in a Lockheed C - 130 Hercules aboard the aircraft carrier . Flatley later commanded the aircraft carrier . He retired in 1987 . Awards he received during his career include the Distinguished Flying Cross and the Air Medal . He has also been inducted into the U . S . Naval Aviation Carrier Hall of Fame and the South Carolina Aviation Hall of Fame .
Union Monument in Perryville The Union Monument in Perryville is an historic monument located by the visitor center of the Perryville Battlefield State Historic Site , in the vicinity of Perryville , Kentucky , in Boyle County , Kentucky . It was built in 1928 , sixty - six years after the Battle of Perryville , the bloodiest battle in Kentucky history , on October 8 , 1862 . There were 16 , 000 Union soldiers at the Battle of Perryville , with 4 , 276 combined killed , captured , wounded , and missing . The monument was created by a decree of the United States Congress on March 3 , 1928 . It is a granite obelisk , eighteen feet tall , and is one of only seven monuments to the war in Kentucky that honored the Union cause ; the vast majority honored the Confederate States of America . Inscriptions are placed on the north and south sides of the monument . All but one Union monument in Kentucky was erected by the Federal Government or private funds . The monument at Vanceburg , Kentucky is the only Union structure in Kentucky erected by public submission . On July 17 , 1997 , the Union Monument in Perryville was one of sixty different monuments related to the Civil War in Kentucky placed on the National Register of Historic Places , as part of the Civil War Monuments of Kentucky Multiple Property Submission . Three other monuments on this Multiple Property Submission are also in Boyle County . One of them , the Confederate Monument in Perryville , stands between the Union Monument and the visitor center of the Perryville Battlefield State Historic Site , a few yards away . The Unknown Confederate Dead Monument in Perryville is a mile away on private land at the Goodknight Cemetery . Like the Union monument , it was built in 1928 , much later than the 1902 construction of the Confederate Monument . The other is in downtown Danville , Kentucky : the Confederate Monument in Danville .