naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
MK3 grenade The MK3 offensive hand grenade is a cylindrical concussion grenade designed to produce casualties during close combat while minimizing danger to friendly personnel . The grenade is also used for concussion effects in enclosed areas , for blasting , or for demolition tasks . The shock waves ( overpressure ) produced by this grenade when used in enclosed areas are greater than those produced by the fragmentation grenade . It is , therefore , very effective against enemy soldiers located in bunker s , buildings , and fortified areas . The first version was created in March , 1918 . It was designed to be used during trench assaults to knock out bunkers and clear trenches without producing fragmentation that could injure the user or friendly forces nearby . There are three variants : the basic MK3 , the MK3A1 , and the MK3A2 . They differ in their construction and the type of fuse used . MK3 ( Mk . III Offensive Blast Grenade ) [ 1918 ] . The MK3 had a cardboard body and crimped metal top and bottom . The top has a raised fuze well that was threaded for a fuze assembly . It used the reliable Mk . II fuze , which used a Mills - bomb style striker but with a straight lever . It was replaced by the MK3A1 . It can be identified by its body , which is either plain brown paper or painted black . MK3A1 ( Mk . III A1 Offensive Grenade ) . The MK3A1 had a water - resistant laminated - paper body and top and bottom caps made from die - cast metal . The top had a threaded fuze well in the center . It originally used the M6A1 fuse , which had a 4 to 5 second delay . It was upgraded to the M6A2 fuze in 194 ? , the M6A3 fuze in 194 ? , and the M6A4D fuze in 1944 . The grenade contained 7 ounces [ 0 . 20 kg . ] of flaked TNT filler . It can be identified by its black body and a yellow band pasted across the middle marked " GRENADE , HAND - OFFENSIVE MK . III A1 " in black lettering . It differs from the MK3 in having a fuze well that is flush with the surface of the top cap . The grenades weighed 0 . 69 lbs . each . The MK3 , like all TNT - filled grenades and bombs , were shipped without their fuzes as a safety measure . They were packed in crates of 24 or 50 . Fuzes were shipped separately in boxes containing 25 fuzes . MK3A2 . The MK3A2 has a waterproof asphalt - inpregnated fiberboard cylinder and its top and bottom are made from the same material . The top has a fuze well directly threaded in its center . It originally used the M6A4D fuze , which had a 4 to 5 second delay . This was later replaced with the updated M206 series fuze ( currently using the M206A2 ) , which was smokeless — and noiseless — burning and had a 5 - second delay . It contains an 8 oz . TNT charge . It can be identified by its cylinder , which is in two halves and is secured in the middle with a wide black band . The yellow lettering is printed directly on the surface of the grenade and reads " GRENADE HAND - OFFENSIVE MK3A2 - TNT " . The grenades weigh 0 . 96 lbs . each . They come packed in crates of 30 grenades .
227th ( Sudbury - Manitoulin - Algoma ) Battalion ( Men o ' the North ) , CEF The 227th Battalion , CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War . Based in Sault Ste . Marie , Ontario and Camp Borden , the unit began recruiting in early 1916 on Manitoulin Island and in Algoma . After sailing to England in April 1917 , the battalion was absorbed into the 8th Reserve Battalion on April 22 , 1917 . The 227th Battalion , CEF had one Officer Commanding : Lieut - Col . C . H . LeP . Jones . References . Meek , John F . " Over the Top ! The Canadian Infantry in the First World War . " Orangeville , Ont . : The Author , 1971 .
HMS Derwent ( L83 ) HMS " Derwent " was a Hunt class Type III destroyer escort of the Royal Navy . She was built by Vickers - Armstrongs , Barrow - in - Furness and served during the Second World War . Service history . On 19 March 1943 while anchored in Tripoli harbour , Libya , " Derwent " was hit by a Motobomba ( pattern - running torpedo ) launched by an Italian aircraft . " Derwent " was beached to prevent her from sinking and was later temporarily repaired and towed to England . Some repairs were carried out , but the decision was taken to suspend work in January 1945 and she was reduced to the reserve , and finally scrapped in 1947 .
Black budget A black budget is a budget that is allocated for classified and other secret operations of a nation , a corporation , a society of any form , a national department , and so on . A black budget usually covers expenses related to military research and covert operations . The black budget is mostly classified due to security reasons . United States . The United States Department of Defense has a black budget it uses to fund black project s — expenditures it does not want to disclose publicly . The annual cost of the United States Department of Defense black budget was estimated at $ 32 billion in 2008 but was increased to an estimated $ 50 billion in 2009 . A black budget article by the Washington Post , based on information given by Edward Snowden , detailed how the US allocated $ 52 . 8 billion in 2012 for the black budget .
Siege of Meaux The Siege of Meaux was fought in 1422 between the English and the French during the Hundred Years ' War . The English were led by King Henry V . Henry became ill while fighting this long battle , which took place during the winter months . He died on 31 August as a result . Henry had returned from England in June 1421 with 4 , 000 troops , and he set off immediately to relieve the Duke of Exeter at Paris . The capital was threatened by French forces , based at Dreux , Meaux , and Joigny . The King besieged and captured Dreux quite easily , and then he went south , capturing Vendôme and Beaugency before marching on Orleans . He did not have sufficient supplies to besiege such a large and well defended city , so after three days he went north to capture Villeneuve - le - Roy . This accomplished , Henry marched on Meaux . The town ' s defense was led by the Bastard of Vaurus , by all accounts cruel and evil , but a brave commander all the same . The siege commenced on 6 October 1421 , mining and bombardment soon brought down the walls . Casualties began to mount in the English army , including John Clifford , 7th Baron de Clifford who had been at the siege of Harfleur , the Battle of Agincourt , and received the surrender of Cherbourg . Also killed in the siege was young John Cornwall , only son of famous nobleman John Cornwall , 1st Baron Fanhope . Young John Cornwall was only seventeen when he was killed at the Siege of Meaux . He died next to his father , who witnessed his son ’ s head being blown off by a gun - stone . The English also began to fall sick rather early into the siege , and it is estimated that one sixteenth of the besiegers died from dysentery and smallpox . As the siege continued , Henry himself grew sick , although he refused to leave until the siege was finished . Good news reached him from England that on 6 December , Queen Catherine had borne him a son and heir at Windsor . Being the son of an usurper , this must have pleased Henry greatly , for it strengthened the Lancastrian control of the throne . On 9 March 1422 , the town of Meaux surrendered , although the garrison held out . Under continued bombardment , the garrison gave in as well on 10 March , following a siege of 8 months . The Bastard of Vaurus was decapitated , as was a trumpeter named Orace , who had once mocked Henry . By this time , Henry was quite ill . Shortly after the siege , while en route to Cosne - sur - Loire , he found himself unable to ride , and had to be carried to Vincennes , where he arrived on 10 August . Henry V died at Vincennes 31 August 1422 . He was thirty - five .
Chalkaspides The Chalkaspides ( " Bronze Shields " ) , made up one of the two probable corps of the Antigonid Macedonian phalanx in the Hellenistic period , with the " Leukaspides " ( " White Shields " ) forming the other . Further reading . Plutarch . " Aemilius Paullus , c . 20 " - " Sulla , c . 16 & c . 19 "
USS Puffer ( SSN - 652 ) USS " Puffer " ( SSN - 652 ) , a " Sturgeon " - class attack submarine , was the second ship of the United States Navy to be named for the pufferfish , a fish which inflates its body with air . Construction and commissioning . The contract to build " Puffer " was awarded to Ingalls Shipbuilding in Pascagoula , Mississippi , on 26 March 1963 and her keel was laid down there on 8 February 1965 . She was launched on 30 March 1968 , sponsored by Mrs . John B . Colwell , and commissioned on 9 August 1969 with Commander John M . Will , Jr . , in command . Service history . On May 22 , 1978 a valve was mistakenly opened releasing up to 500 US gallons ( 1 , 900 l ; 420 imp gal ) of radioactive water in the Puget Sound . Prior to the filming of The Hunt for Red October Sean Connery was on board preparing for his role as Capt . Marko Ramius . He was given the status of a commander and was allowed ( while the captain was next to him ) give orders while the boat was underway . ( Ref . IMDB . com ) Decommissioning and disposal . " Puffer " was decommissioned on 12 July 1996 and stricken from the Naval Vessel Register the same day . Her scrapping via the Nuclear - Powered Ship and Submarine Recycling Program at Puget Sound Naval Shipyard at Bremerton , Washington , began on 20 October 1996 and was completed on 28 March 1997 .
Six hundred Franchimontois On the night of 29 October 1468 during the Siege of Liège , some six hundred Franchimontois , men from Franchimont , unsuccessfully attacked the besieging Burgundian army , with the aim of killing or capturing its leaders , Duke Charles the Bold and King Louis XI . In 1468 , the people from Liège were revolting a third time in 4 years time against Burgundian domination . As a reaction , Charles the Bold had led an army towards Liège to deal once and for all with the rebellious city . He was accompanied by King Louis XI of France . When the siege became desperate for the Liègois , they decided to make a night attack with 600 men , led by Vincent de Bueren and Gosuin de Streel , over the Saint Walburga stairs against the sleeping Burgundians . Their aim was to kill the Duke and the King , so that the army would be left leaderless and retreat . The plan failed , and all 600 , including Vincent de Bueren and Gosuin de Streel , were killed . The Saint Walburga stairs were later renamed the " Bueren stairs " . The next day Liège surrendered , and at the command of Charles the Bold , hundreds of Liègois were tied together and thrown into the Meuse river . The city was set alight and is said to have burned for seven weeks . Belgian myth . The story of the 600 Franchimontois has come to us through the chronicler Philippe de Commines , who was present in the Burgundian camp at the Siege of Liège . It is difficult to know the true history behind the story of the 600 Franchimontois , because it has been used since 1831 by the newly independent Kingdom of Belgium as an example of self - sacrifice for the fatherland and of resistance against any invader , no matter how powerful he might be . < br > The story of the 600 Franchimontois was told in every Belgian school . After the German invasion of Belgium in 1914 , King Albert I of Belgium appealed to his soldiers to resist the powerful German war - machine using the phrase : " Flemings , remember the Battle of the Golden Spurs , Walloons , remember the 600 Franchimontois ! " . < br > When the French Community of Belgium was created , the day of the battle , October 29 was seriously considered as a French Community Holiday . All of this makes it very difficult to distinguish truth from fiction . Recent historians have established that the attack did not go over the Bueren stairs , but through the Saint Margaret gate . The number of 600 men is probably also greatly exaggerated and there are even doubts that the men came from Franchimont .
Pompeius Strabo Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo ( 135 BC - 87 BC ) , whose cognomen means " cross eyed " , is often referred to in English as Pompey Strabo to distinguish him from Strabo the geographer . He lived in the Roman Republic and was born and raised into a noble family in Picenum ( modern Marche & Abruzzo ) a rural district in Northern Italy , off the Adriatic Coast . Strabo ’ s mother was called Lucilia . Lucilia ’ s family originated from Suessa Aurunca ( modern Sessa Aurunca ) and she was a sister of satire poet Gaius Lucilius . Lucilius was a friend of Roman general Scipio Aemilianus Africanus . Strabo ’ s paternal grandfather was Gnaeus Pompeius , while his father was Sextus Pompeius . His elder brother was Sextus Pompeius and his sister was Pompeia . Strabo became the first of his branch of the " gens " Pompeia to achieve senatorial status in Rome , despite the anti - rural prejudice of the Roman Senate . After proving his military talent , Strabo climbed the " cursus honorum " and became promagistrate in Sicily 93 BC and consul in the year 89 BC , in the midst of the Social War . Strabo commanded Roman forces against the Italian Allies in the northern part of Italy . His three Roman legion s were instrumental in Rome ' s victory . After his consulship and the war , he retired to Picenum with all of his veteran soldiers . Optimates gave his army to Pompeius Rufus , the new consul . This caused Pompeius Rufus to be murdered by Strabo ’ s soldiers . He remained there until 87 BC , when he responded to the Optimates ' request for help against the Marian Party . Strabo had the habit of playing both ends against the middle in the intense politics of the period . For this Rutilius Rufus referred to him as " the vilest man alive " . In 87 BC Strabo was killed by lightning . His avarice and cruelty had made him hated by the soldiers to such a degree that they tore his corpse from the bier and dragged it through the streets . Cicero describes him ( Brut . 47 ) as " worthy of hatred on account of his cruelty , avarice , and perfidy . " His son took the legions back to Picenum once again . Strabo married and his wife is an unnamed Roman woman . He had a least two children : a son , Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus , also known as Pompey the Great or Pompey the triumvir who married Julia ( the daughter of dictator Gaius Julius Caesar ) as his fourth wife and a daughter called Pompeia . In his honor his name was given to the cities of " Alba Pompeia " and " Laus Pompeia " .
Pakistan Army Museum Pakistan Army Museum ( ) is an army museum located in Rawalpindi . It was opened on October 24 , 1961 to preserve Pakistan Army ' s past through relics and pictures and is one of the largest museums of Pakistan . The museum also contains rare pieces of old - time arms and uniforms to depict transformation of military forces . Some of the surviving Sherman tank s are a part of the museum ' s display .
Gourdou - Leseurre Type A The Gourdou - Leseurre Type A , retrospectively named the GL . 1 , was a prototype fighter aircraft built in France in 1918 . It was a conventional parasol - wing monoplane with fixed tailskid undercarriage , with main units connected by a cross - axle . The pilot sat in an open cockpit . Construction was of fabric - covered wood and steel . Initial flight testing revealed performance superior to most contemporary biplane fighters and led to an order of 100 aircraft being placed . However , further tests suggested that the aircraft structure could be considerably lightened , and that the wing needed to be stiffened , leading to a cancellation of the order . Only a single prototype was built , but this led to the development of the successful Gourdou - Leseurre Type B .
Shinyei Nakamine Shinyei Nakamine ( January 21 , 1920 – June 2 , 1944 ) was a United States Army soldier . He is best known for receiving the Medal of Honor because of his actions in World War II . Early life . Nakamine was born in Hawaii to Japan ese immigrant parents . He is a " Nisei " , which means that he is a second generation Japanese - American . Soldier . One month before the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor , Nakamine joined the US Army in November 1941 . Nakamine volunteered to be part of the all - " Nisei " 100th Infantry Battalion . This army unit was mostly made up of Japanese Americans from Hawaii and the mainland . For his actions in June 1944 , Nakamine was awarded the Army ' s second - highest decoration , the Distinguished Service Cross . Medal of Honor citation . Nakamine received the medal for advancing on enemy forces when his own unit was pinned down . He was subsequently killed during this engagement and was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross which was eventually upgraded to the Medal of Honor upon military review in June 2000 . Rank and organization : Private , U . S . Army , Company B , 100th Infantry Battalion ( Separate ) . Place and date : La Torreto , Italy , June 2 , 1944 . Entered service at : Honolulu , Hawaii . Born : January 21 , 1920 , Waianae , Oahu Citation : Private Shinyei Nakamine distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in action on 2 June 1944 , near La Torreto , Italy . During an attack , Private Nakamine ’ s platoon became pinned down by intense machine gun crossfire from a small knoll 200 yards to the front . On his own initiative , Private Nakamine crawled toward one of the hostile weapons . Reaching a point 25 yards from the enemy , he charged the machine gun nest , firing his submachine gun , and killed three enemy soldiers and captured two . Later that afternoon , Private Nakamine discovered an enemy soldier on the right flank of his platoon ’ s position . Crawling 25 yards from his position , Private Nakamine opened fire and killed the soldier . Then , seeing a machine gun nest to his front approximately 75 yards away , he returned to his platoon and led an automatic rifle team toward the enemy . Under covering fire from his team , Private Nakamine crawled to a point 25 yards from the nest and threw hand grenades at the enemy soldiers , wounding one and capturing four . Spotting another machine gun nest 100 yards to his right flank , he led the automatic rifle team toward the hostile position but was killed by a burst of machine gun fire . Private Nakamine ’ s extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty are in keeping with the highest traditions of military service and reflect great credit on him , his unit , and the United States Army .
RAF Kirkistown RAF Kirkistown is a former Royal Air Force satellite airfield located of Ballyhalbert , County Down , Northern Ireland and It was a satellite to the RAF Fighter Command airfield at Ballyhalbert on the Ards Peninsula . History . RAF Ballyhalbert opened officially on 28 June 1941 and the Kirkistown satellite airfield opened in July 1941 . On 22 January 1942 , No . 504 Squadron RAF moved to Kirkistown . In 1945 Ballyhalbert Airfield transferred to the Admiralty and became a Royal Naval Air Station commissioned as HMS Corncrake . On 17 July 1945 Kirkistown Airfield was commissioned as HMS Corncrake II . Current use . Today the site is home to Kirkistown Circuit , a regular venue for car and motorcycle races . The circuit utilises the northern parts of the former air base ' s runways and perimeter roadways .
Snap matchlock The Snap Matchlock is a type of matchlock mechanism used to ignite early firearms . It was used in Europe from about 1475 to 1640 , and in Japan from 1543 till about 1880 . Description . The serpentine ( a curved lever with a clamp on the end ) was held in firing position by a weak spring , and released by pressing a button , pulling a trigger , or even pulling a short string passing into the mechanism . The slow match held in the serpentine swung into a flash pan containing priming powder . The flash from the flash pan travelled through the touch hole igniting the main propellant charge of the gun . As the match was often extinguished after its relatively violent collision with the flash pan , this type fell out of favour with soldiers , but was often used in fine target weapons . In Japan the first documented introduction of the matchlock which became known as the " tanegashima " was through the Portuguese in 1543 . The " tanegashima " seems to have been based on " snap matchlocks " that were produced in the armory of Goa India , which was captured by the Portuguese in 1510 .
Lucius Theus Lucius Theus ( October 11 , 1922 – October 15 , 2007 ) was a Major General in the United States Air Force . Theus was born in Madison County , Tennessee . According to the Official DEOMI ( Defense Equal Opportunity Management Institute ) website , General Theus chaired the military task force that resulted in Defense Directive 1322 . 11 which in 1971 established the military ' s Race Relations Board and resulted in the founding of the DEOMI then known as the DRRI . His tour of duty began in World War II as a private in the Army Air Corps . It included stops in Tuskegee , Germany , France , Greece , and Vietnam , and led him to command of the Air Force Accounting and Finance Center and an Assistant Directorship of the Defense Security Assistance Agency . He spent much of his military career developing and implementing administrative systems to improve the life of the average airman and soldier . Programs such as direct deposit for military payrolls and better human relations are prime examples . While assigned to the Pentagon , he chaired the inter - service task force where his recommendations led to a Department of Defense - wide race relations education and policy development , and establishment of the forerunner to the Defense Equal Opportunity Management Institute . He retired from the Air Force in 1979 . Gen . Theus was the first African American support officer and the third overall to be appointed general in the U . S . Air Force . He was also the first African American to attend Harvard Business School ’ s Advanced Management Program . He is the recipient of the Distinguished Service Medal with an Oak Leaf Cluster , the Legion of Merit and the Bronze Star . He was inducted into the Enlisted Men ’ s Hall of Fame in 1995 . The Major General Lucius Theus Auditorium at Patrick Air Force Base was dedicated in his honor in 1996 . Gen . Lucius Theus was enshrined into the Michigan Aviation Hall of Fame on October 19 , 1996 for his long and illustrious Air Force administrative career , his unwavering attention to race and human relations in the Armed Services , and his dedication to the nation ’ s young people .
USS Craster Hall ( ID - 1486 ) USS " Craster Hall " ( ID - 1486 ) was a cargo ship that served in the United States Navy from 1918 to 1919 . SS " Craster Hall " was built as a commercial cargo ship at Port Glasgow , Scotland , by William Hamilton and Company for C . G . Dunn and Company , Ltd . , of Liverpool , England . Launched on 4 February 1909 , she was delivered to C . G . Dunn in May 1909 . In 1914 , C . G . Dunn sold her to the United States Steel Products Company of New York City . After the United States entered World War I in 1917 , the United States Shipping Board took control of " Craster Hall " . On 25 April 1918 , the Shipping Board transferred " Craster Hall " for World War I service to the U . S . Navy , which assigned her the naval registry Identification Number ( Id . No . ) 1486 , and commissioned her on 9 May 1918 as USS " Craster Hall " with Lieutenant Commander H . L . Mortensen , USNRF , in command . Assigned to the Naval Overseas Transportation Service , " Craster Hall " made three transatlantic voyages to France between 25 May 1918 and 7 January 1919 , carrying a total of 28 , 112 tons of cargo . She transported steel billet s , mail , flatcar s , United States Army trucks , engines , and airplanes to Bordeaux and Le Verdon - sur - Mer ; U . S . Army supplies to Quiberon , St . Nazaire , and Nantes ; and 353 horses to Pauillac . " Craster Hall " was decommissioned on 5 February 1919 and transferred to the United States Shipping Board the same day for return to the United States Steel Products Company . The ship reentered commercial service as SS " Craster Hall " . She was beached and wrecked on 19 June 1927 after colliding with the Imperial Oil tanker SS " Reginolite " off Talara Point , Peru .