naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
55 S 55 55 S 55 ( also called Raikka ) was a Finnish recoilless anti - tank weapon from the mid - 1950s . The numbers refer to diameter of the launching tube in millimetres and year of entering to service . S stands for Finnish word " sinko " ( recoilless weapon ) . History . During the later stages of World War II , Finland received large shipments of German Panzerfaust s ( F1 and F2 ) and Panzerschreck s . These weapons were used after the war , but soon the need for modern replacement arose . Dr . Ilmari Liikkanen , who worked for the company Raikka Oy , is usually considered to be the person behind the construction of the 55 S 55 ( 55 mm , RCL m / 55 ) . Not much is known about the development process , but it is believed that the Soviet RPG - 2 was a big influence , since the principle is similar . However , the principle differs from the later RPG - 7 because the shots of the 55 S 55 weren ' t rocket - propelled . The 88 millimetre HEAT grenade is capable of penetrating 300 millimetres of RHA + - 40 millimetres . The longest recommendable distance for stationary targets is 200 metres and to moving targets 150 metres . A fragmentation grenade is also available . If capped the fragmentation grenade can penetrate obstacles such as light doors , bushes and windows before exploding . These can be shot up to 700 metres against stationary targets . A rifle calibre practice barrel 7 , 62 X 54 R could be installed inside the launching tube . The aim is optical with stadiametric rangefinder reticule . There ' s provision for illuminating the reticule and the stadia marks . The 55 S 55 was the standard anti - tank weapon of the Finnish Army from late 50s but has been phased out since 1980s giving way to M72 LAW and Apilas . The weapon was operated by a two man team , loader and the gunner . The main disanvantage of the weapon was slow muzzle velocity causing an arched trajectory . This exposed the grenade to wind conditions and branches in covered terrain . Also the smoke and noise when firing could reveal the location making the user ( s ) a target . The weapon had a tendency to nod on launch requiring determined handling .
Battle of Oltenița The Battle of Oltenița , also Battle of Oltenitza was fought on 4 November 1853 during the Crimean War . In this battle an Ottoman army under the command of Omar Pasha defeated the Russian forces . Background . This battle took place during the Danube campaign of the Crimean War . In the build - up to war , Russia had occupied the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia , positioning troops on the ( northern ) left bank of the Danube , the border of Ottoman territory . The Ottoman Empire had responded by moving troops to the right bank to face them . In the centre Russian forces south of Bucharest were faced by Ottoman forces in the fortresses of Rustchuk and Silistria . Following the Ottoman ultimatum on 4 October 1853 to withdraw within 2 weeks , Ottoman forces under Omer Pasha crossed the Danube River from Widin into Kalafat on 28 October 1853 to draw the Russians into the western part of Wallachia . Action . On 2 November 1853 an Ottoman force of 10 , 000 troops under Omer Pasha crossed the Danube in eastern Wallachia and occupied the town of Oltenița , prior to an advance on Bucharest . With the Russians now in western Wallachia fighting the Ottomans at Calafat , the capture of Bucharest would cut off all communications and supply between Russia and those troops . Having captured Oltenița the Ottoman troops moved up the north bank of the Danube to attack the large fort located in the town of Turtukai . This fort was protected by ten ( 10 ) large guns . This fort was captured by the Ottomans . In response , a Russian force under PA Dannenburg was sent to counter attack , arriving at the town on 4 November 1853 . The heavy guns at the fort in Turtukai were used by the Ottomans against the Russians and after a fierce exchange of fire the Russians were thrown back , with heavy casualties . Despite this success , however , the action persuaded Omer that his position was untenable ; he expected Russian reinforcements to arrive , and was concerned about continuing operations with the onset of winter . Accordingly he abandoned the advance on Bucharest and re - crossed the Danube . This was completed by 15 November 1853 . Aftermath . The battle of Oltenitza was the first military engagement of the Crimean War . It resulted in a tactical victory for the Ottoman forces , in that the Russians were driven off , and the Ottoman forces were left in possession of the town . Nevertheless their strategic aim , to advance on Bucharest and drive the Russians from the Principalities , was not accomplished , and the Ottoman forces were obliged to retreat to their start position . The battle was hailed in the European press as an Ottoman triumph , and Russian pride was damaged , but strategically the action had little impact .
David R . Hinson David Russell Hinson ( born March 2 , 1933 ) is an American aircraft pilot and former head of Midway Airlines ( ML ) . David R . Hinson is best known for the three years , 1993 to 1996 , during which he served as Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration ( FAA ) as an appointee of President Bill Clinton . Hinson oversaw the government ' s response to the Valujet Flight 592 crash on May 11 , 1996 in the Florida Everglades . According to the NTSB , the airline had improperly transported cabin chemical - oxygen generators in the cargo hold , which started a fire on board when the initiation pins were jostled and the oxygen generators began to flow . The chemical reaction inside the metal canisters created tremendous heat , ignited tires adjacent to the canisters , and the oxygen fed the fire . Eventually the cabin filled with smoke and fire from the cargo hold area . The findings of the NTSB on the crash were challenged by those who believed that arcing in the electrical wiring system may have caused the fire . Electrical fire incidents occurred with TWA Flight 800 and Swissair Flight 111 , both after the Valujet crash . Mr . Hinson has been involved with flying since 1954 , when he entered flight school with the Navy . After a hitch in the military , he flew as a pilot for Northwest Airlines and as an instructor pilot for United Air Lines . He then spent ten years ( 1963 – 73 ) as Director of Flight Standards and Engineering for Hughes Airwest . In 1973 , he moved on to other ventures , including a distributorship for Beech Aircraft . Then , in 1978 , he joined with three other people to start Midway Airlines ( ML ) , which he served as chairman for six years ( 1985 – 91 ) . While working as the Executive Vice President for Douglas Aircraft , a subsidiary of McDonnell Douglas , President Clinton appointed him to head the FAA . Changes enacted by Hinson included a " One Level of Safety " program , which was intended to raise safety standards for commuter airlines . He now serves on boards at the National Air and Space Museum and the Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association . He continues to fly his own plane , a Beechcraft Duke , and has logged more than 8 , 000 hours in over 70 aircraft types .
Japanese destroyer Okinami On 29 February 1944 while escorting a troop convoy she assisted with sinking USS " Trout " , & assisted in the rescue of 1 , 720 survivors of the " Sakito Maru " . On November 5 , 1944 she was damaged by near misses and strafing during an air attack , and there were 28 casualties . On 13 November 1944 , " Okinami " was sunk in a U . S . air raid on Manila . Suffering one direct bomb hit and several near - misses ; she sank upright in shallow water eight miles ( 15 km ) west of Manila ( ) . There were 14 crewmen killed and 19 wounded .
Cumberland Pontoons Cumberland pontoons were a novel design of pontoon bridges developed during the American Civil War to facilitate the movement of Union forces across the rivers of the Mid - South as the Federal forces advanced southward through Tennessee and Georgia . Early pontoon bridges during the Civil War were heavy and awkward , and required special long - geared pontoon carriers to transport them to the site of the planned river crossing . There were two main types — the French - designed wooden bateau ( known in the army as a " Cincinnati pontoon " ) and the Russian pontoon , a canvas boat . Both types were twenty - two feet in length and took considerable time to set up , requiring several men to lift them into position and pin the individual sections together to form a usable bridge section . Early in 1864 , the commander of the Army of the Cumberland , Major General George H . Thomas , was seeking a light - weight , easy - to - haul and erect pontoon bridge to move his troops across unfordable rivers and streams . Knowing the limitations of the two systems used by the armies in the Western Theater , he had folding , portable pontoons developed . A similar idea had been instigated by his predecessor William S . Rosecrans earlier in the war , but had not been adopted . Captain William E . Merrill , Thomas ' s chief engineer , improved on Rosecrans ' s prototype , making it lighter and stronger . He replaced the pins that held individual sections together with hinges so that the side frame sections folded together instead of separating . The new design yielded a portable boat that was lightweight , small enough to carry on a standard supply wagon , and easy to construct in the field . It was also strong enough to support horse - drawn artillery and fully loaded wagons . These boats soon became popularly known as Cumberland pontoons . Merrill had the first ones constructed in the army ' s engineer workshops in Nashville , Tennessee , under the supervision of Lieutenant James R . Willet . Soon , a train of fifty new boats was transported to the field armies . William T . Sherman used the new bridges extensively during the first two months of the Atlanta Campaign , first laying them across the Etowah River . He later used them during the March to the Sea and the 1865 Carolinas Campaign .
Battle of Puná The Battle of Puná , a peripheral engagement of Francisco Pizarro ' s conquest of Peru , was fought in April 1531 on the island of Puná ( in the Gulf of Guayaquil ) in Ecuador . Pizarro ' s conquistadors , boasting superior weaponry and tactical skill , decisively defeated the island ' s indigenous inhabitants . The battle marked the beginning of Pizarro ' s third and final expedition before the fall of the Inca Empire . Background . The Spanish army , following a long and difficult journey from Panama throughout which many had fallen to virulence , predation , and other hazards , had docked at the Inca city of Tumbes in April . Received with quiet hostility by Incas who had perhaps been alerted to the acts of pillage and plunder committed on the fringes of the Empire by the invaders , the Spaniards , deeming it unsafe to remain in Tumbes , relocated their camp to the nearby island of Puna in preparation for an assault on the Inca city . Initially , the Spanish occupation of the island proceeded without bloodshed . The natives of Puna were a warrior people who , reluctantly bowing before the might of the Inca Empire , had intermittently accepted the status of tributary state , though periods of friction and even open warfare had frequently erupted with the Incas out on the mainland . The path to war was first triggered by Pizarro ' s native interpreters , who warned him , perhaps falsely , that several Punian chiefs had gathered to plan an insurrection . Pizarro had the chiefs captured , interrogated , and , apparently satisfied with their guilt , delivered to their traditional enemies at Tumbes where they were duly massacred by the Incas . Battle . According to Spanish sources , the warrior class of Puná , maddened with rage , immediately rushed to arms and stormed the Spanish camp , charging in the thousands . It seemed that the diminutive Spanish force would surely be overwhelmed and scattered . But what the Spaniards lacked in numbers they eclipsed in armaments and discipline . As the natives approached , many were met head on with deadly rows of lowered pikes , the use of which the Spanish had long mastered in the great wars of Italy and Flanders . Other Punians , charging in confused masses , were cut down and slaughtered in vast numbers by the concerted volleys of orderly musketeers . At length , Hernando Pizarro , sensing the enemy falter , mustered his cavaliers to his standard and spurred his horse into a charge . The Spanish cavalry sliced through native ranks with devastating effect . Within minutes , the Punians were in full rout . The natives regrouped in the island ' s forests and thenceforth waged a guerrilla war to some success , destroying Spanish provisions and waylaying several scouts . Two Spanish ships with reinforcements , however , under the notorious Hernando de Soto , soon arrived by sea ( with at least a hundred volunteers ) , and on these ships the Spaniards , bound for more fruitful conquests on the Peruvian mainland , embarked without incident and sailed back towards Tumbes , arriving there on May 16 , 1532 .
Douglas O - 46 The United States Douglas O - 46 was an observation aircraft used by the United States Army Air Corps and the Philippine Army Air Corps . Design and development . The O - 46A , the last of a long line of Douglas observation planes , was a victim of progress . It was designed to operate from established airfields behind fairly static battle lines as in World War I . However , in 1939 , a report was issued on the O - 46A which stated that it was too slow and heavy to outrun and outmaneuver enemy pursuit aircraft , too heavy to operate from small , wet , unprepared fields , and too large to conceal beneath trees . This report was a forecast of the future , for World War II with its rapidly changing battle lines proved the need for light , maneuverable observation aircraft which could operate from unimproved airstrips . Consequently , in 1942 , the " O " ( observation ) designation was changed to " L " ( liaison ) . The O - 46 was a development of the earlier Douglas O - 43 . The 24th airframe of the O - 43A contract was completed as the XO - 46 prototype , with a revised wing and an engine switch , from the O - 43 ' s inline engine to a radial engine , the Pratt & Whitney R - 1535 - 7 . The Air Corps ordered 90 O - 46As in 1935 . They were built between May 1936 and April 1937 . Operational history . At least 11 O - 46s saw overseas duty ; two were destroyed in the Japan ese raid on Clark Field in the Philippines on 8 December 1941 . The Maryland Air National Guard operated O - 46A ' s off the coast of New Jersey for anti - submarine duty . The remainder were declared obsolete in late 1942 and after that were used primarily in training and utility roles . A proposed variant with a Wright R - 1670 - 3 engine received the designation O - 48 but was not built . Survivors . The only surviving O - 46A ( s / n 35 - 179 ) is currently in storage at National Museum of the United States Air Force at Wright - Patterson AFB near Dayton , Ohio . On 27 November 1942 , O - 46A , " 35 - 179 " , of the 81st Air Base Squadron , landed downwind at Brooks Field , Harlingen , Texas , ran out of runway and overturned . Written off , it was abandoned in place . More than 20 years later it was discovered by the Antique Airplane Association with trees growing through its wings , and in 1967 , it was rescued and hauled to Ottumwa , Iowa . Restoration turned out to beyond the organization ' s capability , and in September 1970 , it was traded to the National Museum of the United States Air Force for a flyable C - 47 . The ( then ) Air Force Museum had it restored at Purdue University , and placed it on display in 1974 , the sole survivor of the 91 O - 46s built .
Harry Pennell Commander Harry Lewin Lee Pennell ( 1882 – 1916 ) was a Royal Navy officer who served on the Terra Nova Expedition . He was responsible for the first sighting of Oates Coast on 22 February 1911 , and named it after Captain Lawrence Oates . He only spent short periods in Antarctica , returning with the " Terra Nova " to wait out the winters of 1911 and 1912 in Lyttleton , New Zealand , and bringing fresh supplies back to Antarctica with each voyage . Pennell was promoted to Commander and assigned to HMS " Queen Mary " in the summer of 1914 , and died 31 May 1916 in the Battle of Jutland , when the ship was sunk by the German ships SMS " Seydlitz " and SMS " Derfflinger " . The Pennell Coast of Victoria Land , Antarctica , is named after him .
Type 279 radar The Type 279 radar was a British naval early warning radar developed during World War II from the Type 79 . with metric air warning set . It had separate Tx and Rx antennas , combined in Type 279M to single antenna operation . This set also had a secondary surface search with surface and aerial gunnery capability and used a Precision Ranging Panel , which passed accurate radar ranges directly to the HACS table ( analog computer ) .
Canadian Forces School of Military Engineering The Canadian Forces School of Military Engineering ( CFSME ) , located at CFB Gagetown in Oromocto , New Brunswick is responsible for the conduct of 85 different courses that span all ranks and occupations within the Combat Engineering and Construction Engineering organizations . CFSME is the Canadian Forces Centre of Excellence in military engineer Training . Originally A6 Canadian Engineering Training Centre , the school was established in Camp Dundurn in Saskatchewan and then moved to Chilliwack , British Columbia to train military engineers for the Canadian Army during the Second World War . The A6 Canadian Engineering Training Centre was renamed the Royal Canadian School of Military Engineering . In 1968 Canada unified its military forces when it merged the Canadian Army , Royal Canadian Air Force and Royal Canadian Navy to create the Canadian Forces . The Royal Canadian School of Military Engineering was renamed the Canadian Forces School of Military Engineering following unification . It also found itself responsible for the military engineering training for all services and components of the Canadian Forces . On the closing of CFB Chilliwack in the late 1990s the school moved to its current location in CFB Gagetown . The school exists as a unit of the Combat Training Centre and it consists of the following sub - units :
Treaty of Breda ( 1650 ) The Treaty of Breda ( 1650 ) was signed on 1 May 1650 between Charles II ( King in exile of England , Scotland and Ireland ) and the Scottish Covenanters during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms . Background . The Scots Covenanters had taken the side of the English Parliament during the English Civil War and had fought a bitter Wars of the Three Kingdoms at home against the Scottish Royalists . However , they were excluded from negotiations by the victorious English Parliament and by 1647 , they despaired of achieving their political goals - the establishment of Presbyterianism in the Three Kingdoms and asserting the civil authority of the Scots Parliament and the General Assembly of the Scottish Kirk ( Presbyterian Church ) . They even suspected that the Parliamentarians would annex Scotland and impose their own " Independent " religious settlement . For this reason , one faction of the Covenanters , the Engagers , signed a secret deal with Charles I called the " Engagement " . However , they were defeated in an attempted invasion of England and even came to blows with fellow Covenanters who wanted a more forthright deal with the King . Treaty . When Charles I was executed in 1649 , the radical Covenanters , or " Kirk Party " , moved to do a new deal with Charles II , the son of the dead King , who was in exile in Breda . The treaty basically granted everything the Kirk Party wanted . Charles II undertook to establish Presbyterianism as the national religion and to recognise the authority of the Kirk ' s General Assembly in civil law in England as it already was in Scotland . Charles also took the Solemn League and Covenant oath of 1643 . Charles was crowned King of Scots in Scone in January 1651 , but by then the terms agreed at Breda were already a dead letter . The army associated with the Kirk Party under David Leslie was destroyed by Oliver Cromwell at the Battle of Dunbar in September 1650 and the English Parliamentarian New Model Army had taken Edinburgh and much of Lowland Scotland . Even a subsequent rapprochement between moderate and radical Covenanters and their former enemies , the Scottish Royalists , was not enough to restore Charles ' throne . He fled the country for France after his defeat at the battle of Worcester in September 1651 . Under the Commonwealth of England , Scotland was annexed , its legislative institutions abolished and Presbyterianism dis - established . There was freedom of religion under the Commonwealth , except for Roman Catholics , but the edicts of the Kirk ' s assemblies were no longer enforced by law , as previously .
Type 88 Surface - to - Ship Missile The Type 88 Surface - to - Ship Missile ( 88式地対艦誘導弾 , SSM - 1 ) is a surface - to - ship missile developed in Japan . Overview . SSM - 1 is an improved and land - launched version of ASM - 1 . The JSDF developed two variants : one air - launched ( ASM - 1C ) and the other ship - launched ( SSM - 1B ) . The basic configuration composes the same launcher vehicles and loader vehicles ( 6 SSM - 1 ) , some radar vehicles , fire control systems , and a command control system . Usually , the SSM - 1 is launched from less than 100 km inland from the seashore .
6 - inch siege gun M1904 6 - inch siege gun model 1904 ( ) was a Russian 152 . 4 mm heavy siege gun . It was produced by " Perm Works " , with a total of about 200 pieces having been built . The gun was utilized in World War I , Russian Civil War and some conflicts of the early 20th century where former parts of Russian empire were involved . It remained in the Red Army inventory , but from early 1930s was being gradually replaced by newer 152 - mm gun M1910 / 30 and 152 - mm gun M1910 / 34 and was retired for good after the 152 - mm howitzer - gun model 1937 ( ML - 20 ) was adopted . A few guns were captured by Finland in the Civil War . Those pieces were also apparently used in the Winter War and the Continuation War . Surviving pieces can be seen in Hämeenlinna and Suomenlinna Artillery Museums , Finland , in the military museum in Brussels , Belgium and in several French fortresses .
Cicero C . Hammock Cicero C . Hammock ( 1823December 15 , 1890 ) was the 22nd and 24th Mayor of Atlanta , Georgia , during the Reconstruction era . Biography . Born in Walton County , Hammock served in the United States Army during the Mexican - American War , where he served with another future mayor , Captain Allison Nelson . After the war , he moved to Oglethorpe County , Georgia where he married , but soon after moved to Atlanta . When the American Civil War began , he entered the Confederate States Army as a commissioned officer . After the war , he returned to Atlanta and began working as a merchant with the firm Langston , Crane & Hammock and later he worked the real estate trade with a prominent office on Whitehall St at Five Points . During his first reconstruction - era term as mayor he inaugurated the city ' s waterworks system and his second term was the first two - year term after Atlanta adopted a new city charter . He served as president of the city water commission from the mid - 1880s until his death .
Mk 47 Striker The Mk 47 Mod 0 or Striker 40 is a 40 mm automatic grenade launcher with an integrated fire control system , capable of launching smart programmable 40 mm shells in addition to various unguided rounds . Design . In addition to being able to fire traditional grenades like the Mk 19 grenade launcher , it can fire smart grenades that can be programmed to air burst after a set distance . A computerized sight allows the user to set this distance . The model is currently being evaluated by the United States armed forces . It is currently in combat use by some United States special operations forces in Afghanistan . As of 2012 the Mk 47 is also fielded by the Israel Defense Forces , replacing the Mk 19 currently in service .