naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
22nd Panzer Division ( Wehrmacht ) The 22nd Panzer Division was a German Panzer Division in World War II . It was formed September 1941 in France . It was transferred to the southern sector of the Eastern Front in March 1942 . The 22nd was the last Panzer Division to be issued with the Czech - built Panzer 38 ( t ) , which was considered under - gunned , under - armoured and obsolete by 1942 . After an initial disastrous attack on 20 March , in which the division ' s units lost 30 - 40 % of their personnel , the division remained in the Crimea and took part in Manstein ' s Unternehmen Trappenjagd ( Operation Bustard Hunt ) . In May 1942 , the division was sent north to the Kharkov area and then took part in the 1942 summer offensive against Soviet forces in the Don River bend leading to the Battle of Stalingrad . The 22nd fought in the Battle of Rostov on 23 July 1942 . Together with the 1st Romanian Armoured Division ( equipped with the also obsolete R2 , similar to Panzer 35 ( t ) ) , the 22nd Panzer Division comprised the XXXXVIII Panzer Corps and was next tasked with defending the northern flank of the ill - fated German 6th Army at Stalingrad . Lieutenant General Ferdinand Heim was the corps commander . On November 19 , 1942 , Operation Uranus began . The great Soviet counter - offensive encircled the German 6th Army and much of the 4th Panzer Army and smashed the XXXXVIII Panzer Corps , including the 22nd Panzer Division . Many of the division ' s tanks had been parked in dugouts for an extended period of time and protected from the frost by straw . When the tanks were called on to respond to the Soviet offensive , many could not be started because mice had sought refuge in the straw and then in the tanks where they chewed up the insulation of electric system wires . The ability of the division to put up effective resistance was also compromised by the prior piecemeal deployment of division assets to shore up the Romanian line . According to Beevor , the division had as few as 30 serviceable Panzer 38t ' s with which to meet the onslaught of the T - 34 s of the Soviet 1st Tank Corps . Contradictory orders directing the panzers in two different directions only aggravated an already hopeless situation . After desperate fighting around the Russian town of Petshany 19 – 22 November 1942 , the 22nd was virtually destroyed with survivors making their way southwest to and across the river Chir to join various " ad hoc " Kampfgruppe n . For its part , the Romanian 1st Armored Division lost 60 % of its combat strength and crossed the Chir River with only nineteen of its original eighty four serviceable R - 2s . The 22nd Panzer Division was subsequently disbanded in April 1943 . General Heim was relieved of command and retired in disgrace only to be recalled to active duty in 1944 to command the hopeless defense of Boulogne , France .
Kenneth E . Stumpf Kenneth Edward Stumpf ( born September 28 , 1944 ) is a retired United States Army soldier and a recipient of the United States military ' s highest decoration — the Medal of Honor — for his actions in the Vietnam War . Biography . Stumpf joined the Army from Milwaukee , Wisconsin , and by April 25 , 1967 was serving as a Specialist Four in Company C , 1st Battalion , 35th Infantry Regiment , 25th Infantry Division . On that day , near Duc Pho in the Republic of Vietnam , Stumpf rescued three wounded comrades despite heavy fire and single - handedly disabled an enemy bunker . He was subsequently promoted to Staff Sergeant and awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions during the battle . Stumpf reached the rank of Sergeant Major before retiring from the Army . Medal of Honor citation . Staff Sergeant Stumpf ' s official Medal of Honor citation reads : For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity in action at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty . SSG Stumpf distinguished himself while serving as a squad leader of the 3d Platoon , Company C , on a search and destroy mission . As SSG Stumpf ' s company approached a village , it encountered a North Vietnamese rifle company occupying a well fortified bunker complex . During the initial contact , 3 men from his squad fell wounded in front of a hostile machinegun emplacement . The enemy ' s heavy volume of fire prevented the unit from moving to the aid of the injured men , but SSG Stumpf left his secure position in a deep trench and ran through the barrage of incoming rounds to reach his wounded comrades . He picked up 1 of the men and carried him back to the safety of the trench . Twice more SSG Stumpf dashed forward while the enemy turned automatic weapons and machineguns upon him , yet he managed to rescue the remaining 2 wounded squad members . He then organized his squad and led an assault against several enemy bunkers from which continuously heavy fire was being received . He and his squad successfully eliminated 2 of the bunker positions , but one to the front of the advancing platoon remained a serious threat . Arming himself with extra hand grenade s , SSG Stumpf ran over open ground , through a volley of fire directed at him by a determined enemy , toward the machinegun position . As he reached the bunker , he threw a hand grenade through the aperture . It was immediately returned by the occupants , forcing SSG Stumpf to take cover . Undaunted , he pulled the pins on 2 more grenades , held them for a few seconds after activation , then hurled them into the position , this time successfully destroying the emplacement . With the elimination of this key position , his unit was able to assault and overrun the enemy . SSG Stumpf ' s relentless spirit of aggressiveness , intrepidity , and ultimate concern for the lives of his men , are in the highest traditions of the military service and reflect great credit upon himself and the U . S . Army .
John Winebrenner Rife John Winebrenner Rife ( August 14 , 1846 – April 17 , 1908 ) was a Republican member of the U . S . House of Representatives from Pennsylvania . Biography . John W . Rife was born in Middletown , Pennsylvania . He attended the common schools , and learned the trade of tanner . Rife enlisted July 15 , 1864 , as a private in Company D , One Hundred and Ninety - fourth Regiment , Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry , and served until honorably discharged on November 6 , 1864 . He served as a member of the city council of Middletown in 1871 , and as burgess of Middletown in 1877 and 1878 . He served as a member of the Pennsylvania State House of Representatives in 1885 and 1886 . He served as president of the Middletown & Hummelstown Railroad Co . Rife was elected as a Republican to the Fifty - first and Fifty - secondCongresses . He was not a candidate for renomination . He died in Middletown , Pennsylvania . Interment in Middletown Cemetery .
Bloody Wednesday ( Poland ) Bloody Wednesday ( ) refers to the events of 15 August 1906 in the ( Congress ) Kingdom of Poland , where the Combat Organization of the Polish Socialist Party ( OB PPS ) carried out a series of attacks on Russians , primarily police officers and informants . This took place in the context of the Revolution in the Kingdom of Poland ( 1905 – 1907 ) , and represented one of the biggest actions in the history of OB PPS . Events . The aim of OB PPS was to stop repressions following in the wake of the revolution , and demonstrate its strength to the Russian government . It organized a series of simultaneous attacks on Russian officials , primarily policemen , in the Russian partition of Poland that occurred on August 15 , 1906 . There were about 100 incidents , with attacks reported in 18 , 19 or 20 cities and towns . Sources vary significantly with regards to the number of fatalities , reporting about 80 , 70 , 51 , 29 or 19 fatalities among Russian officials ( primarily policeman ) and informants ( see Okhrana ) , and 43 or 69 injured . In Warsaw alone , sources note " over 100 civilian casualties " , another notes 50 Russian policemen killed and 100 wounded , yet another talks of about 200 fatalities . There , an OB PPS group led by Henryk Baron attacked police offices and clashed with Cossacks military unit , which led to a panic in the Russian garrison , suspecting an uprising , and the retreat of some military units from the town . There was also a demonstration at the Grzybowski Square . Another large assault took place in Łódź , where a 25 - strong OB PPS group under F . Lipiński attacked a police station , and ambushed several patrols . Aftermath . Three days later , on 18 August 1906 , OB PPS carried out another of its landmark operations , when OB PPS female activist , Wanda Krahelska - Filipowicz , attempted a failed assassination of the Russian Governor - general of Warsaw , Georgi Skalon , in Warsaw . OB PPS was not fully united behind this operation ; it was notably opposed by Józef Piłsudski . Other , more moderate organizations like Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania and Bund were also critical of this operation . The Russian response was a new wave of arrests and persecution of anti - state activists . The Imperial Russian Army terrorized worker districts in Warsaw , Łódź and other towns ; the most infamous if the reprisal actions was the Russian - organized Siedlce pogrom on 8 – 10 September 1906 . Those events became among the best known actions of the OB PPS . They were also among the biggest terrorist - like events in the history of OB PPS . It also marked the high point of OB PPS activity , which would wind down over the next year or so .
Gabrielle Petit Gabrielle Alina Eugenia Maria Petit ( 20 February 1893 – 1 April 1916 ) was a Belgian woman who spied for the British Secret Service during World War I . Executed in 1916 , she became a Belgian national heroine after the war ' s end . Life . Petit was born on 20 February 1893 in Tournai to working class parents . She was raised in a Catholic boarding school in Brugelette following her mother ' s early death . At the outbreak of the First World War , she was living Brussels as a saleswoman . She immediately volunteered to serve with the Belgian Red Cross . < ref name = " Postcards " / Petit ' s espionage activities began in 1914 , when she helped her wounded soldier fiancé , Maurice Gobert , cross the border into the Netherlands to be reunited with his regiment . She passed along to British Intelligence information about the German army acquired during the trip . They soon hired her , gave her brief training , and sent her to spy on the Imperial German Army . She proceeded to collect information about enemy troop movements using a number of false identities . She was also an active distributor of the clandestine newspaper " La Libre Belgique " and assisted the underground mail service " Mot du Soldat " . She helped several young men across the Dutch border . Petit was betrayed by a German who presented himself as Dutch and arrested by the German military in February 1916 . She was tried and convicted for espionage , with a death sentence imposed on the following 1 March . During her trial , Petit refused to reveal the identities of her fellow agents , despite offers of full amnesty . Petit was imprisoned at St . Gilles Prison in Brussels . On 1 April 1916 she was shot by a firing squad at the execution field in Schaerbeek . Her body was buried on the grounds there . Legacy . Petit ' s story remained unknown until after the war , when she began to be seen as a martyr for the nation . In May 1919 a state funeral was held for her , attended by Queen Elisabeth of Belgium , Cardinal Mercier of Brussels and Prime Minister Léon Delacroix , after which her remains ( and those of fellow agents A . Bodson and A . Smekens ) were buried with full military honors at Schaerbeek Cemetery . A statue of Petit was erected in Brussels . In her native Tournai , a square was named after her . Several books were written and films were made about her life after the war .
Indirect approach The indirect approach was a military strategy described and chronicled by B . H . Liddell Hart after World War I , was Liddell Hart ' s attempt to find a solution to the problem of high casualty rates in conflict zones with high force to space ratios , such as the Western Front on which he served . The strategy calls for armies to advance along the line of least resistance . It is best described in this quote from his papers referring to the theory . In Strategy the longest way around is often the shortest way there . A direct approach to the object exhausts the attacker and hardens the resistance by compression , where as an indirect approach loosens the defender ' s hold by upsetting his balance . There were two fundamental principles which governed the indirect approach . While he originally developed the theory for infantry , contact with J . F . C . Fuller helped change his theory more towards tanks . The indirect approach would become a major factor in the development of blitzkrieg . Often misunderstood , the indirect approach is not a treatise against fighting direct battles ; it was still based on the Clausewitzian ideal of direct combat and the destruction of an enemy force by arms . It was in reality an attempt to create a doctrine for the remobilisation of warfare after the costly attrition of the strategic stalemate of the First World War .
445th Bombardment Squadron The 445th Bombardment Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit . Its last was assigned to the 321st Bombardment Wing , stationed at Pinecastle Air Force Base , Florida . It was inactivated on 25 October 1961 . History . Activated in mid - 1942 as a B - 25 Mitchell medium bomber squadron , trained by Third Air Force in the southeastern United States . Deployed to the Mediterranean Theater of Operations ( MTO ) , being assigned to Twelfth Air Force in Algeria in early 1943 . In North Africa , the squadron engaged primarily in support and interdictory operations , bombing marshalling yards , rail lines , highways , bridges , viaducts , troop concentrations , gun emplacements , shipping , harbors , and other objectives in North Africa . The squadron also engaged in psychological warfare missions , dropping propaganda leaflets behind enemy lines . Took part in the Allied operations against Axis forces in North Africa during March – May 1943 , the reduction of Pantelleria and Lampedusain islands during June , the invasion of Sicily in July , the landing at Salerno in September , the Allied advance toward Rome during January – June 1944 , the invasion of Southern France in August 1944 , and the Allied operations in northern Italy from September 1944 to April 1945 . Inactivated in Italy after the German Capitulation in September 1945 . Reactivated as part of the Air Force Reserve in 1947 and equipped with A - 26 / B - 26 Invader medium bombers , then inactivated in 1949 due to budget cuts . Was reactivated in 1953 as a Strategic Air Command B - 47 Stratojet squadron . Trained in air refueling and strategic bombardment operations with the B - 47 . in 1961 , the squadron began transferring its B - 47s to other SAC wings and became non - operational as part of the phaseout of the B - 47 .
Arthur Dewey Struble Arthur Dewey Struble ( June 28 , 1894 – May 1 , 1983 ) was a United States admiral who served in World War II and the Korean War . Biography . Struble was born in Portland , Oregon . Following graduation from high school in Portland , he entered the United States Naval Academy in 1911 and was commissioned with the rank of Ensign in June 1915 . Over the next six years , he served in two cruiser s , a supply ship and three destroyer s . In 1921 – 23 , Struble was an instructor at the Naval Academy , then served in the battleship " California " ( BB - 44 ) until 1925 , when he was assigned to the Battle Fleet staff . From 1927 until 1940 , he served twice in Navy Department billets , twice on seagoing flag staffs , in " New York " ( BB - 34 ) and " Portland " ( CA - 33 ) , and at the 12th Naval District . In 1940 - 41 , he was Executive Officer of " Arizona " ( BB - 39 ) . Captain Struble next commanded the light cruiser " Trenton " ( CL - 11 ) in the Pacific . Leaving " Trenton " in May 1942 , Struble had duty in the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations until late 1943 , when he became Chief of Staff to Rear Admiral Alan G . Kirk , who was responsible for U . S . Navy participation in the Normandy Invasion of June 1944 . Rear Admiral Struble was assigned to command a Seventh Fleet amphibious group in August 1944 , and participated in the invasion of Leyte the following October . Over the next several months , he commanded or participated in landing operations at Ormoc Bay , Mindoro , Luzon and elsewhere in the Philippines . In September 1945 , following the end of the Pacific war , Struble commanded the Pacific Fleet ' s mine force as it began the long process of clearing mines from the former combat zone . He commanded the Amphibious Force , Pacific Fleet , during 1946 – 48 . Promoted to Vice Admiral in April 1948 , Struble served for two years as Deputy Chief of Naval Operations . In May 1950 he took command of the Seventh Fleet , leading that force through the difficult first year of the Korean War , including the landings at Inchon and Wonsan . For a year , beginning in March 1951 , Vice Admiral Struble was Commander , First Fleet , then served briefly with the Joint Chiefs of Staff before being assigned successively to head the U . S . Naval and U . S . Military delegations to the United Nations ' Military Staff Committee . From June 1955 , he was Commander Eastern Sea Frontier and Commander Atlantic Reserve Fleet . Upon his retirement from active duty in July 1956 , he was advanced to the rank of Admiral on the basis of his combat awards . Admiral Arthur D . Struble died on May 1 , 1983 .
Mishaum Point Military Reservation Mishaum Point Military Reservation was a coastal defense site located in Dartmouth , Massachusetts . History . The Mishaum Point Military Reservation was built on state land . Its mission was to protect the Cape Cod Canal and New Bedford Harbor from possible air and naval attack . It never did have to fire its guns , but it did play an important part in the defense of the canal . The site also contained a Harbor Entrance Control Post and a fire control tower . Site now . Nothing remains of the site today , as it is now the site of a mansion .
307th Air Refueling Squadron The 307th Air Refueling Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit . It was last assigned to the 410th Bombardment Wing , stationed at K . I . Sawyer AFB , Michigan . It was inactivated on 1 August 1990 . History . The 307th ARS was first activated in June 1950 and attached to the 307th Bombardment Wing at MacDill Air Force Base , Florida . The unit , however , was located at Davis - Monthan AFB , Arizona for flying . The 307th gained its crews and equipment from the inactivated 2d Air Refueling Squadron ( which later started up again at Hunter AFB , Georgia ) . 307th crews flew the KB - 29M Superfortress , a British grappling hose - type refueling aircraft . On 1 Aug 1951 , the people and equipment inactivated and stayed at Davis - Monthan to form the 9th Air Refueling Squadron . In August 1951 , upon relocating to Walker Air Force Base , New Mexico , the 307th refueled other aircraft by using the KB - 29P Superfortress , a boom type refueling system developed by Boeing . It was at Walker that the squadron performed the first U . S . Air Force over - water fighter refueling mission . Many people assigned to the squadron during this time participated in Project Ivy , the atomic tests in the Pacific . After relocating to Bergstrom Air Force Base , Texas , the unit performed refueling missions for the 27th Fighter - Escort Wing F - 84 Thunderjet aircraft within the 42d Air Division . However , when everyone but one officer and one airman were reassigned , the squadron was inactivated on 18 November 1953 . Just six months later , the unit was reactivated and flew out of Maxwell Air Force Base , Alabama , with KC - 97 Stratotanker aircraft . Another six months later , after being a tenant unit , the squadron was happy to move to Lincoln Air Force Base , Nebraska , and rejoin the 307th Bombardment Wing . From 1955 to 1960 the 307th deployed to numerous bases outside the United States , providing tanker support for Strategic Air Command ( SAC ) forces . In June 1960 the unit moved once again to Selfridge Air Force Base , Michigan . After performing , for ten years , refueling commitments on a global scale , the squadron was inactivated on 25 June 1966 . On 30 September 1985 , the 307th was reactivated at a formal ceremony at K . I . Sawyer Air Force Base , Michigan . The squadron , assigned to the 410th Bombardment Wing at Sawyer , was flying for the first time , the KC - 135A Stratotanker . The unit inactivated on 1 August 1990 .
Narwar Fort Narwar Fort is situated atop a hill , at Narwar in Madhya Pradesh , about 500 feet above ground level spread over an area of 8 km² , which stands on a steep scarp of the Vindhya Range . Kachwaha Rajput s are said to have built ( or rebuilt ) the fort when they occupied Narwar in the 10th century . Kachwaha , Parihara , and Tomara Rajput s held Narwar successively from 12th century onwards , until its capture by the Mughals in the 16th century . It was conquered by the Maratha chief Scindia in the early 19th century . It is now in a dilapidated condition , but the remains suggest that , in the flourishing days , it might have been only second to the Gwalior Fort in magnificence . The interior of the fort is divided by cross walls into four ' ahata ' and ' dholaahata ' . The architecture of the fort and palaces is basically Rajput in style with flat ceiling , fluted columns and multifold arches . The inner walls of the palaces have been decorated with bright paint and glass beads . Near the fort are the Jai Stambha , Sati monument , Ladu bungalow , Chhip Mahal , Makardwaj Tal , Kacheri mahal , Sikandar Lodi ' s Mosque , Shehenshah Anas Khan Joshi ' s Tomb and Jail Kambha . Traditionally said to have been the capital of Raja Nala of the Sanskrit epic Mahabharata , the town was called Nalapura until the 12th century . Outside the walled town are memorial pillars of the Tomar chiefs .