naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Boeing XB - 38 Flying Fortress The XB - 38 Flying Fortress was a single example conversion of a production B - 17E Flying Fortress , testing whether the Allison V - 1710 V type engine could be substituted for the standard Wright R - 1820 radial engine during early World War II . Design and development . The XB - 38 was the result of a modification project undertaken by Boeing and Vega ( a subsidiary of Lockheed ) on a B - 17 Flying Fortress to fit it with liquid - cooled Allison V - 1710 - 89 V - type engines . It was meant as an improved version of the B - 17 , and a variant that could be used if air - cooled Wright R - 1820 radial engines became scarce . Completing the modifications took less than a year , and the XB - 38 made its first flight on May 19 , 1943 . Only one prototype was built , and it was developed from an existing B - 17 bomber . While the XB - 38 delivered a slightly higher top speed , after a few flights it had to be grounded due to a problem with engine manifold joints leaking exhaust gases . Following the fixing of this problem , testing continued until the ninth flight on June 16 , 1943 . During this flight , the third ( right inboard ) engine caught fire , and the crew was forced to bail out . The XB - 38 was destroyed and the project was canceled , in part because the V - 1710 engines were needed for other projects such as the P - 38 Lightning , P - 39 Airacobra , P - 40 Warhawk , P - 51 A Mustang , and P - 63 Kingcobra fighter aircraft .
9th New York Heavy Artillery Regiment The 9th New York Heavy Artillery Regiment was a regiment in the American Civil War . History . The regiment was originally mustered in on September 8 , 1862 as the 138th New York Infantry Regiment , was quickly taken to Washington D . C . to be used in the defenses of the nation ' s capitol . On December 19 , 1862 , it was redesignated as the 9th New York Heavy Artillery Regiment . On February 5 , 1863 , an additional Company M was created within the regiment with the transfer of the 22d N . Y . Volunteer Battery . Company L was organized in Albany between November 4 and December 9 , 1863 . Amongst the regimental commanders , William H . Seward , Jr . stands out as he is the son of then Secretary of State William H . Seward . The Regiment was divided into three battalions . After the formation of the regiment , its duties were the protection of the capitol . After General Ulysses S . Grant took command of the Union Army , most of the troops defending the capitol , including the 9th New York Heavy Artillery , were called to bolster troop numbers . Beginning with in Cold Harbor , two of the battalions joined with the VI Corps and the Army of the Potomac , while one remained behind to guard the capitol . Timeline . Defense of Washington D . C . ( September 1862 - May 1864 ) May 18 , 1864 : Joined the Army of the Potomac Overland Campaign ( May through June 1864 ) Shenandoah Valley Campaign of 1864 ( August 7 - November 28 ) Siege of Petersburg ( December 1864 - April 1865 ) Appomattox Campaign ( March 28 - April 9 ) Regiment losses . Regiment losses included 10 Officers and 204 Enlisted men killed or mortally wounded . 247 Enlisted men died by disease . The total deaths were 461 Total , not including wounded casualties . Post War . After the war , the soldiers of the Regiment not eligible for discharge from service were transferred to the 2nd New York Volunteer Artillery Regiment . They formed four companies , I , K , L and M .
German submarine U - 656 German submarine " U - 656 " was a German World War II Type VIIC U - boat built for the German Kriegsmarine for service during World War II . She was ordered on 9 October 1939 and the keel laid on 4 September 1940 . Construction on " U - 656 " was carried out by Hamburg company Howaldtswerke in Yard 805 . She was launched on 8 July 1941 and commissioned on 17 September 1941 . " U - 656 " went into service initially with 5th U - boat Flotilla for training from September 1941 until December 1941 . She moved into operational service with 1st U - boat Flotilla on 1 January 1942 , and was commanded by Ernst Kröning . " U - 656 " made two patrols , but did not sink any ships . Her first patrol lasted almost two weeks : after departing Kiel on 15 January 1942 , she put in at Brest , France on 28 January . The submarine departed Brest on 4 February , but never completed her second patrol . She was sunk with all hands by depth charge s dropped by a United States Navy Lockheed Hudson of patrol squadron VP - 82 on 1 March 1942 south of Cape Race , Newfoundland . " U - 656 " became the first U - boat to be sunk by the U . S . Navy in World War II .
Eugene A . Greene Eugene A . Greene ( 1921 – 1942 ) was a United States Navy officer who received the Navy Cross posthumously for his actions in the Battle of Midway during World War II . Biography . Greene was born in 21 November 1921 in Smithtown , New York . He enlisted in the United States Naval Reserve on 13 January 1941 , and after aviation training , was commissioned ensign on 30 August 1941 . Serving as a Douglas SBD Dauntless dive bomber pilot in Bombing Squadron 6 ( VB - 6 ) based on the aircraft carrier USS " Enterprise " ( CV - 6 ) , Greene was killed in action on 4 June 1942 in the Battle of Midway . He distinguished himself in breaking through heavy Japan ese fighter and antiaircraft opposition to dive - bomb an Imperial Japanese Navy aircraft carrier . Awards . Ensign Greene was awarded the Navy Cross posthumously for his selfless heroism . Namesakes . In 1943 , the name " Eugene A . Greene " was assigned to the U . S . Navy destroyer escort USS " Eugene A . Greene " ( DE - 549 ) . Her construction was cancelled in 1944 before she could be completed . In 1944 , the destroyer USS " Eugene A . Greene " ( DD - 711 ) was named in his honor . She was in commission from 1945 to 1972 .
Harold John Ellison Harold John Ellison ( 17 January 1917 - 4 June 1942 ) was a naval aviator and member of Torpedo Squadron 8 , the whole of which was lost during the Battle of Midway . Naval career . Harold Ellison was born in Buffalo , New York , and was appointed Ensign 20 October 1941 after completing flight training . Soon afterwards he reported to Torpedo Squadron 8 on board the aircraft carrier USS " Hornet " ( CV - 8 ) . In the pivotal Battle of Midway on 4 June 1942 Ellison , piloting a Douglas TBD - 1 Devastator torpedo bomber , and his comrades led a torpedo attack on Japan ese ships , pressing home the attack without fighter cover and knowing they had insufficient fuel to return to " Hornet " . Though no hits were scored and all of the squadron s aircraft were shot down in this first attack , its torpedo bombers and those of Torpedo Squadron 6 and Torpedo Squadron 3 diverted the Japanese ships , decoyed their combat air patrol s away from U . S . Navy dive bomber s which attacked the Japanese aircraft carriers very successfully soon afterward , and thus contributed importantly to the great American victory in the battle . Ensign Ellison was classified as " presumed dead " on 5 June 1942 . Awards . Ensign Ellison received the Navy Cross posthumously for his gallantry at Midway . Namesakes . The U . S . Navy destroyer escort USS " Harold J . Ellison " ( DE - 545 ) was named in honor of Ensign Ellison , but was cancelled in 1944 while under construction . The destroyer USS " Harold J . Ellison " ( DD - 864 ) then was named for him , and was in commission from 1945 to 1983 .
USS Arval ( SP - 1045 ) USS " Arval " ( SP - 1045 ) was a United States Navy patrol vessel in commission from 1917 to 1919 . " Arval " was built as a private motorboat of the same name in 1911 by the Stamford Motor Construction Company at Stamford , Connecticut . On 1 November 1917 , the U . S . Navy acquired her from her owner , Donald N . Test , for use as a section patrol boat during World War I . She was commissioned the same day at Chicago , Illinois , as USS " Arval " ( SP - 1045 ) with Ensign Franklin Smith , USNRF , in command . " Arval " departed Chicago on the day of her commissioning and arrived at Charleston , South Carolina , on 7 November 1917 . Assigned to the 6th Naval District section patrol and based at Wilmington , North Carolina , " Arval " patrolled the coastal waters of North Carolina through the end of World War I . In January 1919 , " Arval " moved north to New York City . She was decommissioned and returned to her owner on 27 February 1919 , and stricken from the Navy List the same day .
RMS Arabia RMS " Arabia " was a P & O passenger liner torpedoed on 6 November 1916 by the German submarine . It also had the first children ' s playroom when launched . She was built 1898 at Caird & Co in Greenock to carry 480 passengers and served mostly on the Australian trade . There are very few records of the vessel , but a sister ship , ( the " Egypt " ) is described as " length 500ft x beam 54 . 4ft , two funnels , single screw , speed 16 knots " . It was on a homeward bound journey from Fremantle and was destined for England when it was sunk without warning by a German U - boat 300 miles off the coast of Malta towards the Greek peninsula Cape Matapan . Eleven of the crew were killed in the sinking . 187 Australians were on board the " Arabia " , and the sinking helped surge volunteer enlistment in the Australian armed forces .
Troop sergeant major A troop sergeant major ( TSM ) is the senior non - commissioned officer in a Royal Artillery troop of the British Army , usually holding the rank of warrant officer class 2 . This differs from a cavalry troop or infantry platoon , in which the highest - ranking non - commissioned officer ( NCO ) is usually a sergeant . Troop sergeant majors in the cavalry . The appointment was formerly current in British cavalry units . It was introduced in 1813 to replace the quartermaster as the senior NCO of a troop , and was roughly equivalent to a colour sergeant in the infantry . As the squadron replaced the troop as the main tactical and administrative division of the regiment , so the squadron sergeant major superseded the troop sergeant major . It was revived in 1938 as an appointment of the short - lived rank of warrant officer class III ( WOIII ) . The new troop sergeant major , and his infantry counterpart , the platoon sergeant major , were part of an experiment in giving experienced NCOs command of units formerly reserved for commissioned officer s ( troops and platoons ) . The experiment was not considered a success , and no promotions were made to the rank after 1940 : most existing WOIIIs were commissioned as lieutenants . The old appointment is presumably why staff sergeant s are referred to and addressed as " Sergeant Major " in British cavalry regiment s . A staff sergeant can command a cavalry troop , in the same way as the old WOIII troop sergeant majors .
AIM - 120 AMRAAM The AIM - 120 Advanced Medium - Range Air - to - Air Missile Or AMRAAM , known by flight crews as the " Slammer " , is a modern air - air missile . Developed in the 80 and considered the missile currently in use more deadly , the AIM - 120 AMRAAM has the characteristics of the missile ideal , fast and maneuverable as a weapon for air combat at close range and scope precision of a guided weapon radar . The type BVR ( Beyond Visual Range or beyond visual range ) allows the pilot to fire it without the enemy plane is in their visual field , guided to the target by a triple system : at the time of its release is ordered directly from computer game ; during the middle phase of flight , passes to an inertial navigation system , completely passive and therefore immune to countermeasures ; as it approaches the point set for the interception , activates its own active radar that directs it to the goal . Once in range , a fuse approach laser - radar explodes the warhead that scatters a circle of fragments passing through the target . Its propulsion is guaranteed by an engine rocket propellant solid that accelerates to Mach 4 and its scope of action ranges from 50 km to 165 km against aircraft in the attack , depending on the version and speed of the aircraft launcher , or 10 – 30 km against aircraft in flight . Despite its superior range AIM - 120 is considerably smaller and almost 30 % lighter than its predecessor , allowing each fighter can carry more missiles and facilitating its handling by ground personnel . Entered service in the USAF in 1991 and had his baptism of fire the following year , when some F - 15 shot down two Iraq jets that violated the security zone established by UN During Gulf War . The latest version , the AIM - 120D , is currently undergoing vibration testing in F - 22 Raptor . The ability of this game to fly above the speed of sound without afterburning , Called supercruse , increases the range of the missile by 50 % due to initial velocity at launch . This results in a range of 75 km for the AIM - 120C5 , 112 km to the AIM - 120C7 and 165 km to the AIM - 120D .
USS Mohawk ( YT - 17 ) The third USS " Mohawk " ( YT ‑ 17 ) , later renamed USS " YT - 17 and USS " YTL - 17 , was a tug that served in the United States Navy from 1898 to 1946 . " Mohawk " was built as the civilian tug " T . P . Fowler " in 1893 by T . S . Marval and Company , Newburgh , New York . She was acquired by the U . S . Navy from Cornell Steamboat Company on 23 April 1898 for service in the Spanish - American War , commissioned as USS " Mohawk " , and assigned to the 5th Naval District . " Mohawk " operated in and around Norfolk Navy Yard , Norfolk , Virginia , for nearly half a century , making several voyages a year to naval installations throughout the Potomac River and Chesapeake Bay area , serving the fleet by towing barges and aiding naval vessels . Designated YT ‑ 17 in 1920 , her name was changed from USS " Mohawk " to USS " YT - 17 " in 1942 . " YT ‑ 17 " was renamed USS " YTL ‑ 17 " in 1944 and continued service at Norfolk through the end of World War II . " YTL - 17 " was turned over to the War Shipping Administration for disposal on 1 October 1946 and sold to W . S . Sanders , Norfolk , Va . , in 1948 . She was subsequently resold to H . B . Stone of Wilmington , North Carolina . She was declared derelict in 1969 and sunk as an artificial reef off Wrightsville Beach , N . C . in 1970 , approximate position of the wreck is 34° 02 . 000 ’ N , 077° 52 . 000 ’ W .
Revolutionary Armed Forces of the Sahara Revolutionary Armed Forces of the Sahara ( ) is a Toubou militant group in Niger , presumably of separatist intentions , who kidnapped two Italian tourists in August 2006 . Boubakar Mohamed Sogoma , ethnically Toubou , is a commander of FARS in 2008 .
Sham Singh Atariwala Sham Singh Attariwala ( died 1846 ) was a general for the Sikh Empire and is famous for his last stand at the Battle of Sobraon . He joined the Sikh military in 1817 and during the Afghan - Sikh Wars participated in the Battle of Attock , Battle of Multan , Battle of Peshewar , and the 1819 Kashmir expedition . His daughter was married to Prince Nau Nihal Singh and he served on the council of regency for Maharajah Dalip Singh .
XIII International Brigade This article is about the 13th International Brigade - often known as the XIII Dabrowski Brigade - which fought for the Spanish Second Republic in the Spanish Civil War in the International Brigades . The brigade was dissolved and then reformed on four occasions . 1st Formation . The brigade was first mustered at the International Brigade headquarters in Albacete in December 1936 . The custom was to name Brigades on formation after inspirational " heroes of the Left " . The 13th Brigade was named after Jarosław Dąbrowski , a Polish general who died on foreign soil , fighting in the defence of the Paris Commune in 1871 . It consisted of three battalions , and three artillery batteries . This brigade mutinied after receiving heavy casualties the Battle of Brunete in July 1937 . Its battalions were dissolved , the men were sent to other units , and its equipment was re - distributed . 2nd Formation . The brigade was reformed on 4 August 1937 , from Central European battalions . It again used Jarosław Dąbrowski as its exemplar . It was dissolved on 23 September 1938 , along with the other International Brigades , when the Negrin Government took the decision to send foreign volunteers home . This decision was taken after pressure from the Non - Intervention Committee to remove " all " foreign volunteers from both sides of the conflict in an endeavour to de - internationalise it . Negrin acquiesced because he believed the Nationalists would send their foreigners home too . 3rd formation . The brigade was again reformed ( in Monredón ) on 1 October 1938 from exclusively Spanish conscript battalions . 4th formation . In mid - January 1939 , in Palafrugell , Cataluña , a group of Polish and Balkan volunteers requested permission of André Marty to return to fight the Nationalists ' Catalonia Offensive . On 23 January , they were formed into the XIII International Brigade . It was placed in charge of a young second lieutenant . The unit soon fell apart .
Guard Jaeger Regiment The Guard Jaeger Regiment ( , ) is a Finnish Army unit located in Santahamina , an island district of Helsinki . The regiment trains Guard jaeger s for fighting in an urban environment . The primary function of wartime units formed from the reservists trained by the regiment would be the defence of the capital Helsinki . Organisation . The regiment consists of The primary function of the regiment is to train all wartime units from the conscripts serving in the regiment , specializing in the production of FIBUA - trained units . In addition , the regiment is the ceremonial unit of the Finnish Defence Forces , responsible for the Guard of Honour of the President of Finland . The Guards Band is similarly the representative band of the Defence Forces . As the largest unit located in the Garrison of Helsinki , the regiment is responsible for almost all the supplies of the troops and headquarters located in the capital region . The conscripts of the regiment arrive mostly from the capital region and surrounding region of Uusimaa . In addition , the regiment is one of the most usual placements for the expatriate Finns and recently naturalized immigrants . The conscripts serving in special duties at the Defence Staff are also formally part of the regiment . History . The Guard Jaeger Regiment are the traditions of historical units that include the 3rd Finnish Sharpshooter battalion ( " Tarkka - ampujapataljoona " ) , which had from the year 1830 Young Guard and from the year 1878 onwards Old Guard status in the Imperial Russia n Army , the Jaegers of the Finnish Civil War and the 2nd Jaeger Battalion from the Second World War .
Andy Green Wing Commander Andy D . Green OBE BA RAF ( born 30 July 1962 ) is a British Royal Air Force fighter pilot and World Land Speed Record holder . RAF career . Green was educated at St Olave ' s Grammar School and then gained an RAF scholarship to Worcester College , Oxford , where he graduated in 1983 with first class honours in mathematics . Later that year Green was regraded from acting pilot officer to pilot officer in the RAF . He qualified as a fighter pilot on F - 4 Phantom and Tornado F3 aircraft . In 2003 Green was promoted to wing commander . He later became Officer Commanding Operations Wing at RAF Wittering . Green is also the captain of the RAF team at the Cresta Run , where he uses an experimental French toboggan . Speed records . Supersonic . Green is the current holder of the World Land speed record , and the first person to break the sound barrier on land . On 25 September 1997 in ThrustSSC he beat the previous record in Black Rock Desert , USA , reaching a speed of . On October 15 , 1997 , 50 years and 1 day after the sound barrier was broken in aerial flight by Chuck Yeager , Green reached , the first supersonic record ( Mach 1 . 016 ) . His call sign was " Dead Dog " . Green is now working with Richard Noble again on their new record attempt to break the mark with Bloodhound SSC . Road car . His next land speed attempt was intended to be for MG in a specially modified MG F called the MG EX255 , however , due to the time required for modifications , the project did not finish on time and that attempt never happened . Diesel power . Since then , Green ' s most recent challenge was the driving of the JCB Dieselmax car , attempting to take the Diesel Land Speed Record over . Having tested the vehicle on his own RAF base , Wittering , on 22 August 2006 , he broke the previous record of ( set in August 1973 ) , after attaining an average speed of during two runs on the Bonneville Salt Flats , Utah . Twenty four hours later , Green broke his own record , achieving a speed of on 23 August 2006 . Honours and awards . He was created an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in the 1997 New Year ' s Honours List . He was awarded the Segrave Trophy by the Royal Automobile Club in 1997 . In 2006 he was awarded the John Cobb Trophy by the British Racing Drivers ' Club for " a success of outstanding character " and an Honorary degree from Staffordshire University , July 2008 . Racing experience . On the 14 June 2009 Green gained his first ever circuit racing experience , whilst raising money for the Bloodhound SSC project , by participating in Round 4 of the Elise Trophy at Snetterton .
Vsevolod Bessonov Vsevolod Borisovich Bessonov ( ) ( 1932 – 1970 ) was a Soviet Navy submarine commander and hero of the Soviet Union . He was killed during the sinking of the Soviet submarine K - 8 . Biography . Bessonov joined the Soviet Navy in 1951 . He was a torpedo specialist in the submarine arm of the Soviet Northern Fleet and was awarded the order of the Red Banner for taking part in tests on the nuclear armed torpedo near Novaya Zemlya . In 1968 Bessonov was appointed 2nd in command of the nuclear - powered submarine K8 . He was made Captain 2nd Rank and commander of this boat in 1970 . In 1970 during the large - scale " Ocean - 70 " naval exercise , K - 8 suffered fires in two compartments simultaneously on 8 April 1970 . Due to short circuits the took place in III and VII compartments simultaneously at a depth of 120 m , a fire spread through the air - conditioning system . Both nuclear reactors were shut down . The captain ordered his entire crew to abandon ship but was countermanded once a towing vessel arrived . 52 crewmen , including her commander , re - boarded the surfaced submarine that was to be towed . This was the first loss of a Soviet nuclear - powered submarine , which sank in rough seas as it was being towed in the Bay of Biscay of the North Atlantic Ocean . All hands on board died due to CO poisoning and the flooding of the surfaced submarine during 80 hours of damage control in stormy conditions . 73 crewmen survived . K - 8 sank with four nuclear torpedoes on board to a depth of 4 , 680 m approximately 490 km northwest of Spain . Bessonov was posthumously awarded the Hero of the Soviet Union .