naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Russian ironclad Sevastopol The Russian ironclad " Sevastopol " ( ) was ordered as a 58 - gun wooden frigate by the Imperial Russian Navy in the early 1860s , but was converted while under construction into a 32 - gun armored frigate . She served in the Baltic Fleet and was reclassified as a training ship in 1880 . " Sevastopol " was decommissioned five years later , but was not sold for scrap until 1897 . Description . " Sevastopol " was long between perpendiculars , with a beam of and a draft of ( forward ) and ( aft ) . She displaced and she was fitted with a blunt iron ram at her bow . " Sevastopol " was considered to be a good sea boat and her total crew numbered 607 officers and enlisted men . The ship was fitted with a horizontal return - connecting - rod steam engine built by the Izhora Works of Saint Petersburg . It drove a single two - bladed propeller using steam that was provided by an unknown number of rectangular boilers . During the ship ' s sea trials , the engine produced a total of and gave the ship a maximum speed of . The ship carried a maximum of of coal , but her endurance is unknown . She was schooner - rigged with three masts . As a heavy frigate , " Sevastopol " was intended to be armed with 54 of the most powerful guns available to the Russians , the 60 - pounder smoothbore gun , and four long 36 - pounder smoothbores . Her armament was revised when she was converted to an ironclad and she was completed with an armament of thirty - two 60 - pounder guns , four on the upper deck as chase gun s and 28 on the lower deck . In 1868 , one chase gun and two guns on the lower deck were replaced by rifled guns and 11 more of the 60 - pounders were replaced by seven 8 - inch guns two years later . In 1877 , her armament was changed again to 14 eight - inch guns on the lower deck and two more on the upper deck . Also mounted on the upper deck were one and ten rifled guns . The entire ship ' s side was protected with wrought - iron armor that extended below the waterline . It was thick amidships , backed by of teak , that thinned to , backed by six inches of teak , in steps beginning from the ship ' s ends . Construction and service . " Sevastopol " , named for the Siege of Sevastopol during the Crimean War , was laid down on 7 September 1860 as a 58 - gun heavy frigate at Kronstadt . She was reordered as ( converted into ) a 32 - gun armored frigate on 26 July 1862 while still under construction . The ship was launched on 12 August 1864 and commissioned on 8 July 1865 . She served with the Baltic Fleet for her entire career and was reclassified as a training ship on 23 March 1880 . " Sevastopol " was decommissioned on 15 June 1885 and sold for breaking up in May 1897 .
1st Armored Car Squadron ( United States Marines ) The 1st Armored Car Squadron was a unit of the United States Marine Corps which was intended to utilise armored car s in combat . The unit was formed in 1916 in Philadelphia under Marine Captain Andrew B . Drum , falling under the Headquarters of the then - new 1st Marine Regiment . Inspired by the British Army ' s use of the Rolls - Royce Armoured Car , Franklin Roosevelt ( then Assistant Secretary of the Navy ) purchased two vehicles from the Armor Motor Car Company of Detroit . These were tested , and six more King Armored Car s were acquired and assigned to the squadron . The unit never saw combat , and was disbanded at Quantico in May 1921 .
Fort de Sucy Fort de Sucy was built following the Franco - Prussian War to defend Paris . Located to the southeast of Paris in Sucy - en - Brie , the fort was part of an outer ring of eighteen major fortifications built in response to improvements in the range and effectiveness of artillery since the construction of the Thiers fortifications of the 1840s . It was built in accordance with improved principles of fortification developed for the Séré de Rivières system . The Fort de Sucy was built between 1879 and 1881 on a location that had been used by the Prussia ns to bombard the Saint - Maur peninsula in the 1870 war . The site controlled movement on the Route nationale 4 ( Paris - Strasbourg ) and Route nationale 19 ( Paris - Mulhouse ) . The site also overlooked the Bois Notre - Dame and the Armainvillers Forest . With the advent of improved explosive shells , the fort was modernized with concrete cover almost immediately after it was completed . The roughly rectangular fort has an indented front with the main entrance at the centre , flanked by caponier s in a nine - metre - wide ditch . A central magazine in the barracks could hold 67 tons of gunpowder . The barracks accommodated 372 men , ten officers , and a tank . Modernization was foreseen in 1911 , with additional fortifications in concrete , including three shelters and two observation turrets with machine guns . This project was never realized due to a lack of credits . In 1914 the fort contained fourteen guns on the rampart and ten on the caponiers . By 1915 two 75mm anti - aircraft guns were installed . Additional armament was installed in 1935 ( Four 105mm Anti Aircraft guns ) , but the fort saw little action during World War II . The barracks , used as munitions storage , was destroyed on 22 August 1944 by the German army before it left the fort . The abandoned Fort de Sucy was purchased by Sucy - en - Brie in 1970 . It has been under restoration since 1996 by an association " A La Découverte du Fort de Sucy "
Werner von Orseln Werner von Orseln ( c . 1280 – 18 November 1330 ) was the 17th Grand Master of the Teutonic Order , serving from 1324 to 1330 . Von Orseln hailed from a noble family of " vogt s " ( reeves ) of the Counts of Falkenstein in Oberursel near Frankfurt . It is not known when he joined the Teutonic Order . He is first mentioned in 1312 holding the office of a Komtur at the Ordensburg of Ragnit ( present - day Neman ) near the border of the Order State with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania . In 1314 , Grand Master Karl von Trier appointed von Orseln Grand Komtur at Malbork Castle . During a coup d ' etat in the Monastic State , he supported the Grand Master and was exiled along with him . However , he returned in 1319 and he held the position of von Trier ' s resident in Prussia . He negotiated discussion and restored hierarchic discipline within the Order . Upon the death of Karl von Trier , the Order ' s capitulum on 6 July 1324 chose von Orseln as the next Grand Master . Immediately after being elected , von Orseln was forced to start negotiations with King Władysław I the Elbow - high of Poland over the contested lands of Pomerelia , which the Knights had annexed after the takeover of Gdańsk in 1308 . The discussions did not produce any results , however , and the Teutonic Order started preparations for war with Poland . In 1326 the Grand Master formed an anti - Polish coalition at Brodnica , consisting of the Masovian dukes Siemowit II , Trojden I and Wenceslaus of Płock as well as of several Silesian Piasts and King John of Bohemia . The pretext to start the Polish – Teutonic War gave King Władysław I by the invasion of Płock in 1327 . In retaliation , the Grand Master ordered the conquest of Polish Kujavia and Dobrzyń Land . Yet during the war , von Orseln died at Marienburg Castle as a result of several wounds after an assassination attempt by a mad knight , Johan von Endorf . His mortal remains are buried in the cathedral of Marienwerder ( Kwidzyn ) . As the superior of the Order , von Orseln paid special attention to spiritual life . Despite the ongoing war with Poland , he was able to organize two assemblies of the Prussian clergy and issue several administrative acts forming the base of the political system of the state for decades .
Project Phoenix ( South Africa ) Project Phoenix is an ongoing programme within the South African National Defence Force ( SANDF ) to revive its Reserve Force and bring it on a par with the Regular Force under a " One Force policy . " The aim is to reach a point whereby members of the Reserve Force can be easily substituted for those of the Regular Force for combat operations , thus easing the requirement to sustain a large Regular Force .
4th Air Division The 4th Air Division ( 4th AD ) is an inactive United States Air Force unit . Its last assignment was with Fifteenth Air Force , stationed at Francis E . Warren AFB , Wyoming . It was inactivated on 23 August 1988 . As the 4th Bombardment Wing , the unit was one of the primary B - 17 Flying Fortress heavy strategic bombardment wings of VIII Bomber Command and later , Eighth Air Force in World War II . During the Cold War , the 4th AD was an intermediate command echelon of Strategic Air Command , controlling strategic bombardment and intercontinental strategic missile wings until inactivated in 1988 . History . Components . Wings Groups Squadron Operations . The 4th Bombardment Wing moved to England in 1943 and as a part of Eighth Air Force began bombing operations against German occupied Europe . Targets included shipyards , synthetic rubber plants , chemical plants , marshalling yards , and oil facilities . In 1944 , some subordinate units attacked coastline defenses and marshalling yards in preparation for the Allied invasion of France . Some units supported ground troops during the Battle of the Bulge ( December 1944 – January 1945 ) and the assault across the Rhine ( March 1945 – April 1945 ) . In the postwar years , the command was part of Air Defense Command assigned as a reserve wing assigned to First Air Force ( 1946 – 1949 ) Rectivated in 1951 as an intermediate command echelon of Strategic Air Command , the 4th Air Division was part of Second Air Force , controlling B - 29 , B - 50 and B - 47 wings . In 1962 , units controlled by the 4th Air Division supported 2d Air Force ' s post attack command and control system , and became responsible for the Advanced Airborne Command Post . It participated in the Cuban missile crisis of 1962 and trained in electronic countermeasures and conducted combat operations in Southeast Asia in the late 1960s . Reassigned to SAC ' s Fifteenth Air Force in 1970 , the 4th assured that assigned units were capable of conducting strategic aerospace warfare using intercontinental ballistic missiles , long - range bombardment , and air refueling resources , according to the Emergency War Order . In addition , the division assumed airborne command and control responsibilities that consisted of supporting auxiliary airborne command post aircraft . Inactivated in 1988 as a result of budget reductions and a consolidation of SAC ' s command and control echelons .
Tupolev I - 8 Tupolev I - 8 ( also known as ANT - 13 ) was an experimental interceptor built in the Soviet Union in the early 1930s . It was the first Soviet aircraft to exceed 300 km / h ( 162 knots , 186 mph ) in level flight . The aircraft was an exercise in developing the Polikarpov I - 5 design by a group of engineers led by V . M . Rodionov each of whom volunteered 70 hours of personal time to the project . The I - 8 first flew on 28 October 1930 with M . M . Gromov at the controls . Despite promising performance , the aircraft did not advance beyond prototype phase because there were no plans to acquire the Curtiss V - 1570 engine and no domestic equivalent was available .
Ordinary seaman ( rating ) Ordinary seaman is a military rank used in naval forces . United Kingdom . In the Royal Navy in the middle of the 18th century , the term ordinary seaman was used to refer to a seaman with between one and two years ' experience at sea , who showed enough seamanship to be so rated by their captain . A seaman with less than a year ' s experience was referred to as a landsman , and one with more than two years ' experience was referred to as an able seaman . Later , the term was formalized as a rating for the lowest normal grade of seaman . They are not trained in any special task . They are required to work at physically hard tasks of great variety . One needs an Ordinary Seaman Certificate to obtain work . One can become an able seaman as a promotion from this position . In the modern Royal Navy the rank of Able Seaman is achieved by all recruits on completion of basic training ( HMS Raleigh ) and subsequent intensive training in the specialism of choice . Thus the rank of Ordinary Seaman is obsolete . This is in line with increasing technical specialism and ability of RN personnel . United States . Ordinary seaman was the second - lowest rank of the 19th century United States Navy , ranking above landsman and below seaman . Promotion from landsman to ordinary seaman required three years of experience or re - enlistment . An ordinary seaman who gained six years of experience and " knew the ropes " , that is , knew the name and use of every line in the ship ' s rigging , could be promoted to seaman . An ordinary seaman ' s duties aboard ship included " handling and splicing lines , and working aloft on the lower mast stages and yards . " The rank existed from 1797 to 1917 , when it was renamed " seaman second class " . Seaman second class was later changed to the modern - day rank of seaman apprentice . The related ranks of ordinary seaman second class and ordinary seaman , engineer ' s force , existed in 1876 – 1885 and 1871 – 1883 , respectively . The term is still in use by the United States Merchant Marine s for entry - level deck personnel ( the common abbreviation is OS ) . Other countries . The term " ordinary seaman " is currently used in the Royal Canadian Navy and Irish Naval Service . In the Royal Canadian Navy , the rank of Ordinary Seaman may be further qualified by the suffix " ( B ) " or " ( R ) . " The " ( R ) " indicates a recruit undergoing basic training , and is dropped on successful graduation from CFLRS Saint - Jean , the Canadian military ' s all - services recruit training center . The " ( B ) " suffix is then appended while the sailor undergoes seamanship training , initial trade training and onboard qualification . Once fully qualified to stand watches , the " ( B ) " is struck from the rank abbreviation .
Grigorovich IP - 1 The Grigorovich IP - 1 ( for Истребитель Пушечный - " Cannon fighter " ) was a fighter aircraft produced in the Soviet Union in the 1930s . When the performance of both the Grigorovich I - Z and its single - shot Kurchevski DRP cannon armament proved disappointing , the development of that particular system did not halt development of the basic underlying concept of a cannon - armed bomber destroyer . Leonid Kurchevsky developed a new , 75 mm cannon designated the Kurchevski APK - 4 which could fire five shots instead of just one , and once again the Grigorovich design bureau created an aircraft to carry it . The IP - 1 was a conventional , low - wing cantilever monoplane with retractable tailskid undercarriage and an open cockpit . Construction throughout was all - metal , and like it predecessor , its horizontal stabiliser was mounted high to avoid gasses from the underwing cannons . Once again , however , trials proved the concept a failure . Nevertheless , the IP - 1 was ordered into production , with a modified version that dispensed with the cannon and instead carried a 20 mm autocannon and three 7 . 62 mm machine guns in and under each wing . Some 90 of these were supplied to the Soviet Air Force in 1936 and 1937 , but were outclassed and overshadowed by the Polikarpov I - 16 . A final development was the IP - 4 prototype , which was armed with four 45 mm Kurchevski APK - 11 cannon , but this was no more successful than any of the other Kurchevski - armed types , and a second prototype was abandoned before it was completed .
SM U - 101 SM U - 101 was one of the 329 submarine s serving in the Imperial German Navy in World War I . U - 101 was engaged in the German campaign against Allied commerce ( " Handelskrieg " ) during that conflict . On 26 November 1917 , " U - 101 " torpedoed and damaged RFA " Crenella " , which managed to return to port with assistance from .
Harald Sunde ( general ) General Harald Sunde ( born 9 March 1954 in Hurdal ) is a Norwegian military officer currently serving as the head of the Norwegian Armed Forces . His appointment to succeed General Sverre Diesen as Chief of Defence of Norway on 29 May 2009 was on 1 October 2009 confirmed by the government .
6th Luftwaffe Field Division ( Germany ) The 6th Luftwaffe Field Division was a German infantry formation which fought during World War II . History and organisation . The division was formed in 1942 in the area of Third Air Command ( Berlin ) , with the following organisation : The division had barely completed training when it was assigned to Army Group Centre on the Eastern Front , where it participated in the Battle of Velikiye Luki . In common with other Luftwaffe Field Divisions , it was handed over to the " Heer " in the autumn of 1943 and reorganised on the following lines : In the summer of 1944 , the 6th Luftwaffe Field Division was holding a salient east of Vitebsk as part of Third Panzer Army ' s LIII Corps . The commencement of the Soviet Operation Bagration on 22 June 1944 saw the entire corps surrounded within days , after Soviet forces managed to break through defensive lines to the north and south . By 26 June the corps commander , General Gollwitzer , ordered the division , along with the 246th Infantry Division which was attempting to keep open an escape route across the Dvina , to break out to the second defensive line , but it was too late ; the encircled divisions were only able to proceed some 12 miles before they were surrounded and destroyed by the Soviet 39th Army . The few troops who reached German lines were incorporated in " Korps - Abteilung H " .
Seebeckwerft Seebeckwerft A . G . was a German shipbuilding company , located in Bremerhaven at the mouth of the river Weser . Founded in 1876 it became later one of the leading shipbuilding companies in the region . History . Seebeckwerft was founded in 1876 in Bremerhaven by " Georg Seebeck " ( 1845 – 1928 ) , a young coppersmith , born in Brake at the Lower - Weser river . In 1876 Georg Seebeck founded a small metal - processing workshop in Geestemünde , a part of the city of Bremerhaven . In 1879 the first ship was constructed , a small steamer . In 1928 the Seebeckwerft became member of the Deschimag , a cooperation of several German shipyards under the leadership of the Bremen - shipyard A . G . Weser . After WW II the Deschimag was dissolved and Seebeckwerft became subsidiary of A . G . Weser , now named A . G . Weser Seebeckwerft . During World War II Seebeckwerft built 16 Type IX U - boat s for the Kriegsmarine . In 1988 the company merged with Schichau Unterweser to become Schichau Seebeckwerft . References . Herbert Schwarzwälder : " Das Große Bremen - Lexikon " , Edition Temmen 2002 , ISBN 3 - 86108 - 616 - 6 Kuckuk , Roder , Scharf ; " SPANTEN UND SEKTIONEN , Werften und Schiffbau in Bremen und der Unterweserregion im 20 . Jhdt . " , Bremen - Steintor 1986 , ISBN 3 - 926028 - 03 - 3
Gatewood Lincoln Gatewood Sanders Lincoln ( August 5 , 1875 – October 15 , 1957 ) was a United States Navy officer who served as the 19th and 22nd Governor of American Samoa . With Nathan Woodworth Post , Lincoln was one of only two American Samoan governors to serve non - consecutive terms . He commanded warships in both World War I and World War II , and was an instructor at the United States Naval Academy , serving as Department Head of the College of Electrical Engineering and Physics . Biography . Gatewood Lincoln was born in Liberty , Missouri to James Edwin and Margaret Lincoln , natives of Lexington , Kentucky . His father , a cousin of Abraham Lincoln , was probate judge of Clay County . Gatewood was James Lincoln ' s mother ' s maiden name . Lincoln studied at William Jewell College in Liberty , before he was appointed to the United States Naval Academy in 1892 . Naval career . Lincoln graduated from the Naval Academy in 1896 , having been trained as a naval engineer . He ranked second in his class and received his first assignment by request of the captain of the " USS Philadelphia " . He was awarded the Navy Cross for his conduct as captain of the " USS Powhatan " on convoy duty during World War I . Lincoln served on the United States Shipping Board advisory board during the 1930s , and also at the Mare Island Naval Shipyard . During World War II , he saw active duty in command of a ship in the Pacific theater . After the war , as a Commander , Lincoln was department head of Electrical Engineering and Physics at the Naval Academy . Governorship . Lincoln served two terms as Governor of American Samoa , from 2 August 1929 to 24 March 1931 and from 17 July 1931 to 12 May 1932 .
French ship Intrépide ( 1800 ) Intrépide was a 74 - gun third - rate ship of the line of the French navy . She was originally built at Ferrol , Spain in 1799 as the Spanish ship of the line " Intrepido " , and later was sold to France in 1800 . On 21 October 1805 , " Intrépide " was one of the ships of Rear - Admiral Pierre Dumanoir le Pelley at the Battle of Trafalgar , under Captain Louis - Antoine Infernet . Dumanoir commanded the six ship vanguard of the French fleet , with " Scipion " , " Duguay - Trouin " , " Mont - Blanc " , " Intrépide " and " Neptune " . Nelson ' s attacks left these ships downwind of the main confrontation and Dumanoir did not immediately obey Villeneuve ' s orders to return to the battle . When the ships did turn back , most of them only exchanged a few shots before retiring . Infernet and his crew , wanting to join the fight , eventually disobeyed Dumanoir ' s orders and joined the battle , followed by the Spanish " Neptuno " ( Captain Valdes ) . " Intrépide " fought against " Leviathan " , " Africa " , " Agamemnon " , " Ajax " , " Orion " and " Conqueror " , only to strike her colours at about 17 : 00 , badly damaged with half of her crew dead . The " Intrépide " was later scuttled on Admiral Collingwood ' s orders to avoid recapture by the counter - attack of the six ship French squadron led by Captain Julien Cosmao of " Pluton " , two days later .
Franz - Josef Högl Franz - Josef Högl ( 21 October 1916 – 29 November 1996 ) was a highly decorated Oberstleutnant in the German Wehrmacht during World War II . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership .
Indian Airlines Flight 427 Indian Airlines Flight 427 was an aircraft hijacking that took place in India between April 24 and April 25 , 1993 . Commando s from India ' s National Security Guard ( NSG ) rescued all 141 passengers and crew of the Indian Airlines Boeing 737 , on the ground at Amritsar airport . The lead hijacker , Mohammed Yousuf Shah , was killed before he could react and harm any of the hostages . Operation . Indian Airlines Flight 427 was flying a domestic route from Delhi to Srinagar , when a group of armed men led by Mohammed Yousuf Shah hijacked the plane and landed it at Amritsar . The hijackers wanted the plane redirected to Kabul , Afghanistan . Fourteen NSG commandos from the Quick Reaction Team entered the plane in pairs through 7 different entrances , carrying MP - 5 Sub - machine guns , Glock 17 or the Sig Sauer pistols and poison - tipped knives . Two hijackers patrolling the aisle were killed immediately , followed by the one in the cockpit being disarmed and captured , all in less than 12 seconds . Yousuf Shah was killed before he could do any harm .