naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Testudo formation In Ancient Roman warfare , the testudo or tortoise formation was a formation used commonly by the Roman Legion s during battles , particularly sieges . " Testudo " is the Latin word for " tortoise " . The Greek term for this formation is " chelone " and during the Byzantine era , it seems to have evolved to what military manuals of the era call the " foulkon " . Description . In the testudo formation , the men would align their shields to form a packed formation covered with shields on the front and top . The first row of men , possibly excluding the men on the flanks , would hold their shields from about the height of their shins to their eyes , so as to cover the formation ' s front . The shields would be held in such a way that they presented a shield wall to all sides . The men in the back ranks would place their shields over their heads to protect the formation from above , balancing the shields on their helmets , overlapping them . If necessary , the legionaries on the sides and rear of the formation could stand sideways or backwards with shields held as the front rows , so as to protect the formation ' s sides and rear . Plutarch describes this formation as used by Mark Antony during his invasion of Parthia in 36 BC : Cassius Dio writes about the testudo when describing the campaign of Mark Antony in 36 BC : " This testudo and the way in which it is formed are as follows . The Baggage animals , the light - armed troops , and the cavalry are placed in the center of the army . The heavy - armed troops who use the oblong , curved , and cylindrical shields are drawn up around the outside , making a rectangular figure , and , facing outward and holding their arms at the ready , they enclose the rest . The others who have flat shields , form a compact body in the center and raise their shields over the heads of all the others , so that nothing but shields can be seen in every part of the phalanx alike and all the men by the density of the formation are under shelter from missiles . Indeed , it is so marvelously strong that men can walk upon it and whenever they come to a narrow ravine , even horses and vehicles can be driven over it . " Tactical analysis . The testudo was used to protect soldiers from all types of missiles . It could be formed by immobile troops and troops on the march . The primary drawback to the formation was that , because of its density , the men found it more difficult to fight in hand - to - hand combat and because the men were required to move in unison , speed was sacrificed . As " foulkon , " it played a great role in the tactics employed by the Byzantines against their eastern enemies . The testudo was not invincible , as Cassius Dio also gives an account of a Roman shield array being defeated by Parthian cataphracts and horse archers at the Battle of Carrhae :
Jonathan Baker Moore Jonathan Baker Moore was a politician and Union Army officer during the American Civil War . Biography . Moore was born on March 16 , 1825 in Posey County , Indiana . In 1837 , he and his family moved to Muscoda , Wisconsin . Moore died of a stroke on February 8 , 1889 in Wauwatosa , Wisconsin and is buried in Lancaster , Wisconsin . His entire estate was left to his wife , Christiana . Political career . Moore was Constable of Platteville , Wisconsin from 1849 to 1852 and Clerk of Platteville in 1853 . He was elected to the Wisconsin State Assembly in 1860 and as Sheriff of Grant County , Wisconsin in 1861 . Military career . During the Civil War , Moore was appointed colonel of the Union Army ' s 33rd Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment on October 18 , 1862 . He and the regiment would later take part in the Red River Campaign , the Vicksburg Campaign , the Battle of Tupelo , the Battle of Atlanta , the Battle of Nashville and the Battle of Spanish Fort . Moore was mustered out of the volunteers on August 9 , 1865 . On February 18 , 1865 , President Abraham Lincoln nominated Moore for appointment to the grade of brevet brigadier general of volunteers to rank from that date , and the United States Senate confirmed the appointment on March 3 , 1865 . On January 13 , 1866 , President Andrew Johnson nominated Moore for appointment to the grade of brevet brigadier general of volunteers to rank from March 26 , 1865 , and the United States Senate confirmed the appointment on March 12 , 1866 .
Minehunter A minehunter is a naval vessel that actively detects and destroys individual naval mine s . Minesweeper s , on the other hand , clear mined areas as a whole , without prior detection of mines . A vessel that combines both of these roles is known as a mine countermeasures vessel ( MCMV ) . A minehunter uses an imaging sonar to detect and classify targets and then sends out divers or remotely operated vehicle s to inspect and neutralise the threat , often using small charges that are detonated remotely . As minehunters will often be operating in close proximity to mines , they are designed so as to reduce their own acoustic and magnetic signatures , two common forms of trigger for mines . For example , they are often soundproofed by mounting machinery on shock absorber s or by using quiet electrical drive and usually have a wood , fiberglass or non - ferrous metal hull , or are degaussed to reduce magnetic signature . Minehunters are generally small , shallow - draught vessels , as they are often called upon to work in enclosed bodies of water such as shipping channel s or harbours . As manoeuvrability in such areas is critical the Voith - Schneider cycloidal propulsor is commonly used , allowing the engine thrust to be transmitted in any direction . A number of modern vessels use catamaran hulls to provide a large , stable working platform with minimal underwater contact ; this reduces draught whilst lowering acoustic transmission and reducing the fluid pressure generated by the moving hull that may otherwise detonate mines with a hydraulic pressure trigger .
Sixto Durán Ballén Sixto Alfonso Durán - Ballén Cordovez ( born July 14 , 1921 ) is an American - born Ecuadorian political figure and architect . Born in Boston , Massachusetts , he served as Mayor of Quito between 1970 and 1978 , and as President of Ecuador between 1992 and 1996 . He served as congressman in 1984 and again in 1998 . Political career . Durán was one of the founders of the Catholic Social Christian Party ( PSC ) . Under the presidency of his party colleague Camilo Ponce Enríquez , he served as minister of public works from 1956 to 1960 . Subsequently , he worked for the Inter - American Development Bank . He was elected mayor of Quito in 1970 and re - elected in 1974 . In 1979 he ran as the PSC ' s presidential candidate , but was defeated by the populist Jaime Roldós Aguilera . In 1988 he ran again , but was eliminated in the first round . After León Febres Cordero ' s faction inside the PSC succeeded in appointing Jaime Nebot as the party ' s presidential candidate in 1992 , Durán Ballén and his supporters left the party to form the more right - wing Republican Union Party . Eventually , Durán defeated Nebot in the second round of the presidential election . During his time as president he actively pursued structural reform to modernize the Ecuadorian state and cut down wasteful bureaucratic spending . The result was a significant reduction of government deficits and a thriving private sector . Durán - Ballén also led Ecuador into membership in the WTO , with negotiations being led by his subsecretary of Foreign Affairs , Patricio Izurieta Mora - Bowen . The admission to the WTO had a significant impact on the country ' s political institutions and export competitiveness . In 1995 Durán - Ballén proved to be one of Ecuador ' s most successful war - time leaders when his determined leadership united a divided country under the theme " Ni un paso atras " which means " not a single step backwards " during the Cenepa War with Peru . His term was characterized by continued political stalemate with a congress led by the PSC . During his term there were corruption indictments against personal members of his family , accused of illicit enrichment , in cases such as " Flores y Miel " ( " Flowers and Honey " ) and the impeachment of his Vice President Alberto Dahik for allegedly using public funds illicitly . However Durán - Ballén was never directly a part of these scandals and he is remembered for being one of the most honest politicians in the history of modern Ecuadorian politics .
HMS Picotee ( K63 ) HMS " Picotee " was a that served in the Royal Navy . She was built at Harland and Wolff and completed on 5 September 1940 . Under the command of Lieutenant R . A . Harrison , she was tasked to convoy escort operations in the North Atlantic . She was torpedoed and sunk on the morning of 12 August 1941 by the German submarine U - 568 . There were no survivors .
Frank Steer Frank Steer ( January 12 , 1901 - March 7 , 2006 ) was , at age 105 , one of the last surviving American veterans of the First World War . Steer joined the United States Army at age 17 in 1918 . He was sent to France in July 1918 , and served on the Western Front against the Germans . Steer saw action at the battle of the Meuse - Argonne Offensive . After the war , he stayed in the army and served in the Second World War as a major appointed Provost Marshal of Hawaii during its period under martial law . Among his duties was the oversight of the prostitutes who serviced visiting soldiers and sailors . Steer eventually retired from service in 1945 as a colonel after serving 27 years . He served in both world wars and was therefore an honorary soldier of the United States Army . In 1959 , Steer moved to Hawaii after it had become a part of the Union , and lived there for the rest of his life . He died at age 105 .
Pierre Mairesse - Lebrun Pierre Marie Jean - Baptiste Mairesse - Lebrun ( born March 16 , 1912 ) was a French Army cavalry officer who became famous for his daring escape from Colditz castle , Oflag IV - C . He was born in Bauzy , Loir - et - Cher . Lebrun served as a captain in the 4th regiment Chasseurs de l ' Afrique and was captured during the Fall of France . He was sent to Oflag IV - C also known as Colditz Castle from where he escaped successfully on July 2 , 1941 . After a walk in the park all POW ' s gathered to be counted and be escorted back to the main castle . At this moment all guards , who stood around the park fences , also returned to the park entrance leaving the backfences unguarded . Mairesse Lebrun and Lieutenant Pierre Odry used this opportunity to leave the group , and together they ran to the fence at the backside of the park . Three meters in front of the fence , Odry cupped his hands together in which Mairesse Lebrun set his foot . Odry catapulted Mairesse Lebrun over the fence where he ran away . The German guards were so stunned that they did nothing initially , when they recovered they started shooting without success . Mairesse Lebrun climbed a wall successfully and was out in the open . Still in his sports clothes he hid in a field and via Switzerland reached Vichy France . In December 1941 he went to Spain where he got arrested . He tried to escape again but unfortunately fractured his spine paralysing his legs . On July 20 , 1946 , he married Christine Solvay de La Hulpe ( b . 1922 ) . Lebrun was created a Commandeur de la Légion d ' honneur .
Leo of Tripoli Leo of Tripoli ( ) was a Greek renegade and pirate serving Arab interests in the early tenth century . Leo was born in or near Attaleia , the capital of the maritime Cibyrrhaeot Theme , and was captured in an Arab raid . In captivity , he converted to Islam and placed his considerable maritime experience in the service of his captors . His Arabic name was " Rašīq al - Wardāmī " ( ) , but he is more commonly known in Arab sources by his sobriquet , " Ġulām Zurāfa " ( ) , " servant of Zurafa " , evidently the name of his first Muslim master . Alexander Vasiliev interpreted the element " Wardāmī " to mean that Leo was a Mardaite . On 31 July 904 , Leo sacked " Antâliya " , the great Byzantine city of Thessalonica , freeing 4 , 000 Muslim prisoners while capturing 60 ships ; and gaining a large loot and 22 , 000 captives ( mostly young people ) , an event ostensibly recorded by John Kaminiates . In 907 , gathering a fleet from Tarsus and Laodicea , he sailed up the Dardanelles and threatened the capital of the Byzantine Empire , Constantinople . In May 912 , Leo and his fellow apostate Damian of Tarsus defeated Himerios , the logothete of the Drome , in retaliation for an attack on some Cypriot Arabs . Finally , in 923 , the imperial navy under the " patrikios " John Rhadenos defeated Leo ' s fleet off Lemnos . Leo disappears after this event , possibly implying that he was killed during the battle .
Antonio Flores Jijón Juan Antonio María Flores y Jijón de Vivanco ( 23 October 1833 – 30 August 1915 ) was President of Ecuador 17 August 1888 to 30 June 1892 . He was a member of the Progressive Party , a Liberal Catholic party . Antonio Flores was born in Quito at Carondelet Palace ( the presidential residence ) while his father , General Juan José Flores , presided over the nation . His mother was Mercedes Jijón de Vivanco y Chiriboga , daughter of the Count of Casa Jijón , member of one of Quito ' s old aristocratic families . During the first presidency of Gabriel García Moreno , Flores was an ambassador in Paris , London , and Washington . He died in Geneva , Switzerland . He was married to Leonor Ruiz de Apodaca y García - Tienza , a native of Cuba . His vicepresident and predecessor was Pedro José Cevallos .
Director of the National Security Agency The Director of the National Security Agency ( DIRNSA ) is the highest - ranking official in the National Security Agency , which is a " Defense Agency " within the U . S . Department of Defense . The Director of the NSA also concurrently serves as Chief of the Central Security Service ( CHCSS ) and as Commander of U . S . Cyber Command ( USCYBERCOM ) . As DIRNSA / CHCSS the officeholder reports through the Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence , and as CDRUSCYBERCOM through the Commander of U . S . Strategic Command , to the Secretary of Defense . According to of the United States Code , the DIRNSA / CHCSS / CDRUSCYBERCOM is recommended by the Secretary of Defense and nominated for appointment by the President . The nominee must be confirmed via majority vote by the Senate . In accordance with Department of Defense Directive 5100 . 20 , dated December 23 , 1971 , the Director of the NSA must always be a commissioned officer of the military services . Because the assignment is currently part of a tri - hatted position , the Director of the NSA is appointed to the grade of a four - star general or admiral during the period of his incumbency . The Deputy Director is always a technically experienced civilian . The current director is General Keith B . Alexander , USA . AFSA directors . The Armed Forces Security Agency was the predecessor to the National Security Agency and existed from 1949 to 1952 .
TQ - Mi mine The TQ - Mi is an obsolete circular Czechoslovakia n anti - tank blast mine . The mines body is made of cardboard impregnated with asphalt . A central pressure cap is made of glass , which sits on top of a chemical fuze , which is crushed open onto the booster charge . The booster charge is embedded in the TNT main charge , above which are a number of scrap metal fragments , giving a secondary anti - personnel effect . It has now been withdrawn from service with the Czech and Slovakian armies .
13th Independent Battery Michigan Light Artillery The 13th Independent Battery Michigan Volunteer Light Artillery was an artillery battery that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War . Service . Battery " M " was organized at Grand Rapids , Michigan and mustered into service on January 20 , 1864 . The battery was mounted and used to fight guerrillas and on patrol duty on February 27 , 1865 . The battery was mustered out on July 1 , 1865 . Total strength and casualties . Over its existence , the battery carried a total of 257 men on its muster rolls . The battery 1 enlistedman killed in action or mortally wounded and 13 enlisted men who died of disease , for a total of 14 fatalities .
Robert C . Peniston Captain ( ret . ) Robert C . Peniston is a former United States Navy officer . Peniston graduated with the Class of 1947 from the U . S . Naval Academy . Among other assignments , he served as navigator of the presidential yacht " Williamsburg " in 1952 . He commanded the destroyer escort USS Savage ( DE - 386 ) and the guided missile destroyer USS " Tattnall " . He was the commissioning captain for the guided missile cruiser USS " Albany " , which was placed in service on 9 November 1968 . He took command of the battleship USS " New Jersey " on 27 August 1969 and helped decommission her on 17 December 1969 with these words : " Rest well , yet sleep lightly ; and hear the call , if again sounded , to provide firepower for freedom . " ( New Jersey was recommissioned in the 1980s ) . He retired from the Navy as a captain in 1976 . Peniston became director of the Lee Chapel at Washington and Lee University , retired again , and subsequently began volunteering in the Special Collections section of the college ' s Leyburn Library , where he transcribed more than 3 , 000 letters from the library ' s Robert E . Lee collection and Lee - Jackson Foundation Papers . As well , he occasionally speaks to American History classes at the college .
Sampson State Park Sampson State Park ( along with Sampson State Park Beach ) is located in Seneca County , New York in the USA . During World War II , it became the site of the Sampson Naval Training Station , then , during the Korean War it became the Sampson Air Force Base , again providing basic training . It is also located next to the former Seneca Army Depot , a munitions storage site . Most buildings are gone leaving a network of of once paved roads and trails in a wooded area . The surviving building housing the " brig " today hosts a museum featuring displays that depict the activities and lives of the hundreds of thousands of Navy and Air Force personnel as they trained to go to war at Sampson . Many people enjoy coming to Sampson State Park for the museum , camping , swimming and to remember their days spent at Sampson . The park is south of Geneva , New York in the Town of Romulus on the east shore of Seneca Lake , one of the Finger Lakes . Military Museum . The park is home to a museum run by volunteer Air Force and Navy veterans . The museum holds many artifacts and displays that were around when Sampson was a military base . The museum hours are depend on volunteer support , but are usually open on the weekend .
Berlin Declaration ( 1945 ) By way of the Berlin Declaration of June 5 , 1945 , ( officially the " " Declaration regarding the defeat of Germany and the assumption of supreme authority with respect to Germany by the Governments of the United States of America , the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics , the United Kingdom and the Provisional Government of the French Republic " " ) , the Allies of World War II assumed " " supreme authority " " over the territory of the German Reich and basic administrative issues were addressed : The declaration was signed by the commanders - in - chief : The declaration confirmed the division of Allied - occupied Germany according to the Yalta Conference and the continued existence of the German Reich as a whole , which would include its eastern territories as of 31 December 1937 . By the end of June , the Western Allies had vacated those occupied areas , which were to be incorporated into the Soviet occupation zone . Upon the implementation of the Oder - Neisse line in the course of the Potsdam Agreement on 2 August 1945 , the eastern territories came under Polish and Soviet ( Kaliningrad Oblast ) administration . The Allied Control Council was established to execute the governmental power . A monument placed at the site in the Wendenschloss district of Berlin - Köpenick on Niebergall Street reads in German " On 5 June 1945 in the former headquarters of Marshal G . K . Zhukov here , the representatives of the high commands of the Anti - Hitler Coalition signed the Declaration of the defeat of Fascist Germany and the assumption of governmental authority through the four allied states . "
14th Panzergrenadier Division ( Bundeswehr ) The 14th Panzergrenadier Division ( " 14 . Panzergrenadierdivision " ) was a German mechanized infantry formation . It was part of the Multinational Corps Northeast , a NATO corps that includes German , Polish , and Danish troops . In the wake of military restructuring aimed at reducing the size of the German land forces , the 14th Panzergrenadier Division was disbanded in 2008 . The division ' s formation was notable in that it was a Bundeswehr formation created after the reunification of the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic , and which was formed in part from soldiers who had served in the National People ' s Army ( NVA ) of the GDR . In 1990 - 1991 , troops from the former 1st and 8th Motor Rifle Divisions and the 9th Armored Division of the NVA were used to form the three brigades of the 14th Panzergrenadier Division . These brigades were numbered as the 40th and 41st Panzergrenadier Brigades and the 42nd Panzer Brigade . In 1997 , the 42nd Panzer Brigade was subordinated to the 13th Panzergrenadier Division and the 18th Panzer Brigade was subordinated to the 14th Panzergrenadier Division . Division headquarters was located at Neubrandenburg . The division was given the mission of supporting international operations as well as the standard national defense mission . International operations the division took part in include : The division also provided support to civilians during the 2002 Elbe River flood .
George Brudenell - Bruce , 6th Marquess of Ailesbury George William James Chandos Brudenell - Bruce , 6th Marquess of Ailesbury DSO TD K . St . J DL JP ( 21 May 1873 – 4 August 1961 ) , styled Earl of Cardigan between 1894 and 1911 , was a British soldier . According to his hand - written memoirs , available at the Wiltshire and Swindon History Centre ( http : / / www . wshc . eu / ) , he went by the name Chandos . Background and education . Brudenell - Bruce was the son of Henry Brudenell - Bruce , 5th Marquess of Ailesbury and Georgiana Sophia Maria Pinckney . He was educated at Westminster School . He succeeded his father in the marquessate on the latter ' s death on 10 March 1911 . Career . Lord Ailesbury served in the 3rd Battalion , Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders ; the Royal Wiltshire Yeomanry ; the Middlesex Yeomanry ; and the Wiltshire Regt . He fought with the Royal Wiltshire Yeomanry in the Second Boer War , for which he was mentioned in Dispatches , and appointed a Companion of the Distinguished Service Order ( DSO ) in November 1900 . From he 1914 fought in the Great War where he was again Mentioned in Dispatches , and decorated with the Territorial Decoration ( T . D . ) . He was invested as a Knight of Grace , Order of St . John of Jerusalem ( K . G . St . J . ) . He held the office of Deputy Lieutenant of Wiltshire , and was a Justice of the Peace . Family . Married three times , Lord Ailesbury married his first wife , Caroline Sydney Anne Madden , daughter of John Madden and Caroline Clements , on 21 March 1903 . They had three children , Cedric Brudenell - Bruce , 7th Marquess of Ailesbury ( 1904 – 1974 ) , Lady Ursula Daphne Brudenell - Bruce ( 1905 – 1991 ) , who married Alfred Thomas Taylor in 1944 and Lady Rosemary Enid Brudenell - Bruce ( 1907 – 1985 ) . Caroline died on 5 May 1941 . Lord Ailesbury then married Mabel Irene Lindsay , daughter of John Samuel Lindsay , on 21 February 1945 . She died on 26 June 1954 . Finally , he married third wife Alice Maude Emily Pinhey , daughter of Captain John Forbes Pinhey , on 9 July 1955 . She died on 9 February 1960 .