naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
SM U - 39 SM " U - 39 " was a German Type U 31 U - boat which operated in the Mediterranean Sea during World War I . It ended up being the second most successful U - boat participating in the war , sinking 157 ships for a total of 404 , 478 tons . Its longest - serving captain was Walther Forstmann , who was awarded the Pour le Mérite during command on " U - 39 " . From January to mid - 1917 , Martin Niemöller served as " U - 39 " s coxswain . He is known as the author of the poem " First they came " which is inscribed at the New England Holocaust Museum . As an enemy of the Reich he was imprisoned from 1938 - 1945 in Sachenhausen and Dachau . In 1917 and 1918 Karl Dönitz served as watch officer on this boat . He later became Grand Admiral and Commander in Chief of the German Navy , and , for three weeks , the 4th President of Germany . Fate . On 27 April 1918 , " U - 39 " sailed from Pola under command of Kapitänleutnant Heinrich Metzger , for operations in the Western Mediterranean . On 17 May , together with , " U - 39 " operated against a convoy North of Oran , from which it sank the British steamer SCULPTOR ( 4 , 874 tons ) in a submerged attack . At 13 : 50 hrs on 18 May , when in a position , " U - 39 " was attacked by two French seaplanes . It crash - dived , but when reaching a depth of 12 meters two bombs exploded very close ; the after torpedo room flooded , the diving planes were destroyed , and the boat began sinking by the stern . Kptlt . Metzger ordered the tanks blown and U - 39 surfaced , but the heavy damage suffered prevented diving again . Metzger was forced to lay a course for the nearest Spanish harbour , Cartagena . At about 17 : 00 U - 39 was attacked again by two seaplanes ; it fought back with gun and machine - guns , and the enemy bombs caused no damage , but during the action two crewmen ( sailor Schulz and stoker Hausottl ) fell overboard and were lost . In the evening " U - 39 " reached Cartagena and was interned for the remainder of the war . It was surrendered to France on 22 March 1919 and was broken up at Toulon in 1923 .
A - class torpedo boat The A class torpedo boat s were a class of German single - funnelled torpedo boat / light destroyer designed by the Marineamt for operations off the coast of occupied Flanders in the First World War . The A designation was to avoid confusion with older classes and designs . Six groups of vessels were built under the class between 1914 and 1918 , increasing in displacement from 109 tons to 335 tons . All had a raised forecastle , shallow draught , and carried torpedo tubes amidships .
Thomas Malcolm Layng Thomas Malcolm Layng ( 1892 - 1958 ) CBE , MC & Bar was an Anglican soldier and clergyman who served as Deputy Chaplain - General to the Forces , Archdeacon of York and chaplain to King George VI . Biography . Thomas Malcolm Layng was the son of Dr Henry Layng of Swatow , China , and nephew of Thomas Layng , headmaster of Abingdon School . He was educated first at Abingdon School ( 1900 – 06 ) and then at Clifton College ( 1906 – 11 ) before entering Balliol College , Oxford . Layng joined the Indian Army , and was awarded a Military Cross in the First World War and was Brigade Major on the Afghan frontier ( 1919 ) and then involved in the campaign against the Waziris ( 1920 and 1923 ) . Abandoning his military career he was ordained ( 1932 ) and became dock chaplain at Sharpness ( 1933 ) , rector of Duloe , Cornwall ( 1934 – 38 ) and chaplain and fellow of Balliol College ( 1938 ) . He served in the Second World War in the Royal Army Chaplains ' Department and was awarded a bar to his Military Cross at Dunkirk ( 1940 ) . He was deputy Chaplain - General to the Mediterranean forces ( 1945 ) and rector of Burnaby and Nunburnholme ( 1946 – 48 ) and Archdeacon of York ( 1946 – 47 ) . Layng was chaplain to King George VI and Queen Elizabeth II ( 1940 – 51 ) and awarded an MBE ( 1924 ) and CBE ( 1945 ) . Latterly he served as vicar of Kemble and Poole Keynes ( 1950 – 55 ) . He dedicated the Second World War memorial at Abingdon School chapel ( 1949 ) .
Stephen C . Reich Major Stephen C . Reich ( May 22 , 1971 – June 28 , 2005 ) was an American soldier and minor league baseball player who was killed in action while on a rescue mission in Afghanistan at age 34 . Reich played for the " Team USA " baseball team in 1993 , and has more wins than any other pitcher in the history of the United States Military Academy . Biography . Born in Ohio and raised in Connecticut , Reich was the star pitcher at Shepaug Valley High School , a left - hander who led the varsity baseball team to a state championship in 1987 where he pitched and won the championship game . He led the team back to title contention in 1989 . Coming out of high school , Reich was a highly touted pitching prospect , but he chose the military over professional baseball . He attended the United States Military Academy where he pitched for the Army baseball team . Reich was a star pitcher for Army and holds the record for most wins by a West Point pitcher . " He was one of the best to ever come through here , " said Bob Beretta , a spokesman for the Army baseball team . " When we say someone here is the best since , it ' s always the best since Steve Reich . " Reich was known for his fastball and command , rarely walking a batter . He signed with the Baltimore Orioles in 1996 after completing two years of a four - year military commitment , and pitched two games for the Class A High Desert Mavericks before being recalled by the Army . Even after his initial military commitment ended , Reich was a highly touted pitcher , but he chose military service over professional baseball . In 1993 , Reich was named to the " Team USA " baseball team . He carried the American flag while representing Team USA in 1993 at the World University Games . He made 17 appearances for Team USA playing in Italy , Nicaragua and Cuba and at the World University Games . In 1996 , Reich was ordered to Germany . He served in Operation Allied Force in Hungary , Bosnia , Albania , and Kosovo . Reich served four tours of duty in Afghanistan and was killed in action on June 28 , 2005 during a mission to rescue a four - man Navy SEAL team . Reich was one of 16 troops aboard an Army Special Operations MH - 47 Chinook helicopter that was struck by a rocket - propelled grenade in the mountains of eastern Afghanistan ' s Kunar province . This mission was described in the book , " Lone Survivor " by Marcus Luttrell . Reich was assigned to the 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment ( Airborne ) from Georgia . Awards and decorations . During his military career he was awarded : Bronze Star Medal , Meritorious Service Medal , Army Commendation Medal , Army Achievement Medal , Joint Meritorious Unit Award , Senior Aviator , Airborne and Air Assault Badge s . He was posthumously awarded the Purple Heart , the Meritorious Service Medal , the Bronze Star Medal and an Air Medal with Valor device and the Combat Action Badge .
Battle of Ponza ( 1300 ) The naval Battle of Ponza took place on 14 June 1300 near the islands of Ponza and Zannone , in the Gulf of Gaeta ( NW of Naples ) , when a galley fleet commanded by Roger of Lauria defeated an Aragonese - Sicilian galley fleet commanded by Conrad d ' Oria . Lauria ' s 40 Angevin galleys were at Naples when 32 Sicilian galleys under d ' Oria arrived and challenged him to come out . For the first time he refused , probably because of a lack of confidence in his Angevin crews , and d ' Oria ravaged some offshore islands . This allowed 12 Apulian galleys to arrive from the south and 7 Genoese galleys to arrive also , and join Lauria ' s fleet , making 59 galleys . Now Lauria emerged and found the Sicilians near Zannone Island to the west . After d ' Oria dismissed a suggestion to retreat , he tried a quick attack on Lauria ' s flag - galley and the banner - carrying galleys , his own galley running alongside Lauria ' s , " head to toe " and Lauria ' s crew suffered even though his galley couldn ' t be boarded . 1 Sicilian galley fled after capturing one of Lauria ' s galleys , and it was followed by 6 more . 5 Genoese Ghibelline galleys held back , awaiting fortune , and 18 - 29 ( 2 sources give 28 , but this adds up to too many ) Sicilian galleys were captured , d ' Oria ' s being the last to surrender ( when Lauria threatened to burn it ) . Ships involved :
Master warrant officer Master warrant officer ( MWO ) is a senior military rank in the Canadian Forces , Singapore Armed Forces , the South African National Defence Force and the Israel Defense Forces . Canadian Forces . Master warrant officer is an Army and Air Force non - commissioned member rank of the Canadian Forces . It is senior to the rank of warrant officer and its equivalents , and junior to chief warrant officer and its equivalents . Its Naval equivalent is chief petty officer 2nd class . The French language form is " adjudant - maître " . Insignia . The rank insignia of the MWO is a crown within a wreath of gold laurel , worn on both forearms of the service dress tunic ; in gold metal and green enamel miniature pins on the collar of the service dress shirt and outerwear coats ( army only ) ; on CADPAT slipons worn in the middle of the chest , embroidered in tan ( army ) or dark blue ( air force ) thread ; and in " old gold " thread on blue slip - ons on both shoulders of other uniforms ( air force only ) . Forms of address . MWOs are generally initially addressed as " Master Warrant Officer Bloggins " , or " Sergeant - Major Bloggins " ( if they hold that appointment ) , and thereafter as " Sir " or " Ma ' am " . Appointments . MWOs may hold a number of appointments , including the position of sergeant - major , the most senior NCM in a company - sized Army unit or sub - unit . Some of these appointments are listed below : Due to the unified nature of the CF , it is not unheard - of for Air Force MWOs — especially those of the so - called " purple trades " , such as logistics or military police — to find themselves filling the appointment of squadron or company sergeant - major in what are otherwise considered " hard " army units ( such as service battalions or communication squadrons ) . One of the senior appointments that an MWO may hold is that of the senior NCM on a CF station , titled station master warrant officer ( SMWO ) ; the insignia is a pair of crossed crusader swords worn below their rank insignia . Messes and quarters . MWOs generally mess and billet with other warrant officers and with sergeant s , and their naval equivalents , chief petty officer s and petty officer s . Their mess on military bases or installations are generally named the " Warrant Officers and Sergeants Mess " . Singapore . Master warrant officer is a senior warrant officer rank in the Singapore Armed Forces . Master warrant officers often hold senior leadership roles such as school sergeant majors or regimental sergeant majors of brigade - sized units . The school sergeant major of Officer Cadet School is a master warrant officer . He is in charge of the discipline of more than 800 officer cadets , in addition to the specialist s and more junior warrant officers there . South Africa . In 2008 the warrant officer ranks of the South African National Defence Force were expanded and the rank of master warrant officer was created .
Ten Thousand ( Greek ) The Ten Thousand ( ) were a group of mercenary units , mainly Greek , drawn up by Cyrus the Younger to attempt to wrest the throne of the Persian Empire from his brother , Artaxerxes II . Their march to the Battle of Cunaxa and back to Greece ( 401 BC - 399 BC ) was recorded by Xenophon ( one of its leaders ) in his work , " The Anabasis " . Campaign . The 10 , 000 marched inland and fought the Battle of Cunaxa and then marched back to Greece during the years 401 BC to 399 BC . During the battle Xenophon stated that the Greek heavy troops scattered their opposition twice ; only one Greek was even wounded . Only after the battle did they hear that Cyrus had been killed , making their victory irrelevant and the expedition a failure . The 10 , 000 were in the middle of a very large empire with no food , no employer , and no reliable friends . They offered to make their Persian ally Ariaeus king , but he refused on the grounds that he was not of royal blood and so would not find enough support among the Persians to succeed . They offered their services to Tissaphernes , a leading satrap of Artaxerxes , but he refused them , and they refused to surrender to him . Tissaphernes was left with a problem ; a large army of heavy troops , which he could not defeat by frontal assault . He supplied them with food and , after a long wait , led them northwards for home , meanwhile detaching Ariaeus and his light troops from their cause . The Greek senior officers accepted the invitation of Tissaphernes to a feast , where they were made prisoner , taken up to the king and decapitated . The Greeks then elected new officers and set out to march northwards to the Black Sea through Corduene and Armenia . Order of battle . According to Xenophon , the Ten Thousand were composed of : In addition , they were backed up by a fleet of 35 triremes under Pythagoras the Spartan and 25 triremes under Tamos the Egyptian , as well as 100 , 000 Persian troops under Ariaeus the Persian ( although Xenophon lists them as 100 , 000 , most modern historians believe Ariaeus ' troops were only around 20 , 000 ) . Until shortly after the Battle of Cunaxa , the Spartan general Clearchus was recognized as the commander of the army . When Tissaphernes arrested and executed Clearchus , Proxenus , Menon , Agias ( possibly the same person as Sophaenetus ) , and Socrates , their places were taken by Xenophon , Timasion , Xanthicles , Cleanor , and Philesius , with the Spartan Chirisophus as the general commander . When the Ten Thousand started their journey in 401 BC , Xenophon tells us that they numbered around 10 , 400 . At the time Xenophon left them two years later , their number had dwindled to just under 6 , 000 .
PZL . 55 " This fighter is sometimes called " PZL . 62 " , but the correct designation is PZL . 55 . " PZL . 55 was a Polish pre - war initial project for a fighter aircraft , designed by Jerzy Dąbrowski of the PZL works . The design was for a single - seat low - wing monoplane , developed from the PZL . 26 sports plane and private sports plane project designed by Jerzy Dąbrowski for his own purposes . The prototype PZL . 55 / I was designed for the Hispano - Suiza 12Y inline engine but production aircraft were intended to be powered by Hispano - Suiza 12Z inline engines .
Hamilton mod . 1901 The Hamilton mod . 1901 was an early semi - automatic pistol of Swedish origin and was chambered for the 6 . 5mm Bergmann cartridge using a blowback mechanism . It is a faithful copy of the Bergmann pistol Nr 3 and its proprietary cartridges . Due to the peculiar shape of the bolt , an actuator was added to the bolt to pull it down and feed the first cartridge into the chamber . An internal hammer was retained by the trigger nose when it was retracted by the bolt during its rearward move . A strong action spring was needed in order to delay the move of the bolt and it is clear that such a move downward increased the muzzle jump . The pistol designed by Gustaf Hamilton was tested in 1903 and was rejected by the Swedish armed forces during trials that saw the adoption of John Moses Browning 1903 pistol . References . Image
Friedrich - August Weinknecht Friedrich - August Weinknecht ( 5 October 1895 – 26 October 1964 ) was a highly decorated Generalleutnant in the Wehrmacht during World War II who commanded several infantry divisions . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . Friedrich - August Weinknecht was captured in August 1944 during the Second Jassy – Kishinev Offensive
Army of the Niemen The Army of the Niemen ( ) was an army level command of the German Army in World War I . " Armee - Abteilung " Lauenstein . The German offensive in Courland was intended to be a diversion while the main effort was made further south by the German 11th Army and Austro - Hungarian 4th Army in the Gorlice – Tarnów Offensive . Armee - Abteilung Lauenstein ( Army Detachment Lauenstein ) was formed by upgrading XXXIX Reserve Corps of 10th Army on 22 April 1915 . It was named for its commander , Generalleutnant Otto von Lauenstein , who retained simultaneous command of XXXIX Reserve Corps . It was directly under the command of OB East . Due to its success , it was continuously reinforced until it was raised to the status of an army as the Army of the Niemen . Generalleutnant von Lauenstein remained as commander of XXXIX Reserve Corps . The Army of the Niemen was formed on 26 May 1915 to control the troops in Courland . The former commander of the 8th Army , General der Infanterie Otto von Below , along with his Chief of Staff , Generalmajor von Böckmann , assumed command . In the meantime , the 8th Army got a deputy commander , General der Artillerie Friedrich von Scholtz , who was simultaneously commander of XX Corps . 8th Army was dissolved on 29 September 1915 . On the 30th of December 1915 the Army of the Niemen was renamed as the 8th Army with von Below still in command .
1st Guards Mechanized Corps ( Soviet Union ) The 1st Guards ' Vienna ' Order of Lenin Order of Kutuzov Mechanized Corps was a Red Army armoured formation that saw service during World War II on the Eastern Front . After the war it continued to serve with Soviet occupation forces in Central Europe . It was originally the 1st Guards Rifle Division . The unit had approximately the same size and combat power as an early - war Wehrmacht Panzer Division , or a British Armoured Division had during World War II . It was under the command of General Lieutenant Russiyanov , and gained the honorifics " Vienna , Voronezh " . In its final form , it was designated the 137th Military Base and was withdrawn from Vaziani in Georgia and disbanded in the early 1990s . Formation . 1st Guards Mechanized Corps was formed in November 1942 in the Tambov region during the re - establishment of the Mechanized Corps as a formation in the Red Army . It was then assigned to Southwestern Front which was under the command of General N . F . Vatutin to participate in the encirclement of German Army Group A in Operation Saturn , which was undertaken during the Battle of Stalingrad . The corps consisted of the following units : Combat Units Support Units Changes to unit organization Depending on the specific tasks allotted to the Corps , units from the STAVKA Reserve could be added to help it achieve its mission . When the 1st Guards Mechanized Corps returned to the front in January 1945 , its tank formations were completely equipped with American M4A2 Sherman Lend - Lease tanks . The Corps had been re - designated the 1st Guards Mechanised Division by March 1946 and served in the Transcaucasian Military District before being reorganised as 2nd Guards Motor Rifle Division in 1957 and then 100th Guards MRD in 1965 . At some point afterwards , probably in the late 1980s , it was renamed 171st Guards District Training Centre . It was based in Tblisi throughout the postwar period . After the fall of the Soviet Union , it was redesignated as the 137th Military Base , and finally withdrawn and disbanded in the 1990s .
XVIII Reserve Corps ( German Empire ) The XVIII Reserve Corps ( ) was a corps level command of the German Army in World War I . Formation . XVIII Reserve Corps was formed on the outbreak of the war in August 1914 as part of the mobilisation of the Army . It was initially commanded by Generalleutnant Kuno von Steuben , formerly of the Prussian War Academy . It was still in existence at the end of the war in the 18th Army , " Heeresgruppe Deutscher Kronprinz " on the Western Front . Structure on formation . On formation in August 1914 , XVIII Reserve Corps consisted of two divisions , made up of reserve units . In general , Reserve Corps and Reserve Divisions were weaker than their active counterparts In summary , XVIII Reserve Corps mobilised with 24 infantry battalions , 5 machine gun companies ( 30 machine guns ) , 6 cavalry squadrons , 12 field artillery batteries ( 72 guns ) and 3 pioneer companies . It included one active Infantry Regiment ( 168th ) . Combat chronicle . On mobilisation , XVIII Reserve Corps was assigned to the 4th Army forming part of the centre of the forces for the Schlieffen Plan offensive in August 1914 . Commanders . XVIII Reserve Corps had the following commanders during its existence :
Addison S . McClure Addison S . McClure ( October 10 , 1839 - April 17 , 1903 ) was a U . S . Representative from Ohio . Biography . Born in Wooster , Ohio , McClure pursued an academic course in Jefferson College , Canonsburg , Pennsylvania ( now Washington & Jefferson College ) . He studied law in the office of Martin Welker , was admitted to the bar in 1861 , thereafter practicing in Wooster . He entered the Army as a private in April 1861 . He was elected captain of Company H , Sixteenth Regiment , Ohio Volunteer Infantry , in October of the same year . He was captured December 29 , 1862 , during the Vicksburg Campaign , and held as a prisoner of war until he was exchanged in May 1863 . He was discharged in August 1864 . He served as recorder of Wayne County in 1867 . He was also appointed postmaster of Wooster in 1867 , and reappointed in both 1872 and 1876 . He served as delegate to the Republican National Convention in 1868 and 1876 . McClure was elected as a Republican to the Forty - seventh Congress ( March 4 , 1881 – March 3 , 1883 ) . While he was not reelected in 1882 , he was elected to the Fifty - fourth Congress ( March 4 , 1895 – March 3 , 1897 ) . Again failing to be reelected in 1896 , McClure resumed the practice of law . He died in Wooster , Ohio , on April 17 , 1903 . He was interred in Wooster Cemetery . McClure married Mary L . Brigham of Vienna Township , Michigan on September 26 , 1866 . They had one son .
Andrew Krepinevich Andrew F . Krepinevich , Jr . is a defense policy analyst who currently serves as President of the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments . A West Point graduate , Krepinevich spent 25 years in the U . S . Army , serving on the personal staff of three Defense Secretaries and in the Office of Net Assessment . While in the Army , Krepinevich received a Ph . D . from Harvard University and published an influential book , " The Army and Vietnam " , in which he argued that the United States could have won the Vietnam War had the Army adopted a small - unit pacification strategy in South Vietnam ' s villages , rather than conducting search and destroy operations in remote jungles . While working for the Office of Net Assessment in 1992 , Krepinevich authored " The Military - Technical Revolution : A Preliminary Assessment , " an influential document in the development of thinking about the " Revolution in Military Affairs . " Following his retirement from the Army , Krepinevich assumed his current position as director of the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments , a non - profit think tank focused on defense and national security issues . While at CSBA he has served on the National Defense Panel and Defense Policy Board , and advised senior military and civilian policymakers . In 2005 , he published an influential " Foreign Affairs " article on " How to Win in Iraq " . Informed by Krepinevich ' s previous research on Vietnam , the article called for the adoption of a population - centric counterinsurgency strategy much like the approach implemented during the " Surge " of U . S . forces two years later . In 2009 he published " 7 Deadly Scenarios : A Military Futurist Explores War in the 21st Century " , which presents seven hypothetical scenarios that would severely challenge the U . S . military . His recent work has frequently addressed the challenges posed by the modernization of China ' s military forces , Iran ' s pursuit of nuclear weapons , and the proliferation of precision - guided munitions .