naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Blüm machine gun The Blüm machine gun ( Russian : Пулемёт Блюма ) was a Soviet training machine gun designed by Mikhail Nikolayevich Blüm around 1929 . It was chambered for the . 22 Long Rifle cartridge . The gun was developed in order to reduce the training costs in terms of ammunition and wear of the Soviet machine guns in service at the time . Known production figures for this gun at the Degtyarev plant are : 33 made in 1933 , 1 , 150 made in 1934 and 1 , 515 made in 1935 . The large surplus of 7 . 62×54mmR machine guns and ammunition available in the Soviet Union after the end of World War II made the Blüm guns obsolete for training purposes . After they were decommissioned from the military in the 1950s , some of Blüm guns were refitted with wooden stocks and used as varmint gun s in a campaign to control wolf populations . In this application they were considered superior to 12 - gauge shotguns loaded with buckshot , particularly because they were employed from aircraft flying at 50 – 100 meters , and a salvo from the Blüm gun could kill an entire wolfpack .
Second China War Medal The Second China War Medal was issued by the British Government in 1861 to members of the British Army and Royal Navy who took part in the Second Opium War of 1856 to 1860 against China . The medal was designed by William Wyon . The medal ' s obverse shows the diademed head of Queen Victoria with the legend ‘ VICTORIA REGINA ’ . The reverse has the same coat of Royal Arms and shield found on both the First China War Medal with the inscription ‘ ARMIS EXPOSCERE PACIM ’ and the word ‘ CHINA ’ in the exergue below . The suspender is the same as that used on the Indian Mutiny Medal . The medal was issued with the following clasp s : China 1842 ( awarded to those who had already received the medal for the First China War ) , Fatshan 1857 , Canton 1857 , Taku Forts 1858 , Taku Forts 1860 and Pekin 1860 . The 32 mm ribbon is crimson with yellow edges . The medals are named in indented Roman capitals for the Army , while members of the Royal Marines and Royal Navy were usually issued with unnamed medals .
Bückeburg Air Base Bückeburg Air Base ( German : " Heeresflugplatz Bückeburg " , ICAO : ETHB ) is located northeast of the city of Bückeburg , Lower Saxony , Germany . The airfield was built in 1946 as a RAF Station , RAF Bückeburg , serving the headquarters of the Royal Air Force Germany in Bad Eilsen . It complemented the nearby headquarters of the British Army of the Rhine in Bad Oeynhausen . During the Berlin Airlift it was one of the numerous air fields from where supply flights to Berlin were carried out . After the building of the British Forces ' Joint Headquarters ( JHQ ) at Rheindahlen in 1954 , the RAF closed the airfield at the end of the 1950s . With the foundation of the Bundeswehr in 1955 , a decision was made that every branch of the Bundeswehr should have their own helicopter units , operating within the framework of the tasks designated to each branch of the armed forces . Thus , the German Army Aviation Corps was founded . The first training school , of this newly established branch of the German Army , the School of Army Aviation , was established in 1959 in Mendig but moved to its current location in Bückeburg in January 1960 and has been there ever since . Its first commanding office was Colonel Kuno Ebeling . Bückeburg Air Base is used by the German Army ' s School of Army Aviation as one of the bases for the practical instruction of its flying and non - flying personnel . Basic flying training of helicopter pilots of other components of the German Armed Forces also takes place at Bückeburg Air Base . Apart from the actual flight training , modern high - end flight simulators are extensively used during the training of future military helicopter pilots . Approximately 70 helicopters are permanently based at the airfield , 30 of which are used on a daily base for training . Initial training begins with the Eurocopter EC 135 . During the second stage , prospective pilots are then instructed in flying the Bell UH - 1D , Bölkow Bo 105 , medium transport helicopters LTH NATO - HELICOPTER 90 and Sikorsky CH - 53G / GS . Flying instruction on the helicopters of the type Bell UH - 1D , now being phased out , and Bölkow Bo 105 , takes place at Celle Air Base . The tasks of Army Aviators Test Squadron 910 consist not only of trials of new types of helicopters but also of tactical and logistical research aiming at improving and developing the efficiency and concepts under which the German Army Aviators Corps are supposed to fulfil their manifolds tasks . The following units are stationed at Bückeburg Air Base : In October 2011 the German Federal Ministry of Defence announced a reorganisation / reduction of the German Armed Forces . As a consequence , all activities of German Army Aviation School will be concentrated at Bückeburg Air Base and the school itself will be renamed International Helicopter Training Centre . The outpost at Celle Air Base will be dissolved .
Far East Strategic Reserve The British Commonwealth Far East Strategic Reserve ( commonly referred to as the " Far East Strategic Reserve " or the " FESR " ) was a joint military force of the British , Australian , and New Zealand armed forces . Created in the 1950s and based in Malaya , the FESR was conceived as a forward defence point for Australia and New Zealand , while protecting Commonwealth interests in the Southeast Asia n region from both internal and external communist threats . The FESR was made up of an infantry brigade and a carrier group , supported by squadrons of aircraft . Creation . The FESR originated from a June 1953 letter from Harold Alexander , the British Minister of Defence , to Philip McBride and Tom Macdonald , his equivalents in Australia and New Zealand , respectively . The letter suggested the creation of a joint military force based in South - East Asia and tasked with protecting strategically important Commonwealth interests in the region ( namely Sarawak , North Borneo , Malaya and Singapore ) , from the threat of attack by communist forces . The freeing up of military resources following the end of the Korean War was another factor . Correspondence between the defence ministers of the three nations and their subordinates led to a meeting in Melbourne , Australia during October 1953 . From this meeting , it was decided to create the FESR : a multinational force consisting of Army , Navy , and Air Force units from the three nations ' armed forces . It was not until 1955 that the Reserve was established . Commitments . The FESR consisted of a brigade - strength infantry force and a carrier battle group , supported by land - and ship - based fighter and bomber squadrons . The Strategic Reserve ' s primary role was to protect Malaya and other Commonwealth interests in Southeast Asia from attack by external communist forces , with operations against internal communist organisations listed as the secondary role . Australia . The decision to participate in the FESR was formally announced by Australian prime minister Robert Menzies in April 1955 . Australian military units committed to the force included one light infantry battalion , between two and four destroyers or frigates , and two to three squadrons of aircraft ( at least one each of bombers and fighters ) . An Australian aircraft carrier was to make an annual visit to participate in training exercises . Australian forces remained under Australian command and control ( unlike most earlier deployments in conjunction with British forces ) , but were to be used under the directives of the British Commander in Chief , Far East Station . Australian units deployed to the FESR included : United Kingdom . The British commitment was based around forces already in South - East Asia , including the Eastern Fleet , the Far East Air Force , and British Far East Command . History . From late 1955 until 1960 , FESR infantry forces operated against the Malayan Races Liberation Army during the Malayan Emergency . The Strategic Reserve was also involved in the Indonesia – Malaysia confrontation . FESR forces participated in South East Asia Treaty Organisation exercises .
Submarine Escape Training Facility ( Australia ) The Submarine Escape Training Facility ( SETF ) , also known as the Submarine Escape and Rescue Centre ( SERC ) , is a facility used by submariners of the Royal Australian Navy ( RAN ) to train in the techniques needed to escape from a submarine in trouble . Background . Submarine use in the RAN began in 1913 with the E class submarines and . Both were lost during World War I ; " AE1 " disappearing with all hands . In the inter - war years , the RAN operated six J class submarines , then two " Odin " class submarines . After a long break , six British - designed " Oberon " class were purchased ; the RAN relied entirely on the Royal Navy for their expertise in submarine escape methods and equipment . Communications between the two nations showed some breakdown during the 1980s , and with the introduction of the " Collins " class submarines , the RAN had a need to establish their own corporate knowledge in these techniques . Facility . The SETF was built during 1987 at , located on Garden Island , Western Australia . Prior to this , RAN submariners were trained at the Submarine Escape Training Tower at in Gosport , England . The SETF is the only submarine escape training system in the southern hemisphere , and one of only six operational worldwide . The SETF was originally manned solely by the RAN . However , the regular reposting of instructors caused a knowledge drain ; to counteract this , the RAN contracted civilian diving companies to provide the training . Management of the facility was contracted to Australian Submarine Corporation ( ASC ) , but in January 2009 , " The Australian " newspaper reported that the SETF had sat unused since May 2008 because of a contract dispute between ASC and the RAN . RAN personnel were sent to Canada for escape training until March 2011 , when the SETF reopened . Training . Escape training is generally a five - day course . The course culminates in a free ascent in the facility ' s vertical freshwater tank , with only one attempt permitted . New submarine trainees have to pass the course before they can be posted to a submarine , and submariners must requalify every three years . Pressurisation of the escape tower takes less than 20 seconds to reach a maximum escape depth of in order to reduce the risk of decompression illness . In 1995 , training was changed to require two buoyant ascents from , wearing the submarine escape jerkin and two hooded ascents in the tower from to reduce the risk of pulmonary barotrauma . Prior to 1995 , candidates were required to perform two buoyant ascents from 9 metres , one buoyant ascent from 22 metres wearing the submarine escape jerkin , one hooded ascent in the compartment from 22 metres , and two hooded ascents in the tower from 22 metres .
Fryderyk de Melfort Fryderyk de Melfort ( 1763 - 1797 ) was a notable Polish military officer and a freedom fighter . A soldier of the Royal Foot Guards Regiment , he took part in the Warsaw Uprising ( 1794 ) , for which on May 21 of that year he was promoted to the rank of Major . After that he remained in Polish formations and took part in the ill - fated expedition of Brigadier Joachim Deniska in Moldavia . Taken prisoner by the Austrians in the battle of Dobronowice of June 30 , 1797 , he was executed on July 7 of that year .
Boat Force Operations Insignia The Boat Force Operations insignia is intended to identify those Coast Guard personnel currently working in the boat force operations field and to recognize the commitment of Coast Guard members who have repeatedly served in the community . It is awarded in two levels and recognizes those who have achieved a level of qualification , knowledge and experience that includes both practical and operational components , with a broader understanding and appreciation for boat force command , management , support and leadership issues . The insignia may also be earned by Auxiliarists with slightly - modified criteria . Requirements for the Basic Insignia . The basic insignia can be earned by Coast Guardsmen and Auxiliarists meeting three criteria : Requirements for the Advanced Insignia . The Advanced Boat Force Insignia retains all of the requirements for the basic , but also requires the candidate to attain a boarding team member or boarding officer qualification code or certification letter by completing the associated PQS . Five years of cumulative service ( in a satisfactory conduct status ) at Boat Force field units as defined in Commandant Instruction 1650 . 3 ( Boat Force Operations Insignia Criteria ) are required as a part of the criteria for earning the gold - and pewter - tone insignia .
18th Infantry Division ( United Kingdom ) The 18th Infantry Division was a Division of the British Army in the Second World War . It was a duplicate of the 54th ( East Anglian ) Division using mostly units with connections to East Anglia . History . Among its brigades , the 53rd Brigade was converted ( seemingly redesignated ) from the British 163rd Infantry Brigade on September 18 , 1939 . The Brigade arrived at Singapore on January 13 , 1942 , before the rest of the division , and was attached to the Indian 11th Infantry Division and Westforce on mainland Malaya where it was involved in the retreat back to Singapore , fighting the Battle of Muar in company with Indian units . The main part of the 18th Infantry Division landed at Singapore a few weeks before the fall of the island . After the violent week long Battle of Singapore , General Arthur Percival , commander of the Singapore garrison , surrendered to the Japanese on February 15 , 1942 . The division ' s soldiers went into Japan ese POW camps . The division was not reformed . Order of battle . In January 1942 before the surrender in Singapore 53rd Infantry Brigade . Commander previous to Duke were Brig . M . D . Jephson and Brig . S . Collingwood .
Legio XVI Flavia Firma Legio sexta decima " Flavia Firma " ( Sixteenth " Steadfast Flavian " Legion ) was a Roman legion . The legion was created by Emperor Vespasian in 70 , with the remains of the XVI " Gallica " ( which had surrendered in the Batavian rebellion ) , and still existed in the 4th century , when it guarded the Euphrates border camped in Sura ( Syria ) . The emblem of the legion was a Pegasus , in earlier science a lion was assumed .
Wayne G . Shear , Jr . Rear Admiral ( Upper Half ) Wayne " Greg " Shear , Jr . is a former Chief of Civil Engineers for the United States Navy . He previously served as Deputy Commander for Operations , Naval Facilities Engineering Command . Biography . Shear assumed command of Naval Facilities Engineering Command , Washington , D . C . and became Chief of Civil Engineers on October 27 , 2006 . He served in this capacity until he retired in May 2010 . Previously , he served as the Director , Ashore Readiness Division ( N46 ) Staff of the Chief of Naval Operations and as Deputy Commander , Navy Installations Command . Shear graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1979 with a degree in Naval Architecture and was commissioned an Ensign in the Civil Engineer Corps . In 1984 he received a Master of Science in Civil Engineering from the University of Colorado . He also holds a Master of Arts in National Security and Strategic Studies from the Naval War College . Shear ' s first assignment was to the Public Works Department , Naval Weapons Station Yorktown , Virginia . He then served as Public Works Officer , Naval Hospital Beaufort , South Carolina After graduate school in Colorado , he was assigned as Aide to the Commander , Naval Facilities Engineering Command . In 1985 , Shear joined Naval Mobile Construction Battalion ( NMCB ) 5 where he served as Charlie Company Commander and Officer in Charge , Detail Subic Bay . He then served at the Civil Engineer Corps Officer School as an instructor in the Facilities Management Division . In 1989 he was assigned as Resident Officer in Charge of Construction , Puerto Rico Area . In 1993 he graduated with distinction from the College of Naval Command and Staff in Newport , Rhode Island , and was assigned to U . S . Strategic Command at Offutt Air Force Base , Nebraska , as Chief , Engineering Branch . Shear commanded NMCB 1 from 1996 to 1998 . NMCB 1 received the Atlantic Fleet " Best of Type " and the Peltier Award in FY - 97 . Shear subsequently served as the Executive Officer at Naval Facilities Engineering Command ’ s Southern Division in Charleston , South Carolina , and the Commander , 30th Naval Construction Regiment , Pearl Harbor , Hawaii and Vice Commander , Third Naval Construction Brigade . While with the Seabees , Shear served on a temporary assignment as Commander , U . S . Support Group , East Timor , reporting to U . S . Pacific Command . In his following assignment he served as Deputy Commander for Operations , Naval Facilities Engineering Command . Shear is a Seabee Combat Warfare Officer , a registered professional engineer in the Commonwealth of Virginia , a member of the Navy Acquisition Professional Community , and a member of the Society of American Military Engineers . Awards and decorations . Shears ' awards include :
William Ashburnham ( Royalist ) William Ashburnham ( ca . 1604 – 1679 ) was an English army officer and MP . Biography . William Ashburnham was the younger brother of John Ashburnham . He was returned as MP for Ludgershall in both the parliaments held in 1640 but was expelled from the Long Parliament on 9 December 1641 for his part in the Army Plot s of that year . He fought as an officer for the Royalist cause in the English Civil War and in 1644 was governor of Weymouth , a place he kept four months for King Charles . Ten years later , on 3 June 1654 , he was arrested and examined on the charge of complicity in the plot to murder the Protector Oliver Cromwell for which Gerard and Vowel afterwards suffered . He does not , however , appear to have been sent before the high court of justice . After the Restoration of the monarchy he was made cofferer of the royal household . He was frequently a fellow - guest and a sharer in treasury business with Pepys , who styles him an " experienced man and a cavalier " . His " odd stories " are duly noted , and there was one touching the lease of Ashburnham House from the dean and chapter of Westminster , wherein the " devilish covetousness " of Dr . Busby was commemorated . He was returned again as MP for Ludgershall from 1661 until his death in 1679 .
Canon de 76 FRC The Canon de 76 FRC was a Belgian infantry support gun , produced by the Fonderie Royale des Canons ( FRC ) . The gun was typically of 76 mm calibre ; however , an optional 47 mm barrel could be fitted instead . The gun was designed for transport via a trailer towed by a vehicle . In 1940 , the Wehrmacht redesignated these as 7 . 6 cm IG 260 ( b ) . At the start of World War II , 198 of these guns had been produced .
Point target A point target is : Targets such as city buildings , and targets in the midst of many non - targets are considered to be point targets . When attacking point targets , weapons with only the necessary amount of spread and power are employed . Point targets are often located near other buildings which contain civilians and other innocents , therefore guided munition s are used to take out only the intended target . A strike executing in this manner is often referred to as a surgical strike .
Military supply chain management Military supply chain management is a cross - functional approach to procuring , producing and delivering products and services . The broad management scope includes sub - suppliers , suppliers , internal information and funds flow . Supply . A supply is the procurement , distribution , maintenance while in storage and salvage of supplies , including the determination of kind and quantity of supplies . The producer phase of a military supply extends from determination of procurement schedules to acceptance of finished supplies by the military service s . The consumer phase of a military supply extends from receipt of finished supplies by the military services , through issue for use or consumption . Supply chain . The supply chain is the linked activities associated with providing material from a raw material stage to an end user as a finished good . Supply control is the process by which an item of supply is controlled within the supply system , including requisitioning , receipt , storage , stock control , shipment , disposition , identification , and accounting . The supply point is a location where supplies , services and materiels are located and issued . These locations are temporary and mobile , normally being occupied for up to 72 hours . Logistics . Military logistics is the science of planning and carrying out the movement and maintenance of armed forces . In its most comprehensive sense , those aspects of military operation s that deal with : a . design and development , acquisition , storage , movement , distribution , maintenance , evacuation , and disposition of materiel ; b . movement , evacuation , and hospitalization of personnel ; c . acquisition or construction , maintenance , operation and disposition of facilities ; and d . acquisition or furnishing of services . Logistics versus supply chain management . The major difference between the concept of logistic management and supply chain management is the level of information gathered , processes , analysed and used for decision making . An SCM - based organisation not only having concerns with its immediate clients but also handles and forecasts the factors affect directly or indirectly their supplier or suppliers or on their client or clients . If we exclude this information part out of supply chain model then we can see the logistic management part of the business . Limitations of military supply chain . Unlike standard supply chain management practices world - wide , some major concepts are not supported in the military domain . For example , the " just - in - time " ( JIT ) model emphasizes holding less ( or no ) inventory , whereas in military supply chains , due to the high costs of a stock - out ( potentially placing lives in danger ) , keeping huge inventory is a more acceptable practice . Some examples of these are the ammunition dump and oil depot . Likewise , the military procurement process has much different criteria than the normal business procurement process . Military needs call for reliability of supply during peace and war , as compared to price and technology factors .
Taylorcraft L - 2 The Taylorcraft L - 2 Grasshopper is an American observation and liaison aircraft built by Taylorcraft for the United States Army Air Forces in World War II . In 1941 the United States Army Air Forces ordered four Taylorcraft Model D s with the designation YO - 57 . They were evaluated in the summer of 1941 during maneuvers in Louisiana and Texas where they were used for support purposes such as light transport and courier . General Innis P . Swift , commander of the 1st Cavalry Division , coined the ' grasshopper ' name after witnessing a bumpy landing . This led to a production order under the designation O - 57 Grasshopper . In March 1942 the designation was changed to L - 2 Grasshopper . In World War II , the AAF began using the L - 2 in much the same manner as the observation balloon was used in France during World War I — spotting enemy troop and supply concentrations and directing artillery fire on them . It was also used for other types of liaison and transport duties and short - range reconnaissance which required airplanes that could land and take off in minimum distances from unprepared landing strips . Postwar , a number of L - 2s were converted for civilian use and are operated by private pilot owners in the United States as the Model DCO - 65 . Several are still airworthy in 2011 . The L - 2 series meet the standards for Light Sport Aircraft ( other than the L - 2M , which has a gross weight rating 5 pounds over the 1 , 320 - lb limit ) , thus can be flown by pilots holding the Sport Pilot Certificate .