naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Nuclear Weapon A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions , either fission or a combination of fission and fusion . Both reactions release vast quantities of energy from relatively small amounts of matter ; a modern thermonuclear weapon weighing little more than a thousand kilograms can produce an explosion comparable to the detonation of more than a billion kilograms of conventional high explosive . Thus , even single small nuclear devices no larger than traditional bombs can devastate an entire city by blast , fire and radiation . Nuclear weapons are considered weapons of mass destruction , and their use and control has been a major focus of international relations policy since their debut . Use in Warfare . In the history of War , only two nuclear weapons have been used offensively , both at the end of World War II . The first was detonated on the morning of 6 August 1945 , when the United States dropped a uranium gun - type device code - named " Little Boy " on the Japanese city of Hiroshima . The second was detonated three days later when the United States dropped a plutonium implosion - type device code - named " Fat Man " on the city of Nagasaki , Japan . These bombings resulted in the immediate deaths of an estimated 80 , 000 people ( mostly civilians ) from injuries sustained from the explosion . When factoring in deaths from long - term effects of ionizing radiation and acute radiation sickness , the total death toll is estimated at 120 , 000 . The use of these weapons remains controversial . Since the Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombings , nuclear weapons have been detonated on over two thousand occasions for testing purposes and demonstration purposes . Nations with nuclear weapons . A few states have possessed such weapons or are suspected of seeking them . The only countries known to have detonated nuclear weapons — and that acknowledge possessing such weapons — are ( chronologically ) the United States , the Soviet Union ( succeeded as a nuclear power by Russia ) , the United Kingdom , France , the People ' s Republic of China , India , Pakistan , and North Korea . Israel is also widely believed to possess nuclear weapons , though it does not acknowledge having them .
Max Weber ( general ) Max Weber ( August 27 , 1824 – June 15 , 1901 ) was a military officer in the armies of Germany and later the United States , most known for serving as a brigadier general in the Union army during the American Civil War . Biography . Born in Achern , in the German state of Baden , Weber graduated from the military school at Karlsruhe in 1843 , and served as an infantry lieutenant in the Grand Duke ' s army . In 1849 , during the Revolutions of 1848 , he served with the revolutionaries under Franz Sigel . He emigrated to America , one of a large group of political refugees who came to be as known as the Forty - Eighters . He settled in New York City and worked as proprietor of the Konstanz Hotel in New York . Weber enlisted to fight in the Civil War as a colonel in 16 May 1861 . He raised a German - American unit known as the " Turner Rifles , " a company that eventually became a part of the 20th New York Infantry . Weber was stationed at Fort Monroe in Virginia . He took part in the capture of Fort Hatteras . From September 1861 until May 1862 , he commanded Camp Hamilton , near Fort Monroe , being commissioned brigadier general of volunteers on 28 April 1862 . He was at Newport News during the fight between the “ Monitor ” and “ Merrimac ” in anticipation of a Confederate attack by land . He took part in the capture of Norfolk , Virginia in May , and then commanded at Suffolk until September , when he was ordered to the Army of the Potomac where he commanded the Third Brigade , Third Division , Second Army Corps in the Army of the Potomac . Weber ' s brigade was the first to attack the Sunken Road during the Battle of Antietam . His right arm was grievously wounded in the ill - fated attack on the Confederate positions . The injury forced Weber off to a series of desk assignments for the duration of the conflict . He served on administrative duty in Washington , D . C . , in 1863 . He served under Gen . David Hunter and Gen . Franz Sigel in the Shenandoah Valley in 1864 . He was the garrison commander of Harpers Ferry and repelled Jubal A . Early ' s July 4 – 7 raid . Weber resigned his commission on 13 May 1865 . After the war , he was assessor of internal revenue in New York in 1870 - 72 , and then collector until April 1883 , when he resigned . Weber served as U . S . counsel in Nantes , France .
USS Admiral Glass ( YFB - 2 ) " Admiral Glass " was a wooden - hulled ferryboat which was named for Admiral Henry Glass . It was constructed by the Mare Island Navy Yard ( with which the late admiral had had much contact during the latter half of his career ) and launched on 26 July 1916 . Accepted and simultaneously placed in service on 22 August 1916 , she spent almost a decade operating in the 12th Naval District . Records indicate that for a brief period in 1918 and 1919 , Admiral Glass served at the Naval Training Station , Yerba Buena Island . On 17 July 1920 , she was classified as a yard craft , YFB - 2 . Pursuant to a material inspection of the craft , a report of which was dated 9 November 1925 , Admiral Glass was placed " on the list of naval vessels to be disposed of by sale . . . " on 21 May 1926 , and her name was simultaneously struck from the Navy list . The launch was sold at public auction on 27 May 1927 to Mr . George A . Moffitt of Oakland , California .
Joseph Strauss ( admiral ) Admiral Joseph Strauss ( 16 November 1861 – 30 December 1948 ) was an officer of the United States Navy , who served in World War I , and later commanded the Asiatic Fleet . Biography . Born in Mount Morris , New York , Strauss was commissioned as an ensign on 1 July 1887 . He attended the United States Naval Academy and was the first Jewish Admiral in the United States Navy . He began a distinguished career as specialist in ordnance in June 1893 when he reported to the Bureau of Ordnance in Washington , D . C . During the Spanish - American War he served in the sloop blockading the Cuban coast , then returned to the Bureau of Ordnance . He established the Naval Proving Ground at Indian Head , Maryland , from 1900 to 1902 ; served on a Special Board of Naval Ordnance in 1906 ; and was a member of the Joint Army - Navy Board on Smokeless Powders the following year . He conducted experimental work with torpedoes while commanding the cruiser from 1909 to 1911 ; commanded the pre - dreadnought battleship in 1912 ; then became Chief of Bureau of Ordnance on 21 October 1913 . Strauss assumed command of the super - dreadnought on 30 December 1916 and remained in command as the United States entered World War I . Detached from the battleship in February 1918 , he was designated Commander , Mine Force , Atlantic Fleet . He was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal both for directing the laying of the North Sea Mine Barrage and for the hazardous task of clearing it after peace came . In October 1919 he returned to the Navy Department to serve as a member of the General Board until March 1921 when he became Commander in Chief of the Asiatic Fleet with the rank of Admiral . He resumed duty with the General Board in October 1922 . The following year he also worked with Congress on the budget and appropriations . He transferred to the Retired List on 16 November 1925 , but returned briefly to active duty from 8 October 1937 to 8 February 1938 to serve the Advisory Board on Battleship Plans . He died on 30 December 1948 and was buried in Arlington National Cemetery . Other activities . Admiral Strauss was a founder of the Naval Historical Society and a long time financial adviser of the Navy Relief Society . Among his inventions were the superimposed system of mounting guns ; the first spring recoil gun mount , the first disappearing mount for deck guns of submarines , and the 12 - inch gun , the fore - runner of the mighty guns for capital ships ' main batteries . He received a special letter of appreciation from Secretary of the Navy Charles F . Adams in 1929 for his work on safety devices of submarines and the salvaging of sunken submarines . Namesakes . The Navy guided - missile destroyer was named after him .
SM UC - 54 SM " UC - 54 " was a German Type UC II minelaying submarine or U - boat in the German Imperial Navy ( ) during World War I . The U - boat was ordered on 12 January 1916 and was launched on 20 March 1917 . She was commissioned into the German Imperial Navy on 10 May 1917 as SM " UC - 54 " . In 8 patrols " UC - 54 " was credited with sinking 16 ships , either by torpedo or by mines laid . " UC - 54 " was scuttle d at Trieste on 28 October 1918 on the surrender of Austria - Hungary .
Laville DI - 4 Laville DI - 4 ( ) was a prototype two - seat fighter aircraft developed in the Soviet Union in the 1930s . The chief designer Henri Laville was one of several French aviation specialists invited to work in the Soviet Union and not surprisingly the DI - 4 layout was typical of the French trend at the time with a high - mounted gull wing ( first for a Soviet aircraft ) and all - metal construction . Test flight program was completed in 1933 but despite good performance the aircraft did not enter mass production , in part because Soviet Union had no plans to purchase the Curtiss V - 1570 engine .
Ashikaga Yoshitane , also known as Ashikaga Yoshiki ( 足利 義材 ) , was the 10th shogun of the Ashikaga shogunate who headed the shogunate first from 1490 to 1493 and then again from 1508 to 1521 during the Muromachi period of Japan . Yoshitane was the son of Ashikaga Yoshimi and grandson of the sixth shogun Ashikaga Yoshinori . In his early life , he was named Yoshiki ( sometimes translated as Yoshimura ) , and then Yoshitada — including the period of when he is first installed as shogun ; however , he changed his name to Yoshitane in 1501 in a period when he was temporarily exiled , and it is by this name that he is generally known today . The 9th shogun Ashikaga Yoshihisa died in 1489 on a battlefield of southern Omi province . Yoshihisa left no heir ; and Yoshitane became " Seii Taishogun " a year later . Events of Yoshitane ' s " bakufu " . Significant events which shaped the period during which Yoshitane was shogun : In 1493 , Yoshitane lost in a power struggle against Hosokawa Masamoto and was formally replaced by the eleventh shogun , Ashikaga Yoshizumi . In 1508 , with the support of Ōuchi Yoshioki , Yoshitane regained the position of " Seii Taishogun " from Yoshizumi . Eventually , after a further power struggle with the Hosokawa clan and Hosokawa Takakuni , Yoshitane was forced to withdraw to Awaji Island . He died in Awa province , on the island of Shikoku . Hosokawa Takakuni arranged for the replacement of Yoshitane with the twelfth shogun , Ashikaga Yoshiharu . Yoshitane ' s heirs and successors . Shogun Yoshitane adopted the son of a cousin , Yoshizumi ; and he designate Yoshitsuna as his heir and as his anticipated successor as shogun . However , when Yoshitane died prematurely , he was not succeeded by who he had chosen ; rather , his father ' s newly designated heir was accepted by the shogunate as Shogun Yoshizumi . In other words , after the death of his son , Shogun Yoshimasa adopted the son of his brother , Yoshimi . After the death of his adopted son , Yoshimasa adopted the son of another brother , Masatomo . Shogun Yoshimasa was succeeded by Shogun Yoshihisa ( Yoshimasa ' s natural son ) , then by Shogun Yoshitane ( Yoshimasa ' s first adopted son ) , and then by Shogun Yoshizumi ( Yoshimasa ' s second adopted son ) . Yoshizumi ' s progeny would become shoguns in due course . Eventually , the great - grandson of Yoshitane would be installed as a puppet shogun for a brief period ; but external power struggles would unseat him , and the Ashikaga dynasty of shoguns would end . Eras of Yoshitane ' s " bakufu " . The years in which Yoshitane was shogun are more specifically identified by more than one era name or " nengō " .
HMS L52 HMS " L52 " was a British L class submarine built by Armstrong Whitworth , Newcastle - Upon - Tyne . She was laid down on 16 May 1917 and was commissioned on an unknown date . HMS " L52 " was sold for scrap in September 1935 , but was wrecked off of Barry , South Wales .
Levin Winder Levin Winder ( September 4 , 1757 – July 1 , 1819 ) in Baltimore , Maryland . During the Revolutionary War , he was appointed major of the 4th Maryland Regiment , finally attaining the rank of lieutenant colonel at war ' s end . After the war , he served with the Maryland militia at the rank of brigadier general . Winder served as the 14th Governor of the state of Maryland in the United States from 1812 to 1816 . He also served in the Maryland House of Delegates from 1789 to 1793 .
Spokane Air Defense Sector The Spokane Air Defense Sector ( SPADS ) is an inactive United States Air Force organization . Its last assignment was with the Air Defense Command 25th Air Division ( 25th AD ) at Larson Air Force Base , Washington . History . SAGE Air Defense Sector . SPADS was established in September 1958 assuming responsibility for air defense in eastern Washington , northern Idaho and western Montana . The organization eventually also provided command and control over several interceptor aircraft and radar squadrons . On 8 September the new Semi Automatic Ground Environment ( SAGE ) Direction Center ( DC - 15 ) became operational . DC - 15 was equipped with dual AN / FSQ - 7 Computer s . The day - to - day operations of the command was to train and maintain tactical flying units flying jet interceptor aircraft ( F - 94 Starfire ; F - 102 Delta Dagger ; F - 106 Delta Dart ) in a state of readiness with training missions and series of exercises with SAC and other units simulating interceptions of incoming enemy aircraft . However , until March 1960 , SPADS did not have operational command over the radar and interceptor aircraft it directed . Instead , they were assigned to the 4700th Air Defense Wing until March 1960 . The 4700th was transferred from direct assignment to 25th AD to SPADS briefly before being discontinued in July . The Sector was inactivated on 1 September 1963 and its units were assigned to the 25th AD . 4700th Air Defense Wing . The Sector ' s only wing was designated and organized as 4700th Air Defense Wing at Geiger Field Washington to provide air defense of the northwestern United States on 1 September 1958 . It was assigned two fighter groups flying fighter interceptor aircraft ( F - 102 Delta Dagger , F - 104 Starfighter , and F - 106 Delta Dart ) and ten radar squadrons to accomplish its mission . When its 498th Fighter - Interceptor Squadron ( part of the 84th Fighter Group ) converted to F - 106As , it became the first combat ready squadron flying Delta Darts . In May 1959 , the wing ' s 4721st Air Defense Group at Larson was discontinued and its 538th Fighter - Interceptor Squadron transferred directly to the wing On 15 March 1960 , the wing ' s 636th , 637th , 822d and 823d Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron s and 538th Fighter - Interceptor Squadron were transferred to SPADS . Other radar units assigned to the wing , however , were transferred to other ADC organizations . The 634th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron at Burns AFS , Oregon , in May 1960 ; the 638th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron at Curlew AFS , Washington in December 1959 , the 680th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron at Yaak AFS , Montana in July 1960 ; the 716th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron at Geiger Field , Washington in May 1959 and the 821st Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron at Baker AFS , Oregon in May 1960 . In May , the wing and its 84th Fighter Group were also transferred , leaving the wing without an operational mission , and it was discontinued on 30 June 1960 . References . Bibliography . Further Reading
Battle of Keltis barracks The Battle of Keltis barracks took place in Gustav III ' s Russian War between May 19 – 20 , 1790 at Keltis in present day Finland . It ended with a Swedish victory . Battle . In the spring of 1790 King Gustav III of Sweden personally led a force of 4 , 000 men across the Kymi River in Finland at the then Swedish - Russian border . After defeating a Russian force at the Battle of Valkeala the Swedish and Russian forces became entangled in a series of manoeuvres and skirmishes in the area near Keltis and Valkeala . A Swedish force of 800 men that had been left at the village of Nappa near Keltis came under attack by a 2 , 500 strong Russian force commanded by General Backman . The Swedes retreated in an orderly fashion and were soon reinforced when General Vilhelm Mauritz Pauli arrived with 1 , 200 men . Meanwhile the Russian force halted and positioned itself at the Keltis barracks , originally built as a Swedish guardpost , where it also received some reinforcements . With his 2 , 000 man force General Pauli felt confident enough to launch a counter attack against the Russians and marched in the evening of May 19 against Keltis barracks . During the night of May 19 – 20 the Swedes attacked and after a short but bloody battle the surprised and shaken Russians retreated . Left behind on the battlefield were 200 dead Russians . The Swedes had suffered 40 dead soldiers , four officers and 60 wounded . References . http : / / hem . bredband . net / b111807 / Svenska / Gustav % 20III / sw - jagerhorn - 1790 . htm Mankell , Julius ( 1865 ) . Uppgifter rörande svenska krigsmagtens styrka , sammansättning och fördelning sedan slutet af femtonhundratalet : jemte öfversigt af svenska krigshistoriens vigtigaste händelser under samma tid . Stockholm : C . M . Thimgren Available at Google books : http : / / books . google . com / books ? id = TUlbAAAAQAAJ & pg = PA532 & dq = keltis + baracker & hl = en & ei = p _ syTrK2MMWKswaE4ZHpBg & sa = X & oi = book _ result & ct = result & resnum = 1 & ved = 0CDMQ6AEwAA # v = onepage & q = keltis % 20baracker & f = false
USS Oklahoma City ( SSN - 723 ) USS " Oklahoma City " ( SSN - 723 ) , a , is the second ship of the United States Navy to be named for Oklahoma City , Oklahoma . The contract to build her was awarded to Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company in Newport News , Virginia on 13 August 1981 and her keel was laid down on 4 January 1984 . She was launched on 2 November 1985 sponsored by Mrs . Linda M . Nickles , and commissioned on 9 July 1988 , with Commander Kevin John Reardon in command . In 1991 , " Oklahoma City " won the Marjorie Sterrett Battleship Fund Award for the Atlantic Fleet . On 13 November 2002 , " Oklahoma City " collided with the Leif Hoegh liquified natural gas tanker " Norman Lady " , east of the Strait of Gibraltar . No one on either vessel was hurt , and there were no leaks of oil from fuel tanks and no threat to the environment , but the submarine sustained damage to her periscope and sail area , and put into La Maddalena , Sardinia , for repairs . Her commanding officer , Commander Richard Voter , was relieved of his command on 30 November . One other officer and two enlisted crew members also were disciplined for alleged dereliction of duty . On 20 January 2005 " Oklahoma City " returned to Norfolk , Virginia , after a six - month deployment in support of national security interests and the War on Terrorism . " OKC " transited to her patrol area in the Pacific Ocean via the Arctic Ocean , the first such transit for a first - flight . After the patrol , she then completed a circumnavigation of North America by transiting back to the Atlantic Ocean through the Panama Canal and returning to her homeport in Norfolk . In early 2007 , " Oklahoma City " became the first submarine certified to exclusively use Digital Nautical Chart s ( DNCs ) , using the Voyage Management System ( VMS ) . VMS is part of the Electronic Chart Display and Information System - Navy ( ECDIS - N ) system , which has been under development since 1990 . The shift from traditional paper navigation to an all - electronic navigation suite marked the first significant shift in U . S . Navy navigation practices since the introduction of the Global Positioning System ( GPS ) in the 1990s . From May to November 2007 , " Oklahoma City " completed a deployment to the Persian Gulf in support of the War on Terror . She spent May to July 2008 in the Eastern Pacific in support of the War on Drugs , and was responsible for seizing more than 11 metric tons of cocaine valued at more than $ 1 . 5 billion ( USD ) . " Oklahoma City " was awarded the 2008 Squadron Eight Battle " E " . On 22 November 2008 , Commander Aaron M . Thieme relieved Commander Louis Edward Mayer IV as Commanding Officer . After a 26 - month overhaul , in March 2011 the sub was forward deployed to Guam .
USS Nausett ( IX - 190 ) USS " Nausett " ( IX – 190 ) was an auxiliary ship in the United States Navy . " Nausett " was a tanker completed in April 1918 , by the Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corp . , Alameda , California . She served the Atlantic Refining Company , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , as SS " W . M . Irish " until acquired in early October 1944 by War Shipping Administration for U . S . Navy use as a mobile floating storage unit . Acquired by the U . S . Navy . Renamed " Nausett " on 29 October 1944 , she was accepted by the Navy on a bareboat charter and commissioned at Pearl Harbor on 8 January 1945 . On further inspection , necessary alterations were deemed too expensive to warrant the expenditure . Decommissioning . In June , " Nausett " was placed in reduced commission pending her return to WSA on the West Coast . On 23 September 1945 , she arrived at San Francisco , California , where she decommissioned and was delivered to WSA , on 12 October 1945 . Twelve days later she was struck from the Navy Register .
151st Infantry Division Perugia The 151st Infantry Division Perugia was an infantry division of the Italian Army during World War II . The " Perugia " Division was formed in August 1941 as a garrison division . It was sent on operations to Yugoslavia in December 1941 . It was part of the Italian forces committed to the Battle of the Sutjeska . It was then transferred to Albania in August 1943 . Following the Italian surrender in September 1943 , the Germans of the 99 regiment , I Mountain Division , captured the whole division at " Porto Palermo " . The commander of the " Perugia " , gen . Ernesto Chiminello , was shot on October 4 , 1943 at 16 : 45 ; the next day the other 120 officers were shot on the beach of " baia Limione " ( a small bay just north of Sarande ) and their bodies were thrown in the sea . The last 32 officers , after fierce resistance , were captured near Kuc and shot here in the morning of October 7 , 1943 .