naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Robert M . Citino Robert M . Citino ( born 19 June 1958 ) is an American historian at the University of North Texas . He is a leading authority on modern German military history , with an emphasis upon World War II and the German influence upon modern operational doctrine . Citino has previously taught at Eastern Michigan University , West Point , and the Command and General Staff School . He is a fellow of the Barsanti Military History Center , a trustee of the Society for Military History , and a consultant for the White House staff . He has also appeared as a consultant on the History Channel . In 2013 - 2014 , he will be teaching at the Air Force Academy . Background . Citino was born in Cleveland , Ohio . After graduating with his Bachelor ' s degree in history from Ohio State University , where he graduated Magna Cum Laude in 1978 . He then earned his Master ' s and PhD from Indiana University in 1980 and 1984 . His PhD advisor was Barbara Jelavich . He is married with three daughters . He is fluent in German and is a prolific reader of early 20th century German military literature , particularly the " Militär - Wochenblatt " . University career . Throughout his career Citino has advocated changing the current nomenclature of German military tactics . Although he uses the word " Blitzkrieg " on the cover of his books , he has always espoused the view that it should be called by its proper German military term , " Bewegungskrieg " , or maneuver warfare . Citino has also taught courses on Nazi Germany and American military history , including Korea , Vietnam , and the Cold War . In 1993 he won EMU ’ s Teaching I Award for his enthusiasm in the classroom and his ability to inspire student interest in history . In 2007 he was rated the number one professor in the United States according to ' ratemyprofessor . com ' . On March 15 , 2013 , Professor Citino was awarded one of the highest honors in military history when the Society for Military History presented him with the 2013 Distinguished Book Award for his seminal work , The Wehrmacht Retreats : Fighting a Lost War , 1943 . The book explores German losses in key campaigns in 1943 — losses which would eventually lead to an erosion of the German military ' s strategic advantage . It is his second Distinguished Book Award , he previously received one in 2004 for his book " Blitzkrieg to Desert Storm . " Dr . Citino will be a visiting professor at the U . S . Army War College in Carlisle , Pennsylvania for the 2013 - 14 academic school year .
20th Pennsylvania Infantry The 20th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry was a volunteer infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War . History . Recruitment for the regiment began on Friday , April 26 , 1861 and by Saturday evening , the ranks were full . William H . Gray was elected colonel , George Moore as lieutenant colonel , and Andrew H . Tippin as major . It was mustered into service the following week and spent some time in Philadelphia drilling . It was assigned to Major General Robert Patterson ' s Army of the Shenandoah as part of the 3rd brigade , First Division . It took part in the advance which intended to pin down General Joseph E . Johnston ' s Army of the Shenandoah . On July 24 , it was ordered back to Philadelphia , where it was mustered out August 6 .
Opočno Castle Opočno Castle is a complex of buildings in renaissance style in the town of Opočno , Czech Republic . The place was mentioned in 1068 and built on the location of a former gothic castle . It belonged to the Trčka family from 1553 until 1634 . In 1634 when Adam Erdmann von Trčka died , the emperor Ferdinand II allowed the Colloredo family to buy the property for 35 , 000 " Reichsgulden " . Since then the Colloredos have substantially modified the chateau and even founded a 22 - hectare English garden with rare trees , ponds and waterfalls . They contracted the architects G . B . Alliprandi and Santini . The castle is now a museum and has historical interiors , with a gallery , a library , ethnographic collections , and an armoury housing weaponry from 16th to 19th centuries including oriental weapons . The collection was founded by F . G . Colloredo - Mansfeld . Under Communist rule , the Czechoslovak state took possession of Opočno castle . In 2003 the Czech courts decided to return the property to the Colloredo family , but as of 2007 the decision was reversed , although the family has appealed to the higher Courts .
Werner Töniges Werner Töniges ( 7 January 1910 – 25 January 1995 ) was a " Korvettenkapitän " with the Kriegsmarine during World War II . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross and its higher grade Oak Leaves was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . He sailed with the Schnellboot " S 24 " , " S 26 " and " S 102 " , sinking eighteen ships on 281 combat patrols , for a total of of Allied shipping . Military career . Werner Töniges transferred from the " Handelsmarine " to the " Kriegsmarine " in 1935 . In 1937 he was promoted to " Leutnant zur See " . On board of the German pocket battleship " Admiral Graf Spee " he participated in Spanish Civil War . He then transferred to the Schnellboot service . He commanded the " Schnellboote " " S 24 " , " S 26 " and " S 102 " . Töniges was awarded the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross after 88 combat patrols on 25 February 1941 . He soon also received the Oak Leaves to the Knight ' s Cross on 13 November 1942 , the first in the " Schnellboot " service . At this point Töniges had sunk 18 war and merchant ships plus two U - boat hunters . He was transferred to the " Marineschule " at Flensburg - Mürwik as company commander at the end of September 1942 . Here he received the Fast Attack Craft War Badge with Diamonds . As of September 1943 he served as a training officer in the " Oberkommando der Kriegsmarine " , where he was promoted to " Korvettenkapitän " on 1 January 1945 .
Wolfgang Zenker Leutnant zur See Otto Wolfgang Zenker ( 1898 – 5 November 1918 ) was a German officer killed during World War I . He was an officer on the battleship and was murdered by rebel sailors during the Wilhelmshaven mutiny together with Bruno Heinemann . The Second World War German destroyer " Z9 " was named " Wolfgang Zenker " in his honour .
HMS Abbotsham ( M2787 ) HMS " Abbotsham " was one of 93 ships of the " Ham " class of inshore minesweepers . Their names were all chosen from villages ending in " - ham " . The minesweeper was named after Abbotsham in Devon . " Abbotsham " was one of the third series of " Ham " - class minesweepers , with an all - wooden hull , and was built by William Blackmore , completing on 10 January 1957 . The " Ham " class proved to be too small to carry modern minesweeping gear , and like many of the class , " Abbotsham " was quickly placed in operational reserve , entering this state in November 1957 . She remained in operational reserve at Rosneath until 1966 , when she was placed on the disposal list , the ship being sold in 1967 . < br >
Dietrich von Altenburg Dietrich von Altenburg was the 19th Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights , serving from 1335 to 1341 . He came from the Thuringian town of Altenburg in the Holy Roman Empire , where his father held the office of a burgrave of the immediate Pleissnerland , which however had long been pawned to the Saxon House of Wettin . Von Altenburg joined the Order in 1307 and served as Komtur of Ragnit ( 1320 – 24 ) and of Balga ( 1326 – 31 ) . In 1331 he was appointed Grand Marshal of the Order in 1331 and resumed the Polish – Teutonic War smouldering since 1326 . After the Battle of Płowce , the Order conquered the former Duchy of Kuyavia with Dobrzyń Land from the Kingdom of Poland under Władysław I the Elbow - high . Von Altenburg was accused before a papal tribunal for alleged crimes committed during the Kuyavian campaign . Nevertheless , the relations with Poland improved upon the accession of King Casimir III the Great in 1333 and the election of well - disposed Pope Benedict XII the next year . At the 1335 Congress of Visegrád , by the agency of King John of Bohemia , an agreement was made , whereafter the Polish king would renounce Pomerelia in favour of the Order and in turn regain Kuyavia and Dobrzyń . The arrangement however met with protest by the Polish szlachta , and a final peace was not achieved until 1343 by the Treaty of Kalisz . After von Altenburg was elected Grand Master , he set about building and reconstructing many of the Order ' s castles . He began the reconstruction of the Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary at Marienburg , the building of the main tower , and commissioned a mosaic figure of the Madonna . The Chapel of Saint Anne , the first permanent bridge over the Nogat , and the Bridge Gate were also completed during his service . Meanwhile , the conflict with Poland as well as the papal proceedings lingered on . Despite an intervention by Emperor Louis IV , in 1339 the Roman Curia sentenced the Order to surrender all estates claimed by Poland , a judgement that however was not approved by the Pope . Intending to negotiate with Poland , von Altenburg traveled to Thorn ( Toruń ) in 1341 but died there from an illness in October of that year . He was the first Grand Master to be buried in the Chapel of Saint Anne in Marienburg ; his original gravestone can still be seen there to this day .
Norton Strange Townshend Norton Strange Townshend ( December 25 , 1815 – July 13 , 1895 ) was a United States Representative from Ohio . Biography . Born in Clay Coton , Northamptonshire ( England ) , in 1830 he migrated to the United States with his parents , who settled in Avon , Ohio . He educated himself by the use of his father ' s library , taught a district school for a short time , and was graduated from the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York in 1840 . Townshend was a delegate to the World ' s Anti - Slavery Convention in London in 1840 , but he was not included in the commemorative painting with other important delegates . He studied medicine in the hospitals of London , Paris , Edinburgh , and Dublin , and in 1841 engaged in the practice of medicine in Avon , Ohio . He moved to Elyria , Ohio , and was a member of the Ohio House of Representatives in 1848 and 1849 . He was a delegate to the State constitutional convention in 1850 , and was elected as a Democrat to the Thirty - second Congress ( March 4 , 1851 – March 3 , 1853 ) . In 1854 and 1855 , Townshend was a member of the Ohio Senate and during the American Civil War was a medical inspector of the Union Army with the rank of lieutenant colonel from 1863 to 1865 . He engaged in agricultural pursuits near Avon , was director of the State board of agriculture from 1858 to 1869 and 1886 to 1889 , was professor of agriculture in Iowa Agricultural College in 1869 , and was appointed in 1870 as one of the first trustees of Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical College . He resigned in 1873 to become professor of agriculture in the new State college and served until his resignation in 1892 , when he became professor " emeritus " . Townshend died in Columbus , Ohio in 1895 ; interment was in Protestant Cemetery , Avon , Ohio . The Norton Strange Townshend Family Papers are located at the William L . Clements Library in Ann Arbor , Michigan . Townshend Hall on the campus of Ohio State University was named for the professor on May 19 , 1896 .
Security assurance A security assurance , in the context of nuclear warfare , is an expression of a political position by a nuclear - armed nation intended to placate other non - nuclear - armed nations . There are two types of security assurance : positive and negative . A positive assurance states that the nation giving it will aid any , or a particular , non - nuclear - armed nation in retaliation , should it be a victim of nuclear attack . A negative assurance is not the opposite of this , but instead means that a nuclear - armed nation has promised not to use nuclear weapons , except in retaliation for a nuclear attack against themselves . See also No first use . Security assurances are a key part of nuclear diplomacy , and since they are statements of intent - not guarantees - they are based entirely on trust and the threat of retaliation should they be broken . Thus , Security Assurances have been issued and changed over time , and are vital tools in the Nuclear Non - Proliferation Treaty ( NPT ) . U . S . President Barack Obama modified the specific conditions of the US Negative Security Assurance on 6 April 2010 citing " the importance of nations meeting their NPT and nuclear non - proliferation obligations . " . China is so far the only nation to issue a positive security assurance in April 1995 , at the same time it issued a negative security assurance . China stated that despite its willingness to use nuclear weapons , it " [ should ] not in any way be construed as endorsing the use of nuclear weapons . " < ref name = S / 1995 / 265 > < / ref > The dichotomy of such a position has led for calls to make more use of protocol s attached to NWFZ ( nuclear - weapon - free zone ) treaties , instead of generalized security assurances .
USS LST - 981 USS " LST - 981 " was an in the United States Navy . Like many of her class , she was not named and is properly referred to by her hull designation . " USS LST - 981 " was laid down on 9 December 1943 at the Boston Navy Yard ; launched on 27 January 1944 ; sponsored by Miss Helen Madden ; and commissioned on 11 March 1944 , Lt . Clyde A . Wilson in command . Service history . During World War II , " LST - 981 " was assigned to the European theater and participated in the invasion of Normandy in June 1944 . Transferred to the Asiatic - Pacific theater , she engaged in the assault and occupation of Okinawa Gunto in May and June 1945 . Following the war , she performed occupation duty in the Far East until mid - May 1946 . She returned to the United States and was decommissioned on 30 July 1946 and struck from the Navy list on 28 August that same year . On 12 December 1947 , the ship was sold to the Salco Iron & Metal Co . for scrapping . LST - 981 earned two battle stars for World War II service . References .
Operation Model 5 Operation Model 5 ( Hebrew : דוגמן 5 , " Doogman 5 " ) is the name of an Israeli Air Force operation , and the common name for the ensuing anti - aircraft battle , which took place over the Golan Heights on the October 7 , 1973 , the second day of the Yom Kippur War . " Model 5 " was preplanned as a sweeping operation to destroy all of the Syrian surface - to - air missile batteries on the Golan front , by using unguided , general - use bombs dropped from a medium altitude near the targets . The attacking aircraft were to approach the targets at a very low altitude , in order to avoid being detected by Syrian radars ( especially fire control and target acquisition radars such as the Flat Face and Long Track ) . Due to a lack of updated intelligence and reliance on outdated IMINT , while suffering from an underdeveloped ELINT – ESM capability , the Israeli aircraft did not find their targets , as these SAM batteries had already moved to other locations . The outcome of " Model 5 " was catastrophic for the attacking force : six F - 4 Phantom aircraft were lost over Syria and several others were damaged but returned to Ramat David . Most of the damaged aircraft were hit by ZSU - 23∙4 air defense artillery guns , which became so deadly due to the sortie ' s very low altitude . Two crewmen were killed and nine captured by the Syrians , for the destruction of but a single Syrian SAM battery .
19th Virginia Cavalry The 19th Virginia Volunteer Cavalry Regiment was a cavalry regiment raised in Virginia for service in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War . It fought with the Army of Northern Virginia , in southwest Virginia , and in the Shenandoah Valley . Virginia ’ s 19th Cavalry Regiment was formed in April , 1863 , using the 3rd Regiment Virginia State Line as its nucleus . It served in Jenkin ' s and W . L . Jackson ' s Brigade and confronted the Federals in western Virginia . Later the unit took part in the operations in the Shenandoah Valley and disbanded during April , 1865 . Its commanders were Colonel William L . Jackson , Lieutenant Colonel William P . Thompson , and Majors George Downs and Joseph K . Kesler .
USS Persistent ( MSO - 491 ) USS " Persistent " ( AM - 491 / MSO - 491 ) was an " Aggressive " - class minesweeper acquired by the U . S . Navy for the task of removing mines that had been placed in the water to prevent the safe passage of ships . The second ship to be named Persistent by the Navy , " MSO – 491 " was laid down 17 June 1954 as " AM491 " by J . M . Martinac Shipbuilding Corp . , Tacoma , Washington ; reclassified " MSO – 491 " on 7 February 1955 ; launched 23 April 1955 ; sponsored by Mrs . M . S . Erdahl ; and commissioned 3 February 1956 , Lt . Theodore R . Johnson in command . West Coast operations . Following Pacific coast shakedown , " Persistent " reported for duty to Commander , Pacific Fleet , 2 March 1956 and was designated flagship for Mine Division 91 the same day . In September 1956 , she was modified for advanced sound reduction to protect against acoustic mines . In August 1957 , she deployed to WestPac as part of Mine Countermeasures Group , U . S . 7th Fleet . After return to Long Beach , California , for regular overhaul in February 1958 and completion of type training that year , she engaged in research at the Navy Acoustic Range , Puget Sound , September 1959 . Later that year she measured ocean currents under assignment to Scripps Institute of Oceanography . After another deployment to WestPac in 1960 , she returned to California in July . After type training in 1961 , she deployed to WestPac in January 1962 , assisting in the training of South Vietnam ese sailors from January to August . After domestic operations in 1963 , she deployed annually to WestPac from 1964 to 1970 . She returned from her last WestPac early in 1971 . Until 1971 she remained active with the U . S . Pacific Fleet . Decommissioning . " Persistent " was decommissioned on 1 July 1971 and struck from the Navy list on 1 August 1974 . In 1974 , she was sold to Spain , which named her " Guadalquivir " ( M43 ) .
Rocky Flats Truth Force The Rocky Flats Truth Force was a grass - roots non - violent anti - nuclear group formed during protests at the Rocky Flats Nuclear Weapons Plant near Golden , Colorado during the late 1970s . In April 1978 , the Rocky Flats Truth Force blocked railroad tracks to the Rocky Flats Plant , and were subsequently arrested . Continuing actions culminated in a larger demonstration and further arrests in May 1978 . The Rocky Flats Plant was a US nuclear weapon complex located near to Denver Colorado and it was operating from 1952 until 1992 .
USS Vencedor ( SP - 669 ) USS " Vencedor " ( SP - 669 ) was a United States Navy patrol vessel in commission from 1917 to 1918 . " Vencedor " was built as the private motorboat " Tekla " by George Lawley & Son at Neponset , Massachusetts , in 1909 . She later was renamed " Vencedor " . On 19 June 1917 , the U . S . Navy acquired " Vencedor " under a free lease from her owner , H . H . Luedinghams , for use as a section patrol boat during World War I . She was commissioned at the New York Navy Yard in Brooklyn , New York , as USS " Vencedor " ( SP - 669 ) on 30 August 1917 with Ensign David Crow , USNRF , in command . Assigned to the 3rd Naval District and operating from Section Base No . 6 , " Vencedor " carried out harbor patrol duties into the summer of 1918 . She then changed roles and began towing targets and operating as a dispatch boat for the rest of World War I . " Vencedor " was decommissioned at City Island in the Bronx , New York , on 26 February 1919 and returned to Luedinghams . Sources differ on the date of her return to Luedinghams , stating both 25 and 26 February 1919 as the date of her return ; the 25 February 1919 return date calls into question the accuracy of the 26 February decommissioning date claimed for her , as decommissioning presumably would occur before or simultaneously with her return to her owner .
VX - 20 VX - 20 , Air Test and Evaluation Squadron Twenty , ( " AIRTEVRON TWO ZERO " ) is a United States Navy air test and evaluation squadron based at Naval Air Station Patuxent River , Maryland . Operations . VX - 20 operates a variety of Naval aircraft for testing and evaluation of new technologies , including variants of the Northrop Grumman E - 2 Hawkeye , Boeing E - 6 Mercury , Lockheed P - 3 Orion , Grumman C - 2 Greyhound , Lockheed C - 130 Hercules , C - 12 Huron , and Beechcraft T - 6 Texan II . VX - 20 ' s Lockheed Martin KC - 130J Super Hercules tanker was used for flight tests of the Harvest HAWK weapon systems used to arm the tanker aircraft . Since 2010 , VX - 20 has been operating flight test models of the Boeing P - 8A Poseidon maritime patrol and reconnaissance aircraft . Mission statement . The official VX - 20 mission statement reads , " We provide trained people , test ready aircraft , and access to state of the art facilities necessary for the development of cutting edge technology to support the War fighting needs of the operating forces . " History . Air Test and Evaluation Squadron Twenty can trace its roots all the way to the founding of the Naval Air Station Patuxent River , Maryland . Recognizing the need for consolidation of the Navy ' s flight test efforts , NAS Patuxent River was established on April 1 , 1943 , due to its proximity to the coast , freedom from air traffic congestion , and isolation for testing of classified projects . On June 16 , 1945 , the Navy officially designated the Naval Air Test Center . In April , 1975 , after 30 years of operations at Patuxent River , the Flight Test Division , Weapons Test Division , Service Test Division , and U . S . Naval Test Pilot School reorganized under the Naval Air Test Center into the Antisubmarine Aircraft Test Directorate , Strike Aircraft Test Directorate , Rotary Aircraft Test Directorate , and Naval Test Pilot School . Under the command of Officer - in - Charge Captain John A . Dunaway , Antisubmarine Aircraft Test Directorate was tasked to support the fleet through the flight test and evaluation of aircraft systems for the VP , VS , VAW , VRC , VQ ( TACAMO ) , VQ ( ELINT / SIGINT ) , VR , and VT squadrons . In order to more closely identify itself with the communities to which it was responsible , the directorate was renamed Force Warfare Aircraft Test Directorate in June 1986 . In May 1995 , the organization officially became a squadron and was renamed Naval Force Aircraft Test Squadron under the command of Captain Stuart A . Ashton . In order to more closely align itself with the squadrons it serves , in May 2002 , under the command of Captain Steven R . Eastburg , the squadron was redesignated Air Test and Evaluation Squadron Twenty . Now a combined USN / USMC organization , the squadron has also assumed responsibility for test and evaluation of Marine Corps VMGR aircraft and follow - on Navy VP and VR aircraft . The squadron is currently under the command of Commander Jason L . Rider .