naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Colichemarde Colichemarde is a type of small sword blade that was popular from the late 17th century to the middle 18th century . Overview . The small sword is considered to be a descendant of the " transition rapier " , which itself evolved from the rapier due to the demand for a lighter sword better suited to parrying . The shape of a colichemarde blade features a wide forte ( often with several fullers ) , which then tapered drastically toward the point after the fullers ended . The blade cross section was hexagon al or diamond shaped . This configuration combines good parrying characteristics with good thrusting characteristics . Its lighter weight and superior balance compared to the rapier allowed faster and more accurate movement of the blade , allowing the fencer to place a more precise thrust on their adversary . Brief history . The colichemarde blade configuration is widely thought to have been an invention of Graf von Königsmark , due to the similarity in pronunciation of their names . However , the first blades of this type date from before the Count ' s lifetime . The colichemarde first appeared about 1680 and was popular during the next 40 years at the royal European courts . It was especially popular with the officer s of the French and Indian War period . George Washington had one . This sword appeared at about the same time as the foil . However the foil was created for practicing fencing at court , while the colichemarde was created for dueling . A descendant of the colichemarde is the épée , a modern fencing weapon . With the appearance of the pocket pistol as a self - defence weapon , the colichemardes found an even more extensive use in dueling . Popularity of the colichemarde declined when rapiers went out of fashion , the advantage of the colichemarde being that it was faster and more maneuverable than the rapier but with a wide forte to help parry the heavier rapier blade . As small swords evolved into even smaller , lighter weapons , the colichemarde was suddenly at the same disadvantage as the rapier had been when the colichemarde was introduced , and a wider forte was of no advantage against lighter small swords . Trivia . In Season 3 of Spike TV ' s " Deadliest Warrior " , the colichemarde was one of the weapons assigned to George Washington . It was given the " edge " for its ability to parry Napoleon Bonaparte ' s Cavalry Sabre , which it did , achieving 53 % of the " short range kills . " A fine example of colichemarde was in possession of Captain Alfred Hutton ( 1839 - 1910 ) , antiquarian , swordsman , one of the initiators of the first attempt to revive historical European martial arts , and a fellow of Society of Antiquaries of London . Notes .
Hampstead Norris Castle Hampstead Norris Castle was a Norman castle in the village of Hampstead Norris , Berkshire , England . History . Hampstead Norris Castle is a Norman motte and bailey castle overlooking the village of Hampstead Norris , Berkshire , England . The motte is 25 m wide , and 4 . 2 m high , made of chalk . The contours of the top suggest that a timber tower or defensive structure was built on the motte . The site was originally believed to be a tumulus , until later work confirmed its Norman origins . Local historian David Ford suspects that the castle may have been constructed after the Norman conquest of England by Theodoric the Goldsmith . Today the castle is surrounded by woodland and is a scheduled monument .
Boves massacre The " Boves massacre " was a World War II war crime that took place on 8 September 1943 in the " comune " of Boves , Italy . Up to 195 Italian civilians were killed and 350 houses were destroyed by artillery fire of the Waffen - SS under the command of SS - Sturmbannführer Joachim Peiper . Two German NCOs had been captured and were held by Italian partisans in the vicinity of the town . After obtaining their release , Peiper ordered the destruction of the town under disputed circumstances . The attempts by plaintiffs to bring about the conviction of Joachim Peiper for action at Boves , occurred 25 years after 1943 . In 1968 , an Italian court concluded there was " . . . insufficient suspicion of criminal activity on the part of any of the accused to warrant prosecution " . On December 23 , 1968 , a German District Court in Stuttgart reached the same conclusion , terminating any potential prosecution of Peiper for his activities in Italy .
Edward Hopton Lieutenant General Sir Edward Hopton KCB DL JP ( 1837 – 19 January 1912 ) was a British Army officer who became Lieutenant Governor of Jersey . Early life . Hopton was born in 1837 in Bishops Frome , Herefordshire , the eldest son of the Reverend W . P . Hopton and his wife Diana . He was educated at Eton College and joined the Army in 1854 . Military career . Hopton was commissioned into the 79th Foot . He fought at the Siege of Sevastapol during the Crimean War and at the Siege of Lucknow during the Indian Mutiny and then served with the Connaught Rangers during the 9th Xhosa War of 1877 to 1878 . He went on to be Colonel of the Connaught Rangers and was appointed Lieutenant Governor of Jersey in 1895 . During the Second Boer War he had some difficulty maintaining order on Jersey in the face of Pro - Boer attitudes of some of the French Islanders . In retirement he became Deputy Lieutenant of Herefordshire . Family . In 1874 he married Clare Ellen Trafford ; they had two sons and two daughters .
Operation Delphin Operation Delphin was an anti - partisan operation in the Independent State of Croatia that took place in World War II , from 15 November to 1 December 1943 . The objective of the mission was to destroy the Partisan elements on the Dalmatian islands off central Dalmatia . The Axis forces included : Result . The operation , which was amphibious , ran relatively according to plan , but most of the Partisans appear to have avoided engaging the German forces . Some of them escaped to the island of Vis farther out into the Adriatic . It is not thought that the operation was very successful .
USS Halcyon II ( SP - 582 ) USS " Halcyon II " ( SP - 582 ) was a yacht acquired by the U . S . Navy during World War I . She was outfitted as an armed patrol craft and stationed in Boston harbor in Massachusetts . She spent much of the war patrolling the Massachusetts waterways for German submarine s and , in 1919 , was decommissioned after being damaged in a collision . Commissioned at Boston . " Halcyon II " , a 161 - ton steam yacht , was built by Charles Seabury Gas Engine & Power Co . of Morris Heights , New York , in 1907 , and was purchased by the Navy in August 1917 from her owner , D . W . Flint of Providence , Rhode Island . She commissioned 15 December 1917 at Boston Navy Yard , Ensign C . P . Jameson , USNRF , in command . World War I service . After fitting out , " Halcyon II " was employed as a section and harbor patrol boat in Boston Harbor through the rest of World War I and into the first year of peace . She performed this service until 4 June 1919 when she was rammed and seriously damaged by steamer " Bayou Teohe " . Decommissioning and disposal . Determined by the Navy to be unserviceable , she was struck from the Navy List 31 July 1919 and sold to her former owner 4 December 1919 .
HMS Charles Galley ( 1676 ) HMS " Charles Galley " was a 32 – gun fifth rate of the Royal Navy built at Woolwich Dockyard and launched in 1676 . She was rebuilt in 1693 , and again at Deptford Dockyard in 1710 . She was renamed HMS " Torrington " after a third rebuild in 1729 , and was hulked in 1740 . She was finally sold on 12 July 1744 .
Battery " L " , 2nd Regiment Illinois Volunteer Light Artillery Battery " L " , 2nd Regiment Illinois Volunteer Light Artillery was an artillery battery that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War . It was also referred to as Bolton ' s Battery , Hulaniski ' s Battery , and Nichols ' Battery . Service . The battery was organized in Chicago , Illinois and mustered in for a three year enlistment on February 28 , 1862 under the command of Captain William H . Bolton . The battery was attached to 4th Division , Army of the Tennessee , to July 1862 . 4th Division , District of Jackson , Tennessee , to November 1862 . 4th Division , XIII Corps , Department of the Tennessee , to December 1862 . Artillery , 3rd Division , XVII Corps , to April 1864 . Artillery , 1st Division , XVII Corps , to September 1864 . Post and District of Vicksburg , Mississippi , to November 1864 . Artillery Reserve , District of Vicksburg , Department of Mississippi , to August 1865 . Battery " L " , 2nd Regiment Illinois Volunteer Light Artillery mustered out of service on August 9 , 1865 . Detailed service . Battle of Shiloh , Tenn . , April 6 – 7 , 1862 . Advance on and siege of Corinth , Miss . , April 29 - May 30 . March to Memphis , Tenn . , via Grand Junction , Lagrange , Holly Springs , Moscow , and Germantown , June 1 - July 21 , and duty there until September . Moved to Bolivar September 6 – 14 , and duty there until October 4 . Battle of the Hatchie or Metamora October 5 . Grant ' s Central Mississippi Campaign November 1862 to January 1863 . Moved to Memphis , Tenn . , January 1863 then to Lake Providence , La . , February 22 . Duty there and at Milliken ' s Bend , La . , until April . Movements on Bruinsburg and turning Grand Gulf April 25 – 30 . Battle of Port Gibson , Miss . , May 1 . Battles of Raymond May 12 , Jackson May 14 , Champion Hill May 16 . Siege of Vicksburg , Miss . , May 18 - July 4 . Assaults on Vicksburg May 19 and 22 . Surrender of Vicksburg July 4 , and garrison duty there until August 1865 . Expedition to Monroe , La . , August 20 - September 2 , 1863 . Expedition to Canton October 14 – 20 . Action at Bogue Chitto Creek October 17 . Expedition to Yazoo City May 4 – 21 , 1864 . Benton May 7 and 9 . Vaughan May 12 . Yazoo City May 13 . Expedition from Vicksburg to Pearl River July 2 – 10 . Near Jackson July 5 . Jackson and Clinton July 7 . At Vicksburg until August 1865 . Casualties . The battery lost a total of 38 men during service ; 4 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded , 2 officers and 32 enlisted men died of disease .
Sugamo Prison Sugamo Prison ( " Sugamo Kōchi - sho " , Kyūjitai : , Shinjitai : ) was located in the district of Ikebukuro , which is now part of the Toshima ward of Tokyo , Japan History . Sugamo Prison was originally built in 1895 , using the prisons of Europe as a model . By the 1930s it became known for housing political prisoners , including many communists and other dissenters who fell afoul of the Peace Preservation Law s in the 1930s and 1940s . Allied spies were also incarcerated there , including Richard Sorge who was hanged in the prison on November 7 , 1944 . The prison was not damaged during the bombing of Tokyo in World War II , and the Allied occupation forces took it over during the occupation of Japan to house suspected war criminal s as they awaited trial before the International Military Tribunal for the Far East . After the conclusion of the trials , Sugamo Prison was used to incarcerate some of the convicted and was the site of the execution of seven inmates those sentenced to death by hanging on December 23 , 1948 . The original compound was only in size . The construction of exterior fencing expanded the facility to double the original size . The facility was operated by the Eighth U . S . Army , although the actual operation of the prison was handled by Japanese personnel . There were approximately 2500 military personnel assigned to duty at the prison , however no more than 500 at any given time . The prison was in operation by American military forces from December 1945 through May 1952 . The structure housed some 2000 Japanese war criminals during its operation . The prisoners ate Japanese food prepared by Japanese personnel and served by the prisoners themselves . There were occasions when former Prime Minister Hideki Tojo served food to all the other class " A " prisoners . Some of the vegetables used in these meals were grown within the compound . After the end of the occupation of Japan , Sugamo Prison passed to Japanese civilian government control . Most of the remaining war criminals were pardoned or paroled by the government . In 1962 its function as a prison ended . In 1971 the prison buildings were dismantled . In 1978 the Sunshine 60 Building , at its completion the tallest skyscraper in Japan , was built on the former site of Sugamo Prison . All that is left to commemorate the prison is a stone on which is engraved , in Japanese , " Pray for Eternal Peace . "
Jean - Baptiste Riché Jean - Baptiste Riché ( 1780 – February 27 , 1847 ) was a career officer and general in the Haïtian Army . He was made President of Haïti on March 1 , 1846 . Riché was born free , the son of a prominent free black man of the same name in the North Province of Saint - Domingue ( the French colony that later became Haïti ) . His father was a sergeant in the colonial militia and probably served in the rebel forces . Riché himself joined the Haïtian Revolution aries probably some time in 1801 . After Haïti gained independence at the end of the revolution in 1803 , Riché joined the forces of Henri Christophe , who in 1807 promoted him to the rank of general and deputy commander of his army . During the civil war that followed between Alexandre Petion and Christophe , Riché was instrumental in Christophe ' s victory at the Battle of Siebert on January 1 , 1807 . During the siege of Port - au - Prince in 1811 , Riché commanded the left wing of Christophe ' s army . A loyal officer , Riché quickly became one of Christophe ' s most trusted commanders , and as a consequence he was placed in command of Haïti ' s Northern Province , where he was effective in subduing the mulatto population . After Christophe ' s downfall in 1820 , Riché supported the new government and was therefore able to retain his post during the subsequent administration of Jean - Pierre Boyer , and those that followed . This continued until Jean - Louis Pierrot became President of Haïti in 1845 . Pierrot attempted to reform the Haïtian government , causing the Boyerist hierarchy of Haïti to sponsor a rebellion in the provinces of Port - au - Prince and Artibonite in 1846 . The rebel army under mulatto control proclaimed Riché president of Haïti on March 1 , 1846 . After much of the Haïtian army sided with the rebels , President Pierrot relinquished his office on March 24 , 1846 . After gaining the presidency of Haïti , one of Riché ' s first acts was to restore the Constitution of 1816 . As president , Riché was considered a failure by his Boyerist backers . Originally intended to be a figurehead , Riché quickly began to take an active role . He soon proposed reforms similar to those espoused by former President Pierrot . Probably as a result of these proposals he died on February 27 , 1847 , possibly from being poisoned , although this has never been established . Riché ' s presidency , considered ineffective by historians , opened the way for considerable changes in the political landscape of Haïti during the succeeding administrations . As a result , his presidency can be considered a turning point in the history of Haïtian politics . After Riché ' s death in 1847 , he was replaced by Faustin - Élie Soulouque , who was anticipated to be similar to Riché . Soulouque later appointed himself Emperor Faustin I .
Japanese destroyer Niizuki Niizuki was an " Akizuki " - class destroyer of the Imperial Japanese Navy . On the night of 4 – 5 July 1943 , " Niizuki " led a troop transport run to Kolombangara . With her radar she detected U . S . ships in Kula Gulf , and she , along with Yūnagi and , fired a salvo of torpedoes , which sank . On the night of 5 – 6 July 1943 , " Niizuki " led another troop transport run to Kolombangara . In the Battle of Kula Gulf , she was sunk by gunfire of a U . S . cruiser - destroyer group , five miles ( 8 km ) east of Kolombangara ( ) .
Masakichi Inoue Biography . Inoue a native of Kyoto Prefecture and a graduate of the 18th class of the Imperial Japanese Army Academy in 1905 . From 1933 - 1935 , Inoue was commander of the Tsu Regimental District . He was transferred to the 6th Infantry Regiment in 1935 , and became commander of the 3rd Imperial Guards Regiment in 1936 . With the start of the Second Sino - Japanese War , Inoue was re - assigned to the IJA 5th Division , but was in charge of the Sendai Army Youth School and the 36th Infantry Brigade until 1938 . Transferred to the Kwantung Leased Territory , he was assigned to staff positions within the Kwantung Army Headquarters in 1939 . However , on 6 November 1939 , he was promoted to commander in chief of the IJA 23rd Division , helping rebuild that division after the disastrous battle of Battle of Nomonhan and holding that post until 1 March 1941 . In 1941 , Inoue formally retired from active military service . He was recalled to duty in 1945 , serving as Commandant of the Toyama Army Infantry School until the end of the war . He died in 1975 , and his grave is at the Tama Cemetery in Fuchu , Tokyo .
495th Bombardment Squadron The 495th Bombardment Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit . Its last was assigned to the 344th Bombardment Group , stationed at Schleissheim Palace , Germany . It was inactivated on 15 February 1946 . History . Activated in late 1942 as a III Bomber Command Replacement Training Unit . In late 1943 , realigned as an operational squadron , deployed to European Theater of Operations in February 1944 . Assigned to IX Bomber Command in 1944 . Engaged in tactical bombardment of enemy targets in Occupied Europe initially from stations in England , then after D - Day , moved to Advanced Landing Ground s in France and Belgium ; advancing eastward as Allied ground forces advanced . Supported Eighth Air Force strategic bombardment missions over Nazi Germany and Occupied Europe ; striking enemy airfields to obtain maximum interference in Luftwaffe day interceptor attacks on heavy bomber formations returning to England . Also participated in Western Allied Invasion of Germany , March – April 1945 , combat ending with German Capitation in May 1945 . Squadron remained in Germany as part of the United States Air Forces in Europe occupation fores . Personnel demobilized in Germany and squadron inactivated on 15 February 1946 .
5th Battalion ( Western Cavalry ) , CEF The 5th Battalion ( Western Cavalry ) , CEF , was authorized on 10 August 1914 and embarked for Great Britain on 29 September 1915 . It entered the theatre of operations in France on 14 February 1915 , where it fought as part of the 2nd Infantry Brigade , 1st Canadian Division in France and Flanders until the end of the war . The battalion was disbanded on 15 September 1920 . 5th Battalion ( Western Cavalry ) , CEF , is perpetuated by the North Saskatchewan Regiment .
USS Nutmeg ( AN - 33 ) USS " Nutmeg " ( AN - 33 / YN - 33 ) was an " Aloe " - class net laying ship which was assigned to serve the U . S . Navy during World War II with her protective anti - submarine nets . Built in Cleveland , Ohio . " Nutmeg " ( YN – 28 ) , formerly " Sycamore " , was laid down 18 October 1940 by American Shipbuilding Company , Cleveland , Ohio ; launched 13 March 1941 ; placed in service 30 October . Allocated to the 1st Naval District for net tending duty in the Boston Harbor area she was reclassified " AN – 33 " on 20 June 1944 . World War II service . Through the spring of 1945 " Nutmeg " was engaged in maintaining and repairing net defenses in Boston Harbor . In May she was attached to Commander Task Force 24 for the purpose of maintaining the anti - torpedo net in Placentia Harbor , Argentia , Newfoundland . She departed Argentia 19 June with Gate Craft ( Non - self propelled ) " YNG – 27 " in tow , arriving 23 June at South Boston Navy Yard for overhaul and repairs . " Nutmeg " had been scheduled for duty at Pearl Harbor when she departed Boston , Massachusetts , 21 July for transit to the U . S . West Coast via Key West , Florida , the Panama Canal Zone , and San Pedro , California . Voyage repairs and a main engine casualty necessitated a change in schedule , and when World War II ended , " Nutmeg " was placed on the inactive list and shifted to the Columbia River Reserve Basin . Post - war decommissioning . Placed out of commission , in reserve in January 1947 , she was transferred to the National Defense Reserve Fleet in 1959 and was struck from the Navy List 1 September 1962 . She remained in reserve until she was sold 8 July 1971 .
Alexander Farnese , Prince of Parma Alessandro Farnese ( 10 January 1635 – 18 February 1689 ) was an Italian military leader , who was Governor of the Habsburg Netherlands from 1678 until 1682 . He is not to be confused with his better known great - grandfather Alexander Farnese , Duke of Parma . This Alessandro was often called Alessandro di Odoardo ( son of Odoardo ) . His title was " Prince of Parma " . His elder brother Ranuccio II was the sixth Duke of Parma and Piacenza . Biography . He was born in Parma , the second son of Odoardo Farnese , fifth Duke of Parma , and Margherita de Medici . He was general in the army of Venice , fighting the Turks and later admiral in the Spanish Navy . He became governor of the Southern Netherlands after the Franco - Dutch War , which was mainly fought on its territory , but in which Spain had played no part . Alexander died in Madrid in 1689 . Family . By his mistress Maria Lao y Carillo had the following children : < br >