naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Action of 31 May 1762 The Action of 31 May 1762 was a minor naval engagement that took place off Cadiz between a British Royal Naval frigate and a sloop against a Spanish frigate during the recently declared Anglo - Spanish War ( 1762 – 63 ) . The British were victorious when the Spanish ship surrendered and subsequently found a large haul of gold and silver which would lead to the greatest amount of prize money awarded . The war with Spain was only four months old and the Royal Navy had sent a blockading force to the Spanish coast partly to stop any reinforcements to the Caribbean with Havana under British siege and to halt any operations towards Gibraltar and the Mediterranean . On 15 May 1762 Captain Herbert Sawyer ' s frigate , the twenty eight gun was sailing in company with the eighteen gun sloop under Philemon Pownoll off the coast of Spain near the port of Cadiz . A twenty six gun Spanish frigate " Hermione " was soon sighted and chased down . " Hermione " , had sailed from Lima on 6 January and was bound for Cadiz with a valuable cargo of bags of dollars , gold coin , ingots of gold and silver , cocoa , and blocks of tin . The British vessels caught up and came up beside the " Herminone " and soon fired a few rounds . The Spanish replied with a broadside and then both " Active " and " Favourite " let lose a combined broadside . The damage was enough as casualties soon rose and the ship only had the mizzen mast standing . Realizing he was outnumbered and outgunned the Spanish captain struck her colors and the British soon took possession , only now did they realize this was no ordinary frigate as the riches on board were soon discovered . The " Hermione " was taken into Gibraltar and eventually condemned as a prize , with her contents , hull , and fittings valued at £519 , 705 10s . 0d . , approximately £ at today ' s prices . Pownoll and Sawyer each received captain ' s shares of the prize money of £64 , 872 , approximately £ at today ' s prices The ordinary seamen received £480 each , equivalent to thirty years wages . Sawyer and Pownoll now suddenly extremely wealthy had received about £65 , 000 apiece ; Pownoll used his money to buy the Sharpham estate at Ashprington , and to build a large house there designed by Robert Taylor and with gardens designed by Capability Brown . It was about this time that he commissioned a portrait from Sir Joshua Reynolds . It was at the time and still is a record ; amounting to one of the largest individual sums obtained in the period .
Biali Kurierzy White Couriers ( Polish : " Biali Kurierzy " ) was a group of around 20 - 30 Polish boyscouts and former soldiers of the Polish Army , most of whom had been associated with the interbellum sports club Junak Drohobycz . It existed between October 1939 and July 1940 , when it was broken by the Soviet NKVD . The task of the White Couriers was to smuggle people from Soviet - occupied southeastern part of the Second Polish Republic , to the Hungarian province of Carpathian Ruthenia and further to Budapest . The White Couriers were part of the Grey Ranks ( Polish : Szare Szeregi ) , a wartime codename for the underground Polish Scouting Association Following the Molotov - Ribbentrop Pact , eastern Poland , known as Kresy , was annexed by the Soviet Union , allied with Nazi Germany . The Soviets immediately began campaign of a large - scale mass terror , with hundreds of thousands of people deported to Siberia . The terror was mostly aimed at Polish members of upper classes , policemen , civil servants , soldiers and Intelligentsia , as well as Ukrainian nationalist s . Creation of the White Couriers was directly connected with the Soviet terror , as hundreds of people , mostly from the city of Lwow , decided to escape Soviet Union across the Soviet - Hungarian border in Eastern Carpathians , which had been established as a result of Soviet and Nazi aggression of Poland . The Couriers were mostly young men in their 20s or even teens , members of the prewar Polish Scouting Association and athletes of the Junak Drohobycz sports club . They knew the landscape very well and within 10 months they managed to smuggle an unknown number of persons . On their way back from Hungary , they took money , Polish - language newspapers published in the West as well as orders of the Government in exile . The group was subject to the Ewa department ( an abbreviation of the word evacuation ) of the Polish Embassy in Budapest and among others , was supported by Major Mieczyslaw Mlotek . The name came from a humorous dialog of Szczepcio and Tonco , popular Polish Radio Lwow characters of the Merry Lwow Wave . The couriers worked alone or in pairs . All had to be physically and emotionally strong , it was crucial for them to know the borderland area , guarded by the NKVD border troops . Altogether , there were up to 30 of them , only four survived World War II . Majority was captured and executed by the Soviet occupiers . One of the survivors , Tadeusz Chciuk - Celt , also known as Marek Celt , wrote a book White Couriers , in which he described their fate . List of White Couriers . Note : the list is incomplete :
Ernst Wellmann Ernst Wellmann ( 14 January 1904 – 17 July 1970 ) was a highly decorated Oberst in the Wehrmacht during World War II , and one of only 882 recipients of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross and its higher grade Oak Leaves was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership .
Fyodor Alexeyevich Golovin Count Feodor Alekseyevich Golovin ( Фёдор Алексеевич Головин ) ( 1650 – ) was the last Russia n boyar and the first Russian chancellor , field marshal , general admiral ( 1700 ) . Until his death he was the most influential of Peter the Great ' s associates . Golovin stemmed from the family of Russian treasurers of Byzantine Greek descent . During the regency of Sophia Alekseyevna , sister of Peter the Great , he was sent to the Amur to defend the new fortress of Albazin against the Chinese . In 1689 , he concluded with the Qing Empire the Treaty of Nerchinsk , by which the line of the Amur , as far as its tributary the Gorbitsa , was retroceded to China because of the impossibility of seriously defending it . In Peter ' s Grand Embassy to the West in 1697 Golovin occupied the second place immediately after Franz Lefort . It was his chief duty to hire foreign sailors and obtain everything necessary for the construction and complete equipment of a fleet . On Leforts death , in March 1699 , he succeeded him as Field Marshal . The same year he was created the first Russian count , and was also the first to be decorated with the newly instituted Russian Order of St . Andrew . The conduct of foreign affairs was at the same time entrusted to him , and from 1699 to his death he was the premier minister of the tsar . Golovin ' s first achievement as foreign minister was to supplement the Treaty of Carlowitz , by which peace with Turkey had only been secured for three years , by concluding with the Porte a new treaty at Constantinople ( June 13 , 1700 ) , by which the term of the peace was extended to thirty years and , besides other concessions , the Azov district and a strip of territory extending thence to Kuban were ceded to Russia . He also controlled , with consummate ability , the operations of the brand new Russian diplomats at the various foreign courts . His superiority over all his Russian contemporaries was because he was already a statesman , in the modern sense , while they were still learning the elements of statesmanship . His death was an irreparable loss to the Tsar , who wrote the words upon the despatch announcing it in grief .
Central Military Club The Central Military Club ( , " Tsentralen voenen klub " ) is a multi - purpose monument of culture building in the centre of Sofia , the capital of Bulgaria , located on Tsar Osvoboditel Boulevard and Georgi Rakovski Street . It serves the Bulgarian Army and is administered by the Executive Agency of Military Clubs and Information . The foundation stone of the edifice was laid in 1895 . The Military Club was designed by Czech architect Antonín Kolář in the Neo - Renaissance style and finished by Bulgarian architect Nikola Lazarov in 1907 . The lot and the funding was provided by the Sofia Officers ' Assembly . A stone from the battlefield at Slivnitsa from the Serbo - Bulgarian War ( 1885 - 1886 ) was laid in the foundations . The building has three stories and features a coffeehouse , an art gallery , a number of refined halls varying in size , as well as an imposing concert hall with 450 seats . Due to all this , the Central Military Club has always been an important cultural centre of the capital , once exhibiting works by Ivan Mrkvička , Vladimir Dimitrov , Jaroslav Věšín and providing these noted artists with studios . The concert hall has also seen performances by actors and opera singers like Krastyu Sarafov , Nicolai Ghiaurov , Feodor Chaliapin , Boris Christoff , and bands like Ladytron etc .
USS Bab ( SP - 116 ) USS " Bab " ( SP - 116 ) was high - speed motorboat leased for one dollar by the U . S . Navy during World War I . She was placed in service as a patrol craft and was assigned to the vicinity of Chicago , Illinois . Post - war she was returned to her owner for the sum of one dollar . Built in South Boston . " Bab " was a 38 - foot section motorboat of the high - speed " sea sled " design built in 1917 at Boston , Massachusetts , by Murray and Tregurtha Company . She was leased by the Navy for $ 1 . 00 from Milton Wilson of Chicago , Illinois ; and designated as a section patrol craft , SP - 116 ; and delivered on 6 October 1917 . World War I service . Assigned to the 9th Naval District , " Bab " patrolled the waters of Lake Michigan until the onset of winter caused her to be laid up . Post - war disposition . Eventually judged “ not suitable for naval use , ” " Bab " was returned to her owner for the sum of $ 1 . 00 on 31 December 1918 .
11th Parachute Brigade The 11th Parachute Brigade ( ) is an airborne unit . It contains most of the parachute units in the French army . The brigade numbers around 8 , 500 personnel and includes eight regiments . It is under command of a " général de brigade " ( Brigadier General ) . French paratrooper s wear a red beret , except for the 2e REP who wears the French Foreign Legion Beret ( light green ) . History . The French Army created two parachute divisions in 1956 , the 10th parachute division ( " 10 Division Parachutiste " , 10 DP ) under the command of General Jacques Massu and the 25th Parachute Division ( " 25 Division Parachutiste " , 25 DP ) under the command of General Sauvagnac . The 10 DP formed from a looser 1955 - formed previous " Groupement Parachutiste d ' Intervention " , the 25 DP was established from the 25th Airportable Division which had been previously stationed in Provence . In the aftermath of the Algiers putsch , both formations were disbanded and their regiments merged into the Light Intervention Division ( " Division Légère d ' Intervention " ) . It became the 11th Parachute Division ( " 11 Division Parachutiste " , 11 DP ) in 1971 . In the aftermath of the Cold War , the French Army reorganised and the 11 DP became the 11th Parachute Brigade in 1999 .
Spatharios The spatharii or spatharioi ( singular : ; , literally " spatha - bearer " ) were a class of Late Roman imperial bodyguards in the court in Constantinople in the 5th – 6th centuries , later becoming a purely honorary dignity in the Byzantine Empire . History . Originally , the term was probably applied to both private and imperial bodyguards . The original imperial " spatharioi " were probably or later became also the eunuch " cubicularii " ( Greek : " koubikoularioi " ) , members of the " sacrum cubiculum " ( the imperial " sacred chamber " ) charged with military duties . They are attested from the reign of Emperor Theodosius II ( r . 408 – 450 ) , where the eunuch Chrysaphius held the post . The existence of the specific title of " spatharokoubikoularios " for eunuchs in 532 probably suggests the existence by then of other , non - eunuch , " spatharioi " in imperial service . The various generals and provincial governors also maintained military attendants called " spatharioi " , whilst those of the emperor were distinguished with the prefix " basilikoi " ( " imperial ones " ) . The officer leading the imperial " spatharioi " held the title " prōtospatharios " ( " first " spatharios " " ) , which became a separate dignity probably in the late 7th century . By the early 8th century , these titles had lost their original military connotations and become honorific titles . The title of " spatharios " ranked initially quite high , being awarded for instance by Emperor Justinian II ( r . 685 – 695 ) to his friend and future emperor Leo III the Isaurian ( r . 717 – 741 ) . It gradually declined , however , and in the " Klētorologion " of 899 , it occupies the seventh - highest place in the hierarchy of ranks for non - eunuchs , above the " hypatos " and below the " spatharokandidatos " . According to the " Klētorologion " , the insignia of the dignity was a gold - hilted sword . At the same time , the term " oikeiakos spatharios " still designated a bodyguard of the imperial " oikos " ( " household " ) , as distinct from the " basilikoi spatharioi " who now were the holders of the honorary dignity . The term ceased to be used in these contexts after circa 1075 , and by the time Anna Komnene wrote her " Alexiad " in the early 12th century , a " spatharios " was held to be completely insignificant .
Joseph Wenzel I , Prince of Liechtenstein Joseph Wenzel I ( Joseph Wenzel Karl ; 9 August 1696 – 10 February 1772 ) was the Prince of Liechtenstein between 1712 and 1718 , 1732 and 1745 , and 1748 and 1772 . Born at Prague , Joseph Wenzel was the eldest son of Prince Philip Erasmus of Liechtenstein ( 11 September 1664 – 13 January 1704 ) and Countess Christina Theresa von Löwenstein - Wertheim - Rochefort ( 12 October 1665 – 14 April 1730 ) . He was a nephew of Anton Florian . Joseph was primarily a general and was a very successful campaigner . In 1745 , he was made Generalissimo in Italy and was victorious the following year at the Battle of Piacenza . In 1753 he was made General Chief Commander in Hungary . In one of the greatest achievements of his career , he reorganised the Habsburg artillery , partially financed out of his own pocket . From 1735 to 1736 , he was Imperial Envoy to Berlin and he was Ambassador to Paris between 1738 to 1741 . In 1760 , he escorted the future bride of Josef II to Vienna . Joseph managed to rule Liechtenstein three times . Firstly , in his own right , from 1712 – 1718 . The second time , he ruled as the guardian of Josef Johann Adam between 1732 – 1745 and the third time as representative of the House of Liechtenstein from 1748 – 1772 . He was the 698th Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece in Austria . When he died in 1772 in Vienna , without surviving issue , Liechtenstein went to his nephew Franz Joseph I , Prince of Liechtenstein . Marriage and issue . Joseph Wenzel married his cousin , Princess Anna Maria Antonie of Liechtenstein ( 1699 – 1753 ) , daughter of Anton Florian , in 1718 . They had five children , all of whom died in early childhood :
Tactical air force The term Tactical Air Force was used by the air force s of the British Commonwealth during the later stages of World War II , for formations of more than one fighter group . A tactical air force was intended to achieve air supremacy and perform ground attack missions . Unlike the numbered air force s of the United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) , the Tactical Air Forces did not include strategic bombing / heavy bomber capability . The USAAF situation changed in late 1943 when the 12th Air Force transferred its heavy bombers to the newly formed 15th Air Force . Thus , the 12th Air Force became a tactical air force and the 15th Air Force became a strategic air force . Later , when the Allied air forces in the MTO were reorganized into the Mediterranean Allied Air Forces ( MAAF ) , the US 12th Air Force and the RAF Desert Air Force became part of the Mediterranean Allied Tactical Air Force and the US 15th Air Force and No . 205 Group RAF became part of the Mediterranean Allied Strategic Air Force . A Mediterranean Allied Coastal Air Force was also part of MAAF . The organization , implementation , and coordination of " strategic , tactical , and coastal " air forces throughout the latter stages of WWII was based on the successful practice of an original " tri - force " model pioneered primarily by Air Chief Marshal Sir Arthur Tedder and Air Vice Marshal Arthur Coningham during the Western Desert Campaign of WWII . This original " tri - force " consisted of No . 205 ( Heavy Bomber ) Group , Air Headquarters Western Desert , and No . 201 ( Naval Cooperation ) Group as the " strategic , tactical , and coastal " components , respectively . Coningham commanded Air Headquarters Western Desert and in support of army ground forces , he and Tedder developed some of the key features of Close air support still practiced by modern air forces . The first tactical air force to be so named was what we know today as the RAF Second Tactical Air Force , which was inaugurated within RAF Fighter Command on June 1 , 1943 , with the title " tactical air force " superseding the original title of " expeditionary air force " . The four tactical air forces were : References . Notes
54th Massachusetts Volunteer Regiment The 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Regiment is a ceremonial unit of the Massachusetts Army National Guard . It takes its name from the famous 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry . History . The 54th assumes the history of the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry , which preceded it and which fought in the American Civil War . The 54th was made famous through its representation in the 1989 film " Glory " . The unit was formed on November 21 , 2008 , and designated the Massachusetts National Guard ceremonial unit , forming an honor guard at military funerals and other state functions . It was invited to march in President Barack Obama ' s inaugural parade .
Battle of Dojran ( 1913 ) The Battle of Dojran was a battle of the Second Balkan War , fought between the Bulgarian and the Greek army . The battle took place in June 1913 . The Greek armed forces , after the victory at Kilkis - Lachanas , continued their advance north and successfully engaged the Bulgarians at Lake Dojran ( Doirani ) . As a result of their subsequent defeat , the Bulgarian forces retreated further north . Battle . The Doiran Lake was at the right wing of the Bulgarian line of defense . The 2nd Bulgarian Army was responsible for the defense of this sector . The Bulgarian artillery was for some time successful against the Greek attack . The Bulgarians evacuated the region and retreated north after several hours of fighting .
Assistant Secretary of Defense for Homeland Defense and Americas ' Security Affairs The Assistant Secretary of Defense for Homeland Defense and Americas ' Security Affairs , or ASD ( HD & ASA ) , is responsible for the supervision of DoD homeland defense activities , defense support of civil authorities , and Western Hemisphere security affairs for the Department of Defense . The position was established by the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2003 ( P . L . 107 - 314 , passed 2 December 2002 ) . In particular , the ASD ( HD & ASA ) is responsible for homeland preparedness , oversight of the two combatant commands that cover North and South America , and the transfer of technologies to homeland security use , pursuant to Section 1401 of the 2003 DOD Authorization Act . The ASD ( HD & ASA ) reports to the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy . Precedent . At the end of the Eisenhower administration , a wide - ranging federal reorganization ( Reorganization Plan No . 1 of 1958 ) transferred to the president the civil defense responsibilities and authorities formerly assigned to the Federal Civil Defense Administration . In Executive Order 10952 ( signed 20 July 1961 ) , the president delegated these functions to the Secretary of Defense . The SecDef then created the post of " Assistant Secretary of Defense ( Civil Defense ) " on August 31 , 1961 , to help manage these responsibilities . Only one man , Steuart L . Pittman , ever held this post . His term in office ran September 20 , 1961 - April 1 , 1964 , at which time the post was abolished . The Office of Civil Defense then transitioned to the Secretary of the Army , but responsibility for civil defense was quickly assigned to the new Defense Civil Preparedness Agency ( DCPA ) . After a Carter administration reorganization ( Reorganization Plan No . 3 of 19 June 1978 ) led to the dissolution of DCPA in July 1979 , the director of the new Federal Emergency Management Agency assumed responsibility for civil defense . Nevertheless , DoD continued to maintain and develop resources for civil defense , but with dispersed , overlapping , and informal authorities for growing and coordinating them . The ASD ( HD & ASA ) now provides a single point of contact at DoD for FEMA , state and local disaster management agencies , and executive policymakers in the event that these resources need to be enhanced or mobilized . Office Holders . The table below includes both the various titles of this post over time , as well as all the holders of those offices .
Third Army ( Japan ) The was an army of the Imperial Japanese Army based in Manchukuo as a garrison force under the overall command of the Kwantung Army during World War II , but its history dates to the Russo - Japanese War . History . The Japanese 3rd Army was initially raised during the Russo - Japanese War under the command of General Nogi Maresuke . In the initial stages of the war , its primary mission was the Siege of Port Arthur . After the fall of that Russian stronghold , it was transferred north , where it played a crucial role in the subsequent Japanese drive towards Mukden in the closing stages of the war . It was disbanded at the end of the war . The Japanese 3rd Army was raised again on January 13 , 1938 in Manchukuo as a garrison force to guard the eastern borders against possible incursions by the Soviet Red Army . It afterwards came under the command of the Japanese First Area Army in July 1942 . As the war situation deteriorated for the Japanese in southeast Asia , the more experienced units and much of the equipment of the IJA 3rd Army were transferred to other units . During the Soviet invasion of Manchuria , its poorly trained and under - equipped forces were no match for the experienced battle - hardened Soviet Army , and it was forced back from various locations in Kirin province to the Korean border , surrendering at the end of the war in Yanji and Hunchun , in what is now part of the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture of northeast China .
Peter Gill ( VC ) Peter Gill VC ( September 1831 – 26 July 1868 ) was born in St Paul ' s Parish , Dublin and was an Irish recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . Details . Gill was approximately 25 years old , and a sergeant - major in the Loodiana Regiment , during the Indian Mutiny on 4 June 1857 at Benares , India when he ( and Sergeant - Major Matthew Rosamund ) were awarded the Victoria Cross for the following deeds : Gill later achieved the rank of lieutenant . He was killed in action , Moror , Gwalior , Madhya Pradesh , India , on 26 July 1868 . References . Listed in order of publication year city