naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Open secret An open secret is a concept or idea that is " officially " secret or restricted in knowledge , but is actually widely known ; or refers to something which is widely known to be true , but which none of the people most intimately concerned are willing to categorically acknowledge in public . Popular examples . Government and military . One famous " open secret " is that of Area 51 , a United States military base containing an aircraft testing facility . The U . S . Government did not explicitly affirm the existence of any military facility near Groom Lake , Lincoln County , Nevada until 2013 , when the CIA released documents revealing that the site was established to test spy planes . While the general location of the base is now officially acknowledged , the base does not appear on government maps or in declassified satellite photography . Yet despite this , the base was demonstrably and widely acknowledged to exist for many years before the CIA officially confirmed its existence . The immense secrecy has made it the frequent subject of and a central component to UFO folklore . Camp Mirage is the codename for a former Canadian Forces forward logistics facility located in Dubai , United Arab Emirates . The facility was established in late - December 2001 and , though not officially acknowledged by the Canadian Forces , was considered an open secret . The existence of the British Secret Intelligence Service ( MI6 ) was widely known for several decades before the government ' s official acknowledgement of the organisation in 1994 . Likewise , Delta Force can be considered an open secret , since its existence has been denied in the past by the government . Israel is widely acknowledged to possess nuclear weapons . This can be considered an open secret , because the Israeli government has never explicitly stated that it possesses a nuclear stockpile , officially maintaining a policy of deliberate ambiguity . Completed in 1964 , the Post Office Tower was an official secret and did not appear on Ordnance Survey maps until after it was officially revealed by Kate Hoey under parliamentary privilege in 1993 , despite being a tall structure in the middle of central London that was open to the public for about 15 years . Entertainment . Kayfabe , or the presentation of professional wrestling as " real " or unscripted , is an open secret , kept displayed as legitimate within the confines of wrestling programs but openly acknowledged as predetermined by wrestlers and promoters in the context of interviews for decades . In television , the primary real - world identity of The Stig , a costumed and masked television test - driver used by BBC Television for " Top Gear " , was an open secret until the unofficial embargo was broken by a newspaper in 2009 .
Third Upper Peru campaign Third Alto Perú campaign ( 1815 ) : The Northern Army , unofficially commanded by José Rondeau , started another campaign , but this time without the authorization of Supreme Director Álvarez Thomas . With the lack of official support , the army faced anarchy and later would lose the aid of the Provincial Army of Salta , commanded by Martín Miguel de Güemes . After being defeated in the battles of Venta y Media ( October 21 ) and Sipe - Sipe ( November 28 ) , the northern territories were lost . They were reannexed by the Spanish Viceroyalty of Peru , and later became present - day Bolivia . This unsuccessful outcome to the campaign would spread rumors in Europe that the May Revolution was over .
Battle of Cynthiana The Second Battle of Cynthiana included three separate engagements during the American Civil War that were fought on June 11 and 12 , 1864 , in Harrison County , Kentucky , in and near the town of Cynthiana . This was part of Confederate Brigadier General John Hunt Morgan ' s 1864 Raid into Kentucky . The battle ultimately resulted in a victory by Union forces over the raiders and ended Morgan ' s Last Kentucky Raid in defeat . Morgan ' s Raiders had previously captured the town in the First Battle of Cynthiana , July 17 , 1862 . At dawn on June 11 , 1864 , Brig . Gen . John H . Morgan approached Cynthiana with 1 , 200 cavalry men . The town was defended by a small Union force under Col . Conrad Garis , commanding a detachment of the 168th Ohio Infantry and some home guard troops , about 300 men altogether . Morgan divided his troops into three columns , surrounded the town , and launched an attack at the covered bridge , driving Garis ' forces back towards the depot and north along the railroad . The Confederates set fire to the town , destroying many buildings and killing some of the Union troops . As the fighting flared in Cynthiana , another Union force , about 750 men of the 171st Ohio Infantry under the command of Brig . Gen . Edward Hobson , arrived by train about a mile north of the Cynthiana at Keller ’ s Bridge . This regiment fought Morgan ' s force for about six hours . Eventually Morgan trapped this new Union force in a meander of the Licking River . Altogether , Morgan had about 1 , 300 Union prisoners of war camping with him overnight in line of battle . The 171st Ohio Infantry was paroled the next day . This engagement , Morgan ' s last victory , was known as the Battle of Keller ' s Bridge . With little ammunition , Morgan recklessly decided to stay and fight an expected larger Union force . Brig . Gen . Stephen G . Burbridge with 2 , 400 men , a combined force of Ohio , Kentucky , and Michigan mounted infantry and cavalry , attacked Morgan at dawn on June 12 . The Union forces drove the Rebels back , causing them to flee into town , where many were captured or killed . General Morgan and many of his officers escaped . Combined casualties in the separate Union forces were 1 , 092 men , while Morgan is estimated to have lost about 1 , 000 men , although no firm records exist . Cynthiana demonstrated that Union numbers and mobility were starting to take their toll ; Confederate cavalry and partisans could no longer raid with impunity .
5th Krajina ( Kozara ) Assault Brigade The 5th Krajina ( Kozara ) Assault Brigade was a World War II military unit of the Yugoslav Partisans . It was formed on September 22 , 1943 at Palež on the Kozara mountain out of the 2nd ' Mladen Stojanović ' Partisan Detachment . On the day of the brigade was formed it had around 1 , 100 soldiers armed with 940 rifle s and 45 light machine - guns . During actions in September and October 1943 , the brigade killed 76 enemy soldiers and one officer , taking as prisoners a further 22 soldiers and one officers , while capturing 25 rifles , 1 light machine - guns , 2 submachine - guns , and 2 pistols , also destroying 5 trucks . These actions raised attention of German 714th Infantry division since it was thought that Kozara was pacified during Spring offensive forcing brigade to leave Kozara to before another offensive was launched . < br > The unit later participated in many operations , among others the Belgrade Offensive .
Philippe Liébert Philippe Liébert ( August 9 , 1733 – September 23 , 1804 ) was a French Canadian soldier who fought on the U . S . side of the American Revolutionary War , serving in Moses Hazen ' s 2nd Canadian Regiment of the Continental Army . Philippe Liébert was born in Nemours , France , in the old - regime province of Île - de - France . He was a soldier of Montcalm in the Berry regiment . He served with Clément Gosselin in Quebec for 23 years , from 1754 until 1777 . Before and after the war , he was a talented sculptor in Quebec . A road is named after him in the eastern part of Montreal .
USS Timmerman ( DD - 828 ) USS " Timmerman " ( DD - 828 / EDD - 828 / AG - 152 ) was a " Gearing " - class destroyer was an advanced - design vessel constructed for the U . S . Navy in 1954 . After four years of design testing and sea trials , " Timmerman " was no longer needed , and was scrapped . " Timmerman " was originally planned as a " Gearing " - class destroyer in the United States Navy . Work was temporarily suspended on 7 January 1946 at 45 . 5 % completion . She was later completed as an experimental destroyer , " EDD - 828 " . Designed to occupy the same space in standard " Gearing " engine spaces , " Timmerman ' s " machinery was designed to generate vs . the " Gearing ' s " . She had an aluminum superstructure . Built in Bath , Maine . " Timmerman " ( DD - 828 ) was laid down on 1 October 1945 at Bath , Maine , by the Bath Iron Works ; assigned to the Atlantic Reserve Fleet on 19 November 1945 ; launched on 19 May 1951 ; sponsored by Mrs . Fred Timmerman ; and commissioned on 26 September 1952 , Comdr . Edward E . Hoffman in command . Timmerman was named for Grant F . Timmerman ( February 19 , 1919 – July 8 , 1944 ) who was a United States Marine who was Killed in action on Saipan , Marianas Islands and posthumously received the Medal of Honor for his heroic actions during World War II . An experimental design . " Timmerman " was constructed as an experimental , light weight , advanced design destroyer to test and evaluate , under operating conditions , advanced design experimental engineering equipment . As a unit of the Operational Development Force , 1st Naval District , Boston , Massachusetts , she tested her new propulsion system for the next four years . On 11 January 1954 , her designation was changed to " AG - 152 " , a miscellaneous auxiliary ship . Inactivation . The ship was decommissioned at Boston on 27 July 1956 . She was moved to Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , in September and assigned to the Reserve Fleet . In early 1958 , " Timmerman " was declared unfit for further service and struck from the Navy list on 4 April 1958 . On 21 April 1959 , she was sold to the Boston Metals Co . , Baltimore , Maryland , and scrapped .
Saint Hilarion Castle The Saint Hilarion Castle lies on the Kyrenia mountain range , in the north of Cyprus near Kyrenia . This location provided the castle with command of the pass road from Kyrenia to Nicosia . It is the best preserved ruin of the three former strongholds in the Kyrenia mountains , the others being Kantara and Buffavento . Since 1974 the castle is within the illegal and internationally - unrecognised Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus . Saint Hilarion was originally a monastery , named after a monk who allegedly chose the site for his hermit age , with a monastery and a church built there in the 10th century . Starting in the 11th century , the Byzantines began fortification . Saint Hilarion formed the defense of the island with the castles of Buffavento and Kantara against Arab pirates raiding the coast . Some sections were further upgraded under the Lusignan rule , who may have used it as a summer residence . During the rule of Lusignans , the castle was the focus of a four - year struggle between Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II and Regent John d ' Ibelin for control of Cyprus . The castle has three divisions or wards . The lower and middle wards served economic purposes , while the upper ward housed the royal family . The lower ward had the stables and the living quarters for the men - at - arms . The Prince John tower sits on a cliff high above the lower castle . The church lies on the middle ward . The upper ward was reserved for the Royals and can be entered via a well - preserved archway . Farm buildings are located in the west close to the royal apartments . Along the western wall , there is a breathtaking view of the northern coast of Cyprus , overlooking the city of Girne , from the Queen ' s Window . Much of the castle was dismantled by the Venetians in the 15th century to reduce the up - keeping cost of garrison s .
Stephen , Count of Blois Stephen II Henry ( in French , " Étienne Henri " , in Medieval French , " Estienne Henri " ) ( – 19 May 1102 ) , Count of Blois and Count of Chartres , was the son of Theobald III , count of Blois , and Garsinde du Maine . He is numbered Stephen II after Stephen I , Count of Troyes . He married Adela of Normandy , a daughter of William the Conqueror around 1080 in Chartres . In 1089 , upon the death of his father , he became the Count of Blois and Chartres , although Theobald had given him the administration of those holdings in 1074 . He was the father of Stephen of England . Count Stephen was one of the leaders of the First Crusade , often writing enthusiastic letters to Adela about the crusade ' s progress . Stephen was the head of the army council at the Crusaders ' siege of Nicaea in 1097 . He returned home in 1098 during the lengthy siege of Antioch , without having fulfilled his crusading vow to forge a way to Jerusalem . He was pressured by Adela into making a second pilgrimage , and joined the minor crusade of 1101 in the company of others who had also returned home prematurely . In 1102 , Stephen was killed at the Second Battle of Ramla at the age of fifty - seven . Family and children . Stephen and Adela ' s children were : A late 14th century source gives him an illegitimate daughter Emma , wife of Herbert of Winchester and mother of William of York , archbishop of York , but recent research suggests a different parentage for her .
Siege of Rouen At the time of the Siege of Rouen ( July 1418 – January 1419 ) , the city had a population of 70 , 000 , making it one of the leading cities in France , and its capture crucial to the Normandy campaign during the Hundred Years ' War . From about 1415 , Rouen had been strengthened and reinforced by the French and it was the most formidably defended place that the invaders had yet faced . When the English reached Rouen , the walls were scattered with many towers and guns , and lined by an army of crossbow men under the command of Alain Blanchard , commander of the crossbows ( " arbalétriers " ) , and second in command to Guy LeBouteiller , the overall commander . Due to a lack of manpower on the English side , a " breach and storm " of the city could not be managed so the town was completely surrounded , with the English intending to starve out the defenders . By December , the people of Rouen were eating cats , dogs , horseflesh , and even mice . The streets were filled with starving citizens . The town expelled more than 12 , 000 of the poor to save food . King Henry V would not allow the people to leave the siege line , and so the starving , expelled people of Rouen were forced to live in the ditch dug near the wall of Rouen for Rouen ' s protection . Even the English felt sorry for the starving people . On Christmas Day 1418 , King Henry allowed two priests to give food to the starving people , but the day soon ended and the people went back to dying miserably in the ditch . Despite several brave sorties led by the French garrison , this state of affairs continued until the French surrender on 20 January 1419 . Alain Blanchard , who had executed English prisoners , was executed by the English when the town fell . After the city fell , many of the inhabitants were so sick of both the Duke of Burgundy and the dauphin that they swore allegiance to Henry . Henry went on to take all of Normandy , apart from Mont St . Michel , which withstood blockade for 21 years , until it was relieved by the French reconquest .
Anton Glasl Anton Glasl ( 13 February 1897 – 17 April 1965 ) was a highly decorated Generalmajor in the Wehrmacht during World War II . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership .
Farnham Castle Farnham Castle is a castle in Farnham , Surrey , England ( ) . History . First built in 1138 by Henri de Blois , grandson of William the Conqueror , Bishop of Winchester , the castle was to become the home of the Bishops of Winchester for over 800 years . The original building was demolished by Henry II in 1155 after the Anarchy and then rebuilt in the late 12th and early 13th centuries . In the early 15th century , it was the residence of Cardinal Henry Beaufort who presided at the trial of Joan of Arc in 1414 . It is for this reason that St Joan of Arc ' s Church in Farnham is dedicated to her . The castle was slighted again after the Civil War in 1648 . Since then more buildings have been constructed in the castle ' s grounds , the most impressive being those built by Bishop George Morley in the 17th century . The architecture reflects changing styles through the ages , making it one of the most important historical buildings in the south of England . It is an impressive stone motte and bailey fortress , which has been in continuous occupation since the 12th century . The large motte was formed around the massive foundations of a Norman tower and then totally enclosed by a shell - keep , with buttress turrets and a shallow gatehouse . Attached to the motte is a triangular inner bailey , with a fine range of domestic buildings and a fifteenth - century brick entrance tower . The formidable outer bailey curtain wall has square flanking towers , a 13th - century gatehouse and a large ditch . The castle is set in of gardens overlooking the town of Farnham . In the Second World War , the castle was the location of the " Camouflage Development and Training Centre " . Here , artists such as Roland Penrose , Stanley William Hayter , and Julian Trevelyan as well as the magician Jasper Maskelyne were trained in the arts of military camouflage . For the last fifty plus years the castle has been an intercultural training and conference centre , a leading provider of intercultural training , pre - departure expatriate briefings , intensive language training and international business seminars . Public tours . With the help of the Heritage Lottery Fund , the Keep and Bishop ' s Palace have undergone a complete renovation , and are now managed by the Farnham Castle International Briefing and Conference Centre . The Keep re - opened in July 2010 displaying the extended research that has been undertaken into the history surrounding the castle , there is also an exhibition on site open to the public covering the 900 Years of Living History of Farnham Castle South African politician Thabo Mbeki married his wife there in 1974 . English Heritage has guardianship of the Keep but Farnham Castle now manages the visitors to the Keep . Entry is free . Local guides provide tours of the Bishop ' s Palace .
USS Craighead ( AK - 175 ) USS Craighead ( AK - 175 ) was an " Alamosa " - class cargo ship commissioned by the U . S . Navy for service in World War II . She was responsible for delivering troops , goods and equipment to locations in the war zone . " Craighead " ( AK - 175 ) was launched 28 February 1945 by Froemming Brothers , Inc . , Milwaukee , Wisconsin , under a Maritime Commission contract ; sponsored by Mrs . W . R . Provoost ; transferred to the Navy 31 July 1945 ; and commissioned 5 September 1945 , Lieutenant Commander G . M . Walker , USNR , in command . Post - World War II activity . " Craighead " sailed from Galveston , Texas , 25 September 1945 and arrived at Davisville , Rhode Island , 4 October to load cargo for construction battalions on the U . S . West Coast . She sailed from Davisville 25 October , arriving at San Pedro , California , 15 November . After sailing on cargo duty between Port Hueneme , San Pedro , and San Francisco , California , she sailed 14 December 1945 for Norfolk where she arrived 5 January 1946 . Decommissioning . " Craighead " was decommissioned 18 January 1946 and returned to the Maritime Commission the same day for disposal .
John Griffiths ( Medal of Honor ) John Griffiths ( 1835 – unknown ) was a sailor in the U . S . Navy during the American Civil War . He received the Medal of Honor for his actions during the Second Battle of Fort Fisher on January 15 , 1865 . Military service . Emigrating from his native Wales , Griffiths volunteered for service in the Union Army in 1864 as a private in the 30th Massachusetts Infantry . Within 30 days of his army enlistment , Griffiths transferred to the U . S . Navy and was assigned to the Union brig . His enlistment is credited to the state of Massachusetts . On January 15 , 1865 , the North Carolina Confederate stronghold of Fort Fisher was taken by a combined Union storming party of sailors , marines , and soldiers under the command of Admiral David Dixon Porter and General Alfred Terry . Griffiths was a member of the storming party . Medal of Honor citation . The President of the United States of America , in the name of Congress , takes pleasure in presenting the Medal of Honor to Captain of the Forecastle John Griffiths , United States Navy , for extraordinary heroism in action while serving on board the U . S . S . Santiago de Cuba during the assault on Fort Fisher , North Carolina , on 15 January 1865 . As one of a boat crew detailed to one of the generals on shore , Captain of the Forecastle Griffiths bravely entered the fort in the assault and accompanied his party in carrying dispatches at the height of the battle . He was one of six men who entered the fort in the assault from the fleet . General Orders : War Department , General Orders No . 59 ( June 22 , 1865 ) Action Date : January 15 , 1865 Service : Navy Rank : Captain of the Forecastle Division : U . S . S . Santiago de Cuba
Moulton ' s Regiment of Militia Moulton ' s Regiment of Militia also known as the 3rd Regiment of New Hampshire Militia was first called up in April 1775 at Hampton , New Hampshire under the command of Col . Jonathan Moulton . The regiment garrisoned the New Hampshire seacoast after the British burned the town of Falmouth , Maine then part of Massachusetts . The regiment had a twenty four hour look - out at Little Boar ' s Head in North Hampton , New Hampshire where all the coastal shipping could be watched and warning giving to the local area in case of attack . Col . Moulton would lead the regiment in the Saratoga Campaign joining Gen . John Stark in northern New York . The regiment would spend the rest of the American Revolutionary War guarding the seacoast of New Hampshire .
Milkor ( Pty ) Ltd Milkor ( Pty ) Ltd is a privately owned South African company established in 1980 . Milkor is known for its range of MGL s 40mm ( Multiple Grenade Launcher ) , used in more than 50 countries world - wide . Although Milkor is best known for its 40mm MGLs , it has an array of 40mm products catering to the less - lethal market , for infantry and for special forces applications . Products . The company ' s product lineup includes : The company also used to manufacture a submachine gun , the Milkor 9mm BXP . Product Copies . The US M32 multi - shot grenade launcher , which is in official use by US Marine Corps , is based on the original Milkor MGL - 140 design , but with various minor modifications by Milkor USA , which is an entirely different business entity from the original Milkor Manufacturing ( Pty ) Ltd , based in South Africa . Other copies and clones of the original Milkor MGL weapon are manufactured in Bulgaria by Arsenal Inc as Arsenal MSGL , in Croatia by RH Alan as RGB - 6 , and in South Africa by Rippel Effect ( formerly Milkor Marketing Inc which no longer bares any affiliation to Milkor ) .