naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Branodunum Branodunum was the name of an ancient Roman fort to the east of the modern English village of Brancaster in Norfolk . Its Roman name derives from the local Celtic language , and may mean " fort of the raven " . History . The fort , built in the 230s , became later part of the Saxon Shore fortification system . It was built to guard the Wash approaches and is of a typical rectangular " castrum " layout . According to the 4th - century document " Notitia Dignitatum " , the fort was garrisoned by the " Equites Dalmatae Brandodunenses " ( " Dalmatian cavalry of Bran [ d ] odunum " ) , although a tile found on the site stamped " Cohors I Aquitanorum " suggests that its original garrison was the " First cohort from Aquitania " . There is possible evidence ( burials and grave goods ) of later Saxon use of the site . According to the National Trust notice boards present on the site of the fort , the fort is within a rectangular field to the east of the current village of Brancaster ; there is no urban development on the fort ' s site itself . Urban residential development in the 1970s has covered much of the area to the west of the fort where part of the local ' vicus ' ( surrounding civilian settlement ) was situated . Location and construction . The site is bounded by the modern village of Brancaster to the west , and the A149 road to the south . The site is maintained by the National Trust . Free access is possible from the adjoining A149 road or the Norfolk Coastal Walk . In Roman times , the fort ' s northern wall lay directly on the seashore , which served as a harbour . Since then , the shoreline has receded , and the fort now lies inland . The fort was of a rectangular shape with rounded corners , with a 10 ft ( 2 . 9 m ) wide wall with internal turrets at the corners and backed by an earthen rampart , which increased the wall ' s strength and gave easy access to the battlements . In front of the wall there was a V - shaped single ditch . The wall thus enclosed an area of 2 . 56 ha . In typical " castrum " fashion , the fort had four gates , one on each side . Evidence of the eastern and western gates and of flanking towers survives . Aerial survey has revealed the existence of several buildings in the fort ' s interior , including the " principia " . A civilian settlement ( " vicus " ) existed on the eastern and northern sides of the fort , which has been dated to the 2nd century AD . Its size would make it one of the largest settlements in the territory of the Iceni tribe . Because the streets of the settlement are not aligned with the layout of the fort , it has been hypothesised that an earlier fort , built of timber , existed at the site , possibly from as early as the revolt of Queen Boudicca in the mid - 1st century AD . The walls still stood up to 12 feet tall ( 4 metres ) in the seventeenth century , but robbing of materials during following centuries means that only the site and the earthworks now remain . The site provided the subject of a Time Team programme first broadcast in January 2013 .
German submarine U - 3506 German submarine " U - 3506 " was a Type XXI U - boat of the German " Kriegsmarine " during World War II . The " Elektroboot e " submarine was laid down on 14 July 1944 at the Schichau - Werke yard at Danzig , launched on 28 August 1944 , and commissioned on 16 October 1944 under the command of " Kapitänleutnant " Gerhard Thäter . Service history . " U - 3506 " undertook no war patrols , with no ships sunk or damaged , remaining as a training vessel for the duration of the war . " U - 3506 " was one of three Type XXI boats ( along with and ) that were scuttled in the Elbe II U - boat bunker . The bunker has since been filled in with gravel , although even that did not initially deter many souvenir hunters who measured the position of open hatches and dug down to them to allow the removal of artifacts . The boat now lies beneath a car park and she and the other wrecks are completely inaccessible . The site is located in the Free Port of Hamburg and in order to access it one must present a passport .
HMAS Koolonga HMAS " Koolonga " was a 4 , 260 gross tons cargo ship built by Sunderland Shipbuilding Company , South Dock Sunderland , England , in 1914 and bought by McIlwraith , McEacharn Line Pty Ltd , Melbourne and named SS " Koolonga " . She was requisitioned by the Royal Australian Navy on 6 August 1914 , as a collier and supply ship . She was returned to her owners in late 1915 . She was sold in 1937 to Madrigal & Company , Philippines and renamed " Paz " . She was scuttled during the Second World War at Sourabaya Harbour ( now Surabaya ) in 1942 and was later salvaged by the Imperial Japanese and renamed " Hatsu Maru " . While at anchor in Manila Bay , Philippines on 13 November 1944 , she was attacked by United States Navy carrier aircraft and was sunk . RAN Service . " Koolonga " was requisitioned by the Royal Australian Navy on 6 August 1914 , as a collier and supply ship , and commissioned as HMAS " Koolonga " . She participated during the Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force occupation of German New Guinea until May 1915 when she was later returned to her owners . She was awarded the battle honour Rabaul 1914 . Australian coastal service . After being returned , she was employed on cargo trades from Whyalla , South Australia to Newcastle , New South Wales . She was sold in October 1917 through Scott Fell & Company , Newcastle to BHP Shipping and renamed " Iron Monarch " , before being sold again in 1920 to Interstate Steamships Ltd . She ran aground on Curlews Island in the Spencer ' s Gulf on 18 February 1930 , once at Port Kembla , New South Wales , and at Cape Three Point , Broken Bay on 23 October 1937 . " Iron Monarch " was seriously damaged on the Stockton breakwater at Newcastle on 26 November 1934 requiring repairs at Cockatoo Island Dockyard , Sydney , which cost £8 , 985 . She was sold in 1937 to Madrigal & Company , Philippines and renamed " Paz " . Fate . Scuttled in March 1942 at Sourabaya Harbour during the Second World War . The wreck was salvaged and raised by the Imperial Japanese and renamed " Hatsu Maru " . She was sunk after being bombed by United States Navy carrier based aircraft in Manila Bay , Philippines , on 13 November 1944 at 14°35 ' N , 120°55 ' E .
Clarigation In ancient Roman international law , a clarigation was a loud , clear call or summons made to an enemy to demand satisfaction for some injury received , without which there would be a declaration of war . Clarigation equates to what the Ancient Greeks called " " ( androlepsy ) .
Marietta - class monitor The " Marietta " class monitor s were a pair of ironclad river monitor s laid down in the summer of 1862 for the United States Navy during the American Civil War . Construction was slow , partially for lack of labor , and the ships were not completed until December 1865 , after the war was over . However the navy did not accept them until 1866 and immediately laid them up . They were sold in 1873 without ever having been commissioned . Design and description . The " Marietta " - class monitors were part of a large program of armored ships ordered after the Battle of Hampton Roads caused the navy to favor monitors over the previous casemate ironclad s of the . They were built to gain control of the Mississippi River and its many tributaries . The original plans for the " Marietta " - class ships resembled the river monitor in many ways . The gun turret was at the bow and they had a deckhouse aft . There were also twin smokestack s similar to the Mississippi River steamboat designs . The original plans also called for a forward , pyramidal pilothouse , similar to the one on , however it is believed that the pilothouse was moved to the top of the turret before construction was completed . The " Marietta " class ships were long overall . They had a beam of and a draft of . They displaced . The ships had four steam boilers powering two western steamboat - type engines that drove a single propeller . The " Marietta " - class ships had a maximum speed of and they carried a maximum of of coal . The ships ' main armament consisted of two smoothbore , muzzle - loading Dahlgren gun s mounted in a single gun turret . Each gun weighed approximately . They could fire a shell up to a range of at an elevation of 15° . The turret and the pilothouse were protected by of wrought iron armor while the deck and hull had of armor . Construction . The contract for the two ships was awarded to Tomlinson and Hartupee Co . on 16 May 1862 . Construction was at their yard in Pittsburgh , PA . Progress was slow , delayed by labor shortages and changes by the navy . The US government allocated $ 188 , 000 each for the construction of the " Marietta " and " Sandusky " , but the final cost rose to $ 235 , 039 after charges for extra work . History . " Marietta " was laid down in 1862 , launched on 4 January 1865 and completed 16 December 1865 . " She was accepted by the Navy on 25 April 1866 . She was never commissioned . Soon after her acceptance " Marietta " was laid up at Mound City , Illinois . Renamed " Circe " on 15 June 1869 , the gunboat carried that name only until 10 August , when she was again named " Marietta " . Remaining at Mound City , " Marietta " was sold 12 April 1873 to David Campbell " for $ 16 , 000 . " Sandusky " was launched in mid - January 1865 ; " she was not completed until 26 December 1865 , and was accepted by the Navy on 25 April 1866 . Never commissioned , she was renamed " Minerva " on 15 June 1869 ; but resumed the name " Sandusky " on 10 August 1869 . The monitor was sold at Mound City , Illinois , on 17 April 1873 to David Campbell " for $ 18 , 000 .
Defense Production Administration The Defense Production Administration ( DPA ) was an independent agency of the United States government whose function was to oversee and control defense production programs of the United States during wartime mobilization . The Office of Defense Mobilization ( ODM ) had been established by Executive Order 10193 ( issued December 16 , 1950 ) under the authority of the Defense Production Act of 1950 . ODM ' s charge was to regulate the economy so that defense production needs could be met , even if this meant restricting the flow of goods and services to the civilian sector of the economy . The Defense Production Administration was established by Executive Order 10200 on January 3 , 1951 . Its mandate was to oversee the federal government ' s defense production program , which included materials production , manufacturing conversion , setting of production quota s , and establishing the mix of defense and civilian production . It was placed under the Office of Defense Mobilization along with the Wage Stabilization Board , the Office of Price Administration and other wartime agencies . The National Production Authority ( NPA ) was placed under the control of the Defense Production Administration . Although most of the NPA ' s functions were transferred to the Defense Production Administration , the agency re - delegated them right back to NPA . Indeed , most of the agencies which fell under the DPA ' s authority remained , organizationally , within their respective Cabinet departments . William Henry Harrison , former president of International Telephone & Telegraph and administrator of the National Production Authority , was named the DPA ' s first director . Harrison resigned after only a short time on the job , however . Manly Fleischmann was named the agency ' s second administrator in late 1951 . But Fleischmann resigned in May 1952 . Henry H . Fowler was named the agency ' s last director . He led the DPA from 1952 to 1953 , serving concurrently as the administrator of the NPA . The Defense Production Administration was abolished by Executive Order 10433 on February 4 , 1953 . Its functions were transferred to its parent agency , the Office of Defense Mobilization .
Forward Operating Base Torkham Forward Operating Base Torkham , also known as FOB Torkham , is a U . S . military base in the Momand Dara District of Nangarhar province in Afghanistan . It was originally constructed as a firebase manned by a platoon - sized force but has gradually expanded . It is a few minutes from the Torkham checkpoint on the Durand Line border . The firebase was staffed by a platoon of military police in March 2006 , one month prior to the Afghan Border Police ( ABP ) upgrading the checkpoint to one where identity documents were required of those crossing the border . Part of the Platoon ' s assignment was to provide police training to their Afghan colleagues .
Sciritae The Sciritae or Skiritai ( Greek : " Skiritai " ) were a people subject to Sparta , whose status is comparable to that of the Perioeci . They lived in Skiritis , a mountainous region located in northern Laconia on the border with Arcadia , between the Oenus and the Eurotas rivers . According to Stephanus of Byzantium and Hesychius of Alexandria , the Sciritae were of Arcadian origin . Their way of life was essentially rural : they mostly lived in villages , of which the biggest were Oion and Caryai . Their territory was inhospitable , but was of strategic importance for Sparta since it controlled the road to Tegea , which explains why it rapidly fell in Spartan hands . Their status was to that of the Perioeci , but Xenophon keeps them distinguished . In war the Sciritae formed an elite corps of light infantry , a " lochos " ( battalion ) of about 600 men , which were used as a complement to the civic army . According to Thucydides ( v . 67 ) , they fought on the extreme - left wing in the battle - line , the most threatening position for the hoplite phalanx : " In this battle the left wing was composed of the Sciritae , who in a Lacedaemonian army have always that post to themselves alone " . At night , they were placed as sentinels ahead of the army ( Xenophon , " Constitution of the Spartans " , xii . 3 ) and acted as scouts to open the way for the king , whom they only could precede . In the " Cyropaedia " ( IV , 2 ) , Xenophon compares them to the Hyrcania n cavalry , used by the Assyrians as rear - guard .
TMA - 3 mine The TMA - 3 is a circular Yugoslavian minimum metal anti - tank blast mine . It is very similar in appearance to the TMA - 4 . The mine consists of a cast circular block of explosive cased in resin reinforced fabric . The top of the mine has three fuze wells which each take a UTMA - 3 fuze , and a fourth secondary fuze well is provided in the base of the mine to fit an anti - handling device . The fuze wells may also accept a number of other fuzes , including the UPROM - 1 , and other fuzes , potentially allowing tripwire activation . The small pressure plate area of the UTMA - 3 fuzes gives the mine good resistance to minefield clearance techniques which used blast overpressure techniques i . e . explosive charges . The mine is found in Albania , Angola , Bosnia , Croatia , Kosovo , Lebanon , and Namibia .
Attack Squadron 44 ( United States Navy ) Attack Squadron 44 ( VA - 44 or ATKRON 44 ) was an attack squadron of the United States Navy that was an active fleet unit for its first fifteen years and transitioned to a Fleet Replacement Squadron until it was deactivated . History . Nicknamed the " Hornets , " the squadron saw its only combat action during the last few months of the Korean War . The squadron was deactivated as the Navy began to draw down its fighter force at the end of the Vietnam War and no longer needed as many trained naval aviators . They were officially decommissioned on May 1 , 1970 and remain in an inactive status .
Santa massacre The Santa Massacre was a massacre of nine campesinos carried out by Grupo Colina in the Santa Province of the Ancash Region of Peru . The massacre occurred on May 2 , 1992 . Carlos Alberto Barrientos Velásquez , Roberto Barrientos Velásquez , Denis Atilio Castillo Chávez , Federico Coquis Velásquez , Gilmer Ramiro León Velásquez , Pedro Pablo López Gonzáles , Jesús Manfredo Noriega Ríos , Carlos Martín Tarazona More , and Jorge Luis Tarazona More all died in the massacre . After carrying out the massacre , members of Grupo Colina , a death squad operating out of the Army of Peru , painted pro - Shining Path graffiti as a false flag operation . All of the members of Grupo Colina have since been jailed . The victims of the massacre were finally exhumed and identified in August 2011 and buried in late November of the same year with the Peruvian government formally apologizing to the relatives of the victims in name of the state .
Battle of Iminenas On 27 February 2013 , French troops took control of the village of Iminenas . Islamists put up a fight but then retreated after the intervention of helicopters and armored personnel carriers . On March 2 , 2013 , a battle took place in Iminenas , 60 kilometers east of Gao . The confrontation lasted from 9 : 30 a . m . to 2 : 00 p . m . , according to the account given by the captain Diarra , a spokesman of the Malian army in Gao , Franco - Malian forces took no losses , but the jihadists had 52 killed . French airstrikes from helicopters and planes helped to repel Islamists . A Malian soldier said of the battle , " I took part in the fighting at In - Manas ( 60 km east of Gao ) Friday . We destroyed a base of MUJAO . They had a lot of deaths in their ranks . We returned to Gao , without loss in our ranks . "
French frigate Virginie ( 1794 ) The Virginie was a 44 - gun frigate of the French Navy , lead ship of her class . Career . French service . She took part in the First Battle of Groix and in the Battle of Groix . On 22 April 1796 , " Virginie " was cruising off Ireland under captain Jacques Bergeret when she encountered a British squadron under Commodore Edward Pellew , comprising the 44 - gun HMS " Indefatigable " and the frigates " Argo " , " Concord " , " Révolutionnaire " , HMS " Amazon " and their prize " Unité " , captured on 13 April . " Virginie " retreated and the British squadron gave chase , joining with the French frigate around 23 : 00 . " Indefatigable " closed in and exchanged broadsides , without succeeding in her attempts at raking " Virginie " . The gunnery exchange lasted for 4 hours , until the British frigates caught up . Bergeret then struck his colours in the face of an overwhelming opponent . She was subsequently recommissioned in the Royal Navy as HMS " Virginie " . British service . On 20 May 1808 , she captured the Dutch frigate " Guelderland " . In Royal Navy service the armament consisted of 46 guns : -
HMS Redoubt ( H41 ) HMS Redoubt was an R class destroyer of the Royal Navy . She was built by Clydebank and launched in 1942 . She served during the Second World War . " HMS Redoubt " was transferred to India in 1949 , where she was commissioned as INS " Ranjit " . In 1953 she took part in the Fleet Review to celebrate the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II and served until 1979 , and was scrapped after decommissioning .
1995 Base Realignment and Closure Commission The 1995 Base Realignment and Closure Commission preliminary list was released by the United States Department of Defense in 1995 as part of the Base Realignment and Closure Commission . It recommended closing 32 major United States military base s . Recommendations . Major facilities slated for closure included :
Fort Jackson ( Colorado ) Fort Jackson was one of the four fur trading forts that lined the South Platte River area north of present - day metro Denver area . It was built by in the early part of 1837 at a cost of $ 12 , 000 . 00 by Peter A . Sarpy and Henry Fraeb and partially financed by the Western Division of the American Fur Company . It was the second or third fort built and was located about one and a half miles south of Fort Vasquez . The location of the fort has not been found as it is on private property and no physical remains survived or have been identified . This fort was very aggressive and attempted to capture trade in the Rocky Mountains . Sarpy , an aggressive and competitive trader , said that " My object is to do all harm possible to the opposition and yet without harming ourselves . " The opposition , Bent , St . Vrain and Co . , responded with building their Fort Lookout six miles northwest of present - day Platteville . On December 2 , 1837 James C . Robertson went to the Arkansas River area with $ 937 . 95 worth of trade goods . The records of this adventure has survived and is available at the Missouri Historical Society in St . Louis . The Cheyenne and the Arapahoe s were the aboriginal customers of this fort . In 1838 inventory of Fort Jackson showed that the fort had domestic animals and the fort had a blacksmith shop at the fort . Trafficking in alcohol was also revealed in this inventory in 1838 . In the 1837 - 38 winter inventor showed a large volume of buffalo robes being taken in and 2 , 761 were recorded . The value of the robes were listed at $ 9 , 319 . 37 . The beaver pelt were valued at $ 3 . 37 @ and the Buffalo robes were values at $ 3 . 37 @ . The beaver trade was starting to decline and the Buffalo robes were taking it place with the traders at the fort . With the depression in 1837 of the beaver market , the fort was in decline in this area with the other forts being so close as competitors . On October 6 , 1838 the fort was closed by the American Fur Company and the inventory and stock were removed . The company now sent a wrecking crew from Fort Laramie and the destruction of the fort was complete . The fort that was demolished was set on fire to prevent others from moving in and starting a business in the old remains . According to an alternative explanation of the same events , American Fur Company sold Fort Jackson to Bent , St . Vrain and Co . ; the latter abandoned the fort .
Seth Ledyard Phelps Seth Ledyard Phelps ( January 31 , 1824 - June 24 , 1885 ) was an American naval officer , politician , and diplomat . He served with distinction in the U . S . Navy during the Civil War and afterward was appointed president of the Board of Commissioners of the District of Columbia and then as U . S . Minister to Peru . Biography . Phelps was born on January 13 , 1824 in Chardon , Ohio , and was appointed as a Midshipman in October 1841 . When the Civil War broke out in 1861 , Phelps was a Lieutenant commanding the gunboat USS " Conestoga " . He gained command of two additional timberclad gunboats , the USS " Tyler " and USS " Lexington " , and as such was instrumental in the Union victory at the Battle of Fort Henry on the Tennessee River in 1862 , in which he served as part of General Ulysses S . Grant ' s invasion force . He was promoted to Lieutenant Commander in July 1862 , and resigned from the Navy in October 1864 . After the war , in 1875 , his onetime commander Grant ( now President of the United States ) nominated Phelps to serve on the temporary Board of Commissioners . When Congress made it official in 1878 , Phelps was elected as the permanent Board ' s first president . He served for one year , resigning on November 29 , 1879 . In 1883 , President Chester A . Arthur appointed Phelps Minister to Peru , where he served until his death on June 24 , 1885 . He was buried in Washington at Oak Hill Cemetery . Phelps Vocational School in Northeast DC is named for Phelps . Additionally , his home at 15 Logan Circle in Washington still stands and has been designated a national Historic Landmark .
HDMS Hielperen Hielperen ( or " Hjelperen " ) ( literally : " the Helper " ) was a 16 - gun defence frigate in the Royal Dano - Norwegian Navy . Commissioned in 1787 , she took part in the Battle of Copenhagen on 2 April 1801 against the British Royal Navy . During the battle , the ship had a crew of 269 sailors , six of whom wounded in the battle , and was commanded by Lt . Peter - Carl Lilienskjöld . The ship took a severe beating but the crew managed to cut the ship ' s cables and escape to the safety of Copenhagen Harbour . The ship withdrew from combat at 1 PM . " Hielperen " served in the Danish Navy until 1806 .