naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
General Staff Academy ( Imperial Russia ) The General Staff Academy ( ) was a Russia n military academy , established in 1832 in St . Petersburg . It was first known as the Imperial Military Academy ( Императорская военная академия ) , then in 1855 it was renamed Nicholas General Staff Academy ( in commemoration of Emperor Nicholas I ) and in 1909 - Imperial Nicholas Military Academy ( Императорская Николаевская военная академия ) . The academy trained Imperial Russian Army officers with higher military education and military land surveyors . It admitted officers of all arms of military service up to the rank of stabbs - captain inclusive . The academy offered two principal courses , one additional course and had a geodesic department . Those who graduated from the additional course used to join the General Staff . The alumni had the right to an accelerated promotion to the next rank and commanding posts . The academy used to employ some of the best military theoriticians and historians , such as Alexei Baiov , Mikhail Dragomirov , Heinrich Leer , Dmitry Maslovsky , Nikolai Medem , Dmitry Milyutin , Alexander Myshlayevsky , Alexander Puzyrevsky and others . From 1832 to 1918 , the General Staff Academy trained 4 , 532 General Staff officers and contributed significantly to the development of military theory . Some of the scientific works and charters prepared by the academy were even used during the first years of the formation of the Red Army . Among academy ' s most famous alumni were Abdolhossein Teymourtash , Nikolai Obruchev , Fyodor Radetsky , Mikhail Skobelev , and Nikolai Stoletov . Many of its alumni would become leaders of the White movement , such as Aleksandr Kolchak and Pyotr Wrangel . Some others would take the side of the Bolsheviks as military experts and become prominent Soviet military leaders and politicians , such as Mikhail Bonch - Bruevich , Jukums Vācietis , Sergei Kamenev , Boris Shaposhnikov , Vladimir Egoryev , and others . Most of these commanders were executed in the 1930s . Also several Estonian military leaders , such as Johan Laidoner , Jaan Soots and Andres Larka , came from General Staff Academy . One of its graduates , Mykola Kapustiansky , would become a General in the army of the Ukrainian National Republic and later a founder of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists . In March 1918 , the General Staff Academy was transformed into the Red Army Military Academy . In the summer of that same year , the academy was evacuated to Kazan , where its staff would join the army of Admiral Kolchak . In 1921 , the General Staff Academy was disbanded . The term was reintroduced in 1936 , when the Voroshilov Military Academy of the USSR Army General Staff was established .
Colombian National Army Aviation The Colombian National Army Aviation is an aviation combat arms unit in the Colombian National Army . Its history dates back to December 31 , 1919 , but was not fully developed until August 25 , 1995 when this unit is officially activated under the name " " Aviación Ejército " " ( Army Aviation ) . The Army Aviation was created to support ground operations from the air . History . Military aviation began in Colombia in 1919 with the creation of a military aviation school for the Colombian Army . Previously by Law 15 of 1916 of September 7 to commissions were sent overseas to study new technological advancements in aviation , infantry , cavalry , engineering and trains . Officers pertaining to the Colombian Army were also sent to take a course on flight training on techniques and tactics . The school is then created in Colombia along with the Colombian National Army Aviation as a fifth regiment by Law 126 of 1919 of December 31 authorized by President of Colombia , Marco Fidel Suárez . The unit was officially activated on February 15 , 1921 in Flandes , Department of Tolima with the support of French mission led by Lieutenant Colonel Rene Guichard . The Aviation School initially had 3 Caudron G . 3 E - 2 , 3 Caudron G . 4 A - 2 and four Nieuport Delage 11 C - 1 . The school was closed due to financial hardships on 1922 . Current Order of Battle . 25th Army Aviation Brigade Army Aviation Airfield " TG . General Gustavo Rojas Pinilla " Army Aviation Base Bogotà , El Dorado I . A . P . Army Aviation Army Aviation Base San José del Guaviare Army Aviation Base Tumaco Batallón de Movilidad y Maniobra No . 1 Forward Operating Base Buena Vista Forward Operating Base Saravena Aircraft inventory . While reliant on the Colombian Air Force for heavier air support , the Army maintains a fleet of 163 aircraft , including 141 helicopter s .
Fusiliers ' Arch Fusiliers ' Arch is a monument which forms part of the Grafton Street entrance to St Stephen ' s Green park , in Dublin , Ireland . Erected in 1907 , it was dedicated to the officers , non - commissioned officer s and enlisted men of the Royal Dublin Fusiliers who fought and died in the Second Boer War ( 1899 - 1900 ) . Construction . Funded by public subscription , the arch was designed by John Howard Pentland and built by Henry Laverty and Sons . Thomas Drew consulted on the design and construction . The dimensions of the structure are said to be modelled on the Arch of Titus in Rome , and it is wide and high . The internal dimensions of the arch are 5 . 6 m high by 3 . 7 m wide ( 18 by 12 ft ) . The main structure of the arch is granite , with the inscriptions carried out in limestone , and a bronze adornment on the front of the arch . Dedication and controversy . The arch was commissioned to commemorate the four battalions ( two regular and two militia ) of the Royal Dublin Fusiliers that served in the Second Boer war . It lists the principal battles and locations at which the fusilier s fought : Hart ' s Hill , Ladysmith , Talana , Colenso , Tugela Heights , and Laing ' s Nek . The names of 212 dead are inscribed on the underside of the arch . The construction of the arch coincided with a time of political and social change in Ireland , and the colonial and imperial background to the dedication were anthema to a burgeoning nationalist movement - who labelled the structure " Traitor ' s Gate " . Though damaged in a cross - fire between the Irish Citizens Army and British troops during the 1916 Easter Rising , the arch remains " " one of the few colonialist monuments in Dublin not blown up " " in Ireland ' s post - independence history . References . city
British Gurkhas Nepal British Gurkhas Nepal ( BGN ) is an administrative organisation of the British Army that forms part of the Brigade of Gurkhas . The mission of BGN is to organise and facilitate the recruitment , transit and welfare of Gurkhas recruited into the British Army , to ensure that all Gurkha units are manned fully and to maintain communication with Gurkha units stationed around the world . BGN fell under the direct command of HQ 4th Division in Aldershot . BGN is commanded by a full colonel , who also serves as the defence attaché at the British Embassy in Kathmandu , and operates from three locations within Nepal : BGN ' s most important function is the annual recruitment process . Every year , a total of 294 men are selected following the rigorous selection process that is run from the camp at Pokhara . Of these , 230 join the British Army , while the remaining 64 join the Gurkha Contingent of the Singapore Police Force . BGN also facilitates transit , both to and from Nepal , of recruits , serving soldiers on leave and their families . Under the Gurkha Married Accompied Service ( GMAS ) policy , all married serving Gurkha soldiers with three years or more service can be accompanied by their families to their posting , whether in the UK or Brunei . BGN has responsibility for arranging the call forward of Gurkha families under this scheme , and for organising flights to and from a posting . Each site has a pensions officer who has responsibility for organising the payment of pensions , while welfare for serving soldiers is run centrally from Kathmandu , with a number of Area Welfare Centres in other locations . Welfare for ex - servicemen is the responsibility of the Gurkha Welfare Service , an arm of the UK based Gurkha Welfare Trust , which is based at Pokhara . The GWS is responsible for the distribution of both individual welfare through distribution of pensions and grants to ex - servicemen and widows , and communal welfare through provision of infrastructure projects .
USS Firm ( AM - 444 ) USS " Firm " ( AM - 444 / MSO - 444 ) was an in the United States Navy . " Firm " was launched 15 April 1953 by J . M . Martinac Shipbuilding Corp . , Tacoma , Washington ; sponsored by Mrs . Joseph S . Martinac ; and commissioned 12 October 1954 , Lieutenant J . E . Renn in command . She was reclassified MSO - 444 on 7 February 1955 . Service history . From her home post at Long Beach , California , headquarters for Mine Force , Pacific Fleet , " Firm " sailed for training and exercises along the west coast , interrupted during 1955 for her conversion to flagship for Mine Division 94 . Between 1 March 1956 and 2 November 1956 , and again between 3 November 1958 and 31 May 1959 , she served in the Far East with the 7th Fleet , exercising with ships of the Korean , Chinese Nationalist , and Thai navies , as well as visiting a wide number of Oriental ports and taking part in fleet training schedules . Through 1962 , " Firm " continued her west coast operations out of Long Beach . Beginning in April 1965 , " USS Firm " was assigned to Operation Market Time , a program instituted to curb the Communist infiltration of arms and other contraband into South Vietnam during the Vietnam War . As a member of Mine Division 72 , MD - 91 and MD - 33 , usually serving as flagship , " Firm " made five deployments to Vietnam over a seven - year period ( until 1971 ) , performing its duties with distinction and earning the Vietnam Service Medal , the Vietnam Campaign Medal , two Navy Meritorious Unit Commendations , and the Vietnam Cross of Gallantry . " Firm " was decommissioned 5 July 1972 . She was transferred to the Philippines as BRP " Davao del Sur " ( PM - 92 ) on 17 July 1972 . Returned to United States custody on 1 July 1977 , the ship was struck from the Naval Vessel Register the same day , and on 8 July sold for scrapping to Ming Hing and Co . , Kowloon , Hong Kong .
USS George Philip ( FFG - 12 ) USS " George Philip " ( FFG - 12 ) , sixth ship of the of guided - missile frigate s , was named for Commander George Philip , Jr . ( 1912 – 1945 ) , posthumous winner of the Navy Cross for actions as commander . Ordered from Todd Shipyards , San Pedro , CA on 27 February 1976 as part of the FY76 program , " George Philip " was laid down on 14 December 1977 , launched on 16 December 1978 , and commissioned on 10 October 1980 . Decommissioned on 15 March 2003 , as of June 2003 " George Philip " is in reserve at Naval Inactive Ships Maintenance Facility Bremerton , WA . The " George Philip " was expected to join the Portuguese Navy in 2006 , together with her sister ship , but the Portuguese Navy dropped the offer and chose two Dutch " Karel Doorman " - class frigates instead . The " George Philip " was expected to join the Turkish Navy in the summer of 2008 , together with her sister ship , but the Turkish Navy dropped the offer .
T - 12 Cloudmaker The T - 12 ( also known as Cloudmaker ) demolition bomb was developed by the United States from 1944 to 1948 . It was one of a small class of bombs designed to attack targets invulnerable to conventional " soft " bombs , such as bunker s and viaduct s . It achieved this by having an extremely thick hardened nose section , which was designed to penetrate deeply into hardened concrete structures and then detonate inside the target after a short time delay . This created an " earthquake effect " . The T - 12 was a further development of the concept initiated with the United Kingdom ' s Tallboy and Grand Slam weapons : a hardened , highly aerodynamic bomb of the greatest possible weight designed to be dropped from the highest possible altitude . Penetrating deeply in the earth before exploding , the resulting shock wave was transmitted through the earth into structures . The resulting camouflet could also undermine structures . The bomb could also be used against hardened targets . Originally set to meet a target weight ( the maximum payload for the Convair B - 36 " Peacemaker " bomber ) , the original design with its hardened case was slightly less than 43 , 000 pounds . The final T - 12 weighed 43 , 600 lb ( nearly 20 tonnes ) . This was twice the size of the United States ' previous largest bomb , the " Bomb , GP , 22 , 000 - lb , M110 ( T - 14 ) " , the American - built version of the British Grand Slam . The T - 12 was not a simple scale up of the M110 , but incorporated modifications based on testing and calculations . The B - 36 was redesigned so it could carry the T12 , although a converted B - 29 Superfortress was used for testing . Similar US Weapons . Weapons of comparable size to the T - 12 , such as the BLU - 82 and GBU - 43 / B Massive Ordnance Air Blast bomb s ( MOAB ) , were developed as latter - day United States " superbombs " , but their utility is limited outside the realm of psychological weapons and demolition . Only the GBU - 43 / B remains in the inventory . It is not hardened and lacks the hard target capability of the T - 12 and its cousins . The 14 metric ton mass Massive Ordnance Penetrator , roughly intermediate between the British Grand Slam and American Cloudmaker bombs in mass , has been recently developed just past the dawn of the 21st century in light of unsatisfactory penetration by existing 2000 lb and 5000 lb class weapons .
Battle of Auvere Battle of Auvere was a battle in Estonia , starting on July 20 , 1944 and ending on July 25 . It was a part of the World War II campaign in Narva . The Soviet 8th Army started attacking the Auvere Station on July 20 with artillery fire . The defenders had some losses . The Estonians and Germans ( of the 11th ( East Prussian ) Infantry Division ) had built trenches and dug themselves into foxholes . In the morning of July 24 , the Soviet assault commenced with 30 - 50 batteries firing 17 , 000 shells and grenades ( 2 , 000 tons ) , inflicting significant casualties to the Estonian 45th Regiment in Auvere and the 44th Infantry Regiment in the borough of Sirgala . After two hours of preparatory artillery fire , the two regiments were attacked from the air . Three German and eight Soviet bombers were shot down in air combat . Under artillery cover , the Soviet 122nd Rifle Corps and a tank brigade pierced to the German positions , while the 117th Rifle Corps encircled the Estonian regiment , which reformed themselves in circular defence . Relieved by Paul Albert Kausch ' s Kampfgruppe ( the " Nordland " Tank Battalion with additional units ) and three rocket artillery launcher s , the Estonians went on for a counterattack . The 44th Regiment was saved by the swift movement of artillery behind them clearing their previous positions of Soviet troops . The 117th Rifle Corps reached the headquarters of the Estonian I Battalion , who resisted by heavy machine - gun fire in circular defence . The support by the anti - tank weapons of the 14th Company and Kausch ' s Kampfgruppe helped to seize the main frontline back to the control of the " Narwa " . The attempts by the 117th and the 122nd Rifle Corps to break through were repelled in a similar way , causing them to lose 3 , 000 men , 17 planes and 29 tanks , compared to the loss of 800 troops of army detachment " Narwa " . On the next day , the Soviet 8th Army tried to capture the German positions again , but they were repelled by machine guns . Forces . Germany Soviet Union
124th Division ( People ' s Republic of China ) The 124th Division was a division deployed by the People ' s Republic of China . During the Korean War , it was the first Chinese unit to cross the Yalu River . History . The 124th Division was a military formation of the People ' s Volunteer Army ( Chinese People ' s Volunteers ( CPV ) or Chinese Communist Forces ( CCF ) ) during the Korean War with a standard strength of approximately 10 , 000 men . It was a component of the 42nd Army , consisting of the 370th , 371st , and 372nd Regiments . While the 124th Division at first drove back the ROK troops it encountered , and then slowed the advance of the U . S . Marine troops that replaced them on the road to the reservoir , it did not have the success that attended the CCF action against the ROK II Corps and part of the U . S . I Corps in the west . The 124th Division faced the 1st Marine Division at Sudong on November 2 . Current . The unit may now be still part of the 42nd Group Army in the Guangzhou Military Region , as the 124th Amphibious Mechanised Division .
15th Virginia Cavalry The 15th Virginia Volunteer Cavalry Regiment was a cavalry regiment raised in Virginia for service in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War . It fought mostly with the Army of Northern Virginia . Virginia ’ s 15th Cavalry Regiment was formed in September 1862 , by consolidating the 14th and 15th Battalions , Virginia Cavalry . The 14th Battalion , Virginia Cavalry ( also called the Chesapeake Battalion ) was organized in May 1862 , with four companies . It included three companies from the 5th Regiment Virginia Cavalry in the Provisional Confederate Army . The unit served under General Daniel at Malvern Hill , then was assigned to Robert Ransom ' s Brigade . Major Edgar Burroughs was in command when it was consolidated . The 15th Battalion , Virginia Cavalry ( also called the Northern Neck Rangers ) was also organized during the spring of 1862 with four companies . Attached to the Army of Northern Virginia , the unit served under J . E . B . Stuart . Major John Critcher was in command when it was consolidated . The consolidated unit served in W . H . F . Lee ' s , Lomax ' s , and Payne ' s Brigade , Army of Northern Virginia . It was active in the Chancellorsville Campaign and later reported 2 killed and 14 wounded during the operations around Bristoe . The regiment continued the fight at Mine Run and The Wilderness , then saw action about Cold Harbor . It moved with Early to the Shenandoah Valley and on November 8 , 1864 , was absorbed by the 5th Virginia Cavalry . The field officers were Colonels William B . Ball and Charles R . Collins , Lieutenant Colonel John Critcher , and Major Edgar Burroughs .
Dale Weejet 800 The Dale Weejet 800 " , or Weejet VT - 1 " ' was an early light jet intended for high speed personal transport or primary military training . Design and development . Harold Dale , an engineer at North American Aviation had designed several homebuilt aircraft and teamed up with Edward Gagnier , a former North American engineer , to develop the Weejet . The name was registered in February 1952 and the prototype was built in two and a half years . The Weejet was a two - seat side - by - side mid - winged all aluminum , retractable tricycle gear aircraft with a V - tail arrangement . The aircraft was powered by a 920 lb thrust Continental - Turbomeca Marbore II J - 69 - T - 15 engine . Air was fed to the engine through two triangular inlets mounted on the inboard wing roots . Fuel was carried in the leading edge of the wings , and tip tanks . The aircraft had oxygen tanks and was pressurized to 3 psi differential pressure . The seats were designed to accommodate parachutes . The rudder pedals were adjustable for different pilot sizes . Operational history . The first test flight was conducted by Harold Dale on 30 March 1956 . The aircraft completed several spin tests , but on one test , the canopy popped open , and the aircraft went into a inverted spin . The pilot bailed out safely and the prototype crashed after performing an unmanned inverted loop . It was later found that the trim tab was set to full nose down during the test . A scheduled demonstration of the aircraft to the U . S . Navy was canceled . No other Weejets were produced .
Seth Obeng Lieutenant General Seth Kofi Obeng ( born 26 January 1945 ) is a former Chief of Defence Staff ( CDS ) of the Ghana Armed Forces . He was once also the Commander of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon . He is also a special adviser on African Union matters to the President of Ghana . He is also known to have six children five sons and one daughter . Education and training . On 15 July 1987 , Obeng was awarded a postgraduate Diploma in International Comparative Politics from the London School of Economics and Political Science . Obeng is a graduate of the Army Command and General Staff College , Fort Leavenworth Kansas , United States . He also obtained a Master of Science Degree in Defence Studies from the National War College in Delhi , India in 1992 . Career . Seth Obeng was commissioned into the Ghana army on 16 October 1965 as an Artillery officer . He has been the Commandant of the Military Academy and Training School and Ghana Armed Forces Command and Staff College . He has also been the Chief of Staff , General Headquarters . Lt . Gen . Obeng served as the Defence Adviser to the Ghana High Commission in London from March 1984 to September 1988 . On his return to Ghana , he was made the Chief Staff Officer at the Army Headquarters . In October 1989 , he was seconded as the Managing Director to the State Housing Corporation ( now State Housing Company ) . He took a break for a course in India . After that , he returned to his previous role as the Managing Director of the State Housing Corporation from December 1992 to December 1993 . Seth Obeng has also been the Chairman of the Economic Community of West African States ( ECOWAS ) Defence and Security Commission . Peacekeeping missions . Seth Obeng has played senior roles in a number of peacekeeping missions . He was the Deputy Force Commander of the ECOWAS Ceasefire Monitoring Group , ( ECOMOG ) in Liberia from 19 August 1994 to 30 September 1996 . Two years later , he was the Force Commander of the UN Observer and Monitoring Group ( MONUA ) in Angola from April 1998 to October 1999 . On completion of the Angola mission , he was appointed the Force Commander of the UN Interim Force in Lebanon ( UNIFIL ) from 1999 to 2001 . He continued in this position until he was appointed as Chief of the Defence Staff of the Ghana Armed Forces . He is the second Ghanaian military officer to have commanded UNIFIL after Lt Gen Emmanuel Erskine . Post military career . President Kufuor appointed Seth Obeng as one of his Special advisers on the African Union matters in May 2007 . He is currently part of the United Nations Member of the Follow - up Committee on the Greentree Agreement of 12 June 2006 .
Castillo de San Andrés The Castillo o Torre de San Andrés ( " Castle or Tower of San Andrés " ) is located in the village of San Andrés ( Santa Cruz de Tenerife , Canary Islands , Spain ) . This castle served to protect the island of Tenerife from pirate attacks . History . In the 16th century , the King Philip II sent the Italian military engineer Leonardo Torriani to fortify the coast of Santa Cruz de Tenerife , among the most important places to protect was the " Valle de Salazar " ( Salazar Valley ) which is now the town of San Andrés . Most researchers agree that the castle was built in 1706 , although there are writings that mention it in 1697 . Since the 17th century , it was considered necessary to defend the beach of San Andrés and to protect ships from pirate attacks . During the Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife in 1797 , the castle played a very important role as shots from the castle destroyed the mast and riggings of the Theseus , the ship of Admiral Horacio Nelson . A torrent of water from a ravine collapsed part of the castle , but the other half is still standing . On November 28 , 1967 , it was declared a Spanish Historical Heritage , the April 22 , 1949 " " Patrimonio Histórico Español " " and in 1999 was declared of Cultural Interest in the Canary Islands . The castle named for San Andrés , and is a symbol of San Andrés and Anaga .