naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Tysyatsky Tysyatsky ( tysiatsky , ; sometimes translated " dux " or " Heerzog " but more correctly meaning " thousandman " - sometimes translated into the Greek " chilliarch " ) was a military leader in Ancient Rus , who commanded a people ' s volunteer army called тысяча ( tysyacha , or a thousand ) . In the Novgorod Republic , the tysyatsky evolved into a judicial or commercial official and was elected from boyars at a veche for a period of one year posadnik . Like the posadniks in Novgorod , the office was often held by one man for several years in a row and he was often succeeded by his son or another close relative , indicating that the office was held within clans and was not fully elective . In cities with no veche , tysyatskies were appointed by the knyaz s or prince from among the noble boyars and could hand down their post to their sons . In the Novgorod Republic , tysyatskies were considered representatives of ordinary ( " black " ) people . Alongside with the role as the military leaders , they were also supposed to supervise the city fortifications , they could convene veches , they served as ambassadors and acted as judges in the commercial courts . Like the posadniks , in the 14th century the former tysyatskies maintained considerbale political influence and privileges and were known as " Old Tysyatskies " and also had considerable privileges . The earliest documented tysyatsky of Novgorod was Putyata . Grand Prince Dmitry Donskoy after the death of Vassily Vassilyevich Velyaminov in 1374 abolished the post , replacing them with voyevoda s and namestnik s . The tysyatsky in Novgorod was abolished when Grand Prince Ivan III conquered the city in 1478 . It was abolished in Pskov in 1510 when Vasilii III took that city .
Kenneth Muir ( VC ) Major Kenneth Muir VC ( 6 March 1912 – 23 September 1950 ) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . Details . Muir was 38 years old , and a major in the 1st battalion , The Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders ( Princess Louise ' s ) , British Army during the Korean War when the following deed took place during the Battle of Hill 282 for which he was awarded the VC . On 23 September 1950 near Songju , Korea , there was difficulty in evacuating the wounded after a position had been captured , until Major Muir arrived with a stretcher party . When the enemy started to launch a series of attacks on the positions , the major took over command and after a direct hit from a fire bomb , causing further casualties , he led a counter - attack and the crest of the position was regained . He was determined to hold it until all the wounded had been evacuated and moved about his small force shouting encouragement and firing a 2 - in . mortar himself until he was mortally wounded . Further information . Initially buried in the Taegu Military Cemetery , his remains were exhumed and transferred to the United Nations Memorial Cemetery , Busan , Korea , on 14 May 1951 . His name is also recorded on his father ' s headstone at St . Peter ' s Churchyard , Frimley , Surrey , England . The medal . His Victoria Cross is displayed at the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders Museum , Stirling Castle , Scotland .
John Gould Moyer John Gould Moyer ( July 12 , 1893 – January 21 , 1976 ) was an United States Navy Rear admiral , and the 31st Governor of American Samoa from June 5 , 1942 to February 8 , 1944 . He was born in Chicago , Illinois , but lived in both Indiana and Hawaii for much of his life . Moyer was admitted to the United States Naval Academy on June 16 , 1910 , and became an Ensign shortly upon graduation . He became a Commander in 1934 , a Captain in 1939 , and eventually a Rear admiral . During his governorship , Moyer recommended the tour of duty of the men under his command be reduced , and took over command of the United States Marines barracks previously under the control of Brigadier general Henry Louis Larsen . Life . Moyer was born in Chicago , Illinois . He was born to Eva Gould Moyer ; his grandfather was a longtime district judge in Indiana . Moyer lived in Delphi , Indiana for much of his early life . He died in Honolulu , Hawaii at the age of 82 . Naval career . Moyer was admitted to the United States Naval Academy on June 16 , 1910 . As an Ensign , he served on the " USS South Carolina ( BB - 26 ) " in 1917 . He was promoted to the rank of Commander in 1934 , and President of the United States Franklin Roosevelt recommended Moyer for the rank of Captain in 1939 . He eventually became a Rear admiral , and retired on June 30 , 1949 . Governorship . Moyer took the office of Governor of American Samoa on June 5 , 1942 . During his governorship , Moyer suggested the tour of duty for military personnel in American Samoa be reduced from 18 to 12 months , believing that " the climate is bad for most Caucasians " . As the Pacific War drew westward , Moyer took control of the United States Marine barracks on the island , a command previously held by Henry Louis Larsen , a man with the short - lived position of Military General of Tutuila . Moyer ceded the office to Captain Allen Hobbs on February 8 , 1944 .
Denis Earp Lieutenant General Denis John Earp SSA SD SOE SM ( Bloemfontein , born 7 June 1930 ) was a South African military commander , who held the post of Chief of the South African Air Force . He attended Military College in 1948 and joined the SAAF in 1950 . After qualifying as a pilot served in Korea with 2 Squadron SAAF . He was forced to bale out over enemy territory and was a POW for 23 months . Attended Grey College , Bloemfontein . His son was a helicopter pilot who was killed in the Border War in 1982 He served as Chief of the Air Force from 1984 to 1988
RT - 23 Molodets The RT - 23 ( NATO reporting name SS - 24 Scalpel ) was a Soviet ICBM developed and produced by the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau before 1991 . It is cold launch ed , and comes in silo and railway car based variants . It is a three stage missile that uses solid fuel and thrust vectoring for the first stage , with 10 MIRV warheads , each with 550 kt yield . History . The missile was the culmination of a major Soviet effort to develop a medium solid - fueled missile with multiple basing modes : silo - based and rail - based versions were deployed , and a road - mobile version was considered but rejected . This made for a much more survivable ICBM , as the rail - based missiles could move around the rail network and thus be difficult to detect and track . The new missile was to replace the older liquid - fueled SS - 19 missiles which were entirely silo - based . Its US counterpart was the MX missile . The missile was tested through the 1980s and began to be deployed in 1987 . Its production facilities were located in Ukraine . After the Soviet Union broke up in 1991 , Ukraine had no interest in producing ICBMs and so the production of the missile came to an end . A typical set of missile launch trains were composed of three M62 class locomotives ( a standard diesel electric locomotive of the period ) , followed by generating power car , command car , support car , and three missile launch vehicles , with a total of nine - car train set . The frontmost locomotive is driven by three officers , and the two other engines right behind the front locomotive are driven by two enlisted personnel each . The missile launcher has a shape of a refrigerator car , and the service cars are those that were converted from passenger carriages . Just before the breakup of the USSR , 92 missiles were operational , 36 based in stationary silos and 56 rail - based . The 36 silo - based missiles located in Ukraine were deactivated by mid 1996 , disassembled and put into storage awaiting decision on a feasible disposition method , but the 56 missiles in Russia remained in service . The missile was to be banned under the provisions of START II , but that treaty was never ratified . The 10 silo - based missiles in Russia were deactivated around 2000 . After 2000 the rail - based missiles were also gradually withdrawn from service , with the remaining 15 decommissioned in August 2005 . Elimination of the last SS - 24 ICBM in Russia was in April 2008 .
Clibanarii The Clibanarii or Klibanophoroi ( , meaning “ camp oven - bearers ” from the Greek word " κλίβανος " meaning " camp oven " or " metallic furnace " ) were a Sassanid Persian , late Roman and Byzantine military unit of heavy armored horsemen . Similar to the cataphract i , the horsemen themselves and their horses were fully armoured . There are several theories to the origins of this name , one being that the men were literally nicknamed “ camp oven bearers ” ( due to the amount of armour they wore that the troops heat up very quickly in the heat of battle ) or that the name is derived from Persian word " griwbanwar " or " griva - pana - bara " meaning " neck - guard wearer " . The Clibanarii were used mostly by Eastern armies ; for example , they were used by the Palmyrene Empire , and fought against the Roman cavalry at Immae and Emesa . Sassanids employed Clibanarii in their western armies , mainly against the Eastern Roman empire . They were more heavily armoured than their Byzantine counterparts . The Clibinarii cavalry of Shapur II is described by Greek historian Ammianus Marcellinus , a Roman staff officer who served in the army of Constantius II in Gaul and Persia , fought against the Persians under Julian the Apostate , and took part in the retreat of his successor Jovian , as : " " All the companies were clad in iron , and all parts of their bodies were covered with thick plates , so fitted that the stiff - joints conformed with those of their limbs ; and the forms of human faces were so skilfully fitted to their heads , that since their entire body was covered with metal , arrows that fell upon them could lodge only where they could see a little through tiny openings opposite the pupil of the eye , or where through the tip of their nose they were able to get a little breath . Of these some who were armed with pikes , stood so motionless that you would have thought them held fast by clamps of bronze . " < BR > " " The Persians opposed us serried bands of mail - clad horsemen in such close order that the gleam of moving bodies covered with closely fitting plates of iron dazzled the eyes of those who looked upon them , while the whole throng of horses was protected by coverings of leather . " "
HMS Carnatic ( 1823 ) HMS " Carnatic " was a 74 - gun third rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy , launched on 21 October 1823 at Portsmouth Dockyard . Her design was based on , as completed . " Carnatic " was hulked in 1860 , and sold out of the navy in 1914 .
HMS St David ( 1667 ) HMS " St David " was a 54 - gun fourth rate ship of the line of the English Royal Navy , launched in 1667 at Lydney . She foundered in Portsmouth Harbour in 1690 and was raised in 1691 under the supervision of Edmund Dummer , Surveyor of the Navy . The ship was later hulked and finally sold in 1713 .
Anthony Heward Air Chief Marshal Sir Anthony Wilkinson Heward , KCB , OBE , DFC & bar , AFC ( 1 July 1918 - November 1995 ) was a senior Royal Air Force commander . RAF career . Heward joined the Royal Air Force in 1936 . He served in World War II as Officer Commanding No . 50 Squadron and then as Officer Commanding No . 97 Squadron before being made Personal Staff Officer to the Air Commander - in - Chief , RAF Mediterranean and Middle East in July 1945 . Promoted to Group Captain , he was appointed to the Air & Special Operations staff at Headquarters SHAPE in 1957 and Station Commander at RAF Finningley in 1959 . Then after attending the Imperial Defence College in 1962 he was promoted to Air Commodore and appointed Director of Operations ( Bomber & Reconnaissance ) at the Ministry of Defence in 1963 . Promoted to Air Vice Marshal , he was appointed Deputy Commander of RAF Germany in 1966 , Air Officer for Administration at Headquarters RAF Air Support Command in 1969 and Chief of Staff at RAF Strike Command in 1970 . Promoted to Air Marshal , he went on to be Air Officer Commanding No . 18 ( Maritime ) Group in 1972 and Air Member for Supply and Organisation in 1973 . He was promoted to Air Chief Marshal in 1974 and retired in 1976 . In retirement he became a County councillor for Wiltshire . Family . In 1944 , he married Clare Myfanwy Wainwright , the daughter of Major - General C B Wainwright , CB . They had two children Paul and Petrina . Paul is currently living in Edinburgh with his three children Sam , Rosanna and Julia .
Walther von Axthelm Walther Moritz Heinrich Wolfgang von Axthelm ( 23 December 1893 – 6 January 1972 ) was a highly decorated General der Flakartillerie in the Luftwaffe during World War II who commanded the 1 . Flakkorps . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . Walther von Axthelm was captured in 1945 by American troops and was held until 1947 .
HMS Trepassey ( 1779 ) HMS " Trepassey , often spelled " Trepassy " " , was a 14 - gun brig - sloop of the Royal Navy , formerly the American privateer " Wildcat " . She was purchased in 1779 . On 6 August Henry Edward Stanhope was promoted to Master and Commander of " Trepassey " at Newfoundland . He left during the autumn of 1780 and his successor was James Smyth , who took command in September . On 27 May 1781 Captain John Barry commanding the USS " Alliance " captured her in an engagement in which Smyth and four others were killed and nine men were wounded before she struck . Barry repaired her , disarmed her , and sent her as a cartel to Halifax under the direction of her Master , Phillip Windsor . After she had delivered the prisoners on board she returned to American control . " Trepassey " was retaken in 1782 . Sometime in 1783 or earlier , Commander Francis Cole became her commander . She was sold in 1784 .
Seven Grievances The Seven Grievances ( Manchu : " nadan koro " ; ) was a manifesto announced by Nurhaci on the Thirteenth day of the Fourth lunar month in the Third year of Tianming ( ) era ( 7 May 1618 ) . It effectively declared war against the Ming Dynasty . The seven grievances are : After the announcement of the " Seven Grievances " , Manchu troops forced their way into Fushun and obtained the surrender of the city ' s commander Li Yongfang ( d . 1634 ) . In retaliation , a year later , a Ming punitive force of about 100 , 000 men , which included Korean and Yehe troops , approached Nurhaci ' s Manchus along four different routes . The Manchus scored successive victories , the most famous one near the town of Sarhu . The Míng Dynasty was wearied by a combination of internal strife and constant harassment by the Manchu . On May 26 , 1644 , Beijing fell to a peasant rebel army led by Li Zicheng . During the turmoil , the last Ming emperor hanged himself on a tree in the imperial garden outside the Forbidden City . The Manchus then allied with Ming general Wu Sangui and seized control of Beijing and overthrew Li Zicheng ' s short - lived Shun Dynasty .
USS Condor ( AMS - 5 ) USS " Condor " ( MSC ( O ) - 5 / AMS - 5 / YMS - 192 ) was a built for the United States Navy during World War II . She was the second U . S . Navy ship named for the condor . History . " Condor " was laid down as " YMS - 192 " on 30 September 1942 by the Greenport Basin and Construction Co . of Greenport , Long Island , New York ; launched , 5 December 1942 ; completed and commissioned USS " YMS - 192 " , 13 June 1943 . " YMS - 192 " served along the U . S . East Coast and in the Caribbean until the Atlantic War ended in May 1945 . Sent to the $ 3 , she took part in post - war mine clearance operations off Japan . " YMS - 192 " returned to the U . S . in April 1946 and was decommissioned in May . While laid up in reserve at San Diego , California , she was reclassified as a Motor Minesweeper , AMS - 5 and named " USS Condor " 18 February 1947 . Recommissioned for Korean War service in November 1950 , " Condor " deployed to the combat zone in March 1951 . She provided minesweeping and patrol services off Korea and Japan to the end of the conflict in July 1953 and continued her activities in that area during the following years . " Condor " was reclassified as coastal minesweeper MSC ( O ) - 5 on 7 February 1955 . " Condor " was loaned to Japan a month later . She was renamed JDS " Ujishima " ( MSC - 655 ) during her service with the Japanese Maritime Self - Defense Force . " Condor " was returned to the U . S . Navy in early 1967 , and struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 31 March 1967 . The veteran minesweeper was sunk as a target August 1968 .
Princeps namque Princeps namque was one of the Usages of Barcelona which regulate the defense of the prince and Principality of Catalonia , and the organising of its miltitary forces . Included in the first " Usages " of the 11th Century , it was explicitly included in the Usages until the end of the 16th Century . The term " Princeps namque " is derived from the first two words , in Latin , of Ustage 68 ( although in some compilations it is number 69 ) : " If the prince for any reason is besieged , or has his enemies besieged , or hears of a coming king or prince . . . "
24th Armoured Brigade ( United Kingdom ) The 24th Armoured Brigade was a Second World War British Army unit . History . The 24th Armoured Brigade was converted from the 24th Army Tank Brigade on 1 November 1940 . It served with the British 10th Armoured Division and the British 8th Armoured Division in the Eighth Army during the Western Desert Campaign . The Brigade was disbanded on 1 March 1943 .
French ship Louis - XIV ( 1854 ) The Louis XIV was an " Océan " class 118 - gun ship of the line of the French Navy . Laid down as " Tonnant " 1811 at Rochefort , she was renamed to Louis - XIV in 1828 , still on keel . She was launched only in 1854 , and was put in the reserve the next year . On 28 January 1855 , she departed Toulon to take part in the Siege of Sevastopol as a transport ship . From September 1856 to 1857 , she was converted to combined sail / steam propulsion in Brest harbour , using machinery supplied by Robert Napier of Glasgow , to reenter service on 25 October 1857 . " Louis XIV " was decommissioned between 1858 and 1861 , and was affected to the École Navale as a gunnery training ship from 1861 to 1865 . That year , she was sent to Toulon . In 1870 , her crew was sent to Paris to defend the city against the advancing Prussian armies . Training resumed in November 1870 . In 1873 , " Louis XIV " was decommissioned again . She was struck on 3 May 1880 , and sold for scrap in 1882 .
Confirmation and overclaiming of aerial victories during World War II In aerial warfare , the term overclaiming describes a combatant ( or group ) that claims the destruction of more enemy aircraft than actually achieved . The net effect is that the actual losses and claimed victories are unequal . Honest overclaiming typically occurs in one of two ways : ( 1 ) more than one fighter pilot attacks the same target in quick succession and when they see it destroyed each claims a victory in good faith , and ( 2 ) a target is hit and appears to go down , but the pilot is able to land the plane . In some instances of combat over friendly territory a damaged aircraft may have been claimed as an aerial victory by its opponent while the aircraft was later salvaged and restored to an operational status . In this situation the loss may not appear in the records while the claim remains confirmed . Most discussion of overclaiming centers on air combat during World War II , because of the significant amount of air combat relative to conflicts before or since . German methodology for confirming aerial victories . The Luftwaffe had , at least in theory , a very stringent approval process for the confirmation of aerial victories . In practice , however , even in the early stages of the war , overclaiming by the Luftwaffe occurred . As the war entered its final , chaotic phase in 1945 , many German aces ' claims from late 1944 onward were left unvalidated due to the breakdown in administration within the Luftwaffe , and at times bore little relationship to reality . In the 1990s , the German archives made available microfilm rolls of wartime records , not seen since January 1945 , available to the public . These showed that while in theory the Luftwaffe did not accept a kill without a witness , which was considered only a probable , in practice some units habitually submitted unwitnessed claims and these sometimes made it through the verification process , particularly if they were made by pilots with already established records . In theory the Luftwaffe did not accept shared claims , but it happened . In theory each separate claim should have referred to a particular aircraft , but in practice some victories were awarded to other pilots who had claimed the destruction of the same aircraft . In 1943 the daily OKW communiques of this period habitually overstated American bomber losses by a factor of two or more . Defenders of German fighter pilots have always maintained that these were reduced during the confirmation process . But the microfilms prove this not to be the case . Some 80 - 90 percent of the claims submitted were confirmed or found to be " in order " for confirmation up to the time the system broke down altogether in 1945 .
Balhousie Castle Balhousie Castle , located in Perth , Scotland ( on Hay Street , originally a few hundred metres north of the medieval town ) , dates to 1631 , though its origins are believed to go back a further three hundred years . It originally served as the seat of the Earls of Kinnoull , and stood within a walled enclosure containing subsidiary buildings , orchards etc . on a terrace overlooking the North Inch ( a large public park ) of Perth . After falling into neglect in the early 19th century , the Castle was ' restored ' ( in fact , virtually rebuilt ) , and extensively remodelled on a larger scale in 1862 - 63 in the Baronial style by the architect David Smart . No original features survive except for parts of the original rubble walls on the east side . In 1962 , the Castle became the Regimental Headquarters and Museum of The Black Watch . The latter displays the history of the regiment from 1739 to the present . The Black Watch Heritage Appeal was launched in September 2009 to raise in excess of £3 . 2 million to develop Balhousie Castle to provide a permanent home for the museum and archive of The Black Watch . The Regimental Trustees bought Balhousie Castle in January 2009 .
William Earle ( soldier ) William Earle ( 18 May 1833 – 10 February 1885 ) fought in the British Army ( 49th Regiment ) during the Crimean War and later rose to the rank of Major - General . He was born in Liverpool , the son of a merchant Sir Hardman Earle and his wife Mary ( née Langton ) , and married Mary Codrington on 21 July 1864 . He had a successful military career , recognised by honours including Companion of the Order of the Bath . He was part of the Nile Expedition attempting to relieve General Gordon at Khartoum , and was killed following the Battle of Kirbekan . There is a bronze statue of him outside St George ' s Hall , Liverpool , by sculptor Charles Bell Birch .