naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Avro 557 Ava The Avro Type 557 Ava was a British twin - engined biplane torpedo bomber of the 1920s . It was developed by Avro to meet a requirement for a heavy torpedo bomber for the Royal Air Force , but was unsuccessful , only two prototypes being built . Design and development . The British Air Ministry produced Specification 16 / 22 in 1922 for a long - range land - based torpedo bomber . The specification required that the aircraft be capable of carrying a 21 in ( 533 mm ) torpedo or an equivalent weight of bombs , and produced responses both from Blackburn Aircraft ( the Cubaroo ) and Avro . Roy Chadwick , chief designer of Avro , initially produced a single - engined design , the Avro 556 powered by a Napier Cub engine , similar to the Cubaroo . This was however rejected in favour of a twin - engined aircraft using two Rolls - Royce Condor engines , this being designated the Avro Type 557 Ava , and winning an order of two prototypes from the Air Ministry . Completed in secret ( owing to its armament with a 21 in ( 533 mm ) torpedo , thought able to sink the largest warships ) , the first prototype Ava ( serial number " N171 " ) flew in mid - 1924 . The Ava was a three bay biplane of wooden construction , with the uncowled engines situated between the wings . It had a biplane tail , initially fitted with triple rudders , of which the centre rudder was soon removed . The fuselage accommodated two pilots in an open cockpit , with nose and dorsal gun positions and a retractable ventral " dustbin " gun position that could be manned by the navigator / bomb aimer , who otherwise occupied a large enclosed cabin . The 2 , 000 lb ( 910 kg ) torpedo or equivalent bombload was carried on external racks under the fuselage . The Air Ministry dropped its plans to use the 21 in ( 533 mm ) torpedo , but Avro continued with construction of the second prototype , which was of all metal construction but was otherwise similar to the first prototype , flying on 22 April 1927 . While a modified version of the Ava was proposed to meet Specification B19 / 27 for a heavy bomber , it was unsuccessful , no further aircraft being built .
Skuldelev ships The Skuldelev ships is a term used for 5 Viking ship s recovered from Peberrenden by Skuldelev , c . 20 km north of Roskilde in Denmark . In 1962 , the remains of the ships were excavated over 4 months . The recovered pieces constitute 5 types of ships and have been dated to the 11th century . They were allegedly sunk to prevent attacks from the sea . Information on " Skuldelev 4 " is omitted , as the discovery of a fourth ship was found to be a part of Skuldelev 2 . The Skuldelev ships , which provide a good source of information about the shipbuilding traditions of the late Viking period , are today exhibited at the Viking Ship Museum in Roskilde . Description . Skuldelev 1 . Skuldelev 1 is a sturdy seagoing cargo - vessel , possibly of the knarr type . It is 16 m long and 4 . 8 m wide and would have had a crew of 6 to 8 . The ship , which is built from pine and oak , was constructed in western Sweden , and has seen repairs in eastern Denmark . Skuldelev 2 . Skuldelev 2 is an oak - built , seagoing warship . It is a longship , possibly of the skeid type . It is approximately 30 m long and 3 . 8 m wide , and would have had a crew of 70 - 80 . Dendrochronology showed that the ship was built in the Dublin area around 1042 . The shape of the ship would have allowed for great speed , up to with a rowing crew of 60 and more while under sail . It is one of the longest Viking - ships ever found . A reconstruction of this ship : The Sea Stallion from Glendalough ( in Danish : Havhingsten ) has been built by the Viking Ship Museum in Roskilde and sailed to Dublin during the summer of 2007 ( arriving on 14 August ) . The ship was on exhibit in Dublin until the summer of 2008 at which time it was sailed back to Roskilde ( arrived on August 9 ) . Skuldelev 3 . The Skuldelev 3 is a 14 m long and 3 . 3 m wide cargo ship , possibly of the byrding type . It is made from oak , and was constructed somewhere in Denmark . It would have been well - suited to shorter journeys in Danish waters and the Baltic Sea , it would have held a crew of 5 - 6 and could reach a top - speed of under sail . Skuldelev 4 . The Skuldelev 2 was originally thought to be two different ships , named Skuldelev 2 and 4 . During the excavation it was discovered that they were in fact one long ship , hence the name Skuldelev 4 was stricken . Skuldelev 5 . Skuldelev 5 is a small warship of the snekkja type . It is 17 . 3 m long and 2 . 5 m wide and would have had a crew of about 30 . It is made from oak , pine and ash , and was built in the Roskilde area . The ship was purpose - built for sailing in Danish waters and the Baltic Sea , and the top speed was calculated to have been about . However , the first - ever replica of this ship which was " Sebbe Als " of Augustenborg , Denmark showed these calculations to be wrong . " Sebbe Als " is able to reach a speed of on oars alone , and under sail she does . Skuldelev 6 . Skuldelev 6 is a 11 . 2 m long and 2 . 5 m wide cargo and fishing - vessel of the ferja type . It was built in Sognefjorden in western Norway , mainly from pine . It would have had a crew of 12 - 14 .
Bahrain Defence Force The Military of Bahrain popularly known as Bahrain Defence Force ( BDF ) was under Bahrain ' s Ministry of Defence and a part of the governmėnt and is simply Bahrain Defence Force under a field marshal who is the commander - in - chief . It numbers about 13 , 000 personnel and consists of the Royal Bahraini Air Force , Royal Bahraini Army , Royal Bahraini Navy and the Bahrain Royal Medical Services . Apart from the BDF , the public security forces and the Coast Guard report to the Ministry of Interior . In January 2008 , the Crown Prince , Salman bin Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa was appointed as the Deputy Supreme Commander , while Khalifa bin Ahmed Al Khalifa was appointed as the Commander - in - Chief of the BDF . GCC support . Bahrain , in conjunction with its GCC partners has moved to upgrade its defenses in response to the threat posed by the Iran - Iraq and Persian Gulf war s . In 1982 , the GCC gave Bahrain $ 1 . 7 billion to help improve its defenses . Bahrain ' s defense spending since 1999 has been steady . The government spends around $ 320 million annually on their military . U . S . support . After the Gulf War , Bahrain received additional military support from the United States , including the sale of 54 M60A3 tanks , 12 F - 16C / D aircraft , and 14 Cobra helicopters . Joint naval , air and ground exercises also have been planned and executed to increase readiness throughout the Persian Gulf . Bahrain and the United States signed a Defense Cooperation Agreement in October 1991 , granting U . S . forces access to Bahraini facilities and ensuring the right to pre - position material for future crises . In 2003 , George W . Bush designated Bahrain as a major non - NATO ally of the United States . Since 2003 , Bahrain has been granted over $ 100 million in Foreign Military Funding to pay for various high profile weapons systems , to include an " AN / TPS - 59 ( v ) 3B Early Warning Radar " , Large Aircraft Infrared Countermeasures ( LAIRCM ) " , " Air - to - Air Missile Avoidance System " for the King ' s Plane ( Boeing 747 - 400 ) , as well as an Avenger Air Defense Vehicle .
Vicksburg National Military Park Vicksburg National Military Park preserves the site of the American Civil War Battle of Vicksburg , waged from May 18 to July 4 , 1863 . The park , in Vicksburg , Mississippi , and Delta , Louisiana , also commemorates the greater Vicksburg Campaign , which preceded the battle . Reconstructed forts and trenches evoke memories of the 47 - day siege that ended in the surrender of the city . Victory here and at Port Hudson gave the United States control of the Mississippi River . Battlefield . The park includes 1 , 325 historic monuments and markers , of historic trenches and earthworks , a tour road , a walking trail , two antebellum homes , 144 emplaced cannons , restored gunboat USS " Cairo " ( sunk on December 12 , 1862 , on the Yazoo River , recovered successfully in 1964 ) , and the Grant ' s Canal site , where the Union army attempted to build a canal to let their ships bypass Confederate artillery fire . The Cairo , also known as the " Hardluck Ironclad , " was the first U . S . ship in history to be sunk by a torpedo / mine . It was raised in 1964 . The Illinois State Memorial has 47 steps , one for every day Vicksburg was besieged . Cemetery . The Vicksburg National Cemetery , is within the park . It has 18 , 244 interments ( 12 , 954 unidentified ) ; grave space is not available . Date of Civil War interments : 1866 - 1874 . Grant ' s Canal . The remnants of Grant ' s Canal , a detached section of the military park , are located across from Vicksburg near Delta , Louisiana . Union Army Major General Ulysses S . Grant ordered the project , started on June 27 , 1862 , as part of his Vicksburg Campaign , with two goals in mind . The first was to alter the course of the Mississippi River in order to bypass the Confederate guns at Vicksburg . For various technical reasons the project failed to meet this goal . The river did change course by itself on April 26 , 1876 . The project met its second goal , keeping troops occupied during the laborious maneuvering required to begin the Battle of Vicksburg . Administrative history . The national military park was established on February 21 , 1899 , to " commemorate the siege and defense of Vicksburg " . The park sprawls over of land . The park and cemetery were transferred from the War Department to the National Park Service ( NPS ) on August 10 , 1933 . Of the park ' s 1 , 736 . 47 acres ( not including the cemetery ) , are federally owned . In the late 1950s , a portion of the park was transferred to the city as a local park in exchange for closing local roads running through the remainder of the park . It also allowed for the construction of Interstate 20 . The monuments in land transferred to the city are still maintained by the NPS . As with all historic areas administered by the NPS , the park was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15 , 1966 . Over a million visitors visit the park every year .
Pennsylvania National Guard The Pennsylvania National Guard is composed of the Pennsylvania Army National Guard and the Pennsylvania Air National Guard . It is one of the largest National Guards in the nation . It has the largest Army National Guard of all the states and the fourth largest Air National Guard . These forces are respective components of the United States Army and Air Force . The state air and ground national guard forces are governed through the Pennsylvania Department of Military and Veterans Affairs , headquartered at Fort Indiantown Gap . John Oppell Foering noted , " without question the Washington Grays ( Philadelphia ) have been the parent and pattern of the militia of the City and State , as well as the foundation upon which was erected the magnificent National Guard of Pennsylvania if not of the entire country . " The sculpture to the 1st Regiment Infantry National Guard of Philadelphia is positioned adjacent to John Wilson ' s sculpture Washington Grays Monument . Quarterly Magazine . Pennsylvania National Guard Quarterly Magazine - Guardians Leadership . The command element of the Pennsylvania National Guard is the " Joint Staff " . Commander - in - Chief : Governor Tom Corbett The Adjutant General : - Major General Wesley E . Craig , Jr . Deputy Adjutant General - Army : Major General Randall R . Marchi Deputy Adjutant General - Air : Major General Stephen M . Sischo Deputy Adjutant General for Veterans Affairs : Brigadier General ( PA ) Michael Gould
Robert S . Roeschlaub Robert Sawers Roeschlaub ( July 6 , 1843 – October 25 , 1923 ) was a noted Colorado architect . Biography . Roeschlaub was born in Munich , Bavaria , Germany to Michael , private physician to the King of Bavaria , and Margaretta , his Scotland - born mother . The family emigrated to the United States in 1845 , living in Missouri at first , but settling in Quincy , Illinois . In August 1862 , Robert enlisted from Quincy in the 84th Illinois Infantry - Company E as a sergeant , was promoted to Second Lieutenant in May 1863 , promoted again to First Lieutenant in March 1865 , and promoted to Captain on June 6 , 1865 but never mustered with that rank as two days later he mustered out with the rank of First Lieutenant . After apprenticing in Quincy , he relocated to Denver , Colorado in 1873 , practicing as Robert S . Roeschlaub . In 1903 , a son joined the practice and the firm was renamed Roeschlaub & Son , which continued until Robert ' s retirement in 1912 . He designed numerous schools , college buildings , churches and residences and commercial buildings . He was one of three curators at the Colorado Historical Society and worked on improving Denver ' s building code . He was elected to the American Institute of Architects in 1889 and the College of Fellows of the AIA elevated Roeschlaub to Fellow in 1900 . He was President of AIA Colorado from 1892 to 1912 . In 1909 when the architect ' s licensing law was passed , Roeschlaub was given license Number One . Denver commercial buildings he is credited with designing include the King Block ( 1879 ) , Bancroft Block ( 1880 ) , Times Building ( 1881 ) , Union Block ( 1881 ) , Barth Block ( 1881 ) , A . T . Lewis & Son Dept . Store ( 1894 ; 1902 ) and the I . F . Williams Store ( 1902 ) . Only the Lewis Department Store and the Hover Drug Co . Buildings remain . The Lewis Department Store , though listed in the National Register , is considered significant for its historic rather than architectural association . The Hover is the best surviving example of a commercial structure designed by Roeschlaub . Other National Historic Landmark registered Roeschlaub buildings include the Central City Opera House ( 1878 ) , Trinity United Methodist Church ( 1888 ) , Corona School ( 1889 ) , Chamberlin Observatory ( 1890 ) at the University of Denver , Cheyenne County Jail ( 1894 ) now a museum , the Hover Mansion ( 1902 ) and the First Congregational Church ( Manitou Springs ) ( 1882 ) . He was the subject of the book " Robert S . Roeschlaub : Architect of the Emerging West , 1843 - 1923 " by Francine Haber , Kenneth R . Fuller , and David N . Wetzel , originally published in April 1988 by the Colorado Historical Society and republished by the University Press of Colorado in July 1992 . Robert Sawers Roeschlaub died at San Diego , California . He is interred at Fairmount Cemetery , Denver .
Louw Wepener Decoration The Louw Wepener Decoration was a South African military decoration that was in use from 1952 to 1975 . It was awarded for " most conspicuous or greatest heroism , in circumstances of great danger " , and was primarily a non - combat decoration . History . This medal was instituted in honour of Louw Wepener who , in 1865 lost his life whilst leading his burghers in an attack on a stronghold on Thaba Bosigo in the Basuto Wars of 1858 - 1865 . Criteria . All ranks of SADF for acts of the most conspicuous courage or greatest heroism in circumstances of extreme danger ' , during war or peactime The obverse depicts a mountain peak representing Thaba Bosigo with two men on horseback at its foot . Below the horsemen the words " Thaba Bosigo , 1865 " . Around the top circumference are the words " LOUW WEPENER " and around the bottom circumference the words " DECORATION : DEKORASIE " The South African coat of arms . Decorations minted before 31 May 1961 have Queen Elizabeth II ' s royal cipher above the arms . The ribbon is divided into eleven stripes alternately orange and white . Recipients . ! style = " background - color : # ACD1E9 ; " " text - align : left ; " | Medal Number ! style = " background - color : # ACD1E9 ; " " text - align : left ; " | Name ! style = " background - color : # ACD1E9 ; " " text - align : left ; " | Service ! style = " background - color : # ACD1E9 ; " " text - align : left ; " | Rank ! style = " background - color : # ACD1E9 ; " " text - align : left ; " | Unit ! style = " background - color : # ACD1E9 ; " " text - align : left ; " | Date of Award ! style = " background - color : # ACD1E9 ; " " text - align : left ; " | Action cited for
Greek ironclad Vasilissa Olga The ironclad steam - powered battleship Vasilissa Olga ( ) , named for Queen Olga of Greece , served in the Royal Hellenic Navy from 1869 to 1925 . She was the first of two Hellenic Navy ships to bear this name . The ship was ordered from the then - Austro - Hungarian shipbuilder Stabilimento Tecnico Triestino for approximately £210 , 000 when the Hellenic Navy had proven itself inadequate during the Cretan uprising of 1866 . " Vasilissa Olga " served on active duty from 1870 to 1915 , but the ship never saw action , as she was converted into cadet training ship in 1894 . In 1913 , " Vasilissa Olga " was converted into a hospital ship , stationed at Souda Bay and in 1915 , she was removed from active duty and converted into an accommodation hulk for the Hellenic Navy ' s Souda Bay naval station . She was decommissioned in 1925 and was scrapped .
Operation Harness ( UK biological warfare ) Operation Harness was a series of secret biological warfare trials carried out by the government of the United Kingdom in the Caribbean in the 1940s . Animals were exposed to anthrax and brucella bacteria on dinghys offshore but the results were found meaningless . The operation did not go well , for several reasons . The sea was rougher than expected , making it impossible for the dinghies to be picked up by craft converted for the operation . This meant the tests were carried out just off the shore of an island , endangering inhabitants . Protective suits were found to be so heavy that those using them had to undergo a lengthy acclimatisation process to avoid heat exhaustion . Sampling equipment was accidentally activated by local radio signals and conditions at sea made it impossible to accurately measure the amount of bacteria in the atmosphere . 500 of 600 sheep were found to be unsuitable and were shot . Guinea pig s were found to be " disastrous " . 234 Rhesus macaque s had to be treated for pneumonia before being used . The official report found that the techniques used were overcomplicated , and said that it was " uncommonly lucky " that only one of the staff was infected .
Emmanuel Philibert , Duke of Savoy Emmanuel Philibert ( in Italian Emanuele Filiberto ; known as " Testa di ferro " , in English " Ironhead " , because of his military career ; 8 July 1528 – 30 August 1580 ) was Duke of Savoy from 1553 to 1580 . Born in Chambéry , Emmanuel Philibert was the only child of Charles III , Duke of Savoy , and Beatrice of Portugal to reach adulthood . His mother was sister - in - law to Charles V , Holy Roman Emperor , and the future duke served in Charles ' s army during the war against Francis I of France , distinguishing himself by capturing Hesdin in July 1553 . A month later , he became Duke of Savoy on the death of his father , but this was a nearly empty honour , as the vast majority of his hereditary lands had been occupied and administered by the French since 1536 . Instead , he continued to serve the Habsburgs in hopes of recovering his lands , and served his maternal first cousin King Philip II as Governor of the Netherlands from 1555 to 1559 . In this capacity he personally led the Spanish invasion of northern France and won a brilliant victory at Saint - Quentin in August 1557 . He was a suitor to Lady Elizabeth Tudor , the future Queen Elizabeth I . He had barely any money at that time . By the Peace of Cateau Cambrésis between France and Spain , ( 1559 ) the duchy was restored to Emmanuel Philibert and he married his half - first cousin once removed Margaret of France , Duchess of Berry ( 1523 – 1574 ) , daughter of King Francis I of France and sister to King Henry II . Their only child was Charles Emmanuel I of Savoy . Following the death of his uncle , Henry I of Portugal , on 31 January 1580 , Emmanuel Philibert fought to impose his rights as a claimant to the Portuguese throne . However , he soon realised that he had quite a fragile position due to the claims of his cousin , Philip II of Spain , who , in the end , managed to conquer the country and the Crown . Emmanuel Philibert spent his rule regaining what had been lost in the costly wars with France . A skilled political strategist , he took advantage of various squabbles in Europe to slowly regain territory from both the French and the Spanish , including the city of Turin . He also purchased two territories . Internally , he moved the capital of the duchy from Chambéry to Turin and replaced Latin as the duchy ' s official language with Italian . He was attempting to acquire the marquisate of Saluzzo when he died in Turin . Later , he was buried in the Chapel of the Holy Shroud of the Turin Cathedral , where he did move the Sindone in 1578 .
48th Armored Medical Battalion The 48th Armored Medical Battalion was an American military medical / surgical unit attached to the 2nd Armored Division throughout World War II . The 48th participated in the invasions of North Africa , Sicily and Normandy . The unit was formed on July 15 , 1940 under the command of Col . Abner Zehm . In February 1942 , Major John S . Wier became the Battalion Commander . Major Wier requested surgical trucks for the unit . The army gave him six thousand dollars , enough for six ton trucks to be converted for medical use . On December 11 , 1942 the 48th left Fort Dix , New Jersey for North Africa , landing at Casablanca on December 24 , 1942 . In the spring of 1943 they proceeded to Arzew in Algeria , then on to Tunis . On to Sicily and then to Tidworth Barracks , England for an extended period of time . The battalion landed on Omaha Beach on June 9 , 1944 ( D + 3 at 13 : 00 ) . The battalion stayed with the 2nd Armored Division throughout the advance on into Germany and then to Berlin . After the war the unit returned to Camp Hood , Texas for retraining before being disbanded . The Battalion ’ s World War II unit insignia consisted of a rod of Asclepius crossed with a dagger , on a silver bordered , red shield , above the words " Humanity Mashalled " . At a later date the 48th Medical Battalion was reformed , again as part of the 2nd Armored Division , serving until the divisions disbandment in 1991 .
Warrant Officer of the Naval Service The Warrant Officer of the Naval Service ( WO NS ) is the senior warrant officer of the Royal Navy . The person holding this appointment ' s main responsibility is to act as a channel between the non commissioned ranks and Senior Naval officers , enabling communication between the ratings and Navy leadership . The post was created in 2010 , replacing the post of Second Sea Lord ' s Command Warrant Officer Insignia . A Command Warrant Officer Badge is worn on the left breast of their uniform during the period of the appointment . For Ceremonial Occasions they may carry the Ceremonial Cane , made out of wood from the HMS Victory .