naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
AT2 mine The AT2 mine is a scatterable anti - tank mine developed by Dynamit Nobel . It can be scattered from artillery rockets or from mine laying systems , and is currently in service with the British , German and Norwegian armies . Description . The mine is cylindrical with a hemispherical top and flat bottom . A thin aerial - like wire extends from the top of the mine , and is the S3 " scratch wire " contact fuze . Five or more metal legs ( depending on the exact model ) around the base of mine fold out to stand the mine upright . Additionally the mine is fitted with a small plastic parachute when it is deployed from rockets to reduce the impact when the mine lands . The mine is triggered when the scratch wire fuze drags along the bottom of a vehicle or when it is crushed by pressure . Additionally the mine has a magnetic - influence fuze . The mine uses a Misznay Schardin effect warhead to penetrate the belly of armour vehicles ; the projectile formed is optimized for after - armour effects . The mine auto - destructs after one of six selectable periods , up to a maximum of four days ; the self - destruct mechanism is reported to be 99 % reliable . Should the self - destruct mechanism fail , the battery powering the fuze would fail after a short period of time . The mine is additionally fitted with an unspecified anti - handling device . Italian destruction . After the Ottawa Treaty , Italy concluded that the fuze of the AT2 was sensitive enough to be set off by a person and destroyed its stockpile of 45 , 000 mines .
Baedeker Blitz The Baedeker Blitz or Baedeker raids were a series of " Vergeltungsangriffe " ( " retaliatory attacks " ) by the German air force on English cities in response to the bombing of the city of Lübeck during the night from 28 to 29 March 1942 during World War II . Background . Lübeck was bombed on the night of 28 / 29 March 1942 . The Lübeck raid along with the raid on Rostock caused " outrage in the German leadership … and inspired the retaliatory ' Baedeker ' raids " . In retaliation for the Lübeck raid the Germans bombed Exeter on 23 April 1942 , the first of the ' Baedeker ' raids . The raids . The Baedeker raids were conducted by the German Luftwaffe ' s " Luftflotte 3 " in two periods between April and June 1942 . They targeted strategically relatively unimportant but picturesque cities in England . The cities were reputedly selected from the German Baedeker Tourist Guide to Britain , meeting the criterion of having been awarded three stars ( for their historical significance ) , hence the English name for the raids . Baron Gustav Braun von Stumm , a German propagandist is reported to have said on 24 April 1942 following the first attack , " We shall go out and bomb every building in Britain marked with three stars in the Baedeker Guide . " The cities attacked were : 938 civilians were killed in these raids . Across all the raids on these five cities a total of 1 , 637 civilians were killed and 1 , 760 injured , and over 50 , 000 houses were destroyed . Some noted buildings were destroyed or damaged , including York ' s Guildhall and the Bath Assembly Rooms , but on the whole most escaped — the cathedrals of Norwich , Exeter and Canterbury included . The German bombers suffered heavy losses for minimal damage inflicted , and the Axis ' need for reinforcements in North Africa and Russian Front meant further operations were restricted to hit - and - run raids on coastal towns by a few Focke - Wulf Fw 190 fighter - bombers . Deal , Kent was one of these towns and was hit hard , with over 30 civilian dead most of whom are buried in the Hamilton Road Cemetery , Deal , Kent . On 27 April Churchill told the War Cabinet that the government should do all it could to ' ensure that disproportionate publicity was not given to these raids ' and ' avoid giving the impression that the Germans were making full reprisal ' for British raids . Several other raids are sometimes included under the " Baedeker " title , although only a few aircraft were involved in each , and damage was not extensive . These raids were all on East Anglian locations . Among the British firefighters assigned to the scene in Bath was Harry Patch , who in the 2000s became the last surviving British veteran from the First World War . Postscript . Willi Schludecker , 87 , who flew more than 120 sorties for the Luftwaffe , including the Bath raids , travelled to UK as part of Bath ' s annual remembrance service on Friday 25 April 2008 . On 17 June 2010 , at the age of 90 , Willi Schludecker died in a hospital in Cologne .
Chongtong The Chongtong was the name of most of the Korean gunnery used during the Joseon Dynasty . There were many different types , various improvements over the years , often including renaming . The well - known " Cheonja " , " Jija " , " Hyeonja " , and " Hwangja " were named after the first four characters of the Thousand Character Classic in decreasing size , thus making them equivalent to Cannons A , B , C , and D . History . Gunpowder first came to Korea in the mid 1300s , but it was not until the 1370s when Korea began its own production . Choe Mu - seon copied various Chinese gunpowder weapons including cannons and rockets . During the reign of Taejong of Joseon , improvements were made , and still more were made by Sejong of Joseon in the 1440s . During the mid 16th century the classic " Cheonja " , " Jija " , " Hyeonja " , and " Hwangja " chongtong appeared . Earlier in the century , the " bullanggi " , a breech - loading swivel gun was introduced from Portugal via China . In 1596 , more improvements were made , and by this time the " Seungja " class of hand - cannons were phased out in favor of the Japanese tanegashima arquebuses and muskets . The Koreans called these " jochong " ( 조총 / 鳥銃 ) . During the 1650s , Hendrick Hamel and others were shipwrecked on Jeju Island , introducing a Dutch cannon , which the Koreans called the hongyi - po , and used it alongside the native Korean cannons . They were finally discontinued in the late 19th century when Joseon abolished the old - style army in favor of an army based on contemporary Western militaries . Cannons . Cheonja - Chongtong . The ' Sky ' or ' Heaven ' ( Hangul : 천자총통 ; Hanja : 天字銃筒 ) type cannon was the largest of the chongtong . Its length was about 1 . 3 m and the bore was about 13 cm . One of the projectiles it fired was a 30 kg ' daejanggunjeon ' , a large rocket - shaped arrow with an iron head and fins . The cheonja could fire one of these up to about 1 . 4 km . Jija - Chongtong . The ' Earth ' ( Hangul : 지자총통 ; Hanja : 地字銃筒 ) cannon was a little smaller , about 1 m long with a bore of about 10 cm . It could fire a 16 . 5 kg ' janggunjeon ' ( similar to the daejanggunjeon , only smaller ) about 1 km . Hyeonja - Chongtong . The ' Black ' ( Hangul : 현자총통 ; Hanja : 玄字銃筒 ) type was about 0 . 8 m long with a bore of about 8 cm and could fire a ' chadajeon ' ( similar to the janggunjeon ) that weighed about 3 . 5 kg up to about 1 to 2 km . Hwangja - Chongtong . The ' Yellow ' ( Hangul : 황자총통 ; Hanja : 黃字銃筒 ) was the smallest of the cannons . It resembled the European hand - cannon . Its bore was about 5 cm and shot a large arrow ( similar to the chadaejeon ) that weighed about 1 . 5 kg or four ordinary arrows at once which had a range of about 730 m . Handheld guns . Se - Chongtong . The Se - chongtong ( Hangul : 세총통 ; Hanja : 細銃筒 ) had a range of about 150 m . Seungja - Chongtong . The ' Victory ' ( Hangul : 승자총통 ) fired various small projectiles like balls , grapeshot , arrows , etc .
Fritz Amling Fritz Amling ( 17 January 1916 – 6 March 1994 ) was a highly decorated Oberwachtmeister in the Wehrmacht during World War II . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . During his career , Fritz Amling was credited with the destruction of 42 + tanks and armoured vehicles .
List of Nebraska Civil War units The following is a list of Nebraska units formed during the American Civil War . Some saw action only on the frontier in the Indian Wars . The state raised one regiment of infantry ( subsequently converted to cavalry ) , two regiments ( including the converted infantry ) and a battalion of cavalry ( successor of the second cavalry regiment ) , several companies of militia , and two scout companies .
Haldane Mission The Haldane Mission led by Richard Burdon Haldane , 1st Viscount Haldane was an effort to quell the friction between the United Kingdom and Germany arising because of their naval arms race . It took place February 8 – 12 , 1912 . The mission was a failure because , when he arrived , Germany announced the expansion to their navy program .
Edirnekapı Martyr ' s Cemetery The Edirnekapı Martyr ' s Cemetery ( ) is a burial ground located in the neighborhood of Edirnekapı , in the European part of Istanbul , Turkey . It consists of an old , historical part and a modern one . The cemetery is said originally to have been formed with the graves of the Ottoman soldiers , who fell in the battle during the Second Ottoman Siege and Fall of Constantinople in 1453 , where the last Byzantine emperor Constantine XI established his command and the Ottoman sultan Mehmed II made his triumphal entry into the conquered city . There is however no historical or archaeological evidence for this , the oldest known graves date from ca . 1600 AD . The cemetery is situated outside Edirnekapı ( literally : Adrianople Gate ) , historically the Gate of Charisius of the city walls , on top of the sixth hill of the old city . The old part of the cemetery , including an area called " Mısır Tarlası " ( literally : Corn Field ) , hosts graves of personalities from the 16th to the early 20th centuries . The other part of the cemetery consists of two grounds , Edirnekapı Cemetery and Sakızağacı Cemetery . Soldiers , who fought and were wounded in the Russo - Turkish War s , Balkan Wars and the World War I , and died in Istanbul after hospitalization , were interred in Edirnekapı Cemetery . The General Command of Mapping denotes the number of such historical graves with around 13 , 000 . Military personnel of the Turkish Army , Navy and Air Force , personnel of the police force , firefighters and Turkish Airlines have all separate departments in the cemetery . Notable burials . In the old part : In the new part :
HMAS Alfie Cam HMAS " Alfie Cam " was an auxiliary minesweeper operated by the Royal Australian Navy during World War II . She was launched in 1919 in Cardiff , Wales as " Asama " . The ship was purchased by Mr . T . A . Field and operated in Australian waters from 1928 . She was requisitioned by the Royal Australian Navy in 1940 . She was returned to her owners after the war and was later scrapped in 1953 . Operational history . " Asama " was purchased by Mr . T . A . Field and sailed to Sydney , Australia in 1928 . She was purchased by Cam & Sons Pty Ltd in February 1929 and was renamed " Alfie Cam " . In 1940 , " Alfie Cam " was requisitioned by the Royal Australian Navy for use as an auxiliary . She was returned to her owners in 1946 and resuming trawling . She became grounded on a reef , near Twofold Bay , New South Wales on 12 July 1953 and damaged her hull . Fate . Too expensive to repair , she was sold in 1953 and was scrapped .
Nikolaos Stapas Air Chief Marshal Nikolaos Stapas ( , 1937 – 14 June 2011 ) was a Greek Air Force officer and Chief of the Hellenic Air Force General Staff . He was born in 1937 in the village of Sykea in Laconia . He entered the Hellenic Air Force Academy and graduated in 1958 . During the Greek military junta of 1967 – 1974 , Stapas became involved in the abortive Navy attempt to rebel against the regime in May 1973 . He was imprisoned and tortured by the Greek Military Police , before being dismissed from service . In 1975 , after the fall of the junta , he was reinstated . He served in several command and staff posts : CO of the 340th Fighter - Bomber Squadron and the 115th Fighter Wing , Chief of the Tactical Air Force Command , and finally , from 23 December 1986 until his resignation on 15 July 1989 as Chief of the Air Force General Staff . He retired with the rank of Air Chief Marshal .
19th Panzer Division ( Wehrmacht ) The German 19th Panzer Division was created from the 19th Infantry Division and was formed on 1 November 1940 . In July 1941 it moved to the central sector of the Eastern front until December 1942 when it was transferred south . It was pushed back though Ukraine and Poland and surrendered in Czechoslovakia in May 1945 . References . " Geschichte der niedersächsischen 19 . Panzer - Division 1939 - 1945 " - Otto von Knobelsdorff
119th SS - Standarte The 119th SS - Standarte was a regimental command of the Allgemeine - SS that was formed in the city of Grudziądz , Poland during World War II . The unit was a commissioned General - SS command , assigned to Eastern Poland for the purposes of administrating SS security and military commands whose members were frequently engaged in atrocities and other activities associated with the Holocaust . The Standarte was under the command of SS - Oberabschnitt Weichsel , headquartered at Danzig . Formation . The Standarte was activated in the summer of 1940 and was used for the purposes of assigning Waffen - SS and Sicherheitspolizei personnel to a General - SS regiment for administrative and pay reasons . The Standarte itself did not engage in musters or formations , but possessed a full - time headquarters staff . The administratively attached personnel of the Standarte were frequently assigned to security and police duties in Poland and many played an active role in the Holocaust . Command and Control . The single commander of the 119th Standarte was SS - Obersturmbannführer Otto Böttcher . The unit effectively ceased to exist in the winter of 1944 , as Red Army forces began to liberate Poland from Nazi Germany . The unit itself was formally disbanded on May 8 , 1945 at the time of Germany ' s general surrender .
SS Brussels Brussels was a passenger ferry originally built in 1902 for the British Great Eastern Railway . In 1915 , she tried to ram . The ship was captured by Germany in 1916 and her captain , Charles Fryatt was executed after the Germans discovered his deed . " Brussels " was renamed Brugge and used as a depôt ship at Zeebrugge . In October 1918 , " Brugge " was scuttled by the Germans when they evacuated the port . The ship was raised by the Belgian Government and presented to the Admiralty in 1920 . She was repaired and later renamed Lady Brussels . She was employed as an Irish Sea ferry , serving until scrapped in 1929 . Construction and design . " Brussels " was a 1 , 380 GRT passenger ferry . She was built by Gourlay Brothers , Dundee , as yard number 202 . She was long , with a beam of and a depth of . Her two triple expansion steam engines drove twin screws , propelling her at . " Brussels " was launched on 26 March 1902 and completed in May . Her Official Number was 109884 and her port of registry was Harwich . Service history . " Brussels " was used on the Harwich - Hook of Holland route . During the First World War , her captain , Fryatt , was twice recognised for his actions . On 3 March 1915 , he evaded a German U - boat for which he was awarded a gold watch by the Great Eastern Railway . On 28 March 1915 , " Brussels " was ordered to stop by " U - 33 " when she was near the Maas Lightship , but Fryatt attempted to ram the U - boat , which was forced to crash dive . For this action , the Admiralty awarded him a gold watch . The First Officer and Chief Engineer also received gold watches from the Admiralty for this action . On 23 June 1916 , " Brussels " was captured by the German torpedo boats " G101 " and " G102 " . Fryatt was interned at Zeebrugge where he was arrested after engravings on his watches revealed his previous actions . Fryatt was tried and executed on 27 July 1916 . " Brussels " was taken over by the Kaiserliche Marine and renamed " Brugge " , serving as a depôt ship at Zeebrugge . Her port of registry was nominally Berlin . On 23 April 1918 , the Zeebrugge Raid took place , and the ship was torpedoed several times by the British , but did not sink . " Brugge " was scuttled by the Germans in October 1918 when they evacuated Zeebrugge . In 1918 , " Brugge " was claimed by the Belgian Government as a war prize . On 26 April 1920 , she was presented to His Majesty ' s Government . On 17 May , " Brugge " left Antwerp assisted by three tugs on a three - day journey to South Shields . " Brugge " was taken to a Henry Robb ' s shipyard at Leith to be repaired . She was sold by auction in 1920 for £2 , 700 to J Gale & Co . She was operated by the Dublin & Lancashire Steamship Company , which was later taken over by the British & Irish Steam Packet Company . Her port of registry was Dublin . " Brugge " was renamed " Lady Brussels " in 1922 . She was used on the Preston - Dublin route , serving until 1929 . In May 1929 she was scrapped by Smith & Co , Port Glasgow . In 1920 , the high Brussels Peak in Canada ( ) was named in honour of the ship .
INS Sharabh ( L17 ) INS " Sharabh " ( L17 ) was a Kumbhir class landing ship of the Indian Navy It also regularly participated in multinational exercises like MILAN , CORPAT , SIMBEX and PASSEX . n her final year of commission the ship completed almost 100 days at sea and participated in India - Indonesian Coordinated Patrol ( CORPAT ) at Belawan , Indonesia and the subsequent Passing Exercise ( PASEX ) in November 2010 . In recognition to her indomitable spirit and devotion , the ship was awarded the coveted " Unit Citation " by Chief of the Naval Staff in 2003 . INS Sharabh was commissioned in the Indian Navy in January 1976 at Gdynia , Poland . Lt Cdr P C B Nair was the commissioning Commanding Officer of the ship and since was commanded subsequently by 28 officers in 35 years of commissioned service . Cdr Sanjay Kumar was the last officer to command the ship . The ship was also instrumental in apprehension of prohibited items off Tilanchang Island from Mynamarese poachers in January this year .
13th Rajputs ( The Shekhawati Regiment ) The 13th Rajputs ( The Shekhawati Regiment ) was an infantry regiment of the Bengal Army , and later of the British Indian Army . They could trace their origins to the Shekhawati Regiment raised in 1835 , as part of the Jaipur contingent of the Honourable East India Company and were taken into the Company ' s service as a local battalion 8 years later . They fought in the Battle of Aliwal in the First Anglo - Sikh War . Remaining loyal during the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , they were taken into the Bengal Army as the 13th Bengal Native Infantry in 1861 . There followed a number of different name changes the 13th ( Shekhawati ) Bengal Native Infantry 1884 – 1897 , the 13th ( Shekhawati ) Rajput Regiment of Bengal Infantry 1897 – 1901 , the 13th ( Shekhawati ) Rajput Infantry 1901 – 1903 . Then finally in 1903 , after the Kitchener reforms of the Indian Army the 13th Rajputs ( The Shekhawati Regiment ) . During World War I they were part of the Imperial Service Infantry Brigade assigned to the Indian Expeditionary Force B that was sent to British East Africa . They fought at the Battle of Tanga . After World War I the Indian government reformed the army again moving from single battalion regiments to multi battalion regiments . The 13th Rajputs ( The Shekhawati Regiment ) now became the 10th ( Shekhawati ) Battalion 6th Rajputana Rifles ( 1922 - 1947 ) . After independence this was one of the regiments allocated to the new Indian Army . Victoria Cross . William George Cubitt was 21 years old , and a lieutenant in the 13th Bengal Native Infantry , Bengal Army during the Indian Mutiny when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC .
Battle of Kars The Battle of Kars was a decisive Russia n victory over the Ottoman Empire during the Russo - Turkish War ( 1877 – 1878 ) . In June , 1877 Russian forces attempted a siege of Kars but were driven off by an Ottoman army at the Battle of Kizil - Tepe . In November the Russian commander in the Caucasus , Grand Duke Michael , demanded the surrender of Kars but was refused . The Grand Duke sent a force under Loris - Melikoff and Lazarev Ivan Davidovich to take the city by storm . On November 17 Loris - Melikoff attacked and succeeded in capturing the eastern fortifications and cutting off the garrison under Hussein Hami Pasha . Hussein attempted to cut his way out , but he and only a few others succeeded , as much of the Ottoman army was taken prisoner . The Treaty of San Stephano officially gave Kars to Russia and it remained in Russian possession until the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk after World War I .
Thomas Hillhouse ( adjutant general ) Thomas Hillhouse ( March 10 , 1817 in Albany County , New York – July 31 , 1897 in Yonkers , Westchester County , New York ) was an American farmer , banker and politician . Life . He was the son of Thomas Hillhouse ( d . 1835 , brother of James Hillhouse ) . He worked and lived on his father ' s farm until 1851 , when he removed to Geneva , New York in Ontario County . He married Harriet Prouty ( d . 1903 ) , and their son was Thomas Griswold Hillhouse ( d . 1910 ) . He was a member of the New York State Senate ( 26th D . ) in 1860 and 1861 . He was Adjutant General of the New York State Militia under Governor Edwin D . Morgan , from July 1861 until the end of 1862 . During the American Civil War the state militia fought with the Union Army . He was New York State Comptroller from 1866 to 1867 , elected in 1865 on the Republican ticket , but defeated for re - election in 1867 . He was Assistant Treasurer of the United States until 1881 when he resigned to become President of the Metropolitan Trust Company in New York City .