naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Convoy rescue ship During the Second World War designated convoy rescue ships accompanied some Atlantic convoys to rescue survivors from ships which had been attacked . Rescue ships were typically small freighters with passenger accommodations converted to rescue service . This involved enlarging galley and food storage areas and providing berthing and sanitary facilities for approximately 150 men . Scrambling nets were rigged along the sides , and boats suitable for open sea work were substituted for normal lifeboats . Rescue ships normally included a small operating room for an embarked naval doctor and sick bay staff . Service . Each merchant ship in convoy was typically assigned a station so the convoy formation consisted of several columns of three to five ships . The lead ships of the columns were spaced at intervals of 1 , 000 yards ( 910 m ) along a line perpendicular to the convoy course . Each ship in the column followed the ship ahead at a distance of . The typical convoy would be approximately wide and long . The rescue plan for early convoys was to have the last ship of each column rescue survivors of other ships in that column . If the last ship in column was hit , the rescue task fell to the escorting warship s . In practice , the escorting warships performed rescue tasks more often than the 25 % suggested by random hits on a four - ship column ; because some merchant ships refused to leave the protection of the convoy formation to fall back and remain a stationary target while rescuing survivors . Merchant ships were not well suited to maneuver to pick up survivors , and those attempting rescue were hampered by lack of suitable rescue equipment . Warships attempting rescue were diverted from the task of defending the rest of the convoy from the attacking U - boat s or aircraft . The first specially equipped rescue vessel went into service in January 1941 . When rescue ships were unavailable , large , ocean - going tugboats or converted trawlers were sometimes designated to perform rescue duty . The rescue ship was normally assigned a convoy position at the rear of one of the central columns of ships . From this position it could observe damaged ships falling astern of the convoy and quickly rendezvous to transfer survivors . In addition to equipment for rescuing and treating survivors , rescue ships carried High Frequency radio Direction Finding equipment ( abbreviated to HF / DF and known as " Huff - Duff " ) to assist in the location of U - boats . The rescue ship position at the rear of the convoy provided good triangulation with the HF / DF installation on the escort leader typically patrolling in front of the convoy . By the end of the war 30 rescue ships had been built or converted , taking part in 797 convoys and had rescued 4 , 194 survivors from 119 ships . Six rescue ships were sunk . List of convoy rescue ships . The rescue ships were :
Christopher Lieven Prince Christopher von Lieven , Lord of Mesothen ( ; ; ; ; ; born 6 May 1774 - died 10 January 1839 ) was a Livonian nobleman , Russian general , ambassador to London in 1812 - 1834 , and educator of tsesarevich Alexander Nikolaievitch . History . Family . Christopher Lieven was born on May 6 , 1774 ( Old Style ) into an old noble family of Lieven ( Livonian - originated medieval Baltic German knights ) , as the third son of Baroness Charlotte von Gaugreben , afterwards 1st Princess Lieven ( 1743 - 1828 ) and Freiherr Otto Heinrich Andreas von Lieven af Eksjö ( 1726 - 1781 ) ( source : Gustav Elgenstierna , Ättartavlor ) . Since his youth , his mother served as governess of the younger children of the then Grand Duke Paul Petrovich of Russia , Heir - Apparent to the throne of the then Empress Catherine II . As such , young baron Christopher ' s " foster - siblings " were a number of young grand dukes and grand duchesses , including his future liege lord the Emperor Nicholas I ( 1796 - 1855 ) . Early military . Fifteen - year old Lieven was registered in an artillery regiment , and made a quick military career : in 1791 he was promoted from the rank of warrant officer ( " Praporshchik " ) to the rank of second lieutenant ( " podporuchik " ) at the Semionovsky regiment ; in 1794 to the rank of lieutenant ( " poruchik " ) , and after a campaign in 1796 to the rank of lieutenant - colonel in the Vladimir dragoon regiment , later Tula musketeer regiment . Lieven was sent to Caucasus and participated in the Persian Expedition and in the Georgian expedition . In 1797 , Emperor Paul I made him his aide - de - camp , and in 1798 he was promoted to the rank of Major - general and assigned to the post of the Director of the Mobile Field Chancellery ( военно - походная канцелярия ) of His Majesty . Lieven accompanied Alexander I of Russia during the Battle of Vishkovo and Battle of Austerlitz and at the signing of the Peace of Tilsit . He was promoted to the rank of lieutenant - general in 1807 . Ennobled to count and married . On February 22 , 1799 Lieven received the title of Count , as his mother was granted a countship . Somewhat overshadowed by his more illustrious wife , the famous socialite and political force , Dorothea Lieven , née von Benckendorff ( 17 December 1785 Riga - January 1857 Paris ) , whom he had married on February 1 , 1800 in St . Petersburg , Prince Diplomacy . In 1808 he assigned to the Foreign Office . In December 1809 he was sent to represent Russia at the Prussian court and , when Napoleon prepared to invade Russia , Napoleonic Wars in 1812 , was appointed Ambassador to the court of St . James , a post he kept for 22 years . Ennobled to prince . In 1826 , his mother was created 1st Princess of Lieven , whereby Count Christopher also received the title of Prince . Governor . In 1834 tsar Nicholas I of Russia recalled Lieven to Russia and entrusted him to be governor of the heir to the throne , tsesarevich Alexander Nikolaevitch . Death . Lieven died suddenly on January 10 , 1839 at Rome as he escorted the future Alexander II of Russia on his Grand Tour .
Walter Venning General Sir Walter King Venning GCB CMG CBE MC ( 1882 – 1964 ) was Quartermaster - General to the Forces . Military career . Educated at Allhallows College then in Honiton , Devon , Venning was commissioned into the Duke of Cornwall ' s Light Infantry in 1901 . He saw service with West African Frontier Force from 1907 to 1910 . He served in World War I initially as Deputy Assistant Adjutant General at the General Headquarters for the British Expeditionary Force and then as Assistant Adjutant General at the War Office . After the War he became an Instructor at the Staff College and was then promoted to Assistant Adjutant General at the War Office in 1922 . He was appointed Assistant Adjutant and Quartermaster General at Aldershot Command in 1927 and Deputy Adjutant & Quartermaster General at Eastern Command in India in 1929 . He became Commander 2nd ( Rawalpindi ) Infantry Brigade in India in 1931 and then Director of Movements and Quartering at the War Office in 1934 . He also served in World War II as Quartermaster - General to the Forces from 1939 to 1942 ; in this capacity he had responsibility for the War Office Fleet which he despatched to Dunkirk in 1940 to evacuate the troops . His last posting was as Director General of the British Supply Mission in Washington D . C . from 1942 to 1946 . In his retirement he became Chairman of Governors for his old school , Allhallows .
Siege of Deeg Fort The Siege of Deeg Fort ( 11 – 24 December 1804 ) was a siege of the main fortress at Deeg , now in the Bharatpur district of Rajasthan , India , then within the Maratha Empire . Forces of the British East India Company , led by Generals Fraser and Lake , successfully captured the fort from its Marathan defenders . The siege took place about one month after the Battle of Deeg .
609th Information Warfare Squadron The 609th Information Warfare Squadron was a squadron assigned to 9th Air Force under Air Combat Command with headquarters at Shaw Air Force Base in Sumter , South Carolina . It was the first operational information warfare combat unit in United States military history . It primarily supported fighter wings in the eastern United States and in the United States Central Air Forces area of operations .
Victor Huston Major Victor Henry Huston ( born 13 October 1890 , date of death unknown ) was a World War I flying ace credited with six aerial victories . He was the only ace in his squadron . Early life and service . Huston was Irish - born but living in Vancouver , Canada when World War I began . He arrived in France in 1915 as part of the Canadian Expeditionary Force and then transferred to the Royal Flying Corps in 1916 . Aerial service . On 8 December 1916 , Huston was appointed a Flying Officer ; this slightly predates his 17 December posting to No . 18 Squadron RAF to fly an FE . 2 b . Between 15 February and 27 May 1917 , Huston tallied three enemy fighters , destroyed an observation plane , and drove two fighters down out of control . Among his observer / gunners , were fellow aces Giles Blennerhasset and Harold Kerby . Huston received a Military Cross on 18 June 1917 ; the award citation read ( in part ) : " He has rendered valuable service when on photographic reconnaissance . He has always shown the greatest skill and courage in leading attacks on hostile machines , and thus enabling valuable photographs to be secured behind the lines . " On 8 July 1917 , he departed 18 Squadron . On 5 August 1917 , Temporary Lieutenant Huston was appointed Temporary Captain , remaining seconded to the Royal Flying Corps . Effective 20 March 1918 , he was graded a Flight Commander . In August 1918 , Huston departed for Chile to be the Chief Instructor for the Chilean Air Force . On 30 September 1919 , his seconding to the Royal Air Force ended ; he was still a Temporary Captain . He departed the Royal Air Force in November 1919 .
François Claude Chauvelin François Claude Bernard Louis de Chauvelin ( Paris , 1716 – Versailles , 1773 ) , marquis de Chauvelin , was a French soldier , diplomat and writer . A correspondent of Voltaire , one of his three children with his wife Agnés Thérèse Mazade d ' Argeville ( whom he married in 1759 ) was Bernard - François , marquis de Chauvelin . Life . He served in Italy and Flanders and became ambassador to Genoa and Turin . From 1749 to 1753 he was Lieutenant général du roi de France in Genoa . He was commander in chief of French troops on Corsica from May 1768 to July 1769 during the Conquest of Corsica . He passed his final days in the French royal court as an intimate of Louis XV , dying of an apoplexy at the king ' s gaming table .
Einsatzgruppen Trial The Einsatzgruppen " Trial ( or , officially , The United States of America vs . Otto Ohlendorf , et al . " ) was the ninth of the twelve trials for war crime s the US authorities held in their occupation zone in Germany in Nuremberg after the end of World War II . These twelve trials were all held before US military courts , not before the International Military Tribunal . They took place in the same rooms at the Palace of Justice . The twelve US trials are collectively known as the " Subsequent Nuremberg Trials " or , more formally , as the " Trials of War Criminals before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals " ( NMT ) . The case . The " Einsatzgruppen " were " Schutzstaffel " ( SS ) mobile death squad s , operating behind the front line in Nazi - occupied eastern Europe . From 1941 to 1943 alone , they murdered more than one million Jews and tens of thousands of " partisans " , Roma , disabled persons , political commissars , and others . The 24 defendants in this trial were all officers of these " Einsatzgruppen " and faced mass murder charges . The tribunal stated in its judgment : The judges in this case , heard before Military Tribunal II - A , were Michael A . Musmanno ( presiding judge and Naval officer ) from Pennsylvania , John J . Speight from Alabama , and Richard D . Dixon from North Carolina . The Chief of Counsel for the Prosecution was Telford Taylor ; the Chief Prosecutor for this case was Benjamin B . Ferencz . The indictment was filed initially on July 3 and then amended on July 29 , 1947 to also include the defendants Steimle , Braune , Hänsch . Strauch , Klingelhöfer , and von Radetzky . The trial lasted from September 29 , 1947 until April 10 , 1948 . Indictment . All defendants were charged on all counts . All defendants pleaded " not guilty " . The tribunal found all of them guilty on all counts , except Rühl and Graf , who were found guilty only on count 3 . Defendants . Rasch had to be removed from the courtroom during the arraignment due to his poor health ; he was arraigned separately on September 22 , 1947 . Of the 14 death sentences , only four were carried out ; the others were commuted to prison terms of varying lengths in 1951 . In 1958 , all convicts were released from prison . Quotes . From the tribunal ' s judgment : Rome " , " Journal of International Affairs , " 52 : No . 2 , Columbia University , Spring 1999
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1583 United Nations Security Council resolution 1583 , adopted unanimously on 28 January 2005 , after recalling previous resolutions on Israel and Lebanon , including resolutions 425 ( 1978 ) , 426 ( 1978 ) and 1553 ( 2004 ) , the Council extended the mandate of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon ( UNIFIL ) for a further six months until 31 July 2005 and condemned violence along the Blue Line . Resolution . Observations . The Security Council recalled the Secretary - General Kofi Annan ' s conclusion that Israel had withdrawn its forces from Lebanon as of 16 June 2000 , in accordance with Resolution 425 . It emphasised the temporary nature of the UNIFIL operation and noted that it had completed two out of three parts of its mandate , while expressing concern at tensions along the Blue Line and the possibility of escalation . Acts . The Lebanese government was called upon to restore its authority in southern Lebanon through the deployment of Lebanese forces . The parties were urged to ensure UNIFIL ' s full freedom of movement and to ensure its safety . Both Israel and Lebanon were called upon to fulfill commitments to respect the withdrawal line identified by the United Nations and all air , sea and land violations of the line were condemned , in addition to drawing the concern of the Council . It particularly condemned recent incidents along the line , which resulted in the deaths of United Nations peacekeepers . The resolution supported efforts by UNIFIL to monitor violations of the withdrawal line and efforts in demining , encouraging the need for additional maps to be provided of the location of land mine s . The Secretary - General was requested to continue consultations with the Lebanese government and troop - contributing countries concerning the implementation of the current resolution . It further directed him to report on the activities of UNIFIL and on tasks conducted by the United Nations Truce Supervision Organization ( UNTSO ) . Finally , the resolution concluded by stressing the importance of a just and lasting peace in the Middle East based on relevant Security Council resolutions including 242 ( 1967 ) and 338 ( 1973 ) .
Hotwash A hotwash is the " after - action " discussions and evaluations of an agency ' s ( or multiple agencies ' ) performance following an exercise , training session , or major event , such as Hurricane Katrina . The main purpose of a hotwash session is to identify strengths and weaknesses of the response to a given event , which then leads to another governmental phase known as " lessons learned , " which is intended to guide future response direction in order to avoid repeating errors made in the past . A hotwash normally includes all the parties that participated in the exercise or response activities . These events are used to create the After Action Review . " Hotwash " is a term picked up in recent years by the Emergency Preparedness Community ( likely as a result of Homeland Security and other government agencies ' involvement in disaster planning ) . It serves as a form of after - disaster briefings for all parties involved to analyze what worked well , what needs improvement , what person or agency needs to be responsible for said improvements , and the assignments and timelines for the noted corrective and proactive improvements to be in place . Word Origin : The term Hot Wash is derived from the U . S Army : " The term Hot Wash comes from the practice used by some soldiers of dousing their weapons in extremely hot water as a means of removing grit and residue after firing . While this practice by no means eliminates the need to properly break down the weapon later for cleaning , it removes the major debris and ensures the cleaning process goes more smoothly . One infantry soldier described it as “ the quick and dirty cleaning that can save a lot of time later . ” ( Source : US Department of Defense Education Activity ; http : / / www . dodea . edu / Offices / Safety / upload / 11 _ 7 . pdf ) The term Hot Wash is also commonly used in the Coast Guard and other seagoing services to describe the use of a fine spray mist of water and lubricants to prevent corrosion in helicopter turbines operated in a heavily saltwater - saturated marine environment . ( Ref : Hughes Helicopters maintenance procedure ; https : / / docs . google . com / viewer ? a = v & q = cache : B3wzyob07ysJ : download . mdhelicopters . com / ETM / pdf / 500storage / letters / fl004 . pdf + & hl = en & gl = us & pid = bl & srcid = ADGEESgHTQC7jc - LQT1cxJmbqCAzO1Zwrt4AZDsrdRGg5FLQv1OryYdRcBqVbfQCIHm _ 64Dom8CksmTNOzuouPQdVSVXXd0 _ Kw3XADON _ hbHtaI8KH - NEMDvlu2rieTGZoKVtGhR4WKZ & sig = AHIEtbTNIXxL - K0rrJrZOA91ZImjg65IHg ) For an example of " hotwash " in the context of " TOP OFF 1 " see
Cushman Kellogg Davis Cushman Kellogg Davis ( June 16 , 1838November 27 , 1900 ) was an American politician who served as the seventh Governor of Minnesota from January 7 , 1874 to January 7 , 1876 and as a U . S . Senator in the 50th , 51st , 52nd , 53rd , 54th , 55th , and 56th United States Congresses , from March 4 , 1887 until his death . Senator Davis served in the peace treaty talks that ended the Spanish - American War . He was a Republican . Life . He was born in Henderson , New York , and went to Wisconsin Territory with his parents before he was a year old . His father , Horatio N . Davis , was a member of the Wisconsin State Senate . He went to school at Carroll College , and then the University of Michigan , graduating in 1857 . Admitted to the bar in 1860 , he soon after found himself serving in the American Civil War in the 28th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment , serving first as a lieutenant in charge of Company B of this volunteer regiment . He was in action in the western campaigns , then in 1864 as an aide to General Willis A . Gorman . His political career began with a term in the state house , in 1867 . He died in Saint Paul , Minnesota . The cause of death was thought to be poisoning from aniline dyes in the socks he wore . The old county name ; Davis County Minnesota was named after him . Cushman Davis ' sister Maria Janet Davis married South Dakota jurist and diplomat Bartlett Tripp .
4728th Air Defense Group The 4728th Air Defense Group is a discontinued United States Air Force organization . Its last assignment was with the New York Air Defense Sector at Dover Air Force Base , Delaware , where it was last active in 1958 . The group was formed to provide a single command and support organization for the two fighter interceptor squadrons of Air Defense Command ( ADC ) , that were tenants at Griffiss , a Military Air Transport Service ( MATS ) base . It was also assigned a maintenance squadron to perform aircraft maintenance . It was discontinued after the 46th Fighter - Interceptor Squadron inactivated in 1958 , leaving only a single fighter squadron at Griffiss . History . The group was established to provide a headquarters for Air Defense Command ( ADC ) Fighter - Interceptor Squadrons ( FIS ) stationed at Dover AFB , a Military Air Transport Service base , whose 1607th Air Base Group acted as host base organization . It was assigned the 46th FIS , flying Lockheed F - 94 Starfire aircraft and 98th FIS , flying Northrop F - 89 Scorpion aircraft as its operational squadron s to carry out air defense of the Middle Atlantic Area of the United States . These squadrons were already stationed at Dover and had been assigned to the New York Air Defense Sector . In August , maintenance for the two squadrons was combined in the 604th Consolidated Aircraft Maintenance Squadron ( CAMS ) , which was activated at Dover . The 98th FIS converted to newer model F - 89s in the fall of 1957 . The group was discontinued when the 46th FIS was inactivated , leaving only a single operational ADC squadron at Dover . The 604th CAMS was also inactivated , while the 98th FIS was then assigned directly to the New York Air Defense Sector . References . Bibliography . Further Reading
Battle of Larga The Battle of Larga was fought between 65 , 000 Crimean Tatars cavalry and 15 , 000 Ottoman infantry under Kaplan Girey against 38 , 000 Russians under Field - Marshal Rumyantsev on the banks of the Larga River ( a tributary of the Pruth ) for eight hours on 7 July 1770 . It was fought on the same day as Battle of Chesma , a key naval engagement of the Russo - Turkish War , 1768 - 1774 . The battle was a decisive victory for the Russians who captured 33 Turkish cannons and the vast enemy camp . For this victory , Rumyantsev was awarded the Order of Saint George of the 1st Degree . Two weeks later , the Russians scored an even greater victory in the Battle of Kagul .
Harold Orton Harold Orton ( 23 October 1898 – 7 March 1975 ) was an English university lecturer and dialectologist , best remembered as co - founder of the " Survey of English Dialects " ( SED ) . Orton developed the questionnaire for the survey together with Eugen Dieth . His pupil David Parry went on to apply the same principles used for the SED to Welsh English , founding the " Survey of Anglo - Welsh Dialects " ( SAWD ) at Swansea University in 1968 . During World War I , Orton served as lieutenant in the Durham Light Infantry , where he was wounded severely in 1918 , never regaining full use of his right arm . He worked as lecturer at Uppsala ( 1924 – 28 ) , as lecturer at Armstrong College , Newcastle ( now the University of Newcastle ) ( 1928 – 39 ) and as lecturer in charge of the department of English language , University of Sheffield ( 1939 – 46 ) . In 1946 he was awarded with a chair at the University of Leeds , succeeding Bruce Dickins , where he taught until his retirement in 1964 . He was visiting professor at Kansas ( 1965 , 1967 , 1968 ) , Iowa ( 1966 ) , Tennessee ( 1970 , 1972 , 1973 ) and Belmont College , Nashville ( 1971 ) .
English ship Rainbow ( 1586 ) Rainbow was a galleon of the English Royal Navy , built at Deptford Dockyard by Peter Pett ( the first of that name in this extensive family ) , and launched in 1586 . Commanded by Sir Hugh Seymour , she fought against the Spanish during the Singeing the King of Spain ' s Beard and the Spanish Armada , including the Battle of Gravelines in 1588 . In 1617 " Rainbow " was rebuilt at Deptford as a great ship ( now described as a " second rate " ) , mounting 34 major and 6 smaller guns . She was again reconstructed in 1628 - 29 at Chatham , although the work was classed as a " repair " rather than as an official rebuilding . By 1660 her armament had increased to 56 guns . She took an active role in all three Anglo - Dutch Wars of the 17th century , participating in most of the battles of those wars , and was sunk as a breakwater at Sheerness in 1680 .