naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Scharfenstein Castle ( Ore Mountains ) Scharfenstein Castle ( ) lies on an elongated hill spur above the village of Scharfenstein , in the municipality of Drebach in the Ore Mountains of Saxony , Germany . The castle is one of 24 sites run by the state - owned State Palaces , Castles and Gardens of Saxony ( " Staatliche Schlösser , Burgen und Gärten Sachsen " ) . History . The original structure was built in 1250 . It is suspected that the von Waldenburgs ordered its construction , but only its first owner occupant is known for certain . The von Waldenburgs had in their possession the estates of Waldenburg , Rabenstein , Scharfenstein , and Wolkenstein , which covered a contiguous area extending from the middle reaches of the River Pleiße to the Ore Mountain crest . Nine villages paid duties to the lord of the castle , including Grießbach , Großolbersdorf , Drebach and Herold . When , in the 15th century , Greifenstein Castle was destroyed , Scharfenstein also took over the guardianship of Thum , Ehrenfriedersdorf and Geyer . As a result , its value increased , so that in 1439 the Elector acquired the area from the Waldenburgs who were heavily indebted to him . On 26 January 1492 Henry of Einsiedel bought Scharfenstein Castle and its associated villages of Grießbach , Großolbersdorf , Grünau , Hohndorf Hopfgarten and Scharfenstein It remained in the family until 1931 . Following a fire during the night of 1 / 2 June 1921 the entire residential wing and part of the domestic wing was destroyed . From 1921 to 1923 the damaged wings were partially rebuilt to plans by Bodo Ebhardt , based on the old design . In 1931 , a factory owner , Captain Eulitz from Fährbrücke , acquires possession . By his efforts in 1932 in a bird observatory was established . Hundreds of nest boxes were put up throughout the 325 hectares of woodland on the estate ; bird - ringing was carried out and scientific reports published , with the support of the Chemnitz Ornithological Society . In 1945 this forest was seized and made public property , the castle was initially used as the mining school for the state - owned Wismut mining company and , in 1951 , a special children ' s home was established here for maladjusted boys . In 1967 , it was converted into a detention centre for juvenile delinquents . Ornithological work was undertaken by the museum at Augustusburg Castle . In 1993 the castle was taken over by the Saxon Palace Department of the Free State of Saxony ( " Freistaat Sachsen – Sächsische Schlösserverwaltung " ) . In the period that followed the castle was renovated as a historic monument and converted into a museum . In 1995 , on the completion of the renovation work , various exhibitions were opened - and for the first time since 1945 , the castle was again open to the public . The " bergfried " is still used today as an observation tower .
List of explosives used during World War II Almost all the common explosives listed here were mixtures of TNT , RDX or PETN . This is only a partial list ; there were many others . Two Nuclear explosives , containing mixtures of uranium and plutonium , respectively , were also used at the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Hansa - Brandenburg W . 19 The Hansa - Brandenburg W . 19 was a German fighter - reconnaissance aircraft of World War I . It was a single - engined two - seat biplane floatplane , and was a larger development of the successful W . 12 . It served with the " Kaiserliche Marine " ( Imperial German Navy ) during 1918 . Development and design . Operational experience with the W . 12 showed that , while it was an extremely successful design - showing excellent performance and manoeuvrability - there was a requirement for a floatplane fighter with greater endurance . To meet this requirement , Ernst Heinkel , chief designer of the Hansa und Brandenburgische Flugzeug - Werke , designed the W . 19 . The W . 19 was of similar layout to the W . 12 , but considerably larger ( i . e . with a 2 . 6 m / 8 . 5 ft greater wingspan and a 1 m / 3 . 3 ft greater length ) . It was a single - engined tractor biplane , with two bay wings . The aircraft was fitted with a similar inverted tailplane to the W . 12 in order to give unobstructed fields of fire to the observer , who was seated in a rear cockpit , immediately behind the pilot . In order to compensate for the increased size and weight over the W . 12 , the W . 19 was fitted with a more powerful Maybach Mb . IV engine . Production aircraft were armed with one or two synchronised 7 . 92 mm ( . 312 in ) LMG 08 / 15 machine gun s firing forward and a single 7 . 92 mm ( . 312 ) LMG 08 / 15 machine gun for the observer . One aircraft was fitted with a 20 mm Becker cannon for tests . Operational history . The W . 19 entered service with the German Navy in January 1918 , operating from bases at Borkum and Zeebrugge for operations over the North Sea . It was used in support of the smaller W . 19 or W . 29 fighters , often scouting ahead for targets while the smaller aircraft waited on the sea . Combats often occurred between the various Hansa - Brandenburg fighters and large British flying boats such as Felixstowe F . 2 s and Curtiss America s . The W . 19 continued in service until the Armistice , 55 being produced . While it had been planned to supplement it with the W . 33 monoplane , only a few had been delivered by the time the war ended .
Albert A . Francovich Albert A . Francovich ( 1920 – 1942 ) was a United States Navy sailor who received the Navy Cross for his actions during World War II . Naval career . Albert Anthony Francovich was born on January 23 , 1920 at Shamokin , Pennsylvania . He enlisted in the U . S . Navy on March 8 , 1939 . As an aviation machinist s mate first class with a patrol squadron during the Solomon Islands campaign , Francovich was killed in action in an engagement with a Japan ese four - engined flying boat on September 6 , 1942 . Francovich posthumously was awarded the Navy Cross for his great heroism in standing to his gun although mortally wounded . Commemoration . The U . S . Navy destroyer escort USS " Francovich " ( DE - 379 ) was named for Aviation Machinists Mate First Class Francovich during World War II . When the destroyer escorts construction was cancelled in 1944 prior to completion , the name was transferred to the destroyer escort USS " Francovich " ( DE - 606 ) , which was then redesignated and constructed as a fast transport , serving in the Navy as such from 1945 to 1946 as USS " Francovich " ( APD - 116 ) .
Patrick P . Caruana Patrick Peter Caruana ( born November 11 , 1939 ) is a retired Lieutenant General in the United States Air Force . Biography . Caruana was born in St . Louis , Missouri . He would attended Texas A & M University . Career . Caruana originally enlisted in the Air Force Reserve in 1957 . He later received an appointment to the United States Air Force Academy , graduating in 1963 . From 1965 to 1969 , served in the 916th Air Refueling Squadron at Travis Air Force Base . In 1970 , he deployed with the 315th Tactical Airlift Wing to serve in the Vietnam War . After his service in the war , he joined the faculty of the Air Force Academy . Caruana served with the 920th Air Refueling Squadron from 1977 until 1980 , at which time he was given command of the 11th Air Refueling Squadron at Altus Air Force Base . After a tour of duty at Headquarters Strategic Air Command , he was assigned to the 376th Strategic Wing at Kadena Air Base in Japan . In 1985 , he assumed command of the 376th . After Caruana ' s return to the United States , he assumed command of the 384th Air Refueling Wing and the 42nd Air Division . He would serve in the Gulf War before re - assuming command of the 42nd in 1991 . Later that year , he returned to Headquarters Strategic Air command as Deputy Chief of Staff , Operations . The following year , he was assigned to the Office of the Assistant Secretary of the Air Force ( Acquisition ) . In 1993 , he was assigned command of the 14th Air Force at Vandenberg Air Force Base before becoming Vice Commander of Air Force Space Command in 1994 and retiring in 1997 . Awards he received include the Legion of Merit with two oak leaf clusters , the Distinguished Flying Cross , the Meritorious Service Medal with two oak leaf clusters , the Air Force Commendation Medal , the Presidential Unit Citation , the Outstanding Unit Award with oak leaf cluster , the National Defense Service Medal with oak leaf cluster , the Vietnam Service Medal with silver oak leaf cluster and two bronze oak leaf clusters , the Southwest Asia Service Medal with two oak leaf clusters , the Vietnam Gallantry Cross , the Vietnam Campaign Medal and the Kuwait Liberation Medal ( Saudi Arabia ) .
Bernhard Vechtel Leutnant Bernhard Vechtel ( 31 July 1920 – 21 August 1975 ) was a " Luftwaffe " flying ace of World War II . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross ( ) . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . Vechtel was credited with 108 aerial victories claimed in some 860 combat missions , all on the Eastern Front . Career . He served all his career with the Jagdgeschwader 51 " Mölders " ( JG 51 — 51st Fighter Wing ) as a member of with 10 , 11 & 14 . / JG 51 . He was awarded the Ehrenpokal on 3 January 1944 , the German Cross in Gold on 28 January 1944 , and later received the " Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes " on 27 July 1944 , for 93 aerial - victories . He claimed Jagdgeschwader 51 s 8000th aerial victory of the war on 1 May 1944 . From 11 December 1944 onwards he led 14 . / JG 51 as " Staffelkapitän " ( squadron leader ) .
Samuel Wassall Samuel Wassall VC ( July 1856 – 31 January 1927 ) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . Details . Wassall was 22 years old , and a private in the 80th Regiment of Foot ( later The South Staffordshire Regiment ) , British Army during the Anglo - Zulu War when the following deed took place on 22 January 1879 at the Battle of Isandlwana , Zululand , South Africa , for which he was awarded the VC : The medal . His Victoria Cross is displayed at the Museum of the Staffordshire Regiment in Whittington , Staffordshire .
United Spanish War Veterans The United Spanish War Veterans was an American veterans organization which consisted of veterans of the Spanish - American War , Philippine Insurrection and China Relief Expedition . Soon after the Spanish - American War ended , in early 1899 , discharged veteran s formed fraternal societies to keep in touch with their former comrades . These included the Spanish War Veterans , the Spanish - American War Veterans , the Servicemen of the Spanish War , American Veterans of Foreign Service , the Army of the Philippines , the Veteran Army of the Philippines , the Legion of Spanish War Veterans and other smaller organizations . At the start of the 20th century , these groups began to merge . In 1904 , the three largest groups , the Spanish War Veterans , the Spanish American War Veterans and the Servicemen of the Spanish War joined to form the United Spanish War Veterans . They became the largest and most influential of the Spanish - American War societies . In 1906 , the Legion of Spanish War Veterans would merge with the United Spanish War Veterans . The Legion existed in Rhode Island , Massachusetts and New Hampshire . In 1908 , the Veteran Army of the Philippines , composed of soldiers , sailors and Marines who had served in the Philippine Islands , also merged with the United Spanish War Veterans . The membership of United Spanish War Veterans thus consisted of veterans of three distinct wars : ( Commonly called “ The Boxer Rebellion , ” the veterans who had served in it were placed with the Spanish War and Philippine Insurrection veterans on the federal government pension bills . The “ Boxer Rebellion ” veterans were accepted into the USWV in the early 1920s . ) The United Spanish War Veterans existed until 1992 , when the last member , Nathan E . Cook , died one month before his 107th birthday at the Carl T . Hayden VA Medical Center in Phoenix , Arizona . He is often incorrectly called the last surviving veteran of the Spanish - American War . In fact , Cook was a veteran of the Philippine Insurrection of 1899 - 1902 . He had lied about his age to enlist in the US Navy in 1901 at age sixteen .
Harry Harvey ( Medal of Honor ) Harry Harvey ( February 16 , 1873 – April 5 , 1928 ) was a United States Marine who was awarded the United States highest honor , the Medal of Honor for " meritorious conduct " during the Philippine – American War . His birth name was Harry Huckman . Biography . Harvey was born in New York City , New York . He served in the United States Marine Corps during the Philippine – American War . Harry Harvey is buried in the Los Angeles National Cemetery , California Section 60 , Row E . Medal of Honor citation . Rank and organization : Sergeant , U . S . Marine Corps . Born : June 4 , 1873 , New York , N . Y . Accredited to : New Jersey . G . O . No . : 55 , July 19 , 1901 . Citation : Citation : Served in battle against the enemy at Benictican , 16 February 1900 . Throughout this action and in the presence of the enemy , Harvey distinguished himself by meritorious conduct .
USS Navajo ( ATA - 211 ) USS " Navajo " ( ATR - 138 / ATA - 211 ) was an auxiliary ocean tug in the United States Navy . Originally designated ATR – 138 , she was redesignated ATA – 211 on 13 April 1944 and laid down on 20 January 1945 by Gulfport Boiler & Welding Works , Port Arthur , Texas . Launched on 3 March 1945 , and commissioned at Port Arthur on 3 May 1945 , Lt . ( jg . ) James McKnight in command . Pacific Theatre operations . Following fitting out and shakedown off Galveston , " ATA – 211 " reported to the Naval Supply Depot , Gulfport , Mississippi on 5 June , and thence steamed via the Panama Canal to San Diego , where she was to join ServRon 2 , Pacific . " ATA – 211 " towed " AFL – 23 " and Harbor Tug " YT – 742 " to Pearl Harbor in July and remained there to perform ready tug duty and relief towing services with the Waipie Salvage Dock , in the ocean operations off Pearl Harbor . In October , she cleared Pearl Harbor with Fuel Oil Barge " YO – 12 " and Garbage Lighter " YG – 28 " in tow , and headed for Yokosuka , Japan , where she arrived the 24th . Departing Yokosuka in early November , she returned Pearl Harbor and , joined by Fleet Ocean Tug ' and Auxiliary Floating Dry Dock ' , steamed to San Diego . She departed this base on 27 December to serve as retriever tug for " ATF – 157 " . East Coast operations . After escorting " ATF – 157 " through the Panama Canal , " ATA – 211 " cleared Coco Solo on 5 February 1946 and touched at Key West before arriving at the U . S . Naval Station , Algiers , Louisiana , 11 February . She remained in the 8th Naval District for most of the remainder of her Naval career , providing towing service to ports such as Mobile , Galveston , Pensacola , and Charleston , and assisting in off - shore salvage operations . Decommissioning . " ATA – 211 " was named " Navajo " on 15 July 1948 . She continued operations off the Gulf states and Bermuda into 1962 . Decommissioning on 10 April 1962 , she was stricken from the Navy List on 1 May 1962 and was subsequently sold to Twenty Grand Marine Service , Inc . , Morgan City , Louisiana , in 1963 .
Thomas J . Senn Thomas Jones Senn ( December 21 , 1871 - February 11 , 1947 ) was a decorated United States Navy officer with the rank of Rear Admiral . He was a recipient of the Navy Cross . Biography . Thomas Jones Senn was born on December 21 , 1871 in the small town of Graniteville , South Carolina . Senn attended the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis , Maryland and graduated in 1891 . During the World War I , Senn served as a Captain as Assistant Chief of the Bureau of Navigation , before his transfer to . Senn served with USS North Dakota in the waters of Atlantic and was awarded the Navy Cross for his leadership of that ship . After the war , Senn was appointed the commander of the Naval Torpedo Station . He was subsequently appointed a Commanding Officer of the from her commissioning on December 1 , 1923 to May 5 , 1925 . He later was promoted to rear admiral and served as Assistant Chief of Naval Operations for three years , from 1925 - 1928 . Admiral Senn was Commandant of the 11th Naval District from 1930 - 1933 and the 12th Naval District in 1935 at the time of the crash of the , a dirigible that was under the command of later " West Virginia " commanding officer Herbert V . Wiley . Rear admiral Thomas J . Senn retired from the Navy in 1936 and died on February 11 , 1947 at the age of 75 years at Naval Hospital in San Diego , California . He was buried at Fort Rosecrans National Cemetery together with his wife Percie B . Senn ( 1874 - 1950 ) . Navy Cross Citation . Captain Thomas J . Senn was awarded the Navy Cross for action aboard " North Dakota " during World War I . Citation : The Navy Cross is awarded to Captain Thomas J . Senn , U . S . Navy , for exceptionally meritorious service in a duty of great responsibility as commanding officer of the U . S . S . North Dakota , in the Atlantic Fleet .
USRC James C . Dobbin ( 1853 ) USRC " James C . Dobbin " was a topsail schooner of the " Cushing " - class ( 1853 ) named after President Franklin Pierce ' s Secretary of the Navy , James Cochrane Dobbin . She was initially stationed at Wilmington , North Carolina , but in 1856 was moved to Savannah , Georgia . She was seized by a secessionist mob on 3 January 1861 at Savannah and the officers and crew were held in irons . After the local customs inspector protested the seizure , Joseph E . Brown , the governor of Georgia ordered the cutter and crew released . " Dobbin " was the only revenue cutter based in the South to escape to the North before the Civil War . On 26 April 1861 , she was ordered to Philadelphia , Pennsylvania to receive heavier armament and then assigned to New York City . In 1863 " Dobbin " was reassigned to Portland , Maine where she remained until being ordered to Baltimore , Maryland in December , 1876 to be refitted as a training ship . The first eight cadets of the newly established Revenue Cutter School of Instruction reported aboard " Dobbin " and they set sail on their first practice cruise on 24 May 1877 . One of the eight cadets was future Commandant of the Coast Guard , Worth G . Ross . The following summer , she was replaced by the newly constructed training cutter USRC " Salmon P . Chase " and " Dobbin " returned to service as a revenue cutter until she was sold in 1881 .
Timeline of the American Revolution The American Revolution was the political upheaval during the last half of the 18th century in which thirteen colonies in North America joined together to break free of the British Empire , combining to become the United States of America . The Revolution includes political , social , and military aspects . The Revolutionary era is generally considered to have begun with the Battles of Lexington and Concord ( 1775 ) and ended with the ratification of the United States Constitution in 1789 . The military phase of the Revolution , the American Revolutionary War , lasted from 1775 to 1783 . 1768 - In April , England ' s Secretary of State for the Colonies , Lord Hillsborough , orders colonial governors to stop their own assemblies from endorsing Adams ' circular letter . Hillsborough also orders the governor of Massachusetts to dissolve the general court if the Massachusetts assembly does not revoke the letter . By month ' s end , the assemblies of New Hampshire , Connecticut and New Jersey have endorsed the letter . 1760s . 1768 - In May , a British warship armed with 50 cannons sails into Boston harbor after a call for help from custom commissioners who are constantly being harassed by Boston agitators . In June , a customs official is locked up in the cabin of the Liberty , a sloop owned by John Hancock . Imported wine is then unloaded illegally into Boston without payment of duties . Following this incident , customs officials seize Hancock ' s sloop . After threats of violence from Bostonians , the customs officials escape to an island off Boston , then request the intervention of British troops . 1768 - In July , the governor of Massachusetts dissolves the general court after the legislature defies his order to revoke Adams ' circular letter . In August , in Boston and New York , merchants agree to boycott most British goods until the Townshend Acts are repealed . In September , at a town meeting in Boston , residents are urged to arm themselves . Later in September , English warships sail into Boston Harbor , then two regiments of English infantry land in Boston and set up permanent residence to keep order .
U . S . Forces Azores U . S . Forces Azores ( USAFORAZ ) is a subordinate unified command of U . S . Joint Forces Command based at Lajes Field , Portugal near Lajes on Terceira Island in the Azores . Historical background . In 1953 , the U . S . Forces Azores Command was organized as subordinate Unified Command under the Command - in - Chief Atlantic . In peacetime , the U . S . Forces Commander ( COMUSFORAZ ) is assisted by a small joint staff responsible for contingency planning . Mission Objectives . Members of U . S . Forces Azores provide base and en route support for Department of Defense , allied nation and other aircraft transiting the installation . Air Force units that make up the 65th Air Base Wing are the 65th Support Group , the 65th Logistics Group , and the 65th Medical Group . In peacetime , a small joint staff composed of Army , Navy and Air Force personnel assists the U . S . Forces Azores commander , who is responsible for contingency planning . In wartime , the U . S . Forces Azores commander assumes operational control of assigned U . S . military forces . The command mission would be to support NATO forces in the area , to assist in local defense , if requested , and to protect and evacuate U . S . citizens from the Azores , Europe , Africa , Southwest Asia , or other areas of the world . Force Structure . U . S . Forces Azores Command consists of a small joint staff , the 65th Air Base Wing , and multiple tenant organizations such as the 729th Airlift Squadron , the Military Traffic Management Command Azores Detachment and the base ' s resident officer in charge of construction . There are approximately 875 U . S . military and 100 Department of Defense civilians assigned to the wing . The total U . S . population , including dependents , is about 2 , 170 . Department of Defense employs approximately 930 Portuguese civilians at Lajes Field . An Air Force colonel serves jointly as U . S . Forces Azores commander and as commander of the 65th Air Base Wing , Air Combat Command .
Scrappy Blumer Larry " Scrappy " Blumer ( May 31 , 1917 – October 23 , 1997 ) was a pilot in the United States Air Force . He was a member of the 393rd Fighter Squadron , 367th Fighter Group during World War II . He was nicknamed " Scrappy " because he flew a " Scrap Iron " P - 38 . Blumer was born in Walcott , North Dakota and attended college at Concordia College in Moorhead , Minnesota . He joined the Air Force in 1943 . Stationed in Europe , Blumer became an " ace - in - a - day " when he shot down five German FW - 190 s in 15 minutes of aerial combat on August 25 , 1944 . Blumer took command of the 393rd on November 10 , 1944 and held the position until his tour ended in January 1945 . Blumer was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross , Silver Star , Distinguished Flying Cross , Purple Heart , Air Medal with 22 Oak Leaf Clusters and the Belgian Croix de Guerre . In 1946 , he returned to the United States and became a contractor . Later in life , he purchased a P - 38 , painted it like his old plane , and flew it at air shows . Blumer died of Leukemia on October 23 , 1997 in Springfield , Oregon .
HMS Burlington ( 1695 ) HMS " Burlington " was a 50 - gun fourth rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy , built by Henry Johnson ' s yard at Blackwall Yard , and launched in 1695 . The " Burlington " was broken up in August 1733 .