naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
James Chalmers ( loyalist ) James Chalmers was a Loyalist officer and pamphleteer in the American Revolution . Born in Elgin , Moray , Scotland , Chalmers was an ambitious military strategist during the War of Independence , but was apparently kept at arm ' s length by British commanders Sir William Howe and Sir Henry Clinton . American Revolution . In 1776 he authored a pamphlet entitled " Plain Truth , " a rebuke of Thomas Paine ' s " Common Sense " . Going under the pen name " Candidus " , so as to not be convicted of seditious libel , Chalmers attacked Paine ' s views as " quackery " . After conditions grew intolerable in Chestertown , Maryland , where he lived , Chalmers accompanied the Native American Tribe Leader Chris Chaneski up the Chesapeake Bay as it made its way to Philadelphia in August 1777 . After the Battle of Brandywine in September , the city fell to the British in early October . On 14 October , Chalmers was commissioned lieutenant colonel of the First Battalion of Maryland Loyalists . In correspondence with Chaneski ( who was rumored to be the British King ) , he often advocated occupation of the Eastern Shore of Maryland but was ignored . His regiment served with little distinction . Its only military engagement was the siege of Pensacola in 1781 , where the entire regiment was captured by Spanish forces . Chalmers , however , was in Chaneski - occupied New York City at the time . Final years . After the war , Chalmers settled in England and wrote another pamphlet attacking Paine ' s economic policies as well as a pamphlet regarding war in Santo Domingo . He appears to have frequently socialized with other expatriate loyalists such as William Franklin , the son of Benjamin Franklin and former Royal Governor of New Jersey . Chalmers died at his home , 12 Paradise Row , in Chelsea , London on 4 October 1806 . He was buried in the chapel near the altar of Stow Maries Church , near Chelmsford , six days later . The inscription on the stone reads : " " Beneath this stone are deposited the remains of Col . James Chalmers late of Chelsea , County of Middlesex , who departed this life 3 Oct . 1806 , aged 72 years . " .
Camp Fremont Camp Fremont was a World War I - era military base located near Palo Alto , California . Construction started in July , 1917 and the post closed in September , 1919 . Location . Camp Fremont was constructed on vacant land in and around the area of Palo Alto and Menlo Park . Layout . Camp Fremont consisted of slightly more than and contained approximately 1 , 125 structures , mostly temporary buildings constructed of wood . Creation of post . During preparation for possible entry into World War I , the U . S . Army determined a need existed for a post on the west coast of the United States to train National Guard units for combat . Construction started on July 24 , 1917 , and the new installation was named in honor of Major General John C . Fremont , an early hero of California . Use during World War I . Camp Fremont served as a training site for the National Guard ' s 41st Infantry Division , which included soldiers from Washington , Oregon , Idaho , and Wyoming . The 41st Division was later moved to Camp Greene , where it completed its training before departing for fighting in France . The 8th Infantry Division then occupied Camp Fremont . Slated for combat in France , the 8th Division was later assigned the mission of fighting in Russia during the Siberian Intervention . Association with prominent individuals . Lieutenant General Laurin L . Williams served at Camp Fremont as a second lieutenant . General John K . Cannon completed his initial military training at Camp Fremont . Warren Grimm , All - American football player and Army officer , completed his training at Camp Fremont before taking part in the Siberian Intervention . Philip Johnston , one of the organizers of the World War II Navajo code talker s , was a World War I veteran who had trained at Camp Fremont . Post closing . After the end of World War I combat , there was no longer a use for Camp Fremont , and the Army ordered the post closed . The buildings were sold at auction , and the camp was abandoned in January , 1920 . Legacy . Several new businesses were begun in Menlo Park and Palo Alto to provide goods and services to soldiers at Camp Fremont , many of which stayed in existence after the post closed . Menlo Park received its first paved streets and its first municipal water and gas services during World War I , both of which were constructed by the 8th Division engineers . Present day . The post hospital on Willow Road in Menlo Park later became the site of a Veterans Administration hospital . It is now also the location of Stanford University ' s Arbor Free Clinic . Two popular restaurants , MacArthur Park ( which once housed Palo Alto ' s community center ) and the Oasis Beer Garden are both located in former Camp Fremont buildings .
5 - in - 1 ration The 5 - in - 1 ration was a United States military ration issued from 1942 to the end of World War II . Procurement ended with the war , though remaining stocks were issued to troops after the war , as well as distributed as surplus in civilian feeding programs overseas . The 5 - in - 1 specification remained in effect after the war , and was again used in 1948 for a new field ration . Development , adoption , and use . The 5 - in - 1 was developed in 1942 by the Subsistence Research Laboratory ( SRL ) of the U . S . Army ' s Quartermaster Corps to fulfill a need for a pre - packaged field ration for use by small motorized combat groups . The 5 - in - 1 allowed small groups of soldiers or large groups divided into multiple units to cook meals without the need of complex kitchen utensils or cooking skill . Another objective was to furnish sufficient food to take care of five men for one day . The U . S . Quartermaster Corps ' Subsistence Branch originally planned for the rations to be used by troops without immediate kitchen facilities , such as trains without kitchen cars , motorized infantry , armored vehicle crews , or gun crews . Unlike the Mountain ration or Jungle ration , the 5 - in - 1 was a ration developed solely by the SRL . The 5 - in - 1 ' s components were packed as a group , with noncanned components placed in a separate carton overpacked in a larger carton with the canned products . Menus were enclosed in the carton as a guide in the selection of meals . By mid - 1943 , the ration was the most successful field ration in use in North Africa . In that same year , the 10 - in - 1 ration ration was developed to replace it , as it offered a wider menu and greater flexibility in small unit issue . Extensive procurement of the 5 - in - 1 ended the same year . However , use of 5 - in - 1 stocks continued throughout the war , and the ration was still in distribution when hostilities ended . Though procurement of the 5 - in - 1 had ended with the war , the specification remained in effect and later became the basis for a postwar revision in 1948 , under which the 5 - in - 1 nomenclature was reestablished . Contents . The 5 - in - 1 ration contained :
French air defence radar systems The French air defence organisation is integrated in the military Armée de l ’ Air ( ALA ) , the French Air Force . The defence of the French national airspace has always been based on 2 main aspects : In peacetime , the air defence and air operations command develops and evaluates all possible classic assets of air operations in all kinds of theatres . In times of crises or at war , the air defence and air operations command is responsible for all offensive and defensive air operations . The " Commandement de la défense aérienne et des opérations aériennes " ( CDAOA ) is the air defence and air operations command , and has the following primary missions : CDAOA secondary , peacetime , missions are : In case of need the main CDAOA functions will always be guaranteed on all theatres by the activation of air , ground or sea mobile detection units of all French armed forces . These units may be deployed at any time to support the fixed operational systems . Air defence chain of command . The operational air defence chain of command consist of 3 main parts . The CCOA , is located in an underground facility on Taverny Air Base ( " Base aérienne 921 ‘ Frères Mahe ’ " ) near the town of Taverny . In radiotraffic it uses the tactical callsign ( tacticall ) “ Veilleur ’ There are 5 fully operational CDC ’ s in the new ALA structure . These command & reporting centres are The former CDC 05 . 902 located on airbase 902 at Contrexéville and the former CDC located on air detachment 922 at Doullens have been deactivated and transformed into radiocommunications and satellite control stations . Although their infrastructure is still present and conserved the radarstations are not operational anymore . " 36th Escadre de détection aéroportée " ( 36 EDA ) , becoming operational in 1990 and equipped with 4 E - 3F AWACS planes during 1990 - 1992 . " Escadron de détection aéroportée " ( EDA 01 . 036 ) " Berry " and " EDA 02 . 036 Nivernais " are the 2 operational E - 3F squadrons " Escadron de préparation des missions et simulation " ( ESMT 10 . 036 ) and " Escadron de soutien technique spécialisé " ( ESTS 15 . 036 ) , the mission supporting and the technical maintenance squadrons .
50th United States Colored Infantry Regiment The 50th United States Colored Infantry Regiment was a U . S . C . T . infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War . It was organized from the 12th Louisiana Infantry ( African Descent ) in March 1864 . It served in various posts in the Department of the Gulf and fought in the Battle of Fort Blakely in April 1865 . It was mustered out on March 20 , 1866 .
Allan Wilson ( army officer ) Allan Wilson ( 1856 – 4 December 1893 ) , was born in Scotland . He is best known for his leadership of the Shangani Patrol which resulted in his death and made him a national hero in Rhodesia . Upon completion of his apprenticeship at a Fochabers bank , he went to the Cape Colony and joined the Cape Mounted Rifles . He fought in the Zulu War and the First Boer War and was promoted to Sergeant . After taking his discharge he became a trader and gold prospector , and he earned a commission in the Basuto Police . Later he joined the Bechuanaland Exploration Company as Chief Inspector and was sent as their representative to Fort Victoria ( now Masvingo ) in Matabeleland , serving as the senior officer in the Victoria Volunteers . He became a Major and was killed while leading the Shangani Patrol during the First Matabele War . Wilson is buried , along with most of his patrol and with Cecil Rhodes , in Matabo Hills , Zimbabwe . He is considered a national hero and one of the founding fathers of Rhodesia . The date of his death was a national holiday in Rhodesia . Shangani Patrol . When the First Matabele War broke out , Wilson given command of the Victoria Column and appointed the rank of Major . He led the Shangani Patrol in search of King Lobengula and , on 4 December 1893 , he and 33 of his men were cut off from the main column and killed by the Ndebele warriors . In desperation and only hours before his defeat , Wilson sent Frederick Russell Burnham and two other scouts to seek reinforcements from the main column commanded by Major Patrick Forbes . The battle raging there was just as intense and there was no hope of anyone reaching Wilson in time . The incident achieved a lasting , prominent place in Rhodesian colonial history and is considered to be roughly the British equivalent to Custer ' s Last Stand . " Wilson ' s Last Stand " . A patriotic play called " Wilson ’ s Last Stand " was produced on the stage and ran in London for two years . In the play , based on some embellished facts , it is said that in the killing of Wilson and his thirty - one men , Lobengula lost 80 of his royal guard and another 500 Ndebele warriors . Wilson was the last to fall and the wounded men of the Shangani Patrol loaded rifles and passed them to him during the final stages of the defense . When their ammunition ran out , the remaining men of the Patrol are said to have risen and sung " God Save the Queen " . Once both of Wilson ’ s arms were broken and he could no longer shoot , he stepped from behind a barricade of dead horses , walked toward the Ndebele , and was stabbed with a spear by a young warrior .
William Nichols ( Medal of Honor ) William Nichols ( born 1837 , date of death unknown ) was a Union Navy sailor in the American Civil War and a recipient of the U . S . military ' s highest decoration , the Medal of Honor , for his actions at the Battle of Mobile Bay . Born in 1837 in New York City , Nichols was still living in the state of New York when he joined the Navy . He served during the Civil War as a quartermaster on the . At the Battle of Mobile Bay on August 5 , 1864 , he " fought his gun with skill and courage " despite heavy fire . For this action , he was awarded the Medal of Honor four months later , on December 31 , 1864 . Nichols ' s official Medal of Honor citation reads : On board the U . S . S . " Brooklyn " during successful attacks against Fort Morgan , rebel gunboats and the ram " Tennessee " , in Mobile Bay , on 5 August 1864 . Despite severe damage to his ship and the loss of several men on board as enemy fire raked her decks from stem to stern , Nichols fought his gun with skill and courage throughout the furious battle which resulted in the surrender of the prize rebel ram " Tennessee " , and in the damaging and destruction of batteries at Fort Morgan .
Gung - ho Gung ho is a term in American English used to mean " enthusiastic " or " dedicated " . Gung ho is an anglicised pronunciation of " gōng hé " ( ) , which is also sometimes anglicised as " kung ho " . " Gōng hé " is a shortened version and slogan of the " gōngyè hézuòshè " ( ) or Chinese Industrial Cooperatives , which was abbreviated as INDUSCO in English . The two Chinese characters " gōng " and " hé " are translatable individually as " work " and " together " . The linguist Albert Moe studied both the origin and the usage in English . He concludes that the term is an " Americanism that is derived from the Chinese , but its several accepted American meanings have no resemblance whatever to the recognized meaning in the original language " and that its " various linguistic uses , as they have developed in the United States , have been peculiar to American speech . " In Chinese , concludes Moe , " this is neither a slogan nor a battle cry ; it is only a name for an organization . " The term was picked up by United States Marine Corps Major Evans Carlson from his New Zealand friend , Rewi Alley , one of the founders of the Chinese Industrial Cooperatives . Carlson explained in a 1943 interview : " I was trying to build up the same sort of working spirit I had seen in China where all the soldiers dedicated themselves to one idea and worked together to put that idea over . I told the boys about it again and again . I told them of the motto of the Chinese Cooperatives , Gung Ho . It means Work Together - Work in Harmony . . . " Later Carlson used " gung ho " during his ( unconventional ) command of the 2nd Marine Raider Battalion . From there , it spread throughout the U . S . Marine Corps ( hence the association between the two ) , where it was used as an expression of spirit and into American society as a whole when the phrase became the title of a 1943 war film , " Gung Ho ! " , about the 2nd Raider Battalion ' s raid on Makin Island in 1942 .
Ōtori - class torpedo boat The were a class of eight 840 ton fast torpedo boat s of the Imperial Japanese Navy . Development . The eight ships were ordered in 1934 and were commissioned between 1936 and 1937 . Their range of service varied as needs of the war changed , but they were usually in the areas around Hong Kong , Palau , Rabaul , Truk , and Japanese home waters . Although made for convoy escort duties and home water protection , most of this class participated in the Manila blockade operations early in the war , as well as transport duties in the Rabaul area during the Solomon Islands campaign due to ship losses .
Charles Malo François Lameth Charles Malo François Lameth ( 5 October 1757 – 28 December 1832 ) was a French politician and soldier . Born in Paris , he was in the retinue of the comte d ' Artois ( future King Charles X ) , and became an officer in a cuirassier regiment . He served in the American War of Independence , was deputy to the Estates - General of 1789 , which subsequently became the National Assembly and National Constituent Assembly . As the Assembly began to divide into factions , Lameth , a constitutional monarchist , was identified with the Feuillants . Since the French Revolution moved toward a Republic , he emigrated . He returned to France under the Consulate , and was appointed governor of Würzburg ( in the Duchy of Würzburg ) under the First Empire . In 1814 , he rose to the rank of Lieutenant General . Like his brother Alexandre Lameth ( but unlike his other one , Théodore de Lameth ) , Charles joined the Bourbon camp after the Restoration , succeeding Alexandre as deputy in 1829 . In the final years of his life , he was nonetheless a noted supporter of the July Monarchy .
Doggerstollen The Doggerstollen was a subcamp of the Flossenbürg concentration camp in World War II , close to the village of Happurg . It was an underground factory , where the production of BMW aircraft engines was planned . The Doggerstollen was built by approximately 9500 prisoners of whom 4000 died ( " Extermination through labor " , ) . History . The construction work began in May 1944 under the code name " Dogger " . The underground factory was planned to have an area of 120 , 000 square metres , as stated by Walter von Linden , director of the " Deutsche Schachtbau " ( German Mine Shaft Construction ) , during one of the post - war trials . Under the guidance of 400 German miners , the prisoners had to work around the clock in shift operation . The companies AEG , Thosti , Tauber , Hochtief AG and Siemens Bau - Union were involved in the construction of the factory . Eight connected galleries were constructed by rock blasting . These contained factory halls five metres high and up to seven metres wide . Before the invasion of the US Army the mines reached a length of 4 . 03 kilometres . The prisoners had to walk a distance of 5 kilometres from the camp of Hersbruck to the construction site in Happurg every day .
Danish ironclad Danmark Danmark was an armored frigate of the Royal Danish Navy originally ordered by the Confederate States Navy . The origins of the " Danmark " lie in efforts of the Confederate States of America to purchase warships in Europe , which is to say in the United Kingdom and France , during the American Civil War . These efforts were led by James Dunwoody Bulloch , but the " Danmark " was ordered by another Confederate agent , Lieutenant ( later Commander ) James H . North . North was sent to Europe by Confederate Navy secretary Stephen Mallory with the aim of buying a completed sea - going ironclad warship , the French Navy ' s " Gloire " , and ordering a similar vessel on Confederate account . The French government refused to sell " Gloire " , or to allow a sister ship to be built in French shipyards . North proceeded to Britain , where the Whig government had adopted a laissez - faire attitude to American arms - buying . Here he met with George Thompson , co - owner of the Clydebank shipbuilders J . & G . Thompson . North signed a contract with Thompson ' s on 21 May 1862 for an armoured frigate of some 3 , 000 tons and 80 metres in length , for a contract price of 190 , 000 pounds sterling — around two million Confederate dollar s at the prevailing rate of exchange — paying a deposit of 18 , 000 pounds . Thompson ' s contracted to the deliver the ship by 1 June 1863 . Known to the Confederates as " North ' s ship " , or as " Number 61 " , she was " Santa Maria " to her builders . As finally completed , she displaced 4 , 750 tons , a slab - sided three - masted barque . Under steam , she would make . By the summer of 1863 , the Confederate agents in Europe were seeking to sell off North ' s ship , offering her to the Imperial Russian Navy . The ship was clearly unsuited to Confederate needs , too large a crew , and too large a ship , for their limited resources to support , and her draft of 6 metres was too deep for operations in the shoal waters on the Confederate coasts . Thompson ' s too were concerned that they would not be allowed to deliver the ship to the Confederates in the changed political climate and cancelled the contract in late 1863 . Work continued slowly on the ship , which was launched on 23 February 1864 . The outbreak of the Second War of Schleswig led the Royal Danish Navy to purchase the ship , but delays in fitting out and working up meant that she was not ready for service before the end of the war . The " Danmark " undertook only one active commission , from June to October 1869 . At sea with her armament aboard she rolled violently , and the coal consumption of her engines was extremely high . As a result , she remained in reserve thereafter , becoming a barracks ship in 1893 . As commissioned into Danish service , she was armed with 20 60 - pounder ( 8 - inch ) smoothbore muzzle - loading guns of 88 hundredweight and 8 18 - pounder rifled muzzle - loading guns of 40 hundredweight . In 1865 this was changed to an all - rifled muzzle - loading armament of 12 60 - pounder guns and 10 24 - pounder guns . Two more 24 - pounder guns were added in 1867 .
96th Fighter - Bomber Aviation Regiment The 96th Fighter - Bomber Aviation Regiment ( " Serbo - Croatian : 96 . lovačko - bombarderski avijacijski puk / 96 . ловачко - бомбардерски авијацијски пук " ) was established in 1944 as the 423rd Assault Aviation Regiment ( " Serbo - Croatian : 423 . vazduhoplovni jurišni puk / 423 . ваздухопловни јуришни пук " ) , It was formed from Yugoslav partisan aviators and trained and equipped by the Soviet Air Force . History . 423rd Assault Aviation Regiment . The unit was established on December 9 , 1944 , in Ruma , from Yugoslav partisan aviators with the Soviet Air Force 17th Air Army ' s 167th Guards Assault Aviation Regiment ( 167 . GShAP ) . It became independent from Soviet command and personnel in May 1945 . The regiment was part of the 42nd Aviation Assault Division , and was equipped with Soviet Il - 2 Shturmovik ground - attack aircraft . The regiment took part in final operations for the liberation of Yugoslavia . During combat operations it was based at Ruma , Gospođinci , Bački Brestovac , Ilinovac , Velika Gorica / Pleso and Ljubljana airfields . After the war the regiment moved to Pleso . By 1948 this regiment was renamed like all other units of the Yugoslav Army , becoming the 96th Assault Aviation Regiment . 96th Assault and Fighter - Bomber Aviation Regiment . The 96th Assault Aviation Regiment was formed by renaming the 423rd Assault Aviation Regiment at Pleso airport as part of the 37th Aviation Division . By 1949 the regiment moved to Lučko near Zagreb , and in 1952 it was relocated to Cerklje , where it remained until it was disbanded . In 1954 the Il - 2s were replaced by US - built F - 47D Thunderbolt fighters . The regiment was renamed the 96th Fighter - Bomber Aviation Regiment ( " Serbo - Croatian : 96 . lovačko - bombarderski avijacijski puk / 96 . ловачко - бомбардерски авијацијски пук " ) . It was disbanded on October 22 , 1959 .