naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Tenth Army ( Japan ) The was an army of the Imperial Japanese Army during the Second Sino - Japanese War . History . The Japanese 10th Army was formed on October 20 , 1937 under the Imperial General Headquarters , and came under the control of the Japanese Central China Area Army on November 7 of the same year . It was an emergency reinforcement force to supplement the Japanese Shanghai Expeditionary Army in China after the Second Shanghai Incident . The Japanese 10th Army subsequently participated in the Battle of Nanjing and the subsequent atrocities known as the Nanking Massacre . The unit was officially disbanded in Nanjing on February 14 , 1938 .
Equipment of the modern Egyptian Army The following list outlines the major equipment holdings of the modern Egyptian Army . Missile and rocket . The Egyptian ballistic missile development program apparently continues , with steadfast technological progress since the 1960s . The RS - 120 Tactical Ballistic Missile Program is still in the developmental stage and should be shortly replacing the Frog - 7 and supplementing the Sakr 80 ; by having a range of 120 km , it would be considered as an intermediate system between the battlefield range ballistic missile system and the theater ballistic missile system . Should , however , there be a dramatic change in its political climate and financial resources , Egypt possesses the technological and personnel resources to produce a Scud B / C , Al Badr and Project - T and could possibly acquire the Nodong missile technology .
SPRITE infrared detector The SPRITE infrared detector is named after the process of signal integration carried out by " Signal Processing In The Element " . The technique was invented at the Royal Signals and Radar Establishment at Malvern by a team of scientists including Tom Elliott . The detector allows the build up of detected infrared signal in a mercury cadmium telluride ( MCT ) photoconductor strip , on a sapphire substrate , by applying a bias current through the strip . The detector is used in a scanned thermal imager and the bias voltage is adjusted to force electrons produced by the detected energy at one end of the strip to drift to the far end of the strip in time with the rate of the scanning such that energy from the same response is built up along the full length of the strip . This allows a much simpler way of integrating responses than linking separate detector cells . This type of detector was used in a series of thermal imagers known as TICM ( thermal imaging common modules ) . These modules were the mainstay of UK forces thermal imagers from the 1980s until their replacement by fully staring , two - dimensional - arrays detectors .
Lewis Merrill Lewis Merrill ( 1834 – 1896 ) was a career officer in the United States Army noted for his work in resisting the early Ku Klux Klan organization in several Southern states . During the American Civil War , he combated guerrilla s in Missouri . Biography . Merrill was born at New Berlin , Pa . He studied at the University at Lewisburg ( Pennsylvania ) , graduated at West Point in 1855 , was assigned to duty as lieutenant with the First Dragoons , and served in Missouri , in Kansas Territory , and with the Utah Expedition . In 1861 , as colonel and first cavalry officer on the staff of John C . Frémont , he organized the Second Missouri Volunteer Cavalry , usually known as Merrill ' s Horse to fight the secessionist Missouri State Guard and guerrillas in central Missouri . His regiment was well known for its strict military organization and its aggressiveness in carrying out its anti - guerrilla mission . Colonel Merrill later commanded the Department of St . Louis and then the Department of Northern Missouri . In 1864 he was commander of the cavalry bureau at St . Louis and took part in the engagements at Franklin , Mo . The next year he was sent against guerrillas in northern Georgia and Alabama and was brevetted brigadier general of U . S . Volunteers . After various western assignments he was placed in command of a military district in South Carolina with orders to break up the Ku Klux Klan . From 1871 to 1873 he succeeded in this so well that he received the thanks of the War Department . When similar conditions arose in the Red River district of Louisiana he was made commander there in 1875 , remaining until the following year . As a consequence of his activities his nomination as lieutenant colonel in the regular army was held up for several years in the Senate by Southern sympathizers , but it was finally confirmed as from 1886 . Merrill retired in 1886 . He is buried in Arlington National Cemetery .
Soldado de cuera The soldado de cuera , or leather - jacket , was a type of soldier who served in the frontier garrisons of northern New Spain . He took his name from the multi - layered deer - skin cloak he wore as protection against Indian arrows . He was armed with a short musket , bow and arrows , a short sword , a lance , and a bull - hide " adarga " . These frontier soldiers were recruited from among the mestizo population , Hispanicized Indians , and freed slaves . Most of the officers were European - born , or the sons of Europeans , whereas very few of the enlisted men had this distinction . The soldados de cuera manned the presidio s that stretched from Los Adeas , Louisiana , in the East , across Texas , New Mexico , and Arizona , to the Pacific Coast of Alta California in the West .
Chaffin ' s Farm Confederate order of battle The following Confederate States Army units and commanders fought in the Battle of Chaffin ' s Farm of the American Civil War . The Union order of battle is shown separately . Army of Northern Virginia . Gen Robert E . Lee First Corps . LTG Richard H . Anderson Department of North Carolina & Sourthern Virginia . Gen P . G . T . Beauregard Department of Richmond . LTG Richard S . Ewell
Mohammad Abu Abdallah Ben Hudzail al Sahuir Mohammad Abu Abdallah Ben Hudzäil al Sähuir ( 1208 in Vall de Alcalá , Alicante – 1276 Alcoy ) , popularly known as Al - Azraq الأزرق ( " the blue " - referring to his eyes ) , was an Arab Moorish commander in the Iberian Peninsula in the south of the Kingdom of Valencia . He was son of a Muslim father , Hudzäil al Sähuir and of a Christian mother . As a vassal in the Christian kingdom he spent long seasons in the courts of Aragon , Valencia and Granada , on friendly terms with the kings of Aragon and of Castile . After the conquest of the Kingdom of Valencia by James I of Aragon , Al - Azraq signed the Al - Azraq Treaty of 1245 , a pact with the Aragonese king by which the Muslim commander could keep control of a series of fortifications including Polop ( later the lordship of the Barons of Polop ) in the valleys of Alcalá and Gallinera . Despite the treaty , Al - Azraq led uprisings in 1248 and 1258 , when he made an attempt on the life of James I but was defeated . In 1276 he met his death while besieging Alcoy , at the hands of a Christian native from Játiva .
Valens ( usurper ) Valens ( died 250 AD ) is one of the Thirty Tyrants , a list of Roman usurpers compiled by the author ( s ) of the " Historia Augusta " . According to " Historia " , this Valens was the uncle or great - uncle of another usurper , Valens Thessalonicus , who revolted against Emperor Gallienus . Valens " senior " would have revolted in Illyria against an earlier emperor , and would have been killed by his own soldiers after few days , as happened to his nephew . It is possible that this Valens was Iulius Valens Licinianus , who usurped the purple in Rome during the absence of the Emperor Decius in the war against the Goths ( 250 ) , and who was quickly executed .
James J . Nash James J . Nash ( 1875 - June 11 , 1927 ) was a soldier serving in the United States Army during the Spanish – American War who received the Medal of Honor for bravery . Biography . Nash was born 1875 in Louisville , Kentucky and entered the army from same location . He was sent to the Spanish – American War with Company F , 10th U . S . Infantry as a private where he received the Medal of Honor for assisting in the rescue of wounded while under heavy enemy fire . He died June 11 , 1927 and is buried in San Antonio National Cemetery San Antonio , Texas . His grave can be found in section I , grave 1461 - A at GPS ( lat / lon ) : 29 . 25279 , - 98 . 28078 . Medal of Honor citation . Rank and organization : Private , Company F , 10th U . S . Infantry . Place and date : At Santiago , Cuba , 1 July 1898 . Entered service at : Louisville , Ky . Birth : Louisville , Ky . Date of issue : 22 June 1899 . Citation : Gallantly assisted in the rescue of the wounded from in front of the lines and under heavy fire from the enemy .
Song Zheyuan Sòng Zhéyuán ( 宋哲元 ) ( October 30 , 1885 – April 5 , 1940 ) was a Chinese general during the Chinese Civil War and Second Sino - Japanese War ( 1937 - 1945 ) . Biography . Early life and education . Born in the village of Zhaohong , northwest of the seat of Leling County , Shandong , he was educated under his uncle from his mother ' s side , a teacher of a traditional Confucian private school in Yanshan County . At the age of 20 ( 1904 ) he began studying in the military institute founded by Lu Jianzhang at Beijing and had since become Lu ' s favorite . In 1912 the troops of Lu and Feng Yuxiang , now subordinates of Yuan Shikai , were regrouped and Feng had then been Song ' s superior . Military career . In 1917 , a year after being appointed the head of 1st battalion of Feng ' s 2nd regiment , his battalion spearheaded the removal of Zhang Xun from his imperial restoration in 1917 . As part of the Guominjun he became Governor of Jehol Province in 1926 . Following the defeat of the Guominjun in the Anti – Fengtian War Feng Yuxiang participated in the Northern Expedition , Sòng assumed the Chairmanship of Shaanxi province in November 1927 and in April of the same year the head of 4th division under the II Corps of the National Revolutionary Army . Switching sides to the Kuomintang after the abortive coup d ' état in 1930 of Feng against Chiang Kai - shek , his troops were designated as the 29th Army and garrisoned in southern Shanxi province where he was responsible for the frontiers of the Rehe and Chahar provinces against the Japanese in Manchukuo . Chair of Chahar province . Song was the chairman of Chahar province when Japan invaded the provinces in the end of year 1932 . Though poorly equipped compared to the better armed Japanese , Song led the 29th army to resist the aggression in a war known as the Defense of the Great Wall ( 熱河長城之戰 ) . Japanese troops then entered the suburbs of Beijing and Tianjin after the predictable victory . Song was relieved from his post but reinstalled as commander after the Ho - Umezu agreement . Later years . In the Battle of Lugou Bridge , his 29th Army bore the brunt of the Japanese Guandong Army . His troops were halved after the defeat and chased by the Japanese along the Jinpu Railway into Shandong Province during the Beiping – Hankou Railway Operation . However Han Fuqu , chairman of the province and suspected for his clandestine Japanese liaison , forbade Song to retreat across the Yellow River resulting in the 29th Army being shattered at Shijiazhuang in December 1937 and January 1938 . Remaining forces suffered various losses against the Imperial Japanese Army and were delegated to guerrilla combat after retreating into the mountainous regions at the borders of Henan and Shanxi province in February 1938 . He soon suffered various illnesses and died at the age of 56 in Mianyang County , Sichuan province after several unsuccessful medical treatments in Guilin , Chongqing , and Chengdu .
Cesare Magistrini Sergente Cesare Magistrini began his lengthy aviation career as a World War I flying ace credited with six confirmed and four unconfirmed aerial victories . Biography . Cesare Magistrini was born in Maggiora , Kingdom of Italy on 26 January 1895 . After Italy entered World War I , Magistrini began flying training in December 1915 . He received his basic pilot ' s license in March 1916 . Rated as a " Caporal " , he was initially assigned to " 2a Squadriglia " for a short spell . On 28 August 1916 , he was posted to a fighter squadron , " 78a Squadriglia " . On 1 March 1917 , he was promoted to " Sergente " . By now , he was engaging in serious dogfights , during one of which he was seriously wounded but continued fighting . On 10 May 1917 , he was awarded a Silver Medal for Military Valor for his tenacity in this engagement . Nevertheless , the wound did not prevent him from scoring his first aerial victory on 17 June , when he forced an enemy Albatros to land . On 18 July , Magistrini backed Guido Nardini on the latter ' s victory , but Magistrini ' s own victory claim for participation was denied . He would stake one more unconfirmed claim before transferring to " 91a Squadriglia " on 1 November . On 23 November , Magistrini shared a victory with Bartolomeo Costantini . One week later , in concert with Ferruccio Ranza and Gastone Novelli , he shot down a German two - seater , killing both members of its air crew . On 7 December 1917 , Magistrini and Ranza shared in the kill of an Austro - Hungarian Brandenburg C . 1 . Magistrini ' s Silver Medal award for this action noted he had engaged in 20 aerial combats
Timeline of the Battle of the Atlantic This is a timeline for the Battle of the Atlantic ( 1939 - 1945 ) in World War II . 1939 . September . September 3 , 1939 September 5 , 1939 September 14 , 1939 September 16 , 1939 September 17 , 1939 September 17 , 1939 September 20 , 1939 September 26 , 1939 September 30 , 1939 October . October 14 , 1939 October 16 , 1939 November . November 21 , 1939 November 23 , 1939 December . Dec 4 December 10 , 1939 1940 . February . February 14 , 1940 March . March 16 , 1940 June . June 25 , 1940 August . August 4 , 1940 August 31 , 1940 October . October 22 , 1940 December . December 1 . 1940 1941 . May . May 21 or 22 , 1941 May 24 , 1941 May 27 , 1941 . June . June 13 , 1941 July . July 7 , 1941 September . September 10 , 1941 September 19 , 1941 October . October 31 , 1941 1942 . January . January 12 , 1942 January 30 , 1942 February . February 16 , 1942 March . March 20 , 1942 June . June 10 , 1942 July . July 6 , 1942 September . September 14 , 1942 October . October 14 , 1942 October 24 , 1942 October 25 , 1942 1943 . February . February 15 , 1943 May . May 6 , 1943 September . September 8 , 1943 December . December 26 , 1943 Month - by - month summaries . 1939 . Total Allied losses to mines during 1939 are 79 vessels totaling 262 , 700 tons . References . " The Battle of the Atlantic " by John Costello and Terry Hughes ( 1977 , Collins , London )
Kremlinology Kremlinology is the study and analysis of the politics and policies of Communist state s , and especially of the Soviet Union . The term has some overlap with Sovietology , which refers to study of Soviet society as a whole . The term is named after the Kremlin , the seat of today ' s Russian and then - Soviet government . Kremlinologist refers to academic , media , and commentary experts who specialize in the study of Kremlinology . The term is sometimes sweepingly used to describe Western scholars who researched issues of , or specialized in , Russian / Soviet law , although the correct term is simply " Russian law " scholar . Sovietologists or Kremlinologists should also be distinguished from transitologists , scholars who study legal , economic and social transitions from communism to capitalism . Techniques . During the Cold War , lack of reliable information about the country forced Western analysts to " read between the lines " and to use the tiniest tidbits , such as the removal of portraits , the rearranging of chairs , positions at the reviewing stand for parades in Red Square , the choice of capital or small initial letters in phrases such as " First Secretary " , the arrangement of articles on the pages of the party newspaper " Pravda " and other indirect signs to try to understand what was happening in internal Soviet politics . To study the relations between Communist fraternal states , Kremlinologists compare the statements issued by the respective national , looking for omissions and discrepancies in the ordering of objectives . The description of state visits in the Communist press are also scrutinized , as well as the degree of hospitality leant to dignitaries . Kremlinology also emphasizes ritual , in that it notices and ascribes meaning to the unusual absence of a policy statement on a certain anniversary or holiday . In the German language , such attempts acquired the somewhat derisive name " Kreml - Astrologie " ( Kremlin Astrology ) , hinting at the fact that its results were often vague and inconclusive , if not outright wrong . After the Cold War . The term " Kremlinology " is still in use in application to the study of decision - making processes in the politics of the Russian Federation . In popular culture , the term is sometimes used to mean any attempt to understand a secretive organization or process , such as plans for upcoming products or events , by interpreting indirect clues .
1st Guards Uhlans Established in 1819 as Garde - Landwehr Kavallerie Regiment , they were a light cavalry regiment of Uhlans of the Royal Prussian Army . The regiment was later reorganized as heavy cavalry Uhlans and renamed into 1 . Garde Ulanen Regiment ( 1826 ) and fought in the Austro - Prussian and Franco - Prussian war . In World War I the regiment was part of the Guards Cavalry Division fighting on the Western Front .
Elijah Webb Chastain Elijah Webb Chastain ( September 25 , 1813 – April 9 , 1874 ) was an American politician , soldier and lawyer . Biography . Chastain was born near Pickens , South Carolina , in 1813 . His family moved to moved to Habersham , Georgia , in 1821 . During the Seminole Wars , he served as a captain and a colonel . After receiving admission to the state bar in 1849 , Chastain began practice in Blairsville , Georgia . In 1811 , Chastain moved to Milledgeville , Georgia . Elected to represent Georgia ' s 5th congressional district in the United States House of Representatives as a Unionist during the 32nd United States Congress , Chastain won reelection as a Democrat to an additional term in the 33rd Congress and served in Congress from March 4 , 1851 to March 3 , 1855 . Chastain was delegate to the Georgia secession convention in Milledgeville in 1861 which passed the Ordinance of Secession . He served as lieutenant colonel in the Confederate States Army as part of the First Georgia Regiment during the American Civil War . During that time he was also Georgia ' s attorney for the Western and Atlantic Railroad in 1860 and 1861 . Chastain died near Dalton , Georgia , on April 9 , 1874 , and was buried in his family cemetery near Morganton , Georgia .
Fall Rot During World War II , Operation Fall Rot ( " Case Red " in English ) was the second phase of the conquest of France by the German Army , begun on 5 June 1940 . It was made possible by the success of Operation Fall Gelb in the Battle of France ( the invasion of Belgium ) . Before that invasion , it had not yet been decided whether mainland France would be attacked : this would depend on the outcome of " Fall Gelb " . " Fall Rot " consisted of two suboperations : first a preliminary attack was carried out in the west over the river Somme in the direction of the Seine ; the main offensive started on 9 June in the center over the river Aisne .
Erich Schmidt ( pilot ) Erich " Schmidtchen " Schmidt ( 17 November 1914 – 31 August 1941 ) was a German Luftwaffe ace and recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross during World War II . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership - for the fighter pilots , it was a quantifiable measure of skill and combat success . Career . After completing his flight training , at the start of the war in September 1939 , " Leutnant " Schmidt was in the 2nd " Staffel " of " Jagdgeschwader " 53 ( 2 . / JG 53 ) . Transferred to 9th " Staffel " ( 9 . / JG 53 ) in the following February , he had no success in the French campaign , and his first victory was on 12 August 1940 when he shot down a Spitfire over the Isle of Wight . He was far more successful in the Battle of Britain however , and he had 17 victories by end of November 1940 , when he was transferred briefly to the " Stab " ( HQ ) flight of III . / JG 53 as " Gruppe - Adjutant " . But he was back with 9 . / JG 53 for the invasion of Russia Operation Barbarossa . With his unit covering the advance of Hoth ' s panzers on the northern side of Army Group Centre , on the opening day of the campaign ( 22 June 1941 ) he shot down four Russian aircraft , and his 30th victory was an I - 16 fighter on 4 July . For that score he was awarded the Knight ' s Cross by the newly promoted General of Fighters Werner Mölders on 23 July . His unit was constantly on the move , leap - frogging forward to airbases often only cleared of enemy a day or two before . Barely staying a few days to a week at a time , their mission was to protect the ground troops from enemy bombers as the " blitzkrieg " stormed eastward past Minsk , Vitebsk , Smolensk , toward Moscow . On 26 July he shot down 5 DB - 3 bombers , 3 in the morning and 2 more in the afternoon . He shot down his final three victories on 29 August taking his total to 47 . But on 31 August 1941 , returning from a " freie Jagd " ( free hunt ) , he was himself shot down after being hit by Soviet anti - aircraft fire east of Velikiye Luki . Baling out behind enemy lines , he was never seen again . At the time he was the top - scoring pilot of III / JG 53 , and was posthumously promoted to " Oberleutnant " .