naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Dominic Salvatore Gentile Major Dominic Salvatore " Don " Gentile ( December 6 , 1920 - January 28 , 1951 ) was a World War II USAAF pilot who surpassed Eddie Rickenbacker ' s World War I record of 26 downed aircraft . Biography . Gentile was born in Piqua , Ohio . After a fascination with flying as a child , his father provided him with his own plane , an Aerosport Biplane . He managed to log over 300 hours flying time by July 1941 , when he attempted to join the Army Air Force . The U . S . military required two years of college for its pilots , which Gentile did not have , so he enlisted in the Royal Canadian Air Force and was posted to the UK in 1941 . Gentile flew the Supermarine Spitfire Mark V with No . 133 Squadron , one of the famed " Eagle Squadron " during 1942 . His first kills ( a Ju 88 and Fw 190 ) were on August 1 , 1942 , during Operation Jubilee . In September 1942 , the Eagle squadrons transferred to the USAAF , becoming the 4th Fighter Group . Gentile became a flight commander in September 1943 , now flying the P - 47 Thunderbolt . Having been Spitfire pilots , Gentile and the other pilots of the 4th were displeased when they transitioned to the heavy P - 47 . By late 1943 , Group Commander Col . Don Blakeslee pushed for re - equipment with the lighter , more maneuverable P - 51 Mustang . Conversion to the P - 51B at the end of February 1944 allowed Gentile to build a tally of 15 . 5 additional aircraft destroyed between March 3 and April 8 , 1944 . After downing 3 planes on April 8 , he was the top scoring 8th Air Force ace when he crashed his personal P - 51 , named " Shangri La " , on April 13 , 1944 while stunting over the 4th FG ' s airfield at Debden for a group of assembled press reporters and movie cameras . Blakeslee immediately grounded Gentile as a result , and he was sent back to the US for a tour selling war bond s . In 1944 , Gentile co - wrote with well - known war correspondent Ira Wolfert " One Man Air Force " , an autobiography and account of his combat missions . His final tally of credits was 19 . 83 aerial victories and 3 damaged , with 6 ground kills , in 350 combat hours flown . He also claimed two victories while with the RAF . After the war , he stayed with the Air Force , as a test pilot at Wright Field , as a Training Officer in the Fighter Gunnery Program , and as a student officer at the Air Tactical School . In June 1949 , Gentile enrolled as an undergraduate studying military science at the University of Maryland . On January 28 , 1951 , he was killed when he crashed in a T - 33A - 1 - LO Shooting Star trainer , " 49 - 905 " , in Forestville , Maryland , leaving behind his wife Isabella Masdea Gentile Beitman ( deceased October 2008 ) , and sons Don Jr . , Joseph and Pasquale . Gentile Air Force Station in Kettering , Ohio was named in his honor in 1962 . The installation closed in 1996 . Winston Churchill called Gentile and his wingman , Captain John T . Godfrey , Damon and Pythias , after the legendary characters from Greek mythology . He was inducted into the National Aviation Hall of Fame in 1995 .
Force Headquarters Group Force Headquarters Group ( FHG ) is a major subordinate command ( MSC ) of the United States Marine Corps based in New Orleans , Louisiana . It was established as a part of the command element for Marine Forces Reserve . It was activated on July 18 , 2012 , assuming command of six MARFORRES Force - level units : 3rd and 4th Air Naval Gunfire Liaison Companies , 3rd and 4th Civil Affairs Groups , 6th Communications Battalion and Intelligence Support Battalion . Previously , these units reported to Lt . Gen . Steven Hummer , the commander of MARFORRRES and Marine Forces North . As a result of the Commandant - directed Force Structure Review Group , the units were realigned under the new MSC to streamline the command and control process , making it more effective . General Hummer explained that as the Mobilization Command was relocated to New Orleans from Kansas City , a requirement for a Force - level headquarters group became evident . The Group is planned to expand as future FSRG - directed unit activations and realignments are planned , including Marine Corps Individual Reserve Support Activity ( formerly MOBCOM ) , which is responsible for the 57 , 000 Individual Ready Reserve Marines .
Golden Thirteen The Golden Thirteen were the thirteen African American enlisted men who became the first African American commissioned and warrant officers in the United States Navy . History . Throughout the history of the United States until the end of World War I , the Navy had enlisted African Americans for general service , but they were barred from joining from 1919 to 1932 . From 1893 onwards , African Americans could only join the Navy ' s Messman ' s and Steward ' s branches , which not only segregated African Americans from the rest of the Navy community , but also precluded them from becoming commissioned officers . In June 1941 , President Franklin D . Roosevelt signed the executive order ( 8802 ) that prohibited racial discrimination by any government agency . Responding to pressure from First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt and Assistant Secretary of the Navy Adlai Stevenson , in January 1944 , the Navy began an accelerated 2 - month officer training course for 16 African - American enlisted men at Camp Robert Smalls , Recruit Training Center Great Lakes ( now known as Great Lakes Naval Training Station ) , in Illinois . The class average at graduation was 3 . 89 . Although all sixteen members of the class passed the course , only twelve were commissioned in March 1944 : John Walter Reagan , Jesse Walter Arbor , Dalton Louis Baugh , Frank Ellis Sublett , Graham Edward Martin , Phillip George Barnes , Reginald E . Goodwin , James Edward Hair , Samuel Edward Barnes , George Clinton Cooper , William Sylvester White , and Dennis Denmark Nelson were commissioned as Ensigns ; Charles Byrd Lear was appointed as a Warrant Officer . Because Navy policy prevented them from being assigned to combatant ships , early black officers wound up being detailed to run labor gangs ashore . Postwar . President Harry S . Truman officially desegregated the U . S . military in 1948 . At the time of the Golden Thirteen ' s commissioning , there were approximately 100 , 000 African - American men serving in the United States Navy ' s enlisted ranks . Frank Ellis Sublett , the last living member of the group died on September 27 , 2006 . The Golden Thirteen ' s Legacy . In 1987 , the U . S . Navy reunited the seven living members to dedicate a building in their honor at Great Lakes Naval Recruit Training Command , Illinois . Today , Building 1405 at RTC Great Lakes , where recruits first arrive for basic training , is named " The Golden Thirteen " in honor of them . In 2006 , ground was broken on a World War II memorial in North Chicago , Illinois to honor the Golden Thirteen and Dorie Miller .
Skåne Line The Skåne Line ( ) , popularly known as the Per Albin Line ( ) after then - Prime Minister Per Albin Hansson , was a 500 kilometer long line of light fortification s erected during World War II around the coast of southern Sweden to protect the country from a possible German or Soviet invasion . It stretched from Halland across Skåne to Blekinge and consisted of two defensive lines : In the Helsingborg area the line was reinforced with a second line of rear - facing machine gun bunkers . As a further improvement there was also added a line of shelters to protect personnel from aerial bombing and artillery bombardment . There were two types of shelter designs ( called SK24 and SK48 ) , designed to provide protection for either 24 or 48 soldiers . This line stretches from Ystad to the north of Helsingborg , and consists of about 70 shelters . At the end of the war in 1945 the defensive line consisted of 1 , 063 fortifications ( shelters not included ) . The distances between each was 300 – 400 meters and most of them were located in direct proximity to the sea , built according to a number of standardised designs . During the Cold War the line was strengthened further , adding turrets armed with 75mm tank guns . Either as additions to already existing fortifications or in newly constructed ones . The decommissioning of the defenses began in the late 1990s . Each landowner had to decide what would happen with the military fortifications on their property . Many bunkers were sealed , a small number were razed . The liquidation is still ( 2008 ) not fully implemented and several stretches along the south coast remain . The " liquidation " referred to here is not the physical removal of the reinforced concrete found everywhere along the coast of Scania , but that the bunkers and shelters are emptied of all military equipment . For instance , only a few of the bunkers have been demolished , to make way for housing . Today the forts are used primarily as artificial rocks for sunbathers in the summer . In 2008 it was decided that 18 of the fortifications in the Helsingborg area would be preserved as historical landmarks . These bunkers are now managed by the Military Preparedness Museum ( " Beredskapsmuseet " ) and are undergoing an extensive renovation . Starting in 2009 , the bunkers were opened to the public . The refurbished bunkers were officially inaugurated on May 30 , 2009 with battle demonstrations , firing salutes , fanfare and color guard processions .
Spanish Air Force The Spanish Air Force ( In Spanish : El Ejército del Aire de España or Fuerza Aérea Española ) Is one of three arms of the Millitary of Spain and has allocated an Article by the eighth of Spanish Constitution the task of ensuring the sovereignty and independence of Spain , to defend its territorial integrity and constitutional order , with special care in their airspace and maintaining international security , peace operations and humanitarian assistance .
Alfred Smith ( VC ) Alfred Smith VC ( 1861 – 6 January 1932 ) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . Smith was about 24 years old , and a gunner in the Royal Regiment of Artillery , British Army during the Mahdist War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC . On 17 January 1885 at the Battle of Abu Klea , Sudan , Gunner Smith saved a lieutenant who was being attacked by a native . The officer was superintending his gun at the time and had no weapon in his hand , but Gunner Smith , wielding the hand spike of his gun , warded off the thrust of the spear , giving the lieutenant time to draw his sword and bring the assailant to his knees . The latter , however , made a wild thrust at the officer with a long knife , which Gunner Smith again warded off , but not before the lieutenant was wounded . Gunner Smith then managed to kill the native before he could attack again . In 1895 while working at the Royal Arsenal at Woolwich Smith was involved in an accident when his forearm was crushed by machinery . His Victoria Cross is displayed at the Royal Artillery Museum , Woolwich , England . Gunner Smith ' s unit , 1 Battery , Southern Division , Royal Artillery , was later re - numbered 176 Battery and still exists today . In 1955 it was awarded the honour title " Abu Klea " in recognition of Gunner Smith ' s VC .
Fokker XB - 8 The Fokker XB - 8 was a bomber built for the United States Army Air Corps in the 1920s , derived from the high - speed Fokker O - 27 observation aircraft . Design and development . During assembly , the second prototype XO - 27 was converted to a bomber prototype , dubbed the XB - 8 . While the XB - 8 was much faster than existing biplane bombers , it did not have the bomb capacity to be considered for production . Two YB - 8s and 4 Y1B - 8s were ordered , but these were changed mid - production to Y1O - 27 configuration . The wing of the XB - 8 and XO - 27 was built entirely from wood , although the fuselage was constructed of steel tubes covered with fabric with the exception of the nose which had a corrugated metal . They featured the first retractable landing gear ever fitted to an Army Air Corps bomber or observation craft . The undercarriage retracted electrically . Crew was three in tandem position . Operational history . It competed against a design submitted by Douglas Aircraft Company , the Y1B - 7 / XO - 36 . Both promised to greatly exceed the performance of the large biplane bombers then used by the Army Air Corps . However , the Douglas XB - 7 was markedly better in performance than the XB - 8 , and no further versions of Fokker ' s aircraft were built .
Joseph Charles Brennan Joseph Charles Brennan VC ( August 1818 – 24 September 1872 ) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . He was about 39 years old , and a Bombardier in the Royal Regiment of Artillery , British Army during the Indian Mutiny when the following deed took place on 3 April 1858 at Jhansi , India for which he was awarded the VC : Further information . Brennan was born in Probus , Cornwall . Also served in the Bhutan War . He later achieved the rank of Sergeant .
HMCS Ambler ( Q11 ) HMCS " Ambler " ( Q11 ) was an armed yacht that served in the Royal Canadian Navy ( RCN ) . Initially carrying the pennant number Q11 and later Z32 , she was launched in 1922 in Brooklyn , New York as the " Ambler " and was commissioned into the RCN on 6 May 1940 . She was paid off on 20 July 1945 .
Timothy O ' Hea Timothy O ' Hea VC ( 1843 – 1874 ) was born in Schull , County Cork was an Irish recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . VC . O ' Hea was about 23 years old , and a private in the 1st Battalion , Rifle Brigade ( Prince Consort ' s Own ) , British Army stationed in Canada when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC . On 9 June 1866 at Danville , Quebec , Canada , a fire broke out in a railway car containing 2000 lb ( 900 kg ) of ammunition , between Quebec and Montreal . The alarm was given and the car was disconnected at Danville Railway Station . While the sergeant in charge was considering what should be done , Private O ' Hea took the keys from his hand , rushed to the car , opened it and called for water and a ladder . It was due to this man ' s example that the fire was suppressed . Australia . O ' Hea was said to have died in the Tirari Desert - Sturt Stony Desert region of central Australia in November 1874 while searching for a lost member of the Leichhardt expedition . Graham Fischer was present at the death but did not describe the specifics on the event . A recent book by Elizabeth Reid , " The Singular Journey of O ' Hea ' s Cross " , poses the theory that Timothy O ' Hea in fact died in Ireland , shortly after his discharge from the British Army in 1868 . His identity and VC annuity were then assumed by his brother John , and it is this man who actually died in Australia . The medal . His Victoria Cross is displayed at the Royal Green Jackets Museum " ( Winchester , England ) " . References . Listed in order of publication year
Fort Lincoln Internment Camp Fort Lincoln Internment Camp was a military post and internment camp located south of Bismarck , North Dakota , USA , on the east side of the Missouri River . It was first established as a military post in 1895 to replace Fort Yates , following the closure of the original Fort Abraham Lincoln on the west side of the Missouri River in 1891 . In April 1941 , it was converted into an internment camp for enemy alien s ( at that point in time , German seamen whose ships were in port ) . After the outbreak of World War II , it was expanded and used for U . S . citizens of Japanese and German descent , holding some 3 , 600 prisoners at its peak capacity . After the war , Fort Lincoln was closed . The land is now the site of United Tribes Technical College .
Lamar S . Owens Jr . Lamar S . Owens Jr . ( born September 6 , 1983 ) was a Midshipman and starting quarterback at the United States Naval Academy . In 2006 Owens , a 22 - year - old senior , was charged under the Uniform Code of Military Justice ( UCMJ ) with raping a female midshipman . A court - martial panel found him not guilty of rape but guilty of conduct unbecoming an officer and violating a direct order . Owens grew up in Savannah , Georgia , and attended Benedictine High School . At trial , presiding military judge Commander John A . Maksym determined that the Superintendent of the Naval Academy , Vice - Admiral Rodney P . Rempt had made comments and sent emails that constituted an appearance of unlawful command influence and granted the defense additional peremptory challenges during jury selection . The court martial convicted Owens of two violations of the UCMJ , but sentenced him to " No Punishment " . He was not allowed to graduate , a decision that stirred some controversy . On January 19 , 2007 , Vice Admiral Paul E . Sullivan affirmed the jury ' s decision to clear Owens of raping a female midshipman and impose no punishment for convictions of conduct unbecoming an officer and violating a military protective order . Navy Secretary Donald C . Winter ruled his conduct " unsatisfactory " and ordered him discharged . On April 12 , 2007 , Owens was expelled . His education was valued at close to $ 136 , 000 , but his debt was reduced to approximately $ 91 , 000 " in recognition of his noteworthy professional conduct " , the Navy stated in a written statement . Supporters launched an effort on his behalf including , letter - writing and lobbying in Annapolis and Washington . In 2010 , Owens was a coach at the Georgia Institute of Technology under head coach Paul Johnson .
USS Ice Boat ( 1861 ) USS " Ice Boat " was a vessel borrowed from the City of Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , by the Union Navy when the American Civil War suddenly broke out . She was placed in service immediately and kept in service until she could be replaced by Union Navy vessels , built or borrowed , and then returned to Philadelphia . Temporary assistance to the Union Navy . " Ice Boat " , also known as " Refrigerator " and " Release " , was owned by the city of Philadelphia and offered to the Union Navy free of expense soon after the outbreak of the American Civil War . She was placed in service at Philadelphia , Commodore Oliver S . Glisson in command . Supporting the initial stability of the Potomac River area . She departed Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , the same day to protect the landing of troops at Annapolis , Maryland , to encourage Maryland ' s adherence to the Union and to be available for the defense of Washington , D . C . " Ice Boat " was ordered to Washington for duty in the Potomac River 21 May arriving two days later . Most of her service was off Aquia Creek where she labored to stop trade across the Potomac River between Virginia and Maryland , occasionally engaging Confederate batteries on the Virginia shore . Defending the Nation ’ s Capital after Union loss at Bull Run . News of the Union Army ' s defeat at the First Battle of Bull Run caused " Ice Boat ' s " return to Washington to defend the Nation ' s Capital . A fortnight later the ship was back off Aquia Creek where she remained until she was returned to her owner late in November 1861 . Commanding Officers . During its seven months of service in the U . S . Navy , the " Ice Boat " served under the following officers :
David Pocock ( RAF officer ) Air Marshal David John Pocock , CB , CVO is a former senior Royal Air Force officer who served as Defence Services Secretary from 2004 to 2005 . RAF career . Pocock joined the Royal Air Force in 1974 . He served as Officer Commanding Support Wing at the joint RAF and Army base at Akrotiri before becoming briefing officer to the Chief of the Air Staff . He went on to be Group Captain in charge of the RAF estate in 1996 , Air Commodore Plans at RAF Logistics Command in 1997 and Air Commodore Plans and Policy at RAF Personnel and Training Command in 1999 . He became Officer responsible for Defence Pay & Allowances in 2000 , Head of the Service Personnel Change Programme with promotion to air vice - marshal in January 2003 before serving as Defence Services Secretary and Assistant Chief of Defence Staff ( Personnel and Reserves ) from 2004 to 2005 . He was promoted to air marshal in July 2005 and became Deputy Chief of the Defence Staff ( Personnel ) and retired in 2007 . He was appointed Companion of the Order of the Bath ( CB ) in the 2008 New Year Honours . In retirement he became a Board Member of the Sector Skills Council for Central Government .
Jonathan Peel Jonathan Peel ( 12 October 1799 – 13 February 1879 ) was a British soldier , Conservative politician and racehorse owner . Background and education . Peel was the fifth son of Sir Robert Peel , 1st Baronet , and his first wife Ellen ( née Yates ) , and the younger brother of Prime Minister Sir Robert Peel , 2nd Baronet . He was educated at Rugby . Military career . Peel was commissioned into the Rifle Brigade as a 2nd Lieutenant in June 1815 . His later steady rise through the ranks was obtained by purchase . Peel served as a lieutenant in the 71st Highlanders from 1819 to 1821 and in the Grenadier Guards from 1822 to 1825 , as a Major in the 69th Foot from 1826 to 1827 , as a Lieutenant - Colonel in the 53rd Foot in 1827 , when he was placed on half - pay . He was promoted to brevet Colonel in 1841 , to Major - General in 1854 and to Lieutenant - General in 1859 . Political career . Peel ' s political career started when he was elected Member of Parliament for Norwich in 1826 . He lost this seat in 1830 but returned to Parliament the following year as one of two representatives for Huntingdon , a seat he held until 1868 . He served under his brother as Surveyor - General of the Ordnance from 1841 to 1846 and was Secretary of State for War ( with a seat in the cabinet ) under the Earl of Derby between 1858 and 1859 and 1866 and 1867 . In the latter office he was considered competent and successful and became very popular . However , he resigned in March 1867 in protest against the proposed electoral reforms . He had been admitted to the Privy Council in 1858 . Racing . Apart from his military and political career Peel was also an owner of racehorses , and in 1844 his horse Orlando won the Derby , after another horse , Running Rein , had been disqualified . Family . Peel married the widow of Thomas Clater , painter . They had five sons and three daughters . His second son Edmund Yates Peel became a Lieutenant - Colonel in the Army and his fourth son John Peel achieved the rank of Lieutenant - General in the Army . His second daughter Alice married the diplomat Sir Robert Morier . Peel died in February 1879 , aged 79 . His wife survived him by eight years and died in May 1887 .
Focke - Wulf Project II The Focke - Wulf Project II was a design study for a single seat jet fighter carried out in Germany during World War II . Development . Owing to manufacturing difficulties envisaged with other all - new jet fighter developments , Focke - Wulf ' s second design was nothing more than a development of the Focke - Wulf Fw 190 , but powered with a jet engine , positioned on a redesigned fuselage . This engine , a Jumo 004 , was to be housed beneath the nose . A conventional undercarriage was used . The low position of the jet intake raised the likelihood of foreign bodies being sucked up and in any case , the engine would burn the runway . This design development ceased in March 1943 .