naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
PASSEX A passing exercise ( a PASSEX in U . S . Navy terminology ) is an exercise done between two navies to ensure that the navies are able to communicate and cooperate in times of war or humanitarian relief . Common drills include flashing light drills , semaphore drills , and flaghoist drills . In modern times , navies within a very close alliance may include electronic and digital cooperation including using electronic communications and target acquisition . Some exercises between the French and US navies ( particularly in support of the war in Afghanistan ) have included carrier - based fighter - bombers " touching down " ( landing then taking off ) on each other ' s carriers in order to ensure interoperability . While the official reason of a PASSEX is to practice cooperation , various unofficial reasons might be to " show the flag " ( show the power of a nation through a public display of naval power ) or other political or diplomatic reasons . The Indian navy undertook a PASSEX with the Turkish navy in July 2011 .
James Meriwether James Meriwether ( 1789 – 1854 ) was a United States Representative and lawyer from Georgia . His father was David Meriwether and his nephew was James Archibald Meriwether . Meriwether was born near Washington , Georgia , in 1789 and graduated from the University of Georgia ( UGA ) in Athens with a Bachelor of Arts ( A . B . ) degree in 1807 and was a tutor at the University for a year . After studying law in Elberton , Georgia and gaining admittance to the state bar , he practiced law for a short time and then focused on farming . From 1811 to 1813 , he was judge of the inferior court of Clarke County , Georgia . In 1813 , Meriwether fought in the Creek War under the command of General John Floyd . Meriwether served as a trustee of UGA from 1816 until 1831 . From 1821 to 1823 , Meriwether served in the Georgia House of Representatives as a representative of Clarke County . President James Monroe appointed Meriwether as a commissioner to negotiate with the Creek in 1823 . In 1824 , he was elected as a Jacksonian Representative to the 19th United States Congress and served one term from March 4 , 1825 until March 3 , 1827 , as he did not seek reelection in 1826 . He returned to his farming and died while on a trip near Memphis , Tennessee , in 1854 . He was buried at his family plantation in Clarke County .
Battle of Cepeda ( 1820 ) The Battle of Cepeda of 1820 took place on February 1 in Cañada de Cepeda , Santa Fe , Argentina . It was the first major battle that saw Unitarians and Federals as two constituted sides . Federal League Provinces of Santa Fe and Entre Ríos joined forces to topple the 1819 " centralist " Constitution , and the Directorial government of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata . Both provincial leaders , Estanislao López and Francisco Ramírez , were allies of José Gervasio Artigas . Supreme Director José Rondeau called back the Armies that were fighting the Argentine War of Independence to fight the Federals . The Army of the Andes , commanded by José de San Martín refused to abandon the offensive against the royalists in Chile and Peru . The Army of the North , commanded by Manuel Belgrano , mutinied at Arequito , as the troops and the officiality refused to fight a civil war , and asked instead to go back to the northern frontier to fight the royalists . Consequences . The complete victory of the Federal forces over a diminished Directorial army led to the end of the central authority established by the 1819 Constitution through the Supreme Director , and laid the foundations for a rather new Federal organization for Argentina , as the Provinces of Santa Fe , Entre Ríos and Buenos Aires signed the Treaty of Pilar on February 23 . Some provisions included in the Treaty on behalf of Buenos Aires , proved unacceptable to Artigas ( styled " Protector of the League of the Free Peoples " , who was exiled in Entre Ríos following his defeat to the Brazilian Empire invasion of the Banda Oriental ) , so he ordered both López and Ramírez to renounce it . But , in one of the most important turns of Argentine history , however , both caudillos s turned themselves against their former inspirational leader and Ramírez battled against him , destroying the remnants of his army and pushing him forward to exile in Paraguay . Then , Ramírez took on seriously his own chances as hegemonic leader , so he declared the Republic of Entre Ríos on September 29 , 1820 , but the experiment would barely live as long as Ramírez himself . On July 10 , 1821 , he was assassinated by the forces of his former ally Estanislao López , who fought this time alongside Buenos Aires and Corrientes Provinces , fearful of Ramírez ' aspirations .
Battle of the Meander The Battle of the Meander took place in December 1147 , during the Second Crusade . The French crusader army , led by Louis VII of France , successfully fended off an ambush by the Seljuks of Rum at the Büyük Menderes River ( historically known as the Meander ) . Background . King Louis VII led the French army on the march across Europe and Asia Minor to Jerusalem . The army decided to march along the coast of Asia Minor , because the defeat of Emperor Conrad of Germany and his army at Dorylaeum had made it clear that marching inland was too dangerous . In December 1147 the army was marching across the valley of the river Maeander to reach the major port of Adalia . Odo of Deuil , who participated in the march , makes it clear that the Maeander Valley was treacherous . Its mountain crags and slopes allowed the Turks to constantly harass the Crusaders with lightning raids . Battle . The Turks launched a particularly heavy ambush as the Crusaders attempted to finally cross the river . They used their usual tactic of attacking and then quickly retreating before the enemy could regroup and counter - attack . On this occasion however , Louis had already placed his strongest knights to the front , side and rear , allowing these tough troops to engage the Turks before they could do much damage . The Turks suffered heavy casualties , although many were able to escape back into the mountains on their swift horses . According to William of Tyre , writing later , the Crusaders also managed to capture many of the raiders . Neither William nor Odo reported on total Crusader casualties , although we can assume they were light , because only one significant nobleman , Milo of Nogent , was killed . A rumour that defence was led by an unknown white - clad knight gained popularity among the Crusaders following the battle . Aftermath . The victory was not enough to stop the Turkish attacks . Just days after the Battle of the Meander , the French army suffered a catastrophic defeat at Mount Cadmus . Nevertheless , the historian Jonathon Phillips says that the Battle of the Meander is important because it helps in fully understanding the failure of the Second Crusade . He says that this engagement shows that the failure of the Crusade was not due to any inferior martial abilities of the Crusaders , as may seem the case .
Terence McMeekin Lieutenant - General Sir Terence Douglas Herbert McMeekin KCB OBE ( 27 September 1918 – 3 August 1984 ) was a British Army officer who commanded 3rd Division . Military career . McMeekin was commissioned into the Royal Artillery in 1938 . He served in World War II as a general staff officer before becoming Brigade Major , Royal Artillery for 1st Airborne Division in 1945 . He was appointed Commanding Officer of 29th Field Regiment , Royal Artillery in 1960 , Chief Instructor ( Tactics ) at the School of Artillery at Larkhill in 1962 and Commander of 28th Commonwealth Infantry Brigade Group in Malaya in 1964 . He went on to be Director of Public Relations ( Army ) at the Ministry of Defence in 1967 , General Officer Commanding 3rd Division in 1968 and Commandant of the National Defence College in 1970 . His last appointment was as General Officer Commanding South East District in 1972 before retiring in 1975 . In retirement he was Lieutenant of the Tower of London from 1981 and 1983 and a Freeman of the City of London . He lived at the Old Rectory in Beverston in Gloucestershire and there is a memorial to him at St Mary ' s Church there . External links .
Barry K . Atkins Rear Admiral Barry Kennedy Atkins ( August 2 , 1911 – November 15 , 2005 ) was an officer of the United States Navy best known for his achievements as a destroyer captain in World War II . Atkins graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1932 , and was commissioned as a career naval officer . He commanded the destroyer " USS Melvin " in the Pacific Theater of World War II , and received the Navy Cross for " extraordinary heroism " for action during the Battle of Surigao Strait in the Philippines . On October 25 , 1944 , the " Melvin " fired a torpedo at the Japanese battleship " Fusō " , setting off a chain reaction of explosions that sank the ship ; according to Jack Green , spokesman at the Naval Historical Center , " the " Melvin " probably was the only destroyer to sink a battleship in World War II . " Atkins also served on the USS " Parrott " , USS " Tennessee " , and the , among other ships , and was decorated with the Silver Star , Bronze Star , and other medals . He retired in October 1959 . Admiral Atkins died at on November 15 , 2005 at age 94 . He was interred at Arlington National Cemetery with full military honors on January 30 , 2006 . There has been pressure from crewmen of the " Melvin " to have a ship named after Atkins ; the only official response has been that , as one prominent and highly - decorated officer among many , he is eligible for the honor but not guaranteed it .
S . K . Kaul Swaroop Krishna Kaul or S . K . Kaul , Air Chief Marshal ( Retd . ) ( born 20 December 1935 ) was the Chief of Air Staff ( India ) between 1993 and 1995 . He was commissioned in the Indian Air Force on 17 July 1954 and subsequently he rose to the rank of Air Marshal . Personal life . Swaroop Krishna Kaul , son of K . K . Kaul , was born in Lucknow , Utar Pradesh , into a Kashmiri Pandit family . He did his schooling from Beseant college in Varanasi & his graduation from Government college Allahabad in 1951 . Career . He joined the National Defence Academy in 1951 and was commissioned in the IAF on 17 July 1954 During the Indo - Pakistani war of 1971 , as wing commander , Kaul led several missions into the Pakistani held areas of East Pakistan ( now Bangladesh ) to photograph strategically vital areas . In November 1994 , he was also appointed as the Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff committee . Pandit Kaul retired from the Air Force in December 1995 . He had over 3700 hours of accident free flying record to his credit . Awards . During the 42 years of his service , he was awarded the Maha Vir Chakra in 1971 for a show of conspicuous gallantry during the 1971 war and the Param Vishisht Seva Medal in 1992 .
Battle of Lipany The Battle of Lipany or Lipan , also called the Battle of Česky Brod , was fought at Lipany 40 km east of Prague on 30 May 1434 and virtually ended the Hussite Wars . An army of Utraquist nobility and Catholics , called the Bohemian League , defeated the radical Taborites and Orphans led by Prokop the Great , the overall commander , and by Jan Čapek of Sány , the cavalry commander . The battle . The radicals set up a Wagenburg on a strategically advantageous hill , and both armies stood against each other for some time . An attempt by the Utraquists to negotiate and resolve the conflict peacefully failed due to irreconcilable position of the radicals . Three days after the unsuccessful negotiations , the Leaguers advanced to the radicals ' encampment ; although the following mutual cannonade was harmless due to distance between the two armies , to the surprise of the radicals the Leaguers began to retreat with all their wagons . Thinking that the enemy was fleeing , the radicals ' commanders opened the Wagenburg to attack the Leaguers ' formation , not knowing that the retreat was a trick to draw them out of the Wagenburg . As the radicals approached the Leaguers ' army , the Leaguers stopped and began to fire from their wagons . At the same time , the Leaguers ' heavy cavalry , which had been hidden near the radicals ' camp , undertook a surprise attack from the side and penetrated into the open Wagenburg . The radicals ' army quickly collapsed and the commander of the Orphans ' cavalry , Čapek of Sány , fled with all his men to the nearby town of Kolín . The battle now changed into a massacre of the lightly equipped radical forces . Both Prokop the Great and Prokůpek ( Prokop the Little ) were killed , holding " the last stand " at the wagons . Some prominent leaders of the radicals , including Jan Roháč of Dubá , were captured , but about 700 ordinary soldiers who surrendered after promises of renewed military service , were burned to death in nearby barns . Aftermath . As a consequence of the battle , the Taborite army was markedly weakened , and the Orphans virtually ceased to exist as a military force . The road towards acceptance of the Compact of Basel was now open , and it was signed on 5 July 1436 in Jihlava . The next month , Sigismund was accepted as King of Bohemia by all major factions . Sigismund commented on the Battle of Lipany that " the Bohemians could be overcome only by Bohemians . " The last formation of Taborites under the command of Jan Roháč of Dubá was besieged at his castle Sion near Kutná Hora . It was then captured by Sigismund ' s forces , and on 9 September 1437 Roháč , still refusing to accept Sigismund as his King , was hanged in Prague . With the wars officially over , many Hussites were now hired by the same countries whom they had sacked during their " beautiful rides . "
Château de Châteaudun The Château de Châteaudun is a castle located in the town of Châteaudun in the French " département " of Eure - et - Loir . History . The castle was built between the 12th and 16th centuries . The Count of Blois Thibaut V had the keep built around 1170 . The Sainte - Chapelle was built between 1451 and 1493 . The choir and the high chapel were built between 1451 and 1454 , with the nave and the oratory between 1460 and 1464 . Jehan de Dunois , the " bâtard d ' Orléans " ( Bastard of Orléans ) , built the west wing ( the " " aile Dunois " " ) between 1459 and 1468 . The bell tower was erected in 1493 . François I of Orléans - Longueville began construction of the north wing ( the " " aile Longueville " " ) between 1469 and 1491 . The upper floors were added by François II d ' Orléans - Longueville and his descendants during the first quarter of the 16th century . Today . The castle includes : The château overlooks the Loir river . Perched on a limestone outcrop , it shows its origins as a 12th - century fortress . Converted during the Renaissance into a comfortable residence , the main body of the building is roofed in the gothic style . It still has , notably , a finely carved staircase from this period . Renovated since the 1930s , the castle has been classed as a historic monument ( " monument historique " ) since 1918 .
Nicolas François Conroux Nicolas François Conroux , Baron de Pépinville ( 17 February 1770 – 11 November 1813 ) became a division commander during the Napoleonic Wars and was killed fighting the British in southern France . In 1786 he joined the French Royal Army and by 1792 he was an officer in an infantry regiment . During the French Revolutionary Wars he fought at First Arlon , Second Arlon , Fleurus , the 1796 campaign in southern Germany , Valvasone , and the 1798 invasion of Naples . In 1802 he was given command of an infantry regiment . After leading his troops at Austerlitz in 1805 , he was promoted to general officer . He led a brigade at Heilsberg , Friedland , Aspern - Essling , and Wagram . After being promoted again , he commanded a division in Spain at Fuentes de Onoro , Bornos , Vitoria , the Pyrenees , San Marcial , and the Bidassoa . He was fatally wounded at the Battle of Nivelle and died the following day . His surname is one of the Names inscribed under the Arc de Triomphe , on Column 16 .
Swedish field artillery ( early 18th century ) A Swedish foot ( infantry ) regiment during the 17th and 18th century was split into two battalion s at the inception of a battle and light field artillery was usually put in the gaps that appeared between those battalions . This sort of artillery was categorized as regimental artillery . Organization . The Swedish field artillery consisted of 48 artillery pieces of caliber three to six pounds . The caliber was determined by the weight of the projectile rather than on the diameter of the pipe . There were 18 large 48 pounds pieces as well , but those were not used as regimental field artillery , but for more strategic purposes . Firing power . The artillery during early 18th century was developed further by Carl Cronstedt . He combined the powder and projectile into one single thin wooden cartridge called " geschwinda " shots ( fast shots ) and thereby succeeding in increasing the firing power to 10 - 12 rounds per minute . In addition , he increased the explosive power of the projectile itself . The range of the 6 pounders was 600 – 700 meters and the 3 pounders 225 meters . Precision . Screws and aiming devices , invented by Christopher Polhem , were introduced and used to aim and adjust the elevation of the pipe . Mobility . To drag the pieces , personnel from a musketeer division were temporarily assigned to carry the piece by sticking a pole ( marching poles ) through the cannon . The crew joined in by rolling the tires forward . Alternatively and / or in addition , a number of two horses ( action horses ) were used to pull the piece forward . Those horses were used as close as 70 meters from enemy lines . At closer ranges , only manpower was used to move it forward . In this manner the piece could advance at the rate of 1 / 2 or less of the foot regiment .
Siegfried Lüdden Siegfried Lüdden ( 20 May 1916 – 13 January 1945 ) was a German U - boat commander in World War II and recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross ( ) . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . Lüdden is credited with the sinking of 8 ships of and one warship , the HMS " Beverley " , and damaging a further ship of . Among others , he and " Korvettenkapitän " Wilhelm Franken were killed on 13 January 1945 when a fire broke out on the accommodation ship " Daressalem " in Kiel harbor . Summary of career . Ships attacked . As a U - boat commander of Siegfried Lüdden is credited with the sinking of eight and one warship , the HMS " Beverley " , and damaging a further ship of .
Siege of Chihaya The 1333 siege of Chihaya took place during the final year of Japan ' s Kamakura period . It was one of several battles of the Genkō War , in which Emperor Go - Daigo sought to eliminate the power of the Hōjō clan regents . Chihaya - jō ( 千早城 , Chihaya fortress ) was built atop Mt . Kongō , in Kawachi province , in 1332 . Successfully defended the following year , by the Imperial forces led by Kusunoki Masashige , it would eventually fall to the Ashikaga shogunate in 1390 . Kusunoki Masashige ' s defense of this fortress became a very classic siege in Japanese history . This was because both the Imperial garrison and the besieging force of the Hōjō demonstrated high levels of siegecraft . Kusunoki ' s success here made up for his loss two years earlier at the siege of Akasaka , where surrender was forced by the denial of water supplies . Unlike at Akasaka , however , Kusunoki made sure that Chihaya could stand effectively against many attacks , which included the Hōjō ' s usage of movable bridges and fire . Kusunoki also employed many strategies such as dummy troops , and surprise raids . The fortress ' position near the summit of the mountain further aided in its defense , allowing Kusunoki ' s inferior numbers to not be a hindrance in such limited space . His forces employed their superior knowledge of the ridges and ravines of the area to great effect , ending in a successful defense and the enemy ' s retreat .
Data Item Descriptions A United States Data Item Description ( DID ) is a completed document defining the data deliverable s required of a United States Department of Defense contractor . A DID specifically defines the data content , format , and intended use of the data with a primary objective of achieving standardization objectives by the U . S . Department of Defense . The content and format requirements for DIDs are defined within " MIL - STD - 963 , Data Item Descriptions ( 1997 ) " . Terminology . The terminology of DIDs and the term Contract Data Requirements List ( CDRL ) originated with U . S . military procurements , and it is now often encountered in other large procurements that are modeled after the military procurement process . Within a military solicitation or contract , each DID is uniquely numbered to identify the data deliverables in terms of specific information such as : purpose , description , preparation instructions including a table of contents and descriptions of each section , and references to the Contract Statement of work ( SOW ) . Some practices and terms where definition is given by MIL - STD - 963 : Since DID documents are what contract mechanics cause to be produced , the defined content guidelines and their terminologies are commonly referred to in United States Military Standard s or other forms of procedural and administrative guidance of the United States Department of Defense . Usage in government contracts . Writers of a SOW often include requirements that belong in other parts of a contract . Specifically , quantitative technical requirements are addressed in the military specification and work requirements are specified in the SOW , and data requirements ( e . g . , delivery , format , and content ) should be in the CDRL along with the appropriate DID to minimize the potential for conflict .
Hyon Yong - chol General Hyon Yong - chol ( ) is a senior North Korean military officer . Hyon was promoted to the rank of four - star general ( 대장 ) alongside Kim Jong Un , Kim Kyong Hui , Kim Kyong Ok , Choe Ryong Hae , and Choe Pu Il in September 2010 . He was listed as number 77 on the national funeral committee in the wake of Kim Jong Il ' s death in December 2011 . Hyon was named as a member of the Central Committee of the Workers ' Party of Korea on 28 September 2010 . In February 2012 , Hyon received the Order of Kim Jong Il . Hyon was promoted to the rank of Vice Marshal ( 차수 ) of the KPA in July 2012 , two days after Chief of the General Staff Ri Yong - ho was relieved of his duties . It was initially unclear if Hyon would replace Ri as Chief of the General Staff . But this was confirmed a few days later . He was also identified as vice - chairman of the WPK Central Military Commission on 26 July 2012 . Hyon has been reportedly demoted to General in November 2012 . On 31 March 2013 , Hyon was made a Politburo alternate member , though he didn ' t take Ri Yong - ho ' s former seat on the Politburo Presidium . He was transferred to command the 5th Army Corps in May 2013 .