naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Battle of Fada The battle of Fada took place in northern Chad in 1987 , and was a turning point of the Libyan - Chadian War . Prelude . At the beginning of 1986 the Libyans controlled all Chad north of the 16th parallel . However , when the French intervened in the country in Operation Sparrowhawk and Goukouni Oueddei ' s and his People ' s Armed Forces rebelled against his former supporter Muammar Gaddafi , Libya ' s President , the situation became critical for the Libyan army and promising for Chad ' s President Hissène Habré . Certain that the French would protect Chad south of the 16th parallel , Habré started assembling his army , the Chadian National Armed Forces ( FANT ) , at Kalaït , a logistic deposit built by France exactly at the 16th parallel , and which it had stocked with munitions , weapons and fuel . France and the United States had equipped the FANT with a large number of Toyota pickups , and antitank and antiaircraft missile launchers , such as MILAN ATGW s . The FANT assault under the command of Hassan Djamous deployed almost 3000 soldiers for the coming battle . Battle . This powerful force attacked Fada , the capital of the Ennedi and a Libyan stronghold , on January 2 . Hassan Djamous took the 1 , 000 Libyan soldiers and the 300 – 400 members of the Democratic Revolutionary Council ( CDR ) militia by surprise . In a short but brutal engagement the FANT almost annihilated the Libyan armoured brigade that defended Fada : 784 Libyans died , 92 T - 55 tanks and 33 BMP - 1 infantry fighting vehicle s were destroyed , and 13 T - 55s and 18 BMP - 1s captured , together with 81 Libyan soldiers . Chadian losses were mininimal : only 18 soldiers died and three Toyotas were destroyed . This was one of the first major combat victories employing the tactic of using light trucks armed with machine guns or rockets , later known as " technicals . " This tactic mirrored the actions of the raids conducted by the Long Range Desert Group of World War II , but on a slightly smaller scale theater , against slightly less numerous enemies , but with more modern weaponry and equipment . Although the Chadian commander ' s tactical ability played an important role in the victory , the anti - tank missiles were decisive . When combined with the superior maneuverability of the Toyotas , they proved their efficacy against the Libyan tanks . Aftermath . On January 3 and 4 the Libyan Air Force sent several waves of bombers to Fada in an attempt to destroy the captured equipment and ammunition . Still , these could not change the essential fact that Libya had suffered a major defeat that was to prove the beginning of the end of the Chadian - Libyan War .
Arthur L . McCullough Arthur Lee McCullough ( December 3 , 1896 – January 6 , 1979 ) was a Brigadier General in the United States Air Force . Biography . McCullough was born in Milwaukee , Wisconsin in 1896 . He would attend Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute . Career . McCullough graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1920 and was assigned to the United States Army Corps of Engineers . He transferred to the Air Corps in 1925 . During World War II , he took part in the Allied invasion of Sicily . Following the war he was given command of the 514th Troop Carrier Wing , the 313th Troop Carrier Wing , and was assigned to Continental Air Command . Awards he received include the Legion of Merit , the Bronze Star Medal , and the Air Medal with oak leaf cluster .
Lost Battalion ( World War II ) " The Lost Battalion " refers to the 1st Battalion , 141st Infantry ( 36th Infantry Division , originally Texas National Guard ) , which was surrounded by German forces in the Vosges Mountains on 24 October 1944 . Against the advice of his senior officers , the battalion was committed to an engagement by Maj . General John E . Dahlquist . After it was cut off by the Germans , two failed attempts were made to rescue the unit . The third attempt was conducted by the 442nd Regimental Combat Team , a unit composed of mostly Japanese Americans . In five days of battle , from 26 October to 30 October 1944 , the 442nd broke through German defenses and rescued about 230 men . The 442nd suffered over 800 casualties . I Company went in with 185 men ; eight walked out unhurt . K Company began with 186 men ; 17 walked out . Additionally the Commander sent a patrol of 50 - 55 men to find a way to attack a German road block by the rear and try to liberate the remainder of the trapped men . Only 5 returned to the " Lost Battalion " perimeter , 42 were taken POW and were sent to Stalag VII - A in Moosburg , Bavaria , which was liberated on 29 April 1945 . The 442nd is the most decorated unit in U . S . military history for its size and length of service , with its component 100th Infantry Battalion earning the nickname “ The Purple Heart Battalion . ” A special law was passed in 2010 awarding members of the unit , and those of the Military Intelligence Service a Congressional Gold Medal , for which a ceremony was held at the Emancipation Hall of the US Capitol in October 2011 , followed by local ceremonies in California , Hawaii , and other states where unit members had been unable to make it to Washington , D . C . See also . - Daniel Inouye References . 1 . Tanaka , Chester , " Go For Broke : A Pictorial History of the 100 / 442d " ( Novato : Presidio , 1997 ) , 99 . 2 . http : / / www . moosburg . org / info / stalag / indeng . html
Antoni Palluth Antoni Palluth ( 11 May 1900 , Pobiedziska , Province of Posen - 18 April 1944 ) , was a civilian employee in the German section ( " BS - 4 " ) of the Polish General Staff ' s interbellum Cipher Bureau . Life . Palluth was a civil - engineer graduate of the Warsaw Polytechnic . In January 1929 , he was one of the instructors in a cryptology course organized by the Cipher Bureau , at Poznań University , which was attended by selected mathematics students . The students included future Cipher Bureau civilian employees Marian Rejewski , Jerzy Różycki and Henryk Zygalski . In the 1930s , Palluth was one of the four directors of the AVA Radio Company in Warsaw , which produced cryptologic equipment designed by the Cipher Bureau . In March 1943 , while attempting to cross the border from German - occupied France into Spain , Palluth was captured by the Germans along with the Cipher Bureau ' s chief , Lt . Col . Gwido Langer , its German section ' s chief , Major Maksymilian Ciężki , and civilians Edward Fokczyński and Kazimierz Gaca . Palluth died during an Allied air raid at the German Sachsenhausen concentration camp .
HMS Minden ( 1810 ) HMS " Minden " was a Royal Navy 74 - gun " Ganges " - class third - rate ship of the line , launched on 19 June 1810 . She was named after the German town Minden and the Battle of Minden of 1759 , a decisive victory of British and Prussia n forces over France in the Seven Years ' War . The town is about 75 km away from Hanover , from where the House of Hanover comes — the dynasty which ruled the United Kingdom from 1714 until 1901 . Construction . Jamshedji Bomanji Wadia built " Minden " in 1810 . She was launched from the Duncan Docks in Bombay ( now Mumbai ) , India , and was built of teak . Service history . " Minden " sailed from Bombay on her first cruise , under the command of Edward Wallis Hoare , and manned by the crew of the , on 8 February 1811 . In March she sailed from Madras to take part in the invasion of Java . On 29 July two of her boats , under the command of Lieutenant Edmund Lyons , with only 35 officers and men aboard , attacked and captured the fort covering the harbour of Marrack , to the westward of Batavia . The Naval General Service Medal with the clasp " 30 July Boat Service 1811 " was issued to survivors of this action in 1848 . The Dutch and French forces in Java surrendered in September . " Minden " then sailed for the UK and escorted convoys to the East Indies , the Cape of Good Hope , South America , and the coast of Africa . " Minden " saw service during the War of 1812 in the Chesapeake Bay . Some accounts state that Francis Scott Key was aboard " Minden " when he wrote the poem " The Defense of Ft . McHenry " , which became the lyrics for " The Star - Spangled Banner " . In late July 1816 " Minden " sailed from Plymouth Sound , as part of an Anglo - Dutch fleet that made an attack on Algiers on 27 August . The Naval General Service Medal with the clasp " Algiers " was issued to survivors of this battle in 1848 . " Minden " then sailed for the East Indies , and was reported to be at Trincomalee in 1819 . In July 1830 " Minden " was at Plymouth . She was commissioned there on 19 March 1836 and sailed for the Tagus joining the British squadron . In 1839 she was at Malta , returning to Plymouth in early 1840 . A typhoon destroyed the shore - based Royal Naval Hospital at Hong Kong on 22 July 1841 , and " Minden " was commissioned at Plymouth in December 1841 to serve as a hospital ship there . She was stationed at Hong Kong as a hospital ship from 1842 until she was replaced by in 1846 . " Minden " then served there as stores ship until sold for scrapping in August 1861 . In memory of the ship , two streets were named after her , " Minden Row " and " Minden Avenue " , located behind Signal Hill of Tsim Sha Tsui in Kowloon , Hong Kong .
41st Infantry Regiment ( Imperial Japanese Army ) The 41st Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment in the Imperial Japanese Army . The regiment was attached in 1940 to the 9th Brigade of the 5th Division of the 21st Army . The regiment participated during the Second Sino - Japanese War , and World War II .
USS Bronx ( APA - 236 ) USS " Bronx " ( APA - 236 ) was a that was built for service with the US Navy in World War II . Commissioned just weeks after the end of the war , she never saw hostilities . " Bronx " was named after Bronx , New York . She was launched 14 July 1945 by Oregon Shipbuilding Corporation of Portland , Oregon , under a Maritime Commission contract ; sponsored by Mrs . John W . Greenslade , wife of Vice Admiral John W . Greenslade ; acquired by the Navy 27 August 1945 ; and commissioned the same day Captain E . J . Anderson , USNR , in command . Operational history . " Bronx " got underway from San Pedro , California , for Manila , Philippine Islands , 30 October 1945 . At Manila she embarked Army personnel for the return trip to San Francisco . She returned to the Philippines in January and brought Naval personnel back to the West Coast . On 4 April 1946 she stood out for Shanghai , China . From here she steamed to Tsingtao and Taku , China , where she embarked Marine and Naval personnel for transportation to San Francisco . " Bronx " sailed to Buckner Bay , Okinawa , 7 June and received on board military personnel en route to San Francisco . During August she took part in training maneuvers near San Diego . On 28 September and again on 24 October , she departed carrying troops to Olympia , Washington . She continued these coastwise operations until 9 January 1947 when she got underway for Pearl Harbor with troops . From there she proceeded to Okinawa , China , and Guam carrying passengers and cargo . The ship weighed anchor for San Francisco 22 May 1947 . She then operated at various ports in California until January 1948 . On 5 January 1948 she set sail for Tsingtao , China , via Pearl Harbor , transporting cargo . After stopping at Shanghai , she proceeded to Guam and then back to Tsingtao . " Bronx " got underway for San Francisco 4 May laden with cargo . She operated along the West Coast transporting men and supplies until 18 January 1949 when she steamed to Kodiak Island , Alaska , for landing exercises . Decommission . On 18 February she departed for San Francisco with personnel and equipment . Upon arrival at San Francisco she commenced her pre - inactivation overhaul . " Bronx " was placed out of commission in reserve 30 June 1949 . On 15 August 1958 , she was transferred to the Maritime Administration and laid up in the National Defense Reserve Fleet , Suisun Bay . She was later redesignated an Amphibious Transport ( LPA - 236 ) , on 1 January 1969 . On 7 November 1979 , she was withdrawn from the Reserve Fleet in exchange for the SS " Santa Rita " . Nominally delivered to States SS Co . , " Bronx " was simultaneously transferred to Nissho - Iwai American Corp . for scrapping in Korea . , MARAD does not list any artifacts for the " Bronx " .
AL - 7 The AL - 7 is a Russia n assault rifle designed by Izhmash engineer Yury Aleksandrov in the early 1970s . The AL - 7 uses a type of operation developed by Pyotr Tkachyov of TsNIITochMash ( Central Institute for Precision Machine Building ) in the mid - 1960s known as " Balanced Automatics " first used on the AO - 38 assault rifle . The Balanced Automatics Recoil System ( BARS ) replaces the traditional Kalashnikov gas piston operating system , reducing the negative effects of recoil and allowing more efficient use of automatic fire . BARS works by shifting mass toward the muzzle of the rifle as the bolt and bolt carrier recoil rearward . The AL - 7 and its BARS system were never adopted by the Soviet Army . The project was overshadowed by the acceptance of the AK - 74 due to cost considerations . The passage of time has allowed manufacturing technology to advance , finally making the AL - 7 concept economically viable , presenting itself in the form of the AK - 107 and AK - 108 rifles . Other rifles that use the balanced automatics system are the AEK - 971 , AO - 38 , SA - 006 , AKB and AKB - 1 .
Armee - Abteilung B Armee - Abteilung Gaede / Armee - Abteilung B ( Army Detachment B ) was an army level command of the German Army in World War I . It served on the Western Front throughout its existence and formed the extreme left wing ( up against the Swiss Border ) . History . After the 7th Army had repulsed the French invasion at the Battle of Mülhausen , it marched north to participate in the Race to the Sea . It left behind in Upper Alsace three " Landwehr " Brigades under the command of the Deputy Commander of XIV Corps , General der Infanterie Hans Gaede . This detachment was designated as Armee - Gruppe " Gaede on 19 September 1914 . It was established as Armee - Abteilung " Gaede on 30 January 1915 and renamed on 4 September 1916 as " Armee - Abteilung " B . It was still in existence when the war ended , serving on the Western Front as part of " Heeresgruppe Herzog Albrecht von Württemberg " . Order of Battle on formation . The following Orders of Battle illustrate the growth of the " Armee - Abteilung " during the war . Order of Battle , 30 October 1918 . By the end of the war , the majority of the units assigned were lower quality " Landwehr " and Cavalry " Schützen " Divisions indicative of the relatively quiet sector that the " Armee - Abteilung " was operating in . Commanders . " Armee - Abteilung " B had the following commanders during its existence :
Hans von Dach Hans von Dach ( 1927 – 2003 ) was a Swiss military theorist . He was the author of the influential seven - volume 1957 guerrilla warfare manual " Total Resistance " ( " Der totale Widerstand : Eine Kleinkriegsanleitung für Jedermann " ) , which made him the internationally best - known Swiss tactical theorist . < ref name = " MPR 1 / 2012 " > < / ref > Von Dach , a Bernese , was employed from 1970 to 1980 in the training division of the Swiss Defence Department . His emphasis on broadly based irregular warfare was not shared by senior Army leaders , who preferred to focus Switzerland ' s Cold War defence efforts on conventional combined - arms tactics and equipment . Consequently , his views had no influence on army strategy . Despite the wide readership found by " Total Resistance " , von Dach was not promoted beyond the relatively junior rank of Major which he attained in 1963 , 25 years before his retirement in 1988 . This may have been to make it easier for the army to disclaim responsibility for his writings , which were criticized as advocating conduct that violated the laws of war . In 1974 , the Chief of the General Staff vetoed the publication of " Total Resistance " , then very popular among officers , as an army manual , partly because of these concerns . Von Dach dismissed them by responding that the Soviet Union , considered the most likely occupying force during the Cold War , would – as a totalitarian regime – have no regard for the legalities of war in any case . He did enjoy tacit support for his authorial work by his military superiors , because the implicit threat of a sustained defensive guerrilla warfare effort represented by his writings was considered to contribute to the overarching Swiss defence strategy of deterrence ( " dissuasion " ) . In addition to " Total Resistance " , von Dach authored more than a hundred publications about tactics , including army manuals , defence journal articles and books , such as " Gefechtstechnik " ( " Combat technique " , various editions from 1958 to 1957 ) , " Kampfbeispiele " ( " Combat examples " , 1977 ) and " Kampfverfahren der Verteidigung " ( " Defensive combat techniques " , 1959 ) . A gifted draftsman , he illustrated many of his own works . In his private life , von Dach was engaged in social work for the homeless as a member of the Salvation Army .
M110 155mm Cartridge The M110 155 Projectile is a chemical artillery shell used by the U . S . army and U . S . marines Today , variants of the original shell are used for marking , signaling , and screening purposes . Because they are typically filled with white phosphorus , the shells also have a secondary , incendiary effect . Original Design . The original shell , the M110 155mm projectile , was a hollow steel shell that typically contained about 11 . 7 pounds of sulfur mustard H or HD blister gas . Design variants . There are two design variants of the original M110 155mm shell that are used today ; the A1 and A2 variants . Both variants are similar , although differ in some aspects . The A1 is primarily used for signaling and screening , while the A2 is used for screening and marking targets . The A2 weighs about 98 lbs , about 15 . 6 lbs of which is white phosphorus .
Bernard Desjean , Baron de Pointis Bernard Desjean , Baron de Pointis ( 7 October 1645 – 24 April 1707 ) was a French admiral and privateer . Pointis was born in Brittany . He took part in naval operations in the 1680s under Duquesne , like the bombardment of Algiers and the punitive action against Genoa . In the 1690s he fought under Tourville among others in the Battle of Beachy Head ( 1690 ) . In 1693 , he became " chef d ' escadre " . In 1697 , he undertook his greatest expedition : the Raid on Cartagena . This raid was so successful that it made him immensely rich and very appreciated by King Louis XIV . In 1702 , after the death of Jean Bart , he was appointed head of the Dunkirkers , but he was soon replaced by Marc - Antoine de Saint - Pol Hécourt for lack of initiative . In 1705 , he tried to attack Gibraltar by sea during the Twelfth Siege of Gibraltar , but was defeated by John Leake in the Battle of Cabrita Point . After this battle Pointis retired from active service . He published " Relation de l ' expédition de Carthègene faite par les François en 1697 " . He died in Paris .
B77 nuclear bomb The B77 was a nuclear bomb designed to match the delivery capabilities of the B - 1A bomber . This included the ability to be dropped from supersonic speeds at altitudes of 60 , 000 feet , or in a laydown delivery at high subsonic speeds at altitudes as low as 100 feet . Meant to replace the Mk 28 and Mk 43 in the strategic role , the program was cancelled in December 1977 due to rising costs and the cancellation of the bomber it had been designed to serve . Many components of the B77 were incorporated in the B83 which was developed in its place . The specifications for the B77 required Full Fusing Options ( FUFO ) and the ability for a low altitude , transonic laydown delivery , as well as a free fall from supersonic speeds and altitudes of 60 , 000 feet delivery . To achieve the low - level delivery capability , the B77 employed a gas generator for roll control and a lifting parachute as the initial part of a two stage parachute system . This combination would actually lift the bomb from a drop altitude of 100 feet to 300 feet for main parachute opening . The roll control / parachute system was tested at Mach 2 . 2 . From a delivery altitude of 100 feet at mach 2 . 2 , the B77 could be slowed to 40 mph allowing the delivery aircraft to be 2 . 3 miles past ground zero . Actual detonation time could be varied after the laydown had occurred .
Jayalath Weerakkody Air Chief Marshal Jayalath Weerakkody RWP , VSV , USP , ndc , psc , SLAF is a retired Sri Lanka Air Force air officer who served as commander of the Air Force from 1998 to 2002 . In 2007 he was promoted to the rank of Air Chief Marshal along with 9 other former service chiefs . He is the current Sri Lankan High Commissioner to Pakistan . References .
Treaty between Thailand and Japan Concerning the Continuance of Friendly Relations and the Mutual Respect of Each Other ' s Territorial Integrity The Treaty between Thailand and Japan Concerning the Continuance of Friendly Relations and the Mutual Respect of Each Other ' s Territorial Integrity was concluded in Tokyo on June 12 , 1940 between the Thai and the Japanese governments . It was a step in the unfolding cooperation between the Thai and the Japanese governments , which eventually made them allies during the Second World War . Ratifications were exchanged in Bangkok on December 23 , 1940 , and it became effective on the same day . The treaty was registered in " League of Nations Treaty Series " on July 26 , 1941 . Background . Following the Japanese invasion of China in 1937 , the Japanese government began cultivating relations with the Thai government . This trend was intensified during the battle of France ( May – June 1940 ) , as the German forces advanced into France , a situation the Japanese government was keen to exploit in order to gain control over French Indochina . The Kingdom of Thailand had a common border with Indochina , and for that purpose was viewed by Tokyo as a possible ally against the French control of that area . Terms of the treaty . Article 1 provided for mutual respect of each other ' s sovereignty by the Japanese ant the Thai governments . Article 2 provided for joint consultation between the Japanese and the Thai governments on matters of common concern . Article 3 stipulated that in case any of the parties is under attack by a third party , the other signatory party shall not lend any assistance to the attacking third party . Article 4 provided for ratification of the treaty . Article 5 stipulated the treaty shall remain in force for five years , with the possibility to extend it further . Aftermath . The growing cooperation between the Thai and the Japanese governments in the wake of the treaty led the Thai government to wage a brief and successful war against French Indochina in 1940 - 1941 , which resulted in some territorial conquests for Thailand , made with Japanese assistance . In general , this trend facilitated the gradual process of Japanese take over of Indochina throughout 1941 , which was one of the main causes for Japanese entry into the Second World War . The Thai government , in return , was compelled to join the Japanese government in a treaty of alliance in December 1941 .