naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Strategic railway A strategic railway is a railway proposed or constructed primarily for military strategic purposes , as opposed to the usual purpose of a railway , which is the transport of civilian passengers or freight . Although the archetypal strategic railway would be one constructed " solely " as part of a military strategy , such a railway has only ever existed in theory . Thus , a strategic railway is , in practice , one for which any intended or contemplated civilian purpose is subordinate to the military strategic purpose . Strategic railways are not to be confused with military railway s , which can take several different forms . A military railway is established or operated not as a strategic measure , but for tactical , training or logistical purposes . However , it is possible for a railway to be proposed or constructed for more than one military purpose , including a strategic purpose . An example of such a railway is the notorious Burma Railway , the hasty construction of which was as much a strategic measure as a tactical one . Apart from the Burma Railway , the best known of all strategic railways is probably the so - called Kanonenbahn ( ) , which linked Berlin with Metz , and was opened progressively between 1850 and 1882 . As its name suggests , the Kanonenbahn was intended primarily to facilitate the movement of soldiers and materiel , including cannon s , from central Prussia towards eastern France , during an era of diplomatic tension and warfare between the two countries . Although most of the world ' s strategic railways had been constructed , not always to completion , by the end of World War II , a number of additional strategic railways were built and operated in eastern bloc countries during the Cold War . Progressive changes in military technology , combined with the always high cost of constructing heavy rail systems , make it much less likely that a strategic railway would be constructed in the 21st century than in the 19th or 20th centuries . References . Further reading . " This article is currently being translated from the . Further paragraphs will be published soon . "
Eleventh Army ( Italy ) The Italian Eleventh Army was one of the armies of the Royal Italian Army during World War II . It was formed on 9 November 1940 out of the 11th Army Corps , then based in Italian - occupied Albania and engaged in operations against Greece alongside the 9th Army . Its engagement against the Greeks lasted until the fall of Greece in April 1941 . Thereafter the Eleventh Army assumed duties of occupation in Greece , headquartered in Athens under General Carlo Geloso . It was forcibly disbanded by the German Army in September 1943 , after the Italian capitulation .
Louis Marc Antoine de Noailles Louis - Marie , vicomte de Noailles ( 17 April 1756 Paris – 9 January 1804 Havana ) was the second son of Philippe , duc de Mouchy , and a member of Mouchy branch of the famous Noailles family of the French aristocracy . Life . He served brilliantly under Lafayette in America , and was the officer who concluded the capitulation of Yorktown in 1781 . He was elected to the Estates - General in 1789 . On 4 August 1789 , during the French Revolution , he began the famous " orgy " , as Mirabeau called it , when feudalism was to be abolished , and with the duc d ' Aiguilion proposed the abolition of titles and liveries in June 1790 . When the Revolution became more pronounced he emigrated to the United States and became a partner in William Bingham ' s Bank of North America in Philadelphia . He was very successful and might have lived happily had he not accepted a command against the English in San Domingo , under Rochambeau . He made a brilliant defence of the Mole St Nicholas and escaped with the garrison to Cuba , but " en route " there his ship was attacked by an English frigate and after a long engagement he was severely wounded , dying of his wounds in Havana on 9 January 1804 .
113th Infantry Division ( German Empire ) The 113th Infantry Division ( " 113 . Infanterie - Division " ) was a unit of the Imperial German Army in World War I . The division was formed on March 25 , 1915 and organized over the next several weeks . It was part of a wave of new infantry divisions formed in the spring of 1915 . The division was disbanded in 1919 during the demobilization of the German Army after World War I . The division was formed primarily from the excess infantry regiments of regular infantry divisions which were being triangularized . The division ' s 225th Infantry Brigade staff was formerly the staff of the 44th Reserve Infantry Brigade of the 22nd Reserve Division , which came to the new division along with the 32nd Reserve Infantry Regiment . The 36th Füsilier Regiment was formerly part of the 8th Infantry Division . The 48th Infantry Regiment came from the 5th Infantry Division . The 32nd Reserve Infantry Regiment was raised in the Thuringian states , primarily the Reuss principalities . The 36th Füsiliers was a " Magdeburg " regiment , raised in the Prussian Province of Saxony . The 48th Infantry was a Brandenburg regiment . The 48th Infantry was replaced by the 66th Infantry , another Magdeburg regiment , making the division primarily Prussian Saxon and Thuringian in character . Cavalry support came in the form of curassiers from the Rhineland . The artillery and combat engineer units were newly formed . Combat chronicle . The 113th Infantry Division fought on the Western Front in World War I , entering the line between the Meuse and Moselle in April 1915 . In 1915 , it saw action in the Second Battle of Champagne . In 1916 , the division fought in the Battle of Verdun and the Battle of the Somme . After a period in the trenchlines in the Woëvre region and in Upper Alsace , the division fought in the Second Battle of the Aisne , also known as the Third Battle of Champagne . It then went into the line on the Chemin des Dames and north of the Ailette River , where it remained until preparing for the 1918 German Spring Offensive . It fought in the First Battle of the Somme ( 1918 ) and the Second Battle of the Marne , and later faced various Allied offensives collectively known as the Hundred Days Offensive . Allied intelligence rated the division as second class . Order of battle on formation . The 113th Infantry Division was formed as a triangular division . The order of battle of the division on March 25 , 1915 was as follows : Late - war order of battle . The division underwent relatively few organizational changes over the course of the war . In March 1917 , the 48th Infantry Regiment was sent to the 228th Infantry Division and the division received the 66th Infantry Regiment from the 52nd Infantry Division . Cavalry was reduced , artillery and signals commands were formed , and combat engineer support was expanded to a full pioneer battalion . The order of battle on March 12 , 1918 was as follows :
362nd Signal Company The 362nd Signal Company ( " Deuces Wild " ) is a military communications company of the United States Army subordinate to the 41st Signal Battalion , 1st Signal Brigade and located at Seoul Air Base in South Korea . History . Vietnam War . The first Signal Brigade was activated on 28 January 1955 at Camp Gordon , Georgia and served throughout the Vietnam War . The motto during that period was " Hang Loose With the Deuce . " It was deactivated on 28 June 1972 in Vietnam . South Korea to the modern day . On 1 July 1974 the Company was activated in the Republic of Korea under the 1st Signal Brigade . The Company ' s mission in South Korea is to Install , Operate , Maintain , Protect and Restore Joint and Combined Theater Strategic Command and Control Communications Systems in Support of United Nations Command ( UNC ) , Combined Forces Command ( CFC ) , United States Forces Command - Korea ( USFK ) , Eighth United States Army , and their subordinate commands , in order to defend the Republic of Korea , to deter enemy aggression and , if necessary , to defeat enemy forces in the event of war . Detachment 10 & 10A Decorations . Meritorious Unit Commendation — 1 Jun 68 – 31 Mar 70 , DAGO 24 , 72
433 Tactical Fighter Squadron 433 Squadron was a unit of the Canadian Forces under the Royal Canadian Air Force . No . 433 Squadron formed at RAF Skipton - on - Swale on 25 September 1943 , but was without aircraft for nearly two months . When these arrived they were the latest version of the Handley Page Halifax , the Mk III , and No . 433 worked up on them to begin operations on 2 January 1944 . For the next year the squadron was continuously operational on Halifaxes over the Continent by night . In January 1945 the Halifaxes were replaced by Avro Lancaster Mk Is , and No . 433 used these for three months , by which time the war in Europe had come to an end . No . 433 was not disbanded but , as part of No . 1 Group , flew trooping flights from Germany and Italy , bringing back troops and POWs . This continued until 15 October 1945 , when the squadron disbanded at Skipton - on - Swale . No . 433 Squadron reformed as an All - Weather ( Fighter ) unit at CFB Cold Lake , Alberta , on 15 November 1954 , and moved to CFB North Bay , Ontario , in October 1955 , the squadron flew CF - 100 Canuck aircraft on North American air defence until disbanded on 1 August 1961 . Reformed post - unification No . 433 " Escadrille tactique de combat " was a French language squadron of Mobile Command based at CFB Bagotville , Quebec . No . 433 Escadrille flew the CF - 5 Freedom Fighter in the tactical and reconnaissance role until conversion to the CF - 188 Hornet fighter jets in 1984 . The squadron was deactivated in 2005 , and its assets and personnel amalgamated into 425 Tactical Fighter Squadron .
Bugle call A bugle call is a short tune , originating as a military signal announcing scheduled and certain non - scheduled events on a military installation , battlefield , or ship . Historically , bugle s , drums , and other loud musical instruments were used for clear communication in the noise and confusion of a battlefield . Naval bugle calls were also used to command the crew of many warships ( signaling between ships being by way of signal flag s . ) A defining feature of a bugle call is that it consists only of notes from a single overtone series . This is in fact a requirement if it is to be playable on a bugle or equivalently on a trumpet without moving the valves . ( If a bandsman plays calls on a trumpet , for example , one particular key may be favored or even prescribed , such as : all calls to be played with the first valve down . ) Bugle calls typically indicated the change in daily routines of camp . Every duty around camp had its own bugle call , and since cavalry had horses to look after , they heard twice as many signals as regular infantry . " Boots and Saddles " was the most imperative of these signals and could be sounded without warning at any time of day or night , signaling the men to equip themselves and their mounts immediately . Bugle calls also relayed commanders ' orders on the battlefield , signaling the troops to Go Forward , To the Left , To the Right , About , Rally on the Chief , Trot , Gallop , Rise up , Lay down , Commence Firing , Cease Firing , Disperse , and other specific actions . This call is also used to introduce Act 2 of " La damnation de Faust " of Hector Berlioz . Popular culture . Many of the familiar calls have had words made up to fit the tune . For example , the U . S . Reveille goes : and the U . S . Mess Call : and the U . S . Assembly : Irving Berlin wrote a tune called , " Oh , How I Hate to Get Up in the Morning " . In a filmed version of his musical , " This Is the Army " , he plays a World War I doughboy whose sergeant exhorts him with this variant of words sung to " Reveille " : " Ya gotta get up , ya gotta get up , ya gotta get up this morning ! " after which Berlin sang the song . " Taps " has been used frequently in popular media , both sincerely ( in connection with actual or depicted death ) and humorously ( as with a " killed " cartoon character ) . It is the title of a 1981 movie of the same name . First call is best known for its use in thoroughbred horse racing , where it is also known as the Call to the Post . It is used to herald ( or summon ) the arrival of horses onto the track for a race . Another popular use of the " Mess Call " is a crowd cheer at football or basketball games . The normal tune is played by the band , with a pause to allow the crowd to chant loudly , " Eat ' em up ! Eat ' em up ! Rah ! Rah ! Rah ! "
Thomas ap Catesby Jones Thomas ap Catesby Jones ( 1790 – 1858 ) was a U . S . Navy officer during the War of 1812 and the Mexican - American War . Early life . Jones was born in 1790 in Westmoreland County , Virginia . Thomas ap Catesby Jones means Thomas , son of Catesby Jones in the Welsh language . His brother was Roger Jones , who would become Adjutant General of the U . S . Army . War of 1812 . Thomas ap Catesby Jones began his naval career during the War of 1812 , receiving honors for bravery at the Battle of Lake Borgne , Louisiana , delaying the British before the Battle of New Orleans . Between Wars . In 1826 , he signed a treaty with Queen regent Kaʻahumanu and other chiefs of the Kingdom of Hawai ' i . Jones was the original commander of the United States Exploring Expedition , but he resigned before it could be launched in 1838 . Commodore Jones commanded the United States Pacific Squadron from 1841 to 1844 and again from 1848 to 1850 . In 1842 , mistakenly thinking that war had begun between the United States and Mexico , he seized Monterey , California for one day before returning control . Hearing that British Captain Lord George Paulet had seized the Kingdom of Hawaii , he sailed there and arrived July 22 , 1843 . The king was restored July 31 , and Jones tried to hasten peace by hosting all parties to dinner aboard his ship . In 1843 , Jones returned a young deserter , Herman Melville , from the Sandwich Islands to the United States . Later , Melville modeled " Commodore J " in " Moby - Dick " and the commodore in " White - Jacket " after Jones . As Jones had a ship severely damaged in an attack by a whale in 1827 , " Moby - Dick " may have been partially inspired by stories told of Jones . By early 1844 he was replaced by Alexander Dallas as Pacific commander . Mexican War . In 1848 , Jones arrived in Mazatlán just at the end of the Mexican - American War , maintaining order until he could transport those who had aided the United States in that war to Monterey . Later career . For the next two years , during the chaotic Gold Rush days , Jones provided a U . S . Navy presence in the San Francisco area while the United States debated what to do with the newly acquired California Territory . In 1850 , in a politically charged court - martial shortly after " White - Jacket " was published , Jones was found guilty on three counts mostly related to " oppression " of junior officers and relieved of command for two and a half years . In 1853 , President Millard Fillmore reinstated him and in 1858 , the United States Congress restored his pay .
Camp Nathan Smith Camp Nathan Smith was a former Canadian and later American military base in Kandahar City , Afghanistan . Originally , it was an abandoned fruit factory . In November 2003 , the site was reconstructed by US Army soldiers of Charlie Battery , 3rd Battalion , 321st Field Artillery Regiment from Fort Bragg , North Carolina . The camp was turned over to the Canadian Army in 2005 and named for Private Nathan Smith of the 3rd Battalion , Princess Patricia ' s Canadian Light Infantry . Smith was killed in the Tarnak Farm friendly fire incident . In July 2010 , the 1st Brigade Combat Team , 4th Infantry Division ( United States ) , took command of Camp Nathan Smith . On June 19 , 2011 a Transfer of Authority Ceremony took place on Camp Nathan Smith signifying the end of 1st Brigade Combat Team , 4th Infantry Division ’ s deployment and the beginning of its sister brigade 2nd Brigade Combat Team , 4th Infantry Division ’ s partnership with the Government of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan and the Afghanistan National Security Forces . On October 27 , 2011 , a coordinated attack from insurgents within the city occurred at Camp Nathan Smith ( CNS ) . Although one interpreter was killed and eight ISAF soldiers were wounded , the attack was deemed unsuccessful . Camp Nathan Smith was located in the heart of Kandahar City , north of Highway 1 and south of the Canal . Its location in the heart of Kandahar City allowed ISAF forces to quickly respond to enemy attacks during the early years of the Afghan war . As Kandahar City became more peaceful its purpose changed to a place for meetings to discuss city governance , developmental projects , and to train Afghan police officers . There was a small Post Exchange , a local bazaar , an aid station , a gym , a swimming pool and two dining facilities at Camp Nathan Smith . One of the dining facilities is named after Army SSG Sheldon Tate . Tate died July 13 , 2010 , while repelling an insurgent attack on an Afghan police compound in Kandahar City . On July 31 , 2013 Camp Nathan Smith was transferred to the Afghan Uniform Police by the US Army ( 1 Armored , 1st Brigade Combat Team ) . The Afghan Uniform Police already had a quick reaction force at the camp , and it intends to move two more police companies there . The Afghans also plan on developing a school for women at the camp . Basic infrastructure was left behind , including generators and a working fuel point .
Fort Naco Fort Naco , Camp Naco , or Fort Newell began as a camp in the Southwest United States , on the outskirts of Naco , Arizona as part of the Mexican Border Project . Over time adobe and wooden buildings were constructed to house the garrison along with other permanent structures . History . Fort Naco was one of the last forts built by the United States in continental territory and is the only remaining border fort out of several that were constructed during the Mexican Revolution . Soldiers were first stationed in Naco in November 1910 and remained in the community due to continued fighting across the border , including the Battle of Naco in 1913 and the later Siege of Naco in 1915 in Sonora . Subsequent to Pancho Villa ’ s attack on Columbus , New Mexico in 1916 , Naco was a staging area for American troops protecting the border . Camp Naco was constructed in 1917 as part of the Mexican Border Project . It was the headquarters of the 1st Arizona Infantry Regiment of the Arizona National Guard . As of 2010 , the barracks of the fort still stands and has partially been restored .
Harry George Crandon Harry George Crandon VC ( 12 February 1874 – 2 January 1953 ) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . Details . He was born in Wells , Somerset , on 12 February 1874 . At the age of 27 years , he was a private in the 18th Hussars ( Queen Mary ' s Own ) , British Army during the Second Boer War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC . Further information . He later achieved the rank of corporal and served in World War I where he was wounded .
Edmund De Wind Edmund De Wind , VC ( 11 December 1883 – 21 March 1918 ) was a British Army officer during the First World War , and posthumous recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . Both his native Northern Ireland and his adopted home of Canada count De Wind amongst the men of their militaries who have earned the VC Background . De Wind was born in Comber , County Down , Ireland on 11 December 1883 to Arthur Hughes De Wind , C . E . , and Margaret Jane De Wind . He was educated at Campbell College and then went to work for the Bank of Ireland , Clones branch . De Wind was living in Canada in 1914 and working for the CIBC when World War I broke out . He served with The Queen ' s Own Rifles of Canada for a period of six months prior to his enlistment as a private on 16 November 1914 in the Canadian Overseas Expeditionary Force . He arrived in France with 2nd Division of C . E . F . in September 1915 . He saw action in the Battle of the Somme ( 1916 ) and at Vimy Ridge ( 1917 ) . He earned a commission in September 1917 in the British Army . Victoria Cross . As a 34 year - old Second Lieutenant in the 15th Battalion , The Royal Irish Rifles , he was awarded the VC for deeds committed during the Second Battle of the Somme on 21 March 1918 . He died on that day . Legacy . Named on Poziers Monument . Mount De Wind , Alberta , Canada named after this VC recipient . A housing estate in his home town of Comber , Northern Ireland , is also named in his honour . A plaque memorial was erected in his old school , Campbell College , Belfast . Edmund was officially remembered in Comber on Friday 14 September 2007 through the unveiling of an Ulster History Circle " Blue Plaque " in his honour . The first memorial to de Wind is a pillar his mother caused to be carved at the main entrance on the west front of St Anne ' s Cathedral , Belfast . The pillar bears his name and the date of his death . The west front was dedicated to the men from Northern Ireland who died in the Great War . It was dedicated in 1927 . See also . List of Canadian Victoria Cross recipients References . Listed in order of publication year
Hiro H2H The Hiro H2H ( or Navy Type 89 Flying boat ) was a Japan ese patrol flying boat of the 1930s . Designed and built by the Hiro Naval Arsenal , it was a twin - engined biplane that was operated by the Imperial Japanese Navy . Development and design . In 1929 , the Imperial Japanese Navy purchased a single example of the metal hulled Supermarine Southampton II metal - hulled flying boat , and after evaluation , it was passed onto the Hiro Naval Arsenal , who had designed the wooden Hiro H1H flying boat based on the Felixstowe F . 5 to study its advanced metal hull structure . Following this study , Hiro designed a new flying boat , closely resembling the Southampton . The new aircraft was a twin - engined biplane , with an all - metal hull , and fabric covered metal wing and tail structures . It was powered by two Hiro Type 14 water - cooled W engine s . The first prototype was completed in 1930 , and following successful testing was ordered into production , with 13 aircraft being built by Hiro and a further four by Aichi . Later aircraft were powered by more powerful ( 600 - 750 hp ( 448 - 560 kW ) ) Hiro Type 90 engines . Operational history . It entered service in 1932 as the Type 89 Flying boat , with the short designation H2H1 . Type 89 Flying Boats entered service in time for the Shanghai Incident , and along with Hiro ' s earlier H1H , served in front line service until the early years of the Second Sino - Japanese War .