naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Williams cleaner bullet Three types of projectiles known as Williams Patent " cleaner " bullets were used by the Union Army during the American Civil War in the standard . 58 caliber rifle musket s . There was a fourth developed for use in the Union Repeating or " Coffee - Mill " gun . The inventor was Elijah D . Williams of Philadelphia , Penn , who filed an application for his patent on May 30 , 1861 . It was issued almost a year later on May 13 , 1862 but field trials on his " improved " bullet had already begun . The concept of the design was that the discharge of the musket would drive the concave disks forward thus expanding against the walls of the interior barrel removing excess black powder build up and soft lead residue from the lands in a rifled musket barrel . Models . Type I bullets have a central post and two zinc disks with six slits . Type I cartridges can be found in both tan and blue cartridge paper . Type II and III ' s have a zinc base " plunger " ( similar to a flat washer ) , and one disk without slits . Type II cleaner cartridges can be found in both white and tan cartridge paper . Type III cartridges can be found in red , blue and tan cartridge paper . Type III bullets are also the shorter of the three designed for rifle muskets . The fourth type for the " Coffee Mill " gun which at first looks like the standard Type III is slightly larger in diameter . A vernier caliper would be needed to confirm . According to " Round Ball to Rim Fire part 1 " by Dean S . Thomas , in 1863 there is also mention of a . 69 caliber version of the Williams cleaner bullet but none were ever purchased by the Ordnance Dept . At first the standard package of 10 arsenal - issued cartridges contained eleven percussion caps in a separate tube and one Williams patent cartridge out of the 10 cartridges . Later this amount was increased to three of the 10 and then to six by August 1864 . Originally Soldiers were instructed to use the special bullets as every tenth round fired . Williams cartridges were made up in the same fashion as the standard . 58 caliber cartridge with 60 grains of black powder , but no official documentation has ever been located indicating that the cartridges should be made up in a colored cartridge paper . Surviving examples show blue , red , green and a white / off white cartridge paper used along with the standard " buff " tan cartridge paper in their production . Effectiveness . Since the Williams bullets did not have a hollow base like a standard Minié ball , they were not as accurate and their cleaning effectiveness was dubious at best . Most relic bullets are found as drops , discarded by veteran soldiers in the field .
Petersburg Military District ( Russian Empire ) The Petersburg Military District ( Питербургский вое́нный о́круг ) was a Military District of the Russian Empire originally created in August 1864 following Order B - 228 of Dmitry Milyutin , the Minister of War of the Russian Empire . The order , signed on 10 ( 22 ) August established that " for local control of the Ground Armed Forces and military establishments , are formed . . . Military - regional administrations in the following ten military districts " of which one was Petersburg . The District ’ s forces gained combat experience in the Russo - Turkish ( 1877 – 1878 ) and Russo - Japanese ( 1904 – 05 ) wars . By a decision of Emperor Nicholas II on 24 August 1918 , the names of units and establishments within the District were changed to Petrograd Military District . This District was established as a part of the RKKA by order в „ – 71 of the Highest Military Council of 6 September 1918 . On 1 February 1924 , by the order в „ – 126 the Revolutionary Military Councils of the USSR the Petrograd military district was renamed the Leningrad Military District .
Camp Jossman Camp Jossman was a United States Army cantonment constructed near the town of Buenavista on Guimaras Island in the Philippines after the Spanish - American War . Naming . Camp Jossman was named for Albert L . Jossman . Jossman , a graduate of the University of Michigan enlisted for the Spanish - American War as a member of the 35th Michigan Volunteer Infantry . He subsequently transferred to the 27th Michigan Regiment , and later joined the regular Army as a member of the 22nd Infantry Regiment . Jossman was subsequently commissioned as a Second Lieutenant , and was wounded at the Battle of Bayan . Second Lieutenant Jossman died in Manila on July 28 , 1902 while en route to the United States on a furlough . Jossman ' s remains were returned to Michigan , and he received a military funeral in Detroit . Construction and operation . The construction of a post on Guimaras Island was authorized by Congress in July , 1902 . Subsequent acts of Congress authorized the expansion of the camp . Camp Jossman was the base for the 19th Infantry Regiment and two battalions of Philippine Scouts . In 1909 the facility was expanded to include the Punta Blanco target range . 67 buildings were planned for Camp Jossman . Not all of these buildings had been completed when the post was vacated . Affiliation with prominent soldiers . While serving with the 3rd Engineer Battalion from 1902 to 1903 , Douglas MacArthur , then a First Lieutenant , was responsible for construction of the Buenavista wharf at Santo Rosario , as well as the road from the wharf to Camp Jossman . Brigadier General John W . Heavey , Chief of the Militia Bureau during World War I , served at Camp Jossman from 1902 to 1904 . Brigadier General George W . McIver , commander of the 81st Infantry Division ' s 161st Brigade in World War I , served at Camp Jossman from 1903 to 1905 . General Joseph Stilwell was assigned to Camp Jossman as a First Lieutenant from 1904 to 1906 . Lieutenant General William H . H . Morris served at Camp Jossman as a Second Lieutenant in 1911 . Deactivation . In 1912 the U . S . Army determined that there was no longer a need for bases on Guimaras Island , and Camp Jossman was vacated . The buildings and other infrastructure were subsequently demolished . Present day . The site of Camp Jossman is now a reservoir under the jurisdiction of the Water District of Buenavista . The Punta Blanco Range still are still visible , and are considered a local historic site .
Thomas Cadell Colonel Thomas Cadell VC CB ( 5 September 1835 – 6 April 1919 ) was a Scottish recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . Cadell was the younger brother of General Sir Robert Cadell , K . C . B . and was educated at Edinburgh Academy . VC . He was 21 years old at the time and a lieutenant in the 2nd European Bengal Fusiliers ( later The Royal Munster Fusiliers ) during the Indian Mutiny when he performed the deeds on 12 June 1857 at Delhi , India which resulted in being awarded the Victoria Cross : Further information . He later achieved the rank of colonel in the service of the Indian Staff Corps and held various political appointments in India . From 1879 to 1892 was Governor of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands . He was the cousin of Samuel Hill Lawrence .
French brig Adèle Adèle was a late 18th century , early 19th century French brig , privateer . The name is associated with two , possibly three , separate vessels . The " Adèle " was captured twice by the Royal Navy . Construction . The first , or possibly second , " Adèle " was built in Mauritius and registered and owned by the firm of Merle , Cabot & Co . It was described as a " beautiful little vessel ( … . ) recently fitted out at Nantz , well found , and invert respect qualified for the service she was intended to perform " . One version of the " Adèle " was armed with 12 guns ( 10 x 4 pounders , 2 x 6 pounders ) , but another with 10 guns ( 8 x 12 - pounder carronade s , 2 x 12 - pounder long gun s ) . In the latter case , the vessel was " pierced for eighteen guns " . History . On 12 November 1800 , " Adèle " , under Nicolas Surcouf , was captured by the English brig - sloop . " Adèle " lost six killed and thirteen wounded during the engagement ; on board the " Albatross " one marine and one seaman ( from ) were killed and six wounded ( one of whom belonged to " Braave " and one to the ) . In 1803 the " Adèle " ( the same as captured in 1800 or possibly another vessel ) sailed from the Isle de France ( now Mauritius ) to Port Jackson , New Holland , under the command of Louis Ruault Coutance , a former naval officer ( Lieutenant de vaisseau ) . Her cargo consisted of 4 , 000 gallons of rum , 430 gallons of Cape wine , together with 6 , 000 lbs of sugar , 40 casks of meat , 11 anchors , a case of jewellery and a considerable quantity of cloth . On 5 December 1807 , the " Adèle " was captured by HMS " Russell " . As reported by the Russell ' s Captain Caulfield , the " Adèle " was captured in the Indian Ocean , about 135 km off the coast of Burma ( ) . The ship had sailed from the Isle de France ( Mauritius ) on the 14th of July , and carried " seven months water and provisions for one hundred and fifty men " .
T27 Armored Car The T27 Armored Car was a prototype armored car developed for the US Army in 1944 by the Studebaker Corporation . The T27 was an eight wheeled vehicle , with the 1st , 2nd and 4th pairs of wheels being powered . With a crew of four , the T27 was armed with two . 30 caliber machine guns and a 37 mm cannon . Powered by a Cadillac gasoline 8 - cylinder engine , two T27 ' s were produced in 1944 . The T27 ' s production was cancelled in favor of a competing design by Chevrolet , the T28 Armored Car .
7th Pennsylvania Reserve Regiment The 7th Pennsylvania Reserve Regiment , also known as the 36nd Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry Regiment , was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War . It was part of the 2nd Brigade of the Pennsylvania Reserves division . At the Battle of the Wilderness , on May 5 , 1864 , most of the regiment became surrounded by the enemy and was forced to surrender . The captives were sent to Confederate prisoner - of - war camp s where they were kept until the final months of the war . Service . The 7th Pennsylvania Reserves were recruited in several counties lying east of the Allegheny mountains , rendezvoused at Camp Wayne , near the town of West Chester , Pennsylvania , early in the month of June 1861 , and were organized on June 26 , 1861 . Elisha B . Harvey , of Wilkes - Barre , Pennsylvania , served as the regiment ' s first colonel , Joseph Totten as lieutenant colonel and Chauncey A . Lyman as major . It was sent to Washington , D . C . , where the division was assigned to the I Corps of the Army of the Potomac . The I Corps remained in northern Virginia instead of following the rest of the Army for the Peninsula Campaign in 1862 . In May , due to Maj . Gen . George B . McClellan ' s demands for reinforcements , the division was sent the Peninsula as well . In August 1862 , the Army of the Potomac was transferred to northern Virginia to support the Army of Virginia . The 7th Pennsylvania Reserves then fought at Turner ' s Gap in the Battle of South Mountain , at the Battle of Antietam , and at the Battle of Fredericksburg on December 12 . The Seventh Reserves distinguished themselves at Fredericksburg by capturing over 100 of the enemy , along with the battle flag of the Nineteenth Georgia Infantry , the only trophy seized during the battle . At the Battle of the Wilderness , on May 5 , 1864 , the entire regiment — except for Company B - - found itself hopelessly surrounded by Confederate troops , and was compelled to surrender . 272 officers and men were captured , and were immediately marched to the rear of the rebel army at Orange Court House , and thence to Lynchburg , Virginia . The enlisted men were speedily conveyed to the infamous rebel prison pen at Andersonville , Georgia , and the officers were sent to Camp Oglethorpe in Macon , Georgia , and were subsequently placed under fire of Union guns at Charleston , for the protection of the city . The prisoners were held until the end of the conflict was near , with some being paroled , and some liberated by Union troops , but with many enlisted dying from starvation , disease and exposure in the period leading up to release . Casualties . The 7th Pennsylvania Reserves lost 3 officers and 80 enlisted men killed and mortally wounded in battle , and 135 enlisted men dead for reasons not directly caused in action ( disease , etc . ) - - 67 of these at Andersonville , and an undetermined number after the captives were moved to Florence , South Carolina , totalling 218 fatalities .
Zhang Zhijian Zhang Zhijian ( born 1934 in Shanxi Province , Wenxi ) is a militarian in the People ' s Republic of China . He joined the Chinese People ' s Liberation Army in 1951 . In 1992 he rose to become the Deputy Commander of the PLA in the Beijing Military Region , he also served as the Political Commissar of the PLA in the Chengdu Military Region . He became a major general in 1988 , lieutenant general in 1990 and general in 1998 .
Bering Sea Squadron The Bering Sea Squadron was a combined American and British naval station formed and disbanded in 1891 to suppress seal poaching in the Bering Sea . Eleven vessels were assigned to the squadron including eight United States Navy and Revenue Cutter Service ships plus three from the Royal Navy . Anti - Poaching Operations . The United States and United Kingdom government banned sealing in the Bering Sea in 1891 due to the near extinction of the animals so that year Commander Charles S . Cotton of the American navy was ordered to lead a force of two sloops , USS " Mohican " and USS " Marion " , two steamers , USS " Thetis " and SS " Al - Ki " , plus the gunboat s USS " Alert " and USS " Ranger " to operate against poachers . The revenue cutters USRC " Rush " and USRC " Corwin " were also placed under Cotton ' s command . British forces sent the cruiser HMS " Porpoise " , the screw sloop HMS " Nymphe " and the steamer HMS " Pheasant " . From the beginning of the operation on June 22 , 1891 to its end on October 5 , American and British marine s boarded and expelled dozens of merchant vessels mainly around the Aleutian Islands though only four schooner s were found to be hunting seals illegally . Two of these vessels were taken over by marines and towed over 1 , 200 miles by the " Al - Ki " to Sitka , the other two were taken into British custody and sent to Asia .
Pierre Dumanoir le Pelley Vice - Admiral Count Pierre - Etienne - René - Marie Dumanoir Le Pelley ( Granville , 2 August 1770 – Paris , 6 – 7 July 1829 ) was a French Navy officer , best known for commanding the vanguard of the French fleet at the Battle of Trafalgar . Biography . Dumanoir joined the Navy in 1787 as an and served in America until 1790 . He was then promoted to ensign and served on the frigates " Pomone " and " Néréide " , cruising off Africa . He then embarked on the fluyt " Dromadaire " , bound for Cayenne . Promoted to lieutenant in 1790 , he was appointed to the staff of Admiral Martin . He served on " Sans - Culotte " . Promoted to captain , Dumanoir took command of the " Berwick " in Richery ' s squadron , raiding commerce in the Mediterranean and in Newfoundland . In 1796 , Dumanoir commanded a division under Admiral Bouvet during the Expédition d ' Irlande , with his flag on " Révolution " . Upon his return to France , he encountered the " Scévola " , badly damaged in a storm , and rescued her crew . In 1798 , Dumanoir took part in the preparation for the invasion of Egypt , and was tasked with supervising the harbour of Alexandria afterwards . The next year , he commanded the frigate " Carrère " , ferrying Lannes , Murat , Marmont and Parceval - Grandmaison to France , and sailing with the " Muiron " which carried ferrying Bonaparte , Gantheaume , Berthier , Andréossi , Monge , Berthollet , Denon , Lavalette et Bourienne . Dumanoir was promoted to on 21 November 1799 , commanding a division of the squadron of Brest . During the Battle of Algeciras Bay , he was tasked with commissioning activities in Cadix , and after the battle , he was reprimanded for failing to reinforce Linois . In 1805 , he was in command of a division in the French fleet commanded by Admiral Pierre - Charles Villeneuve . He took part in the Battle of Trafalgar on 21 October 1805 , flying his flag on the " Formidable " and commanding the six - ship vanguard of the French fleet ; cut off from most of the fighting , he gave the signal for his ships to flee the battle , and four of them did ( although the Spanish " Valdes " defied the order and had rowboats tow him back into battle ) ; Dumanoir was chased down and captured by a squadron under Richard Strachan at the Battle of Cape Ortegal on 3 November and reached England in disgrace . He later was given commands in Danzig in 1811 and in Marseilles in 1815 . He was promoted to vice - admiral on 27 January 1819 .
Gallinas Massacre The Gallinas Massacre or the Gallinas Mountains Massacre was an engagement in the Apache Wars between a war party of Chiricahua Apache warrior s and four Confederate soldiers in the Gallinas Mountains of Confederate Arizona , now within the present day New Mexico . Massacre . On September 1 , 1861 , at Fort Stanton , Confederate Lieutenant John Pulliam dispatched four of his men from the Army of New Mexico to the Gallinas Mountains , a day ' s ride away . Their objective was to watch for any approaching Union forces . Lieutenant Pulliam ordered the men to make camp a safe distance from the spring in the mountains . Not fearing attack , the four ignored this order and camped just a 100 yards distance from the creek in a heavily wooded area . The four men were T . G . Pemberton , Joseph V . Mosse , Joseph Emmanacker and Floyd A . Sanders . It is not known which of the four was in command . After making the ride to the Gallinas Mountains , the Confederates made their camp . The next morning , at breakfeast time , three Apaches were seen running through the surrounding pine tree s . Immediately breakfeast was stopped and the men saddle d their horses . At this time , a shower of arrow s rained down upon the rebels from about thirty Apaches who had surrounded the camp . The four dismounted and took cover behind the pines and then attempted to shoot their musket s . To much surprise , all of the four weapons failed to fire . This suggests that either the Apaches had tampered with the Confederate muskets during the night , or mountain dew had wet their gunpowder . The rebels drew their revolver s and a skirmish began that lasted for almost two hours . By that time , Mosse , Emmanacker and Pemberton were dead . Floyd Sanders , left to fight alone , took up Mosse ' s horse , mounted , and escaped by riding down an almost vertical mountainside . The Apaches pursued him in a running fight which went on for ten miles . This account was what Floyd Sanders reported to Lieutenant Pulliam upon arriving back at Fort Stanton . Apache casualties are unknown . Within the next couple of days , a Confederate force of fifteen men proceeded to the Gallinas Mountains ; there they recovered the remains of Mosse and Emmanacker . Pemberton ' s body was never found . The rebels made it back to Fort Stanton on September 8 , that same evening , Lieutenant Pulliam would be dispatched with fifteen men to Placito , to fight the Apache there .
Moses Nichols Moses Nichols ( June 28 , 1740 – May 23 , 1790 ) was an American physician , soldier , and leading citizen of Amherst , New Hampshire . Nichols was born in Reading , Massachusetts , to Timothy Nichols and his wife Hannah Perkins . On July 7 , 1761 , Moses Nichols married Hannah Eaton of Lynn , Massachusetts . Colonel Nichols led a regiment of New Hampshire Militia ( 5th NH Militia Regt . ) at the Battle of Bennington in 1777 and the Battle of Rhode Island in 1778 . In 1780 he led his regiment to West Point where it formed part of the garrison . He attained the rank of Brigadier General . Moses Nichols was often moderator at Amherst ' s town meetings and was five times a delegate to the Provincial Congress at Exeter , New Hampshire .
BL 13 . 5 inch naval gun Mk I – IV The BL 13 . 5 inch naval gun Mk I ( " 67 - ton gun " ) was Britain ' s first successful large breechloading naval gun . Mks I - IV were all of 30 calibres length and of similar construction and performance . United Kingdom service . Royal Navy service . The gun was designed to match the new large guns of the French battleships . Development and manufacture occurred very slowly . It was originally intended to equip the s , begun in 1880 , but delays led to being equipped with inferior 12 inch guns and with the subsequently unsuccessful 16 . 25 inch guns . The remaining Admiral - class ships , , , and , were eventually completed in 1889 equipped with four 13 . 5 inch guns each , in twin barbettes on the centreline at each end of the superstructure . The guns also equipped the subsequent laid down in 1886 and s laid down in 1889 . Coast defence service . A single Mk III gun was mounted as a disappearing gun for coast defence at Penlee Battery , Plymouth . Italian service . Guns were also sold to Italy to arm the s , , and , laid down in 1884 and finally commissioned in 1893 and 1895 . < br style = " clear : left ; " >
Christian Tychsen Christian Tychsen ( 3 December 1910 — 28 July 1944 ) was an Obersturmbannführer ( Lieutenant Colonel ) in the Waffen SS who was awarded the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves ( ) . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross and its higher grade Oak Leaves was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . Early career . Tychsen joined the SS in December 1931 with 50 . SS - Standarte . He was later transferred to the SS / VT in October 1934 and served with the " Germania " Regiment as a platoon leader from October 1936 until December 1938 when he became the Commander of the 1st Company ' N ' Battalion . World War II . When ' N ' Battalion was dissolved he was moved to command the 1st Motorcycle Company . In February 1941 his command was absorbed by the Motorcycle Battalion and was renamed the 3rd Company , although Schafraanek still kept command . In January 1942 he was given the command of the Motorcycle Battalion . After being wounded in February , 1942 he was posted to the SS Officers school at Braunschweig until he had recovered . In May 1942 , he was given the command of II . / Langemarck Regiment and retained in this position when it became the II . / 2nd Panzer Regiment in October 1942 . In April 1943 he was awarded the Knight ' s Cross . Tychsen became 2nd SS Panzer Rgt commander on November 1943 , and held command until he replaced the wounded Heinz Lammerding as temporary Commanding Officer of the " Das Reich Division " . Death . After being wounded more than nine times in total , he was killed in Normandy ( Operation Overlord ) when the Kubelwagen , which he was in with a driver and an NCO , was fired upon by an advancing American tank . He died of his wounds in American captivity . Looters took his tunic with all his decorations and all other types of identification , so he was buried as an unknown soldier , but was later identified .