naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Bena Force Bena Force was an Australian army unit formed on 22 January 1943 during World War II to defend the Bena Bena - Mount Hagen plateau south of the Ramu River from being occupied by the Imperial Japanese . The force undertook defence and maintenance of the airfields , tracks and roads in the area and undertook reconnaissance and long range patrols . History . On 23 January 1943 , under instructions from New Guinea Force , the 6th Division dispatched a small force , known as Bena Force , from Port Moresby by air in six Douglas C - 47 ' s to the airfield at Bena Bena . The force consisted of 57 men of the 2 / 7th Battalion led by Lieutenant Rooke . Under the command of Kanga Force , the objectives were ; to secure Bena Bena airfield against enemy attack ; to deny the enemy freedom of movement in the Bena Bena Valley ; to harass and delay any enemy movement in the area between Bena Bena and Ramu River . Bena Force was also made responsible for the small Australian New Guinea Administrative Unit ( ANGAU ) detachment under Captain John Black , a detachment of the Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) Rescue and Communication Flight and special operations operating out of Bena Bena . The 2 / 7th Independent Company was flown to Bena Bena on 29 May 1943 to augment the force after the Japanese launched strong air attacks on Bena Bena . As such the depleted 2 / 7th Independent Company was sent to Bena , under the command of Major MacAdie , bringing the garrison up to roughly four hundred men . During June and July , observation posts were established in the region , patrols were sent out and infrastructure was built with the help of labour supplied by the ANGAU . Later , during August and September , as attacks increased on the garrison , the 2 / 2nd Independent Company arrived to reinforce Bena Force and patrols were sent out through the Ramu Valley in order to observe the main approaches to Bena Bena .
Topa Atao Topa Atao was a brother and commander of Huascar ' s forces in the Inca Civil War . After defeat at Chimborazo and the initial success at halting Atahualpa ' s forces at Wanuku Pampa , he was ordered by the retreating Huascar to lead a force of recognition into a ravine upon the emerging armies of Chalkuchimac and Quizquiz . Chalkuchimac divided up his forces , attacking Topa Atao from several directions , capturing him and destroying the recognition force . His fate remains unknown . He was possibly gored in the head by zealous warriors who wanted to have his position .
RPG - 16 The RPG - 16 is a handheld anti - tank grenade launcher for anti - tank warfare . The RPG - 16 was developed in 1968 , and adopted by the Red Army in 1970 for special operation teams and the Soviet airborne troops ( VDV ) . These were deployed during the Soviet - Afghan war in 1979 - 1989 , and saw service in several battles in that theatre . The RPG - 16 has a 58 mm barrel with a HEAT warhead and has a smoothbore recoilless launch using a rocket booster . Its overall length is 1 , 104 millimetres when ready to fire . It is 645 millimetres long when taken apart for carry or airdrop . Its weight is 9 . 4 kilograms when unloaded , when it has its optical sight the RPG - 16 weighs 12 . 4 kilograms ( when loaded and ready to fire ) . The RPG - 16 ' s effective range is up to 800 meters ( about 2 , 500 ft ) . The RPG - 16 ' s armor penetration is 300 mm of rolled homogeneous armour . The RPG - 16 is triggered to launch by an electric current activated by a trigger on the pistol grip . Once fired , the rocket booster engages as soon as the warhead is propelled safely away from the operator . Compared to its main counterpart , the RPG - 7 , the RPG - 16 has a smaller calibre warhead and a more powerful rocket booster , which made the RPG - 16 more accurate over long ranges . Unlike the RPG - 7 , the warhead does not stick out of the launcher since it has exactly the same diameter as the tube and fits entirely inside the tube . The smaller warhead does however sacrifice firepower when compared to the PG - 7VL round used in the RPG - 7 . ( Which has 500mm RHA penetration , as opposed to the 300mm penetration the RPG - 16 provides . In Soviet service , the launcher was issued to special operation teams in pairs . One man , the grenadier , carried the launcher and two PG - 16 HEAT warheads . Another man , the assistant , carried three more warheads . Description . Externally the RPG - 16 resembles the RPG - 7 , it is distinguished mainly by its single handgrip under the tube and folding bipod , but its round is quite different from the RPG - 7 . The RPG - 16 round is also of smaller calibre but offers better performance , having what is believed to be a doubled shaped - charge warhead . It is a one - piece design , although a cartridge must be attached before use . RPG - 16 is reported to have HE - Frag round .
Antonio Cordón García Antonio Cordón García ( 1895 , Seville – 1969 ) . was a Spanish soldier , born in Sevilla , who commanded during the Spanish Civil War . Early life . Career soldier as an artilleryman in the Spanish Army , he passed into the reserves in 1932 , but reenlisted into active duty upon the beginning of the Spanish Civil War to join the Republican cause . He was a key entity in the conversion of the Popular Front ' s militias into a disciplined standing army , the Spanish Republican Army , able to fight Franco ' s Nationalist Front . Spanish Civil War . His career was brilliant and was parallel to his promotions in the Communist Party , being promoted to undersecretary of Defense and achieving a close relationship with Prime Minister Juan Negrín until he was finally promoted to the position of general , on March 1939 . He participated in many of the battles in the major theaters of wars , including the Siege of the Santa María de la Cabeza Sanctuary , in Teruel , and the Battle of Belchite , in 1938 . On 1937 he was the chief of staff of the Army of the East . Antonio Cordón also actively contacted with the Soviet Union over the provision of war materials , including T - 26 light tanks and Polikarpov I - 16 s . Finalizing the war , Antonio Cordón immigrated to the Soviet Union and formed part of the Central Committee of the Communist Party , working closely with Dolores Ibárruri and Santiago Carrillo , who he coincided in Paris with for a short while . He also had close relations with figures such as Rafael Alberti and Teresa León . After the Casado ' s " coup " , on 6 March 1939 he fled Spain from the Monovar aerodrome with Negrín and Ibárruri . Exile . Despite having a wife and six children in Spain , he never married again but had another child . In the Soviet Union , he wrote his memoirs " Trayectoria " . He died in Rom in 1968 . After the death of Francisco Franco in 1976 and the change of the political climate in Spain , his remains were transferred to Spain .
49th ( West Riding ) Infantry Division The 49th ( West Riding ) Infantry Division was formed on 1 April 1908 as the West Riding Division in the Territorial Force of the British Army . The division fought in France & Flanders during the First World War and in the Second World War . After the Second World War it remained with the Northern Command . First World War . In 1915 , it was designated the 49th ( West Riding ) Infantry Division and given the White Rose of York as its insignia . Second World War . During the Second World war , the division first saw action beginning on 15 – 17 April 1940 when two of its brigades took part in the short and ill - fated landings in Norway that were intended to retake the ports of Trondheim and Narvik from the Germans . The division withdrew from Norway in May 1940 . The division ' s 146th Infantry Brigade and 147th Infantry Brigade were thereafter stationed in Iceland . As a result , a new divisional insignia , featuring a Polar Bear standing on an ice floe , was adopted . In 1942 , the division was transferred back to the United Kingdom . Just after D - Day , in June 1944 , it moved to Normandy as part of XXX Corps . During the fierce fighting in Normandy , the Nazi propaganda broadcaster Lord Haw - Haw referred to the division as " the Polar Bear Butchers " . During the rest of the war , the division was variously under the command of the I Corps , the II Canadian Corps , and the I Canadian Corps . Its last major contribution to the war was the Liberation of Arnhem and the fierce battles that led to it . Commanders . " Dates in British form ( dd . mm . yyyy ) indicating the date they entered the command ( or resumed command when there are multiple dates ) . " Post 1945 . The division was disbanded in Germany in 1946 , but reformed in the Territorial Army in 1947 , having been renamed the 49th ( West Riding ) Armoured Division . It was based in Nottingham , consisting of ( on 1 April 1947 ) : In 1956 , it was renamed the 49th ( West Riding and Midland ) Infantry Division , its base moved to Leeds , and the 8th Armoured Brigade was removed from its order of battle . Finally , it underwent its last major change in 1961 , when it was renamed to the 49th ( West Riding and North Midland ) Division / District , and the 147th Infantry Brigade was removed from its composition . The Division / District finally disbanded in 1967 , becoming simply X District . The polar bear flash is now worn by 49 Brigade .
8th Army ( German Empire ) The 8th Army ( ) was an army level command of the German Army in World War I . It was formed on mobilization in August 1914 from the I Army Inspectorate . The army was dissolved on 29 September 1915 , but reformed on 30 December 1915 . It was finally disbanded in 1919 during demobilization after the war . History . On mobilisation in August 1914 , the 8th Army Headquarters was formed in Posen to command troops stationed in East Prussia to defend against the expected Russian attack , Plan XIX . Initially , the Army commanded the following formations : Concerned by the defeat at Gumbinnen and the continued advance of the Russian Second Army from the south , Prittwitz ordered a retreat to the Vistula , effectively abandoning East Prussia . When he heard of this , Helmuth von Moltke , the German Army Chief of Staff , recalled Prittwitz and his deputy to Berlin . They were replaced by Paul von Hindenburg , called out of retirement , with Erich Ludendorff as his chief of staff . Under its new command , the Army was responsible for the victories at the Battels of Tannenberg and Masurian Lakes . Dissolved and reformed . The Army of the Niemen was formed on 26 May 1915 to control the troops in Courland . The commander of the 8th Army , General der Infanterie Otto von Below , along with his Chief of Staff , Generalmajor von Böckmann , assumed command . In the meantime , the 8th Army got a deputy commander , General der Artillerie Friedrich von Scholtz , who was simultaneously commander of XX Corps . 8th Army was dissolved on 29 September 1915 . On 30 December 1915 the Army of the Niemen was renamed as the 8th Army with von Below still in command . Commanders . The original 8th Army had the following commanders from mobilisation until it was dissolved 29 September 1915 . A " new " 8th Army was formed by renaming the Army of the Niemen on 30 December 1915 . It was dissolved after the end of the war on 21 January 1919 .
French frigate Manche ( 1803 ) The Manche was a 40 - gun " Hortense " Class frigate of the French Navy . She took part in operations at Île de France under Captain François - Désiré Breton . Under Captain Jean Dornal de Guy , " Manche " captured the 16 gun brig - sloop on 27 September 1808 near Bengkulu . On 26 April 1809 , she departed Port - Napoléon in a squadron under Captain Hamelin , along with " Créole " and " Vénus " . The squadron managed to re - take Foulpointe in Madagascar , captured three prizes at the Action of 18 November 1809 , and raided the British settlement at Tarapouly , in Sumatra . In 1810 , she took part in the Battle of Grand Port , contributing to the capture of HMS " Iphigenia " and the fort held by the British on Ile de France . Fate . " Manche " was captured during the invasion of Île de France in 1810 . She was broken up as she was unfit for Royal Navy service .
List of camouflage methods Camouflage is the concealment of animals or objects of military interest by any combination of methods that helps them to remain unnoticed . This includes the use of high - contrast disruptive patterns as used on military uniforms , but anything that delays recognition can be used as camouflage . Camouflage involves deception , whether by looking like the background or by resembling something else , which may be plainly visible to observers . Different camouflage methods employed by terrestrial , aerial , and aquatic animals , and in military usage , are compared in the table . Several methods are often combined , so for example the Bushbuck is both countershaded over its whole body , and disruptively coloured with small pale spots . Until the discovery of countershading in the 1890s , protective coloration was considered to be mainly a matter of colour matching , but while this is certainly important , a variety of other methods are used to provide effective camouflage . When an entry is marked Dominant , that method is used widely in that environment , in most cases . For example , countershading is very common among land animals , but not for military camouflage . The dominant camouflage methods on land are countershading and disruptive coloration , supported by less frequent usage of many other methods . The dominant camouflage methods in the open ocean are transparency , reflection , and counterillumination . Transparency and reflectivity are dominant in the top of the ocean ; counterillumination is dominant from down to . Most animals of the open sea use one or more of these methods . Military camouflage relies predominantly on disruptive patterns , though methods such as outline disruption are also used , and others have been prototyped . In 1890 the English zoologist Edward Bagnall Poulton categorised animal colours by their uses , which cover both camouflage and mimicry . Poulton ' s categories were largely followed by Hugh Cott in 1940 . Relevant Poulton categories are listed in the table . Where Poulton ' s definition covers a method but does not name it explicitly , the category is named in parentheses .
French ship Juste ( 1726 ) The Juste ( " Juste " ) was a 74 - gun ship of the line of the French Navy , built on plans by engineer Geslin . She took part in the Battle of Quiberon Bay on 20 November 1759 during the Seven Years ' War and was lost at the mouth of the Loire after the battle while trying to rejoin Saint Nazaire . Career . " Juste " was laid down in 1724 and launched in September 1725 , joining the active service the next year . She was overhauled in Brest from 1741 , where she sustained light damage on 25 December of the following year , when a fire started in the wood workshop propagated to her . She was again hove down in Brest in 1744 , and overhauled in Rochefort in 1751 . On 14 November 1759 , under Captain François de Saint Aloüarn , she was part of a 20 - ship and 5 - frigate strong squadron under Marshal de Conflans that was to attempt a landing in Cornwall for the planned French Invasion of Britain . The French fleet was intercepted by the English ships under Admiral Hawke on 20 November . In the ensuing Battle of Quiberon Bay , " Juste " was in the rear - guard of the French fleet , taking the forth position in the line of the srd Division . " Juste " was engaged by up to four English ship and was severely battered , with a number of leaks and her rudder shattered ; by 20 : 00 , she was unable to fight , her captain mortally wounded and her first officer killed , and limped back to Penchâteau Point to effect summary repairs . She then attempted to proceed to Saint Nazaire at low tide , and ran aground in the mouth of the Loire , at Chemoulin Point , a few miles before reaching safety . Her crew threw all cargo overboard to lighten the ship and prevent her from breaking , even cutting her masts , but to no avail : " Juste " settled on the bottom and her crew abandoned the ship . She then broke and sank within the next three hours . About 150 of her crew survived . Legacy . The wreck of " Juste " was re - discovered in December 1968 during widening work of the entry channel of the Loire . One 18 - pounder long gun of " Juste " was salvaged and is now on display at La Roche - Bernard . Two others are on display in front of Arzal city hall .
Peter Salem Peter Salem ( circa 1750 – August 16 , 1816 ) was an African American who served as a soldier in the American Revolutionary War . He was born in Framingham , Massachusetts , a slave of Jeremiah Belknap . Salem was later sold to Lawson Buckminster , who gave him his freedom to enlist in the Continental Army . Military service . Peter Salem was given his freedom by Major Lawson Buckminister to join the military and took part in the battle of Concord on April 19 , 1775 . He appears on the roll of Captain Simon Edgell ' s company of militia from Framingham as having served 4 days from April 19 , 1775 . On April 26 , he enlisted in Captain Drury ' s company of Colonel John Nixon ' s 6th Massachusetts Regiment . Battle of Bunker Hill . Salem served with his regiment in the Battle of Bunker Hill where he fired his last shot and killed British Marine Major John Pitcairn . Other free African Americans in the battle were Barzillai Lew , Salem Poor , Titus Coburn , Alexander Ames , Cato Howe , and Seymour Burr . Salem reenlisted for one year on He was honorably discharged from the Continental Army on December 31 , 1779 with four years and eight months service . In addition to Bunker Hill , Salem also fought at the battles of Saratoga and Stony Point . Later life and death . After his discharge , Salem lived in Salem , Massachusetts and married Katy Benson in September 1783 . He later built a cabin near Leicester , MA , where he worked as a cane weaver . On August 16 , 1816 at the age of 66 , he died in the poorhouse at Framingham . He was buried in the Old Burying Ground in Framingham . In 1882 , the town of Framingham erected a gravestone monument in his memory . Legacy . Salem became well known in American history because he fought in the battle of Bunker Hill , as shown in John Trumbull ' s famous painting of the Battle of Bunker Hill . He is most remembered for killing British Marine Major John Pitcairn . In 1909 , the Daughters of the American Revolution turned his home in Leicester into a historical monument ; a stone there bears the inscription " Here lived Peter Salem , a Negro soldier of the Revolution " .
Joel Holmes Joel Holmes VC ( 1821 – 27 July 1872 ) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . Details . He was about 36 years old , and a private in the 84th Regiment ( later The 2nd Battalion , York and Lancaster Regiment ) , British Army during the Indian Mutiny when the following deed took place on 25 September 1857 at Lucknow , India for which he was awarded the VC . Private Joel HolmesFor distinguished conduct in volunteering to assist in working a gun of Captain Maude ' s Battery , under heavy fire , from which gun nearly all the artillerymen had been shot away . ( Extract from Field Force Orders of the late Major - General Havelock , dated 17 October 1857 . ) The medal . His Victoria Cross is displayed at The York & Lancaster Regiment Museum at Rotherham , South Yorkshire , England .
George Darby Vice Admiral George Darby ( c . 1720 – 1790 ) was an officer in the Royal Navy . He was the second son of Jonathan Darby III Esq . ( d . 1742 / 3 ) , of Leap Castle , in King ' s County , Ireland . Early career . Darby joined the Royal Navy as a volunteer . He had received his first command in 1747 and his career was uneventful until the Seven Years ' War , in which he served under Admiral Rodney at the capture of Martinique in 1762 . When in England , he lived at Newtown , Hampshire . American War of Independence . In the American Revolutionary War of 1775 to 1783 , Admiral Keppel ' s resignation during the crisis following the Battle of Ushant in 1778 left a vacancy for command of the Channel Fleet . In 1778 Darby became a Rear - Admiral and the following year was advanced to Vice - Admiral , thanks to his association with Lord Sandwich , First Lord of the Admiralty , during the court martial of Admiral Palliser . Thus he unexpectedly came to command the Channel Fleet in 1780 at a time of grave danger for Britain . He was also appointed one of the Lords of the Admiralty . In April 1781 he relieved Gibraltar from its siege by the Spanish , for the second time during that war . This event is recorded in a full - length portrait by George Romney , painted 1783 – 6 , which hangs in the National Maritime Museum . On the change of ministry in 1782 he resigned his command and did not again serve at sea . He was Member of Parliament for Plymouth , 1780 – 1784 . He was the uncle of Admiral Sir Henry D ' Esterre Darby .
5th Ranger Battalion ( United States ) The 5th Ranger Infantry Battalion was a Ranger battalion activated during World War II on 1 September 1943 at Camp Forrest , Tennessee . By this time , while in maneuvers on the United States , they were commanded by the Major Owen Carter . Later , when they moved to England , they were commanded by Major ( later Lieutenant Colonel ) Max Schneider , former executive officer of the 4th Ranger Battalion , who led the 5th Rangers as part of the provisional Ranger Assault Force commanded by Colonel James Earl Rudder . History . World War II . The 5th Ranger Battalion was activated on 1 September 1943 at Camp Forrest , Tennessee . During the Battle of Normandy , the battalion landed on Omaha Beach along with companies A , B and C of the 2nd Ranger Battalion , where elements of the 116th Regiment of the 29th Infantry Division were pinned down by murderous machinegun fire and mortars from the heights above . It was there that the situation was so critical that General Omar Bradley was seriously considering abandoning the beachhead , instead of sending more men to die . And it was then and there that General Norman Cota , Assistant Division Commander of the 29th Infantry Division , gave the now famous order that has become the motto of the 75th Ranger Regiment : " Rangers , Lead The Way ! " The 5th Battalion Rangers broke across the sea wall and barbed wire entanglements , and up the pillbox - rimmed heights under intense enemy machine - gun and mortar fire and with A and B Companies of the 2nd Battalion and some elements of the 116th Infantry Regiment , advanced four miles ( 6 km ) to the key town of Vierville - sur - Mer , thus opening the breach for supporting troops to follow - up and expand the beachhead . Meanwhile C Company of the 2nd Battalion , due to rough seas , landed west of the Vierville draw and suffered 50 percent casualties during the landing , but still scaled a cliff using ropes and bayonets to knock out a formidable enemy position that was sweeping the beach with deadly fire . The 5th Battalion with elements of the 116th Regiment finally linked up with the beleaguered 2nd Battalion on D + 3 , although Lieutenant Charles Parker of A Company , 5th Battalion , had penetrated deep behind enemy lines on D - Day and reached the 2nd Battalion with 20 prisoners . Later , with the 2nd Battalion the unit distinguished itself in the hard - fought Battle for Brest . Under the leadership of Lieutenant Colonel Richard Sullivan , the 5th Ranger Battalion took part in the Battle of the Bulge , Battle of Huertgen Forest and other tough battles throughout central Europe , earning two Distinguished Unit Citations and the French Croix de Guerre . Deactivation . The outfit was deactivated 22 October 1945 at Camp Myles Standish , Massachusetts . Battle Honors . Battle honors received for actions in the invasion of France :