naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Tad J . Oelstrom Tad J . Oelstrom ( born February 14 , 1943 ) is a retired United States Air Force Lieutenant General who now serves as the Director of the National Security Program at the John F . Kennedy School of Government , Harvard University . He also served as the fourteenth Superintendent of the United States Air Force Academy in Colorado Springs , Colorado . Training and education . Oelstrom was born in Milwaukee , Wisconsin He graduated from the United States Air Force Academy in 1965 and holds a Master of business administration degree from Auburn University , Alabama . He is a graduate of the U . S . Air Force ' s Squadron Officer School , Air Command and Staff College , the Industrial College of the Armed Forces and the U . S . Army War College . Military career . Oelstrom attended pilot training at Vance Air Force Base , Oklahoma , and went on to advanced training in the F - 4 Phantom II . From 1970 - 1971 , he was assigned to Da Nang Air Base , South Vietnam . He has served as commander of the 337th Tactical Fighter Squadron , Seymour Johnson Air Force Base , North Carolina ; commander of the 81st Tactical Fighter Wing , RAF Bentwaters , England ; commander of the 4404th Composite Wing , Dhahran Air Base , Saudi Arabia ; commander of the 86th Fighter Wing , Ramstein Air Base , Germany ; and commander of Third Air Force , RAF Mildenhall , England . Oelstrom held staff positions at Tactical Air Command , United States European Command and United States Central Command . He also served as an exchange officer with the British Royal Air Force . He retired from active duty on August 1 , 2000 . Oelstrom is a command pilot with more than 4 , 400 flying hours in aircraft including the T - 37 , T - 38 , F - 4 , A - 10 , F - 15 Eagle , F - 16 Fighting Falcon and the Hawker Hunter . Awards and decorations . Oelstrom ' s decorations include the Air Force Distinguished Service Medal , the Defense Superior Service Medal , the Legion of Merit , the Distinguished Flying Cross with oak leaf cluster , the Meritorious Service Medal with four oak leaf clusters , and the Air Medal with 15 oak leaf clusters .
Jean - Louis Georgelin Jean - Louis Georgelin ( born 30 August 1948 in Aspet , Haute - Garonne ) is an Army General ( France ) . of the French national order of the Legion of honnor from the 9 June 2010 . He was Chief of the Defence Staff ( " Chef d ' état - major des armées " , CEMA ) between 4 October 2006 and 25 February 2010 . Biography . After nine years at the Prytanée National Militaire , Georgelin joined Saint - Cyr in 1967 . As a lieutenant , he was chief of section at the " école d ' application de l ' infanterie " in 1975 and 1976 , responsible for the training of non - commissioned officers . He served in the 153rd infantry regiment as a captain . As a commander , he graduated from the United States Army Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth and then from the Institute of Higher National Defence Studies ( IHEDN ) in Paris . From 1985 to 1988 , as a lieutenant - colonel , he was in charge of a class at Saint - Cyr ( promotion " Cadets de la France Libre " ) . He then served at the chief of staff of the Army at the financial department from 1988 to 1991 . He was aid to the chief of cabinet of the Prime Minister from 1994 to 1997 . From 1998 and 2002 he served at the general staff of the Army , directing the " plans , programmes and evaluations " division . Georgelin was personal chief of staff of President Jacques Chirac from 25 October 2002 to 4 October 2006 . Promoted to Army General ( France ) the 3d October 2003 . He was promoted to Chief of the Defence Staff by the miniterial council of 20 August 2006 . He became the of the French national order of the Legion of honnor by the ministerial council of 9 June 2010 .
63rd Brigade ( United Kingdom ) The 63rd Brigade was a formation of the British Army . It was raised as part of the new army also known as Kitchener ' s Army and assigned to the 21st Division and served on the Western Front during the First World War . In July 1916 the brigade was transferred to the 37th Division .
Douglas C - 1 The Douglas C - 1 was a cargo / transport aircraft produced by the Douglas Aircraft Corporation for the United States Army Air Service starting in 1925 . Design and development . Douglas received an order for nine single - engined transport aircraft in 1925 , the first aircraft flying from Douglas ' s Santa Monica , California factory on 2 May 1925 . The C - 1 was the first aircraft assigned in the new C - category . The aircraft design was based on several earlier and similar designs developed by Douglas in the early 1920s ( including the Douglas World Cruiser s used in the first round - the - world flight in 1924 ) . The C - 1 featured an enclosed passenger compartment capable of carrying six passengers or about 2 , 500 lb ( 1 , 100 kg ) of cargo . A trap door was placed in the lower fuselage to allow large and / or heavy cargo ( particularly aircraft engines ) to be lifted directly into the cargo compartment . An auxiliary door for passengers and light cargo was included on the right side of the center fuselage . Operational history . The C - 1 biplane was powered by the Liberty L - 12 engine and carried a crew of two in an open - cockpit . A C - 1 was flown in the 1926 Ford National Reliability Air Tour . Seventeen additional aircraft were ordered in 1926 and 1927 for the United States Army Air Corps as C - 1Cs and were slightly larger than the original C - 1s . Several C - 1s were used in test programs — as an engine testbed , as a prototype air ambulance and as refueling aircraft for early air - to - air refueling experiments . Two of these aircraft were used as " tankers " in the 1929 record endurance flight of the Fokker C - 2 " Question Mark " .
601st Special Forces Group The 601 . skupina speciálních sil generála Moravce ( 601st Special Forces Group of " general Moravec " ) is a special forces unit of the Czech Armed Forces . It was officially created in 2003 , the product of reorganizations in the Military of the Czech Republic in this year . However , it has roots that go back as far as 1952 when it was a paratroop brigade . History . The 601 . skss finds its roots in a paratroop brigade created in 1952 . This unit was based in Prešov , Slovakia , but in 1960 it was relocated to Prostějov and the unit joined the 22nd Paratroop Brigade , which was based in Prostějov . Until 1969 the members of the units were trained according to Soviet military doctrine , training mass parachute operations , defending points of military interest until the arrival of main ground forces . From 1970 to 1988 , the unit began to focus on the training of small reconnaissance groups , which were to be inserted to the rear of an enemy to carry out diversionary and reconnaissance missions . Members of the 601st Special Forces Group participate or participated in many military operation s : 6th Special Forces Company was the first Czech military unit which operated in Kosovo in 1999 . It laid foundations for activities of other Czech military units in this territory . So far , the most important operation the 601 . skss has taken part in was Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan in 2004 . This was the first combat operation of the Czech Armed Forces since World War II . More than 100 people participated for six months and , without break , fulfilled their tasks in arduous climatic conditions . Participation in this operation was highly appraised by the highest state officials as well as the " AČR " and coalition partners . 601 . skupina speciálních sil generála Moravce has taken a firm position within the world Special Forces elite group . In the year 1999 this group became the honorary historical name of " general Moravec " from the President of the Czech Republic .
Battle of Valutino The Battle of Valutino took place on 18 August 1812 , between Marshal Ney ' s corps , about 30 , 000 strong , and a strong rear - guard of General Barclay de Tolly ' s army of about 40 , 000 , commanded by the General himself . The Russians were strongly posted in marshy ground , protected by a small stream . The French , attacking resolutely , carried the Russian position in the face of enormous natural difficulties . The battle . Napoleon ' s hopes of trapping General Barclay ' s army were dashed when he discovered that the Russian force awaiting the French was a rearguard under General Tutchkov . Barclay ' s main force of three infantry and one cavalry corps was strung out near Smolensk , trying to get away from the French after the Battle of Smolensk . They then turned around to fight the French on the Stragan river . After a heavy bombardment , Ney launched an assault against the Russians , crossing the Stragan but failing to capture the crest . Murat ' s cavalry attacks were bogged down in marshy ground and accomplished nothing either . General Junot ' s force was close to the battlefield and was urged to attack the Russians by Murat , but Junot did nothing and the opportunity for a decisive victory passed . A few hours later , Ney launched the last attack . General Gudin led the assault and was killed when a cannonball removed his legs . The French managed to capture the crest after hard fighting , but by that point the majority of Barclay ' s army had escaped and was heading towards Lubino . Aftermath . French casualties stood at around 7 , 000 ; the Russians had lost about 6 , 000 . Napoleon was furious after the battle , realizing that another good chance to trap and destroy the Russian army had been lost .
Jasim Mohammed Saleh General Jasim Mohammed Saleh was an Iraqi level - 2 Baathist who commanded the Iraqi Army under Saddam Hussein . After US forces failed to capture Fallujah , they turned control of the city over to Saleh , and his own private militia in the hope that he could restore order to the city . A former chief - of - staff for a Republican Guard brigade who later commanded the Iraqi 38th Infantry Division , Saleh was stationed in Amarah in 1991 to help quell a Shia uprising . Saleh agreed to formally report to US General James T . Conway , who had arranged the transfer without conferring with US superiors . There was less than a week ' s discussion about the deal , after Saleh approached the US Marines promising that he could bring the city under control . A native of Fallujah , Saleh was a prominent member of the city ' s largest tribe and closely related to its leader . Upon entering the city as with 200 troops , Saleh was wearing his Republican Guard uniform and waving the Flag of Iraq , which had just been abolished by the Iraqi Governing Council several days earlier . He also had a large flag placed at the entrance to the city . Saleh drew controversy on May 2 , just days after the handover of power , when he stated that there were no foreign fighters in Fallujah . This , combined with the discovery that Saleh had been involved in atrocities against Kurds during the Iran - Iraq war , led to US military authorities announcing he would not be allowed to lead his private militia any longer . Two days later it was announced that Muhammed Latif would be given control of the city instead .
Siege of Sirmium The Siege of Sirmium in 580 – 582 was a decisive event in the history of the Balkans . The fall of the city to the Avars deprived the Byzantine Empire of its major stronghold on the northwestern Danube , opening the path for devastating incursions by the Avars and their Slavic allies into the Balkans . Sirmium , which for much of the 6th century had been controlled by the Goths and then the Gepids , had come under Byzantine control in 567 . The Avars appeared along the Danube at about the same time . They launched a first attack on Sirmium in 568 , but were seen off by the local governor , Bonus . The Byzantines secured peace with the Avars through the payment of an annual tribute , which by 578 had risen to some 80 , 000 " solidi " . In 580 , however , the Avar " khagan " , Bayan I , marched with his men to the right bank of the Sava river across from Sirmium , and began construction of a bridge to cross it . The city at the time was largely undefended and unprepared to withstand a siege , as most of the Byzantine forces were engaged in the east against Sassanid Persia . The Byzantine emperor Tiberius II tried to forestall the Avar attack by diplomatic means , but when the " khagan " ′ s ambassador demanded the surrender of the city , he replied that he would sooner give one of his two daughters as a bride to the " khagan " , rather than surrender Sirmium . Tiberius managed to send in a few officers from Dalmatia to oversee the city ' s defence , while the envoy Thognis tried unsuccessfully to treat with Bayan . Despite the weakness of the garrison , the city resisted for almost three years , and it was not until late 581 or early 582 , shortly before his death , that Tiberius agreed to surrender the city in exchange for the lives of its citizens . The Avars indeed spared the population , but took their possessions and 240 , 000 " solidi " from the Emperor , as arrears of the tribute owed over three years .
Minerve - class submarine " Minerve " class submarines were a class of submarines built for the French Navy prior to World War II . The class were based on the French Admiralty 630 series design , but with more power and better armament . The class had six internal 550 mm torpedo tubes ( four in the bow and two in the stern ) and three 400 mm tubes mounted externally on a moveable triple mount . " Minerve " and " Junon " were seized by the British in July 1940 , following the battle of France , and handed over to the Free French Forces in September the same year , and served throughout the war . " Minerve " was wrecked off Chesil Beach in September 1945 , while " Junon " returned to France and served until 1954 . The other four boats remained under Vichy control until November 1942 when , following the German occupation , " Pallas " and " Céres " were scuttled at Oran , and " Vénus " scuttled at Toulon , while " Iris " sailed for the neutral port of Cartagena , Spain , and was interned there until after the end of the war . She was returned to France in November 1945 , and remained in service until 1950 . References .
USS Langley ( CVL - 27 ) USS " Langley " ( CVL - 27 ) was an 11 , 000 - ton that served the United States Navy from 1943 to 1947 , and French Navy as the " La Fayette " from 1951 to 1963 . Named for Samuel Pierpont Langley , American scientist and aviation pioneer , " Langley " received nine battle stars for World War II service . CVL - 27 carried on the name and tradition of ( and was assigned hull classification symbol AV - 3 on 11 April ) , the first US Navy aircraft carrier , which had been sunk on 27 Feb 1942 . Career . " Langley " was built at Camden , New Jersey . She was originally ordered as the light cruiser , but by the time her keel was laid in April 1942 , she had been redesigned as an aircraft carrier , using the original cruiser hull and machinery . Commissioned in August 1943 , " Langley " went to the Pacific late in the year and entered combat in World War II during the Marshall Islands operation in January – February 1944 . During the next four months , her planes attacked Japan ese positions in the central Pacific and western New Guinea . In June 1944 , she took part in the assault on the Marianas and in the Battle of the Philippine Sea . " Langley " continued her war role through the rest of 1944 , participating in the Palaus Operation , raids on the Philippines , Formosa and the Ryukyu s , and the Battle of Leyte Gulf . In January – February 1945 , she was part of the Third Fleet ' s foray into the South China Sea , the first massed carrier attacks on the Japanese Home Islands and the invasion of Iwo Jima . More combat activity followed in March – May , as Langley ' s planes again hit targets in Japan and supported the Okinawa operation . Overhauled in the U . S . in June and July , she was en route back to the Pacific war zone when the war ended in August . Following service transporting Pacific veterans home , " Langley " went to the Atlantic Ocean , where she carried out similar missions in November 1945 – January 1946 . Inactive at Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , during the remainder of 1946 , the carrier was decommissioned there in February 1947 . Later career . " Langley " was taken out of " mothballs " early in 1951 , refurbished and transferred to France under the Mutual Defense Assistance Program . After more than a decade of French Navy service as " La Fayette " , she was returned to the United States in March 1963 and was sold for scrap a year later .
Victory in Europe Day Victory in Europe Day — known as V - E Day or VE Day — was the public holiday celebrated on 8 May 1945 ( in Commonwealth countries , 7 May 1945 ) to mark the date when the World War II Allies formally accepted the unconditional surrender of the armed forces of Nazi Germany and the end of Adolf Hitler ' s Third Reich , thus ending the war in Europe . The formal surrender of the occupying German forces in the Channel Islands was not until 9 May 1945 . On 30 April Hitler committed suicide during the Battle of Berlin , and so the surrender of Germany was authorized by his successor , President of Germany Karl Dönitz . The administration headed by Dönitz was known as the Flensburg government . The " act of military surrender " was signed on 7 May in Reims , France , and on 8 May in Berlin , Germany . Celebrations . Upon the defeat of Germany ( Italy having already surrendered ) , celebrations erupted throughout the Western world . From Moscow to Los Angeles , people cheered . In the United Kingdom , more than one million people celebrated in the streets to mark the end of the European part of the war . In London , crowds massed in Trafalgar Square and up The Mall to Buckingham Palace , where King George VI and Queen Elizabeth , accompanied by Prime Minister Winston Churchill , appeared on the balcony of the Palace before the cheering crowds . Princess Elizabeth ( the future Queen Elizabeth II ) and her sister Princess Margaret were allowed to wander incognito among the crowds and take part in the celebrations . In the United States , the victory happened on President Harry Truman ' s 61st birthday . He dedicated the victory to the memory of his predecessor , Franklin D . Roosevelt , who had died of a cerebral hemorrhage less than a month earlier , on 12 April . Flags remained at half - staff for the remainder of the 30 - day mourning period . Truman said of dedicating the victory to Roosevelt ' s memory and keeping the flags at half - staff that his only wish was " that Franklin D . Roosevelt had lived to witness this day . " Later that day , Truman said that the victory made it his most enjoyable birthday . Massive celebrations also took place in Chicago , Los Angeles , Miami , and especially in New York City ' s Times Square . Soviet Victory Day . As the Soviet representative in Reims had no authority to sign the German instrument of surrender , the Soviet leadership proposed to consider Reims surrender as a " preliminary " act . The surrender ceremony was repeated in Berlin on May 8 , where the instrument of surrender was signed by supreme German military commander Wilhelm Keitel , by Georgy Zhukov and Allied representatives . Since the Soviet Union was to the east of Germany , it was May 9 Moscow Time when the German military surrender became effective , which is why Russia and most of the former Soviet republics commemorate Victory Day on 9 May instead of 8 May .
Transarmament Transarmament ( closely related to civilian - based defense ) is the partial or total replacement of armed forces with the physical and social infrastructure to support nonviolent resistance . According to an encyclopedia definition , transarmament is the process of changeover from a military - based defense policy to a civilian - based defense policy . Transarmament always involves the replacement of one means to provide defense with another . It therefore differs from " disarmament , " which is the simple reduction or abandonment of military capacity . ( p 534 ) Civilian defense . The term " transarmament " appears to have been introduced in 1937 in a pamphlet by Kenneth Boulding . It appears not to have been used again until the 1960s . According to Adam Roberts , Offensive to defensive . " Transarmament " has later been used — for example , by Johan Galtung — as a technical term to describe a shift in military strategy . Galtung distinguishes between offensive and defense armaments and suggests transitioning to a defensive system of national defense . His use of the term does not imply nonviolence . Galtung advocates precise weapons with limited range and destructive effects .
Richard E . Bush Richard Earl Bush ( December 23 , 1924 – June 7 , 2004 ) was a United States Marine master gunnery sergeant who received the Medal of Honor as a corporal for heroism on Okinawa during World War II . On April 16 , 1945 , Cpl . Bush placed himself on a thrown enemy grenade , absorbing the force of the explosion , saving the lives of his fellow Marines and corpsmen . In World War II , twenty - seven Marines similarly used their bodies against thrown enemy grenades in order to save their comrades ' lives . Four of these Marines survived and were awarded the Medal of Honor — Richard Bush , Jacklyn H . Lucas , Carlton R . Rouh , and Richard K . Sorenson . Early life . Bush was born in Glasgow , Kentucky on December 23 , 1924 . He worked for his father as a tractor driver on a tobacco farm and completed one year of high school . He enlisted in the United States Marine Corps Reserve on September 22 , 1942 in Bowling Green , Kentucky . He received his basic training at the Marine Corps Recruit Depot San Diego , California , and later was transferred to a replacement battalion at Camp Elliott , California , for further training as an armorer . He served with the Marine Corps Raiders in the Pacific . While with the " Raiders " he was promoted to corporal . On April 16 , 1945 , Corporal Bush , was serving in the 1st Battalion , 4th Marine Regiment , 6th Marine Division as a rifle company squad leader when he led his men in a charge against an enemy stronghold during the final assault against Mount Yaetake in northern Okinawa . During that action , he was seriously wounded and evacuated to a nearby medical aid area for treatment . While at this position , an enemy grenade was hurled among the Navy corpsmen and wounded Marines including himself . He immediately took and placed the grenade under himself saving his comrades lives . He survived the blast with severe wounds , losing several fingers and the sight in one eye . On October 4 , 1945 , President Harry S . Truman , in a White House ceremony , presented Cpl . Bush with the Medal of Honor for “ conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty . ” He was also awarded a second Purple Heart Medal ( gold 5 / 16 inch star ) for wounds received on Okinawa . In the years following the war , Bush worked for the Veterans Administration until 1972 as a counselor helping veterans file claims and earned numerous civilian awards for his efforts to aid other veterans despite constant problems with his one functioning eye , a holdover from his World War II wounds . Bush died of a heart ailment at the age of 79 on June 7 , 2004 in Waukegan , Illinois . Post war . He is buried at Ascension Catholic Cemetery Libertyville , Illinois . His grave can be found in Section 7 , Block 10 , Lot 63 .