naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Robert William Strong , Jr . Robert William Strong , Jr . was an American Major general and Legion of Merit recipient . Biography . Robert Strong was born on November 23 , 1917 in Painseville , Ohio . His father , Robert William Strong , Sr . , was a member of the class the stars fell on at West Point , who ended his career as a Brigadier General . Strong graduated from Valley Forge Military Academy at Wayne , Pennsylvania and in July 1936 entered the United States Military Academy at West Point . Four years later he graduated from there as a second lieutenant and in October of the same year began flight training at Kelly Field , Texas where he also got his Aircrew Badge in September 1941 . In December of the same year he was a bomber aircraft operations officer for the 41st Bombardment Group at Hammer Field , California . Later on , 47th Bombardment Group at Visalia went also under his command . In August 1942 , he went to Topeka , Kansas where he trained 333rd Bomb Group and the same year moved to Salina , Kansas where he did the same thing with the 346th Bomb Group . In January 1943 he took command of Salina ' s 504th Bombardment Group and the same year moved back to Topeka . From March 1943 to February 1944 he served as an operations officer for the 2nd Heavy Bombardment Processing Headquarters and 3rd Heavy Bombardment Processing Headquarters at Topeka ' s 272nd Base Unit . In June 1944 Strong came back to Salina and became a commander of the of the 62nd Bombardment Group which played an important strategic role in South West Pacific Theater . Later on he was transferred to command the 39th Bombardment Group which was stationed on the island of Guam . During this time , his B - 29s ' squadron bombarded Japan for 200 hours . He came back to the United States in October 1945 and served as tactical officer at the U . S . Military Academy till July 1948 . In August 1952 Strong became an assistant air attaché to Canada and then got enrolled into the Naval War College at Newport , Rhode Island . When he graduated from the War College in June 1953 he became a general at the Headquarters of the United States Air Force in Washington , D . C . In November 1961 Strong came back to the United States and became a commander of the 825th Strategic Aerospace Division which was stationed in Little Rock , Arkansas . There , he remained till March 1963 when he became commandant of cadets at the U . S . Air Force Academy in Colorado . Two years later in July , he came back to SAC and was an 817th Air Division commander there at Pease Air Force Base in New Hampshire . In July 1966 , in the same place , he also served as a chief of staff for the Eighth Air Force where he remained till he retired on May 1 , 1970 . He continued to live his live till he died on March 16 , 2006 .
Alva R . Fitch Alva Revista Fitch ( September 10 , 1907 – November 25 , 1989 ) was a lieutenant general in the United States Army and was deputy director of Defense Intelligence Agency from 1946 to 1964 . From October 16 , 1961 to January 5 , 1964 , Fitch served as the Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence , Headquarters , Department of the Army . Early life . Born in Amherst , Nebraska on September 10 , 1907 , Fitch was the first Eagle Scout in Nebraska , and one of the very earliest west of the Mississippi River . Military career . Fitch graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point in 1930 and became a career Army officer . While a major , he commanded artillery units in the Philippines early in World War II . A survivor of the Bataan Death March in 1942 , he was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross and the Silver Star for heroism and courage in combat and while a captive of the Japanese . After the Battle of Bataan , he was taken prisoner of war and was not released until the war was concluded . He was held at Camp O ' Donnell and later Fukuoka prison camps , and as a result of multiple illnesses and injuries , was not released from Tripler Army Medical Center in Hawaii until well into 1947 . In the Korean War , Fitch was an artillery commander and then commanded the 3rd Armored Division . He later served as Chief of Staff of Army Intelligence before being named to the Defense Intelligence Agency post in 1946 . He served on the Army Aircraft Requirements Review Board , also known as the Rogers Board , which was established on January 15 , 1960 by the Army Chief of Staff to review the Army Aircraft Development Plan and the related industry proposals . The Rogers Board ' s members included Major Generals Hamilton H . Howze , Thomas F . Van Natta , Robert J . Wood , Richard D . Meyer , Ernest F . Easterbrook , and chairman Lieutenant General Gordon B . Rogers ; and its results prefigured the more influential Howze Board on airmobility . Retirement and death . He retired from active duty in 1964 and was military editor of the Kiplinger Newsletter from 1964 to 1975 . General Fitch died at Walter Reed Army Medical Center , Washington , D . C . , on November 25 , 1989 and was buried in Section 30 of Arlington National Cemetery . General Fitch is a member of the Military Intelligence Hall of Fame .
Siege of Dresden The Siege of Dresden took place in July 1760 during the Seven Years War when a Prussian force led by Frederick the Great unsuccessfully besieged the city of Dresden in Saxony . Frederick had previously occupied Dresden in 1756 during his Invasion of Saxony , which had triggered the outbreak of war . In 1759 it had been taken back by Austria - led forces . Frederick now targeted it in an attempt to reassert control over Saxony where he had expansionist territorial ambitions . The Prussian army reached the outskirts of Dresden on 13 July followed closely by a corps of Austrian troops under Count von Lacy . Frederick ' s forces crossed the River Elbe and overran the suburbs of the city bringing up heavy guns to target inside the city walls . Frederick was accused of deliberately shelling civilian areas of the city . Deciding to move and confront the threatening army of Daun , Frederick abandoned his attempt to reoccupy the city and withdrew . The large amount of damage done to the city and indiscriminate destruction further damaged Frederick ' s reputation across much of Europe . In particular , his destruction of the Elector of Saxony ' s gardens at Pirna in the wake of the siege , drew criticism . Dresden was the third major siege Frederick had been forced to abandon following Prague ( 1757 ) and Olomouc ( 1758 ) . Frederick ' s forces crossed into Silesia and fought the Battle of Liegnitz on 15 August .
Pierre Hugues Victoire Merle Pierre Hugues Victoire Merle ( 26 August 1766 – 5 December 1830 ) was a French general during the First French Empire of Napoleon . He joined the French army as a private in 1781 but after the French Revolution , the pace of promotion quickened . He was appointed a general officer in 1794 for distinguishing himself during the War of the Pyrenees . After leading a brigade at Austerlitz in December 1805 , he was promoted again . His division was in the first wave of the 1808 invasion of Spain , which precipitated the Peninsular War . In Spain , he led his division at Medina de Rioseco , Corunna , First and Second Porto , Bussaco , Sabugal , and Fuentes de Onoro . After being sent home from Spain , Merle was assigned to lead a division in the French invasion of Russia . He led his troops at First and Second Polotsk . He embraced the Bourbon cause in 1814 , retired from the army in 1816 , and died at Marseilles in 1830 . Merle is one of the names inscribed under the Arc de Triomphe on Column 35 .
Military police of the United Kingdom In the United Kingdom , the phrase military police is normally used to describe two main types of police : service police and regimental police . There are a number of civilian police forces whose role is to guard military facilities , but such forces are not normally included in the term " military police " . Service police . In the UK , " Service Police " is used to describe the sections of the British Armed Forces responsible for policing the members of the armed forces . They are comparable to the provosts of other countries , however the term " provost " in the UK refers to the staff of military prison s and senior service police officers ( e . g . the Provost Marshal ) . Each of the services has its own service police branch , a standalone unit responsible for policing , close protection of VIPs and , in the case of the RMP and RAFP , other matters such as traffic control . Service police officers are not constables and have powers over non combatants only in a very few cases . In certain areas , service police officers patrol alongside ordinary police officers from the territorial police force - London ' s Soho being one example , in addition to various military towns such as Aldershot ( where there are numerous barracks ) and Plymouth ( for HMNB Devonport ) . Service police will often assist normal police officers with arrests , and may take arrested service personnel back to their establishment . All service police are trained at the Defence Police College , and utilise the Service Police Crime Bureau operated by the RNP , RMP and RAFP . Each of the four service police has its own Special Investigation Branch ( SIB ) to undertake investigation of more serious crime and plain - clothes investigations . The British military prison at Colchester is operated by the Military Provost Staff Corps , an all - senior NCO corps which only recruits from serving personnel . The Military Provost Guard Service ( MPGS ) is a service responsible for maintaining security at British Armed Forces sites in the United Kingdom . Regimental Provost . In addition , the Army operates Regimental Provost , who are members of units responsible for policing in their unit alone . Members of the Regimental Provost can be identified by the brassards they wear , which carry the letters " RP " . They have the power to arrest soldiers of the same or lesser rank under the Army Act 1955 . Civil police . Policing of military facilities , as opposed to military personnel , is conducted by ordinary police officers who are not part of the armed forces , thus they are not ' Military police ' .
Counter - air patrol Counter - air patrol is a type of flying mission for fighter aircraft against other fighters , common in World War II and sometimes combined with " fighter sweeps " ( Rhubarb missions ) against targets of opportunity . Counter - air patrol is an attempt to achieve air superiority by maintaining patrols above and around enemy airfields . Aircraft are vulnerable on take off , fully loaded and working to gain altitude and speed . The aim of the counter - air patrol was to pick off enemy fighters as they took off and during their climb to an operational height . Fighter sweeps were used both to attrit the enemy and to provide cover for bombing raids by forcing enemy fighters to protect their own airfields .
EKR ( missile ) The EKR ( " Eksperimentalnaya Krylataya Raketa " , or " experimental winged rocket " ) was a Soviet intermediate range cruise missile designed by the Korolev design bureau based on B . Chertok ' s elaboration of the German R - 13 cruise missile design . By 1951 - 1953 the Korolev bureau had prepared an experimental design , incorporating a prototype astronavigation system . In 1953 an expert commission examined the design and felt that there were still many technical problems needing to be solved , which would be better handled by an aircraft designer rather than Korolev . Additionally , Korolev ' s chief priority was the development of the R - 7 ICBM . In 1954 a government decree authorised the Lavochkin and Myasishchev aircraft design bureaus to proceed in parallel with full - scale development of trisonic intercontinental cruise missiles . The EKR as designed by Korolev would have been a Mach 3 ramjet , accelerated to supersonic cruise speed by an R - 11 rocket booster . Smaller than the missile proposed by the Germans , it would have had a range of 730 km with a flight time of 927 seconds , a lift to drag ratio of 2 . 51 , and a wing area of 3 . 31 m² .
Polish military eagle Military eagles ( ) are military insignia used in the Polish Armed Forces , based on the White Eagle of the Polish coat of arms . They are used on elements of military uniforms such as hats and buttons , as well as on military banners , flags , medals , emblems , publications etc . One variant exists for each of the four branches of the Armed Forces . Additionally , the Minister of National Defence , the Marshal of Poland , and generals and admiral s use their own variants .
High level bombing High level bombing is a tactic of dropping bomb s while in high altitude . The term is used as a counterpart to both World War II dive bombing and low - level bombing . Before the age of precision guided munition s ( PGMs ) , it was mostly used for strategic bombing , in other words to damage the enemy ' s economy and population , not for attacking specific military targets . While there exist purposely designed high level bomber s , these missions can be also flown by more general aircraft , such as fighter - bomber s . World War II . High level bombers were primarily used by the Allies for carpet bombing ( particularly later in the war ) , such as the bombing of Dresden or Tokyo . They were also deployed in other kinds of missions such as Operation Tidal Wave , Operation Crossbow , and the sinking of the Tirpitz . After initial operations by day suffered heavy losses , the British switched to night - time sortie s where the darkness gave some protection against German fighters . Arthur " Bomber " Harris ' s strategy for the RAF Bomber Command was to attack area targets that the bombers could be more certain of hitting at night , while the U . S . preferred daylight , precision bombing techniques . The development since the 1930s of gyroscope - stabilised bombsight s , such as the Norden bombsight , also helped the Allied air forces ' ability to accurately strike their targets with medium - to high - altitude level bombing attacks . Nazi Germany used high level bombers such as the Heinkel He 111 , the Dornier Do 17 and multi - role aircraft such as the Junkers Ju 88 against the Allies in the Battle of Britain , both for carpet bombing and for precision attacks on British radar stations as part of Operation Eagle . Cold War . During the Cold War , the United States and Soviet Union used several bomber designs , but the bulk of their offensive forces were in the form of , respectively , the B - 52 Stratofortress and Tu - 95 Bear . The French equivalent was the Mirage IV , and the UK had its V bomber s . The U . S . Strategic Air Command ( SAC ) ordered massive high level bombing in Operation Rolling Thunder and Operation Menu during the Vietnam War .
Nakajima G5N The Nakajima G5N " Shinzan " ( 深山 " Mountain Recess " ) was a four - engined long - range heavy bomber designed and built for the Imperial Japanese Navy prior to World War II . The Navy designation was " Experimental 13 - Shi Attack Bomber " ; the Allied code name was " Liz " . Design and development . The Nakajima G5N " Shinzan " originated due to the Imperial Japanese Navy ' s interest in developing a long - range attack bomber capable of carrying heavy loads of bombs or torpedoes a minimum distance of . To meet this requirement , it became apparent a four - engine lay - out would be necessary . As Japanese aircraft manufacturers lacked experience in building such large complex aircraft , the Navy was forced to search for a suitable existing foreign - made model upon which to base the new design . It settled on the American Douglas DC - 4E airliner . In 1939 the sole prototype of this airliner ( previously rejected by American airline companies ) was purchased by Nippon Koku K . K . ( Japan Airlines Co ) and clandestinely handed over to the Nakajima Aircraft Company for dismantling and inspection . The design that emerged from this study was for an all - metal mid - wing monoplane with fabric - covered control surfaces and powered by four 1 , 870 hp Nakajima NK7A Mamori 11 air - cooled radial engines driving four - bladed propellers . Notable features included a long ventral bomb - bay , glazed nose and twin tailfins replacing the DC - 4E ' s distinctive triple rudder . The DC - 4E ' s retractable tricycle undercarriage was retained , as well as the original wing form and powerplant arrangement . Defensive armament comprised one 20mm Type 99 Model 1 cannon each in a power - operated dorsal and tail turret plus single - mount hand - operated 7 . 7mm Type 97 machine gun s in the nose , ventral and waist positions . The first prototype G5N1 made its maiden flight on 14 : 35 8 April 1941 . Overall performance proved disappointingly poor however , due to a combination of excessive weight , the unreliability of the Mamori engines and the complexity of the design . Only three more prototypes were completed . In an attempt to salvage the project , two additional airframes were fitted with 1 , 530 hp Mitsubishi MK4B 12 " Kasei " engines and redesignated G5N2s . Although the Mitsubishi engines were more reliable than the original Mamori 11s , the aircraft was now even more hopelessly underpowered and further development of the type was halted . Operational history . Of the six completed " Shinzans " , four of them were relegated for use as long - range Navy transports under the designation G5N2 - L Shinzan - Kai Transport . The Allies allocated the code - name " Liz " to the aircraft , in the expectation it would be used as a bomber .
Turret ship Turret ships were a 19th - century type of warship , the earliest to have their guns mounted in a revolving gun turret , instead of a broadside arrangement . The first experiment was the addition of a turntable - mounted shielded gun to HMS " Trusty " ( a floating battery ) in 1861 . The USS " Monitor " , built in 1862 , is more famous , being the first ship mounted with only a turret to take part in battle . Pressure from the Royal Navy ' s proponent of turrets , Captain Cowper Phipps Coles , led to the building of HMS " Captain " to his design in 1869 . She was a low freeboard design and capsized during a heavy gale while under sail . HMS " Monarch " and HMVS " Cerberus " built at the same time proved more durable and HMS " Devastation " of 1871 led directly to the modern battleship . Mostly turret ships were monitors , oceangoing and coastal . Ships like the " Zhenyuan " were used in the Sino - Japanese War and Russo - Japanese War .
HMS Hermes ( 1898 ) HMS " Hermes " was a " Highflyer " - class cruiser which served with the Royal Navy . She is notable for being refitted in April – May 1913 as the first experimental seaplane carrier of the Royal Navy , with a launching platform and room to stow three seaplanes ( the French preceded her by about a year ) . Career . " Hermes " was built at the yards of Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering Company , Govan , being laid down in April 1897 , launched on 7 April 1898 , and commissioned in October 1899 . She initially served as the flagship of the East Indies station but was paid off at Devonport in December 1900 . She later served at the Cape station ( 1907 - 1913 ) . In May 1913 , she was re - commissioned as a seaplane carrier . The conversion involved fitting a stowage platform at the rear of the ship and a launching platform at the front . The aircraft took off using wheeled trolleys and were retrieved by cranes . Two seaplanes were carried during trials in 1913 . The results of these trials were used to help design , completed as a seaplane carrier using an existing hull after her purchase in May 1914 . After the seaplane trials ended in December 1913 , " Hermes " reverted to a cruiser and was recommissioned , only to be taken out of service at the end of the year and placed in reserve . At the start of the First World War , " Hermes " was again converted to a seaplane tender , delaying her recommissioning until 31 August 1914 ; she was then part of the Nore Command and used to ferry aircraft to France . On 30 October , " Hermes " arrived at Dunkirk with one load of seaplanes . The next morning , " Hermes " set out on the return journey but was recalled because a German submarine was reported in the area . Before the order could be obeyed , " Hermes " was torpedoed by off Ruylingen Bank in the Straits of Dover , and she sank with the loss of 22 of her crew . Her captain , who survived , was Charles Lambe . Wreck . HMS " Hermes " lies upside down in approximately 30 metres ( 100 feet ) of water in position .
Treaty of London ( 1358 ) The Treaty of London ( 1358 ) known as " the first Treaty of London " ( May 1358 ) , was signed during the Hundred Years ' War , between the English and French . Edward III of England ' s son , Edward the Black Prince , invaded France from English held Gascony in 1356 , winning a victory at the Battle of Poitiers . During the battle , the Gascon noble Jean III de Grailly , captal de Buch , captured the French king , John II , and many of his nobles . At the instigation of the pope , negotiations were opened and resulted in a truce being declared on 13 March 1357 . The Black Prince brought John to London where negotiations were reopened and the First treaty of London signed in May 1358 . The truce set John ' s ransom at four million écu s . The treaty was never implemented , largely because the French did not raise the first installment of the ransom . However , negotiations resumed that extended the truce and eventually led to the second treaty of London .
Harry M . Wyatt III Lieutenant General Harry M . “ Bud ” Wyatt III , USAF ( born 1949 ) is retired lieutenant general of the United States Air Force who last served as 14th Director , Air National Guard . He is an Air Force officer as well as an attorney from Oklahoma . Prior to assuming his current post he served as the Adjutant General of Oklahoma and the Oklahoma Secretary of Military Affairs for the state of Oklahoma . In the best traditions of the citizen - soldier , General Wyatt maintained a private law practice until his election to the Oklahoma bench . As director of the Air National Guard , General Wyatt is responsible for formulating , developing and coordinating all policies , plans and programs affecting more than 106 , 800 Guard members in more than 88 flying wings and 200 geographically separated units throughout the United States , the District of Columbia , Puerto Rico , Guam and the Virgin Islands . On January 30 , 2013 , Lieutenant General Wyatt retired from USAF . At the retirement ceremony , Wyatt received Air Force Distinguished Service Medal for his service . Military career . General Wyatt entered the United States Air Force on June 24 , 1971 following his graduation from Southern Methodist University with a Bachelor of Arts degree in business administration . He received his commission on November 24 , 1971 as the 50 , 000th graduate from the Air Force Officer Training School . He graduated undergraduate pilot training from Laredo Air Force Base , Texas on January 26 , 1973 . During August 1977 , General Wyatt left active duty and entered into the Oklahoma Air National Guard , of which he remains a commissioned officer . He earned his Juris Doctor degree from the University of Tulsa College of Law in 1980 . During his tenure with the Guard , General Wyatt has served as a fighter pilot , flight commander , group commander , vice wing commander , wing commander , and Chief of Staff of the Oklahoma National Guard . During 2003 , Governor of Oklahoma Brad Henry appointed then - Brigadier General Wyatt to the position of Adjutant General of Oklahoma and nominated General Wyatt for appointment to the rank of major general . On September 18 , 2008 , then - President of the United States George W . Bush nominated Maj Gen Wyatt for assignment as Director , Air National Guard , and appointment to the rank of lieutenant general in the reserve active duty of the Air Force . Wyatt assumed the assignment on February 1 , 2009 to succeeding General Craig McKinley who was reassigned as the chief of the National Guard Bureau . Effective dates of promotion . Note : United States Air Force ( USAF ) and Air National Guard ( ANG )