naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Minenwerfer Minenwerfer ( " mine launcher " ) is the German name for a class of short range mortars used extensively during the First World War by the German Army . The weapons were intended to be used by engineers to clear obstacles including bunkers and barbed wire , that longer range artillery would not be able to accurately target . Development . The Germans studied the Siege of Port Arthur , where heavy artillery had been unable to destroy defensive structures like barbed wire and bunkers . The German Military " Ingenieurkomitee " ( " Engineer committee " ) began working with Rheinmetall to study the problem in 1907 . The solution they developed was short - barreled rifled muzzle - loading mortar , built in three sizes . The largest of these was introduced first , in 1910 as the " 25 cm schwerer Minenwerfer " ( abbreviated " sMW " ; English : " 25 cm heavy mine launcher " ) . Despite weighing only 955 kg ( 2 , 193 pounds ) it had the same effect on targets as the 28 cm and 30 . 5 cm mortars , which weighed ten times as much . At the outbreak of the First World War 44 had been delivered . They were used successfully in Belgium at Liege and Namur , and against the French fortress of Maubeuge . The medium version of the German shell , the " 17 cm mittlerer Minenwerfer " ( mMW ; " 17cm mid - sized mine launcher " ) was introduced in 1913 , and at the outbreak of war 116 were fielded . The light version of the weapon , the 7 . 58 cm " leichter Minenwerfer " ( LMW ; " light mine launcher " ) was still at the prototype stage when the war started , but rapidly entered production . The weapon was far more efficient than its artillery counterpart . In comparison the 7 . 7 cm FK 96 n / A needed to be towed by a team of six horses , compared with a single horse for the LMW , additionally the LMW could be moved around the battlefield by four men . The " minenwerfer " was cheaper , costing only one seventh as much as the artillery gun , and the ammunition was cheaper . Since the muzzle velocity , and thus firing shock of the " minenwerfer " was low , a variety of explosives that would usually be unsuitable for use in artillery were used to fill the shells . In any case , TNT explosive was reserved for use in artillery shells . Typically the explosives used in the " minenwerfer " were ammonium nitrate - carbon explosives . However the sensitivity of the explosives occasionally made them detonate in the tube . There were a large number of these incidents , one of which claimed the life of Karl Völler , head designer of Rheinmetall , in 1916 . These problems , however , were eventually overcome . Recognizing the numerous advantages of the " minenwerfer " in trench warfare production was stepped up and by 1918 the numbers had increased dramatically to 1 , 234 heavy , 2 , 361 medium and 12 , 329 light " minenwerfer " . A 38 cm calibre " sehr schwerer Minenwerfer " ( ssMW ; English : " very heavy mine launcher " ) was also developed .
Alexander Isius Alexander ( Gr . ) , surnamed Isius , the chief commander of the Aetolia ns , was a man of considerable ability and eloquence for an Aetolian . In 198 BC he was present at a colloquy held at Nicaea on the Maliac Gulf , and spoke against Philip V of Macedon , saying that the king ought to be compelled to quit Greece , and to restore to the Aetolians the towns which had formerly been subject to them . Philip , indignant at such a demand being made by an Aetolian , answered him in a speech from his ship . Soon after this meeting , he was sent as ambassador of the Aetolians to Rome , where , together with other envoys , he was to treat with the senate about peace , but at the same time to bring accusations against Philip . In 197 BC , Alexander again took part in a meeting , at which T . Quinctius Flamininus with his allies and king Philip were present , and at which peace with Philip was discussed . Alexander dissuaded his friends from any peaceful arrangement with Philip . In 195 BC , when a congress of all the Greek states that were allied with Rome was convoked by Flamininus at Corinth , for the purpose of considering the war that was to be undertaken against the Spartan king Nabis , Alexander spoke against the Athenians , and also insinuated that the Romans were acting fraudulently towards Greece . When in 189 BC , Marcus Fulvius Nobilior , after his victory over Antiochus III the Great , was expected to march into Aetolia , the Aetolians sent envoys to Athens and Rhodes ; and Alexander Isius , together with Phaneas and Lycopus , were sent to Rome to sue for peace . Alexander , now an old man , was at the head of the embassy ; but he and his colleagues were made prisoners in Cephallenia by the Epeirotes , for the purpose of extorting a heavy ransom . Alexander , however , although he was very wealthy , refused to pay it , and was accordingly kept in captivity for some days , after which he was liberated , at the command of the Romans , without any ransom .
37th New Jersey Volunteer Infantry Regiment The 37th New Jersey Volunteer Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War . It was one of scores of temporary regiments that originally signed up for rear echelon duty as Hundred Days Men in an effort to free up veteran troops for front - line combat . Service . The 37th Infantry was organized at Camp Delaware in Trenton , New Jersey , and mustered into service on June 23 , 1864 , for a term of one hundred days . The regiment was commanded by a veteran of the Army of the Potomac , Col . E . Burd Grubb . The ranks contained more than 700 men , many of whom had previous military experience . Before leaving camp on June 28 , the new soldiers were issued one hundred smoothbore muskets altered to percussion caps and five - hundred and thirty - eight Enfield rifles . Once the 37th New Jersey arrived in City Point , Virginia , they were put to work at depots near the Appomattox River unloading supply trains , relieving the veterans who had been doing this routine work . The 37th was assigned to the X Corps of the Army of the James , serving under Maj . Gen . David B . Birney . On August 27 , with more manpower needed in the front - lines , the regiment was ordered to man the trenches in front of Petersburg , and the next day , they arrived to support the Hare House Battery . During the Siege of Petersburg , the 37th suffered 34 men killed and wounded . On September 26 , they were relieved by another regiment and transported back to Trenton . The 37th New Jersey was mustered out of the army on October 1 , 1864 . Regimental statistics . Killed or died of wounds 2 Officers 6 Enlisted men Wounded and recovered 0 Officers 29 Enlisted men Died of disease or accidents 2 Officers ( Colonel Grubb ' s younger brother Parker Grubb , the regimental adjutant ) 13 Enlisted men Battle deaths . Private Theodore H . Gardner of Company G , killed at Petersburg on September 5 , 1864 Private Joseph Bryer of Company D , killed at Petersburg on September 15 , 1864 Corporal George Garwine of Company D , wounded at Petersburg on September 15 , 1864 , died of wounds on September 25 , 1864 Private Alexander Carpenter of Company I , killed at Petersburg on September 20 , 1864 Private Philip Williamson of Company E , killed at Petersburg on September 24 , 1864 Private William Morehouse of Company B , killed at Petersburg on September 25 , 1864
Milites Milites were the trained private footsoldiers of Rome . These men were the non - specialist regular soldier s that made up the bulk of a Legion ' s numbers . Alongside soldiering , they also performed guard duties , labour work , building and other non - combat roles . Milites would usually have to serve for several years before becoming eligible for training to become immunes and thus become specialists with better pay . The Latin term eventually became synonymous with " soldier " , a general term that , in Western Europe , became associated with the mounted knight , due to the fact that they composed the professional military corps during the Early Medieval Era . The same term , however , could design the infantry soldier ( Milites Pedites ) . Other usages include the " Milites Templi " , referring to the Knights Templar or Milites Sancti Jacobi ( Order of Santiago ) . From the Latin root " Miles " derived words such as " Military " and " Militia " .
Battle of Husaybah ( 2004 ) The Battle of Husybah was fought in the spring of 2004 at the same time as the First Battle of Fallujah . In April 2004 , Fallujah was under siege by United States Marines , and insurgents were looking to relieve pressure on the city by attempting an offensive of their own . Ten days before , the highway connecting Al Anbar to Baghdad was cut and the insurgents attacked the capital of the province , Ramadi . The attack was repulsed by the Marines and the battle resulted in heavy casualties on both sides . Now the insurgents were ready for another attack , on the city of Husaybah on the Syrian border . The battle . An estimated 300 Iraqis from Fallujah and Ramadi launched an assault against the Americans in Husaybah . The insurgents lured the Americans from their base on the outskirts of the city first with a roadside bombing and then with a mortar attack . When the Marines responded they walked into an ambush where they were hit with small - arms and machine - gun fire near a former Ba ' ath Party headquarters . More reinforcements were soon called in to help the ambushed Marines . That force was also hit as they were entering the city . Very soon heavy street fighting ensued which lasted the whole day . The Marines had to clear two - story buildings block by block . Most of the fighting was centered along a street in the northern part of the town which the Marines called " East End Street " . Insurgents were on both sides of the street and were constantly laying down fire at the Marines . The fighting slowed down a bit after the Marines cleared a house used by the insurgents as a stronghold which they later nicknamed " The Crack House " , but fighting continued late into the night . During the night Cobra helicopter gunship s strafed insurgent positions near a soccer stadium downtown . Aftermath . Five Marines were killed along with 150 insurgents in the fierce battle that lasted 14 hours . Another 9 Marines were wounded and 20 insurgents captured . Capt . Richard J . Gannon II , 31 , of Escondido , Calif . ( Posthumously awarded the rank of Major ) Cpl . Christopher A . Gibson , 23 , of Simi Valley , CA Lance Cpl . Michael J . Smith Jr . , 21 , of Jefferson , Ohio . Lance Cpl . Ruben Valdez Jr . , 21 , of San Diego , Texas . Lance Cpl . Gary F . VanLeuven , 20 , of Klamath Falls , Ore .
Australian War Memorial , London The Australian War Memorial in London is a memorial dedicated in 2003 to the 102 , 000 Australian dead of the First and Second World War s . It is located on the southernmost corner of Hyde Park Corner , near the Wellington Arch . The memorial is a semicircular curved wall of grey - green Western Australian granite ( Verde Laguna granite from Jerramungup ) , with the names of 47 battles in which Australia was involved and the names of 23 , 844 towns in which the soldiers were born , carved into it , and with water running down over the names . The memorial was designed by Tonkin Zulaikha Greer Architects and the artist Janet Laurence . The memorial was unveiled on 11 November ( Armistice Day ) 2003 by Queen Elizabeth II in her role as Queen of Australia . In attendance was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Tony Blair and the Australian Prime Minister John Howard . Around 3 , 000 people were present at the ceremony , including 25 Australian veterans and it ended with a flypast of Jaguar s from No . 54 Squadron RAF .
Battle of Wilton ( 1143 ) The Battle of Wilton ( 1143 ) was a battle of the civil war in England known as The Anarchy . It was fought on 1 July 1143 at Wilton in Wiltshire . An army under King Stephen was stationed at Wilton Abbey , where it was attacked by an army led by Robert Earl of Gloucester . Although King Stephen ' s army was defeated , the king himself escaped capture . Background . On 1 January 1127 , King Henry I of England designated his daughter , the Empress Matilda , as heir to the throne . However , when Henry died in 1135 , his nephew Stephen of Blois crossed the Channel from Boulogne to England and claimed the throne . He quickly gained the support of London ' s magnates and the church , and seized control of the treasury at Winchester . He was crowned king on 22 December 1135 . By 1138 , Matilda had gathered enough support to challenge Stephen for the throne . Her supporters were led by her half - brother Robert Earl of Gloucester . The ensuing civil war lasted until 6 November 1153 when , by the Treaty of Winchester , Stephen recognised Matilda ' s son Henry as heir to the throne . Campaign . By 1142 both sides had become cautious of risking open battle , and the civil war became a war of sieges as each side attempted to capture strongholds held by the other . With Matilda ' s strongholds mainly confined to south west England , most of the sieges took place around that area . In 1143 , Stephen embarked on a new campaign to strengthen his position in the west country . He marched on Wareham , the port used by Matilda ' s party to maintain communications with Normandy . Wareham was too strongly defended for the king to capture , so he turned towards Salisbury instead . On his way there , he occupied Wilton Abbey while waiting for reinforcements from Winchester . Battle . While King Stephen was stationed at Wilton , mustering his forces for an attack on Salisbury , Earl Robert mounted a surprise attack at sunset on 1 July 1143 . Stephen attempted to break out from the siege , but his army was forced back and dispersed by a cavalry charge from Earl Robert ' s army . In the darkness , Stephen escaped from the burning abbey while his steward William Martel fought a rearguard action to delay the pursuers . After the battle , Earl Robert ' s forces looted and burned houses in Wilton . Aftermath . King Stephen surrendered Sherborne Castle to Earl Robert as ransom for the captured William Martel . Sherborne had been an important strategic outpost for the king in the west country . As a result of its surrender , Earl Robert ' s power extended from the Bristol Channel to the south coast of Dorset . The civil war settled into a stalemate , with Stephen unable to extend his power into the west country , while Matilda was unable to extend hers beyond that region .
Heruli ( military unit ) The Heruli was an " auxilia palatina " unit of the Late Roman army , active between the 4th and the 5th century . It was composed of 500 soldiers and was the heir of those ethnic groups that were initially used as auxiliary units of the Roman army and later integrated in the Roman Empire after the " Constitutio Antoniniana " . Their name was derived from the people of the Heruli . In the sources they are usually recorded together with the " Batavi " , and it is probable the two units fought together . At the beginning of the 5th century two related units are attested , the Heruli seniores in the West and the Heruli iuniores in the East . History . The " Heruli " probably belonged to the army of the " Caesar " Julian , and probably fought in the Battle of Strasbourg ( 357 ) , even if the sources do not mention them . In 360 , before Julian received the order to send most of his troops to Emperor Constantius II for a campaign in the East , the " Heruli " , the " Batavi " and two " numeri Moesiacorum " were sent in Britain under the command of Lupicinus , Julian ' s " magister militum " , probably to counter a rebellion . They embarked at " Bononia " ( Boulogne - sur - Mer ) and arrived at " Rutupiae " . Later the " Batavi " and the " Heruli " returned to the continent , but it is unknown when this happened . The Emperors Valentinian I and Valens divided the army among themselves . Many units were divided into two sub - units , sharing the name of the original unit and each distinguished by the name " seniores " , for the units of the " senior Augustus " Valentinian , and " iuniores " , for the units of the " iunior Augustus " Valens , and aggregated respectively to the Western Roman army and to the Eastern Roman army . In 365 , Emperor Valentinian I ( 364 - 375 ) had to confront the invading Germans . The barbarians were able to capture the banners of the " Batavi " and " Heruli " units , which were made the object of derision by the raiders until recovered . In 367 - 369 there was a revolt in Britain against Valentinian I , known as Great Conspiracy and put down by the later emperor Theodosius I . On this occasion , both the " Batavi " and the " Heruli " were sent to Britain , along with the " Iovii " and " Victores " . They landed at Richborough and headed for London . The " Notitia Dignitatum " , a document prepared in the years 400 - 420 , shows the deployment of the " Heruli seniores " under the command of the " Magister peditum " for Italy .
Logistics specialist The logistics specialist ( LS ) is a US Navy enlisted rating that was created on 1 October 2009 by the merger of the storekeeper ( SK ) and postal clerk ( PC ) ratings . It also includes the previous functions of the former aviation storekeeper ( AK ) rating , which was previously merged into the former storekeeper ( SK ) rating on 1 January 2003 . Job description . Logistics specialists manage inventories and issuance of repair parts / general supplies and specialized supplies ( e . g . , personal flight gear for naval aircrews or specialized combat equipment for Navy SEAL s or Naval Military Construction Battalion " Seabee s " ) , as well as distribute mail for naval ships , submarines , aviation squadrons , and shore - based activities . They procure , receive , store and issue material and repair selected components . They utilize financial accounting and database systems to perform inventory and financial management functions . Additionally , they sort and distribute all official and personal mail , manage money order and stamp inventories , and maintain financial and inventory reports . The LS rating is similar to the US Army ' s MOS 92 and the US Air Force ' s enlisted AFSC s 2G0XX , 2S0XX and 8M0XX . Function . Logistics specialists typically fall under the command or supervision of commissioned officers of the U . S . Navy Supply Corps . The exception to this is in the case of those sailors in the LS rating who hold the Navy Enlisted Classification ( NEC ) of independent storekeeper , which trains logistics specialist 1st class petty officers ( E - 6 ) and above to operate independently of a supply officer . Being principally derived from storekeepers , which until its disestablishment was one of the US Navy ' s oldest enlisted ratings , logistics specialists are primarily tasked with maintaining military supply stores . Their responsibilities generally include purchasing and procurement , shipping and receiving , and issuing of equipment , tools , consumable items or anything else obtained through the naval supply system . See also . List of United States Navy ratings
Augustus William , Duke of Brunswick - Bevern August Wilhelm , Duke of Brunswick - Bevern ( 1715 in Braunschweig – 1781 in Stettin ) , Prussia n soldier , son of Ernest Ferdinand , Duke of Brunswick - Lüneburg , was born in Braunschweig in 1715 , and entered the Prussian army in 1731 , becoming colonel of an infantry regiment in 1739 . He won great distinction at the battle of Hohenfriedberg as a major - general , and was promoted lieutenant - general in 1750 . Bevern was one of the most experienced and exact soldiers in the army of Frederick the Great . He commanded a wing in the battle of Lobositz in 1756 , and defeated the Austrians under Marshal Königsegg in a well - fought battle at Reichenberg on April 21 , 1757 . He took part in the battles of Prague and Kolin and the retreat to Görlitz , and subsequently commanded the Prussians left behind by Frederick in the autumn of 1757 when he marched against the French . Bevern conducted a defensive campaign against overwhelming numbers with great skill , but he soon lost the valuable assistance of General Winterfeld , who was killed in a skirmish at Moys ; and he was eventually brought to battle and suffered a heavy defeat at the battle of Breslau on November 22 . He fell into the hands of the Austrians on the following morning , and remained prisoner for a year . He was made general of infantry in 1759 , and on August 11 , 1762 inflicted a severe defeat at Reichenbach on an Austrian army endeavouring to relieve Schweidnitz . Bevern retired , after the peace of Hubertusburg , to his government of Stettin ) , where he died in peace in 1781 .
Camp Lawrence J . Hearn Camp Lawrence J . Hearn was a United States Army facility formerly located in Palm City , San Diego , California . History . Beginning in 1916 , the Third Oregon Infantry established the post during its border service . The United States Army , maintained Camp Lawrence J . Hearn , in honor of Major Hearn of the 21st Infantry Regiment , in response to the Mexican Civil War , and was manned by the 1st Cavalry Regiment . It was abandoned in August 1920 , but re - established by the 11th Cavalry Regiment in October of that same year . Brigadier General F . C . Marshall visited the post just before he died in a plane crash , traveling to Tucson , Arizona . Until 1921 , the post had no structures , and consisted of a tent cantonment ; soldiers requiring medical care would be sent to Fort Rosecrans for treatment . However , conditions on the post did not improve significantly , and was described by Army Chief of Staff Major General Summerall as being like a " logging camp " , composed of " tumbledown shacks " . In 1924 , cavalrymen from the post assisted local officers , and federal agents in enforcing a 9 pm curfew at the international border crossing . It continued to be in use until it was abandoned in 1931 . Later the former post was considered by the Coastal Artillery Corps for the site of a battery , however this was never built .
George Anson ( British Army major - general ) Major - General George Anson CB ( 13 October 1797 – 27 May 1857 ) was a British military officer and Whig politician . Military career . Anson was the second son of Thomas Anson , 1st Viscount Anson , and his wife Anne Margaret , daughter of Thomas Coke , 1st Earl of Leicester of Holkham Hall , Norfolk . Thomas Anson , 1st Earl of Lichfield was his elder brother . He was educated at Eton College . He entered the Army in 1814 as an Ensign in the 3rd ( Scots Fusiliers ) Guards and served at an early age in the Napoleonic Wars and fought at the Battle of Waterloo . He later sat as a Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Great Yarmouth from 1818 to 1835 , for Stoke - upon - Trent from 1836 to 1837 , and for Staffordshire South from 1837 to 1853 and served as Storekeeper of the Ordnance under Lord Melbourne from 1835 to 1841 and as Clerk of the Ordnance under Melbourne in 1841 and under Lord John Russell from 1846 to 1852 . Anson was a prominent owner of racehorses : he won the Epsom Derby with Attila in 1842 and the Epsom Oaks two years later with The Princess . Anson succeeded to the command of the Madras Army in 1854 , and early in 1856 became Commander - in - Chief in India . He was Colonel of the 55th ( Westmorland ) Regiment of Foot from 12 December 1856 . He died of cholera , at the age of 59 , during his march against the Indian rebels during the of Siege of Delhi in May 1857 and was buried in Kurnaul ( now Karnal ) . The body was later exhumed and taken back to England to be buried in Kensal Green cemetery . Anson married the Hon . Isabella Elizabeth Annabella , daughter of Cecil Weld - Forester , 1st Baron Forester , in 1830 . They had three daughters . Isabella survived her husband by only a year and died in December 1858 . Famous British Olympian Sir Matthew Pinsent is George ' s great great great grandson . External links .