naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
143rd Field Artillery Regiment ( United States ) The 143rd Field Artillery Regiment is a combat arms regiment of the United States Army made up of soldiers from the California Army National Guard . Only the regiment ' s first battalion , an M119A2 - equipped fires battalion , is still active . The 1st Battalion , 143rd Field Artillery ' s current mission is to shoot safely , accurately , and quickly in direct support of the 79th Infantry Brigade Combat Team . Furthermore , the battalion trains to deploy , fight , and win on the battlefield and respond effectively to any state emergency . The first battalion was most recently activated for federal service in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom from 2007 - 2008 . The subordinate batteries of 1 - 143 FA executed force protection missions throughout central and northern Iraq . Subordinate units . First Battalion The First Battalion , 143rd Field Artillery Regiment provides direct support fires to the 79th ( formerly 40th ) Infantry Brigade Combat Team , CAARNG . As the BCT ' s fires battalion , the 1 - 143 is organized to provide responsive and accurate artillery fires to the elements of the IBCT , including close supporting fires and counterfire . History . Service Battery , 1 - 143 FA ( now G Co , 40th BSB ) based in Richmond , CA , traces its lineage to Battery A , First Battalion of California Heavy Artillery . Battery A mustered into federal service in San Francisco between 6 and 11 May 1898 , along with the rest of the battalion . A and D Batteries of the battalion sailed to the Philippines , participating in the Spanish – American War and the Philippine – American War . Following service in those two conflicts , A Battery was mustered out of federal service in San Francisco on 21 September 1899 . The regiment was originally organized as the 1st Battalion of California Field Artillery on 20 December 1912 from existing units in the California National Guard , with Headquarters at Oakland . The 1st Battalion was called into service on 18 June 1916 , at their home station , and mustered into federal service on 28 June 1916 at the Sacramento Fairgrounds as part of the 1st California Brigade [ National Guard ] . The 1st Battalion of California Field Artillery , along with other units of the 1st California Brigade , served during the Mexican Border Campaign at Nogales and Yuma , Arizona . The unit was tasked with protecting the border and railroads as other units patrolled the vast border that separated the United States and Mexico . The regiment ' s units earned the following Campaign Participation Credit : The regiment has contributed forces to the following state mobilizations :
Major ( Canada ) Major is a rank of the Canadian Forces . The rank insignia of a major is two half - inch stripes with a quarter - inch stripe between . Majors fill the positions of company / squadron / battery commanders , or deputy commanders of a battalion / regiment ; in the Air Force they are typically squadron second - in - command , or commander of a detached helicopter flight embarked onboard Canadian naval vessels . The naval equivalent rank for major is lieutenant - commander .
Tom Webb - Bowen Air Vice - Marshal Sir Tom Ince Webb - Bowen KCB , CMG , RAF ( 17 January 1879 – 29 October 1956 ) was a senior commander in the Royal Air Force during the first half of the 20th century . RAF career . Webb - Bowen was commissioned into the Middlesex Regiment and later served with the Bedfordshire Regiment and the Madras Volunteer Corps . Finding himself unsuited to regimental life , Webb - Bowen learnt to fly in 1912 . After several weeks as a Royal Flying Corps flight commander , he was posted to the Central Flying School as an instructor where he later served as the Assistant Commandant . In March 1915 Major Webb - Bowen took over command of II ( AC ) Squadron whilst the squadron was located at Merville , France . During his short tenure there were two significant events . Firstly , because of the difficulty suffered by ground troops in communicating their advance to higher command , a technique was developed whereby troops on the ground could convey their position by laying strips of white cloth on the ground . Aircraft from II ( AC ) Sqn would then relay by WT the co - ordinates noted . The second and more historically significant event was the award of the first Victoria Cross awarded for bravery in the air , to Lt . Rhodes - Moorhouse . Major Webb - Bowen handed over command to Major Becke in June 1915 following his posting to Home Establishment . He continued his war service commanding No . 3 Wing RFC from May 1915 , and then as Brigadier - General Commanding first II Brigade RFC , then VII Brigade RFC and then II Brigade RFC again . He commanded these brigades in France and Italy . After the War he was appointed Air Officer Commanding South Eastern Area and then Air Officer Commanding RAF India . He was appointed Air Officer Commanding No . 3 Group in 1923 , Air Officer Commanding Inland Area in 1924 and Air Officer Commanding Middle East Command in 1925 . He then went on to be Air Member for Personnel in 1930 and Air Officer Commanding Wessex Bombing Area in 1931 before retiring on 26 September 1933 . He was recalled during World War II to be Duty Air Commodore in the Operations Room at Headquarters Fighter Command .
Jones Orin York Jones Orin York ( August 5 , 1893 – July 1970 ) was recruited in California by Soviet spy Stanislau Shumovskij approximately in 1935 . In 1950 York told the FBI that he had passed secrets to the KGB since the mid - 1930s , including plans for a new airplane engine of his own design and documents on the newest fighter developed by Northrop Corporation . York told the FBI that his KGB handler during 1941 - 42 had been Bill Weisband , who had helped him buy a camera for photographing documents . York admitted he was in it for the money , although he received very little . York ' s allegation was disturbing news , implying that the KGB had a mole in the sensitive Armed Forces Security Agency ( AFSA ) . York ' s code name in Soviet intelligence and in the Venona project is " NEEDLE " .
IV SS Panzer Corps The IV . SS - Panzerkorps was a German Waffen - SS armoured corps which saw action on the Eastern Front and in the Balkans during World War II . The Panzerkorps was formed in August , 1943 in Poitiers , France . The formation was originally to be a skeleton formation to supervise those SS divisions that were being reformed as SS Panzer divisions . On 30 June 1944 , the formation absorbed the VII SS Panzer Corps and was reformed as a headquarters for the 3 . SS - Panzer - Division " Totenkopf " and 5 . SS - Panzer - Division " Wiking " . The Corps was placed under the control of former " Wiking " commander SS - Obergruppenführer Herbert Otto Gille . The corps was placed into the line around Warsaw , Poland , where it saw action against the Red Army as a part of the 9 . Army . In August , 1944 , elements of the corps took part in the suppression of the Warsaw Uprising . After holding the line near Warsaw , the corps was pushed back to the area near Modlin , where it saw heavy fighting until December . When SS - Obergruppenführer Karl Pfeffer Wildenbruch ' s IX . SS - Gebirgskorps and large numbers of Hungarian troops were encircled in Budapest in December 1944 , the corps was shifted south to join 6 . Armee and to take part in the relief efforts . The operations were named Konrad . After the failure of Operation Konrad III , the corps was moved west to the area around Lake Balaton , where it was responsible for defending the left flank of Operation Frühlingserwachen ( Spring Awakening ) , near Stuhlweissenberg . After the failure of this offensive , the Soviet Vienna Operation tore a gap between the IV . SS - Panzerkorps and the neighboring 3 . Hungarian Army . After escaping an encirclement thanks to the efforts of the 9 . SS - Panzer - Division " Hohenstaufen " , the corps executed a fighting withdrawal towards Vienna . The remnants of the corps surrendered to the Americans on 9 May 1945 .
Second Carib War The Second Carib War ( 1795 - 1797 ) took place on the island of Saint Vincent between 1795 and 1797 . The conflict pitted large numbers of British military forces against a coalition of Black Carib , runaway slave , and French forces for control of the island . The First Carib War ( 1769 - 1773 ) was fought over British attempts to extend colonial settlements into Black Carib territories , and resulted in a stalemate and an unsatisfactory peace agreement . France captured Saint Vincent in 1779 during the American War of Independence , but it was restored to Britain by the Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) . Begun by the Caribs ( who harboured long - standing grievances against the British colonial administration , and were supported by French Revolutionary advisors ) in March 1795 , the Caribs successfully gained control of most of the island except for the immediate area around Kingstown , which was saved from direct assault on several occasions by the timely arrival of British reinforcements . British efforts to penetrate and control the interior and windward areas of the island were repeatedly frustrated by incompetence , disease , and effective Carib defences , which were eventually supplemented by the arrival of some French troops . A major military expedition by General Ralph Abercromby was eventually successful in crushing the Carib opposition in 1797 . The Caribs were deported from Saint Vincent to the island of Roatán off the coast of present - day Honduras , where they became known as the Garifuna people .
USS Blenny ( SS - 324 ) USS " Blenny " ( SS / AGSS - 324 ) , a " Balao " - class submarine , was a ship of the United States Navy named for the blenny , a fish found along the rocky shores of the Atlantic Ocean . " Blenny " ( SS - 324 ) was launched 9 April 1944 by Electric Boat Co . , Groton , Conn . ; sponsored by Miss Florence King , daughter of CNO Admiral Ernest J . King ; commissioned 27 June 1944 , Lieutenant Commander W . H . Hazzard in command ; and reported to the Pacific Fleet . Between 10 November 1944 and 14 August 1945 " Blenny " conducted four war patrols in the Java and South China Seas . " Blenny " sank eight Japan ese vessels totaling 18 , 262 tons . In addition , she is credited with destroying more than 62 miscellaneous Japanese small craft by gunfire , and rescuing a boarding party lost by the when that boat had to make an emergency dive to avoid strafing . With the cessation of hostilities " Blenny " returned to San Diego , arriving 5 September 1945 . She operated locally from the San Diego area during the remainder of 1945 . Between 1946 and 1951 " Blenny " made one cruise to China ( August – November 1946 ) ; participated in a midshipman cruise to Canada ; made two winter cruises in Alaskan waters ( 1947 – 48 and 1948 – 49 ) ; and participated in fleet maneuvers off Hawaii and local operations near San Diego . In 1951 " Blenny " underwent conversion to a GUPPY submarine and spent the remainder of the year operating in the San Diego area . Between May and November 1952 she cruised in the Far East during which time she conducted a 35 - day reconnaissance patrol in support of the Korean operations . The boat spent 1953 conducting local operations along the west coast . On 24 May 1954 " Blenny " reported to the Atlantic Fleet . She operated out of New London , Conn . , participating in Atlantic Fleet , NATO , and anti - submarine warfare exercises , in addition to operating with a submarine development group engaged in evaluating new equipment . " Blenny " was reclassified an Auxiliary Submarine , AGSS - 324 , c . 1969 . She was decommissioned , 7 November 1969 and laid up in the Reserve Fleet . " Blenny " was struck from the Naval Register , 15 August 1973 . She was sunk to form part of an artificial reef about fifteen miles ( 24 km ) off the coast of Ocean City , Maryland in June , 1989 . " Blenny " received four battle star s for her World War II service and one battle star for Korean War service .
USS Gazelle ( IX - 116 ) USS " Gazelle " ( IX - 116 ) , an unclassified miscellaneous vessel , was the third ship of the United States Navy to be named for the gazelle , any of numerous small , graceful , and swift antelopes , with lustrous eyes , found especially in South Africa , northern Africa , Iran , and India . She was built as an auxiliary oiler , launched on 9 November 1943 by the California Shipbuilding Corporation , at Wilmington , California , as SS " Cyrus K . Holliday " sponsored by Mrs . J . E . Stewart , and acquired by the Navy and simultaneously commissioned on 29 November 1943 with Lieutenant Joseph P . Marshall in command . " Gazelle " sailed from Wilmington on 9 January 1944 for Pearl Harbor , where she was assigned to Rear Admiral Turner ' s Southern Attack Force for the imminent assault on Kwajalein . Underway with the task force 28 January , she entered Kwajalein Lagoon on 2 February 1944 and began fueling operations in the midst of the furious fighting . For two weeks she fueled combatant ships , including battleships " New Mexico " ( BB - 40 ) , " Mississippi " ( BB - 23 ) , " Idaho " ( BB - 42 ) , many cruiser s , escort carriers , and smaller warships . Her mission accomplished , " Gazelle " stood out 15 February for further combat duties . She steamed into Eniwetok Lagoon on 18 February to support the amphibious invasion of that strategic island . Here in the front line of fighting she fueled several destroyer divisions before sailing 26 February for Kwajalein , where she issued fuel to American warships until getting underway 1 April for Pearl Harbor , arriving 12 April . One week later she sailed for Majuro , arriving 27 April , and subsequently continued fueling operations and shuttle runs through submarine - infested waters to Majuro , Roi , Kwajalein , and Eniwetok through the summer of 1944 , until reaching Ulithi on 15 October . " Gazelle " escaped damage when Japanese midget submarines penetrated the harbor net and patrol defenses at Ulithi on 20 November and sank oiler " Mississinewa " , moored away . Underway once more on 10 January 1945 , the ship reached Palau two days later and served there until arriving Leyte on 28 February . While at Leyte she fueled some 100 Allied ships during the next six months . " Gazelle " sailed 13 September for Korea , arriving Jinsen on 28 September , and joined the Korean Service Group , Seventh Fleet . She remained in Korea through October 1945 . " Gazelle " reached Norfolk , Virginia , on 28 February 1946 and decommissioned there on 9 May 1946 . Returned to the War Shipping Administration the next day , she was stricken from the Naval Vessel Register on 21 May 1946 . In 1948 she was sold to Intercontinental S . S . Corporation and renamed " Evistar " . " Gazelle " earned one battle star for World War II service .
Submarine depth ratings Depth ratings are primary design parameters and measures of a submarine ' s ability to operate underwater . The depths to which submarines can dive are limited by the strengths of their hulls . It is important to realize that there is a limit to how high the pressure can build inside the sub , as problems develop . For example , oxygen becomes toxic at high pressures , thus the pressure cannot be allowed simply to equalize . As a first order approximation , each 10 metres ( 33 feet ) of depth puts another atmosphere ( 1 bar , 14 . 7 psi , 100 kPa ) of pressure on the hull , so at 300 metres ( 1 , 000 feet ) , the hull is supporting thirty atmospheres ( 30 bar , 441 psi , 3 , 000 kPa ) of water pressure . ( Note : The one atmosphere of air pressure at sea level is balanced by the roughly one atmosphere maintained inside the sub , so it does not appreciably stress the hull . ) Design depth is the nominal depth listed in the submarine ' s specifications . From it the designers calculate the thickness of the hull metal , the boat ' s displacement , and many other related factors . Since the designers incorporate margins of error in their calculations , crush depth of an actual vessel should be slightly deeper than its design depth . Test depth is the maximum depth at which a submarine is permitted to operate under normal peacetime circumstances , and is tested during sea trials . The test depth is set at two - thirds of the design depth for United States Navy submarines , while the Royal Navy sets test depth slightly deeper than half ( 4 / 7ths ) of the design depth , and the German Navy sets it at exactly one - half of design depth . The maximum operating depth ( popularly called the never - exceed depth ) is the maximum depth at which a submarine is allowed to operate under " any " ( " e . g . " battle ) conditions . Crush depth , officially called collapse depth , is the submerged depth at which a submarine ' s hull will collapse due to pressure . This is normally calculated ; however , it is not always accurate . Submarines from many nations in World War II reported being forced through crush depth , due to flooding or mechanical failure , only to have the water pumped out , or the failure repaired , and succeed in surfacing again . One of the most popular stories of this occurring was the story of " U - 96 " , in the movie " Das Boot " . Note that these reports are not necessarily verifiable , and popular misunderstanding of the difference between test depth and collapse depth can confuse the discussion . ( Planesman error sometimes causes submarines to exceed test depth by a few feet or metres during trials ; note that a one - degree up - bubble on an " Ohio " - class boat indicates that the stern is some ten feet or three metres deeper than the bow . ) World War II German U - boat s generally had collapse depths in the range of 200 to 280 metres ( 660 to 920 feet ) . Modern nuclear attack submarine s like the American " Seawolf " class are estimated to have a test depth of 490 m ( 1 , 600 ft ) , which would imply ( see above ) a collapse depth of 730 m ( 2 , 400 ft ) .
Convoy RA 55B Convoy RA 55B was an Arctic convoy during World War II . It was one of a series of convoys run to return Allied ships from Soviet northern ports to ports in Britain . It sailed at the end of December 1943 , reaching British ports in early January 1944 . All ships arrived safely . Forces . RA 55B consisted of eight merchant ships which departed from Kola Inlet on 31 December 1943 . Close escort was provided by the two destroyers , " Whitehall " and " Wrestler " , and three corvettes . These were supported by an Ocean escort of eight Home Fleet destroyers led by " Onslow " ( Capt . JA McCoy commanding ) . Following the Battle of the North Cape on 26 December , which resulted in the sinking of the German battleship " Scharnhorst " , the threat from German surface units was , for the time being , eliminated , and RA 55B dispensed with the usual distant cover by heavy units of the Home Fleet . RA 55A was however threatened by a U - boat force of some thirteen boats in a patrol line , code - named " Eisenbart " , in the Norwegian Sea , which had operated against all the December convoys . Action . RA 55A sailed from Kola with its escort on 31 December 1943 , accompanied by an eastern local escort of three minesweepers . On 1 January 1944 the local escort returned to Murmansk , leaving RA 55B to continue . German air reconnaissance was unable to find RA 55B in the gloom of the polar night , and although several " Eisenbart " boats made contact , their attacks were ineffectual . RA 55B was able to shake off pursuit and on 7 January met the western local escort of two minesweepers , which brought the convoy into Loch Ewe on the following day , 8 January 1944 . Conclusion . The eight ships of RA 55B arrived in Britain without loss , while all German attempts to attack the convoy had failed . Ships involved . Allied ships . Merchant ships Close escort Ocean escort Axis ships . U - boat force
Siege of Smolensk ( 1609 – 11 ) The Siege of Smolensk , known as the Smolensk Defense in Russia ( " Смоленская оборона " in Russian ) lasted 20 months between September 1609 and June 1611 , when the Polish army besieged the Russian city of Smolensk during the Polish - Muscovite War ( 1605 – 1618 ) . In September 1609 , the Polish army under the command of King Sigismund III Vasa ( 22 , 000 men : 12 , 000 Polish soldiers and 10 , 000 Ukrainian Cossacks ; 30 gun s ) approached Smolensk . The city was defended by the Russian garrison under the command of voyevoda Mikhail Borisovich Shein ( over 5 , 000 men and 200 guns ) . On September 25 – 27 , the invaders assaulted Smolensk for the first time with no result . Between 28 September and 4 October , the Poles were shelling the city and then decided to lay siege to it . On 19 – 20 July , 11 August , and 21 September , the Polish army attacked Smolensk for the second , third , and fourth time , but to no avail . The siege , the shelling , and the assaults alternated with fruitless attempts of the Polish army to persuade the citizens of Smolensk to capitulate . Negotiations in September 1610 and March 1611 did not lead anywhere . The largest mining project at Smolensk came in December 1610 ; however , the Poles only managed to destroy a large portion of the outer wall , the inner walls remaining intact . The siege continued . At one point , the Polish guns breached the outer wall and the voivode of Bracław ordered his soldiers to rush in ; however , the Russians could see where the breach would come and had fortified that part of the wall with more people . Both sides were slaughtered , and the Poles were eventually beaten back . The citizens of Smolensk had been coping with starvation and epidemic since the summer of 1610 . The weakened Russian garrison ( with only about 200 remaining soldiers ) was not able to repel the fifth attack of the Polish army on 3 June 1611 , when after the 20 months of siege the Polish army advised by the runaway traitor Andrei Dedishin , discovered a weakness in the fortress defence and on 13 June 1611 a Cavalier of Malta , Bartłomiej Nowodworski , inserted a mine into a sewer canal and the succeeding explosion created a large breach in the fortress walls . Jakub Potocki was the first on the walls . The fortress fell on the same day , with the last stage taking place after violent street fighting , when some 3 , 000 Russians citizens blew themselves up in the Assumption Cathedral . Wounded Mikhail Shein was taken prisoner and would remain a prisoner of Poland - Lithuania for the next 9 years . Although it was a blow to lose Smolensk , it freed up Russian troops to fight the Commonwealth in Moscow , whereas Shein came to be considered a hero for holding out as long as he had . Smolensk would later become the place of a siege in 1612 and one in 1617 .
Siege of Jinju ( 1593 ) The Second Siege of Jinju was a battle during 1593 in Hideyoshi ' s invasions of Korea at Jinju Fort , Korea , between Japan and Korea . Unlike the First Siege of Jinju this battle resulted in a Japanese victory . The Koreans defended the castle desperately with various weapons including bows , handguns , " black " class cannons ( hyeonja - chongtong ) , explosive shots fired from mortars , killing numerous Japanese soldiers and destroying towers and bamboo palisades . The Koreans resisted for ten days , until a section of wall was breached by Japanese sappers , who had hid in an armoured cart called a " tortoise shell cart " . This became the origin of the Uwajima Ushi - oni Festival . The fortress was captured with the loss of the garrison commander , Hwang Jin , and all of his defenders and civilians .