naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Battle of Pavia ( 271 ) The Battle of Ticinum or Battle of Pavia was fought in 271 near Pavia ( Italy ) , and resulted in the Roman Emperor Aurelian destroying the retreating Juthungi army . Background . In 271 , Juthungi invaded Italy . They defeated Aurelian ' s army at the Battle of Placentia but , on their way against the defenseless Rome , they were repulsed by the imperial army at the Battle of Fano . Juthungi then asked for peace but Aurelian rejected their demand for safe passage . Trying to force way to their homelands , they headed to the north using the Via Aemilia . On the other side , Aurelian wanted a decisive victory in order to restore his damaged reputation after the loss at Placentia as well as to recover the plunder Juthungi were carrying . Therefore he went in pursuit of the invaders , waiting for the best moment to attack . The battle . Aurelian attacked the Juthungi while they were entering the open plains near Ticinum ( Pavia ) . He was able to destroy their entire force but a column that escaped through the Alps . However , even this remnant of the invading force was finally caught by Aurelian in Raetia and was eliminated . Aftermath . For the victory , Aurelian assumed the title of honour " Germanicus Maximus " . His victories ended the Juthungi invasion , but the Roman citizenry were shocked by the great threat that Rome itself had faced after the loss near Placentia . In response , Aurelianus decided to build new fortifications around Rome .
Fritz Frauenheim Fritz Frauenheim ( 9 January 1912 - 28 September 1969 ) was a German U - boat commander of the Second World War . From September 1939 until retiring from front line service in December 1940 , he sank 19 ships for a total of , and damaged two others . For this he received the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross ( ) , among other commendations . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . Early life . Frauenheim was born in Berlin - Friedenau on 9 March 1912 . He entered the navy and spent his initial training on the cadet ship " Schleswig - Holstein " , followed by a period on the light cruiser " Karlsruhe " . He was transferred to the U - boat force in January 1936 and rose quickly through the ranks and on 1 April 1939 he was promoted to Kapitänleutnant . He appears to have spent time with the German forces supporting the Spanish Nationalist forces during the Spanish Civil War , as he was awarded the Spanish Cross on 6 June 1939 . Wartime career . Frauenheim had been made watch officer on in 1938 , eventually spending over a year in this role , until October 1939 . He was appointed to command on 1 October 1937 , eventually carrying out five patrols , eventually sinking four merchant ships . He also laid mines , one of which damaged on 21 November , putting her out of action for nearly three years . The " Bayonet " was sunk by one of " U - 21 " ’ s mines on 21 December . Frauenheim left " U - 21 " on 6 January 1940 , taking over command of the newly built on 11 March 1940 . He commissioned the boat and took her on four successful patrols . He sank a total of 12 ships , including three sunk and one damaged from convoy SC - 7 . He left " U - 101 " on 18 November 1940 and became a teacher in the 2nd ULD . He went on to hold a number of staff positions , before taking command of 23rd U - boat Flotilla in the Mediterranean in September 1941 . In 1942 he moved to command 29th U - boat Flotilla . On 1 March 1943 he was promoted to Korvettenkapitän . In February 1944 Frauenheim joined the staff of the Admiral der " Kleinkampfverbände " ( Admiral of Midget Assault Units ) , where he remained for the rest of the war . He was again promoted , this time to Fregattenkapitän on 1 December 1944 . Post war . After the end of the war Frauenheim spent eight months in Allied captivity before being released . Frauenheim for almost 20 years until his death worked at the Mobil Oil AG in the Federal Republic of Germany . His last position was a member of the board and head of the department of Marine Transportation and Pipelines . He died in Hamburg on 28 September 1969 , aged 57 . Summary of career . Ships attacked . As a U - boat commander of and Fritz Frauenheim is credited with the sinking of 18 ships for a total of , further damaging one ship of , sinking one auxiliary warship of , and damaging one warship of .
Edward McCall Captain Edward R . McCall ( 5 August 1790 – 1 August 1853 ) was an officer in the United States Navy during the War of 1812 . Born in South Carolina , McCall was appointed midshipman 1 January 1808 . Appointed acting lieutenant in brig " Enterprise " 16 October 1811 , he took command of his ship during her action with HMS " Boxer " 5 September 1813 , early in which " Enterprise ’ s " captain , Lieutenant William Ward Burrows II , was mortally wounded . In acknowledgment of his victory over " Boxer " , McCall received the Thanks of Congress and a Congressional Gold Medal . Promoted to captain 3 March 1835 , he died at his home in Bordentown , New Jersey , 1 August 1853 . Two ships have been named USS " McCall " for him .
Chyhyryn Regiment The Chyhyryn Regiment ( ; ) was one of the seventeen territorial - administrative subdivisions of the Hetman State . The regiment ' s capital was the city of Chyhyryn , now in the Cherkasy Oblast of central Ukraine . The military units of the regiment were also known as the Hetman ' s Guard serving as personal guards of the Hetman of Ukraine in 1648 – 1676 . History . The regiment was created as a result of the Treaty of Kurukove , between the Zaporozhian Cossacks and the Polish - Lithuanian Commonwealth which led the establishment of six regiments of Registered cossacks that existed before the Khmelnytsky Uprising . The regiment occupied territory on both sides of the Dnieper River having eleven companies on the Right - bank Ukraine and eight on the Left - bank Ukraine . In the east it bordered the Korsun regiment , on the north of the right - bank the Cherkasy regiment , and on the north side of the left - bank the Kropyvna regiment . When the Khmelnytsky uprising occurred the regiment became part of the Cossack Hetmanate , where the city of Chyhyryn served as the first capital of the Hetmanate and the official residence of the hetman . Following the signing of the Treaty of Zboriv in 1649 , it consisted of a total of 19 sotnias and had 3 , 222 registered Cossacks . When a civil war emerged among the cossacks , the Hetmanate was split along the Dnieper River into Left - Bank Ukraine and Right - Bank Ukraine , which placed the regiment under the control of Right - bank Ukraine hetmans . After the Treaty of Andrusovo in 1667 , the Right - bank Ukraine and its regiments came under the administration of Poland ; while the left - bank companies of the Chyhyryn regiment were transferred to the Myrhorod regiment . During the hetmancy of Petro Doroshenko the southern portion of the Right - bank Ukraine became a Turkish protectorate under the administration of Doroshenko with Chyhyryn as its capital . Following the signing of the Treaty of Karlowitz , Polish authority was reinstated on the territory in 1699 . The regiment came under the jurisdiction of Ivan Mazepa in 1704 , who reunited both banks under his rule during the Great Northern War , but was dissolved in 1712 when the territory was returned to the Polish - Lithuanian Commonwealth and its population was transferred to Left - bank Ukraine . Structure . The regiment comprised 12 sotnias with eleven of these companies from the Right - Bank , and eight from the Left - Bank :
William Densmore William Densmore ( 1843 – June 17 , 1865 ) was a Union Navy sailor in the American Civil War and a recipient of the U . S . military ' s highest decoration , the Medal of Honor , for his actions at the Battle of Mobile Bay . Born in 1843 in New York , Densmore was still living in that state when he joined the Navy . He served during the Civil War as a chief boatswain ' s mate and gun captain on the . At the Battle of Mobile Bay on August 5 , 1864 , he " fought his gun with skill and courage " despite heavy fire . For this action , he was awarded the Medal of Honor four months later , on December 31 , 1864 . Densmore ' s official Medal of Honor citation reads : As captain of a gun on board the U . S . S . " Richmond " during action against rebel forts and gunboats and with the ram " Tennessee " in Mobile Bay , 5 August 1864 . Despite damage to his ship and the loss of several men on board as enemy fire raked her decks , Densmore fought his gun with skill and courage throughout a furious 2 - hour battle which resulted in the surrender of the rebel ram " Tennessee " and in the damaging and destruction of batteries at Fort Morgan . Densmore died on June 17 , 1865 , at age 21 or 22 and was buried in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania .
2 / 12th Field Ambulance ( Australia ) The 2 / 12th Field Ambulance was an Australian military unit of the Second Australian Imperial Force , serving during World War II . During their six years of service , over 200 soldiers were killed , the highest figure for a non - combatant unit in Australian history . The 2 / 12th was founded at Sydney Showground on 22 November 1940 . The unit was attached to the 23rd Infantry Brigade , 8th Division until February , 1943 , when it was moved to II Corps . Most of the recruits were from rural New South Wales . During their training in the Northern Territory , the members of the 2 / 12th provided medical support for the 23rd Brigade , participated in the construction of five small medical hospitals , and assisted sappers and pioneer assault units , earning the unit the nickname " 2 / 12th Pioneers " . Following the beginning of the Pacific War , 45 members of the 2 / 12th were each attached to Gull Force and Sparrow Force , and sent to defend the islands of Ambon and Timor respectively . All of the members of the 2 / 12th serving with Gull Force were captured or killed by the Japanese on 1 February 1942 , with many dying as prisoners of war on Ambon or Hainan . Many of those serving with Sparrow Force were also captured . The half - strength unit was reinforced , and on 10 May 1943 , the 192 members of the 2 / 12th boarded hospital ship " Centaur " to be transported to New Guinea . On 14 May 1943 , at 4 : 00 a . m . , " Centaur " was torpedoed by Japanese submarine " I - 177 " , and sank in less than three minutes . Of the 332 aboard , there were only 64 survivors , including 14 members of the 2 / 12th . It was 36 hours before they were rescued by USS " Mugford " . The 14 survivors were reinforced by men from the 4th Light Field Ambulance , and served in Borneo , Morotai , Tarakan , Lutong , and Kuching . The unit stood down in 1946 , having served past the war ' s end , working with the retrieval and care of Allied prisoners of war .
Anthony Bull Anthony Bull CBE CStJ ( 18 July 1908 – 23 December 2004 ) was a British transport engineer and was president of the Institute of Transport . Background and education . The son of Sir William James Bull , MP ( 1863 – 1931 ) , who was created a Baronet in 1922 , and his wife Lillian Hester Brandon , Anthony Bull was educated at Gresham ' s School , Holt ( 1922 – 1926 ) , and Magdalene College , Cambridge ( 1926 – 1929 ) . He gained the Cambridge degree of MA in 1933 . Bull was the third of four brothers . The eldest , Sir Stephen John Bull , 2nd Baronet ( 1904 – 1942 ) , was killed on active service in Java , East Indies . The next , Sir George Bull , 3rd Baronet ( 1906 – 1986 ) inherited the title , which passed to his son , Anthony Bull ' s nephew , Sir Simeon Bull , 4th Baronet ( born 1934 ) . Career . After Cambridge , he joined London Transport . At the outbreak of World War II , Bull joined the Transportation Branch of the War Office , then was commissioned as a lieutenant - colonel into the Royal Engineers . He went to Africa to work on the Afloc Plan , a logistical scheme to support the British Eighth Army by transporting supplies for it from the mouth of the River Congo to the River Nile and Egypt , by river , road and rail , avoiding the U - boat s in the Mediterranean . In 1943 , he transferred first to GCHQ Middle East , then to the headquarters in Kandy of Lord Mountbatten , Supreme Allied Commander South East Asia . After leaving the army , Bull returned to his career with London Transport as its chief Staff and Welfare Officer . In 1955 , he became a member of the London Transport Executive , joined the London Transport Board in 1962 and was its vice chairman , 1965 – 1970 and vice chairman of its successor , the Greater London Council run London Transport Executive from 1970 to 1971 . After that , until 1987 he worked as a consultant on underground railway systems around the world , based in London . He became President of the Institute of Transport in 1969 . He died in London in 2004 . Family . On 5 October 1946 , Bull married Barbara Donovan , daughter of Peter Donovan , whom he had met in Kandy in 1943 when she was a Wren . They had one daughter , Caroline ( born 11 July 1947 ) , but Barbara Bull died of polio on 18 October 1947 . Caroline became a barrister and in 1974 married as his second wife Sir Robert Chichester - Clark ( the brother of Lord Moyola and Penelope Hobhouse ) , having two sons , Adam and Thomas . Club . Anthony Bull joined London ' s Oxford and Cambridge Club in 1930 and was a member for seventy - four years . When he died at the age of 96 in 2004 , he was the " Father of the Club " .
Charles - Marie Denys de Damrémont Charles - Marie Denys , count de Damrémont ( 8 February 1783 – 12 October 1837 ) was a French general and military governor of French Algeria . He was killed in combat during the siege of Constantine . Life . Damrémont was born in Chaumont on 8 February 1787 . He entered the military school at Fontainebleau in 1803 . After graduating from the school he became a lieutenant in the 12th regiment of chasseurs à cheval , with which he took part in the Wars of the Third and Fourth Coalition s . In 1807 he became aide - de - camp to general Defrance and afterwards to Marshal Marmont . In 1811 and 1812 Damrémont served in the Peninsular War but in 1813 he transferred to the Grande Armée with which he fought in the campaigns in Germany ( 1813 ) and France ( 1814 ) . During the Hundred Days Damrémont became a colonel . On 25 April 1821 Damrémont was promoted to Maréchal de camp . In 1823 he was given command of a unit in the 5th Corps in the " Army of the Pyrenees " , which took part in the French invasion of Spain . From 1823 to 1829 he served as inspector of the infantry and was named as a member of various military commissions . In 1830 he commanded an infantry brigade in the French invasion of Algeria . On 13 December 1830 Damrémont was promoted to lieutenant - general . After he returned to France he was given command of the 8th military division on 6 February 1832 . On 15 September 1835 he was named Pair de France . On 12 February 1837 Damrémont was appointed governor - general of French Algeria . In October 1837 Damrémont commanded an expedition against Constantine . During the siege Damrémont was hit in the head by a bullet and mortally wounded during the evening of October 12 . He was replaced by general Valée who continued the attack and proceeded to capture the city on the 13th . He left a widow , the daughter of general Louis Baraguey d ' Hilliers , and two children . Damrémont was buried in a ceremony at Les Invalides , which also saw the premiere of Hector Berlioz ' s Requiem . Sources . « Charles - Marie Denys de Damrémont » , in Charles Mullié , " Biographie des célébrités militaires des armées de terre et de mer de 1789 à 1850 " , 1852 .
Indicator net Constructed using light steel nets , indicator nets were often anchored at various depths to the sea bed around Allied naval base s during World War II . They were intended to entangle U - boat traffic of the enemy , even though the submarine s often managed to disentangle themselves and escape before being blown up by depth charge s . Predominantly deployed by the Royal Navy as a means of discouraging enemy submarines from entering Allied waters , indicator nets were used extensively during the war . Individual nets were sometimes as much as 100 meters in length . Instead of being used as the sole anti - submarine measure , indicator nets were often mixed with extensive minefields and patrolling warship s . Sometimes mines were attached directly to the nets , thus reducing submarine survival chances . After a submarine became entangled in the net , a marker buoy attached to the net drifted along the water ' s surface indicating an enemy below . The first example of indicator nets causing the destruction of a U - boat occurred at Dover when the " U - 8 " became entangled on March 4 , 1915 .
General ( Canada ) The military rank of general in Canada is typically held by only one officer whose position is Chief of the Defence Staff ( CDS ) and the senior uniformed officer of the Canadian Forces . The rank is referred to as ' four - star ' , despite the use of maple leaves in the insignia . It is the equivalent of the naval rank of admiral . Prior to the 1968 unification of the Canadian Forces , the equivalent rank in the Royal Canadian Air Force was air chief marshal . The current incumbent of the position of CDS is Thomas J . Lawson .
Emmanuel Félix de Wimpffen Emmanuel Felix de Wimpffen ( Graf von Wimpffen ) ( 13 September 1811 , Laon , Aisne - 26 February 1884 ) was a French soldier and general of Austrian descent . Entering the army from the military school of Saint - Cyr , he saw considerable active service in Algeria , and in 1840 became captain ; in 1847 " chef de bataillon " . He first earned marked distinction in the Crimean War as colonel of a Turco - Persian regiment , and his conduct at the storm of the Mamelon won him the grade of general of brigade . In the campaign of 1859 he was with General MacMahon at the battle of Magenta at the head of a brigade of Guard Infantry , and again won promotion on the battlefield . Between this campaign and the Franco - Prussian War , he was mainly employed in Algeria , and was not at first given a command in the ill - fated Army of the Rhine . But when the earlier battles revealed incapacity in the commander of the 5th corps , De Wimpffen was ordered to take it over , and was given a dormant commission appointing him to command the Army of Châlons in case of Marshal MacMahon ' s disablement . He only arrived at the front in time to rally the fugitives of the 5th Corps , beaten at Beaumont , and to march them to Sedan . In the disastrous Battle of Sedan on the first of September , MacMahon was soon wounded , and the senior officer , General Ducrot , assumed the command . Ducrot was beginning to withdraw the troops when Wimpffen produced his commission and countermanded the orders . In consequence it fell to him to negotiate the surrender of the whole French army . After his release from captivity , he lived in retirement at Algiers , and died at Paris in 1884 . His later years were occupied with polemical discussions on the surrender of Sedan , the responsibility for which was laid upon him . He wrote , amongst other works , " Sedan " ( 1871 ) , " La Situation de la France , et les reformes necessaires " ( 1873 ) and " La Nation armée " ( 1875 ) .
HMS Vestal ( J215 ) HMS " Vestal " ( J215 ) was an " Algerine " - class minesweeper of the Royal Navy . She was launched in 1943 and saw service in the Pacific War against the Empire of Japan . She was critically damaged by Japanese kamikaze aircraft in 1945 and was subsequently scuttled in waters close to Thailand . " Vestal " was the only British ship to be taken out of action by kamikaze pilots in the Indian Ocean and the last Royal Navy ship to be lost in the Second World War . She was sunk whilst partaking in Operation Livery . " Vestal " was commanded by Lt . Charles William Porter , DSC , from 26 July 1943 until 26 July 1945 , when the ship was sunk . Her engine was provided by Paxman . Operations . 1944 . HMS " Vestal " underwent trials until October 1944 . She took part in a minesweeping exercise around Harwich with a flotilla , which was working in the Scheldt estuary . This was with the ships , , , , , , and , all of which were " Algerine " - class minesweepers . 1945 . HMS " Vestal " was deployed as a part of the East Indies Fleet , along with HMS " Pincher " , HMS " Plucky " , HMS " Recruit " , , HMS " Rifleman " , and HMS " Chameleon " . On 24 July , HMS " Squirrel " hit a mine , which killed seven men . The ship was scuttled by , and the survivors were rescued by " Vestal " , and taken to the battleship HMS " Nelson " . " Vestal " was sunk on 26 July 1945 whilst participating in Operation Livery . At around 18 : 25 , an alarm was sounded as three unidentified planes had been spotted coming over Phuket Island , and were soon followed by several more . The " Vestal " was hit by a kamikaze , sustaining critical damage . She was the last Royal Navy ship to be sunk in the Second World War . As the ship was hit close to Thailand , which was a Japanese held territory , the crew were taken off and the ship was scuttled . Wreck . The wreck of " Vestal " currently lies off Phuket at 72 meters below sea level .
Treaty of Bucharest ( 1918 ) The Treaty of Bucharest was a peace treaty between Romania on one side and Austria - Hungary , Bulgaria , Germany and the Ottoman Empire on the other , following the stalemate reached after campaign of 1916 – 17 and Romania ' s isolation after Russia ' s unilateral exit from World War I ( see Treaty of Brest - Litovsk ) . It was signed at Buftea , near Bucharest , on 7 May 1918 . Aftermath . Alexandru Marghiloman signed the treaty at Buftea ( near Bucharest ) on 7 May 1918 . It had been ratified by the Chamber of Deputies on 28 June and by the Senate on 4 July 1918 . However , King Ferdinand I of Romania refused to sign it . Although Bulgaria received a part of Northern Dobruja , it continued to lobby Germany and Austria - Hungary for the annexation of the whole province , including the condominium established by the Treaty of Bucharest . After negotiations , a protocol regarding the transfer of the jointly administered zone in Northern Dobruja to Bulgaria was signed in Berlin , on 25 September 1918 , by Germany , Austria - Hungary , the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria . In compensation , Bulgaria agreed to cede the left bank of the Maritsa river to Turkey . However , this agreement was short - lived because after 4 days , on 29 September Bulgaria had to capitulate in the face of the advancing Allied forces ( " see also the Armistice with Bulgaria " ) . The treaty was denounced in October 1918 by the Alexandru Marghiloman government and subsequently nullified by the terms of the Armistice of 11 November 1918 . In 1919 , Germany was forced in the Treaty of Versailles to renounce all the benefits provided by the Treaty of Bucharest in 1918 . The territorial transfers to Austria - Hungary and Bulgaria were annulled by the treaties of Saint - Germain ( 1919 ) , Neuilly ( 1919 ) and Trianon ( 1920 ) , respectively .