naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Spar torpedo A spar torpedo is a weapon consisting of a bomb placed at the end of a long pole , or spar , and attached to a boat . The weapon is used by running the end of the spar into the enemy ship . Spar torpedoes were often equipped with a barbed spear at the end , so it would stick to wooden hulls . A fuse could then be used to detonate it . Invention . The spar torpedo was invented during the American Civil War by E . C . Singer , a private engineer who worked on secret projects for the benefit of the Confederate States of America ( Singer was the nephew of Isaac Singer , inventor of the sewing machine ) . Singer ' s torpedo was detonated by means of a trigger mechanism adapted from a rifle lock ( see flintlock mechanism for a similar device ) . The spring - loaded trigger was detonated by means of a long cord attached to the attacking vessel . The attacking vessel rammed its target , embedding the barbed torpedo in its hull , then backed off . When the attacker reached the limit of the trigger cord , the torpedo was detonated . Use . The most famous use of a spar torpedo was on the Confederate submarine H . L . Hunley , which managed to sink the Union screw sloop USS " Housatonic " on February 17 , 1864 , although the Hunley was lost . Spar torpedoes were also used on the " David " - class of semi - submersible attack boats . At night on October 27 / 28 , 1864 , Lieutenant Cushing employed a spar torpedo to sink the Confederate ironclad ram CSS " Albemarle " . The sinking of the " Albemarle " was the Union navy ' s only successful sinking of a Confederate vessel by torpedo . Lieutenant Cushing employed a spar torpedo designed by John Lay . The innovative semi - submersible 1864 Union craft USS " Spuyten Duyvil " employed a spar torpedo , but not with a barbed attachment to the target . Owing to an innovative directable and extensible spar , this craft could release a slightly buoyant mine underneath the target , which would be exploded by the means described above . ( This craft was not employed against Confederate targets , but was used to clear wreckage from rivers . ) Spar torpedoes were also used on small wooden launches in the late 19th century , although they were not very useful weapons . The locomotive torpedo ( what we think of today as a torpedo ) replaced the spar torpedo as a weapon for submarines and small boats in the 1870s . Spar torpedoes were also massively used by the Russian forces under vice - admiral Stepan Makarov during the Russo - Turkish War , 1877 – 1878 . On May 26 , 1877 ( May 14 Old Style ) , the craft " Tsarevitch " and " Ksenya " sank the monitor " Seyfi " on the Danube .
HMS Ostrich ( 1900 ) HMS " Ostrich " was a Fairfield three funnel - 30 knot torpedo boat destroyer ordered by the Royal Navy under the 1898 – 1899 Naval Estimates . In 1913 she was grouped as a C - class destroyer She was the first ship to carry this name in the Royal Navy . Construction . She was laid down as Yard No 413 on 28 June 1899 at the Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering Company shipyard at Govan , Glasgow and launched on 22 March 1900 . During her builder ’ s trials she made her contracted speed requirement . She was completed and accepted by the Royal Navy in December 1901 . Pre - War . After commissioning she was assigned to the Channel Fleet . She spent her operational career in home waters operating with the Channel Fleet as part of the Portsmouth Flotilla . On 30 August 1912 the Admiralty directed that all destroyer classes were to be designated by alphabetic characters starting with the letter ' A ' . Since her design speed was 30 - knots and she had three funnels she was assigned to the C Class . After 30 September 1913 , she was known as an C Class destroyer and had the letter ‘ C ’ painted on the hull below the bridge area and on either the fore or aft funnel . World War I . For the test mobilization in July 1914 she was assigned to the 8th Destroyer Flotilla based at Chatham . Here she provided local anti - submarine and counter mining patrols . In September 1914 she had been redeployed to the Scapa Flow Local Flotilla to provided anti - submarine patrols for the Fleet Anchorage until the defences of Scapa Flow could be improved . By November 1918 she was assigned to the Nore Local Flottila and based at Lowestoft . Here she provided local area defensive patrols and escorting of merchant vessels . Disposition . In 1919 " Ostrich " was paid off and laid - up in reserve awaiting disposal . She was sold on 29 April 1920 to Barking Ship Breaking Company for breaking . She was awarded the battle honour " Belgian Coast 1914 – 17 " for her service .
Sir Peter Parker , 1st Baronet Admiral of the Fleet Sir Peter Parker , 1st Baronet ( 1721 – 1811 ) was a British naval officer . Naval career . Peter Parker was born probably in Ireland . He became a lieutenant in the Royal Navy in 1743 and captain in 1747 . In 1761 , he took command of HMS " Buckingham " and helped cover operations on Belle Île . For 10 years he was out of the service on account of the reduction of the navy . He was knighted in 1772 and rejoined the service in 1773 . During the American Revolution , he was sent to provide naval support for an expedition reinforcing Loyalists in the Southern Colonies . Parker hoisted his flag aboard HMS " Bristol " , and on June 28 , 1776 , led a naval attack against the fortifications on Sullivan ' s Island ( later called Fort Moultrie after their commander ) , protecting Charleston , South Carolina . After a long and hard - fought battle , Parker was forced to call off the attack , having sustained heavy casualties , including the loss of HMS " Actaeon " , grounded and abandoned . Lord William Campbell , the last British Governor of the Province of South Carolina , was mortally wounded aboard the " Bristol " . Commodore Parker was himself wounded by a flying splinter which injured his leg and tore off his breeches , an incident which occasioned much mirth in the newspapers . He subsequently served under Lord Howe in the invasion and capture of New York City and commanded the squadron that captured Newport , Rhode Island . He subsequently became Commander - in - Chief , North American Waters , and then Commander - in - Chief , Jamaica . At this time , Parker acted as a patron and friend of Horatio Nelson , then serving aboard the " Bristol " , an attachment which would endure for the remainder of Nelson ' s life . He was created baronet in 1783 . He was , against his will , returned as MP for Seaford , and would later serve as member for Maldon . In 1793 he became Commander - in - Chief , Portsmouth . In 1799 he succeeded Lord Howe as Admiral of the Fleet , and was Chief Mourner at Lord Nelson ' s funeral in 1806 . Family . Among his children were : He was succeeded in the baronetcy by Christopher ' s son Peter .
1st Parachute Army ( Wehrmacht ) The German 1st Parachute Army ( 1st " Fallschirm - Armee " ) was formed in September 1944 to consolidate the various " Luftwaffe " " Fallschirmjäger " - Units and the Luftwaffe Field Division . It was given the task of defending the 60 mile stretch of the Low Countries between Antwerp and Maastricht with a force of just over 3 , 000 men . History . Its first commander was Colonel General Kurt Student , the " Wehrmacht " s airborne pioneer . During the Allied Operation Market Garden , Student ' s men played a vital role in delaying the Allied advance across the south of the Netherlands . The 3 , 000 paratroopers were likely the only combat - ready reserve forces in Germany at the time . Student was transferred to the Eastern Front , and on 18 November 1944 , command of the First Parachute Army passed to General der Fallschirmtruppe Alfred Schlemm , who opposed the Canadian First Army during the Battle of the Reichswald . Schlemm ' s troops were a motley but effective collection of under - strength infantry divisions and battle groups entrenched in the West Wall ( Siegfried Line ) . Schlemm disagreed with the current view that the next Allied attack would be further south and ensured that his troops built formidable defences . The Canadian First Army and Lieutenant - General William Hood Simpson ’ s U . S . Ninth Army compressed Schlemm ’ s forces into a small bridgehead on the west bank of the Rhine opposite Wesel . On 10 March 1945 , the rearguard of the 1st Fallschirm - Armee evacuated their bridgehead , destroying the bridge behind them , and Schlemm prepared to meet the inevitable Allied crossing of the river . Schlemm was wounded in an air attack on his command post at Haltern eleven days later and on 20 March 1945 , command passed to General der Infanterie Günther Blumentritt . Just before Operation Varsity , First Parachute Army had three corps stationed along the river ; 2 Parachute Corps to the north , 86 Corps in the centre , and 63 Corps in the south . Of these formations , 2 Parachute Corps and 86 Corps had a shared boundary which ran through the proposed landing - zones for the Allied airborne divisions , meaning that the leading formation of each corps would face the airborne assault — these being 7 Parachute Division and 84 Infantry Division . After their retreat to the Rhine both divisions were under - strength and did not number more than 4 , 000 men each , with 84 Infantry Division supported by only 50 or so medium artillery pieces . In the final days of the war , command passed once more to Student ( 10 April ) and finally to Erich Straube .
Force K Force K was the designation for three British Royal Navy task force s during World War II . The first Force K operated from West Africa in 1939 . The second and third Force Ks operated from Malta in 1941 - 1943 . First Force K . This task force was based in Freetown , Sierra Leone , and consisted of battlecruiser , aircraft carrier , and destroyers , , , and . Its mission was to track and destroy German commerce raider s in the South Atlantic , such as the pocket battleship . After the Battle of the River Plate in December 1939 , Force K was sent to the coast of Uruguay to prevent any sortie by " Graf Spee " , which was in Montevideo . After " Graf Spee " was scuttled , Force K was broken up , with " Ark Royal " escorting the cruiser ( damaged in the battle with " Graf Spee " ) back to Britain . Second Force K . The next Force K was created on 21 October 1941 , and then consisted of light cruiser s and , and L and M class destroyer s and . Force K operated out of Malta , against Italian ships carrying supplies to the Axis forces in North Africa . Allied submarine s and aircraft sank some of these ships , but most supply got through . So Force K was added . On 8 – 9 November 1941 , Force K destroyed an entire Axis convoy , forcing the Italian high command to consider Tripoli " practically blockaded " . Soon after , Force K was reinforced at Malta by Force B , with light cruisers and and two J , K and N class destroyer s . The combined force was so effective that during November 1941 the Axis supply line suffered 60 % losses . However on 19 December , at about the time of the First Battle of Sirte , ships from both Forces ran into a minefield while pursuing an Italian convoy . Mines sank " Neptune " and damaged " Aurora " . The destroyer also struck a mine while attempting to assist the stricken " Neptune " . " Kandahar " was scuttled the next day by the destroyer . Following this , and with a resurgence of the aerial bombardment of Malta , the remaining surface ships were withdrawn from there . Only " Penelope " remained , as she was too damaged to leave . Frequent air attacks while she remained in harbour earned her the nickname " HMS Pepperpot " . She was also withdrawn on 8 April 1942 , ending Force K ' s deployment . Third Force K . Force K was reinstated in November 1942 , after Malta was resupplied by a convoy in Operation Stone Age ( 20 November ) . Cruisers and and the 14th Destroyer Flotilla were detached from the " Stone Age " convoy and based at Malta .
Acinaces The acinaces , also spelled akinakes ( Greek ἀκινάκης ) or akinaka ( unattested Old Persian " * akīnaka " ) is a type of dagger or short sword used mainly in the first millennium BC in the eastern Mediterranean region , especially by the Medes , Scythians and Persians , then by the Greeks . The acinaces is of Scythian origin , but was made famous by the Persians , and rapidly spread throughout the ancient world . Its influence can even be seen in the design of Chinese weapons such as the " jinglu " sword . The Romans believed this weapon originated with the Medes . The acinaces is typically 35 – 45 cm . ( 14 - 18 in . ) in length and double - edged , and although there is no universal design , the guard may be lobed with the hilt resembling that of a bollock dagger , or the pommel may be split or of the " antenna " type . The scabbard as much as anything else defines the acinaces and usually has a large decorative mount near the opening allowing it to be suspended from a belt on the wearer ' s right side . Since the acinaces seems to have been a thrusting weapon , and since it was typically worn on the right , it was likely intended to be suddenly drawn with the blade facing down for surprise stabbing attacks . Identification . Ancient texts say very little about the acinaces , other than that it was a type of " Persian sword . " Because of this , authors writing in Latin throughout history tended to equate the word with whatever type of weapon the contemporary Persians were using . Thus , it is frequently used in medieval Latin texts to mean scimitar or the like , a meaning it still retains in scientific Latin . Paulus Hector Mair even goes so far as to translate dussack as " acinaces " , because it is curved like a scimitar , and likewise in the works of Jesuit authors describing Japan , " acinaces " is used for katana . However , the Persian shamshir is a relatively recent weapon , and did not exist in antiquity . The Achaemenid - era Persians made use of more than one kind of sword . Ancient Persian art typically shows the king ' s bodyguards and important nobles wearing ornate diagonal daggers . Greek art , on the other hand , frequently shows Persian soldiers using the kopis . One must therefore do some detective work to figure out which type is the acinaces . One useful bit of evidence is that Greek and Roman texts sometimes mention the acinaces being given out by the king as a sign of favor . This would tend to point to the dagger . A ritual use of " acinaces " , offered as a gift to the sea by the Persian king Xerxes , is also mentioned by Herodotus ( " History " , VII , 54 ) , in the ritual contrition scene following the episode known as " Flagellation of Hellespont " . A very revealing passage is found in Josephus ' " Jewish Antiquities " 20 . 186 , where the weapons used by the sicarii are described : This also seems to indicate that it is the dagger which is properly called the acinaces though there are those who deny this , translating the above passage as " concave like the Roman sica " .
807th Medical Command ( Deployment Support ) The 807th Medical Command ( Deployment Support ) ( MDSC ) is headquartered at Fort Douglas in Salt Lake City , Utah and manages all the Army Reserve deployable field medical units west of Ohio . There are over 11 , 000 Soldiers that comprise 116 subordinate units in the command . The command is separated into five brigades . The 807th MDSC is organized with the main command post at Fort Douglas and an operational command post in Seagoville , Texas . While the 3rd MDSC covers the MTOE Reserve medical units to the east and ARMEDCOM provides command and control for all the Table of Distribution and Allowance ( TDA ) medical units within CONUS . Units of the 807th MDSC provide general , surgical , dental , ambulance , behavioral health , preventive maintenance , and veterinary support to Army units and to civilian populations . Subordinate units . 807th Medical Command is responsible for all Table of Organization and Equipment ( TO & E ) reserve medical units west of the Mississippi river , excluding Louisiana . Lineage . Constituted 27 October 1944 in the Army of the United States as the 807th Medical Service Detachment . Activated 22 November 1944 in England . Reorganized and redesignated 10 April 1945 as Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment , 807th Hospital Center . Inactivated 27 October 1945 at Camp Silbert , Alabama . Allotted 29 January 1948 to the Organized Reserves and assigned to the Fourth Army ( later redesignated as the Fourth United States Army ) . Activated 16 February 1948 at Oklahoma City , Oklahoma . Organized Reserves redesignated 25 March 1948 as the Organized Reserve Corps . Redesignated 9 July 1952 as the Army Reserve . Reorganized and redesignated 29 August 1949 as Headquarters , 807th Hospital Center . Inactivated 1 December 1950 at Oklahoma City , Oklahoma . Activated 10 May 1956 at Galveston , Texas . Location changed 1 January 1966 to Mesquite , Texas . Relieved 30 June 1971 from assignment to the Fourth United States Army and assigned to the Fifth United States Army . Reorganized and redesignated 1 October 1975 as Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment , 807th Hospital Center . Reorganized and redesignated 30 June 1976 as Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment , 807th Medical Brigade . Reorganized and redesignated 1 October 1976 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company , 807th Medical Brigade . Location changed 13 April 1979 to Seagoville , Texas . Reorganized and redesignated 16 September 2002 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company , 807th Medical Command . Inactivated 15 October 2008 at Seagoville , Texas . Activated 16 October 2008 at Fort Douglas , Utah and is designated as the theater medical command to support SOUTHCOM : ( 807th Medical Command ( Deployment Support ) )
7th Division ( Japan ) The is one of nine active divisions of the Japan Ground Self - Defense Force . The division is the only armored division of the Japan Ground Self - Defense Force . It is subordinated to the Northern Army and is headquartered in Chitose , Hokkaidō . Its responsibility is the defense of Hokkaidō . The division was raised on 15 August 1962 as the 7th Mechanized Division . In 1981 it was merged with the 1st Armor Brigade to become the 7th Armored Division . As of 1987 it consisted of a headquarters , headquarters company , 7 regiments ( 3 armor , 1 motorized infantry , 1 artillery , 1 air defense artillery and 1 logistical support regiment ) , and 3 battalions ( namely Reconnaissance , Combat Engineer , and Signals ) . An armor regiment consisted of 4 tank companies , each with 18 Type 61 or Type 74 tanks ( 74 in all ) . A motorized infantry regiment had 6 motorized infantry companies and 1 mortar company . The artillery regiment contained 4 155 - mm self - propelled howitzer battalions ( 10 guns in each ) . In all , the armored division had about 6 , 500 men , 230 tanks , about 350 Type 60 and Type 73 armored personnel carriers , 40 self - propelled howitzers , 48 mortars ( 81 - mm and larger ) , 12 106 - mm recoilless weapons , 40 35 - and 40 - mm self - propelled air defense systems , along with other armament and support systems .
Tōdō Takatora Todo Takatora was promoted rapidly under Hashiba Hidenaga , the younger brother of Toyotomi Hideyoshi , and he participated in the invasions of Korea as a commander of Toyotomi ' s fleet . His fiefdom at that time was Iyo - Uwajima . During the Edo period , the wealth of each fiefdom was measured as a volume of rice production in koku . Iyo - Uwajima was assessed at 70 , 000 koku . At the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600 , although he was one of Toyotomi ' s main generals , he sided with Tokugawa Ieyasu . After the war he was given a larger fiefdom , Iyo - Imabari , assessed at 200 , 000 koku . Later in life he was made lord of Tsu ( with landholdings in Iga and Ise ) , a domain of 320 , 000 koku . After the death of Akai Naomasa , some members of the Akai clan became retainers to the Tōdō house . Todo Takatora is also famous for excellence in castle design . He is said to have been involved in building as many as twenty castles .
Feather bonnet The feather bonnet is a type of military headdress used mainly by the Scottish Highland infantry regiment s of the British Army from about 1763 until the outbreak of World War I . It is now mostly worn by pipers and drummers in various bands throughout the world . It is also worn in a similar fashion by regiments in various Commonwealth armies . History . The feather bonnet began with the knitted Tam o ' shanter bonnet with a chequered border . This was propped up and worn with a tall hackle . During the 18th century , the highlanders who wore this hat began to add ostrich feather s to decorate it . This decoration evolved into a full covering of the original Tam o ' shanter . The ostrich feathers were then entwined into a lightweight cage , producing the height . The feather bonnet has one or more ( usually 4 or 5 ) " tails " that hang down below the headband , and the regimental badge and hackle are displayed the left . There are parallels between the evolution of the Highland bonnet between 1760 and 1790 and the stationing of Highland regiments in North America in this period . The influence of the head - dresses of Native Americans on the bonnets of these troops is likely as contemporary pictures of Highlanders in Scotland do not show similar ornamentation with feathers , other than those of a few clan chiefs . On the return of the 42nd Foot to Britain in 1790 an official report commented that " " Their bonnets are entirely disfigured . They are so covered with lofty feathers that they appear like grenadier caps of black bearskin . " " Use . The Feather Bonnet has been used by all of the Scottish highland regiments at one point or another . Examples include the Black Watch ( red Hackle ) and the Seaforth Highlanders , Gordon Highlanders , Queen ' s Own Cameron Highlanders and Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders ( all with white hackles ) . Despite its elaborate appearance , the feather bonnet is a highly practical piece of military gear , as it is lightweight and the internal cage offers protection from blows . William Gordon - Alexander describes the feather bonnet as follows ;
USS Hope ( 1861 ) USS " Hope " ( 1861 ) was a small schooner acquired by the Union Navy during the American Civil War . She was placed into service as a gunboat assigned to support the fleet blockading the ports of the Confederate States of America . However , at times , " Hope " was assigned extra tasks , such as that of a dispatch boat , supply runner and salvage ship . Purchased in New York City in 1861 . " Hope " , a wooden schooner , was purchased by the Navy 29 November 1861 from T . P . Ives , and commissioned at New York City 14 December 1861 , Acting Master M . S . Chase in command . Assigned to the South Atlantic Blockade . " Hope " spent the war with the South Atlantic Blockading Squadron based at Port Royal , South Carolina . She acted as a dispatch vessel supply boat for ships to the southward . In 1862 she took part in the blockade off Fernandina and the adjacent coast of Florida . " Hope " captures the blockade runner " Emma Tuttle " . While patrolling off Charleston , South Carolina , 27 January 1863 , " Hope " captured schooner " Emma Tuttle " with a cargo of saltpeter for the Confederates . In June , the ship returned north for repairs at Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , and in July resumed blockade station off Charleston . " Hope " captures blockade runner " Racer " . Throughout most of 1864 , " Hope " remained off Charleston as a blockader , helping to tighten the noose which did so much to choke the rebellion . She also performed limited dispatch and supply boat duty . " Hope " captured sloop " Racer " , her second prize , off Bull ' s Bay 1 August . Refitted with diving gear and assigned salvage duty . Shortly afterward the ship was fitted for diving duty and in October began salvage operations in the Savannah River , raising hulks and other obstacles . After the fall of Savannah , Georgia , in December , " Hope " worked on the salvage of CSS " Savannah " , and in the spring moved to Charleston to carry out similar duties in the Charleston harbor . " Hope " returned north and decommissioned at New York City 6 September 1865 . She was sold 25 October to T . Morley .