naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Patras Castle The Patras Castle ( ) was built around the mid - 6th century above the ruins of the ancient acropolis , on a low outlying hill of the Panachaiko Mountain and ca . 800 m from the sea . The castle covers 22 , 725 m² and consists of a triangular outer wall , strengthened by towers and gates and further protected originally by a moat , and an inner compound on the northeastern corner , also protected by a moat . History . The castle was built by Byzantine emperor Justinian I after the catastrophic earthquake of 551 , re - using building material from pre - Christian structures . One of these " spolia " , the torso and head of a marble Roman statue , became part of the city ' s folklore , a sort of " genius loci " . It is known as the " " Patrinella " " , a maiden who is supposed to have been transformed into a man during Ottoman times , guards the city against disease and weeps whenever a prominent citizen of Patras dies . The fort remained in constant use thereafter , even until the Second World War . In the Byzantine period , it was besieged by Slavs , Saracens , Normans and many others , but it never fell . In particular , the successful repulsion of a great siege of 805 AD by the Arabs and the Slavs was attributed to the city ' s patron saint , St Andrew . In 1205 , in the aftermath of the Fourth Crusade , it was taken over by the Franks , who strengthened it further , opening a moat on all three sides . In 1278 , the Principality of Achaea pawned it to the local Latin ( Catholic ) Archbishop , while the Pope leased it to the Venetians for five years in 1408 . The Latin Archbishop remained in possession of the castle until 1430 , when it was taken by the Despot of the Morea and future last Byzantine emperor , Constantine Palaiologos , who made extensive repairs to its walls . The castle fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1458 , and remained one of their main seats of power in the Peloponnese throughout the " Tourkokratia " . The Venetians took the castle in 1687 during the Morean War , and kept it until the Morea was retaken by the Turks in 1715 . During the Greek War of Independence , the castle resisted all attempts of the Greek rebels to storm it . Only in 1828 , with the arrival of a French expeditionary force under General Nicolas Joseph Maison , did the Ottomans hand it over . Following independence , the castle remained in use by the Greek Army until after World War II . In 1973 , the castle was turned over to the 6th Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities . It is used nowadays for cultural events , especially during summer , and features a theatre with a capacity of 640 seats .
Bushveldt Carbineers The Bushveldt Carbineers ( BVC ) were a short - lived , multinational mounted infantry regiment of the British Army , raised in South Africa during the Second Boer War . The BVC is recognized as the world ' s first modern Special forces for the use of counter insurgency ( COIN ) tactics . The 320 - strong regiment was formed in February 1901 and commanded by an Australian Colonel R . W . Lenehan . It was based at Pietersburg , 260 Kilometres north - east of Pretoria , and saw action in the Spelonken region of the Northern Transvaal during 1901 - 1902 . About forty percent of the men in the BVC were Australians , and the regiment also included about forty surrendered Boers , known as " joiners " , who had been recruited from the internment camps . The unit is infamous as the one in which Australian Lieutenants Harry " Breaker " Morant and Peter Handcock were serving when they were court martial ed . They were executed on 27 February 1902 by a firing squad of Cameron Highlanders , having been convicted by the British army of murdering a civilian and Boer prisoners of war . Breaker Morant claimed that the BVC was given an order not to take prisoners . Lieutenant George Witton who had also been sentenced to death by the court - martial , later commuted to life imprisonment , was released after serving 28 months following a public outcry .
Franz von Mercy Franz Freiherr von Mercy ( or Merci ) , Lord of Mandre and Collenburg ( died 1645 ) , was a German general in the Thirty Years ' War . Biography . Franz von Mercy who came of a noble family of Lorraine , was born at Longwy some time between 1590 and 1598 . From 1606 to 1630 he was engaged in the imperial service . By the latter year he had attained high military rank , and after distinguishing himself at the first Battle of Breitenfeld ( 1631 ) he commanded a regiment of foot on the Rhine and defended Rheinfelden against the Swedes with the utmost bravery , surrendering only after enduring a five - months ' siege . He now became a general officer of cavalry in the rank of " general - feldwachtmeister " , and in 1635 , 1636 and 1637 took part in further campaigns on the Rhine and Doubs . In September 1638 the elector of Bavaria made him master - general of ordnance in the army of Bavaria , then the second largest army in Germany . In the next campaign he was practically commander - in - chief of the Bavarians , and at times also of an allied army of Imperialists and Bavarians . He was now considered one of the foremost soldiers in Europe , and was made general field marshal in 1643 when he won his great victory over the French Marshal Rantzau at the Battle of Tuttlingen ( Nov . 24 - 25 ) , capturing the marshal and seven thousand men . In the following year Mercy opposed the French armies , now under the Great Condé and the Vicomte de Turenne . He fought , and in the end lost , the desperate Battle of Freiburg , but revenged himself the next year by inflicting upon Turenne the defeat of Mergentheim ( Marienthal ) . Later in 1645 , fighting once more against Enghien and Turenne , Mercy was killed at the Battle of Nordlingen ( or Allerheim ) at the crisis of the engagement , which , even without Mercy ' s guiding hand , was almost a drawn battle . He died on 3 August 1645 . On the spot where he fell , Enghien erected a memorial , with the inscription " Sta viator , heroem calcas " .
11th Bavarian Infantry Division ( German Empire ) The 11th Bavarian Infantry Division ( " 11 . Bayerische Infanterie - Division " ) was a unit of the Royal Bavarian Army , part of the Imperial German Army , in World War I . The division was formed on March 24 , 1915 and organized over the next few weeks . It was part of a wave of new infantry divisions formed in the spring of 1915 . The division was disbanded in 1919 during the demobilization of the German Army after World War I . The division was formed primarily from the excess infantry regiments of existing divisions which were being triangularized . The division ' s 21st Bavarian Infantry Brigade was formerly the 4th Bavarian Infantry Brigade of the 2nd Bavarian Infantry Division . The 3rd Bavarian Infantry Regiment also came from the 2nd Bavarian Infantry Division ; the 22nd Bavarian Infantry Regiment came from the 3rd Bavarian Infantry Division ; and the Bavarian Reserve Infantry Regiment 13 came from the 5th Bavarian Reserve Division . Combat chronicle . The 11th Bavarian Infantry Division initially served on the Eastern Front , where it fought in the Gorlice - Tarnów Offensive , seeing action at Przemyśl , Lviv ( Lemberg ) , and Chełm ( Cholm ) and advancing to the Pripyat Marshes by August . The division was then transferred south and participated in the Serbian Campaign . It was in reserve in Syrmia from November 1915 to February 1916 , and was then transferred to the Western Front . From March to May 1916 , it fought in the Battle of Verdun , and then returned to the Eastern Front to help stopping the Brusilov Offensive . After fighting in the Battle of Kovel , the division went to the Romanian front , where it remained until January 1917 . Again it was transferred to the Western Front , initially serving in Upper Alsace . It then fought in the Second Battle of the Aisne , also known as the Third Battle of Champagne ( and to the Germans as the Double Battle on the Aisne and in the Champagne ) . It also saw action in the Battle of Passchendaele . It remained in the line on various parts of the Western Front until the end of April 1918 , when it went to the Belgian / Dutch border . The division then fought in the Third Battle of the Aisne and remained in the line near Soissons , seeing action in the Second Battle of the Marne . It then went to Flanders , where it remained until the end of the war . Allied intelligence rated the division as first class . Order of battle on formation . The 11th Bavarian Infantry Division was formed as a triangular division . The order of battle of the division on April 1 , 1915 was as follows : Late - war order of battle . The division underwent relatively few organizational changes over the course of the war . Cavalry was reduced , artillery and signals commands were formed , and combat engineer support was expanded to a full pioneer battalion . The order of battle on January 4 , 1918 was as follows :
Falaq - 1 The Falaq - 1 missile is an Iranian made rocket system . It is understood that this system was developed in the 1990s by the Shahid Bagheri Industries , which is part of the Aerospace Industries Organization . The 240 mm unguided surface - to - surface rocket is very similar to the rocket used with the Russian 240 mm ( 12 - round ) BM - 24 system . The Falaq - 1 has a bore of 240 mm , and a weight of 111 kg , with the warhead weighing 50 kg . The 240 mm spin stabilised rockets have a maximum range of 10 , 000 m and are fitted with a nose - mounted fuze . Propellant used is of the solid double - base type . It is mounted on a 4 × 4 jeep light cross - country vehicle which has six 240 mm rockets in the ready - to - launch position in a frame type launcher on the rear . The Falaq - 1 is a 240 mm - diameter rocket with a maximum range of 10 km . It weighs 111 kg and carries a 50 kg explosives warhead . The Falaq - 2 is a 333 mm - diameter rocket . It weighs 255 kg and with 120 kg warhead that holds 60 kg of explosives .
Azerbaijani National Guard The Azerbaijani National Guard ( ) is an armed force of the Government of Azerbaijan , and operates as a semi - independent entity . The Guard was definitely active in December 1996 but now appears to have been incorporated into the Special State Protection Service . The guard was established on the December 25 , 1991 . The Special State Protection Service ( SSPS ) of Azerbaijan is a military unit subordinate to the President of Azerbaijan . Its responsibilities include organization of the President of Azerbaijan , the protection of the National Parliament , The Office of Azerbaijan President ( also known as Presidential Administration ) , the Cabinet of Ministers , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Azerbaijan , the Constitutional Court , the Central Election Commission and other public facilities as well as the protection of foreign heads of state on the territory of Azerbaijan . One of the most important tasks of the SPSS is the safety of the Baku - Tbilisi - Ceyhan pipeline and the South Caucasus Pipeline . NATO is providing the service with several helicopters and vehicles in order to safeguard the pipeline . The National Guard appears to have a wartime role as part of Azerbaijan ' s Land Forces . Other law enforcement bodies in Azerbaijan include the Internal Troops of Azerbaijan and the State Border Service and its Coast Guard subcomponent .
SS Vigrid SS " Vigrid " was a Norwegian steam powered cargo ship built in 1915 . Sailing during the First World War , she was torpedoed and sunk without warning by a German U - boat on 31 December 1917 . Construction . A 1 , 617 gross register tonnes ( 951 net register tonnes ) vessel , she was built by the shipyard " Bergens Mekaniske Verksted " in the Western Norwegian port city of Bergen . Having yard number 191 , she was launched on 29 October 1915 and completed the next month . " Vigrid " was powered by a single triple - expansion 885 ihp steam turbine engine . She measured between perpendiculars , with a beam of and a draught of . After completion she was assigned the code letters MLRT . First World War . " Vigrid " sailed during the First World War , with H . M . Jensen as her captain . She belonged to the company of ship - broker Anton Barth von der Lippe in the port city Tønsberg , until she was bought by ship - broker Johan Waage ' s company " D / S A / S Vigrid " of Bergen in August 1917 . Although Norway remained officially neutral throughout the First World War , her large fleet of merchant ships , over 2 , 000 strong , served a vital role in keeping the United Kingdom with supplies . The Norwegian merchant navy suffered heavy losses to German U - boats during the war , losing close to half its ships , with an official death toll of 1 , 892 sailors . Sinking . On 31 December 1917 she was attacked and torpedoed without warning by the German U - boat " U - 95 " , commanded by " Kapitänleutnant " Athalwin Prinz . " U - 95 " belonged to the German 4th U - boat Flotilla . " Vigrid " sank in the English Channel some west - north - west of Rundelstone Buoy , at . At the time of her sinking , she was " en route " from the port of Barry in Wales to Rouen in France with a cargo of 2 , 102 tons of coal . Five members of the crew were lost , while the captain and thirteen other crewmen survived the loss of the ship and landed at Penzance in Cornwall . Three of the sailors lost on " Vigrid " were Swedish citizens , the other two Norwegians . Aftermath . On 16 January 1918 , 16 days after sinking " Vigrid " , " U - 95 " was lost with all 36 crew members to unknown causes near Hardelot in France . Before being lost , " U - 95 " had managed to sink a total of 14 ships and damage another three vessels during the course of the six patrols she carried out in her career .
G5 howitzer The G5 is a South African towed howitzer of 155 mm calibre designed and developed in South Africa by Denel Land Systems . The G5 design was based on the Canadian GC - 45 155mm gun which was highly modified to suit southern African conditions . Production history . During the Angolan conflict the South African Army found themselves at a disadvantage when facing enemies who were supplied with modern Soviet artillery , which outranged their artillery by a considerable margin . At that time the South African Army was equipped with World War II - era artillery pieces , notably the G1 ( 25 pounder ) and the G2 ( 5 . 5 inch or 140 mm ) . This led to the issue of a staff requirement for a new artillery system as well as ammunition systems , gun tractor , fire control equipment and a fire control computer system . From 1963 , South Africa had been placed under an United Nations sponsored anti - apartheid arms embargo that led to the creation of the indigenous Armscor military - industrial company to circumvent the arms embargo and to produce weapons systems uniquely tailored to South Africa ' s needs . Armscor responded to the staff requirement and commenced development in 1976 . A number of existing designs were evaluated and examples procured in contravention of the arms embargo . As an interim weapon system to act as a stop - gap during the indigenous production process , a number of Soltam 155mm M - 71 gun - howitzers were procured from Israel and entered service as the G4 howitzer . The Canadian GC - 45 was selected as the baseline howitzer from which to commence indigenous development . One of the GC - 45 test pieces was mounted on a U . S . 155mm M59 carriage - and a further six GC - 45s had changes made to internal ballistics , barrel construction and carriage and cradle fixtures , to become the prototype models eventually leading to the G5 . These GC - 45s had been developed by SRC International of Belgium , a joint venture between Space Research Corporation of Canada and PRB of Belgium . Further changes included the addition of a small APU to allow the gun to dig itself in and move short distances at up to 16 km / h , as well as the addition of an advance muzzle brake . The G5 became operational in 1983 . Using the normal Extended Range , Full Bore ( ERFB ) ammunition the normal range is 30 km , which can be extended to about 39 . 6 km using base bleed shells , or 50 km using rocket assisted V - LAP rounds . It is regarded as one of the most potent artillery pieces on the modern battlefield . In 2002 Denel produced the G5 - 2000 version , with much greater range and accuracy than the earlier 45 - calibre version . The G5 gun has been placed on an OMC 6×6 chassis to produce the fully self - propelled G6 howitzer , and won major export sales in this form from the United Arab Emirates and Oman . In response to a request from India it has also been tested on the back of a TATRA 8×8 wheeled truck , a combination known as the T5 - 2000 . It has also been fitted into a turret , named the T6 , that can be placed on any suitable vehicle ; it has been fitted on the T - 72 tank .
Yakovlev Yak - 50 ( 1949 ) Yakovlev Yak - 50 was an early experimental turbojet interceptor aircraft designed in 1948 by the Yakovlev OKB in USSR . The aircraft was essentially a stretched version of the Yakovlev Yak - 30 ( 1948 ) , with a more powerful engine and greater sweep to the wings . The Yak - 50 is perhaps most significant as the first Yakovlev aircraft equipped with the " velosipednoye " ( bicycle ) landing gear , a trademark of later Yakovlev designs . The Yak - 50 designation was later reused for a propeller - driven aerobatic and trainer aircraft . Development and design . On February 21 , 1949 a Sovmin order requested the Yakovlev OKB to design a lightweight , radar - equipped , all - weather and night interceptor capable of Mach 0 . 97 at 4 , 000 m ( 13 , 000 ft ) . The aircraft was to utilize the Klimov VK - 1 engine which first appeared on Mikoyan - Gurevich MiG - 15 and MiG - 17 fighters . This engine was itself a Soviet copy of the British Rolls - Royce Nene centrifugal turbojet initially known as the RD - 45 . The leading fighter OKBs each created a prototype to meet the requirement , which included the Lavochkin La - 200 , Mig I - 320 , Suchoi Su - 15 ( unrelated to the later aircraft with the same designation ) and the Yak - 50 ( again , unrelated to the later aircraft ) . A major difference was that while Yakolev used one engine , the other design bureaus used two . Testing . The aircraft first flew on 15 July 1949 , with test pilot Anokhin achieving supersonic speed ( Mach 1 . 03 at 10 , 000 m ( 33 , 000 ft ) ) in a shallow dive during one of the test flights . Ultimately , none of the newly developed aircraft was selected , and an upgraded MiG - 17 was eventually employed . Yakolev later used the " velosipednoye " landing gear in the Yak - 140 fighter and the Yak - 120 , and later in the Yak - 25 and Yak - 28 where it proved highly successful . The Yak - 50 never received an ASCC name or USAF reporting number .
Robley S . Rigdon Robley S . Rigdon is a retired Brigadier General in the Georgia Army National Guard . Career . Rigdon originally enlisted in the United States Army in 1968 . He was commissioned an officer in the Georgia Army National Guard in 1971 . After serving as a battalion commander in the Gulf War , Rigdon was assigned to the 48th Separate Infantry Brigade in 1993 . From 1995 to 1999 , he served as Chief of Training of the Georgia Army National Guard . He would then serve in the Kosovo War . Rigdon returned to the 48th Separate Infantry Brigade in 2000 as Commander . Awards he has received include the Meritorious Service Medal with two oak leaf clusters , the Army Commendation Medal with oak leaf cluster , the Army Achievement Medal , the Army Reserve Components Achievement Medal with one silver and two bronze oak leaf clusters and two mobilization devices , the National Defense Service Medal with service star , the Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal , the Humanitarian Service Medal , the Armed Forces Reserve Medal , the Army Service Ribbon , the Air Assault Badge and the NATO Medal for the former Republic of Yugoslavia .
Jeffrey Feinstein Lieutenant Colonel ( USAF Retired ) Jeffrey S . Feinstein was a career officer in the United States Air Force . In 1972 during the Vietnam War , while flying as a weapon systems officer ( WSO ) aboard F - 4 Phantom II s , Feinstein downed five enemy aircraft , thereby becoming a flying ace , the last ace produced by the USAF in the Vietnam War . Born in Chicago , Illinois on January 29 , 1945 , Feinstein enlisted in the Air Force in 1963 to attend the United States Air Force Academy Preparatory School . He subsequently entered the United States Air Force Academy in 1964 and graduated in 1968 . His actions , for which he received multiple awards of the Distinguished Flying Cross and Silver Star for his first four kills and the Air Force Cross for his fifth kill , took place prior to and during Operation Linebacker in 1972 while Feinstein , assigned to the 80th TFS , was detached to the 13th Tactical Fighter Squadron , part of the 432d Tactical Reconnaissance Wing , based at Udorn Royal Thai Air Force Base , Thailand . His nickname / tactical callsign was " Fang . " Having originally been designated as an Air Force Navigator , he was given a vision waiver after Vietnam ( Feinstein wore glasses to correct mild nearsightedness to 20 / 20 ) , sent to Undergraduate Pilot Training and redesignated as an Air Force pilot in the fighter community . Feinstein subsequently served as an F - 4 pilot with the 526th Tactical Fighter Squadron of the 86th Tactical Fighter Wing at Ramstein Air Base , West Germany in the mid - 1970s . From 1977 to 1978 , he was assigned to Maxwell AFB , Alabama as a student at the Air Command and Staff College , followed by another flying assignment with the 31st Tactical Training Wing at Homestead AFB , Florida . Reassigned to the 9th Air Force staff at Shaw AFB , South Carolina in the 1990s , Feinstein also flew as Airborne Command Element Director aboard E - 3 Sentry AWACS aircraft during Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm from August 1990 to February 1991 . Lt Col Feinstein retired from the U . S . Air Force on 1 Jul 1996 . In addition to his Command Pilot wings , Navigator wings , and Parachutist wings , Lt Col Feinstein was awarded the Air Force Cross , Silver Star ( 4 awards ) , Legion of Merit , Distinguished Flying Cross with Combat " V " ( 5 awards ) , Bronze Star , Purple Heart , Meritorious Service Medal , Air Medal ( 4 awards ) , Aerial Achievement Medal , Air Force Commendation Medal , and numerous unit , expeditionary and service awards .
Congo rubber Congo rubber is a commercial rubber most notable for its forced cultivation , under conditions of great human suffering , in the Congo Free State . According to a 1905 article ( shortly after the peak of Congo production ) : The " bosanga " method is described in the 1907 " Journal of the African Society " ( as noted in a preface and postscript by the editor , a vastly more pleasant description than the outraged accounts of the Congo Reform Association a few years previous ) : In modern times " Landolphia owariensis " Beauv . , known as Congo rubber , eta , or abo , is primarily used for its fruits , but occasionally for rubber band production ; it was a major source for rubber from nations including Sierra Leone , Ghana , and Nigeria in the early 1900s .