naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
New York Volunteers The New York Volunteers was an American Loyalist provincial regiment which was served in the British Army during American War of Independence . It was raised in Halifax , January 1776 . Two companies were in the 1776 New York campaign . It was at the raids on Fort Clinton and Fort Montgomery . In October , 1778 it was sent to East Florida and it was present at the defence of Savannah and the Siege of Charleston . It was at the Battles of Camden and Hobkirk ' s Hill . On May 2 , 1779 it was placed on the American Establishment as the 3rd American Regiment . A detachment of the regiment served under Charles Grey in the defence of Plymouth when their transport ship was blown across the Atlantic after encountering foul weather while sailing down the North American coastline . It was disbanded in Canada in 1783 .
Flyvefisken - class patrol vessel The Flyvefisken class patrol vessels ( : Flying fish ) are warships of the Royal Danish Navy . The class is also known as the Standard Flex 300 or SF300 class . Containerised weapon systems . The " Flyvefisken " ships were constructed using an innovative modular design known as StanFlex : they have a standard hull in which containerised weapons or systems can be placed . This allows them to rapidly change roles , typically in 48 hours . This enables the ships to be configured to perform the following roles : The containers measure 3 . 5 × 3 × 2 . 5 metres . One container goes on the foredeck ; the other three go on the quarterdeck behind the superstructure and funnel . Furthermore the ships are built using the sandwich principle - a layer of fiberglass either side of a core of PVC cell foam . This forms the structure from keel to top of mast . This building method has reduces maintenance costs - so much so that 20 years on the new " Diana " and " - Holm " class have been built using the same materials . Replaced three different vessels . The " Flyvefisken " class replaced three different vessels in the Danish Navy : Six torpedo boats of the " Søløven " class ( 1965 – 90 ) , six coastal minesweeper s of the " Sund " class ( 1955 – 99 ) and eight seaward defence craft of the " Daphne " class ( 1961 – 91 ) . It was possible because of the containerised systems and modern technology . The replaced vessels used World War II ( or WWI ) tactics : The " Søløven " boats were light plywood boats propelled by three turboshafts , which attacked the enemy ships with torpedo es in 54 knots hit - and - run attacks . The " Flyvefisken " class is not that fast , but their Harpoon missiles are sufficient for the task . The " Sund " class ( Adjutant class minesweeper s ) were built of wood , bronze and other non - magnetic materials . They swept mine fields by trawling through the area with paravanes on tow separating magnetic and acoustic generators for the bottom mines , and chain cutters for the horned mines . The " Flyvefisken " class is a minehunter and locates the mines with side - scan sonar and neutralize them one by one with a ROV . The " Daphne " class attacked submarine s by dropping depth charge s to a preselected depth , while sailing past the submarine . The " Flyvefisken " class fights submarines with anti - submarine homing torpedoes . Ships in class . A total of 14 ships were built in the class , in three series : The difference between the series is mainly in the configuration of the propulsion system . Series 2 is not equipped with hydraulic propulsion , but instead has an additional auxiliary engine , and Series 3 has one further auxiliary engine .
Edwin Smith ( Medal of Honor ) Edwin Smith ( born 1841 , date of death unknown ) was a Union Navy sailor in the American Civil War and a recipient of the U . S . military ' s highest decoration , the Medal of Honor , for his actions during the Joint Expedition Against Franklin . Born in 1841 in New York , New York , Smith joined the Navy from that state . By October 3 , 1862 , he was serving as an ordinary seaman on the . On that day , during the Joint Expedition Against Franklin , Virginia , Smith swam to shore despite heavy Confederate fire to assist his ship after it became grounded in the Blackwater River . He was later awarded the Medal of Honor for this act . Smith was promoted to Master ' s Mate the same month , but his appointment was revoked in March 1865 due to sickness . He was dishonorably discharged in April 1867 . Smith ' s official Medal of Honor citation reads : On board the U . S . S . " Whitehead " in the attack upon Franklin , Va . , 3 October 1862 . When his ship became grounded in a narrow passage as she rounded a bend in the Blackwater River , Smith , realizing the hazards of lowering a boat voluntarily swam to shore with a line under the enemy ' s heavy fire . His fearless action enabled his ship to maintain steady fire and keep the enemy in check during the battle .
Battle of Forum Gallorum The Battle of Forum Gallorum was fought near a village in northern Italy ( perhaps near modern day Castelfranco Emilia ) , on April 14 , 43 BC , between the forces of Mark Antony and the legions of the Roman Republic under the overall command of consul Gaius Vibius Pansa Caetronianus , aided by Aulus Hirtius and the untested Octavian ( the future Caesar Augustus ) . After months of negotiations between the Senate and Antony which did little to settle the questions of power and government after Caesar ' s assassination , this conflict became unavoidable . Antony had Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus confined in position around " Mutina " ( modern Modena ) , just south of the Padus ( Po ) River on the via Aemilia . Pansa was sent north from Rome to link with Hirtius and Octavian , bringing four legion s of recruits in order to provide Brutus with aid . Antony , seizing the central position , hoped to deal with the enemy in piecemeal fashion , destroying the columns one at a time . On April 14 , Antony ' s legions ( II and XXXV ) collided with those of Pansa , in the village of Forum Gallorum . Pansa ' s troops were routed and the general severely wounded . Jubilant , Antony called off the pursuit of the broken army but was then astonished to see Hirtius crashing into his own exhausted ranks , taking two Roman eagles and 60 standards . The victory was turned into a disaster , Antony with his cavalry pulled back to his camp , having lost the initiative and the battle . Another conflict would take place six days later , at Mutina . References . Information taken from Encyclopædia Britannica , Dictionary of the Roman Empire , and Osprey Essential Histories , Caesar ' s Civil War .
XLVIII Panzer Corps ( Germany ) XLVIII Panzer Corps ( also : XLVIII . " Panzerkorps or XXXXVIII Panzer Corps or 48th Panzer Corps ) , formerly designated as XLVIII Corps ( also : XLVIII Army Corps or XXXXVIII Corps or XXXXVIII Army Corps or XLVIII . " Armeekorps or XXXXVIII . " Armeekorps " or 48th Corps or 48th Army Corps ) , was a corps - level formation of the German Heer which saw extensive action on both the eastern and western front s during World War II . History . The corps was originally formed on 15 December 1940 in Germany as the XLVIII . " Armeekorps " ( mot ) . At the dawn of Operation Barbarossa , on 22 June 1941 , it was officially redesignated as the XLVIII Panzer Corps . However , the corps seems to have used both names until June – July 1942 . XLVIII Panzer Corps was attached to Field Marshal Ewald von Kleist ' s Panzer Group 1 , a part of Army Group South . The corps was involved in the armored battles near Dubno early in the campaign , and later saw action at Berdichev and Kirovograd . From late 1941 to May 1942 , the corps took part in defensive operations in the Kursk area . Thereafter the corps joined the " Fall Blau " offensive towards Stalingrad under Army Group South . During the Battle of Stalingrad the corps was trapped and its major units , 22nd Panzer Division and 1st Armoured Division ( Romania ) , were annihilated . However , it was quickly reformed and used by Field Marshal Erich von Manstein ' s Operation Winter Storm efforts to relieve General Friedrich Paulus ' trapped Sixth Army still in Stalingrad . In February 1943 , the XLVIII Panzer Corps took part in the battles around Kharkov , and in June it was committed to the southern flank of the Battle of Kursk as part of Hoth ' s Fourth Panzer Army . After the failure of Operation Citadel the corps took part in the fighting withdrawal from the Ukraine . By February 1945 , the corps found itself in Silesia , and it ended the war defending the Elbe River , where it finally surrendered in May 1945 . Subordinate units . XLVIII Motorized Corps XLVIII Panzer Corps
Second corporal Second Corporal was a rank in the Royal Engineers and Army Ordnance Corps of the British Army . Second Corporals wore one rank chevron , but unlike Lance - Corporal s they held full non - commissioned officer rank . They were thus equivalent to Bombardiers in the Royal Artillery . The rank was abolished in 1920 .
Aufbau Ost ( 1940 ) Aufbau Ost ( ) was the German operational code name for the mobilisation of forces before the start of Operation Barbarossa and the subsequent invasion of the Soviet Union . On August 8 , 1940 Hitler ordered Walter Warlimont , Deputy Chief of Alfred Jodl , to determine the positions of Soviet troops in the East . The appropriate directive was signed the next day by Wilhelm Keitel . It stated that due to the threat of British air attack on Eastern Germany it was necessary to use the eastern territories for drawing and preparing the new units . In compliance with the directive , the building organization of Fritz Todt started equipping the battleground while the rear organs managed the logistical support in the East . Meanwhile preparations for adjusting the Soviet rail gauge to match the Western European were taking place .
Surveillante - class frigate The " Surveillante " Class was a type of sixty - gun frigate of the French Navy , designed in 1823 by Mathurin - François Boucher . One of the main innovations with respect to previous design was the disappearance of the gangways , which provided a flush deck capable of harbouring a complete second battery . With the standardisation on the 30 - pounder calibre for all naval ordnance that occurred in the 1820s , this design allowed for a frigate throwing a 900 - pound broadside , thrice the firepower of the 40 - gun " Pallas " class that constituted the majority of the frigate forces during the Empire , and comparable to that of a 74 - gun . By far the best - known ship of the class is the " Belle Poule " , which achieved fame when she transported the ashes of Napoléon back to France ; for this occasion , she was painted all black , a colour scheme that she retained later in her career , but which is uncharacteristic of the ships of this type .
Battle of Richmond The Battle of Richmond , Kentucky , fought August 29 – 30 , 1862 , was a stunning Confederate victory by Maj . Gen . Edmund Kirby Smith against Union Maj . Gen . William " Bull " Nelson ' s forces , defending the town . It was the first major battle in the Kentucky Campaign . The battle took place on and around what is now the grounds of the Blue Grass Army Depot , outside Richmond , Kentucky . Background . In the fall of 1862 , two Confederate armies moved on separate paths into Kentucky , hoping to restore the Confederate government of that state into power , threaten Union cities along the Ohio River , and recruit men to join the army . First to move was Kirby Smith , leading the Confederate Army of Kentucky , whose ideas provided the initiative for the offensive . Gen . Braxton Bragg , commanding the Army of Mississippi , moved on a roughly parallel track to the west . Smith departed Knoxville on August 13 , Bragg Chattanooga on August 27 . Battle . Brig . Gen . Patrick Cleburne led Smith ' s advance with Col . John S . Scott ' s cavalry out in front . The Confederate cavalry , while moving north from Big Hill on the road to Richmond , Kentucky , on August 29 , encountered Union troopers and began skirmishing . After noon , Union artillery and infantry joined the fray , forcing the Confederate cavalry to retreat to Big Hill . At that time , Brig . Gen . Mahlon D . Manson , who commanded Union forces in the area , commanded a brigade to march to Rogersville , toward the Rebels . Fighting for the day stopped after pursuing Union forces briefly skirmished with Cleburne ' s men in late afternoon . That night , Manson informed his superior , Bull Nelson , of his situation , and he ordered another brigade to be ready to march in support , when required . Kirby Smith ordered Cleburne to attack in the morning and promised to hurry reinforcements ( Brig . Gen . Thomas J . Churchill ' s division ) . Cleburne started early , marching north , passed through Kingston , dispersed Union skirmishers , and approached Manson ' s battle line near Zion Church . As the day progressed , additional troops joined both sides . Following an artillery duel , the battle began , and after a concerted Confederate attack on the Union right , the Union troops gave way . Retreating into Rogersville , they made another futile stand at their old bivouac . By now , Smith and Nelson had arrived and taken command of their respective armies . Nelson rallied some troops in the cemetery outside Richmond , but they were routed . Aftermath . Nelson and some of his men escaped , but the Confederates captured over 4 , 300 Union troops . Total casualties were 5 , 353 ( 206 killed , 844 wounded , 4 , 303 captured / missing ) on the Union side , 451 ( 78 killed , 372 wounded , 1 missing ) Confederate . The way north towards Lexington and Frankfort was open . Civil War historian Shelby Foote remarked that Smith " accomplished in Kentucky the nearest thing to a Cannae ever scored by any general , North or South , in the course of the whole war . "
108th Cavalry Regiment ( United States ) The 108th Cavalry Regiment is a Regiment of the Georgia Army National Guard and the Louisiana Army National Guard respectively Lineage . The 108th Cavalry was constituted 1 June 1921 , assigned to the 23rd Cavalry Division , allotted to the National Guard of the States of Georgia and Louisiana , and organized from new and existing units as follows : 106th Field Signal Battalion , Major C . W . Saso , commanding , Camp Wheeler , Ga . , 9 February 1918 2d Squadron ( RSTA ) , 108th Cavalry Regiment ( LA ARNG ) was mobilized on 5 January 2010 for deployment as part of the 256th IBCT . Coat of arms . The 108th Cavalry Regiment has its own Coat of Arms approved by the United States Army Institute of Heraldry on 3 July 1934 , composed of the following :
German submarine U - 354 German submarine " U - 354 " was a Type VIIC U - boat of the Nazi German " Kriegsmarine " during World War II . She carried out 11 patrols before being sunk in the Barents Sea by British warships in 1944 . She sank one ship and one warship , damaged a commercial vessel and caused a warship to be declared a total loss . Service history . The submarine was laid down on 15 April 1940 at the " Flensburger Schiffsbau " yard at Flensburg as ' werk ' 473 , launched on 10 January 1942 and commissioned on 22 April under the command of " Kapitänleutnant " Karl - Heinz Herbschleb . " U - 354 " served with the 5th U - boat Flotilla , for training and then with the 1st flotilla for operations from 1 October 1942 . She came under the command of the 11th flotilla on 15 October and was reassigned to the 13th flotilla on 1 June 1943 ; she stayed with that organization until her sinking . " U - 348 " made short trips from Kiel in Germany to Bergen and Skjomen fjord in Norway between April and October 1942 . 1st and 2nd patrols . Her first patrol began with her departure from Skjomenfjord on 29 October 1942 . On 4 November she sank the " William Clark " off Jan Mayen Island . This ship had already possibly been damaged by bombs from Ju 88 aircraft . A crewman was lost overboard on the 11th . The boat put into Narvik on the 30th . The submarine ' s second foray over Christmas and New year ' s Eve took her from Narvik , as far as Bear Island and back to Narvik . 3rd and 4th patrols . " U - 354 " s third patrol was marred by the suicide of " Maschinenmaat " Helmut Ricther on 12 March 1943 . Her fourth sortie took the boat north of Bear Island ; she returned to Narvik on 12 June 1943 . 5th patrol . It was during this patrol that she attacked and damaged the Soviet " Petrovskij " in the eastern Kara Sea on 27 August 1943 . 6th patrol . This patrol was split in two : the first part , which was rather brief , was over 22 and 23 October 1943 . The second part was longer ; between 25 October and 6 December . The boat finished up in Hammerfest in the far north of Norway . 7th , 8th and 9th patrols . " U - 354 " continued to patrol northern waters , without success . 10th patrol . By now moored in Bogenbucht ( west of Narvik ) , the next sally was also divided in two . The boat sailed west of Svalbad and Zemlya Frantsa - Josifa , ( Franz Josef Land ) , but targets continued to elude her . 11th patrol and loss . " U - 354 " sank HMS " Bickerton " with a torpedo intended as a ' coup de grǎce ' for the escort carrier HMS " Nabob " ( which was subsequently declared to be a total loss ) , northwest of the North Cape on 22 August 1944 . The U - boat was sunk on 24 August by the British sloop s HMS " Mermaid " and " Peacock " , the frigate " Loch Dunvegan " and the destroyer " Keppel " . Summary of raiding history . Previously recorded fate . " U - 354 " was originally thought to have been sunk by a Fairey Swordfish of No . 825 Naval Air Squadron from the escort carrier HMS " Vindex " on 22 August 1944 . This was " U - 344 " .
9th Parachute Division ( Germany ) The German 9th Parachute Division ( ) was one of the final parachute divisions to be raised by Germany during World War II . The division was destroyed during the Battle of Berlin in April 1945 . History . The 9th Division was formed in December 1944 under the command of General Bruno Bräuer with many Luftwaffe personnel transferred to combat duties for which they had no experience ; it was thus a parachute division in name only , " Wehrmacht Heer " paratrooper training having ceased in mid - 1944 . Essentially , by that time " Wehrmacht Heer " " paratroopers " were ordinary ( and often little - trained and underequipped ) infantry units under Air Force command . In January 1945 two of his battalions were encircled by the 1st Ukrainian Front in Breslau where they were destroyed . In the Battle of the Seelow Heights the 9th Division was positioned between Seelow and Neuhardenberg , they received the full force of the first days artillery bombardment by Marshal Georgi Zhukov ' s 1st Belorussian Front on 16 April . Under this bombardment the 9th Division buckled . It rallied briefly on the morning of 17 April , when it was given some armoured support , but collapsed again shortly afterwards . Bräuer suffered a nervous breakdown and was relieved of his command at the request of Goering , angry at the collapse of one of his Luftwaffe divisions . Bräuer was followed in command by Colonel Herrmann . The SS " Nordland " Division rounded up some elements of the 9th Division and managed a temporarily successful counterattack . By the 19 April , the remnants of the 9th Division along with what remained of the rest of the LVI Panzer Corps were within the Berlin U - Bahn outer defensive ring . During the attempted breakout on the night of 1 / 2 May a small group of the 9th Division stormed the tower of Spandau " Rathaus " ( Town Hall ) from which Soviet machine - gunners were decimating Germans attempting to break out of Berlin over the Havel using the " Charlottenbrücke " ( ' Charlotten Bridge ' ) . By the end of 2 May the 9th Parachute Division had ceased to exist . Organization . 9 . Fallschirmjäger - Division
Benington Castle Benington Castle is a ruined castle in the village of Benington , near Stevenage in Hertfordshire at . It was built as a motte and bailey fortress in the late 11th or early 12th century , founded by Peter de Valoignes . In 1136 , Roger de Valoignes built a stone castle with a keep . In 1177 , King Henry II ordered that the tower be demolished but in 1192 the castle was in use again . It was finally destroyed in 1212 , after Robert Fitzwalter rebelled against King John . Only the foundations of the keep and some earthworks now remain . In 1832 , George Proctor added a neo - Norman gatehouse , summerhouse and curtain wall .
2nd Battalion 10th Marines 2nd Battalion 10th Marines ( 2 / 10 ) is an artillery battalion of the United States Marine Corps comprising three firing batteries and a headquarters battery . The battalion is stationed at Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune , North Carolina and its primary weapon system is the M777A2 howitzer with a maximum effective range of 30 km . They fall under the command of the 10th Marine Regiment and 2nd Marine Division . History . World War II . The 2nd Battalion 10th Marines was activated on April 11 , 1941 as the 4th Battalion 10th Marines . They were deployed with the 6th Marine Regiment to Iceland from Spring 1941 to Spring 1942 . In December 1942 , they deployed to the Pacific theater . On July 20 , 1945 they were re - designated as the 2nd Battalion 10th Marines . The 2nd Battalion 10th Marines participated in the following World War II battles : Post World War II . In July 1946 , 2 / 10 relocated to Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune , North Carolina . From 1951 to present , they participated in LF6F deployments : the Cuban Missile Crisis ( October - November 1962 ) , the intervention in the Dominican Republic ( April - May 1965 ) , Operation Desert Storm ( December 1990 - April 1991 ) , Operation Phantom Fury , and the Battle of Abu Ghraib ( April 2005 ) as part of Operation Iraqi Freedom . The battalion again deployed in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom ( OIF ) from January to September 2007 . During this time they were based out of Camp Fallujah . In January 2009 the battalion again deployed to Iraq as a civil affairs group in support of OIF . During this deployment they were based out of Al Asad Airbase . Unit awards . A unit citation or commendation is an award bestowed upon an organization for the action cited . Members of the unit who participated in said actions are allowed to wear on their uniforms the awarded unit citation . 2 / 10 has been presented with the following awards :
Sandra Hodgkinson Sandra Hodgkinson is an American lawyer , officer in the United States Navy Reserve , and a U . S . Government career employee . She was selected by the Bush Administration to serve as the State Department ' s Deputy Director , Office of War Crimes Issues and the Department of Defense ' s Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Detainee Affairs . In 2003 and 2004 Hodgkinson worked under Paul Bremer in the Coalition Provisional Authority , in Iraq , where she was its director of the Office of Human Rights and Transitional Justice .