naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
1989 Belgian MiG - 23 crash The 1989 Belgian MiG - 23 crash involved the crash of an unmanned Soviet MiG - 23M " Flogger - B " into a house in Kortrijk , Belgium , on 4 July 1989 , killing an 18 - year - old man . Overview . The incident started as a routine training flight . Colonel Nikolai Skuridin , the pilot , departed from the Soviet Bagicz Airbase near Kołobrzeg , Poland . During takeoff , the afterburner failed and the engine began losing power . At an altitude of 150 meters and descending , the pilot assumed he had a complete engine failure and ejected without incident . However , the engine had not failed completely , and the aircraft remained airborne , flying on autopilot in a westerly direction . The unmanned aircraft left Polish airspace , crossing into the airspace of East Germany and then West Germany , where it was intercepted by a pair of U . S . Air Force F - 15s of the 32nd Tactical - Fighter Squadron , of the United States Air Forces Europe , stationed at Soesterberg Air Base in the Netherlands . As the MiG - 23 crossed into Dutch airspace the F - 15 pilots reported the plane having no pilot " " There is definitely no pilot in the plane " " and continued the intercept into Belgian airspace . The escorting F - 15s were instructed to down the plane over the North Sea . As the MiG ran out of fuel , it started a slow turn to the south . The French Air Force put armed Mirage fighters on readiness in case the MiG approached French territory . However , after flying over 560 miles the MiG crashed into a house , killing a Belgian teenager . Political response . The Belgian government made formal protest to the Soviet Union regarding the lack of notification as to the danger the aircraft posed to the civilian population . Belgian Foreign Minister Mark Eyskens expressed concern that " from the time the MiG - 23 was first picked up on NATO radar to the time it crashed more than an hour later , no word of warning came from the Soviet side , " and that " there was also a " notable slowness " on the part of the Soviets in disclosing whether the jet was carrying nuclear or toxic weapons . "
Werner Lucas Werner Georg Emil Lucas ( 27 December 1917 – 24 October 1943 ) was a Luftwaffe fighter pilot , born on December 27 , 1917 in north Berlin , Germany . He was a highly decorated ' ace ' with some 106 aircraft claimed destroyed in total , including one four engined bomber ( ' viermot ' ) whilst in the Western theatre of war . World War II . He joined 4 . / JG 3 ' Udet ' on 8 Februar 1941 as an Unteroffizier , receiving the Luftwaffe Honour Goblet on 2 October 1941 ( date from original Goblet ) ; the German Cross in Gold on 27 March 1942 ; and the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross on 19 September 1942 , as a Feldwebel with 57 air victories . He was appointed Leutnant in November 1942 and held the rank of Hauptmann " ( Staffelkapitän ) " at the time of his death in October 1943 . 105 of his claims were made against the Soviet Air Force in 1941 - 43 while serving on the Eastern front with Jagdgeschwader 3 . Whilst with JG 3 flying from Schiphol , Holland , he was killed in combat with a Spitfire possibly escorting USAAF B - 17 Flying Fortress bombers on 24 October 1943 , and crashed in the city centre of Leiden Holland . He then , on purpose , crashed his Me 109 - G ( " Werknummer " 27080 — factory number — ' White 7 ' ) exactly in the courtyard of a hospital on the Hooigracht , thus taking no other people with him than his 106 kills . This made him an unsung hero . His body remains in his plane until this day . ( article on this in Verenigde Vleugels , nr 2 March 2012 )
Insect - class gunboat The Insect class gunboats ( or large China gunboats ) were a class of small , but well - armed Royal Navy ships designed for use in shallow rivers or inshore . They were intended for use on the Danube ( the name was to disguise their function ) . The first four ships — " Gnat " , " Mantis " , " Moth " and " Tarantula " — were actually first employed during the World War I Mesopotamian Campaign on the Euphrates and Tigris rivers . The ships were designed to operate in shallow fast - flowing rivers , with a shallow draught and a good turn of speed to counter river flow . They were fitted with two reciprocating ( VTE ) engines operating two propeller shafts to offer some redundancy . The propellers were housed in tunnels to minimise the operating draught . Deployment . In 1919 , during the Russian Civil War , " Glowworm " , " Cicala " , " Cockchafer " , " Cricket " , " Moth " , and " Mantis " served on the Dvina River ( northern Russia , in Arkhangelsk Oblast ) , fighting in support of White Russia n forces . " Glowworm " s captain and some other crew members were killed when a nearby ammunition barge exploded . The crew of " Cicala " mutinied , as part of a wider wave of unrest in the Royal Navy , and five " ringleaders " were sentenced to death , later commuted to five years imprisonment . Between the two world wars , the class were mainly used in the Far East and they were present during the Japanese invasion of China . In 1937 , on the Yangtze river , the Japanese attacked " Ladybird " , firing on her from a shore battery . A US gunboat , USS " Panay " was also attacked , by Japanese aircraft , and sunk . " Ladybird " sailed the 20 miles to the scene of the sinking , took on board some of the " Panay " survivors and took them to Shanghai . " Scarab " and " Cricket " were off Nanking in 1937 as the Japanese started to bomb the city . In 1939 , the original two 6 inch Mk VII 45 - calibre guns on " Aphis " and " Ladybird " were replaced by more modern and 30 inch longer 6 - inch Mk XIII 50 - calibre guns from the decommissioned HMS " Agincourt " . At the start of World War II , three vessels , " Cricket " , " Gnat " , and " Ladybird " , were transferred to the Mediterranean Fleet ' s Inshore Squadron . They joined the monitor " Terror " and provided bombardment support for the 8th Army . Their shallow draught allowed them to act also as supply and landing vessels , able to get close - in to beaches . In June 1943 , " Aphis " took part in the bombardment of Pantelleria ( Operation Corkscrew ) .
Jean Derode Capitaine Jean - Marie - Émile Derode was a World War I flying ace credited with seven aerial victories . Derode began the war as a dragoon , but switched to aviation in 1915 . He was posted to Escadrille 67 to pilot a Nieuport . He staked an unconfirmed claim on 16 October 1916 , and followed it up with official ones on 15 November and 27 December 1916 . He was given command of Escadrille 102 , and began scoring with it on 23 April 1917 . He brought home a badly damaged machine from this sortie , and was honored for his effort with the Médaille militaire . He continued to score with his squadron , reaching six confirmed and three unconfirmed by 6 March 1918 . His command was then switched to Escadrille 99 . He used one of their Spad s to shoot down his seventh victim on 4 June 1918 , only to be promptly shot down himself . Honors and awards . Chevalier de la Légion d ' Honneur " Temporary capitaine , commanding escadrille N102 ; excellent squadron commander who , in his competitive spirit with his pilots , never ceases to display the greatest intrepidity . He has had numerous combats during the course of which he has downed three enemy planes . He particularly distinguished himself on 23 April 1917 by his energy and coolness , in succeeding to land normally in our lines after his plane was severely damaged during combat with an enemy plane . Already cited three times in orders . " References . " Nieuport Aces of World War 1 . " Norman Franks . Osprey Publishing , 2000 . ISBN 1 - 85532 - 961 - 1 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 85532 - 961 - 4 .
Sopwith Type 807 The Sopwith Admiralty Type 807 was a 1910s British biplane seaplane designed and built for the Admiralty by the Sopwith Aviation Company . Development . In July 1914 , Sopwith produced a two - bay tractor biplane powered by a 100 hp ( 75 kW ) Gnome Monosoupape rotary engine to compete in the 1914 " Daily Mail " Circuit of Britain race for seaplanes . It made its maiden flight as a landplane on 16 July 1914 , before being fitted with its planned floatplane undercarriage . On the outbreak of the First World War in August 1914 the Circuit of Britain aircraft was bought by the RNAS . A version of the circuit of Britain aircraft was ordered by the Admiralty , becoming known as the Type 807 . First delivered to the RNAS in July 1914 the Type 807 differed from the Circuit of Britain in several respects . The span of the upper wing was increased , the overhang being braced by kingposts and the wings were adapted to fold , using the Short Brothers patented mechanism ; to simplify this , the wings were not staggered . It had twin strut - mounted floats under the fuselage and a float mounted under the tail . It was powered by a nose - mounted 100 hp ( 75 kW ) Gnome Monosoupape engine . It had two tandem open cockpits with the observer in the forward cockpit under the upper wing leading edge and the pilot in the rear cockpit under the upper wing trailing edge . It was sometimes referred to as the Sopwith Folder . Sopwith developed the Circuit of Britain aircraft into a landplane ( the Sopwith Two - Seat Scout ) Operational History . The Circuit of Britain aircraft was given the serial number " 896 " when it was taken over by the Royal Navy . Its undercarriage was damaged in September , causing it to be refitted with a landplane undercarriage . It was used as a trainer until 22 June 1915 . Twelve Type 807s were ordered by the RNAS . Three of them formed part of the embarked air wing aboard the seaplane carrier HMS " Ark Royal " when it sailed for the Dardanelles in February 1915 . They were used as reconnaissance aircraft , but proved to be underpowered , with fragile floats .
RKG - 3 anti - tank grenade RKG - 3 is the designation of Russia n series of anti - tank hand grenades . It superseded the RPG - 43 , RPG - 40 and RPG - 6 series of grenades . Design . RKG stands for " Ruchnaya Kumulyativnaya Granata " ( Handheld Shaped Charge Grenade ) . When the pin is pulled and the grenade is thrown a four - panelled drogue parachute is deployed by a spring . This parachute stabilizes the grenade in flight and ensures that the grenade strikes the target at a 90 degree angle , maximising the effect of the shaped charge . Armour penetration is 170 mm and 220 mm for steel and copper ( RKG - 3ЕM ) conical liner versions respectively . History . The RKG - 3 was adopted into service in 1950 . Few years later it was replaced by RKG - 3E and RKG - 3EM . In early 1970s the Soviet Army replaced this grenade by RPG - 18 , but many other countries and guerrilla movements are still using RKG - 3 in their armed forces . It was used extensively during the 1973 Yom Kippur War . RKG - 3 grenades have also been used by Iraqi insurgents against coalition forces . On 1 June 2006 , RKG - 3 grenades were used in an attack on an American Humvee , and RKG - 3 grenades have been captured by US Marines from insurgents in Al Anbar . RKG - 3 grenades have been used throughout Iraq with the majority of attacks occurring in the Baghdad region . Several other attacks have been reported North of Baghdad to include Tikrit , Bayji , and Mosul . The attacks have mainly been on the U . S . Army Stryker vehicle and the MRAP ( armored vehicle ) but not limited to attacks against ASV ( Armored Security Vehicles ) and M1151 UP Armored HMMWV . RKG - 3s have also been used in Samarra , Iraq against 101st Airborne and 25th Infantry an also 3rd Infantry soldiers in MRAPS , and Humvees . The RKG - 3 was a somewhat common weapon in Samarra , Iraq , during mid 2008 to early 2009 . Large caches have been discovered along with training material for insurgent use . Current TTP ' s ( Tactics Technique and Procedures ) for use of this weapon in theater is to remove the drogue chute so that the device can be thrown directly at the side or rear of a vehicle .
Samuel Greene Samuel Dana Greene ( 11 February 1839 – 11 December 1884 ) was an officer in the United States Navy during the American Civil War , mostly noted for his service aboard the during the Battle of Hampton Roads . Biography . Early life and career . Greene was born in Cumberland , Maryland , the son of future U . S . Army General George S . Greene . He entered the United States Naval Academy on September 21 , 1855 , and graduated on June 9 , 1859 , with the rank of midshipman . He was stationed on the steam sloop , which transported John Elliott Ward , the American ambassador to various cities in China to settle American claims . Civil War . When the Civil War broke out , the " Hartford " was ordered to return home . Greene , having been promoted to lieutenant on August 31 , 1861 , arrived in Philadelphia on December 2 , 1861 . After a short leave , he volunteered for duty on the " Monitor " . Greene was appointed executive officer , serving under Commander Lieutenant John L . Worden during its historic four - hour battle at Hampton Roads , Virginia , with the Confederate ironclad warship on March 9 , 1862 . During the battle he assumed full command of " Monitor " when Worden was temporarily blinded by shell fragments from an explosion from one of " Virginia " s broadsides . After the subsequent retreat and assessment of all damage Greene ordered the return to battle and continued engaging the " Virginia " to a standoff . Greene continued to command the " Monitor " until Thomas O . Selfridge , Jr . took command on March 10 , 1862 . From April to May 1862 Greene continued to serve as executive officer on " Monitor " during the Battle of Drewry ' s Bluff on the James River , Virginia , and later provided naval support for General McClellan ' s forces on land along that river . Greene was aboard the ship when it foundered in a gale 20 miles off Cape Hatteras on November 30 – December 1 , 1862 , which Greene survived after being pulled into a lifeboat by the ship ' s surgeon , Dr . Grenville M . Weeks . In 1863 Greene served aboard the gunboat on the blockade of North Carolina , then in 1864 – 1865 aboard the sloop , under the command of Christopher R . P . Rodgers , sailing around South America and across the Pacific to Singapore in search of the Confederate raider . Post - war career . Greene was promoted to Lieutenant Commander on August 11 , 1865 , and served as instructor of mathematics at the Naval Academy from 1866 to 1868 . From 1868 to 1871 he served in the Pacific Squadron , aboard the sloops and , and the screw steamer . He served as the head of the department of astronomy , navigation and surveying at the Naval Academy from 1871 to 1875 , receiving promotion to Commander on December 12 , 1872 . Greene commanded the and between 1875 and 1878 , was assistant superintendent of the Academy from 1878 to 1882 , then commanded the in 1883 - 1884 . Greene was serving as the executive officer of the Portsmouth Navy Yard when on 11 December 1884 at the age of 45 , he committed suicide at Portsmouth , New Hampshire , and was buried in Bristol , Rhode Island . Namesake . The destroyer ( 1919 – 1945 ) was named for him .
Morgan Lewis ( governor ) Morgan Lewis ( October 16 , 1754 – April 7 , 1844 ) was an American lawyer , politician and military commander . Of Welsh descent , he was the son of Francis Lewis , a signer of the Declaration of Independence . He graduated from Princeton ( then the College of New Jersey ) in 1773 and began to study law on the advice of his father . His studies were interrupted by military service during the American Revolutionary War . From September 1 , 1776 to the end of the war he was a colonel and the Quartermaster General for the Northern Department . In 1779 he married Gertrude Livingston ( 1757 – 1833 ) , the daughter of Robert R . Livingston . After the Revolution , Lewis completed his legal studies and was elected to the New York State Assembly and the New York State Senate . He was New York State Attorney General and later Justice and Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of New York . He served as governor of New York from 1804 to 1807 , defeating Vice President Aaron Burr in the race to succeed future Vice President George Clinton as governor . On April 30 , 1807 , he was defeated in his run for re - election by Daniel D . Tompkins , also a future vice president . Tompkins received 35 , 074 votes , while Morgan Lewis received 30 , 989 votes . During the War of 1812 Lewis resumed his duties as Quartermaster General and served in western New York . He was commissioned as a brigadier general on April 3 , 1812 and promoted to major general on March 2 , 1813 . He commanded the American forces at the Battle of Fort George . Although the British position was captured , Lewis ordered Colonel Winfield Scott to break off the pursuit of the defeated British troops . But for Lewis ' s over - caution , Scott might have been able to capture Major - General John Vincent ' s entire division and greatly weaken the British defense of the Niagara Peninsula . Later , Lewis was appointed as commander of upstate New York . After the conclusion of the war , Lewis was discharged from the Army on June 15 , 1815 . Lewis was a presidential elector in 1828 . Lewis was a Freemason , and served as Grand Master in the Grand Lodge of New York from 1830 - 1843 . From 1832 to 1835 he was the President of the Historical Society of New York . Lewis was an original member of the New York Society of the Cincinnati and served as the Society ' s President General from 1839 - 1844 . Lewis helped to found New York University in New York City , where he was born and where he died . Lewis County , New York , the Town and Village of Lewiston , New York , and the Town of Lewis in Essex County , New York have been named to honor him .
China War Medal ( 1900 ) The China War Medal 1900 was a British campaign medal approved in 1901 for issue to British and Imperial land and sea troops who fought during the Boxer Rebellion of 1900 . Issued in silver to combatants and in bronze to native , namely Indian , bearers drivers and servants , it could be issued without a clasp or with one or more of the following ; Awarded to naval personnel of the British contingent of the international fleet involved in the attack of the Taku forts along the Peiho River Awarded to 80 Royal Marines and several ' odd ' men of the British Legation Guard , who aided the defence of the Legation Quarter in Peking for 55 days . Awarded to British and Indian army personnel and to men of the Royal Navy involved in the relief of the Legations in Peking as part of the international relief force commanded by Count Alfred von Waldersee or as part of Edward Seymour ' s Naval Brigade . Clasps . The medal used the same reverse as the two previous China War medals , a trophy - of - arms , with the obverse consisting of the bust of Queen Victoria . The medal was awarded to 555 naval personnel of the Colonial navies of Australia without a clasp : 256 men with the New South Wales Contingent , 197 with the Victorian , and 102 on the South Australian gunboat " Protector " .
Mardasson Memorial The Mardasson Memorial is located near Bastogne , a municipality in the Belgian province of Luxembourg . It honours the memory of the 76 , 890 American soldiers who were wounded or killed during the Battle of the Bulge . While first steps towards the memorial were undertaken on July 4 , 1946 , by presenting some earth from the site to U . S . President Harry Truman , the monument was dedicated on July 16 , 1950 . Architect Georges Dedoyard designed the complex as a pentagram with a height of and a side length of , centered by a circular atrium with a diameter of . While the inner walls are covered with ten paintings from the battle , the outer crown is engraved with the names of the contemporary 48 U . S . States , and the insignia of most participating battalions are shown on the walls . Below the structure , a crypt with three altars – one each for Protestant , Catholic and Jewish services – was carved , and decorated with mosaics by French artist Fernand Léger . The Latin inscription on the memorial stone : translates to " " The Belgian people remember their American liberators – 4th July 1946 . " " Next to the memorial is the Bastogne Historical Centre , which houses World War II memorabilia and shows a film of footage shot during the battle .
Malta Conference ( 1945 ) The Malta Conference was held from January 30 to February 3 , 1945 between President Franklin D . Roosevelt of the United States and Prime Minister Winston Churchill of the United Kingdom on the island of Malta . The purpose of the conference was to plan the final campaign against the Germans with the Combined Chiefs of Staff ( the United States Joint Chiefs of Staff and the British Chiefs of Staff Committee ) . Both leaders agreed on the undesirability of the Red Army advancing into central Europe . The Conference was given the code names of ARGONAUT and CRICKET , as well as several others . The Malta Conference began on January 30 , 1945 , but President Roosevelt did not arrive until February 2 , the last day of the conference . Participants . Among the participants of the Conference were U . S . Secretary of State Stettinius , Ambassador Harriman , Harry L . Hopkins , General of the Army George C . Marshall , Fleet Admiral Ernest J . King , Fleet Admiral Leahy , Prime Minister Churchill , British Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden , Major General Laurence S . Kuter ( representing General of the Army H . H . Arnold who was unable to attend due to illness ) , Field Marshal H . Maitland Wilson , Field Marshal Sir Alan Brooke , Air Chief Marshal Sir Charles F . A . Portal , Admiral of the Fleet Sir A . B . Cunningham , General Sir Hastings L . Ismay , Major General Jacob . January 30 , 1945 . On Tuesday , January 30 , 1945 at 10am , the Joint Chiefs of Staff met in Montgomery House , Malta . Present were General of the Army Marshall , Fleet Admiral King , Major General Kuter , Lieutenant General Somervell , Lieutenant General Smith , Rear Admiral Duncan , Rear Admiral McCormick , Major General Bull , Major General Hull , Major General Wood , Major General Anderson , Brigadier General Loutzenheiser , Brigadier General Lindsay , Captain McDill , Colonel Peck , Colonel Dean , Colonel Lincoln . The Minutes show they worked on the agenda for the next U . S . - British Staff Conference , an overall review of cargo shipping and strategy in Northwest Europe .
Royal Indian Artillery The Royal Regiment of Indian Artillery , generally known as the Royal Indian Artillery ( RIA ) , was an administrative corps of the British Indian Army . The East India Company raised the first regular company of Artillery in 1748 , with a small percentage of Indian Gunners called Gun Lashkars , Tindals and Serangs . A few Indian Mountain Batteries , officered by the British , were raised in the 19th century and formed part of the Royal Artillery . Royal Indian Artillery ( RIA ) of British India Army , was raised on September 28 , 1827 , as a part of the Bombay Army , a presidency army of the Bombay Presidency . It was later renamed as 5 Bombay Mountain Battery , and involved in First Anglo - Afghan War ( 1839 – 1842 ) . The Indian Rebellion of 1857 was sparked off in Meerut on 10 May 1857 , primarily by native artillery of Bengal Army , following which all Indian artillery units were banned except mountain artillery batteries , though for his service during the Indian Rebellion , Major Richard Keatinge of Bombay Artillery , was awarded the Victoria Cross in 1858 . The RIA saw extensive service in the First World War , in East Africa , Gallipoli , Mesopotamia and Palestine . The Royal title was conferred upon the regiment in 1945 . The partition of India in 1947 resulted in the RIA being divided between the newly formed artillery regiments of India ( Regiment of Artillery ) and Pakistan . The most celebrated member of the RIA was Umrao Singh , who was awarded the Victoria Cross in World War II .