naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Anti - materiel rifle An anti - materiel rifle ( AM ) is a rifle that is designed for use against military equipment ( materiel ) , rather than against other combatants ( " anti - personnel " ) . History and Description . The offensive use of anti - materiel rifles or Special Application Sniper Rifles ( SASR ) is termed Hard Target Interdiction ( HTI ) by the United States military . Anti - materiel rifles are similar in form and appearance to modern sniper rifle s and can often serve in that role , though they are usually chambered for cartridges more powerful than are normally required for killing a human and can operate at a greater range . In general , anti - materiel rifles are chambered for 12 . 7×99mm NATO ( . 50 BMG ) , 12 . 7×108mm Russian , 14 . 5×114mm Russian , and 20mm cartridges . The large cartridges are required to be able to fire projectiles containing usable payloads , such as explosives , armor - piercing cores , incendiaries , or combinations of these , as found in the Raufoss Mk 211 projectile . Due to the considerable size and weight of anti - materiel rifles and other support equipment , sniper cells operating in 2 - or 3 - man or larger teams have become a necessity . The recoil produced by the employed cartridges dictates that these rifles are designed to be fired from the prone position . Bipod s and monopod s and muzzle brake s are used as accessories to employ these rifles as comfortably and accurately as possible . Firing several 12 . 7×99mm NATO , 12 . 7×108mm Russian , or larger calibers from the ( unsupported ) standing position or in a kneeling position would be very uncomfortable for the operator . The origins of the anti - materiel rifle go back to the First World War , during which the first anti - tank rifle s appeared . While modern tanks and most other armored vehicles are too well protected to be affected by anti - materiel rifles , the guns are still effective for attacking unarmored or lightly armored vehicles . They can also be used against stationed enemy aircraft , small watercraft , communications equipment , radar equipment , crew served weapons and similar targets . Their value is in being able to precisely target and disable enemy assets from long range for a relatively low cost . Anti - materiel rifles can also be used in non - offensive roles for safely destroying unexploded ordnance .
Roger Deslaur Roger Deslaur or Desllor , an almogàver from Roussillon in the service of Walter V of Brienne , Duke of Athens , was one of the few knights to survive the bloody Battle of Halmyros on 15 March 1311 . Captured by the Catalan Company , he accepted the post of rector and marshal of the Company ( " rector et marescalcus universitatis " ) after Boniface of Verona declined it . Deslaur was the agent through which Walter had first hired the Catalan Company for six months in 1310 . Deslaur remained with Walter even after he tried to expel the Catalans . Following the defeat on the Cephissus , the Catalans granted Deslaur the fief of Salona ( called " La Sola " by Ramon Muntaner ) and the hand in marriage of the widow of the lord of Salona , Thomas III of Autremencourt . Deslaur , however , proved ineffective as a defender of the Catalan conquests . Menaced by the Venetian Negroponte and the Frankish Morea , he negotiated the handover of suzerainty to Frederick II of Sicily , who appointed his young son Manfred duke ( 1312 ) . Frederick sent Berenguer Estanyol d ' Empúries to act as Manfred ' s vicar general and Deslaur stepped down from his post as leader of the Company and duke of Athens , retiring to his castle at Salona , which he either escheated , or he was forced to relinquish , to Alfonso Fadrique around 1320 .
Rhone American Cemetery and Memorial The Rhone American Cemetery and Memorial is an American war cemetery in Southern France , memorializing American soldiers and mariners who died in Second World War operations in that area . The cemetery covers within the city of Draguignan . The cemetery is named for the Rhone river and its watershed , where most of those interred fought and died . The cemetery adjoins the civilian cemetery of the city of Draguignan . It was started during World War II combat operations in 1944 , with the memorials , landscaping , and improvements added after the war . The cemetery was built and is operated by the US government , with support from the host country of France . Those interred died mostly in the summer of 1944 during Operation Dragoon , the Allied invasion of Southern France from the Mediterranean , which followed the Allied invasion of Normandy . This operation was designed to open a second beachhead and Allied combat zone in France , threatening the Axis units confronting the Normandy combat zone , and thus to accelerate the Allied drive into Western Europe . Those interred were mainly part of the U . S . Seventh Army , in particular the US 45th Infantry Division , the US 36th Infantry Division , and the US 3rd Infantry Division . The cemetery is in the shape of an oval , with a perimeter wall of local limestone , a memorial with chapel , and some supporting buildings . The cemetery is administered by the American Battle Monuments Commission .
224th Sustainment Brigade ( United States ) The 224th Sustainment Brigade is a sustainment brigade of the United States Army and the California Army National Guard . Service history . In April 2010 the Brigade deployed for a scheduled year long deployment to Iraq . The Brigade was relieved by the 38th Sustainment Brigade likely in December 2011 .
Sargo - class submarine The " Sargo " - class submarines were the first US submarines to be sent into action after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor , starting war patrols the day after the attack . They were built between 1937 and 1939 . The " Sargo " - class submarine had the distinction of being the first US Navy vessel to sink a Japanese ship in World War II . The " Sargo " class was very active during the war , sinking 73 ships , including a Japanese submarine . After the Second World War , boats of this class were moved into a training role before being scrapped . was used in the Bikini Atoll atomic weapon tests in 1946 . There was negligible damage so she was later expended as a target . USS " Sailfish " was also due to become a target in the same atomic weapon tests but she was scrapped instead in 1948 .
Laurin Lyman Williams Laurin Lyman Williams was a Lieutenant General in the United States Army . He was prominent during his service as the Comptroller of the Army in the late 1950s . Early life . Williams was born on October 3 , 1895 , Spokane , Washington . He graduated from Yale University in 1917 and received a commission as a second lieutenant of Infantry through the Reserve Officer Training Corps . Early military career . As a junior officer Williams carried out assignments at posts throughout the United States , including Camp Fremont , California and Camp Lee , Virginia . In 1921 he graduated from the Infantry School Basic Course . In the mid - 1920s Williams served in China with the 15th Infantry Regiment . He also served as an R . O . T . C . instructor at the University of Washington . Williams graduated from the Tank School Regular Course in 1930 . In 1935 he was assigned to Plattsburgh Barracks , New York . In 1939 he completed the Command & General Staff College . In 1940 Williams was assigned to Fort Sam Houston , Texas . He was then assigned to the Training and Operations Office , G - 3 , at the War Department General Staff . World War II . During World War II Williams served in Europe , first as commander of the 102nd Infantry Division ’ s 405th Infantry Regiment , and later as assistant division commander of the 29th Infantry Division . Post World War II . After World War II Williams served the Intelligence Group of the Army ' s European Command . Korean War . General Williams served as comptroller of the U . S . Army ’ s Far East Command from 1949 to 1952 . Post Korean War . From 1953 to 1954 Williams served as Assistant Comptroller of the Army . General Williams served as Comptroller of the Army from 1955 to 1957 . In early 1957 Williams was assigned to the Sixth United States Army at the Presidio , where he served until his retirement in June of that year . Awards and decorations . Williams received the Distinguished Service Medal . He was also a recipient of the Silver Star . In addition , he was presented the Legion of Merit , two Bronze Star s , and the Purple Heart . Retirement and death . In retirement General Williams resided in La Jolla , California . He died in San Diego , California on January 6 , 1975 .
Codos The Codos or Commandos were guerrilla groups , active in southern Chad from 1983 to 1986 , that resisted domination of their region by the President Hissène Habré ' s army . Many were veterans of the government army of the 1970s or Wadel Abdelkader Kamougué ' s Chadian Armed Forces ( FAT ) , which had collapsed in 1982 under Habré ' s attacks with the short - lived Republic of Logone . Totaling as many as 15 , 000 , they operated independently . There were , in 1983 , five codos groups . These were the Red Codos ( " Codos Rouge " ) , commanded by Alphonse Kotiga , based in Moyen - Chari ; the Coconut Codos ( " Codos Cocotieres " ) , of Elie Atanga and Elea Djoack , in Mayo - Kebbi ; the Green Codos ( " Codos Vert " ) of Pierre Tokino in Logone Oriental ; the Hope Codos ( " Codos Espoir " ) of Kayer in Tandjile ; and the Panther Codos ( " Codos Panthères " ) of Koulangar in Logone Occidental . They were supported by the Central African Republic , who offered them sanctuary in its borders . Habré at first attempted negotiations , making Defence minister a former leader of the " codos " ; but when discussions broke down , the President resorted , in August 1984 , to force and wide - scale fighting erupted in four of the five southern Prefectures , counting now on the support of the Central African President André Kolingba . The Chadian National Armed Forces ( FANT ) acted with rare brutality , destroying many villages and making itself guilty of wide - scale massacres of civilians . But it worked : in 1985 , the greatest part of the south had been subdued . The Red Codos , formed with Libyan and GUNT support , were the most effective . Kotiga exercised some influence over the other groups and was instrumental in persuading them to abandon their insurgency by promises of rewards and rehabilitation in 1985 and 1986 . Many have been " recycled " by French trainers at an instructional center at Mongo , thousands of former codos ( commandos ) had been " recycled " by French trainers , assisted by a large cadre of Chadian military . While about 1 , 500 have been assimilated into the FANT , most have been organized into work brigades for service as agricultural or road laborers .
4th Air Corps ( Germany ) IV . Fliegerkorps ( 4th Air Corps ) was formed 11 October 1939 in Düsseldorf from the 4 . Flieger - Division . The Corps was disbanded on 16 September 1944 and its " Stab " formed the " Kommandierenden General der Deutschen Luftwaffe in Dänemark " ( commanding general of the German Luftwaffe in Denmark ) .
Régiment de la Reine The Régiment de la Reine ( " Queen ' s Regiment " ) was a French Army infantry regiment active in the 17th and 18th centuries . It is principally known for its role in the Seven Years ' War , when it served in the North American theatre . Early history . The Régiment de la Reine traced its origin to the Mazarin Français Regiment , which in 1661 was named Régiment de la reine mère ( " Regiment of the Queen Mother " ) by Louis XIV as part of a general reorganisation of the French Army . Following the death of Louis ' mother Anne of Austria in 1666 , the regiment was renamed as the Régiment de la Reine . Seven Years War . During the Seven Years ' War , a battalion of the regiment took part in several battles including Fort Saint Frédéric on Lake George ( September 1755 ) , and the taking of Fort Bull and Fort William - Henry . Their greatest victory came at Fort Carillon in 1758 against the forces of General Abercromby . They were then sent to Isle aux Noix in July of that same year , and were absent from the Battle of the Plains of Abraham the following year . However , they did take part at the Battle of Sainte - Foy in 1760 , where the British under General Murray were defeated . Subsequent history . In 1791 the regiment became the 41st Regiment of Line Infantry when the former titles of the Royal Army were abolished . With the restoration of the Monarchy in 1815 the 2nd Regiment of Line Infantry was renamed as the " Régiment de la Reine " but in the course of a general restructuring of the army in 1816 this traditional title was finally discarded . Uniform . Throughout most of the 18th century the regiment ' s coat was white ( originally grey - white ) , with a blue waistcoat underneath , without turnbacks or a collar , and with pewter buttons . Facings were red ( on the cuffs only ) . Canadian troops wore the same , except with a red waistcoat . Both fusiliers and grenadiers wore black tricorns laced white . As part of the reorganisations of 1791 the regimental facings were changed to sky - blue Régiment de la reine dragons . A mounted regiment the Régiment de la reine dragons ( Queen ' s Dragoons ) , was raised in 1673 , named like its infantry counterpart in honour of the queen consort Marie - Thérèse of Spain . In 1791 it became the 6th Dragoon Regiment .
Battle of Marj al - Saffar ( 1126 ) The Battle of Marj al - Saffar was fought on January 25 , 1126 between a Crusader army led by King Baldwin II of Jerusalem and the Seljuk Emirate of Damascus , which was ruled by Toghtekin . The Crusaders defeated the Muslim army in the field but failed in their objective to capture Damascus . Background . After winning the Battle of Azaz northeast of Antioch , Baldwin II led an army of Franks to attack Damascus in early 1126 . Baldwin ' s army consisted of the usual mounted knights and men - at - arms supported by spearmen and bowmen on foot . At Marj al - Saffar , 30 kilometers outside Damascus , the Crusaders encountered the army of Damascus which offered battle . Toghtekin , founder of the Burid dynasty , ruled Damascus at that time . Battle . Only a few details are known about the battle . The sources are not in agreement about tactical details , but they concur that the Crusaders failed to seize Damascus . The Franks lost many men to Turkish archery in a very close - fought engagement . " But a strong attack made late in the day gave them a hard - won victory . Their tactical success left them unable to achieve their object in undertaking the campaign , which was the conquest of Damascus . " Another historian writes , " Crusader forces had a clear win but were unable to press home their advantage . " A third writer notes that the Crusader victory occurred because Toghtekin " fell from his horse and , thinking that he had been killed , his companions fled . " Because of their heavy casualties , the Crusaders were forced to retreat . In 1129 , the Franks attacked Damascus again , but their siege of the city was unsuccessful .
Edward Thomas Williams Edward Thomas Williams ( 1901 – 1973 ) was a Lieutenant General in the United States Army . He gained prominence as chief of artillery for the Third United States Army in Europe during World War II , commander of the United States Army Field Artillery Center , and commander of the Fourth United States Army . Early life . Williams was born in Detroit , Michigan on February 6 , 1901 . He graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1920 . Early career . In 1921 Williams graduated from the Field Artillery Basic Course . Williams served in artillery assignments of increasing rank and responsibility throughout the 1920s and 1930s , including a posting to Schofield Barracks , Hawaii as a member of the 13th Field Artillery Regiment , assignment to Aberdeen Proving Ground , Maryland , and a position as an instructor at Fort Sill , Oklahoma . In 1939 Williams graduated from the Command and General Staff College . World War II . Williams served as commander of the Third United States Army Artillery during World War II , taking part in operations throughout Europe after the D - Day invasion and earning the Distinguished Service Medal . Post World War II . From 1950 to 1952 Williams was assigned as deputy chief of staff for operations at the U . S . Army European Command . Williams served as chief of staff for U . S . Army , Europe from 1952 to 1953 . In 1953 Williams was appointed deputy commander of the Third United States Army , serving until 1954 . Williams was then named commander of the United States Army Field Artillery Center , serving from 1954 to 1956 . In 1956 Williams was named deputy commander of the Continental Army Command , a position he held until 1959 . In 1958 he chaired the Williams Board , which reviewed and recommended changes to the Army ’ s professional education system for officers . Williams was selected to command the Fourth United States Army in 1959 , and he served in this post until his retirement . While commanding the Fourth Army Williams represented the United States at the funeral of Walter Williams of Texas , who claimed to have been a Confederate soldier and the last living American Civil War veteran . Retirement and Awards . General Williams retired in 1961 . His awards and decorations included two Distinguished Service Medals , the Legion of Merit , and the Bronze Star . Death and burial . Williams died on October 14 , 1973 in San Antonio , Texas . He was buried at Fort Sam Houston National Cemetery , Section PA , Site 249 - C .
2005 Base Realignment and Closure Commission The 2005 Base Realignment and Closure Commission preliminary list was released by the United States Department of Defense on May 13 , 2005 . It was the fifth Base Realignment and Closure ( " BRAC " ) proposal generated since the process was created in 1988 . It recommended closing 22 major United States military base s and the " realignment " ( either enlarging or shrinking ) of 33 others . On September 15 , 2005 , President George W . Bush approved the BRAC Commission < nowiki > ' < / nowiki > s recommendations , leaving the fate of the bases in question to the United States Congress . Congress had a maximum of 45 days to reject the proposal by passing a joint resolution of disapproval , or the recommendations automatically enter into effect . Such a resolution ( H . J . Res . 65 ) was introduced to the House of Representatives on September 23 , 2005 , by Rep . Ray LaHood ( R - IL ) ( no such resolution was introduced in the Senate ) . The House took up debate of the resolution on October 26 , 2005 . The resolution failed to pass by a 324 - 85 margin , thereby enacting the list of recommendations . The Secretary of Defense was required to begin implementing the recommendations by September 15 , 2007 and to complete implementation no later than September 15 , 2011 . Justifications . Pentagon officials calculated that , if adopted in full by the nine - member BRAC Commission , the recommendations would have saved almost US $ 50 billion over 20 years . The BRAC Commission ( officially known as the Defense Base Closure and Realignment Commission ) disputed this claim , pointing out what it considered to be significant flaws in the Department ' s methodology . The Commission recalculated the 20 - year savings of the DOD recommendation list at just above $ 37 billion . Between late May and late August , the Commission reviewed the list and amended many of the Pentagon ' s recommendations , removing several major installations from the closure list . The Commission calculated the overall 20 - year savings to the government in carrying out its amended list of recommendations as close to $ 15 billion . Gen . Richard Myers , Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , said on May 12 , 2005 that the two - year effort to produce the list had several objectives : The 2005 BRAC round is the fifth since the process was initiated in 1988 , and it is the first since 1995 . It differs significantly from its predecessors in several respects : Recommendations . Major facilities slated for closure include these : Major facilities slated for realignment include these : 13 Joint Base s were created by merging adjacent installations belonging to different services .
Edward Moale , Jr . Edward Moale , Jr . ( 10 September 1866 – 23 October 1903 ) was an officer of the United States Navy . Biography . Moale born at Little Rock , Arkansas , 10 September 1866 , was appointed a naval cadet in 1882 and commissioned an ensign , 1 July 1889 . As an officer on board gunboat " Helena " in 1898 , he took part in operations against Spanish land and naval forces at Santiago de Cuba , including the naval battle of 3 July . " Helena " subsequently sailed east , around the Cape of Good Hope , and across the Indian Ocean to the Philippines . There , Lieutenant Moale participated in operations , off northern Luzon , to assist the U . S . Army during the Philippine - American War , 1890 – 1900 . Lt . Moale later served on the " Scindia " , " San Francisco " , " Chicago " , and " Brooklyn " . He died 23 October 1903 , at Baltimore , Maryland , from illness contracted during land operations in the Cagayan Valley ( Philippines ) swamps in 1899 . Namesake . In 1944 , the destroyer USS " Moale " ( DD - 693 ) was named in his honor .
Barry Thornton Air Marshal Sir Barry Michael Thornton KCB , MSc , CEng , FIMechE , FCMI , FRAeS , RAF was a senior commander in the Royal Air Force . RAF career . Educated at Baines Grammar School and the University of Nottingham , Thornton joined the Royal Air Force in 1976 . He was given command of the Engineering and Supply Wing at RAF Honington in 1988 and subsequently deployed to Tabuk Air Base during the Gulf War . In 1991 he took command of the RAF ' s nuclear weapon inspection team . Then in 1997 he joined the Defence Procurement Agency as the Director of Maritime Projects with responsibility for the Merlin and Nimrod programmes . In 2000 he became Controller of Aircraft on the Air Force Board and in 2003 he was made Director General Equipment Support ( Air ) and then Director General Logistics ( Strike ) at the Defence Logistics Organisation . He became the last Commander in Chief Personnel and Training Command in January 2006 serving until April 2007 when the command was merged into Air Command : he then took up the post of Chief of Defence Material ( Air ) at Defence Equipment & Support . He retired in May 2009 . External links .
Jan Romer Jan Romer ( 1869 , Lwow - 1934 , Warszawa ) was an Austrian and Polish general . Studied in Mödling and joined the Austro - Hungarian Army . During the First World War fought at the battle of Limanowa ( 1914 ) and battle of Gorlice ( 1914 ) , was wounded twice . Later he joined the newly recreated Polish Army . During Polish - Ukrainian War he fought in the liberation of Lwów . In Polish - Soviet War , commanded the Cavalry Division at the Battle of Koziatyn ( April 25 - April 27 , 1920 ) , one of the most spectacular raids of the Polish cavalry , during the Polish advance towards Kiev . His troops fought against the Soviet cavalry elite " Konarmia " of Semyon Budyonny . He commanded the Polish 13th Infantry Division during the Battle of Komarów ( August 31 , 1920 ) . Respected by Józef Piłsudski , he was among the first group military personas who confirmed the decoration of Virtuti Militari , highest Polish military decoration , restored after the recreation of the Second Polish Republic , and he himself received the Commander ' s Cross of that award . Held position of Inspector of the Army after the war . Buried in Powązki Cemetery in Warsaw .