naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
French ship Impétueux ( 1787 ) Impétueux was a 74 - gun ship of the line of the French Navy . She took part in the Glorious First of June in 1794 . During the battle , became tangled with " Impétueux " . Badly damaged and on the verge of surrender , " Impétueux " received a brief reprieve when " Mucius " appeared through the smoke and collided with both ships . The three entangled ships continued exchanging fire , all suffering heavy casualties with " Marlborough " and " Impétueux " losing all three of their masts . This combat continued for several hours . Captain Berkeley of " Marlborough " had to retire below with serious wounds , and command fell to Lieutenant John Monkton , who signalled for help from the frigates in reserve . Robert Stopford responded in , which had the assignment of repeating signals , and towed " Marlborough " out of the line as " Mucius " freed herself and made for the regrouped French fleet to the north . " Impétueux " was in too damaged a state to move at all and sailors from soon seized her . The Royal Navy intended to take into service as HMS " Impetueux " , but she was destroyed in an accidental fire at Portsmouth on 24 August 1794 and so was never commissioned . During the battle of The Glorious First of June , the Royal Navy had also captured her sister ship , which it renamed HMS " Impetueux " in 1795 .
1st Bavarian Reserve Division ( German Empire ) The 1st Bavarian Reserve Division ( " 1 . Bayerische Reserve - Division " ) was a unit of the Royal Bavarian Army , part of the German Army , in World War I . The division was formed on mobilization of the German Army in August 1914 as part of I Royal Bavarian Reserve Corps . The division was disbanded in 1919 during the demobilization of the German Army after World War I . The division was raised and recruited in Bavaria . As a reserve division , it included a large number of recalled reservists and war volunteers . Combat chronicle . The 1st Bavarian Reserve Division fought in the opening phases of the war in the Battle of the Frontiers . It then participated in the Race to the Sea , including the Battle of Arras in October 1914 . It remained in the trenchlines in Flanders until 1916 , when it entered the Battle of the Somme in August 1916 . In late 1917 , it participated in the Battle of Passchendaele . In 1918 , the division fought in the Battle of the Lys . The division ended the war still fighting in the Lys region . Allied intelligence rated the division as a good division in 1917 , but third class in 1918 . Order of battle on mobilization . The order of battle of the 1st Bavarian Reserve Division on mobilization was as follows : Order of battle on March 1 , 1918 . Divisions underwent many changes during the war , with regiments moving from division to division , and some being destroyed and rebuilt . The 1st Bavarian Reserve Division was triangularized in April 1915 , losing the 2nd Bavarian Reserve Infantry Brigade headquarters and the 12th Bavarian Reserve Infantry Regiment . Over the course of the war , other units were exchanged with other divisions , cavalry was reduced , engineers increased , and an artillery command and a divisional signals command were created . The 1st Bavarian Reserve Division ' s order of battle on March 1 , 1918 was as follows :
Daimler - Benz DB 603 The Daimler - Benz DB 603 engine was a German aircraft engine used during World War 2 . It was a liquid - cooled 12 - cylinder inverted V12 enlargement of the DB 601 , which was in itself a development of the DB 600 . Production of the DB 603 commenced in May 1942 , and with a 44 . 52 litre displacement figure , was the largest displacement inverted V12 aviation engine to be produced and used in front line aircraft of the Third Reich during World War II . The DB 603 powered several aircraft , including the Do 217 N & M , Do 335 , He 219 , Me 410 and Ta 152C . Design and development . The Mercedes - Benz T80 land speed record car , designed by aircraft engineer Josef Mickl with assistance from Ferdinand Porsche and top German Grand Prix racing driver Hans Stuck , incorporated the third prototype DB 603 . It was set up for the land speed record run attempt to operate on an exotic fuel mix based on a 63 % methanol , 16 % benzene and 12 % ethanol content , with minor percentages of acetone , nitrobenzene , avgas and ether . Adding to the power output was a pioneering form of the Luftwaffe ' s later MW 50 methanol / water injection boost , and was tuned to 3 , 000 PS ( 2 , 959 hp , 2 , 207 kW ) — enough , it was believed , to propel the aerodynamic three - axle T80 up to 750 km / h on a specially - prepared , nearly length stretch of the roughly north / south oriented Reichsautobahn Berlin — Halle / Leipzig , which passed close to the east side of Dessau ( now part of the modern A9 Autobahn ) and with the actual length ' s location due south of Dessau , reworked to be wide with a paved - over median , for the record to be set in January 1940 during " Rekord Woche " ( Record / Speed Week ) . Due to the outbreak of the war in September 1939 , the T80 ( nicknamed " Schwarzer Vogel " , " Black Bird " ) never raced . The DB 603 engine was removed from the vehicle for use in fighter aircraft . Variants . Prototypes and other versions . All power data is given in metric horsepower as stated per manufacturer . Power ( max ) is Takeoff and Emergency power ( 5 - min - rating ) , combat power is climb and combat power ( 30 - min rating ) , continuous is without time limit .
Belgian coins of World War II During World War II in Belgium , The government needed to make money using metal that would not be needed for the war effort . Silver was also discontinued for coinage and the coinage became pure Zinc in order to save raw materials . Shortly before the Liberation in 1944 , the Allies minted 25 million 2 franc coins in 1944 at the Philadelphia Mint which were put in circulation after the territory regained its independence . Occupation coinage . One Franc . The 1 Franc coin was circulated through Belgium from 1941 . Five Francs . The 5 franc coin was minted between 1941 and 1947 , first by the Germans during the occupation of Belgium , and then by the Belgian government after the end of World War II . The coin composed of 100 % zinc , and was an emergency issue type . Five Centimes . The 5 centimes coin was minted between 1941 and 1943 during the German occupation . The coin composed of 100 % zinc , and was an emergency issue type . There are also two different varieties . The Centime is a sub - unit of the franc . It is 1 / 100 of a franc . Ten Centimes . The 10 centimes coin was minted between 1941 and 1946 , first by the Germans during the occupation of Belgium , and then by the Belgian government after World War II ended . The coin composed of 100 % zinc , and was an emergency issue type . There are also two different varieties . Twenty - five Centimes . The 25 centimes coin was minted between 1941 and 1947 , first by the Germans during the occupation , and then by the Belgian government after World War II ended . The coin composed of 100 % zinc , and was an emergency issue type . There are also two different varieties . Liberation coinage . Two Francs . The 2 franc coin was minted by the United States in 1944 in preparation for the Allied liberation of Belgium . An Allied Occupation Issue , this coin was made with the blank planchets of the 1943 steel Wheat penny . Some of these coins have a slightly different weight , and thus their blank planchets would have been specifically made for this foreign denomination .
District of Brussels The District of Brussels ( ; , ) was a short - lived administrative polity created by Nazi Germany in 1944 . It encompassed the present - day Brussels Capital Region . History . After its invasion by Germany in June 1940 , Belgium was initially placed under a " temporary " military government . This was in spite of more radical factions within the German government such as the SS urging for the installation of another Nazi civil government , as had been done in Norway and the Netherlands . It was joined together with the two French départements of " Nord " and " Pas - de - Calais " ( included on the grounds that part of this territory belonged to Germanic Flanders , as well as the fact that the entire region formed an integral economic unit ) as the Military Administration in Belgium and North France ( " Militärverwaltung in Belgien und Nordfrankreich " ) . In spite of this uncompromising attitude at the time , it was decided that the entire area should someday be assimilated into the Third Reich and divided into three new Reichsgau e of a Greater Germanic Reich : " Flandern " and " Brabant " for the Flemish territories and " Wallonien " for the Walloon parts . On 12 July 1944 , a Reichskommissariat Belgien - Nordfrankreich was established to accomplish precisely this goal , derived from the previous military administration . This step was only taken at the very end of World War II , when Germany ' s armies were already in full retreat . The new government was ousted by the Allied advances in Western Europe in September 1944 and the authority of the Belgian government - in - exile was restored . The actual incorporation into the Nazi state of these new provinces therefore only occurred " de jure " and with its leaders already in exile in Germany . The only place where any notable gain was made in re - establishing Reich authority occurred in parts of southern Wallonia during the Ardennes Campaign . The collaborators merely achieved a Pyrrhic victory since when the Allied tanks had rolled into Belgium several months before this already signalled the end of their personal domains in the Reich . Many of their supporters fled to Germany , where they were conscripted into the Waffen - SS to participate in the final military campaigns of the Third Reich . In December 1944 , Belgium ( and , theoretically , the two French departments ) was split up into a " Reichsgau Flandern " , a " Reichsgau Wallonien " , and the " Distrikt Brüssel " , all of which were nominally annexed by the Greater German Reich ( therefore excluding the proposed Brabant province ) . In Flanders , the DeVlag party under the leadership of Jef van de Wiele became the sole political party ; in Wallonia , the Rexist Party under the leadership of Léon Degrelle . The bi - cultural capital of Brussels remained under the direct authority of Reichskommissar Joseph Grohé who served as its effective Gauleiter without actually holding the title . It was proclaimed a " Free City of the Reich " , therefore according it the same status as Hamburg , Berlin , and Vienna , cities within Nazi Germany which also had their own Gau s .
Siege of Barcelona ( 1706 ) The Siege of Barcelona took place between 3 and 27 April 1706 during the War of the Spanish Succession when a Franco - Spanish army led by Phillip V laid siege to Barcelona in an attempt to recapture it following its fall to an English - led Allied army the previous year . The siege was abandoned , following the appearance of a large English fleet under the command of John Leake carrying reinforcements . The Franco - Spanish army was forced to abandon its supplies and artillery in its hasty retreat . Phillip was cut off from returning to Madrid , and so he crossed into France . Barcelona remained in Allied hands until 1714 .
James L . Bates James L . Bates ( August 11 , 1820 – November 11 , 1875 ) was a colonel in the Union Army during the American Civil War who was awarded the honorary grade of brevet brigadier general after the war . He was born in Weymouth , Massachusetts and , in civilian life , was a merchant in the leather trade . Civil War . On June 26 , 1861 , Bates was commissioned captain of Company H , 12th Massachusetts . He was promoted to major on August 6 , 1862 and transferred to the 33rd Massachusetts . His old regiment , the 12th Massachusetts , suffered terrible casualties during the Battle of Antietam , including the loss of its colonel , Fletcher Webster . Bates was therefore promoted to colonel on September 19 , 1862 and placed in command of the 12th Massachusetts to replace Webster . While commanding the 12th , Bates was wounded during the Battle of Gettysburg . During May and June 1864 , Bates commanded the 2nd Brigade , 2nd Division of the V Corps . In this capacity , after the Battle of Spotsylvania , Bates intercepted intelligence which ultimately affected the movement of the Army of the Potomac during the Overland Campaign for which he received the thanks of Lt . Gen . Ulysses Grant . Bates was mustered out on July 8 , 1864 in Boston , Massachusetts . After the war , in 1868 , Congress awarded him the honorary grade of brevet brigadier general for " gallant and meritorious service . " Post war . Bates served as commander of the Department of Massachusetts of the Grand Army of the Republic , a fraternal organization for veterans of the Union Army .
10 . 5 cm Leichtgeschütz 40 The 10 . 5 cm Leichgeschütz 40 , also called the LG 40 , was a German recoilless gun used during World War II . It was manufactured by Krupp . History . After the success of Rheinmetall ' s 7 . 5 cm LG 40 during the Battle of Crete in 1941 , the Germans were spurred to continue development of recoilless guns in larger calibres . Both Krupp and competitor Rheinmetall developed guns in 10 . 5 cm , but the LG 40 got into service first . Design issues . Krupp ' s LG 40 was basically an enlarged and improved version of their unsuccessful competitor to Rheinmetall ' s 75 mm recoilless gun . It retained the earlier model ' s side - swinging breech and large pneumatic tires . It incorporated torque vanes in the jet nozzle to counteract the torque forces imparted by the round engaging the rifling and any clogged or eroded nozzles . It also used the improved priming mechanism developed after the problems with the smaller weapon became apparent . Like all the German 10 . 5 cm recoilless rifles it shared shells with the 10 . 5 cm leFH 18 ( light Field Howitzer ) . The LG 40 - 1 version was built using an aluminium / magnesium alloy mounting , but the LG 40 - 2 replaced it with ordinary steel as light alloys became too valuable later in the war . Both versions could be broken down into 5 loads for parachute operations or they could be air - dropped fully assembled in a special shock - absorbing crate . Operational use . Both 105 mm recoilless guns , unlike the 75 mm LG 40 , equipped independent artillery batteries and battalions . These include Batteries 423 – 426 , 429 , 433 , and 443 , most of which were later incorporated into Leichtgeschütze - Abt . ( Light Gun Battalion ) 423 and 424 . These units served in both the Arctic under 20th Mountain Army and in central Russia under Heeresgruppe Mitte ( Army Group Center ) .
1962 United States Tri - Service missile and drone designation system From 1962 the U . S . Department of Defense established a unified missile and rocket designation sequence , which is used in all weapons of the kind produced in the USA . Explanation . The basic designation of every guided missile is based in a set of letters , which are in sequence . The sequence indicates the following : Examples of guided missile designators are as follows : The design or project number follows the basic designator . In turn , the number may be followed by consecutive letters , representing modifications . In addition , most guided missiles have names , such as Harpoon , Tomahawk , Seasparrow , etc . These names are retained regardless of subsequent modifications to the missile . Prefixes . An X preceding the first letter indicates an experimental weapon , a Y preceding the first letter means the weapon is a prototype .
Molliens - au - Bois Molliens - au - Bois is a commune in the Somme department in Picardie in northern France . Geography . The commune is situated on the D30 and D78 road junction , some northeast of Amiens . History . In August 1918 , the divisional HQ of the U . S 33rd Infantry Division was set up in the chateau in Molliens - au - Bois . During that period , King George V went to the castle and awarded medals to General Pershing and other troops . General Bell was the C . O of the division .
Battle of Zela The Battle of Zela was a battle fought in 47 BC between Julius Caesar and Pharnaces II of The Kingdom of Pontus . Prelude . After the defeat of the Ptolemaic forces at the Battle of the Nile , Caesar left Egypt and travelled through Syria , Cilicia and Cappadocia to fight Pharnaces , son of Mithridates VI . Pharnaces had defeated Caesar ' s Legate Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus , and his small Roman and allied army at the Battle of Nicopolis . He then committed atrocities against the Roman prisoners and against any Roman civilians he found in the region . When Pharnaces received word of Caesar ' s approach , he sent envoys to seek peace , which Caesar refused outright . The forces . Caesar had two cohort s of the veteran VI Legion , the full XXII Legion , an allied force of Galatians and Vexillatio ns from the XXXVI Legion . He also had a small contingent of cavalry . Pharnaces had an army approximately 20 , 000 strong , mostly consisting of tribal and levied infantry but also containing a core of professional soldiers and cavalry . The battle . The battle took place in Zile , what is now a small hilltop town in the Tokat province of northern Turkey . The Pontic army positioned itself near the hilltop town of Zela , but as Caesar ' s men were entrenching their own camp on nearby high ground the Pontic force suddenly attacked . This action was unexpected as it defied logic to give up the solid position at Zela and to attack uphill . The assault achieved momentary surprise and at first gained some ground amidst the confusion , but the veteran Roman legion aries soon recovered and quickly organised a defensive line . Caesar then went onto the counter - offensive and drove the Pontic army back down the hill , where it broke into a complete rout . It was a decisive point in Caesar ' s military career - his five - day campaign against Pharnaces was evidently so swift and complete that , according to Plutarch ( writing about 150 years after the battle ) he commemorated it with the now famous Latin words reportedly written to Amantius in Rome " Veni , vidi , vici " ( " I came , I saw , I conquered " ) . Suetonius says that the same three words were displayed prominently in the triumph for the victory at Zela . Pharnaces escaped the rout back to his Bosporan Kingdom but was killed by one of his former governors in a skirmish .
German submarine U - 881 German submarine " U - 881 " was a Type IXC / 40 U - boat of the German Navy during World War II . The ship was ordered on 26 April 1942 , laid down on 7 August 1943 , and launched on 4 March 1944 . She was commissioned into the " Kriegsmarine " under the command of " Kplt . Dr . " Karl - Heinz Frischke on 27 May 1944 . Initially assigned to the 4th U - boat Flotilla , she was transferred to the 33rd U - boat Flotilla on 1 March 1945 . For her first patrol , " U - 881 " was assigned to operate in US coastal waters with wolf pack Seewolf . During this operation " U - 881 " was depth charged and sunk by the American destroyer escort on 6 May 1945 in one of the last actions in American waters of the Atlantic campaign . She sank at position with the loss of all 54 men on board .
Louis Antoine Cambray - Digny Louis Antoine Jean Baptiste de Cambray - Digny ( 1751 – 1822 ) was a French officer during the American Revolution . He was born in Italy to French parents . Not much is known of his early life until he joined the French artillery in 1770 and was discharged in 1774 . In early 1778 , he sailed to the revolting American Colonies and was made a lieutenant colonel in the Continental Army by Continental Congress in York , Pennsylvania on June 13 . He fought at the Battle of Monmouth soon after . He was sent to Charleston , South Carolina and later Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , where he directed construction of Fort McIntosh as a chief engineer . On February 2 , 1779 , he was sent to Baltimore , Maryland and then Edenton , North Carolina , where he would lead troops in the Southern Campaign . He gave regular reports to General Benjamin Lincoln and was eventually sent to take part in the Savannah Campaign and the defense of Charleston . He was taken prisoner on May 12 , 1780 , with the rest of Lincoln ' s army and exchanged on November 26 , 1782 . On June 11 , 1783 , he returned to France for a short leave , was made a colonel , and was honorably discharged on November 15 . He took a small part in the French elections of 1789 and the French Revolution . He died at the age of 71 in 1822 in his chateau in the Somme .
Albion - class ship of the line ( 1842 ) The " Albion " - class ships of the line were a class of two - deck 90 - gun second rate s , designed for the Royal Navy by Sir William Symonds . The first two were originally ordered in March 1840 as 80 - gun ships of the " Vanguard " Class , but were re - ordered to a new design of 90 guns some three months later . Three more ships to this design were ordered in March 1840 , but two of these ( " Princess Royal " and " Hannibal " ) were re - ordered to fresh designs in 1847 .
8th Division ( Imperial Japanese Army ) The was an infantry division in the Imperial Japanese Army . Its call - sign was the . Hiroo Onoda , a Japanese holdout , served under the 8th Division on Lubang as an intelligence officer along with several other soldiers from the 5th division from 1944 until his surrender on March 9 , 1974 . He was the only survivor of a group originally consisting of 4 soldiers , Corporal Shoichi Shimada ( age 30 ) , Private Kinshichi Kozuka ( age 24 ) , Private Yuichi Akatsu ( age 22 ) , and Lt . Hiroo Onoda ( age 23 ) . History . The 8th Division was formed on 1 October 1898 , as one of the six new reserve divisions created after the First Sino - Japanese War . It consisted of troops from the Tōhoku region of Japan , primarily Aomori Prefecture , Akita Prefecture and Yamagata Prefecture . Its first commander was General Tatsumi Naofumi , formerly commander of the Sendai Garrison . The 8th Division became infamous in history over the Hakkōda Mountains incident in January 1902 , where 199 of 210 members of the 5th Infantry Regiment froze to death . The story was immortalized in a novel by the famous author Jirō Nitta . During the Russo - Japanese War , the 8th Division distinguished itself at the Battle of Sandepu and the subsequent Battle of Mukden . From 1910 , it was assigned to garrison duties in Korea , and it also participated in the Siberian Intervention . After the Manchurian Incident of 1931 , the 8th Division sent its 4th Brigade to participate in the Invasion of Manchuria with the main body joining it in 1932 when it was stationed in Manchuria under the control of the Kwantung Army . There it participated in the pacification of the newly formed Manchukuo . Its 32nd Infantry Regiment was transferred to the newly formed 24th Division in 1937 . In September 1944 , the 8th Division was re - assigned to the Philippines under the command of General Yamashita Tomoyuki ' s 14th Area Army , where it was divided between Luzon and Leyte islands . Following the Battle of Leyte and the Battle of Manila by joint Filipino and American troops , the 8th Division was almost completely annihilated and ceased to exist as an operational unit . Noteworthy commanders in the history of the 8th Division included Tatsumi Naofumi , Jinzaburō Mazaki , and Toshinari Maeda . Organization . The 8th Division was first raised as a square Division in 1895 . 8th Division Later in 1937 this division was reorganized as a triangular division : 8th Division