naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Type 30 rifle The was a bolt - action rifle that was the standard infantry rifle of the Imperial Japanese Army from 1897 ( the 30th year of the Meiji period , hence " Type 30 " ) to 1905 . History and development . The Imperial Japanese Army began development of a new rifle in December 1895 to replace the Murata rifle , which had been in use since 1880 . The project was handled by the Koishikawa arsenal in Tokyo under the direction of Colonel Arisaka Nariakira , and was the first in a series of rifles which would be used through World War II . The Type 30 was first designed for the semi - rimmed 6 . 5×50mm Arisaka cartridge . The visor could be set up to 2000 meters ( 2187 . 2 yards ) . Besides the standard rifle was also a carbine version , 962 mm ( 37 . 9 in ) long , which was intended for the cavalry and other troops who needed a shorter or lighter weapon . It had a visor that could be set up to 1500 meters ( 1640 . 4 yards ) . The prototype was called the " Type 29 rifle " and , after enhancements , was redesignated as the " Type 30 " . It went into production in 1899 . This weapon could be equipped with the Type 30 bayonet . The Type 30 was used by front - line Japanese forces in the Russo - Japanese War . Although it was a major improvement over the Type 22 rifle ( also known as “ Murata ” ) , it had some reliability and safety issues . Based on combat experience , an improved version , the Type 38 rifle , was introduced in 1905 , although not all units received the new version and , as a result , a mixture of models was retained by the Japanese Army into World War I and even later into World War II . Modified types . The main production version was the long rifle but carbine versions were available for cavalry and mounted troops . Type 30 Carbine . The is a modified version made 300 mm ( 11 . 8 in ) shorter than the infantry model ( the carbine ' s barrel measures 480 mm ( 18 . 9 in ) against 790 mm ( 31 . 1 in ) for the standard infantry issue ) . The cavalry version also lacked a bayonet . Type 35 Naval Rifle . Developed from Type 30 and issued in small numbers as of Meiji 35 ( 1902 ) . Kijirō Nambu made the minor modifications , intended to overcome some of the defects of the Type 30 , including converting the gun - sight ' s rear sight leaf ( rear sight ladder ) from slide - out to a , and adding a . Unlike the Type 38 rifle bolt action , the crudely designed dust cover was not connected to the bolt action , and had to be manually moved before and after firing . However , the modified design was unable to overcome the shortcomings of the Type 30 , and it was superseded by the Type 38 rifle . Units produced were transferred to the Imperial Japanese Navy . Users . Aside from Japan , the Type 30 was supplied to the British Royal Navy before World War I under the Anglo - Japanese Alliance . The British supplied some of these weapons to Russia as military assistance , and some found their way to Estonia and Finland .
Battle of Bothaville The Battle of Bothaville ( Doornkraal ) on 6 November 1900 was a rare defeat of Christiaan de Wet ' s Boer commando at the hands of a force of British Mounted Infantry ( MI ) . Battle . De Wet was one of the most successful Boer commanders of the Second Boer War , disrupting British supply lines almost with impunity . On 6 November , De Wet camped at Bothaville on the Valsch River with 800 Orange Free State commandos . His party included the president of the Free State , Marthinus Steyn . De Wet was aware that Maj . Gen . Charles Knox ' s greatly superior British all - arms force was camped away and believed that his outposts would give him adequate warning of any enemy moves . What he did not know was that the men at his main outpost had fallen asleep . Shortly after dawn , right after De Wet received a reassuring report from a scout , Knox ' s 600 - man advance guard , the 5th and 8th MI under Lieutenant - Colonel P . W . J . Le Gallais appeared only from the Boer camp . For once , De Wet was surprised and a panic ensued in the Boer camp . Because his adjutant had kept a horse ready saddled , President Steyn was able to escape . The bulk of De Wet ' s commando fled for their lives on horseback , but a hard core of about 150 men stayed behind and fought it out with the MI . The two sides went to ground or occupied farm buildings and blazed away with rifles and even field guns at close range . " The heroism displayed on both sides made it one of the most ferocious and gruesome little actions of the war . " The battle went on for four hours before Knox belatedly showed up with his infantry force . At that point , one surviving officer , Major William Bernard Hickie , led the MI in a bayonet charge . This quickly produced a Boer surrender . The MI wanted to shoot two Boers who were found with dum - dum bullets , but Knox humanely stopped this . To the irritation of the MI officers , Knox and his staff seemed preoccupied with dividing the spoils in the captured Boer camp . There was no pursuit . Aftermath . The Boers lost 25 killed and about 130 captured , including 30 men wounded . De Wet also had to abandon four Krupp field guns , a pom pom , and two artillery pieces captured from the British at the battles of Colenso and Sanna ' s Post . British losses were also serious : about 38 men either wounded or killed in action . Le Gallais died that night of his wounds . Lieutenant - Colonel Wally Ross of the 8th MI was severely wounded in the face . Because of Knox ' s failure to pursue , most of De Wet ' s force got away intact and soon began operating against British garrisons and supply convoys again . A furious Hickie wrote , " The General is an old woman . . . If Knox had the same dash as Le Gallais we should have taken the whole lot , bagged the whole crowd . " Serious losses of materiel had also been inflicted on the Boers , including six field - guns , a Maxim gun and a pom - pom , all de Wet ' s wagons carrying gun and small - arms ammunition as well as clothing and other supplies . Despite this , de Wet remained in the field and , within a fortnight , struck back at the British at the head of 1 , 500 burghers .
United States Army Pigeon Service The United States Army Pigeon Service ( Signal Pigeon Corps ) was a unit of the United States Army during World War I and World War II . Their assignment was the training and usage of homing pigeon s for communication and reconnaissance purposes . During World War II , the force consisted of 3 , 150 soldiers and 54 , 000 war pigeon s , which were considered an undetectable method of communication . Over 90 % of US Army messages sent by pigeons were received . The pigeon G . I . Joe received the Dickin Medal for gallantry that saved up to 1 , 000 lives . From 1917 – 1943 and 1946 – 1957 , the US Army Pigeon Breeding and Training Center was based at Fort Monmouth , N . J . From October 1943 until June 1946 , the center was based at Camp Crowder . The US Army discontinued using pigeons as message carriers in 1957 . Fifteen " hero pigeons " were donated to zoos , and about a thousand other pigeons were sold to the public .
119th Division ( People ' s Republic of China ) The 119th Division was a military formation of the People ' s Volunteer Army ( Chinese People ' s Volunteers ( CPV ) or Chinese Communist Forces ( CCF ) ) during the Korean War with a standard strength of approximately 10 , 000 men . It was a component of the 40th Army , consisting of the 355th , 356th , and 357th Regiments . Current . The unit may now be still part of the 40th Group Army in the Shenyang Military Region , as the 119th Mechanised Infantry Brigade .
Zhao Baotong Zhao Baotong ( , 1928 in Fushun , Liaoning - 2003 ) was a MiG - 15 pilot of the People ' s Republic of China . He was a flying ace during the Korean War , with 9 victories . A member of the 3rd Fighter Aviation Division , He was the first Chinese pilot to achieve ace status . Also known as Chao Bao Tun . Although all Chinese aces have received the title Combat Hero in acknowledgement of their services , very little information is known of the Chinese pilots during the war due to the lack of published records .
Yavari ( ship ) Yavari is a ship commissioned ( along with her sister ship " Yapura " ) by the Peruvian government in 1861 for use on Lake Titicaca . She is named after the Javary River in the Loreto Region of Peru , bordering the Amazonas State ( Brazil ) . History . In 1862 Thames Ironworks on the River Thames built the iron - hulled " Yavari " and " Yapura " under contract to the James Watt Foundry of Birmingham . The ships were designed as combined cargo , passenger and gunboat s for the Peruvian Navy . The ships were built in " knock down " form ; that is , they were assembled with bolts and nuts at the shipyard , dismantled into thousands of parts small enough to transport , and shipped to their final destination to be assembled with rivets and launched on the lake . The kits for the two ships consisted of a total 2 , 766 pieces between them . Each piece was no more than what a mule could carry , because the railway from the Pacific Ocean port of Arica went only , as far as Tacna . From there pack mules had to carry them the remaining to Puno on the lake . The original British contractor got the parts to Tacna but failed to complete the section of the journey with mules . This was not resumed until 1868 and the first plates for " Yavari " ' s hull were laid at Puno in 1869 . " Yavari " was launched in 1870 and " Yapura " in 1873 . " Yavari " was long and had a two - cylinder steam engine , which was fuelled with dried llama dung . In 1914 , " Yavari " ' s hull was extended to increase her cargo capacity . At the same time she was re - engined as a motor vessel with a Bolinder four - cylinder hot bulb engine . The War of the Pacific of 1879 – 83 impoverished the Peruvian government , so in 1890 UK investors established the Peruvian Corporation which took over operation of Peru ' s railways and lake ships . In 1975 Peru nationalised the corporation and " Yavari " and " Yapura " passed to the state railway company ENAFER . In 1976 they were transferred back to the Peruvian Navy , who converted " Yapura " into a hospital ship and renamed her BAP " Puno " but discarded " Yavari " . In 1987 charitable interests bought " Yavari " to restore her . She is now moored at Puno Bay where she provides static tourist accommodation while undergoing full restoration .
Aufklärungsabteilung An Aufklärungsabteilung ( lit . reconnaissance detachment ) was an Abteilung sized reconnaissance unit attached to a German division during the Second World War . The " Aufklärungsabteilung " was the eyes and ears of the parent division . Initially , before the first campaigns of the Second World War they included horse - mounted and bicycle troops in the infantry divisions , and were equipped with motorcycle combinations ( BMW R75s , Zündapp s etc . ) , VW Kübelwagen s , and light armoured cars in the more mobile motorised infantry and panzer divisions . To offer the troops better all - terrain movement capability the Aufklärungsabteilungen were later issued with the amphibious Schwimmwagen s and light halftrack s . Although later in the war companies in the mobile divisions were equipped with light armour in the form of SdKfz 231 ( Heavy Armoured Car ) and SdKfz 222 / 223 series ( Light Armoured Car ) . Later in the war Sd . Kfz . 250 / 9 halftracks , Panzer II Ausf . L " Luchs " and Sd . Kfz 140 / 1 light tanks were used . These rarely operated as whole companies , and instead worked in mixed teams gathered from various companies that included the motorcycles and the Schwimmwagens . As with all German combat formations , the composition of the " Aufklärungsabteilung " varied from division to division , and from one period of the war to another . " Panzer Aufklärungsabteilungen " were attached to Panzer divisions , and were generally equipped with armoured vehicles , with all troops transported by halftrack , and an anti - tank gun ( PaK ) component was included . light tanks were also included in the detachment as the theory of reconnaissance in force was practiced . The Abteilung had to be able to move quickly , and as its mission was reconnaissance , it was not equipped to deal with enemy medium or heavy armour , although these engagements did happen quite frequently . The addition of an anti - tank company later in the war was to deal with these engagements ; still , the Abteilung ' s armoured vehicles were no match for T - 34 s or M4 Sherman s . The breakdown of several example Aufklärungsabteilung can be found below . Example orders of battle . " SS - Aufklärungs - Abteilung 1 " ( Attached to Infanterie - Regiment ( mot . ) " Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler " ) , Mid - 1941 " Panzer Aufklärungsabteilung - 2 " ( Attached to 2 . Panzer - Division ) Late 1944
Nowy Sącz Castle The Nowy Sącz Royal Castle is a mediaeval castle in the city of Nowy Sącz in Poland . The partially restored ruins of the castle date back to the 14th century during the reign of Casimir III the Great . History . The edifice was built by king Casimir the Great in 1350 - 1360 on a slope within the fortifications of Nowy Sącz , at the confluence of two rivers Dunajec and Kamienica . Initially the castle had two corner towers , a keep and a residential building . The structure was separated from the city by a moat and a wall . Among the notable inhabitants were king Louis I of Hungary and Saint Queen Jadwiga of Anjou . A frequent visitor to the castle was Jogaila ( king Władysław Jagiełło ) . In the following centuries the castle hosted fewer Polish monarchs and became the seat of local starosta . Between 1611 - 1615 the castle was reconstructed in the mannerist style for Sebastian and Stanisław Lubomirski according to design by Maciej Trapola . The castle had already 40 well equipped rooms at that time . During the Deluge in 1655 the castle was almost completely destroyed by Swedish - Brandenburgian troops . Since that time , the uninhabited building began to fall into disrepair . The structure was destroyed again in 1945 , at the end of World War II , when it was used as a German ammunition store and was the site of mass executions . There are also the remains of the city walls nearby .
German submarine U - 129 ( 1941 ) German submarine " U - 129 " was a Type IXC U - boat of the Nazi German " Kriegsmarine " during World War II . She was laid down at the AG Weser yard , Bremen as ' werk ' 992 on 30 July 1940 , launched on 28 February 1941 and was commissioned on 21 May with " Kapitänleutnant " Nicolai Clausen in command . Her service life began with training in the 4th U - boat Flotilla ; she moved to the 2nd Flotilla for operations on 1 July 1941 . She sank 29 ships , a total of 143 , 748 tons , on ten patrols . Operational career . She made the short journey from Kiel , arriving in Horten in Norway on 24 July 1941 . 1st , 2nd and 3rd patrols . The boat ' s first patrol involved her departure from Horten , crossing the North Sea and entering the Atlantic Ocean by passing close to the Faroe Islands on the Icelandic side . She arrived at Lorient ( where she would be based for most of her career ) , in occupied France on 30 August 1941 . Her second sortie saw her cross the Bay of Biscay to a point north of the Azores . Her third patrol was further south , as far south as a similar latitude to Rio De Janeiro , but success continued to elude her . 4th patrol . Things improved dramatically when as part of Operation " Drumbeat " , she attacked the " Nordvangen " on 20 February ; this ship sank in one minute northeast of Trinidad . Staying in the West Indies / northern South America region , she sank another six vessels . 5th and 6th patrols . The submarine returned to her sunshine haunts ; included in the toll was the " Hardwicke Grange " , which was sunk with torpedoes and the deck gun north of Puerto Rico on 12 June 1942 . She also sank the " Millinrocket " on 17 June off La Isabela , Cuba and a ship from the Soviet Union , the " Tuapse " , in the Gulf of Mexico on 4 July . Her sixth patrol included the sinking of the " Trafalgar " about northeast of Guadeloupe on 16 October 1942 and the " West Kebar " some northeast of Barbados . 7th , 8th and 9th patrols . Patrol number seven saw ships such as the " Melbourne Star " and the " Panam " consigned to the deep . On the return journey , tragedy struck ; " U129 " was refuelling from the ' milk cow ' supply submarine " U - 459 " when two men were swept overboard . One was recovered fairly swiftly but the other could not be found . Her eighth foray was west of the Canary Islands but did not produce any results . " U - 129 " s ninth patrol was divided into two ; she departed Lorient on 9 October 1943 , but put into St . Nazaire on the 11th . A day later she headed for the US eastern coast , sinking the " Libertad " on 4 December off North Carolina . 10th patrol . The boat began her last operation which at 111 days , was her longest , on 22 March 1944 . Steaming south , she encountered the " Anadyr " about south southeast of Recife in Brazil and sank her . Fate . The boat was taken out of service at Lorient 4 July 1944 ; she was scuttled on 18 August . She was raised and broken up in 1946 .
20th Independent Infantry Brigade ( Guards ) The British 20th Independent Infantry Brigade was a British Army formation in World War II . History . The brigade was formed in Aldershot Command in April 1940 . It served with the 1st Armoured Division during the Battle of France in 1940 , briefly defending Boulogne in May 1940 ( 22 – 23 May 1940 ) before being successfully evacuated . After return to the United Kingdom , the brigade served in Eastern Command and London District . On 15 September 1941 the brigade was converted into the 5th Guards Armoured Brigade ; a component of the Guards Armoured Division . It served with distinction through the battles in Normandy , France , Belgium , The Netherlands , and Germany . Commanders . The following officers commanded the brigade : Order of Battle . The following units comprised the brigade :
Armee - Abteilung D Armee - Abteilung Scholtz / Armee - Abteilung D ( Army Detachment D ) was an army level command of the German Army in World War I . It served on the Eastern Front throughout its existence . History . Armee - Abteilung D was formed on 18 September 1915 from the southern wing of the Army of the Niemen as Armee - Gruppe " Scholtz , named for the commander of XX Corps , a headquarters that it absorbed . On 28 October 1915 it was redesignated Armee - Abteilung " Scholtz . It was established on 10 January 1917 as " Armee - Abteilung " D . It was dissolved on 2 October 1918 as a new XX Corps was created . Commanders . " Armee - Abteilung " D had the following commanders during its existence :
BROACH warhead The BROACH warhead is a multi - stage warhead developed by Team BROACH ; BAE Systems Global Combat Systems Munitions , Thales Missile Electronics and QinetiQ . BROACH stands for " Bomb Royal Ordnance Augmented CHarge " . Development of BROACH began in 1991 when Team BROACH consisted of British Aerospace RO Defence , Thomson - Thorn Missile Electronics and DERA . The two stage warhead is made up from an initial shaped charge , which cuts a passage through armour , concrete , earth , etc . , allowing a larger following warhead to penetrate inside the target . The weapon is designed to allow a cruise missile to achieve the degree of hard - target penetration formerly only possible by the use of laser - guided gravity bombs .
Baldwin of Ibelin , Seneschal of Cyprus Baldwin of Ibelin ( died 21 February 1267 ) was the fourth of five sons of John I of Beirut and his second wife Melisende of Arsuf . He commanded the third " battaile " at the Battle of Agridi in 1232 . In 1246 , he was appointed Seneschal of Cyprus and was taken captive at the Battle of Mansurah in 1250 . Baldwin married Alix , daughter of Walter III of Bethsan and Theodora Comnena Lathoumena . She was called " la Seneschalece " and she gave him six children :
Douglas Harold Fox Douglas Harold Fox ( 26 March 1905 - 13 November 1942 ) was a Lieutenant Commander in the United States Navy . He died during the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal in World War II . Biography . Born in Walled Lake , Michigan , Douglas Fox graduated from the United States Naval Academy on 3 June 1926 . After service in various ships and shore stations , he was given command of the newly commissioned destroyer " Barton " ( DD - 599 ) on 29 May 1942 . Lieutenant Commander Fox went down with his ship when she was torpedo ed and sunk in the naval Battle of Guadalcanal on 13 November 1942 . He was posthumously awarded the Navy Cross . Fox also later received an Award star in lieu of a second Navy Cross for earlier actions on 26 and 30 October and 3 November in which he had rescued downed aviators and survivors of " Hornet " ( CV - 8 ) under hazardous conditions . Namesake . See USS " Douglas H . Fox " ( DD - 779 ) for a destroyer named in his honor .
Mustafa Ould Salek Col . Mustafa Ould Salek ( ; 1936 – 18 December 2012 ) was the President of Mauritania from 1978 through 1979 . Mustafa Ould Salek was appointed army commander by longtime President Mokhtar Ould Daddah in February 1978 , as the country faced dire economic crisis and was failing to contain the Polisario Front ' s Sahrawi guerrillas after invading Western Sahara in 1975 in alliance with Morocco . On July 10 , 1978 , Ould Salek led a military coup d ' état against President Daddah , and was appointed head of the 20 - man junta ( the Military Committee for National Recovery , CMRN ) that was to rule the country . He died in a Paris hospital aged 76 . Seen as pro - French and careful not to break his country ' s alliance with Morocco , he failed to make peace with the Polisario ( which had reacted to Daddah ' s downfall by entering into a unilateral ceasefire on the assumption that Mauritania would want to withdraw peacefully from the conflict ) . He also failed to address racial tension between southern Mauritanian Blacks and the northern Arab Moors , discriminating heavily in favour of the latter group , of which he was himself a member . Consequently , he became increasingly isolated within the regime . On April 6 , 1979 , a second coup by Colonels Ahmad Ould Bouceif and Muhammad Khouna Haidallah reduced Ould Salek to a figurehead President in the replacement junta , the Military Committee for National Salvation ( CMSN ) . In May , he was replaced as president by Colonel Muhammad Louly . Between 1981 and 1984 he was imprisoned , and he later stood as an independent candidate in the 1992 presidential election , gaining 2 . 9 % of the vote .