naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Hermann von Boyen Leopold Hermann Ludwig von Boyen ( 20 June 1771 – 15 February 1848 ) was a Prussian army officer who helped to reform the Prussian Army in the early 19th century . He also served as minister of war of Prussia in the period 1810 - 1813 and later again from 1 March 1841 – 6 October 1847 . Life . Born in Kreuzburg ( today ' s Slavskoye , Russia ) in East Prussia , Boyen joined the army in 1784 in Königsberg . In 1788 , as a newly minted second lieutenant , he took up a post in the military academy in Königsberg , where he also attended some of the lectures of Immanuel Kant . From 1794 - 96 , Boyen took part in the Polish campaign as Adjutant to General von Günther . In 1799 , he became a Captain . He served in the war of 1806 on the General Staff of the Duke of Brunswick , and was wounded at the Battle of Auerstädt ( 14 October 1806 ) . After the Treaty of Tilsit ( July 1807 ) he became a Major and a member of Gerhard von Scharnhorst ' s commission for military re - organisation . By 1810 Boyen had become Director of the Military Cabinet . In the re - constitution of the Prussian army he functioned as Scharnhorst ' s most diligent helper , but after the conclusion of the alliance between Prussia and France in 1812 he resigned his commission as a Colonel and visited Vienna and St Petersburg . The events of 1813 saw him recalled to the Prussian service : as a colonel he accompanied the Russian army from its base in Kalisz to Saxony . After the Battle of Lützen ( 2 May 1813 ) he had charge of the border guards and ultimately the defence of Berlin . But during the truce King Frederick William III named him Chief of General Staff of the 3rd Army Corps . As such , Boyen participated in the battles and skirmishes of 1813 and 1814 and gained promotion to Major - General . After the first Peace of Paris ( 30 May 1814 ) Boyen took up his appointment as War Minister . He completed the setting up of the " Landwehr " reserve ( begun during the war ) and in 1818 became a Lieutenant General . He struggled in vain against growing reactionary forces which endangered the broad popular base of the " Landwehr " , and resigned in 1819 . For 21 years Boyen lived in retirement , occupying himself with historical studies , until King Frederick William IV , immediately after ascending the throne , recalled him to active service , and promoted him to General of the Infantry . In March 1841 he once again took over the War Ministry , though without achieving a great influence in the general political situation . He resigned in November 1847 , received the rank of Field Marshal , and died on 15 February 1848 . The King named the fortress of Lötzen in East Prussia after him . Boyen ' s son , also named Hermann von Boyen , was General Adjutant to the King . He retired a Governor of Berlin in 1879 . Hermann von Boyen was buried at the Invalidenfriedhof Cemetery in Berlin . The former football club Yorck Boyen Insterburg was named in honor of Boyen . Works . Hermann von Boyen wrote ( among other works ) : He also wrote the song " Der Preußen Losung " ( 1838 ) .
10th Bavarian Infantry Division ( German Empire ) The 10th Bavarian Infantry Division ( " 10 . Bayerische Infanterie - Division " ) was a unit of the Royal Bavarian Army , part of the Imperial German Army , in World War I . The division was formed on March 3 , 1915 and organized over the next few weeks . It was part of a wave of new infantry divisions formed in the spring of 1915 . The division was disbanded in August 1918 and its assets distributed to other units . The division was formed primarily from the excess infantry regiments of existing divisions which were being triangularized . The division ' s 20th Bavarian Infantry Brigade was formerly the 1st Bavarian Infantry Brigade of the 1st Bavarian Infantry Division . The 16th Bavarian Infantry Regiment also came from the 1st Royal Bavarian Division ; the 6th Bavarian Reserve Infantry Regiment came from the 5th Bavarian Reserve Division ; and the 8th Bavarian Reserve Infantry Regiment came from the 4th Bavarian Infantry Division . Combat chronicle . The 10th Bavarian Infantry Division initially served on the Western Front , entering the line on the Somme in March 1915 . It remained on the Somme into 1916 and fought in the Battle of the Somme in June and July 1916 . It was then transferred to the Eastern Front , arriving in Galicia in August . It then fought in the Romanian campaign , fighting in Bukovina and Transylvania . From February to May 1917 , the division served on the Galician front under the Austro - Hungarian 2nd Army against the Russian Army , where it engaged in several assault troop ( " Stoßtrupp " ) operations . It then returned to the Western Front , arriving in Alsace at the end of May and remaining in the line there for several weeks . It then fought in the battles in Flanders known generally as the Battle of Passchendaele . In October 1917 , the division left the line and returned to the Eastern Front , deploying along the Upper Styr and Stokhod rivers but reportedly seeing no action . In late November , it went back to the Western Front , and went into the line in Lorraine until May 1918 . It then fought near Soissons for the next several months and in the Second Battle of the Marne . On August 6 , 1918 , the division was dissolved , with its assets distributed to other units . Allied intelligence rated the division as second class . Order of battle on formation . The 10th Bavarian Infantry Division was formed as a triangular division . The order of battle of the division on March 4 , 1915 was as follows : Late - war order of battle . The division underwent relatively few organizational changes over the course of the war . Artillery and signals commands were formed , and combat engineer support was expanded to a full pioneer battalion . The order of battle on February 15 , 1918 was as follows :
848 Naval Air Squadron 848 Naval Air Squadron is a squadron of the Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm . It operates the Westland Sea King HC4 helicopter and provides advanced flying training to pilots for the other squadrons in the Commando Helicopter Force . The squadron is based at RNAS Yeovilton in Somerset . History . The squadron was officially formed in June 1943 as a torpedo bomber reconnaissance Avenger squadron at Quonset Point Naval Air Station , and subsequently embarked on in October 1943 for the UK . During its 69 year history , 848 Squadron has been disbanded and reformed several times but now has a more permanent standing , having been made the Commando Helicopter Training Squadron , based at RNAS Yeovilton . With a complement of one hundred ratings and thirty officers , the Squadron is responsible for the instruction of up to sixty pilots and aircrewmen each year . Operating the Westland Sea King Mk 4 , pilots undertake Advanced Flying Training - how to handle emergencies and how to fly with sole reference to instruments - before crewing up with the aircrewmen , taken from Royal Navy Ratings and Royal Marines , to learn how to operate the aircraft in a tactical environment during operational flying training . Current Role . The Squadron also trains more than one hundred and fifty helicopter maintainers annually before sending them to the front line . Aircrew and maintainers receive military and amphibious training and are taught how to operate in the field and from the deck of a ship . 848 NAS is also committed to numerous UK maritime operations and airborne support for the Royal Marines . The Squadron took the role from 707 NAS which was responsible for the training of aircrew and maintainers in the Commando role . Part of this Squadron was taken to form 847 NAS during Operation " Corporate " to retake the Falkland Islands 1982 . The Squadron operated Westland Wessex HU Mk V aircraft at this time .
Pierre Sévigny Joseph Pierre Albert Sévigny , PC , OC , CD , VM , ED ( September 12 , 1917 – March 20 , 2004 ) was a Canadian soldier , author , politician , and academic . He is best known for his involvement in the Munsinger Affair . Life and career . Born in Quebec City , Quebec , the son of Albert Sévigny , the Speaker of the Canadian House of Commons in 1916 , he graduated from Université Laval and Columbia University . He briefly attempted to pursue a career in acting , even being given a screen test by MGM in 1935 , but instead returned to Canada to work in real estate , construction and in the import - export business . He also wrote fiction for " The Saturday Evening Post " under the pen name Peter Maple . Sévigny served in the Canadian Army during World War II , and lost a leg in the Battle of the Rhineland . He was awarded the Virtuti Militari , Poland ' s highest military decoration , for his involvement in the battle at Hill 262 . Along with his Polish comrades of the 1st Polish Armoured Division , he denied access to Panzer divisions trying to break out of the Falaise pocket in August 1944 . The action resulted in the encirclement and capture of 50 , 000 German troops . He also received France ' s Croix de Guerre and Belgium ' s Croix de Guerre . After the war he wrote a book " Face à l ’ ennemi " about his experiences . It won the Prix Ferrières de l ’ Académie française in 1948 . In 1965 , he wrote his second book , " This Game of Politics " ( McClelland and Stewart ) . He was elected to the House of Commons in the 1958 election , representing the electoral district of Longueuil — Pierre - Boucher , and served as Associate Defence Minister in the Progressive Conservative government of John Diefenbaker . He was reelected in the 1962 election , but was defeated in the 1963 vote . At the height of the Cold War between the Americans and Russians , and acting on information provided by American sources , the Royal Canadian Mounted Police ( RCMP ) warned Justice Minister Davie Fulton that Gerda Munsinger , an alleged prostitute and a possible spy , was having a sexual relationship with a cabinet minister . This was eventually revealed to be Sévigny , when investigators realized that a mysterious thumping sound on their surveillance tapes was an artificial limb dropping to the floor . A Royal Commission , chaired by Justice Wishart Spence , was called by the government of Lester Pearson into the Munsinger Affair . The inquiry chastised Sévigny for his behavior and criticized Diefenbaker for leniency towards his Ministers , but absolved Sévigny of any guilt relating to any breach of security . In 1967 , he started teaching business administration at Concordia University , eventually becoming executive - in - residence in 1982 . He retired in 1995 , but returned two years later as a visiting assistant professor . In 1978 , Sévigny and Camil Samson founded the short - lived political party Les Démocrates in Quebec . Sévigny was made an Officer of the Order of Canada in 1994 . He died in Montreal in 2004 .
Dornier Do 19 The Dornier Do 19 was a German four - engine heavy bomber that first flew on October 28 , 1936 . Only one prototype flew , and it was converted to a transport in 1938 . The other two were scrapped . The " Luftwaffe " had a shortcoming in the lack of an efficient heavy bomber fleet . " Generalleutnant " Walther Wever , the " Luftwaffe " s first Chief of Staff , was the most persistent advocate of a German long - range strategic bomber fleet . It was built for the " Luftwaffe " s Ural bomber program under General Walther Wever . The RLM " Technisch Amt " issued a specification for a four - engine heavy bomber . But after Wever ' s death in an airplane crash in June 1936 , Wever ' s successor , Albert Kesselring , canceled Germany ' s long - range bomber projects to concentrate on tactical bombers . Both Dornier and Junkers were competitors for the contract , and each received an order for three prototypes in late 1935 . The Dornier design was given the project number of Do 19 , while the Junkers prototype became the Ju 89 . Design and development . The Dornier Do 19 was a mid - wing cantilever design , and was mostly metal in construction . It had a rectangular - section fuselage and a tail unit , quite similar to the one fitted to the contemporary British Armstrong Whitworth Whitley medium bomber , with braced twin fins and rudders , mounted on the upper surface of the tailplane . It also had retractable landing gear , including the tail wheel . The power plant , according to some sources , was supposed to be four Bramo 322 H - 2 radial engines that were mounted in nacelles at the leading edges of the wings . It had a crew of ten , which would have consisted of a pilot , co - pilot , navigator , bombardier , radio operator and five gunners . The V1 prototype flew on 28 October 1936 . After " Generalleutnant " Wever died in an airplane crash , the heavy bomber program lost its momentum , and never recovered . When the " Luftwaffe " was given its heavy blow over the skies of England , the error of not having heavy bombers became apparent . But by then , it was too late in the day to develop the bombers required . Albert Kesselring , Wever ' s successor , believed that what Germany required was more fighter s and tactical bombers . Therefore the V2 and V3 prototypes were scrapped . The original V1 became a transport in 1938 . The Dornier Do 19 had a disappointing performance : it was slow , carried only a 1 , 600 kg bomb load and had only a medium range . In fact , the whole Ural bomber concept had already been abandoned , not only because the required range was impossible , but also because existing navigation and bomb sights were not up to the task .
Motor Torpedo Boat Squadron Three Motor Torpedo Boat Squadron Three was a United States Navy squadron based at Cavite , Philippines , from September 1941 to mid - April 1942 . It was commanded by Lieutenant John D . Bulkeley and made up of six motor torpedo boats : " PT - 31 " , " PT - 32 " , " PT - 33 " , , " PT - 35 " , and , the last as the squadron flagship . The other six boats of the squadron remained at Pearl Harbor , Hawaii , and were there when war broke out , eventually being shipped to the Solomons . After the outbreak of hostilities between the United States and Japan on December 7 , 1941 , the squadron moved from Cavite to Sisiman Cove on the Bataan Peninsula , where it helped in the defence of Bataan and Corregidor during the Japanese invasion of the Philippines . " PT - 31 " and " PT - 33 " were sunk during the battle . On March 11 , 1942 , the remaining boats of the squadron transported General Douglas MacArthur and several high - ranking officers from Corregidor to Mindanao , an act which earned every member of the squadron the Silver Star . " PT - 32 " was abandoned during this mission , reducing the squadron to three boats : " PT - 41 " , " PT - 34 " , and " PT - 35 " . These three boats were based at Mindanao until mid - April 1942 , where two of them ( " PT - 41 " and " PT - 34 " ) attacked the , scoring at least one hit . This was to be the squadron ' s last action : " PT - 34 " was destroyed by Japanese aircraft , " PT - 35 " had to be scuttled to avoid capture , and " PT - 41 " was commandeered by the U . S . Army to defend Lake Lanao . She was scuttled as well , three days after transfer . Bulkeley and three other officers were later flown to safety on MacArthur ' s orders , with a fifth officer joining them shortly after . These five officers were all that remained of this squadron as a result . Three officers and fifteen enlisted men were killed in action or died as prisoners of war , seven evaded capture as guerrillas on Leyte , and 38 POWs were liberated after the war . The squadron ' s exploits were immortalized in the book and film " They Were Expendable " . Bulkeley was awarded the Medal of Honor , the Distinguished Service Cross , the Philippine Distinguished Conduct Star , and the Silver Star during his command of the squadron , making him one of the most decorated U . S . naval officers of World War II .
9th U - boat Flotilla The 9th U - boat Flotilla ( German " 9 . Unterseebootsflottille " ) was formed in October 1941 in Brest . It became operational in April 1942 , after the first combat ready u - boat , " U - 213 " , reached the Brest base on 20 March 1942 . The flotilla operated mostly various marks of the Type VII U - boat and it concentrated its efforts mainly in the North Atlantic , against convoys to and from Great Britain . The flotilla served from Brest until the base was threatened with being captured by American forces . The last of the flotilla ' s U - boats , the " U - 256 " left Brest on 4 September 1944 for Bergen , Norway , and this marked the end of the 9th Flotilla . All its surviving boats were reassigned to the 11th U - boat Flotilla in Bergen . The symbol of the 9th Flotilla , " Der lachende Schwertfisch " or the " laughing Swordfish " became the unit symbol after Lehmann - Willenbrock assumed command . It has previously been the conning tower emblem on his previous command , " U - 96 " of " " Das Boot " " fame .
German submarine U - 967 German submarine " U - 967 " was a German Type VIIC / 41 U - boat of the Kriegsmarine . Her keel was laid down on 16 May 1942 by Blohm + Voss of Hamburg , Germany . She was commissioned on 11 March 1943 with Oberleutnant zur See Herbert Loeder in command . U - 967 commanded by Albrecht Brandi on 5 May 1944 torpedoed USS " Fechteler " in the Western Mediterranean that was sailing with convoy GUS - 38 .
Time On Target Time On Target ( TOT ) is the military co - ordination of artillery fire by many weapons so that all the munitions arrive at the target at precisely the same time . The military standard is plus or minus three seconds from the prescribed time of impact . In terms of place , the historical standard was for the impact to occur within one circular error probable ( CEP ) of the designated target . CEP is the area on and around the target where most of the rounds will impact and therefore cause the maximum damage . The CEP depends on the caliber of the weapon , with larger caliber munitions having greater CEPs or greater damage on the target area . With the advent of " smart " munitions and more accurate firing technology , CEP is now less of a factor in the target area . Origins . The theory of TOT was first developed by the US Army shortly before World War II to help improve the effectiveness of artillery firepower , but the levels of communication and co - ordination required to achieve it were not reliably established until after WWII It had been found during World War I that most of the casualties in an artillery bombardment occur within the first few seconds . During those first few seconds , troops may be in the open and may not be prone . After that , enemy troops have gone prone and / or sought cover . This dramatically lessens the casualties from shrapnel or high explosive blast . World War II Allied artillery units were often trained to fire their guns in a precise order , so that all shells would hit a target at the same time , delivering the maximum possible damage .
32nd Regiment Royal Artillery 32nd Regiment Royal Artillery is a regiment of the Royal Artillery in the British Army . It currently serves in the surveillance and target acquisition role , and is equipped with the Hermes 450 and Watchkeeper unmanned aerial vehicles . History . The 32nd Field Artillery Regiment was in the British Expeditionary Force in France at the start of the Second World War . In 1947 the 32nd Regimental Headquarters ( RHQ ) was retitled as the 45th Field Regiment . and the 7th Medium Regiment RHQ was retitled as the 32nd . In 1965 , the regiment became a Heavy Regiment with the M107 self - propelled 203 mm howitzer . In the 1970s it became first a light Regiment with the 105mm Light Gun , then a Guided Missile Regiment with Swingfire In 1985 it became a heavy regiment again . During the first Gulf War the regiment , equipped with 203 mm Howitzers , was part of the Divisional Artillery Group supporting the British 1st Armoured Division .
Battle of Ningpo The Battle of Ningpo was fought between British and Chinese forces in Ningpo , China , on 10 March 1842 during the First Opium War . The Chinese army was led by the Chinese Emperor ' s cousin . The British tricked the Chinese into thinking the city was deserted . The Chinese attackers rushed into the city , only to find mines laid in the streets . The Chinese attackers retreated as a result , but were ambushed by the British . It was a decisive victory for the British . After the British captured Chinhai on 10 October 1841 , they captured the nearby city of Ningpo unopposed three days later . On 10 March , the Chinese dispatched Prince Yijing to muster forces and recapture the city but their attack was repelled by the British .
56th Infantry Division ( German Empire ) The 56th Infantry Division ( " 56 . Infanterie - Division " ) was a division of the Imperial German Army . It was formed during World War I and dissolved with the demobilization of the German Army in 1919 . Formation and organization . The 56th Infantry Division was formed on March 5 , 1915 and began organizing itself over the next two months . It received the 35th Fusilier Regiment ( " Füsilier - Regiment Prinz Heinrich von Preußen ( Brandenburgisches ) Nr . 35 " ) from the 6th Infantry Division , the 88th Infantry Regiment ( " 2 . Nassauisches Infanterie - Regiment Nr . 88 " ) from the 21st Infantry Division , and the 118th Infantry Regiment ( " Infanterie - Regiment Prinz Carl ( 4 . Großherzogl . Hessisches ) Nr . 118 " ) from the 25th Infantry Division . The 35th Fusiliers was a Prussian regiment from Brandenburg , the 88th Infantry was a Prussian regiment from the former Duchy of Nassau , and the 118th Infantry was from the Grand Duchy of Hesse . The 56th Infantry Division ' s order of battle on March 7 , 1915 was as follows : Combat chronicle . After organizing and training in the Champagne region of France , the division was transported to the Eastern Front . It participated in the Gorlice - Tarnów Offensive of 1915 , and the Battle of Lemberg . At the end of June 1915 , the division was transported back to the Western Front . The division saw action from September through November 1915 in the Second Battle of Champagne . After a period in the trenchlines and then rest in the army reserve , in May 1915 , the division entered the Battle of Verdun , fighting in the struggle for the Dead Man ' s Hill . The division joined the Battle of the Somme at the end of August 1916 . In October 1916 , the division received the 47th Ersatz Infantry Brigade as reinforcement , and returned to the final phase of the Battle of the Somme in November . The 47th Ersatz Infantry Brigade was transferred from the division in January 1917 . The division remained in positional warfare along the Somme and in Flanders in early 1917 . It faced the British offensive at Arras in April and May , and then after more time in the trenchlines , it returned to Verdun in August . The division remained at Verdun into early 1918 , and then returned to the Flanders region . It ended the war in battle before the Antwerp - Maas defensive line . Allied intelligence rated the division as a second class division , mainly due to the heavy fighting it had seen and the losses it had taken . Late - war organization . Given its late formation , the division underwent fewer structural changes than other divisions by late - war . It became more Hessian in nature , losing the 35th Brandenburg Fusiliers to the 228th Infantry Division and receiving the 186th Infantry Regiment ( " Infanterie - Regiment Nr . 186 " ) , a regiment formed from the Grand Duchy of Hesse and the Prussian Province of Hesse - Nassau . The division ' s order of battle on October 19 , 1918 was as follows :