naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
8 . 8 cm KwK 36 The 8 . 8 cm KwK 36 L / 56 ( ) was an 8 . 8 cm electrically fired tank gun used by the German " Wehrmacht " , during World War II . This was the primary weapon of the PzKpfw VI Tiger I tank . It was developed and built by Krupp . Design . It is often said that this gun was based on the FlaK 36 88 mm gun anti - aircraft gun . There are similarities between these weapons but they must be considered merely parallel designs . The KwK 36 could fire the same ammunition as the FlaK 18 or 36 . The only difference were the primers that were of percussion type in the FlaK guns and electric in KwK 36 . Also the ballistics were identical and both guns had a 56 caliber barrel . The KwK 36 was built to practically the same design as the 7 . 5 cm and 5 . 0 cm guns already used in German tanks , but with the structure scaled up considerably . The breech ring was square in section and on a side . The breech block was of vertical falling wedge type and operated semi - automatically , meaning that after firing the empty cartridge case was automatically ejected , while the breech cocked itself and remained open , ready to take the next round in . L56 refers to the barrel length ; the inside diameter of a gun barrel is one " caliber " . In this gun , L56 means the barrel was 56 caliber s long , or 56 times 88 mm = 4 , 928 mm , or almost . A longer gun barrel allows the expanding gas from the shell ' s charge to act on the projectile longer than a short barrel , giving it more velocity . For the Tiger II ' s 88 mm / L71 , 71 times 88 mm is 6248 mm , over long . This gun was amongst the most effective and feared tank guns of its time . It was also extremely accurate and had a very flat trajectory which meant the gun could usually still hit the target at some point even if the range to the target was incorrectly estimated . In British firing trials during the war , a British gunner scored five successive hits from at a target . Ammunition . Pzgr . 39 ( APCBC ) . An armour - piercing , capped , ballistic cap ( APCBC ) projectile with explosive filler and tracer . " Penetration figures given for an armoured plate 30 degrees from vertical " Pzgr . 40 ( APCR ) . An armour - piercing , composite rigid ( APCR ) projectile had a sub - calibre tungsten core . " Penetration figures given for an armoured plate 30 degrees from vertical " Gr . 39 HL ( HEAT ) . A high explosive anti - tank ( HEAT ) round with a shaped charge . " Penetration figures given for an armoured plate 30 degrees from vertical "
188th ( 2nd Northumbrian ) Brigade The 188th Brigade ( 2nd Northumbrian ) Brigade was a formation of the British Army during the First World War . Origin . 188th ( 2nd Northumbrian ) Bde was organised in January 1915 from second line Territorial Force ( TF ) units of the Northumberland Fusiliers , and formed part of 63rd ( 2nd Northumbrian ) Division . It was a duplicate of the pre - war Northumbrian Bde in the Northumbrian Division of the TF ( which were numbered 149th Bde and 50th Division respectively ) . Composition . The following units served in 188th Bde : Disbandment . The 63rd ( 2nd Northumbrian ) Division was disbanded on 21 July 1916 , and 188th Bde followed on 14 November . The 2 / 4th , 2 / 5th and 2 / 6th battalions transferred to 217th Bde in a new 72nd Division ( United Kingdom ) . The 2 / 7th Battalion sailed for Egypt on 20 January 1917 for service as a Garrison battalion . The divisional number 63 was transferred to the Royal Naval Division , and its 3rd ( Royal Marine ) Brigade became a new 188th Brigade .
4th Cavalry Division ( British Indian Army ) The 1st Mounted Division was a cavalry division that served as part of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force in Palestine in World War I . It was formed in April 1918 when the Yeomanry Mounted Division was merged with elements of the 1st Indian Cavalry Division withdrawn from the Western Front . In July 1918 , the combined division was renamed as the 4th Cavalry Division . It remained in Palestine after the end of the war on occupation duties until finally broken up in 1921 . Formation . 1st Mounted Division . In March 1918 , the 1st Indian Cavalry Division was broken up in France . The British units ( notably 6th Dragoons , 17th Lancers , 1 / 1st Queen ' s Own Yorkshire Dragoons and A , Q and U Batteries RHA ) remained in France and the Indian elements were sent to Egypt . By an Egyptian Expeditionary Force GHQ Order of 12 April 1918 , the mounted troops of the EEF were reorganised when the Indian Army units arrived in theatre . On 24 April 1918 , the Yeomanry Mounted Division was " indianized " and its title was changed to 1st Mounted Division , the third distinct division to bear this title . On 24 April 1918 , the 6th Mounted Brigade was merged with elements of the 5th ( Mhow ) Cavalry Brigade , the 8th Mounted Brigade with the 8th ( Lucknow ) Cavalry Brigade , and the 22nd Mounted Brigade with the 2nd ( Sialkot ) Cavalry Brigade . Six of the Yeomanry Regiments were merged in pairs , converted to Machine Gun Battalions , and posted to the Western Front : They were replaced by Indian Cavalry Regiments from France . The Field Ambulances and Mobile Veterinary Sections merged with their Indian counterparts . Other units were retained unchanged , though some were renumbered to reflect the new divisional designation . 4th Cavalry Division . On 22 July 1918 , the 1st Mounted Division was renumbered as the 4th Cavalry Division and the brigades as the 10th , 11th and 12th Cavalry Brigade s . The sub units ( Signal Troops , Combined Cavalry Field Ambulances and Mobile Veterinary Sections ) were renumbered on the same date . Battles . The 1st Mounted / 4th Cavalry Division served with the Desert Mounted Corps for the rest of the war , taking part in the Second Transjordan Raid ( 30 April to 4 May 1918 ) and the Final Offensive , in particular the Battle of Megiddo ( 19 to 25 September ) and the Capture of Damascus ( 1 October ) . The division remained in Palestine on occupation duties after the end of the war . However , demobilization began immediately and most of the British war time units had left by May 1919 , though the 1 / 1st County of London Yeomanry did not leave until March 1920 . The division was finally broken up in 1921 .
77th ( East Middlesex ) Regiment of Foot The 77th ( East Middlesex ) Regiment of Foot ( The Duke of Cambridge ' s Own ) was a line regiment of the British Army from 1787 to 1881 . In 1787 the Honourable East India Company decided to raise four regiments in Great Britain for service in India in response to the threat of French military intervention there . The regiments were raised by the Crown with a number of officers nominated by the company . Colonel James Marsh was authorised to raise a new unit , the 77th ( Hindoostan ) Regiment of Foot , on 12 October 1787 . Members were recruited throughout Great Britain and Ireland , and the 77th Foot was first embodied at Dover in early 1788 . They arrived in India in August 1788 , remaining there until 1807 . On arriving in England in 1807 , the 77th was given a county designation , becoming the 77th ( East Middlesex ) Regiment of Foot . In February 1810 they were granted permission to bear the plumes and motto of the Prince of Wales as a badge , in commemoration of twenty years service in India . They returned to Europe , taking part in the Walcheren Campaign of 1809 and then embarked for the Iberian Peninsula in 1811 . They spent three years there participating in a number of major engagements in the Peninsular War including the Siege of Ciudad Rodrigo and the First Siege of Badajoz and the Battle of Bayonne . The regiment spent several years in England , Scotland and Ireland before sailing to Jamaica in 1824 , returning in 1834 . In 1837 they left the United Kingdom , spending three years in Malta and Corfu . They returned to Jamaica in 1843 but moved to Halifax , Nova Scotia in 1846 . They arrived back in England in 1848 . They remained at various stations in the United Kingdom until 1854 . In 1854 the Crimean War broke out and the 77th Regiment arrived in Scutari on 15 April . They took part in the Battles of Sevastopol , Balaklava , The Alma , and Inkerman . Sergeant John Park was awarded the Victoria Cross for his actions during the war . After time in the United Kingdom , the 77th sailed to New South Wales in 1857 . In the following year they moved to India where the Sepoy Rebellion had broken out . They remained there until 1870 when they returned to Britain . In May 1876 the 77th Foot were granted the additional title " " Duke of Cambridge ' s Own " " and were permitted to bear the coronet and cypher of Prince George , Duke of Cambridge on its colours and badges . In 1880 they returned to India . On 1 July 1881 the Childers reforms came into effect . Regimental numbers were abolished and all single - battalion regiments of foot were linked in pairs to form regiments with a " territorial " title . The 77th was linked with the 57th ( West Middlesex ) Regiment of Foot , becoming the 2nd Battalion , The Duke of Cambridge ' s Own ( Middlesex Regiment ) . Following a series of amalgamations , the regiment ' s lineage is continued today by the Princess of Wales ' s Royal Regiment .
Bohdan Arct Bohdan Arct ( born 27 May 1914 in Warsaw – 14 May 1973 in Siedlce , Poland ) was a Polish fighter pilot of the Polish Air Force in World War II , and writer . Until the fall of Poland at the beginning of World War II Arct fought in the Polish armed forces . He escaped to France and served as a flight instructor in North Africa . After the French capitulation , he flew to Great Britain and became a fighter pilot at the beginning of 1941 , attending 61 OTU , and then No . 306 Squadron in October 1941 . During mid 1943 he flew missions in North Africa with The Polish Fighting Team attached to No . 145 Squadron . He claimed one Bf 109 , one ' probable , and two damaged at this time . In July 1943 he returned to No . 306 as a flight commander , and in August was posted to No . 303 Squadron , claiming a FW - 190 on 17 August . In June 1944 he took command of the Polish No . 316 Squadron . He shot down 2 V - 1 flying bombs in mid 1944 , and a Bf 109 on 14 August 1944 . On 6 September 1944 he was forced to bail out over the Netherlands due to his Mustang suffering engine failure . He was interned as a prisoner of war in the German town of Barth . After his release from internment in 1945 he returned to England . In 1947 he moved with his English wife Beryl and daughter to Communist Poland - Wrocław , Warsaw and finally Dobrzanów , where he joined his mother . Like many other Poles who had fought in the armed forces of the Western Allies , he suffered repression from the new ( Moscow - controlled ) government of the People ' s Republic of Poland until 1956 . Between 1944 and 1973 he wrote forty four books , mostly on wartime aviation , including his memoirs , with four million copies sold overall . Bohdan Arct died suddenly in 1973 at the age of 59 . His most important book is considered to be " Kamikadze – Boski Wiatr " , a novel about a Kamikaze pilot . Awards . Virtuti Militari , Silver Cross < br >
Laurence Sinclair Air Vice Marshal Sir Laurence Frank Sinclair GC , KCB , CBE , DSO & Bar ( 13 June 1908 – 14 May 2001 ) was awarded the George Cross for rescuing a severely injured airman from a crashed and burning plane . RAF career . Sinclair joined the Royal Air Force as a cadet at the RAF College in 1926 . He served in World War II and was appointed Officer Commanding No . 110 Squadron in 1940 . The event that led to him being awarded the George Cross took place on 30 September 1941 at RAF Wattisham in Suffolk . Unfortunately the rear gunner later died of his wounds . The only other crew member to survive was the navigator , Flight Sergeant Anthony George Byron . Sinclair continued his war service as Senior Air Staff Officer at No . 6 Group and then at No . 91 Group . He became Officer Commanding No . 323 Wing in 1943 and then became Air Officer Commanding the Tactical Bomber Force and then Senior Air Staff Officer for the Balkan Air Force . After the War he became Director of Postings ( Selection ) at the Air Ministry and then attended the Imperial Defence College before being appointed Senior Air Staff Officer No . 84 Group in 1947 . He was made Station Commander at RAF Gutersloh later that year , Air Officer Commanding No . 2 Group in 1948 and Assistant Commandant at RAF Cranwell in 1949 . He went on to be Commandant of the School of Land / Air Warfare in 1952 , Assistant Chief of the Air Staff ( Operations ) in 1953 and Air Officer Commanding British Forces Aden in 1955 . His last appointment was as Commandant of the Joint Services Staff College in 1958 before retiring in 1960 . In retirement he became the first " Controller " ( Chief Executive ) of the UK ' s National Air Traffic Control Services ( NATCS ) . His medal is on display at the Victoria & George Cross Gallery in London ' s Imperial War Museum .
HMS Virago ( R75 ) HMS " Virago " ( R75 ) was an V - class destroyer of the British Royal Navy that saw service during World War II . She was later converted into a Type 15 fast anti - submarine frigate , with the new pennant number F76 . Second World War service . In addition to escorting the perilous Arctic convoys during 1943 - 44 , " Virago " participated with other British destroyers in the Battle of North Cape on December 26 , 1943 , where her torpedoes sank the badly beaten , following a fierce fight between the battleship and HMS " Duke of York " . During the invasion of Normandy on June 6 , 1944 she fired on German positions behind Lion Sur Mer on Sword beach , and late gave cover fire for troops advancing inland . Transferred to the Eastern Fleet in early 1945 , she patrolled the Malacca Straight and supported Operation Dracula off the coast of Burma in late April 1945 . " Virago " subsequently participated in the Battle of the Malacca Strait with HMS " Saumarez " , " Verulam " , " Venus " and " Vigilant " which culminated in the sinking of the Japanese heavy cruiser " Haguro " on 16 May 1945 . This was a textbook destroyer night action , and was the last naval gun battle of World War II . " Virago " participated in preparations for Operation Zipper ( the invasion of Malaya ) in July / August 1945 , and its eventual execution as a reoccupation maneuver in September 1945 following the surrender of Japan . Based in Hong Kong with the British Pacific Fleet after VJ day , " Virago " returned to Chatham ( UK ) in December 1945 . Throughout her wartime commission , " Virago " was under the command of Lt . Cdr . Archibald John Ramsay White ( 1910 - 1991 ) . Post War service . In 1946 , " Virago " and participated in the rescue of crew from the British tanker , which caught fire , exploded and sank at Haifa , Palestine , with the loss of up to 25 lives . In 1953 she took part in the Fleet Review to celebrate the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II . External links . Hms
Andrew Cumming Major General Andrew Alexander John Rennie Cumming CBE is a retired British Army officer who served in the Balkans as part of the NATO - led Kosovo Force ( KFOR ) . After leaving the Army in 2004 , Cumming took up the position of Controller at SSAFA Forces Help , a volunteer organisation set up to help serving and former British service personnel . Military career . Cumming attended the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst and was commissioned on 15 December 1967 as a second lieutenant in the 17th / 21st Lancers before promotion to lieutenant on 15 June 1969 . He was promoted to captain on 15 December 1973 , major on 30 September 1981 , lieutenant colonel on 30 June 1987 , colonel on 30 June 1991 and brigadier on 31 December 1991 with seniority from 30 June 1991 . He deployed to the Balkans in 1992 as the commander of the first British contingent of troops serving in Croatia under UN auspices and was appointed Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire on 12 June 1993 " in recognition of service during operations in the former Republic of Yugoslavia " . He went on to serve as Commander of Recruit Training in 1996 and was promoted to the substantive rank of major general on 5 September 2002 . Cumming was given the honorary appointment of Colonel , Queen ' s Royal Lancers on 14 May 2006 . Cumming retired from active service on 8 June 2004 and was appointed to the Reserve of Officers at the rank of major general . SSAFA Forces Help . After retirement from the British Army , Cumming took up the position of Controller at the Soldiers , Sailors , Airmen and Families Association , a charity which supports serving and former British servicemen and their families , in April 2004 . Cumming was invited to apply for the position while serving in the Balkans , negotiating the demilitarisation of the Kosovo Liberation Army . Speaking in November 2004 , Cumming explained that " the end of my first life , my military life , was approaching . I was delighted to be asked to tender my abilities to SSAFA - Forces Help . More importantly , I was thrilled to be told I had got the job . "
Lieutenant - commander ( Canada ) In the Royal Canadian Navy , the rank of lieutenant - commander ( LCdr ) ( or ) is the naval rank equal to major in the army or air force and is the first rank of senior officer . Lieutenant - commanders are senior to lieutenants ( N ) and to army and air force captain s , and are junior to commander s and lieutenant - colonel s . Typical appointments for a lieutenant - commander include : The rank insignia for a lieutenant - commander is two ½ - inch ( 13 mm ) stripes with a ¼ - inch ( 6 . 4 mm ) stripe between , worn on the cuffs of the service dress jacket , and on slip - on s on other uniforms . As senior officers , they wear one row of gold oak leaves along the edge of the visor of their service cap s . Lieutenant - commanders of the Naval Operations Branch wear the officer ' s pattern of the branch cap badge : an anchor on a black oval , surrounded by a wreath of maple leaves at the sides and base of the oval , the whole surmounted by the St Edward ' s Crown . Specialist officers in such branches as logistics , intelligence , medical , etc . , wear their branch cap badges . Prior to unification of the Canadian Forces in 1968 , rank structure and insignia followed the British pattern . As part of the Canadian Naval Centennial the executive curl pattern of naval officer ' s rank was returned to all uniforms .
Paul Ramadier Paul Ramadier ( ; 17 March 1888 , La Rochelle – 14 October 1961 , Rodez ) was a prominent French politician of the Third and Fourth Republics . Mayor of Decazeville , starting in 1919 , he served as the first Prime Minister of the Fourth Republic in 1947 . On 10 July 1940 , he voted against the granting of the full powers to Marshal Philippe Pétain , who installed the Vichy regime the next day . Paul Ramadier took part in the Resistance , and his name was included in the Yad Vashem Jewish memorial after the war . It was during his first ministry that the Communists were forced out of the government in May 1947 , putting an end to the " tripartisme " coalition between the French Section of the Workers ' International ( SFIO ) , Popular Republican Movement and Communists . He then voted for the Marshall Plan , and was also in charge during the repression of the Malagasy uprising in 1947 . Governments . First Ministry ( 22 January – 22 October 1947 ) . Changes :
USS Puritan ( 1864 ) USS " Puritan " was originally designed as a double - turreted ironclad monitor , the plans were altered to the specifications of John Ericsson , " Puritan ’ s " builder , following a long debate with the Navy ; she was built with a single turret . Contracted 28 July 1862 to Ericsson , who in turn subcontracted the hull to the Continental Iron Works of Greenpoint , New York and the machinery to the Allaire Iron Works of New York City , she was launched 2 July 1864 . However , due to delays in construction and the casting of the 20 - inch smoothbores she was never completed , her construction being suspended in 1865 . After the war , " Puritan " deteriorated on the stocks . In 1874 – 75 Secretary of the Navy George Robeson decided to carry out extensive repairs on " Puritan " . Funds were not appropriated for new construction , but the condition of the ship ’ s hulls necessitated building essentially new ships , bearing no real resemblance to the originals . A scandal resulted when it was discovered that Robeson was paying for new ships with the old ones ; the first " Puritan " was turned over to John Roach of Chester , Pennsylvania as partial payment for the “ unauthorized ” construction of the second " Puritan " .
Central Flying School The Central Flying School ( CFS ) is the Royal Air Force ' s primary institution for the training of military flying instructors . Established in 1912 it is the longest existing flying training school . History . It was established at Upavon Aerodrome , near Upavon , Wiltshire on 12 May 1912 . It was later based at RAF Little Rissington , from 1946 to 1976 . The CFS ' s first commandant was Captain Godfrey Paine RN . It has been responsible for instructor training since 1920 , with pilot training being delegated to the Flying Training Schools . When the Red Arrows , the RAF ' s sole aerobatic team was formed by amalgamation of other teams , the responsibility was transferred to the CFS from Fighter Command . The Red Arrows moved to RAF Scampton in 1983 when the CFS was moved there and out in 1995 – though the Red Arrows returned in 2000 . Helicopter training . Helicopter instruction began in 1955 on the Westland Dragonfly and Bristol Sycamore at RAF South Cerney in Gloucestershire . It moved to RAF Ternhill in August 1961 . From 1966 , the Westland - built Sioux helicopter began service , lasting until 1973 , when replaced with the Aérospatiale Gazelle , much more reminiscent of modern - day helicopters . In 1997 the Gazelle was replaced by the Squirrel ( Eurocopter AS350 ) , and the Griffin ( Bell 412 ) is also used . RAF Shawbury was used as the helicopter training school from 1977 , becoming a separate organisation from 1997 . Aircraft . During the 1950s the CFS was equipped with the Gloster Meteor . In 1977 the Gnat was replaced by the Hawk . From 1993 the Tucano took the place of the BAC Jet Provost , and in 2000 the Tutor replaced the Bulldog as the initial trainer operated by the unit . Training . All fixed - wing training begins with the No . 1 Elementary Flying Training School ( EFTS ) , which flies the Grob Tutor . Army and Navy pilots start at the Defence Elementary Flying Training School ( DEFTS ) at RAF Barkston Heath where they fly the Slingsby T - 67 Firefly . From Cranwell , training begins on the Tucano at RAF Linton - on - Ouse ( 1 FTS ) . Helicopter pilots progress to RAF Shawbury , home of the Defence Helicopter Flying School . Flight instructors are awarded the Qualified Flying Instructor qualification . Commandants . " Ranks given are the highest rank the officer in command held during his tenure . "
Pavel Military School Pavel Military School ( , Pavlovskoye voennoye uchilishche ) ( also translated as Pavlovsk Military School , Pavlovsk Military College ) is a military school in St . Petersburg , Russia , established in 1863 on the basis of the Pavel Cadet Corps . It was closed in November 1917 after the October Revolution . It was named after emperor Pavel I of Russia . Over time it had the following names : ( 1829 - 1863 — Павловский кадетский корпус ; 1863 - 1894 — 1 - е военное Павловское училище ; 1894 - November 1917 - Павловское военное училище .