naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Battle of Lorraine The Battle of Lorraine was a battle of World War I fought in August 1914 between France and Germany . This followed Plan XVII , which proposed a French offensive through Lorraine and Alsace , and into Germany itself . French offensive . The main French offensive in the west , known as the Battle of Lorraine , was launched on 14 August . The First Army of General Auguste Dubail was to advance on Sarrebourg , while the Second Army of General de Curières de Castelnau headed towards Morhange . On the 17th , the XXth Corps ( General Foch ) captured Château Salins near Morhange , while Sarrebourg was captured on the 18th . However , after four days of retreat in order to lure the French armies into German territory , the German Sixth and Seventh Armies under the combined command of Konrad Krafft von Dellmensingen launched a counter - attack ; Crown Prince Rupprecht was in charge of the German forces assigned to meet and engage the French assault in the centre until they could be enveloped by the encircling German right wing . The German rear guards , equipped with machine guns , inflicted heavy casualties on the French infantry , still wearing their early 19th - century uniform of blue coat and red trousers . German counteroffensive . Crown Prince Rupprecht , dissatisfied with the defensive role assigned to him , along with Dellmensingen , petitioned his superiors to allow him a counter - offensive , contrary to the warnings of Schlieffen in the Schlieffen Plan . On August 20 , the offensive began and Noel de Castelnau ordered his army to withdraw from Morhange ( the Battle of Morhange ( ) ) . Seeing this , Auguste Dubail ' s army pulled out of Sarrebourg ( the Battle of Sarrebourg ( ) ) . The Germans didn ' t halt at the border and instead marched on to try to take Nancy . Ferdinand Foch ' s XX Corps managed to defend Nancy successfully , halting the German offensive . To the south , Mulhouse was retaken , but it was abandoned as the French gave up on Plan XVII . The battle lapsed into stalemate until August 24 , when a limited German offensive was launched ( the Battle of the Mortagne ( ) ) . The French had been alerted beforehand by scouting aircraft and so German gains were limited to a small salient . The following day , even that was lost when the French counterattacked . Fighting continued on to the end of the month , at which time trenches were built and a permanent stalemate ensued .
Grayback - class submarine " Grayback " class submarine was a class of two guided missile carrying submarines of the United States Navy . These submarines carried the short - lived ( 1955 – 64 ) Regulus I and Regulus II nuclear cruise missiles that were quickly phased out by Polaris Submarine Launched Ballistic Missiles ( SLBM s ) . They and the USS Halibut ( SSGN - 587 ) were the sole submarines designed specifically to carry Regulus .
United States Naval Test Pilot School The United States Naval Test Pilot School ( USNTPS ) , located at Naval Air Station ( NAS ) Patuxent River in Patuxent River , Maryland , provides instruction to experienced United States Navy , Marine Corps , Army , Air Force , and foreign military experimental test pilots , flight test engineer s , and flight test flight officers in the processes and techniques of aircraft and systems testing and evaluation . History . The school was established in 1945 , when the Navy ' s Flight Test Group transferred from NAS Anacostia , Washington , DC to NAS Patuxent River . The selection process is highly competitive , and applicants are chosen by a selection board . USNTPS is the primary test pilot school for Army aviators , as it is the only U . S . military test pilot school to offer instruction on rotary - wing aircraft . Notable alumni include astronauts Alan Shepard ( in 1951 ) , Scott Carpenter ( 1954 ) , Jim Lovell ( 1958 ) , Wally Schirra ( 1958 ) , John Young ( 1959 ) , John Glenn ( class 12 ) , Pete Conrad , Alan Bean , Mark Kelly , Richard Gordon , William " Willie " McCool ( Class 101 ) , and Sunita Williams ( 1993 ) . Additional notable alumni include Edward " Whitey " Feightner .
Antoni Dunin Antoni Dunin ( 1907 – 1939 ) was a Polish nobleman ( szlachta ) , a " Hrabia " ( Count ) , and an army officer who received the Virtuti Militari award . Biography . Dunin was born on June 5 , 1907 , the youngest child of Lucia ( Łucja ) Taczanowska ( 1862 – 1917 ) and her second husband Count Rodryg Dunin ( 1870 – 1928 ) . He grew up at the Granówko estate near Poznań , the youngest of ten children . He had six older siblings by his mother ' s first marriage to Stanisław Niezychowski , and two full sisters and one full brother , children of his own father Rodryg . The Dunin family crest is the Łabędź ( swan ) . On December 28 , 1933 , Dunin married Zofia Helena Werner ( 1910 – 1939 ) , daughter of Poland ' s vice - Finance Minister Edward Werner , and great - niece of Saint Raphael Kalinowski . They had three children : Krystyna , Stanley ( Stanisław , named after Dunin ' s older brother ) , and Magda ( Magdelena ) . Between 1933 and 1934 he served as an NCO in the Polish Army and graduated from the Cavalry Training Centre , where he was also awarded with the memorial badge of his home unit , the 15th Poznań Uhlan ' s Regiment . Mobilized prior to the outbreak of World War II , Dunin was drafted into the " Wielkopolska " Cavalry Brigade under Gen . Roman Abraham . Serving in the rank of Porucznik ( First Lieutenant ) he commanded the march squadron of the 15th Poznań Uhlan ' s Regiment . He joined the regiment with his unit on September 8 , 1939 , and took part in the Battle of Bzura . Dunin was killed in combat at the age of 32 on September 16 , 1939 . His wife was killed the next day , at the age of 29 . Dunin ' s descendants were eventually able to escape Poland to France and finally to the United States in the 1940s . In popular culture . Dunin is one of the characters in the Italian novel " Il Guardiano dei Sogni " ( " The Guardian of Dreams " ) by Paolo Maurensig ( ISBN 8 - 80 - 454976 - 9 ) .
1st Regiment Nebraska Volunteer Cavalry The 1st Regiment Nebraska Volunteer Cavalry was a cavalry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War . Service . The 1st Nebraska Cavalry was created from the 1st Nebraska Infantry on October 11 , 1863 . The regiment was commanded by Colonel Robert R . Livingston . It was later designated 1st Nebraska Veteran Cavalry on July 10 , 1865 after being consolidated with 1st Battalion Nebraska Volunteer Cavalry . The regiment was attached to District of Southeast Missouri , Department of the Missouri , to November 1864 . District of Northeast Arkansas , Department of the Missouri , to January 1864 . District Northeast Arkansas , VII Corps , to May 1864 . 3rd Brigade , 2nd Division , VII Corps , Department of Arkansas , to October 1864 . 4th Brigade , Cavalry Division , VII Corps , to October 1864 . District of Nebraska and District of the Plains , to July 1866 . The 1st Nebraska Cavalry mustered out of service on July 1 , 1866 . The First Nebraska Cavalry had " veteran volunteered , " as it was called . After a person had served in the field eighteen months , then he could " veteranize , " as it was said , and enlist for three years longer and get a bounty of $ 300 , so that soldiers and sometimes regiments " veteranized . " The First Nebraska was a regiment in which the men had veteranized to such an extent that it was reorganized as a veteran regiment , and bore the name of veteran volunteer in the title of the regiment . The incursions of the Indians , and the vast damages which they had done in Nebraska , raised such an outcry that the Government had to send Nebraska troops home for the protection of Nebraska , the same as a portion of our regiment was stationed in Iowa . And so it happened that the " First Nebraska Veteran Volunteer Cavalry " was drawn from the field , and the Confederacy , and sent out to fight Indians in the Northwest . The 7th Iowa Cavalry and the First Nebraska got along together very well .
USS Norman Scott ( DD - 690 ) USS " Norman Scott " ( DD - 690 ) was a United States Navy " Fletcher " - class destroyer named for Rear - Admiral Norman Scott ( 1889 – 1942 ) , who was killed in the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal and awarded the Medal of Honor . " Norman Scott " was laid down 26 April 1943 by Bath Iron Works , Bath , Maine ; launched 28 August 1943 ; sponsored by Mrs . Norman Scott ; and commissioned 5 November 1943 , Commander Seymour D . Owens in command . History . On 14 January 1944 , " Norman Scott " left Boston , escorting " Canberra " ( CA - 70 ) to Pearl Harbor , arriving 1 February . Immediately , she served in the Marshall Islands Operations , accompanying " Gambier Bay " ( CVE - 73 ) to newly - won Majuro . She returned to Pearl Harbor to prepare for the Mariana Islands Operations , during which she escorted heavy bombardment ships as well as conducting fire support missions of her own , during the invasions of Saipan , 15 June , and of Tinian . While firing on the latter 24 July , during the invasion of Tinian the battle ship USS Colorado BB 45 was being attacked by shore batteries . While drawing fire away from the USS Colorado the Norman Scott was hit six times within a few seconds by counterfire . The USS Norman Scott lost her captain , Seymour Owens , and 22 others , with an additional 57 wounded . Temporary repairs were made at Saipan . On the 28th , she sailed for Pearl Harbor and Mare Island Naval Shipyard , where permanent repairs were completed on 21 October . The USS Norman Scott was the star of a World War II RKO - Pathe film entitled " This is America - Navy Yard " in October 1944 . It was about her repair after being hit at Tinian by Japanese shore batteries on 24 July 1944 . " Norman Scott " trained her new crew in Hawaiian waters , then sailed for Manus , from which she escorted transports to the Philippines until 9 February 1945 . She then joined the fast carrier task force s of the 5th and 3rd Fleet s , ranging the western Pacific for strikes which supported the assaults on Iwo Jima and Okinawa . Later in the war , she closed the Japan ese home shores as battleship s bombarded them . On 15 July 1945 , the Norman Scott joined the battleships " Missouri " , " Wisconsin " , " Iowa " and the destroyers " Remey " and " McGowan " in attacking the sea port city of Muroran . These were the first surface ships to bomb the Japanese homeland . The USS Norman Scott was part of the famed squadron DesRon 54 that opened the battle at Surigao Strait . The Norman Scott was leaving Mare Island on 21 October 1944 after her repair to join her sister ships of Desron 54 . After supporting the occupation of the Japanese naval base at Yokosuka , " Norman Scott " returned briefly to Okinawa , then proceeded to the west coast , arriving for Navy Day ( 27 October ) celebrations at Tacoma , Washington . After operating out of San Francisco , she was decommissioned 30 April 1946 and was berthed in reserve at San Diego , moving in 1947 to Mare Island . " Norman Scott " was stricken 15 April 1973 . She was sold for scrap on 3 December 1973 . " Norman Scott " received seven battle star s for World War II service .
169th Ohio Infantry The 169th Ohio Volunteer Infantry ( or 169th OVI ) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War . Service . The 169th Ohio Infantry was organized at Camp Taylor near Cleveland , Ohio and mustered in May 13 , 1864 for 100 days service under the command of Colonel Nathaniel Haynes . The regiment left Ohio for Washington , D . C . , May 19 and was attached to 1st Brigade , DeRussy ' s Division , XXII Corps , to July 1864 . 2nd Brigade , DeRussy ' s Division , XXII Corps , to August 1864 . Assigned to duty in the defenses of Washington south of the Potomac River as garrison at Fort Ethan Allen and in other fortifications south of the Potomac until September . Participated in the repulse of Early ' s attack on Washington July 11 – 12 . The 169th Ohio Infantry mustered out of service September 4 , 1864 . Ohio National Guard . Over 35 , 000 Ohio National Guardsmen were federalized and organized into regiments for 100 days service in May 1864 . Shipped to the Eastern Theater , they were designed to be placed in " safe " rear areas to protect railroads and supply points , thereby freeing regular troops for Lt . Gen . Ulysses S . Grant ’ s push on the Confederate capital of Richmond , Virginia . As events transpired , many units found themselves in combat , stationed in the path of Confederate Gen . Jubal Early ’ s veteran Army of the Valley during its famed Valley Campaigns of 1864 . Ohio Guard units met the battle - tested foe head on and helped blunt the Confederate offensive thereby saving Washington , D . C . from capture . Ohio National Guard units participated in the battles of Monacacy , Fort Stevens , Harpers Ferry , and in the siege of Petersburg . Casualties . The regiment lost 41 enlisted men during service , all due to disease .
Major Major is a rank of commissioned officer , with corresponding ranks existing in many military forces . When used unhyphenated , in conjunction with no other indicator of rank , the term refers to the rank just senior to that of an army captain and just below the rank of lieutenant colonel . It is considered the most junior of the field ranks . In some militaries , notably France and Ireland , the rank is referred to as " commandant " , while in others it is known as " captain - major " . It is also used in some police forces and other paramilitary rank structures , such as the New York State Police , New Jersey State Police and several others . As a police rank , Major roughly corresponds to the UK rank of Superintendent . When used in hyphenated or combined fashion , the term can also imply seniority at other levels of rank , including " general - major " or " major general " , denoting a mid - level general officer , and " sergeant major " , denoting the most senior NCO of a military unit . It can also be used with a hyphen to denote the leader of a military band such as in pipe - major or drum - major .
Russian cruiser Almaz Almaz ( ; literally " Diamond " ) was a 2nd - class cruiser in the Imperial Russian Navy , built by Baltic Shipyard in Saint Petersburg , Russia , as a yacht for Viceroy Yevgeni Alekseyev , the naval minister of the Russian Empire . Service history . " Almaz " was commissioned into the Baltic Fleet in 1903 . She took part in the Russo - Japanese War ( 1904 - 1905 ) and fought at the Battle of Tsushima . " Almaz " was the only major ship of the Second Pacific Squadron to reach Vladivostock after the battle . In 1907 she was reclassified as an Aviso . In 1911 she was part of the Black Sea Fleet , and was rebuilt as a seaplane tender in 1914 . In 1920 she was interned at Bizerta with the remainder of Wrangel ' s fleet .
Soldier A soldier is one who fights as part of an organized land - based armed force ; if that force is for hire the person is generally termed a mercenary soldier , or mercenary . The majority of cognates of the word " soldier " that exist in other languages have a meaning that embraces both commissioned and non - commissioned officer s in national land forces . Etymology . The word " soldier " entered modern English in the 14th century from the equivalent Middle English word " soudeour " , from Anglo - French " soudeer " or " soudeour " , meaning mercenary , from " soudee " , meaning shilling ' s worth or wage , from " sou " or " soud " , shilling . The word is also related to the Medieval Latin " soldarius " , meaning soldier ( literally , " one having pay " ) . These words ultimately derive the Late Latin word " solidus " , referring to an Ancient Roman coin used in the Byzantine Empire . Occupational designations . In most armed forces use of the word ' soldier ' has taken on a more general meaning due to the increasing specialization of military occupations that require different areas of knowledge and skill - sets . As a result , ' soldiers ' are referred to by names or ranks which reflect an individual ' s military occupation specialty arm , service , or branch of military employment , their type of unit , or operational employment or technical use such as : trooper , tanker , commando , dragoon , infantryman , marine , paratrooper , ranger , sniper , engineer , sapper , medic , or a gunner . Other terms . In many countries soldiers serving in specific occupations are referred to by terms other than their occupational name . For example military police personnel in the UK are known as " redcaps " from the colour of their berets or other headwear . In the United States Army ( or Marine Corps ) , infantrymen are sometimes called " grunts " , while Army artillerymen are sometimes referred to as " redlegs " , from the service branch color for artillery . US soldiers are often called " G . I . s " . Members of the United States Marine Corps are typically referred to as " Marines " and not " soldiers " . French Marine Infantry are called marsouins ( ) because of their amphibious role . Military units in most armies have nicknames of this type , arising either from items of distinctive uniform , some historical connotation or rivalry between branches or regiments . Career soldiers and conscripts . Some soldiers , such as conscripts or draftees , serve a single limited term . Others choose to serve until retirement ; then they receive a pension and other benefits . In the USA , servicemembers can retire after 20 years . In other services , 30 years ( hence the term " 30 - year man " ) .
Juhani Kaskeala Admiral Pauli Juhani Kaskeala ( born 26 July 1946 , Kuopio ) is a senior Finnish admiral and was Chief of Defence of the Finnish Defence Forces from 2001 to August 1 , 2009 . In 1982 , Kaskeala was appointed as Third Aide - de - Camp to the President of the Republic , Mauno Koivisto , eventually serving as First Aide - de - Camp from 1987 . From 1989 to 1991 , he was commander of a missile squadron in the Coastal Fleet . Kaskeala was then a military attaché in London , The Hague and Brussels between 1991 and 1994 , before serving as principal secretary to the Defence Council 1994 - 1997 , and as Commander of the Turku And Pori Military Province 1997 - 1998 . He served as Director General for Defence Policy at Finland ' s Ministry of Defence from 1998 to 2001 , and was then the Finnish Military Representative to the EU and NATO in Brussels , before being appointed Chief of Defence on June 4 , 2001 . Kaskeala resigned from the Finnish Ships ' Officers ' Association in 2005 after an incident involving a search by the government . In 2006 , Kaskeala was chosen as the most positive person of the year because of his work to improve Finland and its interest , while still showing a " positive attitude and bright character " .
CSS Clarence CSS " Clarence " , also known as " Coquette " , was originally a brig from Baltimore captured by the Confederate cruiser CSS " Florida " during the American Civil War and converted into a Confederate cruiser for commerce raiding . Built in 1857 for Baltimore , Maryland fruit dealer J . Crosby , it was transporting a cargo of coffee from Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , to Baltimore when the CSS " Florida " captured the " Clarence " off the coast of Brazil . Lt . Charles W . Read was appointed commander and a sufficient number of the " Florida " < nowiki > ' < / nowiki > s crew were transferred to the new cruiser to man the ship . Lieutenant Read had requested that , rather than burn " Clarence " , he might try , with the ship ' s papers , to sail into Hampton Roads , Virginia , and if possible destroy or capture a Union gunboat and burn Union merchant vessels congregated at Fortress Monroe . " Florida " < nowiki > ' < / nowiki > s Commander John Newland Maffitt armed " Clarence " with one gun so that Read might capture prizes on his way to Hampton Roads . In its brief career as a Confederate cruiser it captured a number of ships : The " Whistling Wind " , " Kate Stewart " , " Mary Alvina " , " Mary Schindler " were burned , and the " Alfred H . Partridge " was bonded . Its final capture was the bark " Tacony " on June 12 , 1863 , which being a better ship suited for commerce raiding , the crew and armaments were transferred to it and the " Clarence " was destroyed .
French cruiser Primauguet ( 1924 ) Primauguet was a French light cruiser built after World War I and destroyed by US naval gunfire from the battleship . She was named after the 15th century Breton captain Hervé de Portzmoguer , nicknamed " Primauguet " . Service . " Primauguet " was commissioned in April 1927 and immediately commenced a seven month world cruise , returning in mid - December . The pattern of extended cruises was maintained until April 1932 , when she was stationed in the Far East until a refit in January 1936 . The Far East posting was resumed in November 1937 until she was relieved by the " Suffren " and returned to France . The first months of World War II were spent on Atlantic patrols , convoy escort and surveillance of Axis shipping . On 1 April 1940 , she sailed for Fort - de - France in the West Indies , to replace the " Jeanne d ' Arc " . She operated in Dutch West Indies waters , intercepting merchant ships . On 6 May 1940 , " Primauguet " , under the command of Vessel Captain Pierre Goybet , relieved HMS " Dundee " off Aruba and , at the Dutch surrender , she landed forces to secure the oil installations . " Primauguet " returned to Dakar on 12 June 1940 , after the French surrender . " Primauguet " remained with the Vichy French Navy after the French surrender in 1940 . She brought a part of the French Gold Reserve of Banque de France in Africa . " Primauguet " was at Dakar in July 1940 during the Royal Navy ' s attack on the French fleet at Mers - el - Kebir . She was sent to escort an oiler in support of three s of the 4th Squadron . They were on an operation to Libreville , in French Equatorial Africa , to counter Free French activity . In the Bight of Benin , the French force was intercepted by the British cruisers and HMS " Delhi " . After negotiations , " Primauguet " was ordered to turn back to Casablanca by Admiral Bourague , aboard . On 8 November 1941 , she began a refit in Casablanca and was not fully operational when the Naval Battle of Casablanca started . She was shelled by the USS " Massachusetts " and " Wichita " , the two largest ships of the opposing American force . " Primauguet " returned fire despite the odds . Massively outgunned , she was badly damaged and suffered many casualties with 45 crew dead and more than 200 wounded . She burnt out overnight , and was beached on a reef near of the shore ; the wreck was destroyed by tides a few days later and became a total loss . References .