naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Gniew Gniew ( ; ) is a town situated on the left bank of the Vistula River , in the Pomeranian Voivodeship , Poland . It is located at around . History . The first recorded mentions of Gniew appear in written documents of the first half of the 13th century , which refer to the region as " Terra Gymeu " ( Gmewan , Gimen , Gymen ) in 1229 , " terra Mewe " in 1250 , and terra Gemewe in 1283 , terra Mewa . The name Wansca ( " Wońsk " ) was also used . The German name of " Mewe " for the town is still reflected on the coat of arms of the city , which bears the presence of a seagull . Beginning in the 10th century , the region belonged to the Polan tribe and was part of Gdańsk Pomerania . After the division of Poland by Bolesław Krzywousty , Gniew fell to the castellany of Starogard Gdański . The land later fell to the Princes of Świecie and in 1229 Prince Sambor and Swantopolk II of Pomerania granted it to the Cistercian abbey in Oliwa . In the second half of the 13th century , Sambor retook Gniew from the Cistercians and in 1276 bestowed it on the Teutonic Knights . Their claim was formally recognized by Mestwin II of Pomerania in 1282 , and the city became the first stronghold of the Teutonic Order on the left riverside of the Vistula . A castle was built as a result of this important strategic location , and in 1297 the Teutonic Knights gave Gniew town privileges . The city exchanged hands various times between 1410 - 1466 until it became part of the Polish province of Royal Prussia following the Second Peace of Thorn ( 1466 ) . In 1626 , during the Swedish - Polish War , a battle between the Polish - Lithuanian Commonwealth and Swedish forces was fought in the area of Gniew , resulting in a victory for the army of King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden , and only the second historic defeat for the Polish hussars . In the second half of the 17th century , prior to becoming King of Poland , John III Sobieski served as the local district governor ( starost ) of Gniew and built the Marysienka Palace for his wife , Maria Kazimiera . Gniew was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia during the Partitions of Poland and became part of the German Empire in 1871 . With the defeat of Imperial Germany in World War I , Gniew became part of the Polish Corridor according to the Treaty of Versailles . This date is celebrated in Gniew till today as liberation from Prussian oppression and end of 148 years of attempts to destroy Polish existence After the First World War number of ethnic Germans within the town decreased . During World War II the castle was used by Nazi Germany as a concentration camp for the ethnically cleansed Polish population of Tczew and the surrounding area . Main Sights . The most notable landmark of the town is the Ordensburg castle built by the Teutonic Order at the turn of the 14th century , as well as Marysienka ' s Palace , built during the second half of the 17th century . The city also boasts a well preserved medieval old town , with buildings dating from the 15th to 19th century and a Gothic church dating to the 14th century . International relations . Twin towns — Sister cities . Gniew is twinned with :
CSS Owl CSS Owl was a blockade runner in the Confederate States Navy during the American Civil War . It was built by Jones Quiggen , a ship builder in Liverpool , England and launched on June 21 , 1864 . " Owl " , sister to CSS " Bat " , was more fortunate than her twin which followed her closely . " Owl " succeeded in running into Wilmington , North Carolina sometime in September 1864 , although United States Consul Mortimer Melville Jackson telegraphed Washington , D . C . that " Owl " had " a large , valuable cargo " cleared August 31 — officially for Nassau , Bahamas . She escaped to sea from Wilmington on October 3 ; her masts were visible all the while she lay in port loading . The blockade rs wounded her captain and several crewmen , but 9 shots failed to stop " Owl " . She was now commanded by Commander John Newland Maffitt , CSN — the " Prince of Privateers " — detached from CSS " Albemarle " at Plymouth , North Carolina on or about September 9 . Confederate Navy Secretary Stephen Mallory , telegraphing on September 19 , warned Maffitt : " It is of the first importance that our steamers should not fall into the enemy ' s hands … these vessels , lightly armed , now constitute the fleetest and most efficient part of his blockading force off Wilmington . " Maffitt was to take no passengers , as a rule , and Assistant Paymaster Adam Tredwell , CSN , would deliver " 5 , 000 pounds in sterling bills before sailing , " Mallory concluded . " Owl " was at Bermuda with cotton October 24 – 29 , as the U . S . Consul faithfully reported . On December 5 , Mallory instructed Maffitt to pick up CSS " Florida " ' s men in Bermuda . A letter to Mallory captured , along with Assistant Paymaster Talley , CSN , by USS " Forest Rose " on May 7 , 1865 bears an endorsement by her commander , Lieutenant A . N . Gould , USN : " It shows that Maffitt has been landing on the Florida coast with the " Owl " . " U . S . Consul William Thomas Minor at Havana , Cuba reported on May 20 that Maffitt was to leave there in a day or two for Galveston , Texas . On this last trip " Owl " was almost captured at Wilmington by a Federal cruiser and had to jettison valuable mail as well as sustain 12 casualties . Maffitt then tried Galveston , and grounded on Bird Island Shoals at the entrance within range of 16 enemy cruisers . Captain James H . MacGarvey , CSN , in little CSS " Diana " got " Owl " off barely in time ; she not only ran into port but ran out safely too . There is some evidence " Owl " ' s last two runs through the blockade were made under the name of " Foam " . " Owl " was delivered to Fraser , Trenholm & Co . in Liverpool after war ' s end , and Maffitt took the Board of Trade examinations to command British merchant ships to South America .
William F . Lynch Captain William Francis Lynch ( 1 April 1801 – 17 October 1865 ) , was an officer in the United States and Confederate States navies . Personal life . William F . Lynch was born in Virginia . On 2 June 1828 , one month after his promotion to lieutenant , Lynch was married in New Haven , Connecticut , to Virginia Shaw , the youngest daughter of a senior navy officer and sister - in - law of another . They had two children . Early Navy service . He was appointed a midshipman 26 January 1819 , and first saw service in USS " Congress " and next in U . S . schooner " Shark " under Lieutenant Matthew C . Perry . Subsequent service included duty with Commodore David Porter ’ s “ Mosquito Squadron ” in the West Indies and in the Mediterranean . Middle East Operations . Lynch had his first command , the " Poinsett " , from 3 March to 30 December 1839 . The ship sailed on behalf of the United States Naval Hydrographic Office . In 1847 , he proceeded to the Jordan River , transportating overland , by camels , a copper and a galvanized iron boat . [ 2 ] A total of 16 men were a part of the trip , including John Y . Mason . Each boat each boat " assembled " and then placed on a carriage . His expedition ended with the exploration of the Dead Sea and the River Jordan . He published in 1847 ( and again in 1849 an enhanced version of ) his travels , " Narrative of the United States ' Expedition to the River Jordan and the Dead Sea " . In 1849 he was commissioned commander and in 1850 was promoted to captain . In 1852 , he requested permission to explore the interior of Africa for purposes of possible colonization . In his exploration in west central Africa ( Liberia ) , he caught a fever , and was forced to return to the United States . [ 2 ] Lynch believed that explorers who " remove the obstruction to Commerce , Civilization and Christianity will become the benefactors of mankind . " American Civil War . On 21 April 1861 , he resigned from the United States Navy . He was initially appointed captain in the Virginia Navy and on 10 June 1861 , captain in the Confederate States Navy . He commanded naval batteries at Aquia Creek , Virginia , during their shelling by Union gunboats in May 1861 , was in charge of the defense of Roanoke Island , North Carolina in February 1862 , and led Confederate naval forces at Vicksburg , Mississippi from March to October 1862 . Later in command of ships in North Carolina waters , he commanded southern naval forces during the Union attack on Fort Fisher , in December 1864 and January 1865 . Post - war retirement . After the defeat of the Confederacy , he was paroled 3 May 1865 in Richmond , Virginia . He died in Baltimore , Maryland , on 17 October of the same year . [ 2 ] Namesake . The USS Lynch ( T - AGOR - 7 ) was named in Lynch ’ s honor . Footnotes . 2 . Bain , David Haward ( 2011 ) . Bitter Waters . New York , NY : The Overlook Press . p . 384 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59020 - 352 - 1 . An account of Lynch ' s expedition to the Jordan River and the Dead Sea . References . An account of Lynch ' s expedition to the Jordan River and the Dead Sea .
Battle of Kirbekan The Battle of Kirbekan was a battle in the Mahdist War . It was fought February 10 , 1885 , when the British Nile Column , about 1 , 000 strong , under General Earle , stormed the heights of Kirbekan , which were held by a strong Mahdist force , and totally routed them , with heavy loss . The British lost 60 , among whom was General Earle , killed . It was the first appearance of the Egyptian Army Camel Corps under Bimbashi Marriott in action . A brass plaque on the North wall of Lichfield Cathedral commemorates the death of Lieutenant colonel Philip Eyre of the First South Staffordshire Regiment in the battle .
Robert William Strong Robert William Strong was an American Major general and Legion of Merit recipient . Biography . Robert Strong was born on November 23 , 1917 in Painseville , Ohio . He graduated from Valley Forge Military Academy at Wayne , Pennsylvania and in July 1936 entered as a general into the United States Military Academy at West Point . Four years later he graduated from there as a second lieutenant and in October of the same year began flight training at Kelly Field , Texas where he also got his Aircrew Badge in September 1941 . In December of the same year he was a bomber aircraft operations officer for the 41st Bombardment Group at Hammer Field , California . Later on , 47th Bombardment Group at Visalia went also under his command . In August 1942 , he went to Topeka , Kansas where he trained 333rd Bomb Group and the same year moved to Salina , Kansas where he did the same thing with the 346th Bomb Group . In January 1943 he took command of Salina ' s 504th Bombardment Group and the same year moved back to Topeka . From March 1943 to February 1944 he served as an operations officer for the 2nd Heavy Bombardment Processing Headquarters and 3rd Heavy Bombardment Processing Headquarters at Topeka ' s 272nd Base Unit . In June 1944 Strong came back to Salina and became a commander of the of the 62nd Bombardment Group which played an important strategic role in South West Pacific Theater . Later on he was transferred to command the 39th Bombardment Group which was stationed on the island of Guam . During this time , his B - 29s ' squadron bombarded Japan for 200 hours . He came back to the United States in October 1945 and served as tactical officer at the U . S . Military Academy till July 1948 . In August 1952 Strong became an assistant air attaché to Canada and then got enrolled into the Naval War College at Newport , Rhode Island . When he graduated from the War College in June 1953 he became a general at the Headquarters of the United States Air Force in Washington , D . C . In November 1961 Strong came back to the United States and became a commander of the 825th Strategic Aerospace Division which was stationed in Little Rock , Arkansas . There , he remained till March 1963 when he became commandant of cadets at the U . S . Air Force Academy in Colorado . Two years later in July , he came back to SAC and was an 817th Air Division commander there at Pease Air Force Base in New Hampshire . In July 1966 , in the same place , he also served as a chief of staff for the Eighth Air Force where he remained till he retired on May 1 , 1970 . He continued to live his live till he died on March 16 , 2006 .
40th Division ( Imperial Japanese Army ) The was an infantry division in the Imperial Japanese Army . Its call sign was the . History . The Imperial Japanese Army ( IJA ) 40th Division was raised as a triangular division on 30 June 1939 in Zentsuji city Kagawa prefecture . Its manpower came primarily from the four prefectures of Shikoku island . Although intended as a garrison force to maintain public order and to cover police duties in Japanese - occupied portions of China , due to the deteriorating situation in the Second Sino - Japanese War it was quickly assigned to front - line combat duties . The 40th Division was initially assigned to the Eleventh Army on 2 October 1939 and was stationed from Hankou to Guangji along the banks of the Yangtze River , then the Hubei Xianning area . It was involved in combat during the Battle of Zaoyang - Yichang , Central Hopei Operation and the Battle of South Henan in 1940 , and in the Second Battle of Changsha in 1941 and Third Battle of Changsha in 1942 . In April 1942 , the 40th Division was one of the units assigned to capturing the downed American airmen of the Doolittle Mission in what came to be known as the Zhejiang - Jiangxi Campaign . From April 1944 , it was assigned to Operation Ichi - go . In January 1945 , the 40th Division was assigned to guard the Canton - Hankou Railway . Afterwards , it came under the command of the Twenty - Third Army and stationed in the Guangdong - Macau area to counter anticipated landings by Allied forces . However , as American forces invaded Okinawa in April 1945 , the 40th Division received orders to withdraw from Guangdong to Shanghai . In route , while in Nanchang , Jiangxi province , the war came to an end . The 40th Division ' s final orders were to withdraw from Nanchang to Nanjing , where it was demobilized , and its surviving troops were returned to Sasebo , Japan by May 1946 . Noted commanders in the history of the 40th Division include Lieutenant General Naojikiro Amaya , who commanded the division while it was stationed in Manchuria , from 2 October 1939 until 25 August 1941 . Organization . The 40th Division was organized as a triangular division . 40th Division - Allentown , PA : 1981
Sir Thomas Frankland , 5th Baronet Admiral Sir Thomas Frankland , 5th Baronet ( 26 June 1718 – 21 November 1784 , Bath ) was a British naval officer , MP and slave trader . He was the second son of Henry Frankland and Mary Cross . Frankland was born in the East Indies ( probably India ) , his father being a member of the East India Company and briefly Governor of Bengal . He entered the navy in 1731 , serving in HMS " York " under Capt . Philip Vanbrugh , HMS " Scarborough " , and HMS " Oxford " before becoming a lieutenant in 1737 . On 23 February 1738 , he was sent to HMS " Chatham " , again under Capt . Vanbrugh , where he served for two years . He was briefly transferred to HMS " Cumberland " in March 1740 before promotion to captain on 15 July 1740 aboard HMS " Rose " . He was promptly assigned to carry the newly appointed Governor of the Bahamas , John Tinker ( governor ) to the islands , and remained in the Bahamas until 1746 , fighting Spanish privateer s and taking a number of prizes . He then returned home and was given command of HMS " Dragon " and sent to the West Indies . On 31 July 1755 , he was given command of the Leeward Islands as a Commodore , arriving aboard HMS " Winchester " in October . Able but stubborn and of a difficult temper , he was involved in quarrels with his predecessor , Thomas Pye , and the local authorities in Antigua . He was promoted rear admiral while there , but refusing to accede to the admiralty ’ s wish to control some of the patronage at his disposal ( declaring in a letter to the secretary “ I have friends of my own to provide for ” ) fell into immediate disfavour with his superiors . On 5 May 1757 , he was replaced by Commodore John Moore , and returned to England in October , never to return to active duty . His promotions , however , continued in the usual manner as he gained seniority , culminating in the rank of Admiral of the White . During his stay in the West Indies he profiteered actively from slave trade . He had entered Parliament for the family ' s borough of Thirsk in 1747 , and held the seat until 1780 , when he sought the governorship of Greenwich Hospital . Unsuccessful , he returned as member for Thirsk in April 1784 , but died in November of that year . He had inherited the baronetcy from his older brother in 1768 . The Frankland Islands off Queensland were named after him . He married Sarah Rhett ( of South Carolina , d . 1808 ) in May 1743 and had a large number of children , of whom nine survived him :
Ernest Dichmann Peek Ernest Dichmann Peek ( November 18 , 1878 - April 22 , 1950 ) was a Major General in the United States Army , who commanded the 9th Corps Area at the beginning of the World War II . Biography . Peek was born on November 18 , 1878 in Oshkosh , Wisconsin . Peek graduated from the United States Military Academy on February 18 , 1901 and joined the Corps of Engineers . Then he served on Philippines during the Philippine – American War , where he was assigned to the road and wharf construction units . Peek was decorated with Silver Star for gallantry in action against the Moros during this service . In 1906 he would be assigned to Yellowstone National Park to help with engineering projects . From 1912 to 1926 he would supervise improvements of the harbor on Lake Superior and was also in charge of the building of Lock and Dam No . 1 , Mississippi River . During World War I , Peek served with 21st Enginners within American Expeditionary Force in France . For his service during the war , he was awarded with Army Distinguished Service Medal and with Legion of Honour by the Government of France . Following the war he was assigned to the Panama Canal Zone . He would attend the Babson Institute in 1927 and later obtain a L . L . D . from the University of Wyoming College of Law . In 1929 he was assigned to New York City to work on rivers and harbors . He was named a brigade commander at Fort Francis E . Warren in 1937 . In 1940 he was named commander of the Ninth Corps Area . Peek retired in 1942 due to physical disability . He was the last remaining member of the Class of 1901 to serve on active duty . Peek died on April 22 , 1950 in San Francisco , California . He is buried with his wife , Ann Ryan Peek ( 1885 - 1971 ) , at Arlington National Cemetery . Decorations . Here is the ribbon bar of Major General Peek :
Future Imagery Architecture Future Imagery Architecture ( FIA ) was a program to design a new generation of optical and radar imaging US reconnaissance satellites for the National Reconnaissance Office ( NRO ) . In 2005 NRO director Donald Kerr recommended the project ' s termination , and the optical component of the program was finally cancelled in September 2005 by Director of National Intelligence John Negroponte . FIA has been called by " The New York Times " " perhaps the most spectacular and expensive failure in the 50 - year history of American spy satellite projects . " History . In 1999 the development contract for FIA was awarded to a Boeing team , which underbid Lockheed Martin ' s competing proposal by about US $ 1 billion ( inflation adjusted US $ billion in ) . By 2005 , an estimated US $ 10 billion had been spent by the US government on FIA , including Boeing ' s accumulated cost overrun of US $ 4 to 5 billion , and it was estimated to have an accumulated cost of US $ 25 billion over the ensuing twenty years . In September 2005 the contract for the electro - optical satellites was shifted to Lockheed Martin because of the cost overruns and delays of the delivery date . Lockheed was asked to restart production of KH - 11 satellite system with new upgrades . The contract for the imaging radar satellite remained with Boeing . In September 2010 NRO director Bruce Carlson stated that while most NRO " ( . . . ) programs are operating on schedule and on cost ( . . . ) " , one program is " ( . . . ) 700 percent over in schedule and 300 percent over in budget " . The exact scope and mission of FIA are classified , although the head of the NRO said in 2001 that the project would focus on creating smaller and lighter satellites . Some industry experts believe that a key objective is to make the satellites more difficult to attack , possibly by placing them in higher orbits . Because of the large size of the program , as well as number of workers involved , some experts have compared it to the 1940s Manhattan Project . In 2012 NRO donated two sophisticated but unneeded space telescopes , reportedly built for FIA , to NASA for use in astronomy . Launches . The first operational FIA Radar satellite , USA - 215 or NROL - 41 , was launched on 21 September 2010 . It is in a retrograde 1100 x 1105 km orbit inclined by 123 degrees , an orbital configuration indicating it is a SAR satellite . On 3 April 2012 , a second satellite , USA - 234 or NROL - 25 , was launched into a similar orbit . The earlier USA - 193 satellite , launched in 2006 , is believed to have been a technology demonstration satellite intended to test and develop systems for the FIA radar programme . However , it failed immediately after launch , and was subsequently destroyed by a missile . Successor program . USA - 224 , launched on 20 January 2011 , is believed to be the first of the large post - FIA optical reconnaissance satellites built by Lockheed . The failed FIA program is to be succeeded by the Next Generation Electro - Optical ( NGEO ) program . NGEO is intended as a lower - risk modular system , which is capable of being modified incrementally over its lifetime .
German submarine U - 794 U - 794 was a Type XVIIA U - boat of the German " Kriegsmarine " during the Second World War . She was one of a small number of U - boats fitted with Hellmuth Walter ' s high test peroxide propulsion system , which offered a combination of air - independent propulsion and high submerged speeds . She spent the war as a trials vessel and was scuttled on 5 May 1945 in Gelting Bay . " U - 794 " was built by Friedrich Krupp Germaniawerft , Kiel . The keel was laid down on 1 February 1943 , the boat was launched on 7 October . She was commissioned on 14 November . The Feldpost Number was M 52 496 . " U - 794 " did not undertake any combat patrols and was instead assigned as a trials boat at first to the 5th U - boat Flotilla , followed by the 8th U - boat Flotilla , before returning to the 5th flotilla for the rest of the war . In late March 1944 , Admiral Karl Dönitz and four other admirals took part in a trial of " U - 794 " . Although they were enthusiastic , the boat , designed for high underwater speed ( over 20 m . p . h . ) was difficult to manoeuvre , and the keel to beam ratio was too high .