naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
The Defeat of the Floating Batteries at Gibraltar , September 1782 The Defeat of the Floating Batteries at Gibraltar , September 1782 ( also called The Siege of Gibraltar , The Siege and Relief of Gibraltar or The Repulse of the Floating Batteries at Gibraltar ) is the title of a 1783 oil - on - canvas painting by Boston - born American artist John Singleton Copley . It depicts the defeat of the floating batteries at Gibraltar during the Great Siege of Gibraltar . The Governor of Gibraltar , General George Augustus Eliott , is on horseback pointing to the rescue of the defeated Spanish sailors by the British . Background . The painting is based on an attack that took place in Gibraltar on September 13 , 1782 . The Great Siege of Gibraltar was an unsuccessful attempt by Spain and France to capture Gibraltar from the British during the War of American Independence . In September 1782 the Spanish formulated a secret weapon known as the Floating Batteries . Designed to fire on Gibraltar at close quarters with deadly accuracy , floating batteries were built of - wide timbers packed with layers of wet sand , and were considered fire - proof and unsinkable . The British used heated shot to counterattack these batteries . These " hot potatoes , " as they were nicknamed , were pre - heated to furnace temperatures before being fired at the advancing ships . Many were doused but a rogue heated shot could lie smouldering in the bowels of an enemy ship burning a cavity into the wood . Left long enough , these would eventually cause an inferno . Painting . American - born John Singleton Copley was commissioned by the City of London in 1783 to depict the victory of the Great Siege which had been won a few months earlier . At over 42 . 5 square metres ( 458 square feet ) , his picture is one of Britain ’ s largest oil paintings . It depicts the Governor General George Augustus Eliott , riding to the edge of the battlements to direct the rescue of the defeated Spanish sailors by the British . General Eliott , created Lord Heathfield in 1787 , was also portrayed by Sir Joshua Reynolds ( ) , currently in the National Gallery , London and Copley himself ( link ) , currently in the National Portrait Gallery ; both pictures were painted in 1787 . Two of Copley ' s preparatory sketches for the painting are in the Metropolitan Museum of Art . The painting was originally hung in the Common Council Chamber at Guildhall before being transferred to the original Guildhall Art Gallery in 1886 . It was later taken down and taken out of London to be stored in safety during The Blitz in April 1941 , three weeks before the Gallery was destroyed . No wall large enough to display it could be found until the Gallery was finally rebuilt . The painting was then loaned to the Governor ' s residence in Gibraltar , but since 1993 loaned for exhibition / gallery display at the Gibraltar Museum . It is now on display at the Guildhall Art gallery in London , where it occupies the entire back wall of the main exhibition space .
Krasnopol ( Weapon ) The 30F39 Krasnopol is a Russia n 152 / 155 mm cannon - launched , fin - stabilized , semi - automatic laser - guided , explosive projectile . It is intended to engage small hard point ground targets such as tank s , self - propelled howitzer s , or other high - value mobile targets . Russian weapons systems usually have a code - name assigned to them during development , usually using geographic features like lakes , rivers , or mountains . The weapon ' s project code - name refers to the village of Krasnopol in eastern Poland . The " 2K25 Krasnopol " complex consists of the 30F39 guided shell ; a 1D22 , 1D20 , or 1D15 laser target designator ( LTD ) ; and the 1A35 shot synchronization system . The laser designation system has a range of , while the projectile itself has a range of and a target seeker radius of . The system functions as follows . The complex ' s laser target designator / laser rangefinder is used to mark a target that has entered a pre - selected killzone . A guided shell is then fired . The firing unit uses their 1A35K command device to send a signal via a communications link confirming the firing of the projectile to the 1A35I observation post device at the battery command observation post . The laser target designator is then used to guide the round down to the target . Upon destruction of the initial target , the LTD operator shifts the designator to subsequent targets downwind ( from the previous engagement ) to reduce smoke and dust interference with the designator . The original model of the " Krasnopol " was designed to be used with former Soviet - Bloc artillery systems of , such as D - 20 , 2S3 Akatsiya , 2S19 ( Msta - S ) , 2A65 ( Msta - B ) . " Krasnopol " carries a high explosive fragmentation warhead . The entire missile weighs . However , its length made it incompatible with the autoloader of the 2S19 152mm Self - Propelled Gun . The " Krasnopol - Modernetya " ( or " Krasnopol - M " ) ( " Product - Improved Krasnopol " ) was made with a shorter length to enable it to be used with autoloader - equipped guns . It also comes in an alternate bore to allow it to be used with systems like the M109 A2 / A6 , M114A2 , M198 ( USA ) , G5 , G6 ( Republic of South Africa ) , FH77B ( Sweden ) , and TRF1 ( France ) . As distinct from conventional standard artillery projectiles which engage area targets , " Krasnopol " ensures destruction of individual targets from covered fire positions by a single shot without fire adjustment . " Krasnopol " is capable of hitting targets moving at speeds up to .
Michael Kaballarios Michael Kaballarios ( ) was a Byzantine aristocrat and military leader . In ca . 1277 he was " megas konostaulos " ( commander of the Latin mercenaries ) . Along with the " megas stratopedarches " John Synadenos , he led a Byzantine army against John I Doukas of Thessaly , but was defeated in the Battle of Pharsalus and died shortly afterwards of his wounds .
Battle of the Mona Passage The Battle of the Mona Passage was a naval engagement on 19 April 1782 between a British fleet under Rear - Admiral Sir Samuel Hood , and a small French fleet . It took place in the Mona Passage , the strait separating Hispaniola and Puerto Rico , shortly after the British victory at the Battle of the Saintes . The British overtook and captured four ships , two of which were 64 - gun ships of the line . Background . Between 9 April 1782 and 12 April 1782 a British fleet under Admiral George Brydges Rodney engaged and defeated a French fleet under the Comte de Grasse at the battle of the Saintes , thus frustrating French plans for an invasion of Jamaica . Rear - Admiral Sir Samuel Hood fought under Rodney during the battle , and was deeply critical of his commander for not pushing home his victory against the retreating enemy fleet . The British fleet made its way to Jamaica , from where Rodney ordered Hood to seek out any disabled or damaged French ships that had escaped the battle . Hood ' s division of thirteen ships set out towards toward Saint - Domingue . The French 64 - gun ship of the line had been damaged in the initial encounter between the fleets on 9 April , and the " Jason " , also 64 guns , had been damaged on the 10th when it collided with the heavily - damaged " Zélé " . Both of these ships were in the Mona Passage , making sail for Cap - Français along with several smaller ships , when Hood ' s squadron spotted them . Battle . Hood chased down the French ships , the faster copper - sheathed British ships outpacing the damaged French ships . captured both " Jason " and " Caton " at the cost of four men killed and six wounded , whilst captured the frigate " Aimable " at the cost of four killed and eight wounded . The frigate " Astrée " however managed to escape with minimal damage . Aftermath . The captured French ships were taken back to England for further use . " Jason " was renamed , while " Caton " was used as a prisoner of war hospital ship and moored off Saltash in Cornwall . She continued in this role well into the Napoleonic Wars . " Aimable " was renamed HMS " Aimable " and served in the Royal Navy until 1811 . Order of battle . Britain . ( 98 ) - Flagship of Sir Samuel Hood , Capt . John Knight < br > France . " Caton " ( 64 ) - Capt . De Framond - Captured < br > " Jason " ( 64 ) - Captured < br > " Astrée " ( 36 ) - Escaped < br > " Aimable " ( 32 ) - Captured < br > " Ceres " ( 18 ) - Captured
Huesca Offensive The Huesca Offensive was an ill - fated Republican army thrust toward Huesca between 12 and 19 June 1937 , during the Spanish Civil War . Hungarian writer and communist commander Máté Zalka was killed in the course of the battle . Background . . On April 1937 , the Nationalists started an offensive against the Republican held , Biscay Province , and by the end of May the Navarrese troops reached the eastern side of the Bilbao ' s defenses . Then , the Republican government decided to launch two diversionary offensives in the Aragon and the Madrid front in order to divert Nationalist troops . The Offensive . The Republican government decided to launch an attack against the Nationalist held city of Huesca . After the May Days , the Republican forces in the Aragon front had been reorganized and the Republican government established a new Army of the East . This force , under the command of the General Pozas , was reinforced with the XII International Brigade , led by General Lukacs , and other four brigades from the central front . The Republican forces outnumbered the Nationalist forces besieged in Huesca , but the Nationalist troops were well entreched and the Republican troops had little artillery and armoured support . The attack against Huesca started on 12 June , led by Lukács . The Republican troops attacking across open ground were decimated by the machine - gun and artillery fire of the Nationalists . Furthermore , the same day , Lukács was hit by a Nationalist shell and died . On 16 June the Republican troops attacked the villages of Alerre and Chimillas but the assault was rejected by the Nationalist troops . On 19 June , the Nationalists entered Bilbao and the offensive was called off , after other two days of failed Republican assaults . Aftermath . The Republican troops had heavy casualties ( according to Beevor , 9 , 000 ) , mainly anarchist and POUM members . The failed offensive after the recent May Days in Barcelona , increased the defeatism and the suspicions among the Republican troops in Aragon .
602d Special Operations Squadron The 602d Special Operations Squadron was a United States Air Force squadron that operated in Southeast Asia during the Vietnam War . History . The 602d Fighter Squadron ( Commando ) was activated in May 1964 , and along with the 1st Air Commando Squadron , was a part of the 34th Tactical Group . The squadron became operational at Bien Hoa on 15 October 1964 . By 1966 the squadron had been renamed the 602d Air Commando Squadron and moved , first to Nha Trang AB in South Vietnam , and then to Udorn Royal Thai Air Force Base . In March 1968 it moved again to Nakhon Phanom Royal Thai Air Force Base . On 1 August 1968 it was redesignated the 602d Special Operations Squadron , and was disbanded on 31 December 1970 at Nakhon Phanom . Lineage . Constituted 2d Fighter Reconnaissance Squadron on 11 Apr 1944 . Activated on 20 Apr 1944 . Redesignated 2d Fighter Squadron , Commando on 2 Jun 1944 . Inactivated on 12 Nov 1945 . Disbanded on 8 Oct 1948 . Reconstituted , redesignated 602d Fighter Squadron , Commando , and activated , on 15 Apr 1963 . Organized on 1 May 1963 . Redesignated 602d Special Operations Squadron on 1 Aug 1968 . Inactivated on 31 Dec 1970 . The original Squadron patch was drawn by Walt Disney in 1944 . The sky was blue with a wisp of cloud behind the left wing of the eagle . No call sign was mounted above the patch . Assignments . Third Air Force , 20 Apr 1944 ; 2d Air Commando Group , 22 Apr 1944 - 12 Nov 1945 . 1st Air Command Group ( later 1st Air Commando Wing ) , 1 May 1963 ; Pacific Air Forces , 1 Oct 1964 ; 34th Tactical Group , 18 Oct 1964 ; 6251st Tactical Fighter Wing , 8 Jul 1965 ; 3d Tactical Fighter Wing , 21 Nov 1965 ; 14th Air Commando Wing , 8 Mar 1966 ; 56th Air Commando ( later , Special Operations ) Wing , 8 Apr 1967 - 31 Dec 1970 . Campaign Streamers . World War II : Central Burma . Vietnam : Vietnam Advisory ; Vietnam Defense ; Vietnam Air ; Vietnam Air Offensive ; Vietnam Air Offensive , Phase II ; Vietnam Air Offensive , Phase III ; Vietnam Air / Ground ; Vietnam Air Offensive , Phase IV ; Tet 69 / Counteroffensive ; Vietnam Summer - Fall 1969 ; Vietnam Winter - Spring 1970 ; Sanctuary Counteroffensive ; Southwest Monsoon ; Commando Hunt V . Decorations . Distinguished Unit Citation : Bangkok , Thailand , 15 Mar 1945 . Presidential Unit Citations : Vietnam : 1 Jul 1965 - 30 Jun 1966 ; 1 Jul 1966 - 7 Mar 1967 ; 12 Apr - 30 Jun 1967 ; 1 Nov 1968 - 1 May 1969 ; 1 Oct 1969 - 30 Apr 1970 . Air Force Outstanding Unit Award With Combat “ V ” Device : 1 - 31 Dec 1970 . Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross with Palm , 1 Apr 1966 - 31 Dec 1970 . References . Lineage and Honors History of the 602 Special Operations Squadron USAF Official History ; Prepared by Carl E . Bailey ; Reviewed by A . Timothy Warnock ; USAF Historical Research Agency , Maxwell AFB , Alabama 2005 .
Viktor Kulikov Viktor Georgiyevich Kulikov ( ; 5 July 1921 – 28 May 2013 ) was the Warsaw Pact commander - in - chief from 1977 to 1989 . He was awarded the rank of the Marshal of the Soviet Union on January 14 , 1977 . Kulikov was born into a peasant family and joined the Red Army in 1939 . He saw service in World War II and was made a Hero of the Soviet Union . Kulikov commanded the Kiev Military District in 1967 - 1969 and the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany in 1969 – 1971 . From 1971 until 1977 , he served as the Chief of General Staff of the Soviet Armed Forces . In 1983 , he was awarded a Lenin Prize . Kulikov was a member of the Soviet / Russian parliament 1989 – 2003 . He was awarded the highest Cuban award , the Order of Playa Girón in 2006 . Kulikov died after extended illness .
James B . Currie James Bradford Currie ( September 18 , 1925 – September 20 , 2009 ) was a Major General in the United States Air Force . Biography . Currie was born in Milwaukee , Wisconsin in 1925 . He would attend the University of Wisconsin - Madison and the University of Michigan . Currie died on September 20 , 2009 . Career . Currie joined the United States Army Air Corps in 1943 . In 1946 , he transferred to the United States Army Reserve . He was called to active duty in 1948 and assigned to the 3d Bombardment Group . During the Korean War he would pilot the Douglas B - 26 Invader . Following the war he was assigned to Orly Field and later to Évreux - Fauville Air Base in France . In 1961 he was assigned to the 322d Air Division where he flew the Lockheed C - 130 Hercules during the Congo Crisis . Later he served with the Nineteenth Air Force . During the Vietnam War he flew the Fairchild C - 123 Provider with the 311th Air Commando Squadron . In 1969 he entered the Industrial College of the Armed Forces . Later he served in the Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff of the Air Force . Awards he received include the Distinguished Flying Cross , the Airman ' s Medal , the Bronze Star Medal , the Meritorious Service Medal , the Air Medal with two silver oak leaf clusters and two bronze oak leaf clusters , the Joint Service Commendation Medal , the Air Force Commendation Medal , and the Outstanding Unit Award with two oak leaf clusters .
Cruiser Mk III The Tank , Cruiser , Mk III also known by its General Staff specification number A13 Mark I was a British cruiser tank of the Second World War . It was the first British cruiser tank to use the Christie suspension system which gave higher speeds and better cross - country performance , previous models of cruiser tanks having used triple wheeled bogie suspension . Design and development . Orders for the Mk I and Mk II Cruiser tanks were restricted , since the British Army had decided to produce a more advanced and faster cruiser tank which would incorporate the Christie suspension designed by American inventor J . Walter Christie and have better armour . In 1936 , General Martel , a pioneer in tank design who had published works on armoured warfare and pioneered the lightly armoured " tankette " to enhance infantry mobility , became Assistant Director of Mechanization at the War Office . Later that year Martel witnessed demonstrations of Soviet tank designs including the BT tank , which had been influenced by Christie ' s work . He urged the adoption of a tank that would use the suspension system and also follow Christie ' s practice of using a lightweight aircraft engine such as the Liberty Engine . The government authorized purchase and licensing of a Christie design via the Nuffield Organization rather than contact the Soviet authorities . The vehicle obtained from Christie became the basis of the Cruiser Mk III ( A13 ) . It had to be extensively redesigned by Morris Commercial Cars as it was too small and had several faults Christie had not addressed . A new company Nuffield Mechanization & Aero Limited was formed for the development and production of the design . At a meeting of the General Staff , an official specification was determined . This included armour , a 2 pdr gun , road speed of 30 mph . A subsequent review of the specification by Martel and Hobart approved 30mm armour all round provided cross - country speed could be kept at 25 mph . Pending the delivery of the A13 , an interim design was approved - of the A7 , A9 and A10 , the A9 was selected . The first prototype ( the A13 - E1 ) was delivered in 1937 . Following testing of the two prototypes , the A13 was ordered into production and a total of 65 were manufactured . The Mk III weighed 14 long tons ( 14 , 200 kg ) had a crew of 4 , a 340 hp engine which gave a top speed of 30 mph ( 48 km / h ) and was armed with a 2 pounder gun and a machine gun . However , when it was introduced into service in 1937 , the Army still lacked a formal tank division . Sixty five were built , the original order being for 50 . The order was completed by mid 1939 . Combat history . Like most British cruisers , the A 13 was fast but under - armoured and proved unreliable mechanically . Most were lost in the French campaign in 1940 , but a few were used in Greece and the North African campaign in 1940 - 41 . The basic design was used for the Cruiser Mk IV . As part of the British Expeditionary Force sent to France , the Cruiser Mark II equipped units in the 1st Armoured Division . In the Western Desert 1940 - 1941 ( Libya ) they were in the units of the 7th Armoured Division .
Sir Edward Troubridge , 2nd Baronet Rear Admiral Sir Edward Thomas Troubridge , 2nd Baronet CB ( " c . " 1787 – 7 October 1852 ) , was a British naval commander and politician . Naval career . Troubridge was the only son of Rear - Admiral Sir Thomas Troubridge , 1st Baronet . He entered the Royal Navy in 1797 and was present at the Battle of Copenhagen as a Midshipman in HMS " Edgar " . He also saw service in Nelson ' s flagship HMS " Victory " before being promoted Commander in 1806 , and then Captain the following year . He served in the War of 1812 , serving as captain of the 40 - gun frigate HMS " Armide " and commanding the Naval Brigade at the Battle of New Orleans . From April 1831 to October 1832 he was Commander - in - Chief at Queenstown . On 30 June 1831 he was appointed a Naval ADC to King William IV , later also serving Queen Victoria in that capacity until his elevation to flag rank . From 1831 to 1847 he was Conservative Member of Parliament for Sandwich and from 1835 to 1841 he was a Lord of the Admiralty ( Fourth Naval Lord , Third Naval Lord and then Second Naval Lord ) . On 20 July 1838 he was made a Companion of the Bath . From 23 August 1841 he was Captain in , until his promotion to Rear - Admiral on 23 November of that year . Family . On 18 August 1810 he married Anna Maria Cochrane , eldest daughter of Admiral The Hon . Sir Alexander Forrester Inglis Cochrane , and a first cousin of the famous Thomas Cochrane , 10th Earl of Dundonald . They had two sons - Thomas St Vincent Hope Cochrane , successor to the baronetcy , who entered the Army and was severely wounded at the Battle of Inkerman , and Edward Norwich Troubridge , who became a Captain RN - as well as two daughters .
Tlacateccatl In the Aztec military , tlacateccatl ( ) was a title roughly equivalent to general . The tlacateccatl was in charge of the " tlacatecco " , a military quarter in the center of the Aztec capital , Tenochtitlan . In wartime he was second - in - command to the " tlatoani " ( " ruler " , " king " ) and the " tlacochcalcatl " ( " high general " ) . The tlacateccatl was always a member of the military order of the " Cuachicqueh " , " the shorn ones " .
Jonathan Lyle Jonathan Lyle is a British engineer and senior civil servant . He was named the chief executive of Dstl in March 2012 . After an initial post with the Ministry of Defence in Portsdown he worked in the maritime sector in Bath . In 1989 Lyle moved to London and undertook a number of cost and investment studies for future aircraft systems . He moved to the Office of Science and Technology in 1991 and returned to defence procurement in 1996 . Lyle was promoted to the senior civil service in 2000 and appointed leader of the Future Offensive Air System Integrated Project Team ( IPT ) . He was then promoted in 2004 to lead the Defence Procurement Agency ' s aircraft , helicopter and weapons projects . When the DPA was merged into the Defence Equipment and Support agency in 2007 Lyle was appointed Director General - Helicopters . Lyle was also Director of the College of Management and Technology at the Defence Academy , Shrivenham during 2008 and 2009 and Head of the Royal Corps of Naval Constructors between 2007 and 2011 .
1st Infantry Brigade ( Estonia ) The 1st Infantry Brigade ( ) is an infantry brigade of the military of Estonia . The brigade is stationed in Harju County , North Estonia and is a made up by the Ground Force reservists . It is the only one brigade in Ground Forces peace time structure . Peacetime Organization . The Combat Service Support Battalion is a unit of the 1st Infantry Brigade . The role of CSSBn is to provide first and second line support to its customer units within the 1st Infantry Brigade . It was originally formed in 2009 and has its headquarters at Paldiski .
George Watson ( Royal Navy officer ) Vice Admiral Sir George Willes Watson KCB ( 5 April 1827 – 26 April 1897 ) was a Royal Navy officer who went on to be Commander - in - Chief , North America and West Indies Station . Naval career . Watson joined the Royal Navy in 1841 . Promoted to Commander in 1858 , he was given command of HMS " Peterel " in 1862 . Promoted to Captain in 1864 , he went on to command HMS " Crocodile " , HMS " Duncan " , HMS " Victor Emanuel " and HMS " Temeraire " . During the American Civil War he was accused of assisting the Confederate States of America by selling the cruiser CSS " Florida " to them . He was appointed Admiral - superintendent at Chatham in 1881 and Commander - in - Chief , North America and West Indies Station in 1888 before retiring in 1892 . Family . In 1864 he married Margaretta Campbell .