naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Victor Martin Victor Martin ( Blaton , 19 January 1912 – November 1989 ) was a Belgian sociologist , alumnus of Louvain Catholic University . During World War II he embarked on a spying mission in Germany for the " Front de l ' Indépendance " Belgian communist resistance organization , bringing back the first reliable information about the fate of Jews deported to Germany , as well as detailed information about the functioning of the Auschwitz concentration camp . Martin ' s operation . Martin , who possessed a doctorate , had travelled in Switzerland , France and Germany before the war , and his title given him access to a network of good contacts in German universities . As a member of the resistance and realizing that his mastery of the German language was a trump card , he proposed himself for a secret mission in enemy territory . Martin ' s proposal was accepted , but the mission was different from what he had imagined ; at the request of the official of the " Comité de Défense des Juifs " he was ordered to observe directly where the trains went which carried the deported Jews of Belgium . He manufactured a project researching the psychology of different social classes as cover . He obtained meetings with the sociologist Leopold von Wiese at Cologne , and with another colleague at the University of Breslau ( now Wrocław in Poland ) . The project was accepted by the occupier and he obtained permits to travel between Frankfurt , Berlin and Breslau during the period of 4 – 20 February 1943 . At Katowice , not far from Auschwitz , Martin met workers from the " Service du Travail Obligatoire " in a bistro , who described to him the mass extermination of Jews and the incineration of their bodies . He met them again on several occasions . Betrayed to the " Gestapo " , he was arrested and imprisoned on 1 April 1943 at the Radwitz camp , where he served as an interpreter . He escaped on the 15 May of the same year . After secretly returning to Belgium , he wrote a report to his resistance comrades in the " Front de l ' Indépendance " who passed the results of his investigations on to London . News of his discoveries also circulated in Belgium , causing Jews to hide their children with the underground and to take flight . Martin himself went underground in the Charleroi area . He was arrested by the " Gestapo " , and transferred to Kamp Vught in the Netherlands . He escaped yet again , and was sheltered by his resistance comrades . After the war , Martin worked overseas for the International Labour Organisation . He married and had a family , and retired to Haute - Savoie towards the end of the 1970s . He died in complete anonymity in 1989 .
1st Maine Veteran Volunteer Infantry Regiment The 1st Maine Veteran Volunteer Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War . Service . The 1st Maine Veteran Infantry was organized in Charleston , Virginia August 21 , 1864 by consolidation of the 5th Maine Infantry , 6th Maine Infantry , and 7th Maine Infantry . The regiment was attached to 3rd Brigade , 2nd Division , VI Corps , Army of the Shenandoah and Army of the Potomac , to June 1865 . The 1st Maine Veteran Infantry mustered out of service June 28 , 1865 in Washington , D . C . . Detailed service . Skirmishes near Charleston , Va . , August 21 – 22 , 1864 . Demonstration on Gilbert ' s Ford , Opequart , September 13 . Battle of Opequan , Winchester , September 19 . Fisher ' s Hill September 22 . Battle of Cedar Creek October 19 . Duty at Kernstown and vicinity until December . March to Washington , D . C . , December 9 , then moved to Petersburg , Va . Siege of Petersburg December 12 , 1864 to April 2 , 1865 . Fort Fisher , Petersburg , March 25 – 27 , 1865 . Assault on and fall of Petersburg April 2 . Sayler ' s Creek April 6 . Appomattox Court House April 9 . Surrender of Lee and his army . March to Danville , Va . , and provost duty there until June . Moved to Washington , D . C . . Corps Review June 9 . Casualties . The regiment lost a total of 86 men during service ; 6 officers and 40 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded , 40 enlisted men died of disease .
Battle of the Twin Tunnels The Battle of the Twin Tunnels ( ) took place during the Korean War . In which the 1st Battalion 23rd Infantry Regiment 3rd Brigade Combat Team 2nd Infantry Division and elements of the 21st Infantry Regiment 24th Infantry Division inflicted heavy casualties for the People ' s Volunteer Army . The " Twin Tunnels " refer to a series of railroad tunnels at along the Central Line in eastern Jije - myeon , Yangpyeong County , Gyeonggi - do Province , South Korea . A series of battles , including Twin Tunnels , the Battle of Chipyong - ni , and the Battle of Wonju between January and February 1951 marked a turning point in many ways for the entire Korea War . Importantly , these battles ( especially Chipyong - ni on February 13 – 14 , 1951 ) shaped the tactics that would replay throughout both Korea and Vietnam whereby well equipped isolated firebases , in communication by air and radio with regional divisional forces , held out against numerically superior light infantry formations . Eventually such tactics turned around the UN ' s disastrous retreat from the north into a stalemate that led to an two years later relatively close to the site of these important battles .
United States Army Squad Designated Marksman Rifle The United States Army Squad Designated Marksman Rifle ( SDM - R ) is a heavily modified M16 - series semi - automatic rifle intended to provide increased accuracy over range , giving infantry squad s greater firepower . Background . The addition of an embedded marksman at the platoon or squad level has been a continuing process in the U . S . military . The U . S . Marine Corps ( USMC ) experimented with this during " Project Metropolis " , before creating the " Squad Advanced Marksman " ( SAM ) position along with the Squad Advanced Marksman Rifle ( SAM - R ) specifically for this purpose . The 3rd Infantry Division followed suit in implementing a training program to have one marksman per squad , the Squad Designated Marksman ( SDM ) , and developing a rifle , the Squad Designated Marksman Rifle ( SDM - R ) . The SDM is an integral part of the squad and serves as a rifleman first and designated marksman second . The SDM is not meant to be a squad sniper who engages the enemy with precision fire at extreme ranges , but instead is trained to directly support the squad with well - aimed shots at ranges slightly beyond the normal engagement distances for riflemen . Much like the U . S . Marine Corps SAM - R , the 3rd Infantry division SDM - R was an accurized M16 rifle ( 5 . 56x45mm NATO caliber ) built in - house by the U . S . Army Advanced Marksmanship Unit , and was informally known as " the AMU rifle " . SDM - R ' s have only been built for one major Army division and is not an Army program of record . The SDM - R is designed to provide engagement capability at the squad level to 600 meters , similar to the needs expressed by members of USSOCOM that led to the development of weapons such as the United States Navy Mark 12 Mod X Special Purpose Rifle ( SPR ) and the SEAL Recon Rifle . The National Guard Marksmanship Training Center of the Arkansas Army National Guard conducts the fourteen day long Squad Designated Marksman Course at Camp Joseph T . Robinson . Soldiers fire over 1500 rounds from the M16A4 rifle under the close supervision of course cadre . Task Force Small Arms Readiness Group ( TF SARG ) conducts the week - long SDM course at the SARG academy at Camp Bullis , Texas . Many of the instructors are President ' s 100 recipients . Variants . The 82nd Airborne Division examined an alternate version , based on the M4 carbine . The barrel was to have been an long fluted Douglas barrel with 1 : 8 twist . A mid - length gas system was to be used , along with the Daniel Defense M4Rail 9 . 0 handguard . This effort never went beyond the staffing process .
No . 4 Squadron SLAF No . 4 ( VIP ) Helicopter Squadron is a squadron of the Sri Lanka Air Force . It currently operates Bell 412 s from SLAF Katunayake for VIP Air transport . History . Established on January 15 , 1971 as No . 4 Helicopter Squadron with Bell 206 Jet Ranger helicopters . With role of VIP transport , reconnaissance , cargo transport , air / sea and jungle rescue . In 1983 the squadron permanently positioned several Bell 212 and Bell Jet Ranger helicopters at SLAF Palaly , in support of the Army in Jaffna . These were used both for troop transport and ground attack . In 1987 the Squadron was upgraded to an Air Wing as the No . 4 Helicopter Wing . They played a major role during the Vadamarachchi Operation in 1987 , deploying Commandos behind enemy lines . In 1990 a helicopter of the squadron took part in the daring Operation Eagle , in which it flew into the besieged Jaffna Fort re - supply and casualty evacuation . The following year the squadron provided air cover for the besieged Silawaturai camp for 72 hours continuously and were able to save the camp from being overrun by the LTTE , who had surrounded the camp in large numbers . During the siege of Elephant Pass aircraft of the squadron provided extensive air cover and airlifted the casualties . In 1993 during the Battle of Pooneryn the squadron flew in reinforcement and later evacuated Army and Navy personal under heavy enemy fire . In 1994 , No . 4 Helicopter Wing was split into two Squadrons namely 401 and 402 . No . 401 Squadron took charge of operational flying requirements and pilot training , and was located at SLAF Hingurakgoda with Bell 212 and Bell Jet Ranger helicopters in its fleet . It was later renamed as the No . 7 Squadron . No . 402 Squadron remained at SLAF Katunayake and flew Bell 412 and Bell Jet Rangers , largely catering to VIP movement . The squadron has also careered out many relief operation during natural disasters such as the tank bund breach at Kantalai in 1986 , floods and earth slips in Kegalle in 1989 , flood relief in Welioya in 1993 , search and rescue missions during the southern floods in 2003 and , the rescue and relief operations during the 2004 tsunami . In March 2009 , the squadron was presented with the President ’ s Colours . Aircraft operated . Year of introduction
Charles Wolcott Ryder , Jr . Major General Charles Wolcott Ryder , Jr . ( November 20 , 1920 – March 28 , 2010 ) was a career United States Army officer who served from 1942 through to 1977 . General Ryder graduated from the United States Military Academy , class of 1942 . Served with the 90th Division in Europe . Graduated from the Command and General Staff College in 1953 . Assigned to the Office of the Chief of Staff , 1960 – 61 . Commanding Officer 1st Brigade , 8th Infantry Division 1964 – 66 . Commanding General , 199th Infantry Brigade , November 28 , 1966 to March 1 , 1967 . Professor of Military Science , The Citadel , 1966 – 67 . Aerospace Defense Command 4th Infantry Division ( United States ) Republic of Vietnam , 1967 – 68 . Chief of Staff Fourth United States Army 1970 – 72 . Chief , Joint United States Military Aid Group to Greece ( JUSMAGG ) , Greece 1972 – 74 , Director Logistics and Security Assistance ( J - 4 / 7 ) EUCOM , 1974 – 77 . His father , Charles Wolcott Ryder was USMA class of 1915 who served in both World War I and World War II before retiring as a Major General . Ryder retired from the Army in 1977 . He died on March 28 , 2010 .
Treaty of Warsaw ( 1970 ) The Treaty of Warsaw ( , Polish : Układ PRL - RFN ) was a treaty between the West Germany ( West Germany ) and the People ' s Republic of Poland . It was signed by Chancellor Willy Brandt and Prime Minister Józef Cyrankiewicz at the Presidential Palace on 7 December 1970 , and it was ratified by the German Bundestag on 17 May 1972 . In the treaty , both sides committed themselves to nonviolence and accepted the existing border — the Oder - Neisse line , imposed on Germany by the Allied powers at the 1945 Potsdam Conference following the end of World War II . This had been a quite sensitive topic since then , as Poland was concerned that a German government might seek to reclaim some of the former eastern territories . From the Polish perspective , the transfer of these regions was considered to be a compensation for the former Polish territory east of the Curzon Line ( " Kresy " ) , which had been annexed by the Soviet Union in 1939 . In West Germany , Brandt was heavily criticised by the conservative CDU / CSU opposition , who marked his policy as a betrayal of national interests . At the time the treaty was signed , it was not seen as the last word on the Polish border in West Germany , because Article IV of this treaty stated that previous treaties like the Potsdam Agreement were not superseded by this latest agreement , so the provisions of this treaty could be changed by a final peace treaty between Germany and the Allies of World War II — as provided for in the Potsdam Agreement . The Treaty of Warsaw was an important element of the " Ostpolitik " , put forward by Chancellor Brandt and supported by his ruling Social Democratic Party of Germany . In the aftermath of the 1990 Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany , the Oder - Neisse line was reaffirmed without any reservation with the German - Polish Border Treaty , signed on 14 November 1990 by re - united Germany and Poland .
9th Air Corps ( Germany ) IX . Fliegerkorps ( 9th Air Corps ) was formed in November 1940 in Jever from the 9 . Flieger - Division and was redesignated as IX . Fliegerkorps ( J ) — the suffix " J " stands for " Jagd " ( fighter aircraft ) — on 13 November 1944 . The Corps at the time was leading numerous Kampfgeschwader which were converting to fighter aircraft . The Corps was renamed again on 26 January 1945 , this time to IX . ( J ) Fliegerkorps .
Fort Proctor Fort Proctor is a ruined 19th century fort in St . Bernard Parish , Louisiana , USA . Also known as Fort Beauregard or Beauregard ' s Castle ( after P . G . T . Beauregard , who supervised its construction with the architect J . G . Totten ) it is located on the shore of Lake Borgne just north of the mouth of Bayou Yscloskey . At the time it was built in the 1850s , there was also a railroad port called " Proctorville " adjacent . The fort was intended to be part of the fortification protecting water routes towards New Orleans . Due to delays caused by hurricane damage , and then the outbreak of the American Civil War , the fort was never garrisoned , and by the end of the war improvements in artillery had made the fort ' s design obsolete . In the 1940s and 1950s , before it was engulfed by the lake , the ruins of the fort became a popular gathering spot for high school children seeking a spot where they could not be supervised . The construction of the Mississippi River - Gulf Outlet Canal in the 1960s cut off all land access to the fort site . It can be seen in the distance from Shell Beach , Louisiana . In 1978 , it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places . It is now completely surrounded by water about one foot deep . There remained one small piece of dry land inside of the fort , though after Hurricane Katrina very little of that one dry spot is still dry .
Battle of Cartagena ( 209 BC ) The Battle of Cartagena of 209 BC was a successful Roman assault on the Carthaginian stronghold New Carthage ( Cartagena ) in Iberia . Geography . New Carthage was a town situated on a peninsula - joined to the mainland to the east by a narrow isthmus . On the north side the town was protected by a large lagoon , which fed into a canal which protected the west side of the town . On the south side of the town , there was the Mediterranean Sea . As a result of this geography , New Carthage took advantage of the terrain to be very difficult to assault . Strategic Background . Scipio sailed to Spain ( Iberia ) in late 210 BC , and spent the winter organizing his army ( the total force in Spain was approximately 30 , 000 men ) and planning the assault on New Carthage . Opposing him were the three Carthaginian generals ( Hasdrubal Barca , Mago and Hasdrubal Gisco ) , who were on bad terms with each other , geographically scattered ( Hasdrubal Barca in central Spain , Mago near Gibraltar and Hasdrubal near the mouth of the Tagus river ) , and at least 10 days away from New Carthage . Livy mentions the force guarding the city - one thousand Carthaginian soldiers under command of Mago , who picked out a further 2000 men from the city who defended the front gate , and an unspecified amount of townsmen to watch for sudden emergences The Attack . Setting up camp across the isthmus , Scipio isolated the town on the landward side , and with the Roman fleet ( commanded by Gaius Laelius ) blockading the town from the sea , the town was isolated from outside help . After beating back an attack from the towns defenders , Scipio then attacked over the isthmus , while the fleet attacked from the southern side . The first attack was a failure , however Scipio renewed the attack later in the day , with the addition of a party attacking through the lagoon on the northern side . Aided by an expected squall ( which drained some of the lagoon into the Mediterranean , reducing the depth of the lagoon so the Roman troops could easily cross it ) , the party managed to scale the undefended northern wall and attacked the rear of the defenders defending the isthmus . At the same time , the naval forces managed to penetrate the town from the south . Polybius gives a description of how Scipio Africanus stormed New Carthage in 209 BC durng the Second Punic War : Results . With the fall of New Carthage , the Romans forced the Carthaginians to surrender the entire eastern coast of Spain , as well as capturing a large amount of military stores and the Silver mines located nearby .
USNS Sgt . Sylvester Antolak ( T - AP - 192 ) USNS " Sgt . Sylvester Antolak " ( AP - 192 / T - AP - 192 ) was a that served as a United States Army Transport , and in the United States Navy ' s Military Sea Transportation Service , in the post - World War II period . The ship was a VC2 - S - AP - 2 type Victory ship built under a Maritime Commission contract ( MCV hull 830 ) . Laid down as the " Stetson Victory " on 3 May 1945 by the Bethlehem - Fairfield Shipyard , Inc . , Baltimore , Maryland , and launched on 16 June 1945 ; sponsored by Mrs . Joe Hendricks ; and delivered to the Maritime Commission ' s War Shipping Administration on 18 July 1945 for operation by Isbrandtsen Co . , Inc . Service history . US Army service . After operating under government contract for a year , " Stetson Victory " was returned to the War Shipping Administration in July 1946 , and was transferred to the War Department for operation by the Army . Renamed USAT Sgt . Sylvester Antolak on 31 October 1947 , the ship carried Army passengers and cargo across the globe . On 2 December 1948 , the troop transport left Yokohama , Japan , with over 1 , 000 officers and enlisted men of 317th Troop Carrier Wing ( Heavy ) embarked . After a 40 - day voyage the ship arrived in Bremerhaven , Germany , on 9 January 1949 , delivering the personnel in support of the Berlin Airlift . The transport was then returned to the Maritime Commission for berthing at Suisun Bay , California , in the National Defense Reserve Fleet . Korean War . On 22 July 1950 , shortly after the start of the Korean War , she was reactivated by the Navy for operation by the Military Sea Transportation Service . Following minor alterations , including the addition of limited medical spaces , USNS " Sgt . Sylvester Antolak " ( T - AP - 192 ) sailed from San Francisco on 24 August to transport troops to Yokohama , Japan . She remained in the western Pacific , shuttling troops from Japan , as well as the Philippine Expeditionary Forces To Korea ( PEFTOK ) , into June 1951 ; then returned to the United States to embark more soldiers for transportation to the Far East . She continued to carry American troops on trans - Pacific voyages and shuttle runs between Japanese ports and between Japan and Korea until April 1952 . She then operated briefly along the east coast of the United States and in the Caribbean until June , when she retransited the Panama Canal to resume operations in the Pacific . By the end of July , she had conducted a round - trip run to Bangkok out of Sasebo and was en route to the Aleutian Islands , whence she returned to the west coast for inactivation . " Sgt . Sylvester Antolak " arrived at Seattle on 10 August and was returned to the Maritime Administration on 17 September for berthing in the National Defense Reserve Fleet . Her name was struck from the Navy List on 6 November 1952 . In December 1971 , " Sgt . Sylvester Antolak " was sold for scrap by the Maritime Administration .
Annual Dry Season Offensive An Annual Dry Season Offensive is a type of low intensity warfare typically practiced by national governments against ethnic insurgent groups fighting for independence or autonomy . This type of warfare usually occurs in countries with poor transportation infrastructure and a climate that makes fighting battles or even holding territory during parts of the year very difficult . Such an offensive is carried out by central states that for geographical , political , financial and historical reasons must restrict troop movement and supply to the dry season . Central Government forces usually move out of well - established base areas into insurgent territory where they attempt to take and hold as much territory as possible while inflicting as many casualties as possible on the insurgent army . The army will also typically inflict as much material damage as possible in areas supporting the insurgency . The offensive also typically extends to collective punishments of the civilian population of the country . At the end of the offensive , the army gives back all of the territory taken and returns to its base areas until the next dry season . The strategy behind Annual Dry Season Offensives is to slowly wear down an insurgency or to at least contain it . It can also prevent insurgent groups from gaining de facto independence from the government . The strategy has never on its own defeated an insurgent movement , but it can pressure insurgent groups into political negotiations . It is often used against groups that demand independence from a central government and have a large base of local ethnic support . The governments of Burma and the Sudan currently engage in annual dry season offensives . Cambodia and Vietnam have engaged in such offensives during their war against Cambodian insurgent groups in the past . North Vietnam historically engaged in such offensives during a proxy war between irregular groups in Laos during the Vietnam War .