naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Battle of Nicopolis ( 48 BC ) The Battle of Nicopolis was fought in December 48 BC between the army of Pharnaces II of Pontus , the son of Mithdridates VI Eupator , and a Roman army led by Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus . After defeating Pompey the Great and the optimates at Pharsalus , Julius Caesar went to Asia Minor and then to Egypt . In Asia province he left Calvinus in command with an army including the XXXVI Legion , made up mainly of veterans from Pompey ' s disbanded legions . With Caesar preoccupied in Egypt and the Roman republic in the midst of civil strife , Pharnaces saw an opportunity to expand his Kingdom of the Bosphorus into his father ' s old Pontic empire . In 48 BC he invaded Cappadocia , Bithynia and Armenia Parva . Prelude . Calvinus concentrated his forces at Comana . These forces consisted of the Roman XXXVI Legion , and two recently levied green local " legions " recruited in Armenia Parva , which were armed and organised in the Roman style by King Deiotarus of Galatia . He also had local auxiliary skirmishers and cavalry from Cilicia . Despite being outnumbered by Pharnaces , Calvinus advanced toward Pontus in order to strengthen his forces with military settlers hastily recruited from Rome ' s Pontian colonies . Pharnaces tried to delay Calvinus by diplomatic means but , failing in this , retired to the vicinity of Nicopolis in Armenia Parva . Calvinus brought his army to within seven miles from Nicopolis and , avoiding an ambush set by Pharnaces , deployed his army . Pharnaces now retired to the city and awaited a further Roman advance . Battle . Calvinus advanced to find Pharnaces ' heavy infantry formed in deep ranks between two trenches , fronted by his skirmishers and flanked by numerous cavalry beyond the trenches . The Romans deployed the XXXVIth legion on the right wing , the force of former legionaries recruited from the Pontic colonies on the left and the recently levied legions in the center . The Roman auxiliaries formed the advance guard and what little cavalry the Romans had were put on the flanks . As Pharnaces outnumbered the Romans , Calvinus spread his army thin in order to match Pharances ' deployment and avoid being outflanked . The battle began poorly for Calvinus as his levied Asiatic troops fled soon after the onset of fighting . With a large segment of his line now gone , Calvinus could not assault the enemy positions with any hope of victory and had little option but to retreat . The steadiness of his veteran legionaries saving him from complete annihilation , he oversaw a fighting withdrawal . Although the XXXVI Legion escaped with light losses , Calvinus had lost nearly two thirds of his army by the time he had fully disengaged . Aftermath . A subsequent rebellion in his rear prevented Pharnaces from capitalizing on his victory , forcing him to return to deal with it . By the time the rebellion was quelled , Caesar had arrived to rectify the situation and then decisively defeated Pharnaces at the Battle of Zela .
Susan K . Mashiko Major General Susan K . Mashiko is Deputy Director , National Reconnaissance Office , Chantilly , Virginia . Her responsibilities include assisting the director and principal deputy director in managing the strategic and tactical operations of the NRO . Also , as the commander , Air Force Space Command Element , she manages all air force personnel and resources assigned to the NRO and serves as the senior adviser to the DNRO on all military matters . Mashiko is the first Japanese American woman to be promoted to flag rank . Biography . General Mashiko was born in Glendale , California , and entered the air force as a graduate of the U . S . Air Force Academy where she earned a bachelor ' s degree in aeronautical engineering . Her career has spanned a wide variety of space and acquisition assignments , including chief of the Programs Division in the Office of Special Projects , executive officer to the Department of Defense Space Architect , and Director of the Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle System Program . She has also served as the program executive officer for Environmental Satellites ; commander , MILSATCOM Systems Wing ; and vice commander , Space and Missile Systems Center . Prior to her current assignment , she was director , space acquisition , Office of the Under Secretary of the Air Force , Washington , D . C . Mashiko earned a M . S . in Electrical Engineering in 1986 from the Air Force Institute of Technology . Major awards and decorations . Her major awards and decorations include : " This article contains information from the United States Federal Government and is in the public domain . "
XVI Brigade , Royal Horse Artillery I Indian Brigade , Royal Horse Artillery was a brigade of the Royal Horse Artillery formed at the outbreak of World War I . It served with 1st Indian Cavalry Division on the Western Front . It was redesignated XVI Brigade , RHA in February 1917 and XVI Army Brigade , RHA in March 1918 . It was disbanded after the war . I Indian Brigade , RHA . I Indian Brigade , RHA was formed on 12 December 1914 for the 1st Indian Cavalry Division in France . It commanded Each battery was armed with six 13 pounder guns . The brigade served with the 1st Indian Cavalry Division on the Western Front and the brigade commander acted as Commander Royal Horse Artillery ( CRHA ) . In practice , the batteries were permanently assigned to the cavalry brigades , viz : Other than the Battle of Cambrai when it helped to told the German counter - attack , the division was not involved in battle . Instead , it was held in reserve in case of a breakthrough , although it did send parties to the trenches on a number of occasions . They would hold the line , or act as Pioneers ; such parties were designated as , for example , the Mhow Battalion . XVI Brigade , RHA . On 26 November 1916 , 1st Indian Cavalry Division was renamed 4th Cavalry Division . Consequently , on 24 February 1917 , the brigade was redesignated as XVI Brigade , RHA . In March 1918 , the 4th Cavalry Division was broken up in France . The British units remained in France and the Indian elements were sent to Egypt to help constitute 1st Mounted Division . The brigade became XVI Army Brigade , RHA . About this time the brigade ' s 13 pounder s were replaced by 18 pounder s . At the Armistice , it was serving as Army Troops with the Fourth Army commanding A , Q , and U Batteries , RHA ( eighteen 18 pounders ) . The brigade moved to Germany as part of the Army of Occupation . Dissolved . The brigade was broken up in Germany in April 1919 and the batteries returned to England . A Battery joined I Brigade , RHA at Woolwich , Q Battery joined VII Brigade , RHA at Exeter and U Battery joined IX Brigade , RHA at Trowbridge .
Second Battle of Manzanillo The Second Battle of Manzanillo was a naval engagement of the Spanish American War on 1 July 1898 . Two American gunboats attempted unsuccessfully to destroy the shipping present in the harbor of Manzanillo , Cuba . The battle . The and had arrived at Manzanillo on 1 July expecting to find an American squadron , but did not know that the squadron had fought a battle in the harbor and retired the previous day . The two vessels under Adolph Marix nonetheless decided to follow their orders and sailed into the bay to capture or destroy any enemy shipping there . In the harbor , they found several small vessels including the gunboats " Estrella " and " Guantánamo " , the " Delgado Parejo " , and a barracks ship . The Americans then proceeded to open fire on the vessels but could not get close enough to destroy them due to the shallow water that lay in between the two aggressors . Not only did the Spanish gunboats return fire , but infantry and artillery from the shore as well . The Americans were outnumbered , and after " Scorpion " had been hit 12 times the attackers withdrew . " Osceola " was not hit and the Americans reported casualties , while Spanish casualties were three men wounded aboard the pontoon " María " . Aftermath . As had occurred the day before , the Spanish had managed to repel the American squadron . Wrote one American sailor : " Scorpion " and " Osceola " met up with the squadron that had attacked the previous day and waited for reinforcements to arrive , before finally managing to destroy the Spanish naval force at Manzanillo on 18 July .
Beriev Be - 4 The Beriev Be - 4 ( originally designated KOR - 2 ) was a reconnaissance flying boat built to operate from Soviet warships during World War II . Design and development . In 1939 , Beriev was ordered to develop a successor to the KOR - 1 design , which would overcome the numerous problems encountered in operational experience with that design . The new aircraft , with the in - house designation KOR - 2 , first flew on 21 October 1940 at the Beriev factory in Taganrog . The Be - 4 was an elegant , parasol - winged monoplane with a slight inverse - gull wing . The large radial engine was mounted in a nacelle above the fuselage . Testing continued through January 1941 , when series production was ordered under the designation Be - 4 , at a factory near Moscow . However , due to the start of World War II , only two aircraft were completed . The factory was dismantled , and evacuated to Omsk , then to Krasnoyarsk , where production resumed in May 1943 through the end of 1945 . A total of 47 aircraft were eventually completed . Operational history . The Be - 4 was placed into operational service with the Russian Black Sea Fleet from 1942 , where it was used for coastal reconnaissance , anti submarine and transport duties . It was also used on the cruisers " Maxim Gorki " and " Kirov " .
Pvpj 1110 The Pvpj 1110 ( " Pansarvärnspjäs " 1110 ) is a Swedish 90 mm recoilless rifle . It is also widely known as Pv - 1110 . It entered service at the early 1960s and was phased out of service in the Swedish Army in the late 1990s after 1 , 600 had been produced . Some 300 weapons were transferred to Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania . The Pvpj 1100 was typically towed by , or mounted on , a Pvpjtgb 9031 Volvo truck . From the late 1970s it has also been mounted on the Tgb 1111 and the Bv 2062 tracked carrier . For Arctic warfare it could also be fitted to a pulka and pulled by two skiers . The Pvpj 1110 is fitted with an optical sight and has an iron sight as backup . The type was used by the Irish Army in towed form , and experimentally fitted to the chassis of a Comet tank in place of the turret . Ammunition . The Pvpj1110 is designed to fire HEAT rounds with tracers . The Swedish designation for these rounds is " spårljuspansarspränggranat " ( " slpsgr " )
Tzilacatzin Tzilacatzin was a Tlatelolca warrior . A member of the " Otomi " or " Otontin " warrior class , he became famous as a hero during the Siege of Tenochtitlan . Bernardino de Sahagún ' s Tlatelolca informants describe that during the siege Spanish brigantines led by Pedro de Alvarado landed on the island where Tlatelolco was situated . Initially the warriors did not dare attack them but Tzilacatzin who was strong of arm killed several Spaniards by throwing stones at them . The Spaniards focused their fire on him but he cleverly evaded it and proceeded to disguise as a common soldier in order to not attract attention . At other times he fought without armor or head protection in order to intimidate the Spaniards with his valor . Later when brigantines landed in the district called Xocotitlan , they were forced to return to the boats and flee by Tzilacatzin and his men . He is also described as one of only three warriors not being fearful when confronted by the Spanish invaders .
Anthony T . Shtogren Anthony Thomas Shtogren was a Major General in the United States Air Force . Biography . Shtogren was born on May 13 , 1917 in Boston , Massachusetts . He would attend Boston College , the College of the Holy Cross , the Massachusetts Institute of Technology , and Columbia University . Shtogren died on March 22 , 2003 and is buried at Arlington National Cemetery . His sister - in - law , Margaret , of Two Rivers , Wisconsin served in the United States Army as a Major during World War II . Career . Shtogren joined the military in 1940 and was commissioned an officer the following year . During World War II he served with the 2d Air Division . Following the war he was named Director of Personnel and Administration of the Air Weather Service . He later served as Assistant Chief of Staff and Deputy Chief of Staff of Personnel of the Air Weather Service . In 1951 he was given command of the 2nd Weather Group . From 1954 to 1957 he was stationed in Tokyo , Japan . While there he assisted military leaders of Japan , South Korea , and the Republic of China in the development of a weather service . After returning to the United States , he was stationed at Westover Air Force Base and Wheeler Air Force Base before being assigned to Pacific Air Forces in 1966 . In 1968 he was assigned to the Office of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . His retirement was effective as of August 1 , 1971 . Awards he received include the Distinguished Service Medal , the Legion of Merit with oak leaf cluster , the Army Commendation Medal , the Distinguished Unit Citation , the Outstanding Unit Award with oak leaf cluster , and the Croix de guerre of France .
Jagdstaffel 3 Royal Prussian Jagdstaffel 3 was a squadron of the World War I predecessor to the " Luftwaffe " , the " Luftstreitkräfte " . It was founded on 10 August 1916 at " Flieger Ersatz Abteilung " 5 in Braunschweig , Germany , as one of the first wave of squadrons that formed the " Luftstreitkräfte " . It served until the Armistice on 11 November 1918 . It was credited with a minimum of 83 victories , at the cost of 16 pilots killed in action , 4 killed in accidents , 1 taken prisoner of war , and two wounded . History . Only three weeks after its founding , Jasta 3 moved to support 2 Armee when it transferred to Vraignes , near Peronne . When it transferred to Guesnain near Douai , it changed to control of the 6th Armee Front . Its move to Rumbeke heralded its incorporation into Jagdgruppe 15 along with Jasta 8 , Jasta 26 , and Jasta 27 . JG 15 was assigned to command of Hauptmann Constantin von Bentheim , and flew support for 4 Armee . After that , on 5 February 1918 , Jasta 3 was reassigned to Jagdgruppe 9 along with Jasta 28 and Jasta 37 ( which lineup would change from time to time ) . Khoze would command both the squadron and the wing . By July 1918 , Jasta 3 would be working out of Blaise for 3rd Armee Front . Its final assignment was support of the 19 Armee . Personnel . Among the aces who served in the squadron , the following are notable : Aircraft and operations . Halberstadt D . III s were noted as being the aircraft on hand when the unit was founded . It has also been noted as using Albatros D . III s and Albatros D . V s .
M115 howitzer The M115 203 mm howitzer , also known as the M115 8 inch howitzer , was a towed howitzer used by the United States Army . Until the 1950s it was designated the 8 inch Howitzer M1 . The original design started in 1919 but lapsed until resurrected in 1927 as a partner - piece for a new 155 mm gun . It was standardised as 8 inch Howitzer M1 in 1940 . The M115 / M1 was towed by the M35 Prime Mover gun tractor or a Mack 7⅓ ton 6x6 truck . The M115 owes some of its origins to the British BL 8 inch Howitzer of the First World War , using the same Welin screw for the breech . The carriage was the same as used for the US 155 mm gun , and was also adopted by the British for their 7 . 2 inch Mark 6 howitzer . It consists of equilibrator assemblies , elevating and traversing mechanisms , two single - wheel , single - axle heavy limber , two - axle bogie with eight tyres and two trails . Four spades , carried on the trails , are used to emplace the weapon . The British 8 inch howitzer was produced in both England and under license in the US for the American Expeditionary Forces in Europe during World War I as the 8 - inch Howitzer MK . VI . It was in service with the US Army till replaced by the M115 . There are no reports of the MK . VI or another marks being used during World War II . The first photos of the M115 type 8 inch cannon on its redesign carriage appeared in 1931 , but development was slowed by the Great Depression . The M115 saw service in World War II , the Korean War , the Vietnam War , the Second Taiwan Strait Crisis , and the Croatian War of Independence . In the late 1950s it was adopted in small numbers by several NATO armies to fire the W33 ( M454 shell ) and later the W79 nuclear artillery shell under the NATO nuclear sharing concept , a role which ended when the smallest types of tactical nuclear weapon s were removed from service and eliminated . Ammunition . The howitzer fired separate loading , bagged charge ammunition , with seven different propelling charges , from 1 ( the smallest ) to 7 ( the largest ) . The M454 Nuclear shell had its own M80 cartridge with three propelling charges .
Taunton Stop Line The Taunton Stop Line was a World War II defensive line in south west England . It was designed " " to stop an enemy ' s advance from the west and in particular a rapid advance supported by armoured fighting vehicle s ( up to the size of a German medium tank ) which may have broken through the forward defences . " " The Taunton Stop Line was one of more than 50 similar defensive lines that were constructed around England , all designed to compartmentalise the country to contain any breakthrough until reinforcements could arrive . Stop Lines used a combination of geography and construction to make continuous defences . The innermost and longest was the GHQ Line . They were constructed as part of a package of field fortifications planned under the leadership of General Sir Edmund Ironside , the newly appointed Commander - in - Chief Home Forces . The Taunton Stop Line ran north - south for nearly through Somerset , Dorset and Devon , roughly from Axminster to Chard along the River Axe , then along the Great Western Railway to Ilminster , the railway and Chard Canal to Taunton , the Bridgwater and Taunton Canal to Bridgwater , and the River Parrett to the coast near Highbridge . Highbridge was also the starting point for the east - west GHQ Line . Aside from the obstacles created by canals , rivers and railway embankments , by early 1942 the line was defended by 309 light machine gun pillbox es , ( typically for the Bren gun ) , 61 medium machine gun emplacements ( typically for the Vickers machine gun ) , 21 static anti - tank gun emplacements ( equipped with ex - World War I naval six - pound guns ) , along with numerous anti - tank obstacles in the form of concrete posts , cubes and pyramids , while charge chambers were cut into bridges ready for demolition . Other armaments used included Boys Anti - tank Rifle and mobile QF 2 pounder guns . To reinforce the line and deny access to the major east - west routes that passed through the line , in 1941 12 " Defensive Islands " were added to the line under a plan devised by General Brooke , who succeeded General Sir Edmund Ironside . These included Bridgwater and Creech St Michael . Two divisions from GHQ Home Forces Reserve were originally assigned to man the line , although from the autumn of 1940 the Home Guard were increasingly used . Many pillboxes can still be seen along the length of the line .
Battle of Okpo The Battle of Okpo was a two - day fight around the harbor of Okpo at Geoje Island , Korea , in 1592 . It was the first naval battle of the Imjin War and the first victory of Admiral Yi against Japanese naval fleet of Todo Takatora . The Battle of Okpo caused anxiety and nervousness among the Japanese , because afterward Yi began to deploy his navy to attack Japanese supply and carrier vessels . Yi ' s headquarters were at Yeosu , which is west of Namhae Island of the southern coast of Korea . The surrounding area of Okpo and Yeosu is dotted with numerous islands and narrow straits . It is in this area where many of the naval battles in which Yi defeated the Japanese took place . Approach of Geoje Island . Admiral Yi set sail on May 5 , 1592 at 2 : 00 am from Yeosu with his 24 panokson and sailed for the entire day and slept on the ships . On May 6 , 1592 , Admiral Yi arrived at Dangpo , which was the rendezvous point with the other commanders . Yi Eok - gi came with his fleet , but Won Kyun showed up extremely late . Attack at Okpo . Admiral Yi approached Okpo harbor the next day . He saw around 50 Japanese ships anchored there . The Japanese soldiers were looting and killing Korean civilians . Angered , Yi attacked . The Japanese panicked and quickly boarded their ships in an attempt to escape . The Koreans encircled the Japanese and commenced firing with their cannons . The Japanese commander Todo Takatora ordered his men to counterattack with arquebus es but unfortunately for them , did not cause much damage . After desperate fighting , the Japanese threw their weapons and armor overboard and jumped into the water to flee . Yi pulled back into the sea and the next day neared a harbor called Jeokjinpo . Admiral Yi was again saddened by the Japanese harassment of the Koreans and ordered his men to throw a heavy volley of arrows and cannonballs upon the Japanese . They destroyed 11 out of 13 ships . The Koreans then took the treasures from the Japanese wrecks and sailed back to Yeosu . Aftermath . Yi was promoted to Naval Commander of the Three Provinces ( Hangul : 삼도수군통제사 , Hanja : 三道水軍統制使 ) by King Seonjo , a position equivalent to the modern admiral , which gave him authority over the Jeolla Right and Left Navies , the Gyeongsang Right and Left Navies , and the Chungcheong Navy . Yi ' s view of the Japanese slaughtering and looting local towns made him very determined to protect the Korean people by preventing the Japanese ships from even landing on shore . Later , at the Battle of Sacheon , he first used his " secret weapon " , the Turtle Ship s and defeated the Japanese again . References . http : / / www . boseong51 . net / user / ftp / free / LeeSS / IMJIN - 1OKPO . html