naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Bergamini - class frigate The " Bergamini " class was a class of four frigate s operated by the Italian Navy . They entered service in 1961 , with the last one being stricken in 1988 . Design . A new class of four corvettes officially designated " Corvette Veloci Tipo 2 " - ( Type 2 Fast Corvette ) for the " Marina Militare " ( Italian Navy ) was announced in 1956 . They were larger than the existing " Albatros " - class corvette s of the Italian navy , and carried similar anti - submarine equipment to the frigates of the Canopo class . The ships were to be powered by four diesel engines driving two shafts , which could propel the ships to . The armament of the class was subject to numerous changes during the design and construction process , which affected the layout of the ship . As finally built , the ships carried an anti - aircraft armament of three 76 mm rapid fire cannons , capable of firing 57 rounds per minute per gun , with two forward and one aft . A single autoloading depth - charge mortar was fitted forward of the bridge and was capable of firing 15 depth charges per minute to a range of about 1 , 000 m . This was supplemented by two Mark 32 triple torpedo tubes capable of launching American lightweight Mark 44 torpedo s . A helicopter deck and folding hangar for a light helicopter was fitted behind the bridge , with the diesel exhaust uptakes and the ship ' s mast combined into a mack to make room for the hangar , while fin stabilisers were fitted to aid helicopter operations on such a small ship . History . " Carlo Margottini " and " Luigi Rizzo " were laid down at the Navalmeccanica shipyard , Castellammare in 1957 . The next ship of the class , " Carlo Bergamini " was planned to be built by Cantieri Navale de Taranto , but the order was switched to the CRDA shipyards at Trieste , work starting in 1959 . The final ship of the class , " Virgilio Fasan " was laid down at Castellammare in 1960 . " Luigi Rizzo " was the first to enter service in 1961 , with all four ships in service by the end of 1962 . In the late 1960s , the " Marina Militare " adopted the AB . 204 as its standard shipboard helicopter . In order to accommodate the larger helicopter , a larger helicopter deck and hangar ( which was still collapsible ) was fitted , which in turn required removal of the aft 76 mm gun . " Luigi Rizzo " and " Carlo Bergamini " were discarded in 1980 and 1981 respectively . The final two ships were not finally stricken until 1988 . Ships in class . Source
Badges of the United States Air Force Badges of the United States Air Force are military awards authorized by the United States Air Force that signify aeronautical ratings , special skills , career field qualifications , and serve as identification devices for personnel occupying certain assignments . The newest badge to be authorized for wear is the Cyberspace Operator Badge , first awarded to qualified officers on April 30 , 2010 at Bolling Air Force Base , Washington , DC . Most Air Force badges are awarded in three degrees or skill levels . Aeronautical rating badges for Pilots ( including operators of remotely - piloted aircraft ) , Navigators / Combat Systems Officers / Observers , and Air Battle Managers are awarded at Basic , Senior , and Command levels ; while flight nurses and flight surgeons are awarded ratings at the Basic , Senior , and Chief levels . All other aviation badges are awarded at the Basic , Senior , and Master levels . Occupational badges are normally issued in Basic , Senior , and Master level for officers . Enlisted occupational badges reflect skill levels : 3 - level apprentice / 5 - level Journeyman ( same badge ) , 7 - level craftsman , and 9 - level superintendent . A star and wreath system , worn above the Air Force badge , denotes which degree or skill level a service member currently holds . Chaplain , aviation , space , and cyberspace operator badges are mandatory for wear on Air Force uniforms . Wear of all other badges is optional . Unless otherwise stated , the badges listed below are presented in order of precedence . Precedence of badges within the same category depends on the airman ' s current assignment . The Air Force is the most restrictive service with regards to which Air Force badges may be worn on the uniforms by other branches of the US Armed Forces . Most Air Force badges may only be displayed on Air Force uniforms . The exception to this rule is the Space Badge and Cyberspace Operator Badge . The Air Force previously authorized continued use of a number of aviation badges originally issued by the U . S . Army during World War II . Such badges are no longer authorized and are now categorized as obsolete badges . Occupational Badges . An Air Force Occupational Badge is a military badge of the United States Air Force which is awarded to those members of the Air Force community who are engaged in duties “ other than flying ” . The purpose of the Air Force Occupational Badge is to denote and recognize training , education and qualifications received in a particular career field and to provide recognition in an outwardly displayed badge . The first Air Force Occupational Badges began appearing on Air Force uniforms in the late 1950s . Prior to this time , the only Air Force badges authorized were the Pilot ’ s Badge and other aeronautical rating badges such as the Navigator Badge and Flight Surgeon Badge . Operations Career Group . The following Special Operations insignia are worn as flashes or crests on unique Air Force berets vs . the left breast of Air Force uniforms . Both the breast insignia and the following flashes / crests signify the same thing , an Air Force occupational specialty .
USS Ammonoosuc ( 1864 ) The USS " Ammonoosuc " ( later renamed USS " Iowa " ) was a steam frigate laid down by the Boston Navy Yard during the American Civil War and was launched , apparently without ceremony , on 21 July 1864 . She was intended to be used against the British should England decide to take the side of the Confederate States of America and attack the American Union North . However , as the war progressed , England ' s support of the Confederacy diminished , and the fast and powerful " Ammonoosuc " was never placed into service . Naval buildup against English threat . From the outbreak of the Civil War , the Lincoln Administration seemed to feel that the British Government ' s sympathies lay with the Confederacy . The Trent Affair further strained Anglo - American relations , and the terrible toll exacted from Union shipping by commerce raiding Confederate cruisers built in England forced the Union Navy to make contingency plans for what appeared to be an increasingly likely war with England . With the Royal Navy considerably more powerful than its American counterpart , the United States Navy decided that — should open hostilities with Queen Victoria ' s empire break out — it would adopt its traditional strategy of preying on British merchant shipping . To prepare for such an eventually , the Federal Navy Department embarked upon a program of developing very fast seagoing steamships capable of overtaking all ships they might pursue and of escaping from any they might wish to elude . Ammonoosuc ’ s novel design . " Ammonoosuc " was one of these steamers . Her hull was designed by Benjamin Franklin Delano to hold a pair of extremely powerful engines to be built at New York City by the Morgan Iron Works according to plans drawn by Benjamin Franklin Isherwood for the screw frigate " Wampanoag " . These engines were not ready when " Ammonoosuc " was launched and the collapse of the Confederacy prompted a significant slowdown on the work as that all but eliminated the Navy ' s need for fast , new warships . The engines were finally finished late in 1867 , and " Ammonoosuc ' s " hull was towed to New York City so that they might be installed . Initial sea trials . By late in the spring of 1868 , the ship was finally ready to go to sea under her own power and — under the command of Comdr . William D . Whitin — departed New York City on 15 June for a run to Boston , Massachusetts at full speed . Dense fog over much of her course prevented her from proceeding at top velocity during most of the passage , but during one three - hour period she averaged 17 . 11 knots while moving from Cape Cod to Fort Warren , the highest sustained speed ever attained by a ship up to that time . Nevertheless , since an unusually large proportion of the space within her hull was taken up by her powerful engines and related machinery , the ship was not commissioned . Instead , she was laid up in the Boston Navy Yard . While there , " Ammonoosuc " was renamed " Iowa " on 15 May 1869 . Final disposition . She was sold at Boston on 27 September 1883 to the firm of Hubel and Porter , of Syracuse , New York .
Hasegawa Yoshimichi Count was a field marshal in the Imperial Japanese Army and Japanese Governor General of Korea from 1916 - 1919 . His Japanese decorations included Order of the Golden Kite ( 1st class ) and Order of the Chrysanthemum . Biography . Hasegawa was born as the son of a " samurai " fencing master in the Iwakuni sub - fief of Chōshū ( present - day Yamaguchi prefecture ) , Hasegawa served under the Chōshū forces during the Boshin War from January until March 1868 during the Meiji Restoration which overthrew the Tokugawa Shogunate . Upon the formation of the Imperial Japanese Army in 1871 , Hasegawa was commissioned a captain . Later , as a major , he was given command of a regiment during the Satsuma Rebellion , and saw action at the relief of Kumamoto Castle on 14 April 1877 . He traveled to France as military attaché in 1885 to study European military strategy , military tactics and equipment . Upon his return to Japan the following year , Hasegawa was promoted to major general During the First Sino - Japanese War , Hasegawa won distinction for valor on behalf of his 12th Infantry Brigade at the Battle of Pyongyang on 15 September 1894 and in skirmishes around Haicheng from December 1894 until January 1895 . After the war , he was ennobled with the title of " danshaku " ( baron ) under the " kazoku " peerage system . During the Russo - Japanese War , Hasegawa was assigned to the First Army under General Kuroki Tamemoto as commander of the Imperial Guards Division in the spring of 1904 . He later fought with distinction at the Battle of the Yalu on 30 April - 1 May 1904 , and was soon after promoted to general in June 1904 . He was commander of the Korea Garrison Army from September 1904 until December 1908 . In 1907 , Hasegawa was elevated to the title of " shishaku " ( viscount ) . Hasegawa was appointed Chief - of - Staff of the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff in 1912 . He forced War Minister Uehara Yusaku to resign over Prime Minister Saionji Kinmochi ' s tight fiscal policy and attempted revision of the system whereby only active duty officers would be able to serve as Ministers of War and Navy . The collapse of Saionji ’ s government was known as the " Taishō Political Crisis " . In 1915 , Hasegawa was awarded the title of field marshal , and was elevated to the title of " hakushaku " ( count ) in 1916 . From October 1916 , he served as the second Japanese Governor - General of Korea , and was later criticized for his military approach to the Samil Independence Movement . Hasegawa died in 1924 . His grave is at Aoyama Cemetery in Tokyo .
German submarine U - 651 German submarine " U - 651 " was a German Type VIIC U - boat built for the German Kriegsmarine for service during World War II . She was ordered just after the war started in 1939 , laid down on 16 January 1940 , launched in December that year and commissioned the following February . She was commanded by Kapitänleutnant Peter Lohmeyer . Her career was a short one . She took part in only one patrol and sunk two ships in convoy Convoy HX 133 : the merchantmen SS " Brockley Hill " and . She was sunk by the escort for the same convoy but 45 of her crew were rescued by the Royal Navy and interrogated by the Admiralty .
GBU - 10 Paveway II American Paveway - series laser - guided bomb , based on the Mk 84 general - purpose bomb , but with laser seeker and wings for guidance . Introduced into service c . 1976 . Used by USAF , US Navy , US Marine Corps , RAAF and various NATO air forces . The GBU - 10 has been built in more than a half - dozen variants with different wing and fuse combinations . Weight depends on the specific configuration , ranging from 2 , 055 lb ( 934 kg ) to 2 , 103 lb ( 956 kg ) . GBU - 10 bombs ( along with the balance of the Paveway series ) are produced by defense contractor s Lockheed Martin and Raytheon . Raytheon began production after purchasing the product line from Texas Instruments . Lockheed Martin was awarded a contract to compete with Raytheon when there was a break in production caused by transferring manufacturing out of Texas . Raytheon production of the Paveway II is centered in Arizona , Texas , and New Mexico . Lockheed Martin production is centered in Pennsylvania . Laser - guided bomb s are often labeled as " smart bomb s " , despite requiring external input in the form of laser designation of the intended target . According to Raytheon ' s fact sheet for the Paveway 2 , 99 deliveries of guided munitions will yield a circular error probable ( CEP ) of only , compared to a CEP of for 99 unguided bombs dropped under similar conditions . On 14 February 1991 , an air - to - air kill was scored by a GBU - 10 when an F - 15E Strike Eagle of the 335th Tactical Fighter Squadron hit an Iraqi Air Force Mil Mi - 24 Hind . 30 seconds after firing , the F - 15E crew thought the bomb had missed and was about to fire an AIM - 9 Sidewinder air - to - air missile when the helicopter suddenly vaporized . Both Lockheed Martin and Raytheon have developed GPS - guided versions of the GBU - 10 . Lockheed Martin calls its version the DMLGB ( Dual - Mode LGB ) GPS / INS , and the U . S . Navy issued Lockheed Martin a contract in 2005 for further development of the weapon system . The GPS / INS - equipped version of the GBU - 10 produced by Raytheon is the GBU - 50 / B , also informally also known as the EGBU - 10 ( GPS / INS - enabled LGBs are frequently referred to as Enhanced GBUs or EGBUs ) . So far , Raytheon - built Paveway II EGBUs have only been produced for export , and have been used in combat by the British Royal Air Force over Afghanistan and Iraq .
USNS Vela ( T - AK - 89 ) Vela " ( AK - 89 ) was never commissioned and thus never bore the USS designation . The ship was transferred to the Army to become the Engineer Port Repair Ship Joe C . Specker " shortly after launching . She was one of two such repair ships transferred to Navy in 1952 and served as the civilian crewed , unarmed USNS " Vela " ( T - AK - 89 ) . Construction . The ship was a Maritime Commission type N3 - M - A1 cargo vessel hull ( MC hull 652 ) and was assigned the name MV " Charles A . Ranlett " . Her construction was transferred to Navy supervision on 1 January 1943 and she was subsequently laid down as " Vela " ( AK - 89 ) on 5 June 1944 at Camden , New Jersey , by the Penn - Jersey Shipbuilding Corporation . The ship was launched on 15 January 1945 sponsored by Mrs . Elbert Bradford Ferguson . Transfer to Army . Two days after launch , on 17 January 1945 , the ship was transferred to the U . S . Army for conversion into the Engineer Port Repair Ship " Joe C . Specker " for operation by the U . S . Army Corps of Engineers rehabilitating war damaged ports . Her name was struck from the Navy list on 8 February 1945 . The Army named her for Medal of Honor recipient Joe C . Specker of the 48th Engineer Combat Battalion . Unlike most port repair ships the " Joe C . Specker " , among the last two ships ( See : " Marvin Lyle Thomas " ) converted and seeing no actual war service as a port repair ship , spent seven postwar years in Army service before transfer Navy . Transfer To Navy . On 11 June 1952 , " Vela " was transferred to the MSTS and placed in service at Baltimore , Maryland the following day and was reinstated on the Navy list on 22 August . She operated out of New York through 1958 , ranging from Canadian coastal waters to the Caribbean on supply missions . Later transferred to the Maritime Administration and placed in the National Defense Reserve Fleet , she was berthed in the Hudson River until she was sold on 23 November 1970 to Hierros Ardes , S . A . , Spain , and scrapped .
5th Guards Army ( Soviet Union ) The 5th Guards Army was a Soviet Guards formation which fought in many critical actions during World War II under the command of General Aleksei Semenovich Zhadov . The 5th Guards Army was formed on 16 April 1943 from the 66th Army . The 5th Guards Army fought under command of the Steppe , Voronezh , and 2nd and 1st Ukrainian Fronts from 1943 until the end of the war . In 1943 , the army fought in the Battle of Kursk . Other notable battles and operations in which the 5th Guards Army participated include : It was elements of the 5th Guards Army that made contact with the U . S . Army ' s 69th Infantry Division at Torgau on the Elbe River on 25 April 1945 , splitting the Third Reich into two separate parts . The first contact was made between patrols near Strehla , when U . S . First Lieutenant Albert Kotzebue crossed the River Elbe in a boat with three men of an intelligence and reconnaissance platoon . On the east bank , they met forward elements of a Soviet Guards - rifle - regiment of the First Ukrainian Front under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Alexander Gardiev . On April 26 , the commanders of the 69th Infantry Division of the First Army and the 58th Guards Rifle Division of the 5th Guards Army met at Torgau , southwest of Berlin . The same day , another patrol under Second Lieutenant William Robertson with Frank Huff , James McDonnell and Paul Staub met Soviet Lieutenant Alexander Silvashko with some soldiers on the destroyed Elbe bridge of Torgau . At the end of the war , the 5th Guards Army commanded the 32nd and 33rd Guards Rifle Corps , as well as the 75th Rifle Corps .
Fort Tas - Silġ Fort Tas - Silġ is a fortification on the island of Malta . It stands on high ground at the shoreward end of Delimara Point , above Il - Ħofra - z - Zgħira . It is a Polygonal fort and was built by the British . Its primary function was as a fire control point controlling the massed guns of Fort Delimara on the headland below . The fort is a classic example of the type . The gatehouse , and the shoreward ditch are in fair repair , but there has been considerable collapse of the inner face of the north ditch . Fort Tas - Silġ is one of a ring of forts and batteries that protected Marsaxlokk harbour , along with Fort Delimara seaward along Delimara point , Fort St Lucian on Kbira point in the middle of Marsaxlokk bay , Fort Benghisa on Bengħisa Point , and the Pinto and Ferreti batteries on the shores of Marsaxlokk Bay . In the 50s the Fort was used by the RAF ( 100 Signals Unit ) . During this time the Camp mascot was a dog named Dodger . Later , Rusty , a dog and Scrubber a bitch were pets on the unit . Scrubber gave birth to 14 puppies , all of whom were found homes , elsewhere on Malta . One of the three Aerials on the camp was used in the film ' The Malta Story ' . The fort is now used by " The Island Sanctuary " as a refuge for dogs . Approximately 300 metres north of Fort Tas - Silg is the St Paul ' s battery , a much smaller polygonal style fortification , that is in much worse repair .
Ferdinand Schiess Christian Ferdinand Schiess VC ( 7 April 1856 – 14 December 1884 ) was a Swiss recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . He died in poverty at just 28 . He was 22 years old , and a corporal in the Natal Native Contingent , South African Forces during the Zulu War . On 22 January 1879 , at Rorke ' s Drift , Natal , Corporal Schiess , in spite of having been wounded in the foot a few days previously , displayed great gallantry when the garrison had retired to the inner line of defence and the Zulus had occupied the wall of mealie bags which had been abandoned . He crept along the wall in order to dislodge one of the enemy and succeeded in killing him and two others before returning to the inner defences . Schiess was the first man serving with South African Forces under British Command to receive the VC . After the volunteer forces were disbanded , he failed to find work , even from British authorities . In 1884 , he was found on the streets of Cape Town suffering from exposure and malnutrition . The Royal Navy found him , gave him food , and offered him a passage to England on board the " Serapis " . He accepted , but became ill during the voyage and died . His remains were buried at sea at approximately . It is unknown if there was a portrait of Corporal Schiess . According to some , in Lady Butler ' s painting of " Rorke ' s Drift " he is shown lying at left against the mealie bags . The Medal . His Victoria Cross is displayed at the National Army Museum .
Strategic operations of the Red Army in World War II The Strategic operations of the Red Army in World War II were major military events on the Eastern Front during the Second World War , commonly conducted by at least one Front or major part of its forces . The operations could be either defensive , offensive , a withdrawal , an encirclement , or a siege , always conducted by at least two Services of the armed forces , the ground forces and the air forces , and often included the naval forces . In most cases the strategic operations were divided into operational phases which were large operations in their own right . In very few cases the phases were tactical , such as those requiring amphibious landing s . Introduction . In Soviet historiography , the Great Patriotic War ( termed the Eastern Front by Germany and western historians ) is divided into periods : The war with Japan , the Campaign in the Far East including the Manchurian Strategic Offensive Operation , ( 9 August 1945 – 2 September 1945 ) is seen as a separate theater of operations from the Great Patriotic War . During the course of the Second World War the Red Army carried out a number of different military operation s . The scope of these operations , usually known by the major cities around which they took place , was usually termed " operational - strategic " or " strategic " , depending on the scale . An " operational - strategic " operation was usually undertaken by at least a group of Armies or a single Front . A " strategic " operation usually demanded cooperation of several Fronts to achieve its objectives . In both cases the operations could last from a week to several months . Strategic operations were combined into seasonal campaign s , because weather and ground conditions affected planning .