naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Peter McManus Peter McManus VC ( March 1829 – 27 April 1859 ) was born in Tynan , County Armagh , was an Irish recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . Details . McManus was approximately 28 years old , and a private in the 1st Battalion , 5th Regiment of Foot ( later The Northumberland Fusiliers ) , British Army during the Indian Mutiny when the following deed took place on 26 September 1857 at Lucknow , India for which he and Private John Ryan was awarded the VC : He later achieved the rank of sergeant . He died from smallpox in Allahabad , British India , on 27 April 1859 .
Tim Elkington Wing Commander John Francis Durham " Tim " Elkington Early life . Elkington was born in Edgbaston near Birmingham on 23 December 1920 , the only child of Alan Durham Elkington and his wife Isabel Frances ( nee Griffin ) . He was educated at Hockley Heath and Bedford School . Military career . He joined the Royal Air Force in September 1939 as a Flight Cadet at the Royal Air Force College Cranwell . Between October 1939 and April 1940 he trained at No . 9 Elementary Flying Training School at RAF Ansty . Elkngton then undertook further training with No . 17 Service Flight Training School at RAF Cranwell . He was commissioned on 14 July 1940 and joined No . 1 Squadron RAF at RAF Northolt a day later and flew Hawker Hurricane s during the Battle of Britain . His first confirmed " kill " came on 15 August 1940 , downing a Messerschmitt Bf 109 . A day later he was shot down and wounded on 16 August 1940 ( research shows that he was shot down by Helmut Wick ) . After recuperating at the Royal West Sussex Hospital at Chichester he rejoined No . 1 Squadron on 1 October 1940 at RAF Wittering . After a spell with No . 55 Operational Training Unit as an instructor , in late May 1941 he joined No . 601 Squadron RAF at RAF Manston . He was promoted to Flying Officer on 14 July 1941 . From there he joined No . 134 Squadron RAF at RAF Leconfield in July 1940 . On 12 August 1940 the squadron embarked on HMS Argus and took off from the carrier on 7 September for an airfield near Murmansk . Until mid - October 1940 Elkington took part in escorting bombers and also trained Russian pilots to fly the Hurricane . He returned from Russia in January 1942 . In April 1942 he joined the Merchant Ship Fighter Unit ( MSFU ) at RAF Speke until August 1942 . After a short period with No . 1 Squadron again , in September 1942 , Elkington joined No . 539 Squadron RAF at RAF Acklington flying Hurricanes alongside Douglas A - 20 Havoc aircraft on night operations . He was promoted Flight Lieutenant 14 October 1942 . After 539 Squadron was disbanded in late January 1943 , he joined No . 197 Squadron RAF at RAF Drem flying the Hawker Typhoon . After operations from RAF Tangmere he was posted to No . 67 Squadron RAF at Alipore , Calcutta in December 1943 . Tour espired , Elkington spent three years commanding AFDU at RAF Amarda Road and he returned home in October 1946 . Post war . Elkington had a long and varied career , including a tour with a Avro Shackleton Squadron in Northern Ireland . He was promoted Squadron Leader in 1946 and Wing Commander in 1961 . Elkington retired from the Royal Air Force on 23 December 1975 . Later life . After leaving the RAF , Elkington set up an art and picture - framing business .
Siege of Hamburg The city of Hamburg was one of the most powerful fortresses east of the Rhine . After being freed from Napoleonic rule by advancing Cossacks and other following allied troops it was once more occupied by Marshal Davout ' s French XIII Corps on 28 May 1813 , at the height of the campaign for Germany in the Napoleonic Wars , or the War of the Sixth Coalition from French rule and occupation . Ordered to hold the city at all costs , Davout launched a characteristically energetic campaign against a similar numbered Army of the North made up of Prussian and allied troops under the command of Count von Wallmoden - Gimborn , winning a number of minor engagements . Neither force was decidedly superior and the war ground to a halt and resulted in a rather stable front line between Lübeck and Lauenburg and further south along the Elbe river , even after the end of the cease - fire of the summer 1813 . In October 1813 a French column ' s movement towards Dannenberg resulted in the only major engagement in the North of Germany , the Battle of the Göhrde . The defeated French troops retreated back to Hamburg . Despite steadily shrinking manpower , food and ammunition supplies , Davout ' s forces displayed no signs of abandoning Hamburg . When French armies withdrew west after the lost Battle of Leipzig at the end of the year , and the Allies deployed a large portion of Bernadotte ' s Army of the North to watch the city during the 1814 campaign for France . Davout was still in control of Hamburg when the War of the Sixth Coalition ended in April , and eventually capitulated to Russian forces under General Bennigsen on 27 May 1814 , obeying orders delivered by General Gérard from King Louis XVIII . During Davout ' s defense of Hamburg , one type of silver coin was issued . The design of the 32 schilling coin of 1809 was reused , and the date was not changed , but the mintmaster ' s initials were changed from HSK ( for Hans Schierven Knoph ) to CAIG ( for C . A . J . Ginquembre , who was the French director of the mint in 1813 ) . The coins were issued in 1813 , and are listed in the Standard Catalog of World Coins 1801 - 1900 by Krause Publications as type number KM242 for Hamburg .
Splitterring The Splitterring was a fragmentation sleeve for the M24 and M43 stick grenade s , developed by the " Wehrmacht Heer " in 1942 . The term is a German compound word combining " Splitter " ( splinter or fragment ) and " Ring " ( ring ) . As German stick grenades had only a thin steel casing surrounding the explosive charge , they relied principally on blast for effect ( making it an " offensive " , rather than " defensive " grenade , the latter relying on fragmentation and thus creating a casualty radius higher than the throwing distance ) . The addition of a " Splitterring " to a standard stick grenade gave it greatly increased fragmentation ability . Offensive grenades are best used in enclosed spaces such as buildings or bunker s ; fragmentation types are also much more effective against personnel in the open . The availability of the " Splitterring " allowed the stick grenade to be quickly and simply modified by the user , so it could be used in either role . Other nations often produced separate types of offensive and defensive grenades . The device was simply a cylindrical steel sleeve , with either a smooth or serrated surface , which was slipped over the head of the stick grenade , clipped in place with three keepers around the base , and secured with a tension ring . Originals are hard to come by for collectors today , but several replicas are on the market . A similar sleeve was fitted as a standard item to the Soviet RGD - 33 Grenade .
Edric Gifford , 3rd Baron Gifford Major Edric Frederick Gifford , 3rd Baron Gifford VC ( 5 July 1849 – 5 June 1911 ) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . Military career . Edric Gifford was born in London on 5 July 1849 . His father was Robert Francis Gifford , 2nd Baron Gifford , and his mother was Hon . Swinburne Frederica Charlotte FitzHardinge Berkeley . His brother was Maurice Gifford , CMG , who raised " Gifford ' s Horse " in the Second Matabele War . He was educated at Harrow , and in 1869 entered the 83rd Foot . On the death of his father in 1872 , he became 3rd Baron Gifford . In 1874 , at the age of 23 , Gifford was a lieutenant in the 2nd Battalion , 24th Foot ( later the South Wales Borderers ) , British Army during the First Ashanti Expedition , when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the Victoria Cross : In 1876 , Gifford left the 24th Foot , moving to the 57th Foot . In 1878 he was in Cyprus , and in 1879 he was aide - de - camp to Sir Garnet Wolseley in the Anglo - Zulu War . Shortly afterwards he retired from the Army as a brevet major . Colonial administrator . Gifford married Sophia Catherine Street in April 1880 , then went to Western Australia , which was at that time a British colony . He arrived in Western Australia in October 1880 and immediately took up an appointment to the position of Colonial Secretary , and a nomination to the Western Australian Legislative Council . After leaving Western Australia in January 1883 following disputes with the Chief Justice , Sir Henry Wrenfordsley and the Governor Sir William Robinson , Gifford was Colonial Secretary of Gibraltar from 1883 to 1887 . In 1889 he became a director of the British South Africa Company . Edric Gifford died on 5 June 1911 in Chichester , England . He had no children . His nephew John Fitzhardinge Paul Butler also won a Victoria Cross . Edric Gifford ' s Victoria Cross medal is not publicly held .
Aballava Aballava or Aballaba ( with the modern name of Burgh by Sands ) was a Roman fort on Hadrian ' s Wall , between Petriana ( Stanwix ) to the east and Coggabata ( Drumburgh ) to the west . It is about one and a half miles south of the Solway Firth , and its purpose was to guard the south end of two important Solway fords , the Peat Wath and the Sandwath , favourite routes for medieval border raiders . Description . The fort is five and a half miles west of Stanwix . The word ' Aballava ' means ' Orchard ' . The fort was an oblong , straddling the Wall , and measured north to south by east to west , occupying an area of . Only the location of the eastern wall is known for certain . It is believed that it was built over the site of turret 71b . There is a fortified border church on the site built almost entirely of Roman stones , and it is believed that this stands on the site of the principia of the fort . There was a vicus to the south - west of the fort , and it is believed that a cemetery existed to the south of the fort . Garrison . The second - century garrison was the First Ala of Tungrorum , followed by a mixed cavalry regiment called the First Cohort of Nerva ’ s Own Germans , one thousand strong . The third - century garrison was a mounted detachment ( cuneus ) of Frisians , followed by an infantry detachment ( numerus ) of Aurelian Moors . Excavations . Excavations were carried out in 1922 , during which it was established that the fort straddled the Wall . Two other forts were found on the same site , by aerial photography , in 1976 and 1977 . The second fort , discovered in 1976 , and excavated 13 years earlier , is thought to pre - date Hadrian ' s Wall . It has been claimed that this fort was an extension to the Stanegate system of forts , but this is largely conjecture . A small scale excavation 200 metres south of the fort undertaken by Headland Archaeology uncovered a group of features associated with the vicus . Features included post - pits for a substantial building , postholes and beamslots relating to other timber buildings and shallow ditches and gullies ; all dated to the mid - 2nd century . There was no evidence for the later 2nd and 3rd century occupation identified during the previous investigations , suggesting some discontinuity in the use of the site .
John H . Eastwood John H . Eastwood ( May 12 , 1911 – February 13 , 2007 ) was an author , seminary professor , army chaplain , and church pastor in the United States . He grew up in rural Nebraska and earned a Doctor of Divinity from Princeton Theological Seminary in 1941 . He served in the United States Army 464th Bombardment Group during World War II , starting at Herington Army Airfield and later in Italy . His final position was as the pastor of Covenant Presbyterian Church in Hammond , Indiana , a church that he led to triple in size during his leadership . Airman ' s prayer . Eastwood delivered ( and likely wrote ) before every mission what became known as the " Airman ' s Prayer " . In 1943 , several of these verses were added to the Navy Hymn . Bibliography . Eastwood published at least three books during his lifetime , all related to Christianity and Christian counseling .
William Heath William Heath ( March 7 , 1737 – January 24 , 1814 ) was an American farmer , soldier , and political leader from Massachusetts who served as a major general in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War . Heath made his home for his entire life at his family ’ s farm in Roxbury , Massachusetts ( present day Jamaica Plain , Massachusetts , part of the city of Boston ) . He was born on a farm that had been settled in 1636 by his ancestors . He became active in the militia , and was a captain in the Suffolk County militia in 1760 . By 1770 he was a colonel and its leader . In December 1774 the revolutionary government in Massachusetts named him a brigadier general . He commanded Massachusetts forces during the last stage of the Battle of Lexington and Concord in April 1775 . As the siege of Boston began , Heath devoted himself to training the militia involved in the siege . In June of that year , Massachusetts named him a major general in the state troops , and the Continental Congress made him a brigadier general in the new national army , the Continental Army . In 1776 Heath participated in the defence of New York City , and was one of those who urged General Washington not to abandon the city . He saw action at Long Island , Harlem Heights , and White Plains . In August 1776 he was promoted to major general in the Continental Army , but Washington had doubts about Heath ' s abilities and posted him where no action was expected . In November he was placed in command of forces in the Hudson River Highlands . In January 1777 , Washington instructed Heath to attack Fort Independence in New York in support of Washington ' s actions at Trenton and Princeton , but Heath ' s attack was botched and his troops were routed . He was censured by Washington and thereafter was never given command of troops in action . General Heath was placed in charge of the Convention Army of John Burgoyne ’ s surrendered troops after the Battle of Saratoga . In 1780 he returned to command the Highland Department after Benedict Arnold ’ s treason . Heath was listed as an original member of the Massachusetts Society of the Cincinnati . After the war , Heath was a member of the Massachusetts Convention that ratified the United States Constitution in 1788 . He served in the state Senate 1791 – 1792 , and as a probate court judge . In 1806 he was elected the Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts , but declined the office . He died at home in Roxbury on January 24 , 1814 , and was buried nearby in Forest Hills Cemetery The town of Heath , Massachusetts , is named in his honor .
Signatories of Rhodesia ' s Unilateral Declaration of Independence The Unilateral Declaration of Independence of Rhodesia from the United Kingdom was signed by 12 ministers of the Rhodesian Cabinet , headed by Prime Minister Ian Smith , on 11 November 1965 . Four junior members of the Cabinet — two ministers without portfolio , the chief whip and the deputy minister of information — did not sign , but were included in the official photograph . Signatories . The 12 signatories were : Four junior members of the Cabinet did not sign , but were included in the official photograph :
United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali The United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali ( " Mission multidimensionnelle intégrée des Nations unies pour la stabilisation au Mali " , MINUSMA ) is a United Nations peacekeeping mission in Mali . MINUSMA was established on 25 April 2013 by UN Security Council Resolution 2100 to stabilise the country after the Tuareg rebellion ( 2012 ) . It was officially deployed on 1 July . History . In 2012 , Tuareg and other peoples in northern Mali ' s Azawad region started an insurgency in the north under the banner of the National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad . After some initial successes and complaints from the Malian Army that it was ill - equipped to fight the insurgents , who had benefited from an influx of heavy weaponry from the 2011 Libyan civil war as well as other sources , elements of the army staged a military coup d ' état on 21 March 2012 . Following the coup , the rebels made further advances to capture the three biggest cities in the north : Gao , Timbuktu and Kidal . Following economic sanctions and a blockade by the Economic Community of West African States ( ECOWAS ) on the country , a deal , brokered in Burkina Faso by President Blaise Compaoré under the auspices of ECOWAS , was signed that would see Amadou Sanogo cede power to Dioncounda Traoré to assume the presidency in an interim capacity until an election is held . On 1 July 2013 , of a future total of UN peacekeeping troops officially took over responsibility for patrolling the country ' s north from France and the ECOWAS ' International Support Mission to Mali ( AFISMA ) . The group is expected to play a role in the 2013 Malian presidential election . The force is the third largest UN peacekeeping force in operation in the world . Organisation . Its headquarters are in the Malian capital , Bamako . Military intelligence will be evaluated by ASIFU ( All Sources Information Fusion Unit ) . Leadership . The force is led by former second - in - command of the African Union Mission in Sudan , Rwandan General Jean Bosco Kazura . Contributing soldiers . Norway has four military officers in MINUSMA , as of September 2013 ( to be joined by 15 soldiers during the autumn ) . There are also Liberian and Chadian soldiers . In October 2013 , a suicide bomber attacked the Chadian soldiers resulting in two dead soldiers . Incidents . On 13 December , two Senegalese peacekeepers were killed at a bombing outside the Malian Solidarity Bank in Kidal a day before the second round of the Malian parliamentary election , 2013 .
HMS Exeter ( 1697 ) HMS " Exeter " was a 60 - gun fourth rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy , launched at Portsmouth Dockyard on 26 May 1697 . She was involved in repeated actions against the French , in 1702 off Newfoundland , and in 1705 when she captured the frigate " Thétis " . She was in the Mediterranean in 1711 , and at the Battle of Quiberon Bay . She was rebuilt according to the 1733 proposals of the 1719 Establishment at Plymouth , and relaunched on 19 March 1744 . She was at the Siege of Pondicherry in 1748 . Samuel Hood , 1st Viscount Hood briefly served aboard her . " Exeter " continued to serve until 1763 , when she was broken up .
Sardar Muhammad Anwar Khan Major General ( retd ) Sardar Muhammad Anwar Khan , ( born 9 May 1945 in Tain , Poonch District , Azad Jammu & Kashmir ) is a career soldier and politician who served as the President of Azad Jammu & Kashmir 25 August 2001 to 23 August 2006 . He was replaced by Raja Zulqarnain Khan . Sardar Anwar Khan received his early education from the village Tain and then joined the Pakistan Army in 1966 and was commissioned in the famous Azad Kashmir Regiment . He is a graduate of the Command and Staff College , Quetta , Pakistan Navy Staff College , Karachi and National Defence College , Rawalpindi . He also attended the U . S . Army War College in Pennsylvania and received a Master ' s Degree in War Studies . During a span of 35 years of a distinguished Army career , he held various important commands of staff and instructional appointments . He commanded two infantry battalions , a brigade and as Major General commanded two infantry divisions . As a young officer he also actively participated in 1971 war in the Kashmir Sector . He made significant contribution to the leadership development within the Pakistan Army as an Instructor at the Pakistan Military Academy , School of Infantry and Tactics , Command and Staff College , Quetta and as the Chief Instructor at National Defence College , Islamabad from December 1996 to December 1998 . He retired from the army as Vice Chief of General Staff ( VCGS ) in July 2001 . He also served as the colonel commandant of Azad Kashmir Regiment till April 2003 . He is married and has three sons and two daughters .
Tanganyika Rifles The Tanganyika Rifles was the sole regiment in the Tanganyikan army , from 1961 to 1964 . With the independence of Tanganyika in December 1961 , the two battalions of The King ' s African Rifles which had been raised in the colony were transferred to the newly independent nation . These were the 6th ( Tanganyika Territory ) Battalion ( becoming the 1st Tanganyika Rifles ) and the 26th ( Tanganyika Territory ) Battalion ( becoming the 2nd Tanganyika Rifles ) . Mutiny . Despite having become part of the Tanganyikan military , the bulk of the officers of the regiment were still British , as had been the case in the King ' s African Rifles . In January 1964 , following unrest in Zanzibar , the regiment mutinied . The 1st Battalion seized key points in Dar es Salaam on the 19th , deposing their officers and sending them to neighbouring Kenya ; on the 20th , the 2nd Battalion , in Tabora , joined the mutiny . The entire country ' s military had now rebelled , with the British High Commissioner briefly detained and most of the strategic points in the capital held by the mutineers . After appeals from the President , Julius Nyerere , the United Kingdom dispatched an aircraft carrier , HMS " Centaur " from Aden , with a force from the garrison there , to stand off Dar es Salaam . On the British government receiving the request in writing from Nyerere , a company of Royal Marines from No . 45 Commando were landed by helicopter in Dar es Salaam on the 25th , assaulting and quickly capturing the barracks holding the 1st Battalion ; many of the mutineers quickly surrendered after a guardroom was destroyed by an anti - tank missile . After landings later that day , including a small number of armoured car s of the 16th / 5th The Queen ' s Royal Lancers , most of the remaining mutineers had likewise surrendered ; the 2nd Battalion had not been engaged , but had offered to surrender after hearing of the events in Dar es Salaam ; a party of Marines travelled there and secured the barracks the next day . Within twenty - four hours of the initial landings , and a week of the mutiny , the men of the 1st battalion were dismissed and the regiment effectively ceased to exist . The regiment was never reformed ; after the union of Tanganyika with Zanzibar later that year , the previously existing army was formally disbanded , and the Tanzania People ' s Defence Force was formed in September 1964 , firmly under local civilian control . Many of the African officers of the 1st Battalion , and the officers and men of the 2nd , were incorporated into the new force .