naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Roman – Gallic wars The Roman - Gallic Wars were a series of conflicts between the forces of Ancient Rome and various groups identified as Gauls ( or Galli , Galatai , Celts , Celtae , Keltai , Keltoi ) . Among these were the Senones , Insubres , Boii and Gaesatae . Broadly , the Gauls crossed the Alps from France ( Transalpine Gaul ) into Italy ( Cisalpine Gaul ) and tried to expand south through Etruria toward Rome . After centuries , Rome was victorious in Italy and took the battle across the Alps into France . Cisalpine . Major conflicts on the Italian side of the Alps include : 390BC . Brennus leads the Senones to Clusium in Etruria . Rome sends an army to drive the Senones away , which they defeat at the Battle of the Allia . Three years later , Brennus leads his men to besiege Rome . 302BC . Gauls cross the Alps into Transalpine Gaul , where Gallic tribes allow them to pass southward and some join the march ( as do some Etruscans ) . They pillage Roman territory and retire with the loot , but then fall to fighting among themselves . 298 - 290BC . The Third Sanmite War . An alliance of Samnites , Gauls , Etruscans and Umbrians fights Rome . 284BC . The Gauls besiege Arretium . The Romans march to relive the city , and the Gauls defeat them . Rome then sends a punitive expedition north which defeats the Senones and drives them out of their territory , which Rome occupies . Then in 283BC the Boii , with Etruscan allies , march on Rome . Rome is victorious at the Battle of Lake Vadimo . 225BC . The Insubres and Boii hire Alpine Gauls , the Gaesatae , to join them and march on Rome . The Gauls defeated the Romans at Faesulae , but later the Romans defeated the Gauls at Telamon . 223 - 193BC . After this came a concerted Roman policy aimed at conquering Gallic territories south of the Alps . Rome invaded the territory of the Insubres in 223BC , and took Clastidium , Acerrae and Mediolanum in 222BC . Rome fought Carthage in the Second Punic War ( 218 - 201BC ) , and the Gauls typically sided with Carthage . After the war , Rome took Bononia ( 196BC ) , Placentia ( 194 BC ) and Mutina ( 193 BC ) . After this , many of the surviving Boii retreated north across the Alps to form a new state , Boihaemum . Transalpine . 58 - 50BC . Julius Caesar leads Roman armies in the Gallic Wars in France and Belgium .
Battle of Kara Killisse ( 1915 ) The Battle of Kara Killisse ( Lit . Black church , Turkish : " Karakilise Muharebesi " ) was a battle on the Caucasus front in July 1915 after the Battle of Manzikert . In Russian historical literature , this engagement is considered as a part of " Alashkert defensive operation " ( 9 July - 3 August ) .
3rd Arkansas Cavalry Regiment The 3rd Arkansas Cavalry ( 1861 – 1865 ) was a Confederate Army Cavalry regiment during the American Civil War . Organization . 3rd Cavalry Regiment was organized June 10 , 1861 as 1st Arkansas Cavalry Battalion ( Borland ' s ) . Mustered into state service as the 1st Arkansas Mounted Volunteer Regiment . Mustered into Confederate Service for one year on July 29 , 1862 . Redesignated as the 3rd Arkansas Cavalry Regiment on January 15 , 1862 . Received the attachment of Companies E , F , and H of Williamson ' s Arkansas Infantry Battalion . Reorganized for two years on May 26 , 1862 . For a time it was stationed at Pocahontas , Arkansas , where at least some of the men were recruited . The field officers were Colonels Solon Borland , Samuel G . Earle , and Amson W . Hobson ; Lieutenant Colonels Benjamin F . Danley , James M . Gee , and M . J . Henderson ; and Majors William H . Blackwell , J . F . Earle , and David F . Shall . The unit was formed from the following Volunteer companies : The regiment was armed with weapons which the state confiscated when the Federal Arsenal at Little Rock was seized by Arkanssas State Militia troops in February 1861 . Disposition of the weapons found in the Arsenal is somewhat sketchy , but from various records it can be surmised that the 9th and 10th Arkansas , Kelly ' s 9th Arkansas Battalion , and the 3rd Arkansas Cavalry were issued flintlock Hall ' s Rifles from the Arsenal . Battles . When the regiment was transferred from Arkansas to Mississippi in 1862 , only 395 effectives crossed the Mississippi River . The regiment was dismounted when it fought at the Battle of Corinth , Mississippi then was remounted and assigned to General Armstrong ' s and T . Harrison ' s Brigade . The 3rd Arkansas Cavalry served under Major - General “ Fighting Joe ” Wheeler in the Confederate Army of Mississippi for much of the war . The unit was involved in the following engagements : Surrender . This regiment surrendered with the Army of Tennessee at Durham Station , Orange County , North Carolina , April 26 , 1865 . Bibliography . Collier , Calvin L . The War Child ' s Children : The Story of the Third Regiment , Arkansas Cavalry ; Confederate States Army . ( Little Rock , AR : Pioneer Press , 1965 ) .
Gordon Strachey Shephard Brigadier General Gordon Strachey Shephard , DSO , MC ( 9 July 1885 , Madras , India — 19 January 1918 ) was a British Royal Flying Corps commander . He was the highest - ranking officer of the flying services to be killed in action in the First World War . Early life and military service . The second son of Sir Horatio Shephard , a judge , and Lady Shephard , of 58 Montagu Square , London , Shephard attended Eton from 1898 to 1903 , then the Royal Military College , Sandhurst . He belonged to the Royal Cruising Club , where his skills as a yachtsman would prove useful later in life . He was gazetted Second Lieutenant to a Regular Army battalion of the Royal Fusiliers on 28 January 1905 . He transferred to the Royal Flying Corps ( RFC ) in 1912 , the year of its formation . However , in July 1914 , he used his skills as a yachtsman for a quite different purpose , to surreptitiously assist his friend Erskine Childers ( who was executed by the Free State government in 1922 during the Irish Civil War ) in landing a consignment of weaponry at Howth aboard Childers ' yacht , The Asgard , on behalf of the Irish Volunteers , an action which , had it become known , would have resulted in , at a minimum , the termination of Shephard ' s military career , if not far more drastic punishment , at least imprisonment . His covert operations came to an abrupt halt when he and a companion were briefly detained by the German authorities at Emden , after they were seen taking photographs in a sensitive area . On 22 August 1914 , Shephard landed near Maubeuge for petrol , where he was given first - hand accounts of the fighting from French cavalry falling back from the Sambre canal . On 24 August 1914 , he and Lieutenant I . M . Bonham - Carter reported to the Staff that General von Kluck ' s right wing would swamp the British Army unless the retreat was continued . On 4 November 1914 , Shephard narrowly escaped after the longeron of his BE2b , " 487 " , was shot through . In 1917 Shephard was promoted to command I Brigade , Royal Flying Corps and was promoted to the rank of Brigadier - General , which gave him greater opportunity to further the careers of able pilots . Death . On 19 January 1918 , aged 32 , Shepard decided to visit the aerodrome at Auchel , where three of his squadrons were stationed . His Nieuport Scout " B3610 " spun into the ground . He was lifted from the wreckage but died several hours later in hospital . He was the highest - ranking officer of the flying services to be killed in a theatre of war in the First World War . Burial . A Chevalier of the Legion of Honour ( Légion d ' honneur ) , Shephard was buried in the Lapugnoy Military Cemetery , in the Pas de Calais , France ( plot VI , B15 ) . Legacy . The Gordon Shephard Memorial Essay Prize was established as a memorial to Shephard . Shepard ' s father , Sir Horatio , left a sum of money in trust to award annual prizes for essays on reconnaissance and related subjects submitted by RAF officers and airmen .
101st Infantry Division ( German Empire ) The 101st Infantry Division ( " 101 . Infanterie - Division " ) was a unit of the Imperial German Army in World War I . The division was formed on May 3 , 1915 and organized over the next few weeks . It was part of a wave of new infantry divisions formed in the spring of 1915 . The division was reduced to a division staff for special purposes ( " Divisions - Stab z . b . V . " ) without troops in July 1917 and dissolved in January 1918 . The division was formed primarily from the excess infantry regiments of existing divisions that were being triangularized . The division ' s 201st Infantry Brigade was formerly the 75th Infantry Brigade of the 37th Infantry Division , and came to the division with the 146th Infantry Regiment . The 45th Infantry Regiment came from the 2nd Infantry Division and the 59th Infantry Regiment came from the 41st Infantry Division . Combat chronicle . The 101st Infantry Division served on the Eastern Front , seeing its first action in the Gorlice - Tarnów Offensive . It crossed the Dnestr in June 1915 , participated in the battles on the Galician and Russian Poland border , and advanced to the Bug by August . The division was then transferred south to participate in the Serbian Campaign . It reached Priština in late November and advanced to the Greek border in December . For most of 1916 , and into 1917 , the division remained on the Macedonian front . It underwent several changes , losing units to other divisions and receiving various replacements , and in July 1917 , the division was dissolved as a tactical headquarters , with its subunits sent to other units . Its headquarters remained as a division staff for special purposes , administering Bulgarian units , until it was dissolved . Allied intelligence rated the division as third class . Order of battle . The 101st Infantry Division was formed as a triangular division . The order of battle of the division on May 15 , 1915 was as follows :
Fort Clonque Fort Clonque is a 19th - century coastal fortress in Alderney , in the Bailiwick of Guernsey in the Channel Islands . It was constructed at a time when French naval power was becoming an increasing concern to the British . It is built on a rocky outcrop of land joined to the island by a causeway that can be submerged at high tide . It was manned by fifty men and fortified with up to ten guns , mostly 68 - pounders , however none was ever fired in anger . Scenes from the film " Seagulls Over Sorrento " were shot at Fort Clonque in 1953 . The fort fell into disuse before being rescued by the Landmark Trust in 1966 ; it now provides comfortable self - catering accommodation for up to thirteen persons .
2 / 5th Armoured Regiment ( Australia ) The 2 / 5th Armoured Regiment was an armoured regiment of the Australian Army . Raised for service during World War II , the regiment was formed in 1941 and disbanded at the end of the war in 1945 without having been deployed outside of Australia . History . The 2 / 5th Armoured Regiment was formed on 26 July 1941 as part of the 1st Armoured Brigade of the 1st Armoured Division . Under the command of Lieutenant Colonel F . D Sandilands , the regiment was initially located at Grovely near Brisbane , Queensland but joined the rest of the 1st Armoured Brigade at Greta , New South Wales in October . Following the outbreak of the Pacific War the 2 / 5th Armoured Regiment was equipped with Universal Carrier s to train as a light armoured unit . The regiment was re - equipped with 52 M3 Grant medium tanks on April 1942 , and moved to Edgeroi , New South Wales in August to conduct large - scale exercises with the rest of the 1st Armoured Division . While the regiment was ordered to prepare for deployment to New Guinea in August or September 1942 , it was replaced by the 2 / 6th Armoured Regiment which was equipped with lighter M3 Stuart tanks which were better suited to New Guinea ' s terrain . In early 1943 the 2 / 5th Armoured Regiment moved to Western Australia with the rest of the 1st Armoured Division and was based near Geraldton . The regiment moved south to Moora in July 1943 and remained part of the independent 1st Armoured Brigade Group upon the 1st Armoured Division ' s disbandment in September . The 2 / 5th Armoured Regiment was transferred to the 4th Armoured Brigade in March 1944 and moved to Southport , Queensland to train for possible deployment overseas . Although the regiment was initially selected to support the 7th Division during the liberation of Balikpapan in July 1945 it was replaced by the Matilda II - equipped 1st Armoured Regiment shortly before it would have embarked for the operation . Later they were earmarked for deployment as part of Operation Zipper , but the war ended before the operation was commenced . The 2 / 5th Armoured Regiment was disbanded in September 1945 . Commanding officers . The following is a list of officers that commanded the 2 / 5th Armoured Regiment :
Jagdstaffel 18 Royal Prussian Jagdstaffel 18 was a " hunting squadron " or fighter squadron of the World War I German air service , or " Luftstreitkräfte " . History . The jasta was formed on 30 October 1916 , at Halluin under 4th Armee auspices ; Oberleutnant Karl von Grieffenhagen transferred in from Jasta 1 to take command . It deactivated at war ' s end , having existed some 25 months . Personnel . Jasta 18 ' s four " staffelfuhrers " ( commanding officers ) were : A dozen flying aces served within its ranks , including Berthold , Hans Müller , Walter von Bülow - Bothkamp , Kurt Adolf Monnington , Wilhelm Kühne , Paul Strähle , Harald Auffarth , Joseph Veltjens , and Johannes Klein . During the course of the war , the jasta suffered eight killed in action , eleven wounded , and one taken prisoner . Aircraft and operations . Its operational aircraft were the Albatros D . III fighter and the Fokker Dr . I triplane . Its theater of operations was the Western Front . The new unit mobilized on 8 January 1917 . Fifteen days later , it was credited with the first of its 112 confirmed victories during the war . It moved to Marckebeke and Harlebeke airfields . On 23 November 1917 , it moved to Avelin to work for the 6th Army . In the spring of 1918 , Berthold was promoted to command the Jagdgschwader II wing . He wanted to take his old unit with him and make it part of the wing , but this was disallowed . On 19 March 1918 , he pulled a wholesale swap of pilots between Jasta 18 and Jasta 15 as a means of taking the pilots he knew with him . The exchange took place at Guise , in the 18th Armee area of operations . About this time , Leutnant August Raben transferred in from Jasta 15 to take command . On 8 April 1918 , he led the reconstituted squadron back to Avelines Airfield ; they would henceforth refer to themselves as the " Staffel Raben " , and changed to a new color scheme from the change in command , abandoning the red / blue fuselages of the formerly Berthold - led unit . The new color scheme , consisting of a white rear fuselage and all - white tail surfaces , with vermilion red forward of the cockpit and on the wings ' upper surfaces , and bare lozenge camouflage on the wing panels ' undersides , would feature an insignia of a black raven on just about all of the squadron ' s aircraft fuselage sides on the white rear area , with varying personal insignia added in black , usually along with the raven . The unit would move on to assignments at Faches - Thumesnil and Lome in the 6th Army zone of operations . On 14 June , it moved to support of 19th Armee , it moved to Möntingen , near Metz for the remainder of the war . References . " Above the Lines : The Aces and Fighter Units of the German Air Service , Naval Air Service and Flanders Marine Corps , 1914 - 1918 " . Norman L . R . Franks , Frank W . Bailey , Russell Guest . Grub Street , 1993 . ISBN 0 - 948817 - 73 - 9 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 948817 - 73 - 1 .
Dale Brown Dale Brown ( born November 2 , 1956 ) is an American author and aviator , most famous for his aviation techno - thriller novels , with thirteen " New York Times " best sellers to his name . Brown was born in Buffalo , New York . He graduated from Penn State University with a degree in Western European History , and later received a commission in the United States Air Force in 1978 . A navigator - bombardier in the G - model B - 52 Stratofortress and the FB - 111 , he is the recipient of several military decorations and awards , including the Air Force Commendation Medal , the Combat Crew Award , and the Marksmanship ribbon . He rose to the rank of Captain , and has 2 , 500 hours of flight time in B - 52s . He is also a Life Member of the Air Force Association and the U . S . Naval Institute . After leaving the Air Force in 1986 he wrote his first book , " Flight of the Old Dog " . His novels are published in eleven languages and distributed to over seventy countries . He published 11 bestsellers in 11 years . Brown is represented by literary agent Robert Gottlieb of Trident Media Group . Brown , his wife Diane , and son Hunter , live near the shores of Lake Tahoe , Nevada . He enjoys flying his own private jet , a Grumman Gulfstream II ; on the ground , he enjoys tennis , skiing , scuba diving , and ice hockey . Bibliography . Note on Books . Brown tends to stay with the same characters over a long period of time . Many of the characters introduced in " Flight of the Old Dog " , are still around for the latest , although a few have been killed in previous books . Most of his books occur in the same timeline , with a few exceptions . Collaborations . Dale Brown ' s Dreamland ( with Jim DeFelice ) Tax fraud . In April 2004 , Brown pleaded guilty to charges of tax fraud . He was charged with creating companies in the West Indies for the purposes of receiving tax deductions from fictitious expenses . The fictitious expenses amounted to more than $ 440 , 000 , which Brown claimed on his 1998 income tax filing . He then used the tax deductions to remodel his home .
Henry Wasmuth Henry Wasmuth ( c . 1840 – January 21 , 1865 ) was a United States Marine during the American Civil War . Biography . Born in Germany but later a naturalized American citizen , Wasmuth enlisted in the United States Marine Corps on June 11 , 1861 . Ultimately attached to the Marine detachment of the sidewheeler Powhatan , Wasmuth took part in the assault on Fort Fisher , North Carolina , on January 15 , 1865 . During the battle , Ensign Robley D . " Fighting Bob " Evans fell wounded from a Confederate sharpshooter ' s bullet . Private Wasmuth picked up the seriously wounded young officer and carried him to a place of comparative safety - — a shell hole on the beach . The private stayed with the future admiral , ignoring the latter ' s urgings to take cover , until a sharpshooter ' s bullet pierced Wasmuth ' s neck , cutting the jugular vein . Within a few minutes , Wasmuth dropped in the edge of the surf and died . Evans later wrote : " He was an honor to his uniform . " Namesake . USS " Wasmuth " ( DD - 338 ) was named for him .
Battle of Gondar The Battle of Gondar was the last stand of the Italian forces in Italian East Africa during the Second World War . The battle took place in November 1941 , during the East African Campaign . The Italian garrison of 40 , 000 was commanded by " Generale " Guglielmo Nasi . Background . After the defeat of the Italian forces at Keren on 1 April 1941 , many of the remaining Italians withdrew to three strongholds : Amba Alagi , Jimma , and Gondar . Amba Alagi fell in May and Jimma fell in July . Kulkaber . On 13 November , a mixed force from the British 12th ( African ) Division under Major - General Charles Fowkes — supported by Ethiopia n irregular troops — attacked the key defensive position of Kulkaber and were repelled . However , a renewed attack a week later on Kulkaber was successful . Mountain passes captured . There were two mountain pass es that overlooked the town which were controlled by the Italian troops . They were invested by the two brigade s of the British 12th ( African ) Division and the two Italian groups in the passes were cut off and were forced to surrender when their supplies ran out . Gondar town surrenders . Once the Allied troops had taken the passes , they gained control of the heights overlooking the town , and the Italian garrison under " Generale " Nasi in the town itself was attacked on 27 November and surrendered after the Kenya Armoured Car Regiment had penetrated the outskirts of the town .
Hans von Gronau Hans von Gronau ( 6 December 1850 in Alt Schadow – 22 February 1940 in Potsdam ) was a Prussian officer , and General during World War I . World War I . At the outbreak of World War I , Gronau was recalled from retirement to take command of the newly formed IV Reserve Corps as part of the 1st Army , which was on the right wing of the forces that invaded France and Belgium as part of the Schlieffen Plan offensive in August 1914 . It played a significanct part in the First Battle of the Marne . In September 1915 , Gronau was appointed to command of XXXXI Reserve Corps ( swapping places with Generalleutnant Arnold von Winckler ) . The Corps was upgraded to form " Armee - Gruppe " Gronau on 20 September 1915 . Gronau remained in concurrent command of the Corps and the " Armee - Gruppe " . It served with the Army of the Bug throughout its existence . On 18 September 1916 it was raised to the status of an " Armee - Abteilung " ( Army Detachment ) . It remained on the Eastern Front until dissolved on 27 March 1918 . On 4 October 1916 he was awarded the Pour le Mérite for military bravery . He was awarded the Oakleaves ( signifying a seond award ) on 6 August 1918 . Family . On 23 February 1890 Gronau married Luise Gerischer ( 20 July 1867 – 25 June 1926 ) . The marriage produced three sons . His oldest son was the flight pioneer Wolfgang von Gronau who crossed the Atlantic Ocean from East to West flying a Dornier Wal D - 1422 landing in the Hudson River on 26 August 1930 .