naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Flying bomb A flying bomb is a manned or unmanned aerial vehicle or aircraft carrying a large explosive warhead , a precursor to contemporary cruise missile s . In contrast to a bomber aircraft , which is intended to release bomb s and then return to its base for re - use , a flying bomb crashes into its target and is therefore itself destroyed in its attack . The term flying bomb is most frequently associated with two specific Second World War weapons , the German V - 1 and the Japan ese Ohka . The former was unpiloted , as the first known cruise missile ever deployed in anger - the latter carried a pilot on a kamikaze mission . Historic . The first attempt to build a flying bomb ( alternatively called an " aerial torpedo " in the Navy ) was undertaken by Elmer Sperry for the US Navy in 1916 , called the Hewitt - Sperry Automatic Airplane , and was based on a Curtiss N - 9 seaplane . This led to a mission - specific Curtiss design , the Curtiss - Sperry Flying Bomb , which was almost completely unsuccessful . The US Army also tried to develop a flying bomb in World War I , the Kettering Bug , but the war ended before the program could mature . The functioning but unsuccessful German Mistel flying bomb was essentially an enormous shaped charge mounted on an obsolete aircraft that was guided by a fighter sitting on top . The fighter first took a course towards the target , then released the Mistel which would continue to its target . The most famous example of a flying bomb is the German V - 1 , many of which targeted London in 1944 during World War II . Types . Flying bombs may be powered or unpowered , piloted or unpiloted , although unpowered flying bombs such as the United States Navy Bat and German " Hagelkorn " ( " Hailstone " ) and Fritz X designed during World War II are usually referred to as glide bomb s . Flying bombs differ from missile s in that a flying bomb is equipped with wings to provide lift over a long distance , where missiles are usually launched on ballistic trajectories and do not rely on lift to reach their targets .
German submarine U - 40 ( 1938 ) German submarine " U - 40 " was a Type IXA U - boat of the Nazi German " Kriegsmarine " that operated during World War II . " U - 40 " was built in Bremen by AG Weser as " " Werk 945 " " ( Construction project 945 ) . She was launched in November 1938 and commissioned in February 1939 . " U - 40 " conducted two war patrols during her career . Both of which were part of the 6th U - boat Flotilla . During her short time in the war , she sank no ships . " U - 40 " was sunk on 13 October 1939 by a mine in the English Channel . Construction . " U - 40 " was ordered by the " Kriegsmarine " on 29 July 1936 ( as part of Plan Z and in violation of the Treaty of Versailles ) . Her kneel was laid down on 1 July 1937 . " U - 40 " was launched on 9 November 1938 and commissioned on 11 February 1939 under the command of " Kapitänleutnant " Werner von Schmidt . Like all other Type IXA U - boats , " U - 40 " had 2 MAN M9V40 / 46 supercharged 9 - cylinder diesel engines , that put out as well as 2 SSW GU345 / 34 , double - acting electric motors that produced and allowed her to travel at while surfaced and submerged . She had a range of at while on the surface and at while submerged . " U - 40 " had six torpedo tubes ( four in the bow , two in the stern ) . She also carried a total of 22 x torpedoes and had a Utof 105 mm / 45 deck gun with 110 rounds . She was also equipped with 2 cm FlaK 30 anti - aircraft guns . " U - 40 " had a crew of forty - eight men , however she could hold up to fifty - six crew members at any given time . After being commissioned and deployed , " U - 40 " was stationed in the German port city of Wilhelmshaven , which to be her home for the rest of her fairly short career . Service record . Patrols . " U - 40 " left Wilhelmshaven on 19 August 1939 , before World War II began , for her first patrol . For nearly four weeks she operated off the coast of Gibraltar , before returning home on 18 September that same year . " U - 40 " would once again leave Wilhelmshaven , this time under the command of " Kapitänleutnant " Wolfgang Barten , on 10 October 1939 . During this patrol , she was to conduct joint operations off the coasts of Portugal and Spain . Fate . On 13 October 1939 , " U - 40 " was sunk by a British mine . She was to operate as part of the first pack of U - boats in World War II ; however , because she left port late , Barten decided to take a shortcut to the U - boat ' s designated meeting point , southwest of Ireland . This shortcut was through the English Channel , which was festooned with many British naval mine s . Choosing to make the voyage nearly three and a half hours after high tide , the mines were not at their lowest point . The boat struck one of these devices and sank immediately to the sea floor . Nevertheless , nine crew members were able to exit through the aft escape hatch . Using escape equipment , they were able to reach the surface ; one of the nine died on his journey . Once there , five more died from exposure to the harsh elements of the English Channel . Nearly ten hours after the sinking , the remaining three men were rescued and taken prisoner by .
25th Infantry Division ( India ) The 25th Indian Infantry Division was a division of the Indian Army during World War II which fought in the Burma Campaign during World War II . It was re - raised within the post - independence Indian Army in 1948 . History . Originally formed in Bangalore in South India on 1 August 1942 under Major - General Henry Davies the Division was disbanded at the end of World War II . The division ' s original role as conceived by Army Commander General Sir W . J . Slim was to meet any attempted Japanese invasion while at the same time training actively for jungle warfare . It first saw action , having become part of Indian XV Corps , at the onset of the third Arakan Campaign in March 1944 where it held and enlarged the Maungdaw Base and established superiority over the enemy . In May 1944 command of the division was assumed by Major - General George Wood , previously commanding British 4th Infantry Brigade in India . In November 1944 , supported by destroyers of the Royal Australian Navy , the division cleared the Mayu Range down to Foul Point and occupied Akyab Island . Following this , with 3 Commando Brigade under command , it made a series of successful seaborne attacks down the coast , supported by sloops of the Royal Indian Navy and winning four Victoria Crosses in the process . These actions included the decisive Battle of Kangaw and landings at Myebon and Ruywa to intercept the retreating Japanese . In April 1945 the division was withdrawn to South India to prepare for ' Operation Zipper , ' the invasion of British Malaya , having been chosen for the assault landing ( amphibious ) role . Although hostilities then ceased , the operation proceeded as planned and 25th Division was the first formation to land in Malaya , occupying the capital , Kuala Lumpur , and then accepting the surrender of the Japanese Army . The division was disbanded in Malaya in February and March 1946 . Post - independence . The division was re - raised within the post - independence Indian Army in 1948 . In October 1962 the division was under XV Corps in the Army ' s Western Command . Its headquarters were at Poonch , and it included the 80th , 93rd and 120th Infantry Brigades . Composition During World War II . 51 Indian Infantry Brigade . Commanders : 53 Indian Infantry Brigade . Commanders : 74 Indian Infantry Brigade . Commanders : 3 Commando Brigade . Commanders : Assigned brigades . All theses brigades were assigned or attached to the division at some time during World War II
Second League of Prizren The Second League of Prizren was an organisation founded by leading Albanian officials in Kosovo in 1943 to campaign for the ethnic unification of Albanians in Albania . From 1918 , Kosovo was integrated into the newly formed Kingdom of Yugoslavia and ethnic Albanians in Kosovo faced forced evacuation by the Yugoslav government to Albania or Turkey . As a result , the Italian occupation of Albania in 1939 encouraged many leading Albanians to lobby the Italians to incorporate areas with sizeable Albanian populations like Kosovo into Albania and were encouraged by Mussolini ' s support of the Greater Albania ideology . However , the Italian surrender on 3 September 1943 stymied these dreams temporarily and attention was turned to the Germans who had occupied Debar and Western Macedonia . Bedri Pejani , a moderate political leader who supported an expanded Albanian state that included all Albanian people , wrote to Reichsfuehrer SS Heinrich Himmler to request his assistance in establishing a Greater Albania . In return he offered to help raise an Albanian fighting force to work with the German Wehrmacht to achieve this aim . Himmler agreed to the request and ordered the formation of two ethnic Albanian Waffen SS Divisions and sponsored the foundation of the Albanian nationalist organisation which became the Second League of Prizren . Named in honour of the original League of Prizren , founded in 1878 to fight for Albania ' s independence , the aim of the Second League of Prizren was to ensure the continuation of Greater Albania . Pejani was appointed President of the League and Albanian Prime Minister Rexhep Mitrovica as chairman of the central committee . Aćif Hadžiahmetović was appointed as one of the members of the central committee . The Second League of Prizren campaigned unsuccessfully for the transfer of the northern tip of Kosovo to Albania , but raised volunteers to fight against the army and police forces of Yugoslavia . The Second of Lague of Prizren maintained the Albanian Ljuboten battalion initially formed by the Italian occupation forces . In conjunction with the Waffen SS , the Second League of Prizren also formed the Albanian Skanderbeg SS Division to maintain the military occupation of the Macedonian and Serbian Orthodox Slavic populations . As a result , 6 , 491 ethnic Albanians were drafted into the Waffen SS , as well as an additional 300 ethnic Albanians who were serving with the Bosnian Muslim 13th Waffen Gebirgs Division who were transferred to the Skanderbeg Division . The Skanderbeg Division was poorly trained and illsuited to warfare and performed poorly . On 30 August 1944 , the Skanderbeg Division was forced to retreat from Debar and the League began to lose any influence it had with Germany . The retreat of German forces from Albania ensured the end of the League , although Communist officials were methodical in their retribution against League members .
Na ' od Na ' od was " " ( 1494 - 31 July 1508 ) of Ethiopia , and a member of the Solomonic dynasty . He was the second son of Baeda Maryam I and his second wife Kalyupe ( also called " Calliope " ) , and was born at Gabarge . Like Eskender before him , he relied on the counsel of the Queen Mother Eleni . Despite her help , his reign was marked by internal dissension . Na ' od began construction on a lavish church in Amhara , which was decorated with gold leaf and known as Mekane Selassie . However , he died before it was completed , and he was buried in a tomb inside the church ; his son Emperor Lebna Dengel completed the construction in 1530 . Francisco Álvares records seeing the church as it was being constructed , and mentions that he was kept from entering it by the local clergy . However , not long after its completion , Imam Ahmad Gragn managed to penetrate the province of Amhara , and on 3 November 1531 , he personally pillaged the structure and set it afire . Na ' od was killed near Jejeno ( possibly Mekane Selassie ) while campaigning against the Muslim s .
Alfred Williams Carter Alfred Williams Carter DSC ( 29 April 1894 – 17 December 1986 ) was a Canadian First World War flying ace , officially credited with 17 victories . The son of David and Martha Carter , Alfred Carter was born near Calgary and enlisted in December 1915 in Ontario , where he had been a University student . In 1916 he joined the Royal Naval Air Service and attended flight school in Florida . Serving with 3 Wing , in June 1917 he was posted to No . 3 Naval Squadron and claimed 5 victories flying the Sopwith Pup . In June 1917 he was transferred to No . 10 Naval Squadron as a flight commander and he scored 4 more victories , now flying the Sopwith Triplane . By November 1918 , he had scored another 8 victories with the Sopwith Camel . His war time tally included 1 balloon , 1 aircraft captured , 4 and 1 shared destroyed , 9 and 1 shared ' out of control ' . After the war he worked for the Air Board until April 1922 and in 1923 he owned and operated an automobile dealership in Victoria , British Columbia . He rejoined the RAF and served until 1953 , becoming an Air Marshal and winning the OBE and MBE . He died on 17 December 1986 . Text of citations . Distinguished Service Cross . " Flt . Sub - Lieut . ( act . Flt . Lieut . ) Alfred Williams Carter , R . N . A . S . This officer has at all times led his patrols with great courage , skill and pertinacity , often engaging superior numbers of hostile aircraft . On 22 July 1917 , he engaged , single - handed for half an hour , five enemy scouts which he prevented from carrying out a reconnaissance . On 24 July 1917 , with one other pilot , he attacked four enemy aircraft , one of which he drove down completely out of control . " References . Websites .
Anthony A . Smalley Anthony A . Smalley ( 1836 – 24 January 1894 ) was an ensign in the United States Navy during the American Civil War . Biography . Smalley , born in Massachusetts in 1836 , was commissioned Acting Master on 27 March 1862 for service during the Civil War ; but he subsequently became ill and his appointment was revoked on 1 September 1863 . When his health permitted , Smalley applied for reinstatement , and he was commissioned Acting Ensign on 1 December 1863 . He served in the North Atlantic Blockading Squadron on board " Pequot " , and distinguished himself during the Union capture of Fort Fisher which guarded the sea approach to Wilmington , N . C . In the attack , Smalley was in command of an 18 - man detachment from the " Pequot " which was responsible for digging trenches for the assault on the fort . He and his men also participated in the charge on the fort . Letters of commendation from his commanding officer praised his bravery and coolness while building the trenches under fire and while leading his men in the charge . After the end of the Civil War , Smalley was honorably discharged from the Navy on 3 August 1865 . He died at Boston on 24 January 1894 . Namesake . USS " Smalley " ( DD - 565 ) was named in his honor .
German submarine U - 514 German submarine " U - 514 " was a Type IXC U - boat of the Nazi German " Kriegsmarine " during World War II . She was laid down by Hamburg Werft as ' werk ' 310 on 29 April 1941 , launched on 18 November and commissioned in December 1941 under " Kapitänleutnant " Hans - Jürgen Auffermann . The U - boat was assigned to the 4th U - boat Flotilla for training between 24 January and 31 August 1942 and then the 10th flotilla for operations from 1 September until her loss . Operational career . 1st patrol . " U - 514 " s operational career began with a short journey from Kiel in Germany to Kristiansand in Norway over 12 and 13 August 1942 . She then almost immediately headed west into the Atlantic via the gap between Iceland and the Faeroe Islands . Her first victim was the British sailing schooner " Helen Forsey " in mid - ocean . Following this success , she moved toward the northern coast of South America , where she attacked five ships . One of them was the Canadian merchant vessel on 11 September 1942 off Barbados , firing six torpedoes into Carlisle Bay . These either missed or impacted on the harbor ' s anti - torpedo netting . After returning fire with her four - inch gun , " Cornwallis " sustained a strike from one torpedo that had passed through one of at least four damaged portions of the netting around 4 : 30 PM . The ship was beached , lest she sink in the harbor , repaired and subsequently returned to service . The boat returned to occupied France , docking in Lorient on 9 November after sinking over 17 , 000 tons of shipping in 87 days at sea . 2nd patrol . Her second foray between 9 December 1942 and 12 February 1943 , although at 66 days not as long as her first , still accounted for 15 , 270 tons of shipping . 3rd patrol . On her third patrol , the outbound boat was attacked twice in the same day , 17 April 1943 . The first was by a Wellington of 172 Squadron RAF ; the second was by a Whitley of 10 Squadron . Both attacks were unsuccessful , as was " U - 514 " s patrol . 4th patrol . The German submarine departed Lorient on 1 July 1943 but was sunk on the 8th northwest of Cape Finisterre , Spain by rockets fitted to a British Librator of 224 Squadron in the Bay of Biscay among a group of Spanish fishing boats . This modification , although effective in this case , was not adopted for use by such an aircraft as the Liberator .
HMS Argonaut ( 1782 ) The 64 - gun Jason was a ship of the line of the French Navy , launched in 1779 . The Royal Navy captured " Jason " on 19 April 1782 at the Battle of the Mona Passage . The Admiralty then commissioned her as the third rate HMS " Argonaut " . " Argonaut " served during the French Revolutionary Wars until 1797 when she was put on harbour service . She was not broken up until 1831 . French Revolutionary War . On 8 January 1795 , while under the command of Captain Alexander John Ball she captured the French Republican warship " Esperance " on the North America Station . " Esperance " was armed with 22 guns ( 4 and 6 - pounders ) , and had a crew of 130 men . She was under the command of Lieutenant de Vaisseau De St . Laurent and had been out 56 days from Rochfort , bound for the Chesapeake . " Argonaut " shared the prize money with Captain Robert Murray ' s HMS " Oiseaux " . The French ambassador to the United States registered a complaint with the President of the United States that " Argonaut " , by entering Lynnhaven bay , either before she captured " Esperance " or shortly thereafter , had violated a treaty between France and the United States . The French also accused the British of having brought " Esperance " into Lynnhaven for refitting for a cruise . The President passed the complaint to the Secretary of State , who forwarded the complaint to the Governor of Virginia . The Governor inquired into the matter of the British Consul at Virginia . The British Consul replied that the capture had taken place some 10 leagues off shore . The weather had forced " Argonaut " and her prize to shelter within the Chesapeake for some days , but that they had left as soon as practicable . Furthermore , " Argonaut " had paroled her French prisoners when she came into Lynnhaven and if had entered American territorial waters solely to parole her French prisoners no one would have thought that objectionable . The authorities in Virginia took a number of depositions but ultimately nothing further came from the matter . Because she was captured in good order and sailed well , Rear Admiral George Murray , the British commander in chief of the North American station , put a British crew aboard and sent " Esperance " out on patrol with " Lynx " on 31 January . On 3 August 1795 , " Argonaut " captured the ship " Anna " . Fate . " Argonaut " was placed on harbour service in 1797 , and eventually broken up in 1831 .
HMS Blazer ( P279 ) HMS " Blazer " is an " Archer " - class patrol vessel of the Royal Navy . She was built by Vosper Thornycroft . She is just over 20 metres long and 5 . 8 metres wide and powered by two Rolls - Royce turbo engines . The ship is based at HMS " Nelson " , the shore base in Portsmouth and was commissioned in 1988 . She has four crew plus a commanding officer , and sails with a training officer and a complement of students . She is attached to the Southampton University Royal Naval Unit ( SURNU ) , under the command of Lt Amie Jackson RN , who is also Officer in Charge of the Unit . In 1993 she was involved in a fishing incident with French trawlers at the port of Cherbourg .
James Hay , Lord Hay James Hay , Lord Hay and Lord Slains ( c . 1797 – 16 June 1815 ) was a British aristocrat and soldier . James Hay was the son of William Hay , 17th Earl of Erroll and his wife Alicia Eliot ( d . 1812 ) . Hay , an ensign in the 1st Foot Guards , was killed at the Battle of Quatre Bras while serving as " aide - de - camp " to General Maitland . Had he lived , he would have succeeded his father as Earl of Erroll upon his death in 1819 ; as it was , his brother William who succeeded to that title . In 1899 Murray ' s Magazine published some recollections by Georgiana , Dowager Lady De Ros ( a daughter of the Duchess of Richmond ) about Duchess of Richmond ' s ball that took place on 15 June 1815 . She recalled " I remember being quite provoked with poor Lord Hay , a dashing merry youth , full of military ardour , whom I knew very well for his delight at the idea of going into action , and of all the honours he was to gain ; and the first news we had on the 16th was that he and the Duke of Brunswick were killed " . Fictional portrayal . In the 1970 film " Waterloo " , he is a main character , constantly at Wellington ' s right - hand side . At the Duchess of Richmond ' s ball , he dances with her daughter Sarah and the two are obviously in love . The Duchess says to Wellington , " Don ' t let young Hay die tomorrow " . Later in the film , Hay serves alongside the Duchess ' brother , the Duke of Gordon , chieftain of Clan Gordon . Wellington remarks to Hay that he is " a lucky fellow , to see such a sight ( the French Army ) in your first battle " . The fictional Hay ' s last words are " Think of England , men , think of England ! " but these are likely to have been fabricated by the scriptwriters . He is shot in the head by a bullet and dies instantly . He is also portrayed in the Georgette Heyer 1937 novel " An Infamous Army " , which deals with events of Waterloo through the eyes of fictional characters but describing real people and events .