naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Battle of Ongal The Battle of Ongal took place in the summer of 680 in the Ongal area , an unspecified location in around the Danube delta near the Peuce Island . The battle had an enormous significance and influence not only for Balkan but also for European history with the creation of the First Bulgarian Empire . Origins of the conflict . In 632 , Khan Kubrat united the Bulgars into the nation - state of Old Great Bulgaria between the Black Sea and Caspian Sea . After his death in the 660s the state was threatened by constant attacks by the Khazars from the east and his sons divided his kingdom amongst themselves . Batbayan , the eldest son , inherited the throne but was defeated by the Khazars and submitted to their rule . Kotrag headed to the north and established Volga Bulgaria , while the third son Asparukh marched westward and settled in the Ongal area to the north of the Danube . After consolidating his rule he launched an attack against the Byzantine lands to the south . During that time Byzantium was at war with the Arabs who had recently besieged the capital Constantinople . However , in 680 the Byzantines defeated the Arabs and concluded a peace treaty . After this success the emperor Constantine IV was free to move against the Bulgars and led an army against Asparukh . In the meantime the Bulgarian leader made an alliance with the Seven Slavic tribes for mutual protection against the Byzantines and formed a federation . The battle . The Bulgars had built wooden ramparts in the swampy area near the Peuce Island . The marshes forced the Byzantines to attack from a weakened position and in smaller groups , which reduced the strength of their attack . With continuing attacks from the ramparts , the Bulgar defense eventually forced the Byzantines into a rout , followed up by the Bulgar cavalry . Many of the Byzantine soldiers perished . According to popular belief , the emperor had leg pain and went to Nessebar to seek treatment . The troops thought that he fled the battlefield and in turn began fleeing . When the Bulgars realised what was happening , they attacked and defeated their discouraged enemy . Aftermath . After the victory , the Bulgars advanced south and seized the lands to the north of Stara Planina . In 681 they invaded Thrace defeating the Byzantines again . Constantine IV found himself in a dead - lock and asked for peace . With the treaty of 681 the Byzantines recognised the creation of the new Bulgarian state and were obliged to pay annual tribute to the Bulgarian rulers , which was greatly humiliating for the empire which managed to defeat the Sassanid Persians and the Ummayads . Significance . This battle was a significant moment in European history , as it led to the creation of a mighty Slavic state , which was to become a European superpower in the 9th and 10th century along with the Byzantine and Frankish Empire s . It became a cultural and spiritual centre of Slavic Europe through most of the Middle Ages . Honour . Ongal Peak in Tangra Mountains on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands , Antarctica is named for the historical Ongal area .
G . R . Jayasinghe Brigadier G . R . Jayasinghe , SLAOC was a Sri Lankan military officer , who was the former head of the Sri Lanka Army Ordnance Corps and founder of the Sri Lanka Rifle Corps in 1984 . Educated at Royal College , Colombo , he joined the army after leaving school . He was commissioned into the Ceylon Army Ordnance Corps as a Second Lieutenant .
HMS Panther ( 1703 ) HMS " Panther " was a 50 - gun fourth rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy , built at Deptford Dockyard and launched on 15 March 1703 . In 1707 , she belonged to Admiral Sir Cloudesley Shovell ' s fleet . She saw action during the unsuccessful Battle of Toulon and was present during the great naval disaster off the Isles of Scilly when Shovell and four of his ships ( " Association " , " Firebrand " , " Romney " and " Eagle " ) were lost , claiming the lives of nearly 2 , 000 sailors . " Panther " suffered little to no damage and finally managed to reach Portsmouth . " Panther " was rebuilt according to the 1706 Establishment at Woolwich Dockyard , and relaunched on 6 April 1716 . She was hulked in 1743 , remaining in that role until she was sold out of the navy in 1768 .
Taurus 24 / 7 The Taurus 24 / 7 is a double action pistol created by Taurus in 2002 and launched in the market in 2004 . It isn ' t being widely used by the military however , it is being heavily used by the police and civilian customers . Description . First Taurus 24 / 7 pistols were presented in 2004 , in attempt to offer a new , lightweight and potent pistol for police , security and civilian users . These pistols were available in a variety of " major " calibers , and in a number of finish options . early pistols were Double Action Only but recently Taurus also introduced a conventional Double / Single action 24 / 7 pistols . Taurus 24 / 7 pistols are short recoil operated , locked breech pistols that use modified Browning - type locking , with single lug on the barrel engaging the ejection port in the slide . Frames of Taurus 24 / 7 pistols are made from impact - resistant polymer ; slides can be made from carbon or stainless steel . Trigger is either double / single action or double action only , striker - fired , with internal firing pin block safety and manual safety , located on the left side of the frame . Magazines are double stack . Sights are fixed . front part of the frame , below the barrel , is shaped to form an integral Picatinny - type accessory rail .
HMS Bamborough Castle ( K412 ) HMS " Bamborough Castle " was a Royal Navy Castle - class corvette . Bamborough Castle is in Northumberland , England , although it is now usually spelt " Bamburgh " . She was launched at J . Lewis & Sons shipyard in Aberdeen , Scotland on 11 January 1944 and commissioned on 30 May 1944 . She sank the U - boat " U - 387 " on 9 December 1944 with depth charge s whilst escorting the convoy RA - 62 from Murmansk to Scapa Flow . After World War II her career was mainly spent in the fleet reserve until she was scrapped in May 1959 .
Atlantic City Armory Atlantic City Armory is an armory at 1008 Absecon Boulevard in Atlantic City , New Jersey . For the 1944 season the New York Yankees held spring training in Atlantic City . They made the 300 - room Senator Hotel their headquarters , trained indoors at the armory and played at Bader Field . In 2009 it was announced that the armory would be renovated and transformed in a youth recreation center . The $ 2 . 9 million in funding for the project was provided by the New Jersey Department of Military and Veterans Affairs , the New Jersey Department of Law and Public Safety and the Community Redevelopment Agency . Renovations included the conversion of the drill floor to an indoor track and soccer field . Adjoining spaces were used for offices , classrooms , and locker rooms . Morris Guard Armory . There is another earlier armory in the city from an earlier era . Formed in 1887 as a military and social club , the Morris Guards were named after Colonel Daniel Morris , a Civil War veteran and wealthy businessman who donated funds to build the armory building on New York Avenue between Atlantic and Pacific Avenues . For many years , before the construction of the Convention Center , the armory was the entertainment center of the city .
707th Airlift Squadron The 707th Airlift Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force Reserve unit . It was last assigned to the 315th Military Airlift Wing at Charleston Air Force Base , South Carolina . It was inactivated on 1 July 2000 . The squadron was active during World War II as the 307th Troop Carrier Squadron a training unit that was part of the I Troop Carrier Command . History . The 307th Troop Carrier Squadron was activated as an operational training unit ( OTU ) in March 1943 and served in this role until July 1943 . The OTU program involved the use of an oversized parent unit to provide cadres to “ satellite groups ” . The 307th then served as a replacement training unit ( RTU ) for glider crews until April 1944 . RTUs were oversized units to train individual pilots or aircrew s . However , the United States Army Air Forces found that standard military units , based on relatively inflexible tables of organization were proving less well adapted to the training mission . Accordingly a more functional system was adopted in which each base was organized into a separate numbered unit . Accordingly the 307th was disbanded and its mission , personnel , and equipment were absorbed by the 805th AAF Base Unit ( Replacement Training Unit , Troop Carrier ) . The 707th Airlift Squadron was activated at Charleston AFB , South Carolina in 1972 as an Air Force Reserve associate squadron . The squadron did not have aircraft assigned , but flew Lockheed C - 141 Starlifter aircraft assigned to the regular United States Air Force 437th Military Airlift Wing ( later 437th Airlift Wing ) . The squadron was inactivated in 2000 as part of the C - 141 retirement . Lineage . 307th Troop Carrier Squadron 707th Airlift Squadron References . Bibliography . Further Reading
Mastering the Internet Mastering the Internet ( MTI ) is a mass surveillance project led by the British communications intelligence agency Government Communications Headquarters ( GCHQ ) , with a budget of over £1 billion . According to reports in " The Register " and " The Sunday Times " , as of early May 2009 , contracts with a total value of £200m had already been awarded to suppliers . Responding to these reports , GCHQ issued a press release countering these claims of mass surveillance , stating that " GCHQ is not developing technology to enable the monitoring of all internet use and phone calls in Britain , or to target everyone in the UK " . However , the 2013 mass surveillance disclosures revealed that the GCHQ gathers “ raw ” information ( without filtering out the communications of British citizens ) from the web as part of its " Mastering the Internet " programme . Background . " Mastering the Internet " ( MTI ) is part of the Interception Modernisation Programme ( IMP ) of the British government . The system was described in 2009 by " The Register " and " The Sunday Times " as the replacement for scrapped plans for a single central database , involving thousands of DPI ( deep packet inspection ) " black boxes " at various internet service provider s in association with the GCHQ base in Cheltenham , funded out of a Single Intelligence Account budget of £1 . 6 bn , including a £200m contract with Lockheed Martin and a contract with BAE Systems Detica . As of 2013 , the system is capable of vacuuming signals from up to 200 fibre - optic cables at all physical points of entry into Great Britain . International cooperation . During the course of the 2013 mass surveillance disclosures , " The Guardian " revealed that the U . S . National Security Agency ( NSA ) had been involved in " Mastering the Internet " as part of the " Five Eyes " alliance between several English - speaking Western democracies . According to documents leaked by Edward Snowden , the NSA paid the GCHQ over £17 . 2 million for running the latter ' s " Mastering the Internet " programme . Back in 2007 , John Adams , chief of Canada ' s intelligence agency Communications Security Establishment , appeared before the Parliament of Canada , where he acknowledged the plans of the " Five Eyes " to master the Internet :
United States Navy Armed Guard United States Navy Armed Guard units were established during World War II in an attempt to provide defensive firepower to merchant ships in convoy or merchant ships traveling alone . This was done because of the constant danger from enemy submarines , surface raiders , fighter aircraft and bombers , and because of the shortage of Allied escort vessels necessary to provide the merchant vessels with adequate protection . Unit composition . The " United States Navy Armed Guard ( USNAG ) " were U . S . Navy gun crews consisting of Gunner ' s Mates , Coxswain s and Boatswain s , Radiomen , Signal men , an occasional Pharmacist ' s Mate , and toward the end of the war a few radar men serving at sea on Merchant Ships . Armed Guard crews served on Allied merchant marine ships in every theatre of the war . Typically the crew was led by a single commissioned officer , but earlier in the war chiefs and even petty officers had command . Hazardous duty considerations . The assignment as an Armed Guardsman was often dreaded because of the constant danger and because the merchant ships were among the slowest to receive updated equipment . Early on in the war some ships only had a few machine guns and painted telephone poles to replicate the barrels of larger guns . The most common armament to be installed on merchant ships during the war were the MK II 20mm machine gun and the 3 " / 50 , 4 " / 50 , and 5 " / 38 deckguns . Cross - training for crew members . When practicable , the " Navy Armed Guard " aboard a merchant ship would provide cross - training to merchant crew members in the use of the guns in the event the Navy personnel were killed or injured . Scheduling . The " Navy Armed Guard " unit would travel with the merchant ship to its destination and return Stateside on the same ship , or another , depending on convoy schedules . First use in convoy to Russia . The first merchant ship to make the eastbound convoy to North Russia ( PQ - 8 out of Iceland ) with a Navy Armed Guard was the 3800 - ton freighter SS " Larranga " . At the insistence of the ship ' s master , Captain Cameron Dudley Simmons , she was installed with a Navy Armed Guard consisting of Ensign H . A . Axtell , Jr . and eight enlisted men under his supervision . Ordnance placed under their charge on the SS " Larranga " was one 4 - inch gun and eight 30 - calibre machine guns . The Armed Guard crew of the SS " Larranga " has the distinction of being the first to fire on an enemy submarine from an armed merchant vessel . Cinematic dramatic description . The movie film " Action in the North Atlantic " , issued in 1943 and featuring Humphrey Bogart , Raymond Massey , and Alan Hale , illustrates the importance of the " Naval Armed Guard " and how it interfaced with the Merchant Marine crew who were in charge of their merchant vessel .
AMX 10 RC The AMX - 10RC is a wheeled reconnaissance vehicle and tank destroyer built by GIAT . Over 300 are in service in the French Army . 108 additional vehicles were sold to Morocco and 12 to Qatar . The AMX - 10RC is a wheeled and heavily armed version of the AMX - 10P combat vehicle . The AMX - 10RC should not be confused with the AMX - 10P ; they share automotive components but otherwise have completely different battlefield roles . The AMX - 10RC is amphibious and has very good mobility . It is usually used for reconnaissance missions in dangerous environments or for fire support . Design and characteristics . Initial work on the AMX - 10RC began in 1970 ; production began in 1976 , and the first production vehicle was delivered in 1981 to the 2nd " Regiment de Hussards " in Sourdun . The vehicle features a powerful GIAT 105mm gun mounted in a welded aluminium turret . The turret also serves to house three crew members , while the driver sits in the front of the hull ; the COTAC fire control system is provided for gun aiming . All six wheels are driven , and the AMX - 10RC uses skid steering to turn the hull . The 105mm rifled gun fires four types of ammunition : APFSDS , HE , HEAT and smoke . The APFSDS uses the penetrator from the GIAT 90mm APFSDS round , and is capable of penetrating a NATO triple heavy tank target at a range of 2 , 000 metres . The AMX - 10RC has been the recipient of numerous upgrades over its lifetime . Most notably , newer systems include battlefield - management system terminals . For its part in the 1991 Gulf War , the AMX - 10RC was provided with extra add - on armour and anti - tank missile decoy systems . One improvement considered was the installation of a NATO 105mm gun , as the GIAT model was not compatible with NATO munitions , but this was ultimately not done . Thermal imaging systems have also been installed , using units taken from decommissioned AMX - 30B2 MBTs . A central tyre - inflation system is available for added traction over soft terrain . The AMX - 10RC is equipped with an NBC ( Nuclear / Biological / Chemical ) protection system and may conduct reconnaissance in a radioactive environment . The AMX - 10RC is no longer in production by GIAT . AMX - 10RCR Modernisation . In 2010 , Nexter completed the modernisation of 256 AMX - 10RC vehicle configuration to RCR ( Rénové ) , a programme that consisted of integrating various systems and additional armour , active self - protection by Sagem , LIRE ( Leurre Infrarouge ) / Eirel , the combat management system SIT ( Système d ' Information Terminal ) V1 , ASP device Galix smoke grenades , changes in the NBC protection and improvements in the suspension and the speed gearboxes and tactical communications completed with Thales Communications & Security PR4G VS4 . The integration was done by DCMAT ( Direction Centrale du Matériel de l ' Armée de Terre ) .
Chouan Army of Rennes and Fougères The Chouan Army of Rennes and Fougères ( " Armée des Chouans de Rennes et Fougères " or " armée royale de Rennes et de Fougères " ) was a French counter - revolutionary army set up in 1795 by Joseph de Puisaye , who passed on its command to Aimé Picquet du Boisguy , head of the chouans in the area from 1793 onwards . It merged the Royalist divisions from Ille - et - Vilaine and some from Côtes d ' Armor .
Battle of Voronezh ( 1942 ) The Battle of Voronezh was a battle on the Eastern Front of World War II , fought in and around the strategically important city of Voronezh on the Don river , south of Moscow , from 28 June - 24 July 1942 , as opening move of the German summer offensive in 1942 . The city was defended by the troops of the 40th Army as part of the Valuiki - Rossosh Defensive Operation ( 28 June - 24 July 1942 ) of the General of Army Nikolai Fyodorovich Vatutin ' s Southwestern Front . The German assault was conducted by the element of the 4th Panzer Army ′ s forces of Army Group South under commanded by General Hermann Hoth , who was under strict instructions not to get bogged down in street - to - street fighting . The armored units of the 4th Panzer Army partly captured Voronezh on 6 July by occupying the western river - bank suburbs , however German troops were subjected to a Red Army counter - attack . The 4th Panzer Army was to be followed by the Sixth Army , and when Voronezh was occupied the former was to wheel south - eastward and move down the right bank of the Don towards Stalingrad as part of Operation Blau . It took two days for infantry divisions from the Army Group South to reach Voronezh to hold the line and free the Panzer troops ; Adolf Hitler later came to believe that these two days , when combined with other avoidable delays on the drive south , allowed Marshal Semyon Timoshenko to reinforce the forces in Stalingrad before the 4th Panzer Army could arrive to allow taking of Stalingrad . The Soviets recaptured the city in 1943 .
Paul Vandervoort Paul Vandervoort ( July 12 , 1846 - July 29 , 1902 ) was an American soldier who served in the Union Army and as the 11th Commander - in - Chief of the Grand Army of the Republic , 1882 - 1883 . Early life and military career . Vandervoort was born July 12 , 1846 in Clinton County , Ohio to William and Theresa ( Harvey ) Vandervoort . During the Civil War , he lied about his age and enlisted June 10 , 1862 as a private in Company G , 68th Illinois Volunteer Infantry ( a 3 - month regiment ) . Vandervoort was mustered out September 26 , 1862 at Camp Butler near Springfield , Illinois . On May 19 , 1863 he enlisted as a private in Company M , 16th Illinois Volunteer Cavalry ( again , lying about his age ) and mustered out of the service August 1 , 1865 as a sergeant . While with the 16th Illinois Cavalry , Vandervoort was captured by Confederates near Jonesville , Virginia in December 1863 and held at Andersonville , Belle Isle , and Libby prisons . Post - war service . Following the Civil War , Vandervoort became active in politics , first in Illinois and later in Omaha , Nebraska , where he also worked as chief clerk for the Railway Mail Service . Like many other Union Army veterans , Vandervoort was a Republican ; however , he later switched his political affiliation to the Populist Party . Vandervoort became active in the Grand Army of the Republic in 1866 and helped reorganize the Department of Nebraska after the organizations ' initial difficulties . He was elected 11th Commander - in - Chief of the G . A . R . and served 1882 - 1883 . Of particular note is that Vandervoort was the first veteran who had been an enlisted man to rise to the highest position within the G . A . R . . At the 1883 National Encampment , the National Woman ' s Relief Corps was recognized as an official auxiliary organization of the G . A . R . and Vandervoort was made an honorary member . When Vandervoort lost his position with the Railway Mail Service , he became an assistant manager for the Cuban Land and Steamship Company of New York . Vandervoort helped transport many Union Army veterans who hoped to find new lives as citrus farmers in Cuba after the United States installed a government there in 1899 . Vandervoort became a land speculator and personally laid out a colony known as La Gloria , which became the largest American settlement in Cuba . Vandervoort did not live to see La Gloria prosper . He died July 29 , 1902 in Puerto Principe , Cuba and is buried at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Omaha .
Eidsvold - class coastal defence ship The " Eidsvold " class was a class of coastal defence ship s , two of which were built for the Royal Norwegian Navy in 1899 by Armstrong Whitworth . The class consisted of two ships , the HNoMS Eidsvold and HNoMS Norge . Locally they were referred to as " panserskip " ( lit . : armoured ship ) . Description . Built as part of the general rearmament in the time leading up to the events in 1905 , the two ships of the " Eidsvold " class remained , along with the slightly older " Tordenskjold " class , the backbone of the Norwegian Navy until the German invasion of Norway in 1940 . " Norge " and " Eidsvold " were the largest vessels in the Norwegian Navy , displacing 4 , 233 tons and crewed by 270 men . It was intended to augment the Norwegian Panserskip fleet with the two ships of the " Bjørgvin " class , ordered in 1912 , but both were confiscated by the British Navy at the outbreak of World War I . Obsolete by the time of the German invasion , both " Eidsvold " class ships were sunk during the first Battle of Narvik . The " Eidsvold " class carried a mixed armament , typical of coastal defense ships : The " Eidsvold " class was armoured to withstand battle with ships of a similar class , but the underwater armour and internal partitoning were not designed to withstand torpedo hits , which caused both ships ' demise :