naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Joseph Trewavas Joseph Trewavas VC CGM ( 14 December 1835 – 20 July 1905 ) was a British ) recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . Details . Trewavas was 19 years old , and a seaman in the Royal Navy during the Crimean War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC . On 3 July 1855 in the Straits of Genitchi , Sea of Azov in the Crimea , Seaman Trewavas of HMS " Beagle " was sent in a 4 - oared gig to destroy a bridge , and so cut the Russians ' main supply route . This was the third attempt , the first two having failed . As the gig ground against the bridge , Seaman Trewavas leapt out with an axe and began to hew away at the hawsers holding the pontoons together , and although the enemy kept up a heavy fire , particularly on Trewavas himself , he continued until his task was completed , and the two severed ends of the pontoon began to drift apart . He was wounded as he got back into the gig . Further information . He later achieved the rank of able seaman . He was a member of Cornwall County Council and a member of the County Fisheries Committee . The medal . The medal is housed in the Penlee House Gallery & Museum in Penzance . It is generally not on display , but can be seen on appointment .
Casspir The Casspir is a landmine - protected infantry mobility vehicle that has been in use in South Africa for over 30 years . It is a four - wheeled armour ed vehicle , used for transport of troop s . It can hold a crew of two , plus 12 additional soldiers and associated gear . The Casspir was unique in design when launched , providing for passive mine defence . The main body of the vehicle is raised high above the ground , so when a mine is detonated , the explosion is less likely to damage the crew compartment and kill the occupants . The cross - section of the hull is V - shaped , directing the force of the explosion outwards , further protecting the occupants . The vehicle is also armoured for added mine safety , as well as protection from small arms fire . The Casspir was the inspiration and prototype for the U . S . Marines ' MRAP project . Design history . The name ' Casspir ' is an anagram of the abbreviations of the customer , the South African Police ( SAP ) , and the design authority , the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research ( CSIR ) . Although the Casspir was deployed in townships during the apartheid era , it was initially designed specifically for conditions encountered in the South African Border War . In particular , this conflict called for protection from land mine s combined with high manoeuvrability to cover long distances - these requirements led to the distinctive V - shaped hull ( for mine protection ) and a wheeled chassis . The Casspir was designed by the CSIR specifically to protect vehicle occupants against landmines . It is certified to protect its occupants against a triple TM - 57 mine blast ( equivalent to 21 kg of TNT ) under a wheel , or a double blast ( 14 kg of TNT ) under the hull . The Casspir has V - bottomed armoured monocoque hull , designed to deflect the force of an explosion outwards , to which a leaf - spring suspension is attached . Production history . About 200 Casspir Mk1s were originally built by the CSIR in 1979 / 80 . The production was taken over by TFM in 1981 , which improved the design to the Mk 2 . Some 2500 Casspir series APCs were built by TFM of South Africa , which was subsequently taken over by Reumech OMC . Reumech in turn was taken over by Vickers Defence Systems of the UK and renamed Vickers OMC . When Alvis purchased Vickers Defence Systems to become Alvis Vickers , Vickers OMC became Alvis OMC . In 2004 BAE Systems acquired Alvis Vickers and Alvis OMC was renamed Land Systems OMC . A new and more powerful Casspir known as Casspir 2000 is being manufactured by Mechem . Variants . The Casspir was built in different configurations :
Steam cannon A steam cannon is a cannon that launches a projectile using only heat and water . The first steam cannon was designed by Archimedes during the Siege of Syracuse . Leonardo da Vinci was also known to have designed one ( the " Architonnerre " ) . The device would consist of a large metal tube , preferably copper due to its high thermal conductivity , which would be placed in a furnace . One end of the tube would be capped and the other loaded with a projectile . Once the tube reached a high enough temperature , a small amount of water would be injected in behind the projectile . In theory , Leonardo da Vinci believed , the water would rapidly expand into vapour , blasting the projectile out the front of the barrel . The viability of the concept has been explored , with mixed results , by both the television series " MythBusters " and students at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology . Age of Steam . Various unsuccessful efforts were made during the age of steam to create working steam machine gun s and cannons during the 19th century using methods and technology derived from steam locomotives . A World War II steam cannon was the Holman Projector .
USS Elmore ( APA - 42 ) USS " Elmore " ( APA - 42 ) was a that served with the US Navy during World War II . " Elmore " ( AP - 87 ) was launched 29 January 1943 as " Sea Panther " by Ingalls Shipbuilding of Pascagoula , Mississippi , under a Maritime Commission contract , reclassified ( APA - 42 ) on 1 February ; transferred to the Navy 30 March and placed in partial commission the same day for ferry to Maryland Dry Dock Company , Baltimore for conversion , and commissioned in full 25 August 1943 Commander D . Harrison in command . Operational history . Marshall Islands . " Elmore " sailed from San Diego 13 January 1944 and landed troops and equipment in the initial assault on the Marshalls 31 January 1944 . In early February she reported to the 3d Fleet at Funafuti , Ellice Islands . Emirau Island and Guadalcanal . After training in the Solomons , she took part in the landings on Emirau Island 11 April , and carried troops between Guadalcanal and New Guinea until 3 June . On the 4th she got underway for invasion of the Marianas . Guam and the Palaus . " Elmore " landed troops in the assault on Guam 21 July 1944 and remained to embark casualties whom she carried to Eniwetok . She returned to the Solomons for training , then saw action in the first wave against the Palaus 15 September . Casualties at Leyte . " Elmore " staged at Hollandia for the coming Philippine invasion and sailed 13 October for the Leyte assault a week later . Landing troops and cargo under heavy fire , " Elmore " lost one killed and five wounded . Luzon . Returning to Manus and New Guinean ports , " Elmore " prepared for the northern Luzon assault . On 9 January 1945 she was in Lingayen Gulf for the initial landings . She remained to support the fighters ashore , and on 29 January landed troops without opposition near San Felipe . She returned to Leyte in February to be mother ship for the boat pool and to direct unloading of merchant ships . Okinawa . " Elmore " sailed from Leyte 27 March 1945 for the invasion of Okinawa on 1 April . Four days after the assault she carried casualties to Guam , continuing to Seattle for overhaul . She was on her way back when the war ended and upon arrival at Leyte 30 August was assigned to redeploy troops through the Philippines . After hostilities . " Elmore " made two voyages to Japan to land occupation troops at Wakayama and Mitsugahama , then returned to the States on " Magic Carpet " duty with servicemen eligible for discharge . After a voyage on the same duty to the Philippines from November 1945 to January 1946 , she was decommissioned at Mobile , Alabama , 13 March , and returned to the Maritime Commission for sale 15 May 1946 . Elmore received eight battle star s for World War II service . Commercial service . After decommissioning , " Elmore " ' s name reverted to " Sea Panther " when she was leased in 1946 for commercial service . In 1947 she was renmaed " China Transport " . In 1958 she was renamed " Oregon " and in 1960 was again renamed , to " Idaho " . The vessel was returned to the Maritime Administration in 1966 and scrapped at Portland , Oregon in 1971 .
Defender - class torpedo boat The colonial service " Defender " - class torpedo boats were designed by Thornycroft & Company for the defence of New Zealand , built at Chiswick in 1883 and shipped to New Zealand . They were quickly obsolete and were left to deteriorate " in situ " . The remains of " Defender " are preserved at the Lyttelton Torpedo Boat Museum . Construction . Acquired for the external defence of New Zealand , at a cost of about £3 , 200 each , all four boats were built and engined by John I . Thornycroft & Company at Church Wharf , Chiswick on the River Thames . Armament . As built the class was armed with a single McEvoy spar torpedo , which was designed to be rammed into a vessel and explode beneath the waterline . A single 2 - barrelled Nordenfelt gun comprised the total gun armament . The last pair had 18 - inch Whitehead torpedo es fitted at build , and these were later retrofitted to " Defender " and " Taiaroa " . Transport to New Zealand . On 1 February 1884 the first pair were shipped aboard the sailing ship " Lyttelton " from London to Port Chalmers , New Zealand . The second pair followed on 3 May 1884 . Operational lives . Torpedo Corps units of the Permanent Militia were formed to operate the boats at the four main ports of Lyttelton ( " Defender " ) , Port Chalmers ( " Taiaroa " ) , Devonport ( " Waitemata " ) and Wellington ( " Poneke " ) , each with its boatshed and slipway . The boats quickly became obsolete and by 1900 had largely been left to rot .
Chickamauga Confederate order of battle The following Confederate States Army units and commanders fought in the Battle of Chickamauga of the American Civil War . The Union order of battle is listed separately . Order of battle compiled from the army organization during the campaign . Army of Tennessee ( September 19 , 1863 ) . Gen Braxton Bragg , Commanding Escort : Cpt Guy Dreux Polk ' s Corps . LTG Leonidas Polk Escort : Hill ' s Corps . LTG Daniel H . Hill Escort : Buckner ' s Corps . MG Simon Bolivar Buckner , Sr . Escort : Reserve Corps . MG William H . T . Walker Longstreet ' s Corps . MG John B . Hood Wheeler ' s Cavalry Corps . MG Joseph Wheeler Forrest ' s Cavalry Corps . BG Nathan B . Forrest Escort : Army of Tennessee ( September 20 , 1863 ) . Gen Braxton Bragg , Commanding Escort : Cpt Guy Dreux Right Wing . LTG Leonidas Polk Escort : Cheatham ' s Division . Escort : Hill ' s Corps . LTG Daniel H . Hill Escort : Reserve Corps . MG William H . T . Walker Left Wing . LTG James Longstreet Hindman ' s Division . Escort : Buckner ' s Corps . MG Simon Bolivar Buckner , Sr . Escort : Longstreet ' s Corps . MG John B . Hood ( w ) Cavalry . Wheeler ' s Corps . MG Joseph Wheeler Forrest ' s Cavalry Corps . BG Nathan B . Forrest Escort :
Quinn ' s Post Commonwealth War Graves Commission Cemetery Quinn ' s Post Cemetery is a Commonwealth War Graves Commission cemetery from World War I in the former Anzac sector of the Gallipoli Peninsula , Turkey . The battles at Gallipoli , some of whose participating soldiers are buried at this cemetery , were an eight - month campaign fought by Commonwealth and French forces against Turkish forces in an attempt to force Turkey out of the war , to relieve the deadlock of the Western Front ( France / Belgium ) and to open a supply route to Russia through the Dardanelles and the Black Sea . Quinn ' s post was established on the day of the landing , 25 April 1915 , as a New Zealand machine gun position and was taken over by Australian troops the following day . It was held by a variety of units until the evacuation of the Anzac sector and was the site of continual attacks and hand - to - hand fighting as Turkish troops defending the peninsula strove to recapture it . Fighting was intense , with heavy casualties on both sides , as it was a key position at the end of the Anzac line . It was overlooked by Turkish positions on three sides , and subjected to incessant sniper activity , and to grenade bombardment from Turkish positions only 15 metres away . The Turkish name for the position was Bomba Sirt ( bomb ridge ) . Periscopes were used to survey the surrounding area , although they were prone to being damaged by rifle fire , and periscope rifle s eventually allowed accurate fire to be directed towards the Turkish trenches . Wire nets were erected in front of the trenches to stop grenades . In his official history , the Australian historian , Charles Bean described the holding of the post as amongst the finest achievements of the Australian force . It was named after Major Hugh Quinn , the 27 - year old commander of C Company , 15th Battalion , Australian Imperial Force . His detachment of 226 men took over the position from troops of the 14th Battalion on 29 April . Quinn was killed there on 29 May whilst reconnoitring for an attack to recapture trenches seized by the Turks earlier in the day and is buried in Shrapnel Valley Cemetery . The cemetery was established after the war by moving 225 isolated graves into it , along with the 73 burials in Pope ' s Hill Cemetery and another six graves found together nearby . 105 Australian and 10 New Zealand graves belong to identified soldiers , and memorials record the names of 64 other soldiers thought to be buried in the cemetery .
SS Fort Athabaska SS " Fort Athabaska " was a Canadian - owned Fort ship , sunk while under British naval use in 1943 . With the heavy demand for British cargo ships it was given to British naval forces . She was a North Sands type Fort ship built by Burrard Dry Dock of North Vancouver , and completed 15 May 1943 . On 2 December 1943 multiple squadrons of German bombers conducted a destructive air assault on Bari Harbour in Italy . Twenty - eight Allied ships were sunk in the raid with contents of mustard gas in one of their hulls . The moment the gas spread , the harbour became a poisonous inferno . One of the ships sunk in the raid was the " Fort Athabaska " . The contents of the ship whilst it was stationed at Bari is unknown , but some records suggest medical / oil / ammunition supplies . The fate of the ship was sealed when multiple bombs penetrated the decks of the ship , leaving holes in the hull that could simply not be repaired . The order to abandon ship was given and the ship quickly submerged . References .
EMT Luna X - 2000 Luna X 2000 is a German unmanned aerial vehicle ( UAV ) in service with the Bundeswehr ( German Army ) and produced by EMT Penzberg of Germany . It is intended for close reconnaissance ( " over the hill " , up to 65 km away ) , transmitting live video data ( visual or infrared ) or taking higher resolution still images , but it can also perform other tasks such as particle sampling , ESM / Electronic countermeasures ( radio / radar jamming ) , depending on its payload . The UAV is launched with a simple bungee catapult and then follows a preprogrammed course , that can be altered in flight if necessary . After its mission it automatically lands with the help of a parachute and impact dampers . " Luna X " UAVs are in use by German KFOR forces since 2000 and are also used by German troops in Afghanistan . In mid - 2009 the German Army ordered another 4 systems with a total of 40 UAVs . Pakistan Navy signed a contract on the 27 June 2012 with EMT for purchase of LUNA UAV Systems .
Baker Russell General Sir Baker Creed Russell GCB ( 1837 – 25 November 1911 ) was an Australian - born British Army officer who served with distinction in the Indian Mutiny , Anglo - Ashanti War , Anglo - Zulu War and Egyptian War . Early life . Baker Creed Russell was born in 1837 in Maitland , New South Wales , Australia , the son of the Hon . William Russell , formerly a major in the 73rd Regiment . Military career . He entered the British Army in 1855 as a cornet of the Carabiniers . He was present at Meerut on the Sunday when the Indian Mutiny began . He served right through the Mutiny with great distinction and took part in numerous actions . He participated the pursuit of the Tantya Tope one of the leaders of the rebellion . Russell emerged in 1858 with an excellent record so that on the earliest opportunity he was given a brevet majority . In 1862 he was transferred to the 13th Hussars , which he subsequently commanded . Under his leadership it became one of the smartest and best light cavalry regiments in the world . In 1873 , with the rank of major , he accompanied Sir Garnet Wolseley to the Gold Coast to participate in the first Ashanti Expedition . He raised , organised and led a native corps in all the principal actions with great distinction . In 1879 , he again served under Wolseley , this time in the Zulu campaign . For his successful leadership of the operations against Sekukuni , he was made a KCMG and aide - de - camp to Queen Victoria . He was a member of the Wolseley ring . In 1882 , he commanded the 1st Cavalry Brigade during the Egyptian War . He led the midnight charge at Kassassin , was present at the battle of Tel el - Kebir and participated in the march to and occupation of Cairo , which was carried out by the Cavalry Division under Drury - Lowe . In 1886 , he was , for a short time , Inspecting Officer of Auxiliary Cavalry . From 1890 to 1894 , was General Officer Commanding the Aldershot Cavalry Brigade . In 1895 he commanded the North Western District which had its headquarters in Chester . From 1896 to 1898 he was Commander - in - Chief Bengal Command . Upon his return to England in 1898 he was posted to Portsmouth as GOC of the Southern District . In this capacity he was very conspicuous at Southampton Docks whenever troops were embarking for South Africa in the early stages of the Anglo - Boer War . Death . He died on 25 November 1911 in Folkestone , Kent .
Battle of Collierville The Second Battle of Collierville was a minor battle of the American Civil War , in Shelby County , Tennessee . Four minor battles occurred in 1863 at Collierville , Tennessee , during a three - month period . The two largest battles occurred on October 11 and November 3 , 1863 . The battle on October 11 was the largest land battle fought in Shelby County , Tennessee . The reports from the Union commanders in official records also refer to the town as Colliersville . Battle . The battle on November 3 was intended to be a Confederate cavalry raid to break up the Memphis & Charleston Railroad behind Maj . Gen . William T . Sherman ' s XV Army Corps , then in the process of marching to the relief of Chattanooga . But , when Confederate Brig . Gen . James R . Chalmers , leading a cavalry division riding up from Mississippi , learned that only one Union regiment was left to defend Collierville , he decided to attack . Chalmers supposed Union Col . Edward Hatch possessed fewer men stationed at Collierville and at Germantown , five miles ( 8 km ) to the west , than he actually did . Hatch ' s scouts warned him of Chalmers ' s approach from the south , so he ordered Collierville ' s defenders to be prepared and rode from Germantown with cavalry reinforcements . General Chalmers , as he had done only three weeks earlier , attacked from the south with McCulloch ' s and Slemon ' s brigades . The Union garrison was defended by eight companies of the 7th Illinois Cavalry Regiment and two howitzers . Col . Hatch quickly arrived with the 6th Illinois and 2nd Iowa Cavalry Regiments . The Confederates launched an attack with only part of Slemon ' s brigade , believing faulty intelligence that it was lightly defended . The Union 2nd Regiment Iowa Volunteer Cavalry opened fire with their repeating Colt revolver rifles and repulsed the attack . Surprised by the unexpected appearance of the enemy on his flanks , Chalmers concluded that he was outnumbered , called off the battle , and , to ward off Union pursuit , withdrew back to Mississippi . Chalmers reported the loss of 6 killed , 63 wounded , 26 prisoners , including Colonel James Z . George , commanding the 5th Mississippi Cavalry . Hatch reported the loss of approximately 60 casualties . The Memphis & Charleston Railroad remained open to Tuscumbia , Alabama , for Union troop movements .
Falchion A falchion ( ; Old French : " fauchon " ; Latin : " falx " , " sickle " ) is a one - handed , single - edged sword of European origin , whose design is reminiscent of the Persian scimitar and the Chinese dao . The weapon combined the weight and power of an axe with the versatility of a sword . Falchions are found in different forms from around the 11th century up to and including the sixteenth century . In some versions the falchion looks rather like the scramasax and later the sabre , and in some versions the form is irregular or like a machete with a crossguard . Types of falchion . The blade designs of falchions varied widely across the continent and through the ages . They almost always included a single edge with a slight curve on the blade towards the point on the end and most were also affixed with a quillon ed crossguard for the hilt in the manner of the contemporary arming sword s . Unlike the double - edged swords of Europe , few actual swords of this type have survived to the present day ; fewer than a dozen specimens are currently known . Two basic types can be identified In addition , there are a group of 13th . and early 14th . century weapons sometimes identified with the falchion . These have a falchion - like blade mounted on a wooden haft long , sometimes ending in a curve like an umbrella . These are seen in numerous illustration in the mid - 13th . century Maciejowski Bible . A number of weapons superficially similar to the falchion existed in Western Europe , including the Messer , hanger and the backsword . Status . It ' s sometimes presumed that these swords had a lower - than - average quality and status than the longer , more expensive swords . It is also possible that some falchions were used as tools between wars and fights , since they were very practical pieces of equipment . However , while it is commonly thought that falchions were primarily a peasant ' s weapon this is certainly a misconception . The Conyers falchion clearly belonged to a landed family , and the weapon is commonly shown in illustrations of combat between mounted knights . Some later falchions were very ornate and used by the nobility . In particular , there is a very elaborately engraved and gold plated falchion from the 1560s in the Wallace Collection . This weapon is engraved with the personal coat of arms of Cosimo I de ' Medici , Grand Duke of Tuscany .