naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
John Toland ( author ) John Willard Toland ( June 29 , 1912 – January 4 , 2004 ) was an American writer and historian . He is best known for a biography of Adolf Hitler and for his Pulitzer Prize - winning World War II history of Japan , " The Rising Sun " . Biography . Toland was born in La Crosse , Wisconsin . He was a graduate of Williams College , and he also attended the Yale School of Drama for a time . His original goal was to become a playwright . In the summers between his college years , he travelled with hobo s and wrote several plays with hobos as central characters , none of which achieved the stage . In 1961 , Toland said that in his early years as a writer he had been " about as big a failure as a man can be " . He claimed to have written six complete novels , 26 plays , and a hundred short stories before successfully completing his first sale , a short story he sold to " The American Magazine " in 1954 for $ 165 . At one point he managed to publish an article on dirigibles in " Look " magazine ; it proved extremely popular and led to his career as a historian . Dirigibles were also the subject of his first full published book , entitled " Ships in the Sky " and published in 1957 . Perhaps his most important work , for which he won the Pulitzer Prize in 1971 , is " The Rising Sun . " Based on original and extensive interviews with high Japanese officials who survived the war , the book chronicles the Empire of Japan from the military rebellion of February 1936 to the end of World War II . The book won the Pulitzer because it was the first book in English to tell the history of the Pacific War from the Japanese point of view , rather than from an American perspective . Toland tried to write history as a straightforward narrative , with minimal analysis or judgment . One exception to his general approach is his " Infamy : Pearl Harbor and Its Aftermath " about the Pearl Harbor attack and the investigations of it , in which he wrote about evidence that President Franklin D . Roosevelt knew in advance of plans to attack the naval base but remained silent . The book was widely criticized at the time . Since the original publication , Toland added new evidence and rebutted early critics . Also , an anonymous source , known as " Seaman Z " ( Robert D . Ogg ) has since come forth to publicly tell his story . While predominantly a non - fiction author , Toland also wrote two historical novels , " Gods of War " and " Occupation " . He says in his autobiography that he earned little money from his Pulitzer Prize - winning " The Rising Sun " , but was set for life from the earnings of his biography of Hitler , for which he also did original research . Toland died of pneumonia on January 4 , 2004 , at Danbury Hospital in Danbury , Connecticut .
Battle of Château - Thierry ( 1918 ) The Battle of Château - Thierry was fought on July 18 , 1918 and was one of the first actions of the American Expeditionary Forces ( AEF ) under General John J . " Black Jack " Pershing . It was a battle in World War I as part of the Second Battle of the Marne , initially prompted by a German offensive launched on 15 July against the AEF , the newest troops on the front . On the morning of 18 July 1918 , the French ( some of them colonial ) and American forces between Fontenoy and Château - Thierry launched a counter - assault under the overall direction of Allied généralissime Ferdinand Foch against the German positions . This assault on a wide front was the first for over a year . The American army played the larger role fighting for the regions around Soissons and Château - Thierry . The allied forces had managed to keep their plans a secret , and their attack at 04 : 45 took the Germans by surprise when the troops went " Over the Top " without a preparatory artillery bombardment , but instead followed closely behind a rolling barrage which began with great synchronized precision . Eventually , the two opposing assaults ( lines ) inter - penetrated and individual American units exercised initiative and continued fighting despite being nominally behind enemy lines . Memorial . After World War I , a memorial was built on Hill 204 , 2 miles ( 3 km . ) west of the town for which it is named . The Château - Thierry Monument , designed by Paul P . Cret of Philadelphia , was constructed by the American Battle Monuments Commission " to commemorate the sacrifices and achievements of American and French fighting men in the region , and the friendship and cooperation of French and American forces during World War I . "
3rd Regiment South Carolina Volunteer Infantry ( African Descent ) The 3rd Regiment South Carolina Volunteer Infantry ( African Descent ) was an African - American infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War . Service . The 3rd South Carolina Infantry was organized at Hilton Head , South Carolina and mustered into Federal service in June 1863 . The unit was on post duty at Hilton Head until it was moved to Jacksonville , Florida in February 1864 . There was a mutiny over pay . Senator Henry Wilson of Massachusetts mentioned the incident during a debate in Congress over the pay of African - American Union soldiers : Colonel Augustus Bennett was the commanding officer . Sergeant William Walker and Samson Read were involved in the mutiny . The regiment was consolidated with 4th South Carolina to form the 21st United States Colored Infantry Regiment on March 14 , 1864 .
John James McCook ( professor ) John James McCook , Jr . ( born February 4 , 1843 ) was a chaplain in the Union Army during the American Civil War , and postbellum lawyer , professor , and theologian . He was a member of the Fighting McCooks , a family of Ohioans who contributed 15 members to the Union army . Biography . McCook was born in New Lisbon , Ohio . He graduated from Trinity College in Hartford , Connecticut in 1863 . He served in the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War as a chaplain with the rank of lieutenant in the 1st [ West ] Virginia Infantry , a regiment recruited almost exclusively from Ohio . He resigned from the Army in the autumn of 1862 and returned to Kenyon to resume his studies . As a leading layman of the Presbyterian Church , McCook served at the heresy trial of theologian Charles Augustus Briggs in 1892 . He held pastorates in Detroit , Michigan , and East Hartford , Connecticut . In 1870 , he wrote " Pat and the Council " .
Siege of Barentu The Siege of Barentu took place in 1978 in and around the town of Barentu in western Eritrea . It was jointly laid to siege by the Eritrean Liberation Front ( ELF ) and the Eritrean People ' s Liberation Front ( EPLF ) against the forces of Ethiopia . This was a decisive battle during the Eritrean War of Independence and marked the beginning of Soviet involvement in the conflict . The battle . The town of Barentu was defended by a large garrison of Ethiopian troops . The garrison had constructed numerous fortifications to improve the defensibility of the town . Furthermore a local militia had been raised to increase the number of troops . Of most significance in this battle however , was the decision by Soviet military advisers to commit to direct involvement . During the siege of Barentu the Soviet planners used their air superiority to their advantage by using close air support . This close air support inflicted heavy casualties on the forces of the ELF and EPLF who were conducting their first major joint operation . The failure of this joint operation would have significant consequences later in the war of independence . The failure of the siege , and the heavy losses incurred by both the ELF and EPLF forces in this battle , as well as the failure at the Battle of Massawa led to the " strategic withdrawal " .
German submarine U - 394 German submarine " U - 394 " was a Type VIIC U - boat of the Nazi German " Kriegsmarine " during World War II . She carried out two patrols . She did not sink or damage any ships . She was sunk by a British aircraft and warships in the Norwegian Sea in September 1944 . Service history . The submarine was laid down on 31 January 1941 at the " Howaldtswerke " ( yard ) at Flensburg as ' werk ' 26 , launched on 19 June 1943 and commissioned on 7 August under the command of " Oberleutnant " Ernst - Günther Unterhorst . The boat was a member of two wolfpack s . She served with the 5th U - boat Flotilla from 7 August 1943 and the 1st flotilla from 1 April 1944 . She was reassigned to the 11h flotilla on 1 June . Her first patrol was preceded by a series of short journey from Kiel in Germany to Arendal ( northeast of Kristiansand ) , Bergen and Narvik in Norway . 1st patrol . The boat departed Narvik on 1 June 1944 . She was soon sweeping the Norwegian Sea between Jan Mayen island and the Norwegian mainland . She arrived at Hammerfest on 8 July . 2nd patrol and loss . " U - 394 " left Hammerfest on 27 July 1944 . She patrolled the Greenland and Barents seas . On 2 September , southeast of Jan Mayen , she was sunk by rockets and depth charge s from a Fairey Swordfish of 825 Naval Air Squadron ( this aircraft was from the escort carrier HMS " Vindex " ) , the British destroyers HMS " Keppel " and " Whitehall " . The sloops " Mermaid " and " Peacock " were also involved . 50 men died in the U - boat ; there were no survivors .
Amos Yadlin Aluf ( Major General , res . ) Amos Yadlin ( ; born 1951 ) is a former Israeli Air Force ( IAF ) general , Israel Defense Forces military attaché to Washington , D . C . and head of the IDF Military Intelligence Directorate ( Aman ) . Biography . Amos Yadlin was born in Kibbutz Hatzerim and in 1970 enlisted in the IAF . Yadlin obtained a B . A . in Economics and Business Administration at Ben Gurion University in the Negev . He received a master ’ s degree in Public Administration from the JFK School of Government , Harvard University . Military career . After qualifying as a fighter pilot , Yadlin joined the 102 " Flying Tiger " Squadron , with which he flew the A - 4 Skyhawk during the Yom Kippur War . In the early 1980s Yadlin was among the first batch of Israeli pilots to fly the F - 16 Fighting Falcon and was among the eight pilots selected to carry out Operation Opera against Iraq ' s Osirak nuclear reactor in June 1981 . A year later , Yadlin participated in Operation Peace for Galilee . In all he had accumulated about 5 , 000 flight hours and flew more than 250 combat missions . Yadlin commanded two fighter squadrons ( 116 and 106 ) , two Israeli Air Force bases ( Nevatim and Hatzerim ) and between 1990 and 1993 headed the IAF ' s planning department . He then served as Deputy Commander of the IAF . In February 2002 Yadlin was awarded the rank of Major General and appointed commander of the IDF ' s Military Colleges and National Defence College . Between 2004 and 2006 he served as Israel ' s military attaché to the United States . Upon his return to Israel , Yadlin was named head of Aman , the IDF ' s Military Intelligence Directorate . After his retirement from the IDF in November 2010 , Yadlin joined the Washington Institute for Near East Policy as the Kay Fellow on Israeli national security . In November 2011 , he was appointed director of Tel Aviv University ' s Institute for National Security Studies .
SS Hilda Marjanne Hilda Marjanne was a Canadian straight deck bulk carrier operating on the Great Lakes . Ship history . Oil tanker . The ship was built at at the Kaiser Shipyard in Swan Island , Oregon , for the U . S . Maritime Commission as a Type T2 - SE - A1 tanker and launched on 9 December 1943 as the " Grande Ronde " . " Grande Ronde " was chartered to Los Angeles Tanker Operations , Inc . of Los Angeles , California , for wartime service , primarily in the Pacific Theater . The ship was o / a , with a beam of and deep . Powered by a GE steam turbine engine , she had a deadweight tonnage of 16 , 600 tons and a capacity of of fuel oil . In 1948 the " Grande Ronde " was sold to the Cephalonian Maritime Company of Athens , Greece . Renamed " Kate N . L . " she operated in the Mediterranean Sea transporting petroleum products . Bulk carrier . In 1960 she was sold to Leitch Transport Ltd . of Toronto , Canada , and towed to the Schlieker - Werft shipyard in Hamburg , West Germany , to be converted to a bulk carrier . The ship was extended to , with a beam of giving her a deadweight tonnage of 25 , 600 tons . The ship , renamed " Hilda Marjanne " , returned to Canada in August 1961 for service on the Great Lakes transporting grain and iron ore . In 1975 she was one of three ships called to aid the search for survivors from the ill - fated which had gone down ; but stormy weather forced her to abandon her efforts leaving just the and the to continue the search . " Hilda Marjanne " was laid up at Hamilton , Ontario on 13 June 1983 . The bows and midsection ( minus the forward wheelhouse , stern accommodations and machinery ) of " Hilda Marjanne " were then joined to the stern section of the freighter " Chimo " at the Port Weller Dry Docks , St . Catharines , Ontario . The remaining unwanted sections of both ships were scrapped . The new ship was completed on 5 April 1984 as the bulk carrier " Canadian Ranger " , which served as a grain transporter until laid up in 2008 . She was scrapped in Aliağa , Turkey , in 2011 .
Combat of El Bruch The two Battles of the Bruch " ( Catalan : El Bruc ) " were engagements fought successively between a French columns commanded by Brigadier General François de Schwarz and General of Division Joseph Chabran , and a body of Catalan volunteers and mercenaries led by General Antoni Franch i Estalella and Joan de la Creu Baiget , during the Peninsular War . The result of these battles and actions fought at El Bruc , near Barcelona , Catalonia , between 6 – 14 June 1808 was a Spanish victory . The Spanish also captured a French Imperial Eagle , adding to defeat a humiliation for the French army . June 6 . The French detachment of 3 , 800 soldiers under General of Brigade François Xavier de Schwarz emerged from Barcelona on June 4 , advancing in the direction of Saragossa – Lleida . A rainstorm that day slowed their march considerably ; the delay gave time for local Spanish forces , composed of militia from the neighboring villages , Catalan volunteers ( " sometent " ) , and Swiss and Walloon soldiers from the Barcelona garrison ( 2 , 000 men ) , to mobilize for action . The Spaniards were led by General Antoni Franch i Estalella and deployed along Bruch Pass . The resulting stand was a success , and the French under General Schwarz were turned back to Barcelona with the loss of 360 dead , 800 wounded , 60 prisoners , and one gun captured . The Partisans also captured an Imperial Eagle , adding to defeat a humiliation for the French army . June 14 . A second French sortie on June 14 led by General of Division Joseph Chabran succeeded only in putting to the torch several buildings in El Bruc after being defeated and repelled by the Spanish forces led by Joan Baiget . On 15 June , the Spanish attacked the French in their painful withdrawal to Barcelona , causing to Chabran more than 500 dead and wounded .
3M6 Shmel The 3M6 " Shmel " ( ; ) is an MCLOS wire - guided Anti - tank missile of the Soviet Union . " 3M6 " is its GRAU designation . Its NATO reporting name is AT - 1 Snapper . Too large to be manportable , it was typically deployed from specialised vehicles or helicopters . The missile was intended to supplement traditional anti - tank weapons like the 100 mm anti - tank gun whose accuracy beyond 1500 m is poor . The missiles ' accuracy in contrast remained high as far as its maximum range of 2000 m . However the system ' s bulk , slow speed and poor combat accuracy drove development of later SACLOS systems like the AT - 5 Spandrel . Development . The 3M6 " Shmel " was based on the western ATGMs of the time such as the Nord Aviation SS . 10 , however it is considerably larger . It was developed by the Special Mortar Design Bureau ( SKB Gladkostvolnoi artillerii ) in Kolomna who were also responsible for the AT - 3 Sagger . Development of the missile proceeded rapidly , the first unguided flights in April 1958 followed by controlled flights in June and July 1958 . On 28 August 1959 , new technology was shown to the command of armed forces . On 1 August 1960 it was accepted into the service . It was first publicly displayed in 1963 . History . There were two ground based platforms for the missile These vehicles were deployed in anti - tank batteries attached to motor rifle regiment s . Each battery has three platoon s each with three launch vehicles and a single command BRDM . It was used by Egypt ian forces during the 1967 Six - Day War and attrition War from 1969 . Few were used with only one tank loss attributed to the system . The hit probability for the system is estimated to have been 25 % in combat . The system was also used by the Cypriot National Guard during the 1974 Turkish Invasion of Cyprus in a man - portable version . Several dozen shots were fired in action during a number of July and August engagements in the conflict , with low effectiveness . North Korea began producing a reverse - engineered version of the missile in 1975 . Description . The missile is guided to the target by means of a joystick , this requires some skill on the part of the operator . The operators adjustments are transmitted to the missile via a thin wire that trails behind the missile . The missiles is steered by an unconventional arrangement of vibrating spoilers . MCLOS requires considerable skill on the part of the operator . The systems effectiveness in combat drove the development of missiles based on the easier to use SACLOS system . One problem with the missile is the amount of time it takes to reach maximum range — around twenty seconds — giving the intended target time to take action , either by retreating behind an obstacle , laying down a smoke screen or firing on the operator . Also the large size of the missile means that that only a few rounds can be carried ; the BRDM - 1 vehicle can only carry three missiles . Operators . Current and past operators include :
Revolutionary Guard Corps The Revolutionary Guard Corps ( " Liwa Haris al - Jamahiriya " ) or Jamahiriyyah Guard was a Libyan paramilitary elite unit that played the role of key protection force of the regime of Muammar Gaddafi , until his death in October 2011 . Composed of 3 , 000 men hand - picked from Gaddafi ' s tribal group in the Sirte region , the Guard was well armed , being provided with T - 54 and T - 62 tanks , APCs , MRL s , SA - 8 SAMs and ZSU - 23 - 4 Anti - aircraft guns taken from the army inventory . As of 2005 , its commander was Hasan al - Kabir al - Gaddafi , a cousin of the former Libyan leader . The Revolutionary Guard developed from the Revolutionary Committees , even if the latter had at first been introduced only into workplaces and communities , and not extended to the military . After the early 1980s , however , the Revolutionary Guard , as a paramilitary wing of the Revolutionary Committees , became entrenched within the armed forces . They served as a parallel channel of control , a means of ideological indoctrination in the barracks , and an apparatus for monitoring suspicious behavior . The Revolutionary Guards reportedly held the keys to ammunition stockpiles at the main military bases , doling it out in small quantities as needed by the regular forces . Their influence increased after a coup attempt in May 1985 , that was blocked mainly thanks to the action of the Revolutionary Guard that engaged regular army units in a series of street battles .
First Battle of Cape Finisterre ( 1747 ) The First Battle of Cape Finisterre ( 14 May 1747 ) saw 14 British ships of the line under Admiral George Anson attack a French 30 - ship convoy commanded by Admiral de la Jonquière during the War of the Austrian Succession . The British captured 4 ships of the line , 2 frigate s and 7 merchantmen , in a five - hour battle in the Atlantic Ocean off Cape Finisterre in northwest Spain . One French frigate , one French East India Company warship and the other merchantmen escaped . Prelude . France needed to keep shipping lanes open in order to maintain her overseas empire . To this end she assembled merchantmen into convoys protected by warships . Anson on the " Prince George " and Rear - Admiral Sir Peter Warren on the " Devonshire " had sailed from Plymouth on 9 April to intercept French shipping . When a large convoy was sighted Anson had made the signal to form line of battle . When Rear - Admiral Warren , suspecting the enemy to be merely manoeuvring to promote the escape of the convoy , bore down and communicated his opinion to the admiral , the latter threw out a signal for a general chase . Battle . The " Centurion " under a press of sail , was the first to come up with the rearmost French ship , which she attacked heavily and two other ships dropped astern to her support . The action became general when three more British ships , including the " Devonshire " , came up . The French , though much inferior in numbers , fought till seven in the evening , when all but two of their ships were taken , as well as nine East India merchantmen . The French lost 700 men killed and wounded , and the British 520 . Over £300 , 000 was found on board the ships of war , which were turned into British ships . Aftermath . Following his victory , Anson was promoted to Vice Admiral and raised to the peerage . The French assembled another , much bigger , convoy which set sail in October ; Hawke ' s defeat of this fleet in the Second Battle of Cape Finisterre put an end to French naval operations for the rest of the war . François de Grasse later the famous Comte was wounded and taken prisoner as he served on " Le Gloire " which was captured . According to historian William Williamson , the battle was a “ most severe blow to the French interests in America . Besides immense property taken , there were found on board … numerous articles designed for the Acadians and Indians ” who continued to resist the British in Acadia / Nova Scotia .
T18 Boarhound The T18 Boarhound was an American heavy armoured car produced in small numbers for the British Army during the Second World War . History . In July 1941 the US Army Ordnance Corps issued specifications for a heavy armored car ( along with another specification for a medium armored car , which resulted in the T17 Armored Car ) to be built for supply to the British . The prototype was developed in 1942 by the Yellow Coach Company . It was large 8x8 ( eight wheels , all driven ; called an " eight - by - eight " ) vehicle with four front wheels used for steering . Thick armor brought the weight to 26 tons , about the weight of contemporary medium tank s . Initial armament consisted of a 37 mm gun M6 in a turret with a coaxial . 30 inch machine gun and another . 30 inch MG in the bow mount . By then it was clear that the anti - tank performance of the 37 mm gun was insufficient and the production version , the T18E2 , which was named Boarhound by the British received the 57 mm gun M1 , the US - manufactured variant of the British QF 6 pounder . The United States Army had never shown interest in the vehicle . The British Army placed an order for 2 , 500 units , but high production costs and poor cross - country performance led to cancellation of the order after only 30 were delivered . The T18 was never used in combat . The only surviving vehicle is displayed in the Bovington Tank Museum , UK . See also . G - numbers