United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo The United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo or MONUSCO ( until 2010 known as United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo or MONUC , ) , is a United Nations peacekeeping force in the Democratic Republic of the Congo ( DRC ) which was established by the United Nations Security Council in resolutions 1279 ( 1999 ) and 1291 ( 2000 ) of the United Nations Security Council to monitor the peace process of the Second Congo War , though much of its focus subsequently turned to the Ituri conflict , the Kivu conflict and the Dongo conflict . The initial UN presence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo , before the passing of Resolution 1291 , was a force of military observers to observe and report on the compliance on factions with the peace accords , a deployment authorised by the earlier Resolution 1258 ( 1999 ) . Since 1999 , about US $ 8 . 73 billion have been spent to fund the UN peacekeeping effort in DRC . As of June 2010 , the total strength of UN peacekeeping troops in DRC exceed 20 , 000 . More than thirty nations have contributed military and police personnel for peacekeeping effort , with India being the single largest contributor . In June 2011 , it was reported that India is preparing to gradually scale back its military commitment to MONUSCO . History . 1990s . The origin of this second United Nations military presence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo ( DRC ) is found in the Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement on the 17th of July 1999 and the following United Nations Security Council Resolution 1258 of 6 August 1999 , authorizing the deployment of a maximum of 90 officers . The first liaison officers arrived in the DRC on 3 September 1999 . In November 1999 the number of liaison officers totaled 39 , distributed in the capitals of the warring countries ( Rwanda , Uganda , Burundi , Zambia , Namibia , Zimbabwe , Ethiopia ) including 24 who were stationed in Kinshasa . In January 2000 they reached the number of 79 and they were spread over the whole territory of DRC . Their mission was to liaise with all the warring factions , give a technical assistance and prepare the deployment of military observers . 2000s . 2000 . On 24 February 2000 with the resolution 1291 , the U . N . Security Council authorized the deployment of a maximum of 5537 military personnel in the DRC , including 500 military observers . On 4 April 2000 the Senegalese Major General Mountago Diallo was appointed as the commander of MONUC ’ s military force . The mandate is to monitor the implementation of the Ceasefire Agreement and the redeployment of belligerent forces , to develop an action plan for the overall implementation of the Ceasefire Agreement , to work with the parties to obtain the release of all prisoners of war , military captives and the return of the remains , to facilitate humanitarian assistance and to assist the Facilitator of the National Dialogue . Acting under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter the U . N . Security Council authorized MONUC to take the necessary action , in the areas of deployment of its infantry battalions , to protect UN personnel , facilities , installations and equipment , ensure the security and freedom of movement of its personnel , and to protect civilians under imminent threat of physical violence . In December 2000 there were 224 military personnel deployed , including 148 observers in 13 points around the country . The observers could only record the non - application of the Ceasefire , the violent fighting at Kisangani and in the Equateur and Katanga provinces as well as the presence of foreign troops in the DRC . The deployment of UN troops was impossible due to the security situation and the reluctance of the Congolese government . 2001 . Even though the beginning of 2001 was still hampered by sporadic combat , the military observers could fulfill their mission in regards with the disengagement of forces and the withdrawal of some of the Rwandan and Ugandan forces . In March 2001 , the first Uruguayan guard unit arrived in Kalemie . The force was deployed in four sectors at Kananga , Kisangani , Kalemie and Mbandaka . In July 2001 , the force strength was of 2366 soldiers , including 363 military observers distributed in 22 cities and 28 teams monitoring the disengagement of forces . The contingent soldiers totaled 1869 . They came from South Africa , Uruguay , Morocco , Senegal and Tunisia . Guard units protected MONUC installations in Kinshasa , Kananga , Kisangani , Kalemie , Goma and Mbandaka . A Uruguayan riverine unit and a South African air medical evacuation team were also deployed . The deployed troops were only to protect the sites against looting and theft , the force had neither the mandate nor the strength to protect the civilian population , or even to extract MONUC personnel . Following the Security Council Resolution 1355 , the military observers , within their capacities , could also contribute to the voluntary disarmament , demobilization , repatriation and reintegration process of the armed groups . With Security Council Resolution 1376 , the Security Council launched the third phase of the deployment of MONUC troops , in the East of DRC . The site for the logistical base was planned to be Kindu . 2002 . In 2002 , the 450 military observers , split in 95 teams , continued to monitor the Ceasefire along the ex - frontlines . The teams also investigated violations of the Ceasefire . Foreign troops continued to leave the country . The riverine units escorted the first ships on the Congo river , which was again open to commercial traffic . In June 2002 the blue helmets ' total number was 3804 . Contingents from Ghana and Bolivia joined the force , of which more than a third of the soldiers were Uruguayan . More than a thousand soldiers were deployed in Kisangani . On 14 May 2002 , a military observer died near Ikela following the explosion of a mine under his vehicle . On the 30th of July 2002 , the different parties signed the Pretoria agreement . The nature of the mission of the peacekeepers changed . The military observers monitored the withdrawal of 20 000 Rwandan soldiers , but they also noted the rise of ethnic violence in Ituri . At the end of 2002 there were a total of 4200 UN soldiers in the DRC . By Resolution 1445 the Security Council authorized the increase of military personnel to 8500 . The principle of two independent intervention forces was also approved . MONUC had to support the voluntary disarmament , demobilization , repatriation , reintegration and resettlement ( DDRRR ) process , but without using force . 2003 . Numerous DDRRR operations in collaboration with the civilian component were conducted in the beginning of 2003 . Before the start of the transition , UN soldiers were deployed along the front lines . A vast redeployment to the East started . The four coordination centres and 22 bases in the western part of the country were shut down . Over a hundred observers were redeployed and Uruguayan contingents arrived in Bukavu and Lubero . Observer teams monitored serious combat and human rights violations in Ituri . In April 2003 , 800 Uruguayan soldiers were deployed in Bunia under Resolution 1484 . In the same month an observer died in a mine explosion . In May 2003 two military observers were savagely killed by a militia . The withdrawal of 7000 Uganda n troops in April 2003 led to a deteriorating security situation in the Ituri region endangering the peace process . The U . N . Secretary General Kofi Annan called for establishing and deploying a temporary multi - national force to the area until the weakened MONUC mission could be reinforced . In his second special report to the Security Council , the U . N . Secretary General proposed a reorientation of MONUC missions : to provide support to the transition and to maintain security in key areas of the country . Accordingly he proposed the creation of a brigade in Ituri to support the peace process . On 30 May 2003 , the Security Council by its Resolution 1493 authorized the deployment of interim emergency multinational force in Bunia with a task to secure the airport , protect internally displaced person s in camps and the civilians in the town . Resolution 1493 authorized an increase of military personnel to 10 800 , imposed and arms embargo and authorized MONUC to use all necessary means to fulfill its mandate in the Ituri district and , as it deemed it to be within its capabilities , also in North and South Kivu . The French Government had already shown interest in leading the operation . It soon broadened to an EU - led mission with France as the framework nation providing the bulk of the personnel and complemented by contributions from both EU and non - EU nations . The total force consisted of about 1800 personnel and was supported by French aircraft based at N ' Djamena and Entebbe airfields . A small 80 man Swedish Special Forces group ( SSG ) was also added . The operation called Operation Artemis was launched on 12 June and the IMEF completed its deployment in the following three weeks . The force was successful in stabilising the situation in Bunia and enforcing the UN presence in the DRC . In September 2003 , responsibility for the security of the region was handed over to the MONUC mission . Growing military conflict in DRC caused the United Nations to seek additional military help from major powers . In July 2003 , India announced that it would be sending an additional 300 personnel and combat aircraft from the Indian Air Force to strengthen the UN peacekeeping effort in DRC . In September 2003 , the Ituri brigade was in place , including soldiers from Uruguay , Bangladesh , Nepal , Pakistan , Indonesia , India and Morocco . In November 2003 , a total of 10 , 415 peacekeepers were in the DRC , comprising infantry units , engineer units , helicopter units , logistic units , medical units and riverine units . 2004 . Deploying the Ituri brigade conducting cordon and search operations improved the security conditions in Ituri , but at the same time the peacekeepers became the target of the militias . On 12 February 2004 , a military observer was killed in Ituri . With the arrival of the Transitional Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo which included members of rebel movements , more than 900 Tunisian and Ghanaian blue helmets contributed to the security of Kinshasa . It was decided that the troops present in the Kivus will be assembled under the unified command of a brigade . In March the Nigerian General Samaila Iliya took over the command of the force . In June 2004 , Bukavu was occupied by rebel general Laurent Nkunda . A military observer was killed . The 1000 MONUC troops could only protect their own installations . Demonstrations were held all over the country , forcing blue helmets to open fire on looters in Kinshasa . MONUC soldiers were again targeted by Ituri militia at the end of 2004 . Though the Secretary General had asked for an increase of 13 , 100 soldiers , in October 2004 the Security Council by Resolution 1565 , authorized a reinforcement of 5 , 900 military personnel and defines the mandate which is still valid today . The strategic military objectives of the MONUC force were : Following the UN resolution , the Indian Army announced that it would be sending an additional 850 troops and four combat helicopters to aid the MONOU peacekeeping effort . 2005 . By 2005 , the strength of UN peacekeeping forces in Congo reached more than 16 , 000 troops , split almost equally between the Western Brigade and the Eastern Division . In February 2005 , the mission deplores the deaths of 9 Bangladeshi blue helmets killed during an ambush in Ituri . The actions of the Ituri and Kivu Brigades become more robust and the pressure rises on all armed groups . Thomas Lubanga Dyilo , the leader of the Union of Congolese Patriots , and other militia leaders were arrested by Congolese authorities and imprisoned in Makala , Kinshasa . Lubanga was accused of having ordered the killing of the peacekeepers in February 2005 and of being behind continuous insecurity in the area . On 10 February 2006 , the International Criminal Court issued an arrest warrant for Lubanga for the war crime of " conscripting and enlisting children under the age of fifteen years and using them to participate actively in hostilities " . The Congolese national authorities transferred Lubanga to ICC custody on 17 March 2006 . On 1 March 2005 , a vast cordon and search operation in Ituri was conducted by Nepalese , Pakistani and South African Infantry elements with the support of Indian attack helicopters , between 50 and 60 militiamen were killed . Senegalese General Babacar Gaye was appointed force commander in March 2005 after Spanish General Vincente Diaz de Villegas resigned for personal reasons . In May 2005 , the U . N . Secretary General asked for a supplementary brigade for Katanga . Joint operations were conducted by the newly arrived integrated brigades of the Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo ( FARDC ) . Blue helmets were tasked with the support of the electoral process , contributing protection and transport . In Ituri over 15000 militiamen were disarmed . In October 2005 , by Resolution 1635 , the U . N . Security Council authorized a temporary increase of 300 military personnel to permit a deployment to Katanga . 2006 . On 25 April 2006 , the U . N . Security Council adopted Resolution 1671 , authorising the temporary deployment of a European Union force to support MONUC during the period encompassing the general elections in the DR Congo , which began on 30 July 2006 . The European Council approved the launching of the EU military operation , EUFOR RD Congo , and appointed Lieutenant General Karlheinz Viereck ( Germany ) Operation Commander and Major General Christian Damay ( France ) EU Force Commander . The Operational Headquarters was the German - nominated Armed Forces Operational Command - Einsatzführungskommando - at Potsdam , Germany . The mission was tasked with : This mission came to an end on 30 November 2006 . 2007 . In May 2007 , India announced that it would be sending an additional 70 Indian Air Force personnel to join the MONOU effort . 2008 . In August 2008 , an internal investigation led by the Indian Army and other MONOU officers revealed that about ten Indian peacekeepers may have been involved in abuse and exploitation in Congo . Earlier in May 2008 , the vice chief of the Indian Army visited Congo to look into these allegations and by August 2008 , the Indian Army had launched an official probe to look into these allegations . On October 26 , 2008 Rally for Congolese Democracy ( RCD ) forces of Laurent Nkunda seized a major military camp , along with Virunga National Park for use as a base to launch attacks from . This occurred after a peace treaty failed , with the resultant fighting displacing thousands . The park was taken due to its strategic location on a main road leading to the city of Goma . On October 27 , 2008 riots began around the United Nations compound in Goma , and civilians pelted the building with rocks and threw Molotov cocktail s , claiming that the UN forces had done nothing to prevent the RCD advance . The Congolese national army also retreated under pressure from the rebel army in a " major retreat " . Meanwhile , United Nations gunships and armoured vehicles were used in an effort to halt the advance of the rebels , who claim to be within 7 miles ( 11 kilometers ) of Goma . Special Representative of the UN Secretary - General for DRC Alan Doss explained the necessity of engaging the rebels , stating that " . . . [ the UN ] can ' t allow population centres to be threatened . . . [ the UN ] had to engage . " Indian Army personnel were asked to deploy themselves from Goma to adjoining North Kivu province , after the Uruguayan battalion deployed in the region fled . However , after that several Uruguayan battalions were playing a crucial role in the buffer zone between the retreating government soldiers and the advancing rebels . On 29 October 2008 , a French request for an EU reinforcement of 1 , 500 troops was refused by several countries and appeared unlikely to materialize ; however , the UN forces stated they would act to prevent takeovers of population centres . In November 2008 , India announced that it would sending 3rd battalion of the elite 3rd Gurkha regiment to join the peace - keeping effort in Congo . India made the decision to send its elite forces amidst rising concerns that Indian peace - keepers were getting caught in the cross - fire between DRC government troops and rebels . On 18 November a draft resolution spearheaded by the French Foreign Ministry was presented before the United Nations Security Council . The resolution , signed by 44 different organizations and with the backing of the British Foreign Office minister Mark Malloch Brown , asked the UN to send 3 , 000 more peacekeepers to reinforce the 17 , 000 - strong garrison in the Congo , which is the largest garrison of its kind . This was similar to the pleas of Human Rights Watch and other humanitarian aid groups in the region , who were also asking for reinforcements to bring stability to the area . In a shared statement , the coalition of organizations stated that " [ The reinforcements ] would help to prevent the atrocities that continue to be committed against civilians on an ever greater scale here in North Kivu [ province ] , on the border of Rwanda and Uganda . . . Since August 28 , fighting has intensified in many areas , causing deaths , rapes , lootings , forced recruitment and further displacements of civilian populations . The population has thus been immersed in unspeakable suffering . In the last few days , fighting has drawn closer to large populated areas , such as the town of Goma . Fighting has also invaded and torn apart the region of Rutshuru , particularly in the town of Kiwanja , where hundreds of civilian deaths have now been recorded . " Local groups in the Congo also requested help from the European Union , as they would be able to deploy soldiers sooner , working as a " bridging force " until the UN reinforcements arrived . British EU spokeswoman Catriona Little stated that they were " not ruling in or out EU forces " . On 20 November , the UN voted unanimously to send 3 , 085 more peacekeepers , citing " extreme concern at the deteriorating humanitarian situation and in particular the targeted attacks against civilian population , sexual violence , recruitment of child soldiers and summary executions . " However , it did not extend MONUC ' s mandate in the Congo , which expires at the end of 2008 . The decision was made despite the rebel commitment to pulling back from the front lines and allowing aid to reach the thousands of people still isolated , according to aid groups . However , a week after the UN vote , the DRC government requested the UN to not deploy any more Indian troops in the east of the country , arguing that there was a need to " redress the balance " of the make - up of the 17 , 000 - strong UN force in the country . 2009 . On the 17th February , Egypt announced that it will send around 1 , 325 soldiers from the Egyptian Army to support the UN mission in Congo . Egypt also announced that it will send a police force to help in protecting the UN mission in Congo . The Egyptian armed force will work to give support and technical advice to the Congo Army beside operating armed mission in the conflict zones and medical assistant and support . According to the Foreign affairs in Cairo , Egypt will send a Mechanized Unit , Special Forces , Field Engineers , and Paratroops . Egypt already has a small unit in Congo consisting of 13 policemen and 23 observers . In March 2009 , the Indian Army questioned more than 100 Indian troops deployed in DRC regarding the abuse allegations against them . After a thorough investigation , which included examination of statements by alleged victims , the Indian Army found " serious irregularities " in charges raised by the United Nations Office of Internal Oversight Services . Consequently , all of the accused personnel were let off due to lack of evidence . In October 2009 , India announced a US $ 263 million aid package to Congo to help the country ' s information technology , hydroelectricity and railway sectors . India also renewed its military commitments to MONUC while Congo expressed its support for India ' s UNSC permanent seat candidature . These developments helped thaw relations between the two countries . In December , MONUC rushed peacekeeping troops to Dongo in the Kungu territory of Sud - Ubangi District where a new conflict rapidly escalated in an effort to protect the local population . A MONUC helicopter that was restocking the 20 troops stationed there fell under gunfire from armed men . The helicopter crew , all of Russian nationality , facilitated the evacuation of 25 people , including 5 injured people ( including the helicopter pilot ) , who were brought to Brazzaville for emergency medical treatment . Sources in Kinshasa reported that in mid - November DRC President Joseph Kabila secretly airlifted a battalion of Rwandan Defense Forces ( RDF ) across Congo to put down the rebellion in Dongo and the operation was supported by the United Nations Observes Mission in Congo ( MONUC ) and the United States Africa Command . Along with RDF regulars , MONUC troops have been fighting alongside Tutsi Rwandan soldiers infiltrated by Rwanda , with the Kabila government ' s support , into the national army , the Armed Forces of the DRC ( FARDC ) . At the weekly MONUC press conference of 16 December 2009 , it was announced by MONUC spokesperson Madnodje Mounoubai that the first MONUC peacekeeping troops were deployed in Dongo , where a temporary operational basis is functional , as well as in nearby Bozene . The 500 MONUC troops will come from the Ghanaian , Tunisian and Egypt ian contingents as well as troops from the Guatemalan Special Forces . Military equipment such as armored personnel carriers , transport and combat helicopters will also be at their disposal to support their mission . 2010 . In accordance with Security Council resolution 1925 of 28 May 2010 , MONUC was renamed as of 1 July the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo ( MONUSCO ) to reflect the new phase reached in the country . In August 2010 , the Mai Mai rebels ambushed a base of the 19th Kumaon Regiment of the Indian Army , killing three Indian peace - keepers . The attack renewed calls in India to decrease the country ' s military presence in Congo due to growing conflict in the region . 2011 . In May 2011 , the international cooperation minister of DRC expressed his government ' s desire of an " orderly , progressive withdrawal " of MONUSCO due to " normalization " of DRC ' s relations with neighboring countries and containment of rebels to a " few isolated zones " . In June 2011 , the UN announced that it would withdraw about 2 , 000 peace - keepers by the end of the month . The UN announcement came only a few days after India ' s decision to withdraw all of its four Mi - 35 combat helicopters from MONUSCO and eventually cease peace - keeping operations in DRC . 2012 . On 15 November , MONUSCO helicopter gunships were deployed to support government forces as they fought to hold off a 23 March Movement attack south of Kibumba ; the combined army and UN assault killed approximately 64 M23 fighters . On 20 November 2012 , March 23 Movement seized the provincial capital of Goma after the national army retreated . MONUSCO troops observed without intervening , as their mandate only allowed them to protect civilians . French Foreign Minister Laurent Fabius called the situation " absurd " , noting MONUSCO ' s greatly superior numbers , and called for the group ' s mandate to be revised . UN spokesman Eduardo del Buey said peacekeepers " cannot substitute " for the Congo national army , adding that the 1 , 500 UN troops in Goma held their fire because they did not want to risk civilian lives . 2013 . In January 2013 chief of MONUSCO Herve Ladsous told the UN Security Council during a closed - door session that the mission plans to deploy three unmanned aerial vehicle s in eastern provinces of DRC . US , UK and some other Security Council members were also supportive of the idea . However , Rwanda , which had denied allegations by UN experts that it has been supporting March 23 Movement , opposed this proposal . Rwandan delegation informed the UN Security Council that Monusco would be a " belligerent " if it deployed drones in eastern DRC . Other diplomats , including Russia n , Chinese and some from Europe , also expressed reservations . They said there were unanswered questions about who would receive the information from the drones and how widely it would be disseminated , expressing discomfort at the idea of the United Nations becoming an active gatherer of intelligence . In March 2013 , the United Nations Security Council authorized the deployment of an intervention brigade within MONUSCO to carry out targeted offensive operations , with or without the Congolese national army , against armed groups that threaten peace in eastern DRC . The brigade is based in North Kivu and is made up of a total of 3 , 069 peacekeepers . It is tasked with neutralizing armed groups , reducing the threat posed to State authority and civilian security and make space for stabilization activities . On 30 July 2013 , March 23 Movement was given a 48 hour ultimatum by the UN to leave Goma area or face " use of force . " Between 21 and 29 August , heavy fighting outside Goma left 57 rebels , 10 – 23 government soldiers , 14 civilians and one Tanzanian U . N . peacekeeper dead . 720 government soldiers and 10 U . N . peacekeepers were also wounded . Organization . The headquarters of the mission are in Kinshasa , DRC . The mission views the DRC as consisting of 6 sectors , each with its own staff headquarters . In 2005 - 6 the Eastern Division however was formed at Kisangani and took over brigades in North Kivu , South Kivu , and Ituri , along with two or three of the Sector HQs . The approved budget for MONUC , from 1 July 2007 to 30 June 2008 , is US $ 1 , 166 . 72 million , the largest for any current UN peacekeeping operation . Force numbers and fatalities . In July 2004 there were 10 , 531 UN soldiers under MONUC ' s command . On 1 October 2004 , the UN Security Council decided to deploy 5 , 900 more soldiers to Congo , although UN Secretary - General Kofi Annan had asked for some 12 , 000 . On 25 February 2005 , nine Bangladesh i peacekeepers were killed by members of the Nationalist and Integrationist Front militia in Ituri province . The FNI killed another Nepal i peacekeeper and took seven captive in May 2006 . Two of the seven were released in late June and the UN was trying to secure the release of the remaining five . By November 2005 , MONUC consisted of 16 , 561 uniformed troops . On 30 July 2006 , MONUC forces were charged with keeping the 2006 general election — the first multiparty election in the DRC since 1960 — peaceful and orderly . MONUC troops began patrolling areas of eastern DRC after armed clashes broke on 5 August following the chaotic collection of election results . The UN command is also arranging different training programmes and competitions in Congo for both Congo and international forces . A similar shooting competition was held between troops from all international forces and was won by a Pakistani infantry battalion . Total strength , on 31 October 2007 was 18 , 407 uniformed personnel , including 16 , 661 troops , 735 military observers , 1 , 011 police , who were supported by 931 international civilian personnel , 2 , 062 local civilian staff and 585 United Nations Volunteers . The UN has recorded a total of 161 fatalities among MONUC personnel , up to 1 July 2010 , as follows : 100 military personnel , 10 military observers , 6 UN police , 12 international civilians , and 30 local civilians . Staff and forces . On 31 October 2007 MONUC had a total of 18 , 407 uniformed personnel , including 16 , 661 troops , 735 military observers , 1 , 011 police , who were supported by 931 international civilian personnel , 2 , 062 local civilian staff and 585 United Nations Volunteers . Major troop contributors are India , Pakistan and Uruguay ( nearly 10 , 000 ) . On 20 November 2008 , the United Nations security council voted unanimously to reinforce MONUC with 3 , 085 more peacekeepers to deal with trouble in the 2008 Nord - Kivu conflict . They voted after 44 organizations , led by the French Foreign Ministry , petitioned the council to send reinforcements to stabilize the region . Command staff . MONUSCO command staff : Contributing countries . As of 30 June 2013 , the total number of personnel in the mission is 20 , 438 : Civilians . International civilian employees and volunteers , and DRC nationals : 2 , 636 Controversies . In 2005 , the BBC discovered that the Pakistani MONUC peacekeepers in Mongbwalu entered in a trading relationship for gold with Nationalist and Integrationist Front ( FNI ) militia leaders , eventually drawing Congolese army officers and Indian traders from Kenya into the deal . In May 2008 , Africa Confidential reported that some personnel of the Indian Army stationed in DRC had six of 44 allegations of improper relations with the FDLR . These allegations included — using a UN helicopter to fly into Virunga National Park to swap ammunition for ivory with rebels ; fraternising with the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda ( FDLR ) and failing to seize its weapons ; exchanging UN rations for dollars and gold ; buying marijuana from the FDLR ; failing to support FDLR disarmament ; arresting an FDLR rebel after he had supplied counterfeit gold to the Indian troops , and abusing him until the money was returned . The source of the allegations was reported as internal United Nations Office of Internal Oversight Services ( OIOS ) documents .