naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
The S . S . Appam The S . S . Appam , 243 U . S . 124 ( 1917 ) , is a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States affirmed a lower court ' s decision to restore the British prize of a German warship to the British owners . Background . In February 1916 the British steamship " Appam " was captured at sea by the German raider " Moewe " . A prize crew was put on board and the vessel was taken into Hampton Roads . The British owners of the " Appam " filed suit to recover possession of her from her captors . Federal Judge Edmund Waddill of Virginia , in a 15 , 000 - word opinion , directed , 29 July 1916 , that the vessel , with the cargo remaining aboard her and the proceeds of the perishable cargo already sold , should be restored at once to the British owners . Supreme Court . The German government appealed to the Supreme Court of the United States , which on 6 March 1917 handed down a decision that a belligerent nation may not bring prizes of war into a neutral port . The Supreme Court held that it would be unneutral for the United States to permit either belligerent to bring prizes into American ports , and that Germany could not claim such right under any of the existing treaties between that country and the United States . In bringing the " Appam " into an American port , it was held , the German officials were committing a clear breach of American neutrality . Ship and cargo , valued at between three and four million dollars , were delivered to the British owners 28 March 1917 . The decision , written by Justice William R . Day , affirmed decrees by Federal Judge Waddill , and upheld the original ruling by Secretary of State Robert Lansing that prizes coming into American ports unaccompanied by captor warships have the right to remain only long enough to make themselves seaworthy . The court stated that neither the Treaty of 1799 with Prussia , the Hague conventions nor the Declaration of London , entitled any belligerents to make American ports a place of deposit of prizes as spoils of war under such arcumstanccs . “ The principles of international law , ” the opinion adds , “ leaving the treaty aside , will not permit the ports of the United States to be thus used by the belligerents . If such use were permitted , it would constitute the ports of a neutral nation harbors of safety into which prizes might be safely brought and indefinitely kept . “ From the beginning of its history this country has been careful to maintain a neutral position between warring governments , and not to allow use of its ports in violation of the obligations of neutrality , nor to permit such use beyond the necessities arising from perils of the seas or the necessities of such vessels as to seaworthiness , provisions and supplies . ”
Battle of Peiwar Kotal The Battle of Peiwar Kotal was fought on November 28 – 29 , 1878 between British forces under Sir Frederick Roberts and Afghan forces under Karim Khan , during the opening stages of the Second Anglo - Afghan War . The British were victorious , and seized the strategic Peiwar Kotal Pass leading into Afghanistan . Aftermath . Captain John Cook was awarded the Victoria Cross for his role in the battle .
Andrew Mackay ( British Army officer ) Major - General Andrew Douglas Mackay , CBE is a former British Army officer who commanded 2nd Division . Military career . Mackay was an Inspector in the Royal Hong Kong Police for three years before he was commissioned into the King ' s Own Scottish Borderers in 1982 . He served in Northern Ireland as a company commander and worked on the strategic and operational planning in the Balkans during the Bosnian War and Kosovo War . He was made Commanding Officer of 1st King ' s Own Scottish Borderers in 1998 . On promotion to Brigadier he served for a year in Baghdad , Iraq . In that capacity he was tasked with setting up and commanding the Civilian Police Assistance Training Team . CPATT was responsible for mentoring , training , equipping and organising the Iraqi Police and the Ministry of Interior . During this period he served alongside General David Petraeus and they are said to be close friends . He became Commander of 52nd Infantry Brigade in 2004 and commanded the Helmand Task Force in Afghanistan from October 2007 in which role he led the successful assault on Musa Qala in the north of Helmand in December 2007 . This action was later described as the " best operation to come out of Afghanistan in years " by the Pentagon . The author Stephen Grey subsequently wrote a best selling book of the battle for Musa Qaleh called Operation Snakebite within which Andrew Mackay and his style of leadership featured . 52 Brigade ' s tour of Helmand was controversial and led to considerable debate within military circles on the emphasis that Mackay placed on the role of Influence and non kinetic operations . Mackay ' s approach to COIN was also featured in Mark Urban ' s three part BBC series Afghanistan : War without End . He was appointed General Officer Commanding 2nd Division and Governor of Edinburgh Castle in May 2009 but resigned only a few months later in September 2009 , citing " personal reasons " . However , other sources attributed his resignation to frustration over the war in Afghanistan . He subsequently expressed the opinion , in a paper co - authored with Commander Steve Tatham and delivered to the Defence Academy , that the Ministry of Defence was " institutionally incapable of keeping pace with rapid change and the associated willingness to adapt " . In 2011 he co - authored with Commander Tatham a book entitled " Behavioural Conflict : Why Understanding People and Their Motivations Will Prove Decisive in Future Conflict " .
Chan Chun Sing Chan Chun Sing ( , born 1969 ) is a Singaporean politician . A member of the country ' s governing People ' s Action Party ( PAP ) , he is currently the Minister for Social and Family Development and Second Minister for Defence . He has been a Member of Parliament ( MP ) representing the Tanjong Pagar Group Representation Constituency since the 2011 general election . Prior to entering politics , he served in the Singapore Armed Forces , where he rose to the rank of Major - General and served as Singapore ' s Chief of Army from 2010 to 2011 . Career . Military career . Chan served in the Singapore Army from 1987 to 2011 . His appointments included Commanding Officer of the 2nd Battalion , Singapore Infantry Regiment ( 1998 - 2000 ) , Army Attaché in Jakarta ( 2001 – 03 ) , Commander of the 10th Singapore Infantry Brigade ( 2003 – 04 ) , Head of the Joint Plans and Transformation Department ( 2005 – 07 ) , Commander of the 9th Division / Chief Infantry Officer ( 2007 – 09 ) , and Chief of Staff - Joint Staff ( 2009 – 10 ) . Chan was appointed the Chief of Army on 26 March 2010 ( replacing Major - General Neo Kian Hong ) . He left the Singapore Armed Forces on 25 March 2011 in order to stand for Parliament ( and was replaced as Chief of Army by Brigadier - General Ravinder Singh ) . Political career . Chan was a PAP candidate in the Tanjong Pagar Group Representation Constituency at the 2011 general election . The PAP ' s team in the constituency was led by former Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew , and was declared elected on Nomination Day ( 27 April 2011 ) in a walkover . Chan became the representative of the Buona Vista ward in the constituency ( replacing Lim Swee Say ) . Following the general election , Chan was appointed the Acting Minister for Community Development , Youth and Sports , and a Minister of State at the Ministry of Information , Communications and the Arts . At the age of 42 then , Chan was one of the youngest ministers to be appointed to the Singapore Cabinet . A special report published in " The Straits Times " on 31 December 2011 detailed a list of Chan ' s accomplishments , which fuelled talks that Chan is the frontrunner to become Singapore ' s next Prime Minister . On 31 July 2012 , Chan relinquished his appointment in MICA and was appointed as Senior Minister of State in the Ministry of Defence ( MINDEF ) . Following a restructuring of government ministries in November 2012 , he began heading the newly created Ministry of Social and Family Development as Acting Minister . He was promoted to full Minister in September 2013 , and concurrently serves as Second Minister for Defence . Education . Chan was educated at Raffles Institution ( 1982 – 85 ) and Raffles Junior College ( 1986 – 87 ) . In 1988 , Chan was awarded a President ' s Scholar ship and Singapore Armed Forces Overseas Scholarship to study in the University of Cambridge , where he completed a degree in economics at Christ ' s College . In 2005 , Chan completed the Sloan Fellows programme at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) under a Lee Kuan Yew Scholarship .
Camp Lapwai Camp Lapwai was a United States Army encampment in Washington Territory , present - day Idaho . It was established by Company E , 1st Regiment Washington Territory Volunteer Infantry . After being mustered in at Alcatraz at San Francisco , California , they were ordered on October 19 , 1862 to Camp Lapwai near the Nez Perce Agency . Joined there at the beginning of November by Company " F " , 1st Oregon Volunteer Cavalry Regiment , they built the encampment . Camp Lapwai was renamed Fort Lapwai in 1863 ; the new Idaho Territory was also established in 1863 .
Shahed 129 Shahed 129 ( Persian : شاهد ١٢٩ , English : " Eye - Witness " ) is an Iranian Unmanned Combat Aerial Vehicle ( UCAV ) first publicly unveiled in September 2012 . The aircraft is claimed to be capable of carrying out combat and reconnaissance missions with an endurance of 24 hours , making it the first Iranian MALE UAV . Development . Shahed 129 seems similar in appearance to Israeli Hermes 450 UAV , though visibly larger . The overall configuration is similar however some sources suggest there are closer parallels to the British Watchkeeper WK450 Work on the project has been underway in 2007 as this was the time when Iran announced the production of cloned Wankel engines for UAV . Production of different parts of the UAV was assigned to different subsidiaries of IRGC like Malek Ashtar University and Shahed Research Center . The final assembly is done in HESA . In July 2012 , Shahed 129 was first seen in Great Prophet 7 war games along with some other new UAV . But it was September 2012 that Iran officially unveiled the UAV . Shahed 129 having an endurance of 24 hours and a range of 1700 – 2000 km . As land based communications limit the range that the aircraft can go without losing the link to the control station , Shahed 129 uses an autopilot system similar to Karrar to follow some predefined way - points and conduct its mission , beyond control station ' s communication range . Iranian military officials have said that Shahed 129 UAV can increase Iran ' s surveillance capabilities in border areas , the Persian Gulf and the Sea of Oman . Shahed 129 is said to be able to carry Sadid - 1 missiles , making it Iran ' s second weapons capable UAV after Karrar . This suggests that Sadid - 1 is not solely a light anti - ship missile but supports more general purpose air to surface strike roles . Based on the footage , a rough estimate of the size of the drone would be : Wing span : 16 m and Length : ~ 8 m . On September 2013 Iran has launched the mass - production of the indigenously developed Shahed 129 unmanned aerial vehicle ( UAV ) , which was unveiled in September 2012 , the Islamic Revolution Guards Corps ( IRGC ) announced . The drone was displayed recently in an armed configuration , carrying four guided missiles ( Sadid ) loaded on two twin - launchers , carried underwing . Iranian sources stated the drone can carry up to eight ‘ weapons ’ , designed to hit stationary and mobile targets alike . The specifications referred to by Iranian sources mention an effective operational radius of 1 , 700 km , flight endurance of 24 hours , and a flight ceiling of 24 , 000 feet . It has a monitoring capability of 200 km radius . Exports . General Aziz Jafari the chief of the IRGC announced that Iran is currently marketing the Shahed - 129 UCAV for exporting it to the potential international customers .
Charles Eden ( Royal Navy officer ) Admiral Sir Charles Eden KCB ( 3 July 1808 – 7 March 1878 ) was a Royal Navy officer who went on to be Second Naval Lord . Naval career . Born the fifth son of Sir Frederick Eden , Eden joined the Royal Navy in 1821 . He was given command of the fourth - rate HMS " Winchester " in 1842 and the flagship HMS " Victory " in 1847 . He took command of the second - rate HMS " London " in 1853 and saw action in the bombarding Sevastopol during the Crimean War . He then became Comptroller - General of the Coastguard in 1855 and Third Naval Lord in 1859 and Second Naval Lord in 1861 . He retired in 1866 . Family . In 1828 he married Emma Williams and in 1866 he married Fanny Cecilia Grenville . There were no children from either marriage .
Ministry of National Defense of the People ' s Republic of China The Ministry of National Defense of the People ' s Republic of China ( or ) is a ministry under the State Council . It is headed by the Minister of National Defense . The MND was set up according to a decision adopted by the 1st Session of the 1st National People ' s Congress in 1954 . In contrast to practice in other nations , the MND does not exercise command authority over the PLA , which is instead subordinate to the CMC . Instead , the MND itself only serves as liaison body representing the CMC and PLA when dealing with foreign militaries in military exchange and cooperation . Its official responsibilities had been to exercise unified administration over the development of the armed forces of the country such as recruitment , organization , equipment , training , scientific military research of the People ' s Liberation Army ( PLA ) and the ranking and remuneration of the officers and servicemen . However , in reality these responsibilities are carried out by the four General Headquarters of the PLA , which are under the control of the Central Military Commission ( CMC ) . Structure . There are a number of departments under the Ministry of National Defence : The Ministry of National Defence General Office is in fact the same body as the General Staff Department General Office . Other offices are also staffed by personnel from the General Staff Department . Minister . Although the Ministry itself does not exercise much authority , the role of the Minister of National Defence has always been viewed as one of the most important positions in the country ’ s political system . The Minister , always an active military officer , holds command authority as the most senior professional soldier of the PLA . Usually the Minister is also a Vice Chairman of the CMC , the State Councilor , and a member of the Communist Party ' s Central Committee Politburo , enabling him to take part in the decision making in the PLA , the Government , and the Party .
Southeast Pacific Area The Southeast Pacific Area ( SEPA ) was one of the designated area commands created by the Combined Chiefs of Staff in the Pacific region during World War II . It was responsible to the Joint Chiefs of Staff via the Commander - in - Chief of the United States Navy ( COMINCH ) , Admiral Ernest King . Rear Admiral Abel T . Bidwell , former commander of Cruiser Division Three , commanded the Southeast Pacific Area during the first months of the war . History . On 24 March 1942 , the newly formed British and Combined Chiefs of Staff issued a directive designating the Pacific theater an area of American strategic responsibility . Six days later the Joint Chiefs of Staff ( JCS ) divided the Pacific theater into three areas : the Pacific Ocean Areas ( POA ) , the Southwest Pacific Area ( SWPA ) , and the Southeast Pacific Area . The Southeast Pacific Force , SoEastPac , was a small force of cruisers and destroyers based at Balboa , Panama which formed the main force operating in the Southeast Pacific Area . The Southeast Pacific Force was formed by a directive of 28 August 1941 to Admiral Husband Kimmel : Amongst ships assigned to the Southeast Pacific Force were the light cruiser s USS " Concord " , USS " Trenton " , USS " Detroit " , and the destroyer s USS " Warrington " and USS " McDougal " .
Polybolos Polybolos was an ancient Greek repeating ballista reputedly invented by Dionysius of Alexandria , a 3rd - century BC Greek engineer at the Rhodes arsenal and used in antiquity . Philo of Byzantium encountered and described the polybolos , a catapult that like a modern machine gun could fire again and again without a need to reload . Philo left a detailed description of the gears that powered its chain drive , the oldest known application of such a mechanism , and that placed bolt after bolt into its firing slot . Mechanism . The polybolos would have differed from an ordinary ballista in that it had a wooden magazine over the mensa ( the cradle that holds the bolt prior to firing ) capable of holding several dozen bolts . The mechanism is unique in that it is driven by a flat - link chain connected to a windlass ; the flat - link chain is an invention more often attributed to Leonardo da Vinci . When loading a new bolt , the windlass is rotated counter - clockwise with the trigger claw raised ; this drives the mensa forward towards the bow string , where a metal lug pushes the trigger under the trigger claw , which is closed over the string . Once the string is locked into the trigger mechanism , the windlass is then rotated clockwise , drawing the mensa back , drawing the bow string with it . A round wooden pole in the bottom of the magazine is rotated down toward the mensa as it is drawn to the back of the polybolos , dropping a single bolt into the tray , ready to be fired . As the mensa is pulled farther back , it meets another lug like the one that locked the string into position , this one pushes the trigger and automatically fires the polybolos , and the process is repeated . The repetition provides the weapon ' s name , in Greek " πολυβόλος " , " throwing many missiles " , from " πολύς " ( " polys " ) , " multiple , many " and " - βόλος – - bolos " " thrower " , in turn from " βάλλω " ( " ballo " ) , " to throw , to hurl " , literally a repeating weapon . In 2010 a reconstruction was built by the crew of MythBusters , who concluded that it was a possible weapon . However , the machine MythBusters built was inaccurate , prone to break downs , and has a range similar to regular bows , since it did not use tortion springs but only tension it did not have the power of regular Hellenistic catapults .
Chamois - class minesweeping sloops The " Chamois " class were French minesweeping sloops ( " Avisos dragueur de mines " ) ordered between 1935 and 1939 . They were similar in design to the , and like them classed as minesweepers , but were actually used as anti - submarine ships , convoy escorts and patrol vessels . Although all 24 ships of the class were laid down between 1936 and 1939 , only five were commissioned in time to serve in the French Navy during World War II . Of the remaining ships , four were completed by the Germans , of which three where commissioned , twelve were scrapped incomplete , and three were eventually completed after the war and served in the French Navy into the 1960s . Design and armaments . The 647 tonne ships were long overall , in the beam , and had a draught of . They were powered by two Sulzer diesel engines , delivering to two shafts , which gave a top speed of . The 105 tonne fuel capacity gave them a maximum range of at . The ship ' s complement was 88 in peacetime , but 106 during the war . The ships were originally designed to be armed with twin Model 1933 / 45 DP guns , one quadruple and two twin Hotchkiss 13 . 2 mm AA machine guns , and minesweeping gear . In fact the five ships completed before the outbreak of the war ( " Annamite " , " Chamois " , " Chevreuil " , " Gazelle " and " Surprise " ) were fitted with either a Model 1892 or a Model 1932 / 45 gun or twin Model 1926 / 50 guns , the machine guns as designed , two depth charge projectors and racks . The three vessels that survived the war ( " Annamite " , " Chevreuil " , " Gazelle " ) were rearmed in 1948 and received twin Model 1926 90 mm / 50 guns , a single 40 mm / 60 Mk . 3 gun and six single 20 mm / 70 Mk . 2 guns , two depth charge projectors and racks . The ships that were completed about the same time ( " Bisson " , " Cdt Amyot d ' Inville " , " Cdt de Pimodan " ) were fitted with twin / 45 SK C / 32 guns , but were otherwise the same . The three ships that were commissioned by the Germans during the war were fitted with German armaments . All received two single SK C / 32 guns , a twin / 83 SK C / 30 AA gun , and a quadruple 20 mm / 65 C / 38 AA gun . Two ships ( " SG14 " and " SG15 " ) were armed with a further ten single C / 38 guns , while the " SG21 " had two twin and six single guns of the same type .
Georg Carl von Döbeln Georg Carl von Döbeln ( 29 April 1758 – 16 February 1820 ) was a Swedish friherre ( baron ) , Lieutenant General and war hero . Early life . Georg Carl was born at the Stora Torpa manor in Segerstads parish in Västergötland ( now Falköping Municipality ) to Johan Jakob von Döbeln and Anna Maria Lindgren . When von Döbeln was eight years old his father died and he was put in school by relatives with the aim of him becoming a priest . The boy however , showed affinity for a military life and he was enrolled at the Karlskrona naval academy in 1773 . Upon graduating as an officer in 1775 , he was directed by the family towards a career in law . Disliking this , he sought employment as a junior officer in 1778 . Military career . As a lieutenant , Döbeln took part in Gustav III ' s Russian War and was shot in the head at the Battle of Porrassalmi . The wound did not heal properly and he was forced to wear a black silken bandanna for the rest of his life . During the operation he stayed awake and wrote about it while looking at the whole process with the help of a mirror . He then rapidly advanced to colonel and took part in the Finnish War . On 13 September 1808 , he led the Swedish troops in the Battle of Jutas . For this , he would become legendary as the main hero of the war . His reputation was further enhanced when Johan Ludvig Runeberg wrote his epic " Döbeln at Jutas " in the Finnish National Poem " Fänrik Ståls Sägner " ( in Swedish ) . He successfully led the Swedish retreat from the Åland islands over the frozen Baltic sea . Having re - organized his troops , he engaged Russian forces which ultimately stopped a planned attack on the Swedish capital , Stockholm . Döbeln was the commanding officer of the North Army on 8 October 1809 , when the last formal ties between Sweden and Finland were cut through the dismissal of the last Swedish - Finnish army in the church park of Umeå in Västerbotten North Sweden . Döbeln ' s final orders to the parading army , issued verbally prior to dismissal , is considered to be the very essence of rhetoric in Swedish , and has been taught to generations of school - children . In the Second War against Napoleon he led troops in Swedish Pomerania and sent troops to relieve Hamburg , which was besieged by the French , without authorisation . For this , he was court - martialled and sentenced to be executed . However , he was pardoned by Crown Prince Charles John , later crowned Charles XIV John of Sweden . Personal life . He was married to Kristina Karolina Ullström ( they later divorced ) . The couple had one son , Napoleon ( 1802 – 1847 ) . Although popular , having had a great career and after his death considered a war hero , von Döbeln lived his last years forgotten and impoverished .