naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Burgess Model H The Burgess Model H was an early United States airplane and one of the first air machines specifically designed and built for military use . History . Classified as the " Model H military tractor " , it was developed and built in 1912 by Burgess Company and Curtis , which in 1914 became the Burgess Company . Powered by a 70 hp Renault engine with the propeller in the tractor configuration , the biplane trainer had tandem open cockpits after a redesign in 1914 by Grover Loening , then a civilian engineer with the U . S . Army . Loening was the first person to receive an advanced engineering degree in aeronautics , from Columbia University in 1910 , and later was a founding member of both Sturtevant Aircraft Company and Loening Aircraft Engineering . The Aeronautical Division , U . S . Signal Corps purchased its initial Burgess Model H as Signal Corps No . 9 in August 1912 , then five more for the 1st Aero Squadron at North Field , California between November 1913 and July 1914 . They were the 24th through 28th aircraft acquired by the Army . A seventh Model H went to the U . S . Navy , where it was known first as the D - 1 ( Burgess Flying Boat , Model 1 ) and later as the AB - 7 ( Heavier - than - air / flying boat , model 7 ) .
George Russell Callender Brig . Gen . George Russell Callender ( 1884 – 1973 ) was an American physician and army officer . He was the commandant of the Medical Department Professional Service Schools in Washington , D . C . ( now known as the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research ) , founding commandant of the Walter Reed Tropical Medicine Course , and author of " Malaria in Panama " ( 1929 ) . Biography . Callender was born in Everett , Massachusetts on May 13 , 1884 . He graduated from Tufts College Medical School , Boston in 1908 , was commissioned in the Medical Reserve Corps in 1912 , and entered the service ( US Army ) on May 18 , 1913 . He graduated from the Army Medical School in 1913 . Afterwards he served in the Hawaii Department 1916 - 1918 and as a pathologist at Army Medical Center in 1939 . Callender became the Assistant Commandant , then Commandant of Medical Department Professional Service Schools 1940 - 1946 . He was promoted to Brigadier General in March 1945 . He retired from the Army in November 1946 . Decorations included the Distinguished Service Medal . He was author of " Malaria in Panama " ( 1929 ) . Honors and awards . Callender was awarded the Richard Pearson Strong Palladium Medal by the American Foundation for Tropical Medicine in 1946 . As stated in the citation accompanying the award , " Brig . Gen . Callender ' s supervision , guidance and research in the school contributed directly to the achievement of the lowest sick rate of any army in the history of war . His initiative and effort were largely responsible for the creation of the course in tropical medicine and for the development of extensive research activities at the Army Medical School in 1941 before Pearl Harbor . As a result of the typhus vaccine developed in 1942 not a single United States soldier died of epidemic typhus fever . "
VS - 41 VS - 41 , Sea Control Squadron 41 was a training squadron of the United States Navy for crews of anti - submarine aircraft and was established on 30 June 1960 as an " anti - submarine squadron " . The squadron was nicknamed " Shamrocks " and based at the Naval Air Station North Island , California ( USA ) . Background . VS - 41 was originally activated in 1960 to train the crews of Grumman S - 2 " Tracker " anti - submarine aircraft for the United States Navy . Two squadrons equipped with the " Tracker " were based each on the anti - submarine carriers ( CVS ) of the Essex - class to counter the threat of the large Soviet submarine fleet . In the mid - 1970 both the CVS - carriers and the S - 2 " Tracker " were phased out . History . On 20 February 1974 VS - 41 received the successor of the " Tracker " , the Lockheed S - 3A " Viking " . The " Viking " - squadrons were integrated into the former " Attack Carrier Air Wing " s , which became " Carrier Air Wing " s . During the latter half of the 1980s VS - 41 was equipped with the upgraded S - 3B . With the diminishing submarine threat after the end of the Cold War VS - 41 was redesignated as a " Sea Control Squadron " on 1 October 1993 . In 1994 the squadron became responsible for the training of all U . S . Navy S - 3 squadrons . The training included working with the computer systems that processed information generated by acoustic and non - acoustic target sensor systems ; Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar ( ISAR ) and ESM systems suites . Identified targets should then be destroyed with conventionals bombs , cluster bombs , rocktes , AGM - 84 Harpoon or AGM - 65 Maverick air - to - surface missiles , Mark 46 torpedo es , or Mark 54 depth bombs . The " Viking " could also drop mines . Additionally , all S - 3B aircraft were equipped to carrying an inflight refueling " buddy " store . VS - 41 flew in excess of 10 , 000 hours per year , qualifying approximately 50 fleet pilots and 80 tactical coordinators ( TACCO ) yearly . From 1960 to 2008 , the training squadron logged more than 347 , 000 flight hours , made more than 48 , 000 carrier landings , and trained more than 35 , 000 personnel . On September 30 , 2006 , the squadron was officially disestablished at Naval Air Station North Island , CA . The squadron history or lineages should not be confused with the VS - 41 " Tophatters " that flew the SBD - 3 Dauntless torpedo bombers during World War II from the deck of USS " Ranger " .
Charles Piers Egerton Hall Charles Piers Egerton Hall , nicknamed Chaz Hall ( 25 July 1918 – 30 March 1944 ) was a British pilot who was taken prisoner during the Second World War . He was part of the ' Great Escape ' from Stalag Luft III in March 1944 , but was captured and subsequently shot by the Gestapo . War service . Hall was born in Kings Norton ; before the war he had been a photographer in Halton . During World War II he served as a Flight Lieutenant in the Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve , including serving for a time on HMS Ark Royal . He later became a pilot for the 1st Photographic Reconnaissance Unit ( PRU ) flying out of RAF Benson South Oxfordshire , England . Prisoner of war . Hall was flying a 1 PRU Spitfire PR Mk . IV ( AA804 ) on On 28 Dec 41 when the aircraft came down over Bergen op Zoom , the Netherlands . He had been on high level reconnaissance mission to Düsseldorf when he was either shot down or suffered engine failure ( Accounts Vary ) . It was the aircraft ' s first operational flight and Hall ' s third operational flight . He became a prisoner of war and was sent to Stalag Luft III in Germany in the Province of Lower Silesia near the town of Sagan ( now Żagań in Poland ) . ' Great Escape ' . He was one of the 76 men who escaped the prison camp on the night of 24 – 25 March 1944 , in the escape now famous as " The Great Escape " . He was recaptured near Sagan . He became one of the 50 executed and murdered by the Gestapo on the personal orders of Adolf Hitler on 30 March 1944 and then cremated at Liegnitz now part of the Poznan Old Garrison Cemetery . Before his execution he had written on his cell wall " " We who are about to die salute you " " .
Joint Air Delivery Test and Evaluation Unit The Joint Air Delivery Test and Evaluation Unit ( JADTEU ) is a tri - service unit responsible for the evaluation and regulation of all aircraft operated by the Royal Air Force , Army Air Corps and Fleet Air Arm ( Navy ) . Headquartered at RAF Brize Norton , the team consists of around 124 personnel drawn from each service branch and includes civil servants commanded by a Lieutenant Colonel . It received ISO 9001 accreditation in 1997 . History . The JADTEU traces its history to the Army ' s Airborne Forces Development Centre and the RAF ' s Airborne Forces Tactical Development Unit . The Joint Air Transport Establishment was formed in January 1968 to oversee the testing of aircraft and trailing of new techniques . It was renamed to JADTEU in 1998 . Mission . Its mission " To enable the delivery by air of manpower , machines and materiel through development , trials and training , in order to enhance Defence Capability . ” Its chain of command is through the development division of the RAF Air Warfare Centre which comes under Chief of Staff Operations ( COS ( Ops ) ) HQ Air Command . The unit is parented for administration purposes by RAF Brize Norton . Sections . The unit , consisting of six lead sections and support staff , undertakes a wide variety of tasks as follows : Airportability Section : Conduct operational test and evaluation loading trials in order to produce amendments to associated Aircraft Publications Aerial Delivery Section : The Aerial Delivery Section at JADTEU is responsible for trialling equipment for aerial delivery suitability , and trial and develop new aerial delivery systems Personnel Parachute Test Team : The delivery of personnel by parachute , both overtly and covertly , to land or sea Helicopter Section : JADTEU Helicopter Section is responsible for the assessment and trial of all equipment that is to be underslung from UK military helicopters Engineering Section : Engineering Section provides specialist engineering support and airworthiness advice to all departments and customers at JADTEU Training Section : The training of Helicopter Handling , Fast - Roping and Abseiling Instructors and Unit Emplanement Officers for all 3 services , MOD agencies and foreign governments JADTEU ’ s primary output is the management of the status of twenty two Air Transport Aircraft Publications which detail the procedures to be followed and the equipment needed to safely and effectively deliver personnel and materiel . This it does through the conduct of operational trials and evaluation on behalf of sponsors . In addition it provides advice / recommendations to MOD sponsors , agencies , civilian industry and foreign governments on all air transport matters .
Mk44 Bushmaster II The Mk44 Bushmaster II is a 30 mm chain gun manufactured by Alliant Techsystems . It is a derivative of the 25 mm M242 Bushmaster , and uses some 70 % of the same parts as the M242 while increasing the firepower by as much as 50 % with the 20 % increase in caliber size . The barrel is chromium - plated for extended life . The gun uses standard GAU - 8 Avenger ammunition that is available in API ( Armor - Piercing Incendiary ) , HEI ( High - Explosive Incendiary ) and APFSDS - T ( Armor - Piercing Fin - Stabilized Discarding Sabot - Tracer ) variants . One interesting possibility is the ability of the gun to be converted to a caliber of 40 mm , which involves changing the barrel and a few key parts , to use the so - called Super 40 cartridge . It can also be converted to use the 30x170 mm RARDEN cartridge . The Bushmaster II is the standard primary armament of Bionix - II AFV currently in service with the Singapore Army , the KTO Rosomak in Polish service as well as that of the CV90 AFV s in Finnish , Norwegian and Swiss service . Although the United States Air Force selected this cannon to replace the 25 mm and 40 mm guns on its fleet of AC - 130U gunships in 2007 , this plan was later canceled . The United States Marine Corps ' Expeditionary Fighting Vehicle , which is presently undergoing tests and evaluations , is expected to be armed with this cannon as well . Some United States Navy vessels , such as the new " San Antonio " - class amphibious transport dock are armed with the Bushmaster II for surface threat defense . The Bushmaster II is the gun used in the 30mm DS30M Mark 2 Automated Small Calibre Gun ( ASCG ) system that is being fitted to Royal Navy Type 23 frigate s from 2007 onwards .
Garanin general - purpose machine guns The Garanin machine guns ( Пулемёт Гаранина ) were a couple of general - purpose machine gun prototypes developed by Soviet designer Georgy Semenovich Garanin at OKB - 575 in Kovrov . These guns were developed in the context of a contest , started in December 1955 , for replacing the company - level RP - 46 light machine gun and the battalion - level " heavy " ( in the old sense of the term ) machine gun SGM with a single new machine gun that could fulfill both roles using different mounts . Garanin ' s first prototype for this competition operated on the principle of lever - delayed blowback . This prototype was rejected in 1957 for failing to meet several of the technical requirements for accuracy and reliability . A later prototype of Garanin relied on gas operation ; this one was rejected in 1960 , because is was considered inferior to the front - runner designs of Nikitin and Kalashnikov . Ultimately , Kalashnikov ' s PK machine gun won the competition . Overview ( first variant ) . The weapon was unusual among contemporary machine guns by its use of a lever - delayed blowback operation . When firing , the pressure pushing the case head rearward initiated an impulse on a cam that sent the bolt carrier rearward . After a certain distance , a link ( in this case the firing pin ) pulled the bolt head , hence extracting the spent case . Since there was no primary extraction , the chamber was fluted to allow powder gases to flow back , unsticking the case from the wall chamber like on Heckler & Koch type roller - delayed blowback weapons . The machine gun could be used as a LMG with a bipod or as a medium machine gun with a tripod . When used with a tripod for continuous fire , the gun was fitted with a heavier barrel . In the LMG configuration , the machine gun was a relatively light weapon to carry . The lower receiver of the weapon came from an RPD with a modified stock .
Battle of Jabal Shammar ( 1929 ) The Battle of Jabal Shammar , or Battle of Umm Radh ' ma ( Arabic : " Maaraka Umm Radh ' ma معركة أم رضمة " ) took place on August 1929 , between a raiding rebellious Ikhwan party and the ally tribes of Ibn Saud . It was the second large scale engagement of the Ikhwan Revolt in Arabia . The rebel Ikhwan tribesmen were defeated by the loyal pro - Saudi forces . Scope of the battle . After the defeat in Sabillah , Ikhwan tribesmen and government troops clashed again in the Jabal Shammar region , on August 1929 , resulting in the deaths of some 1 , 000 men . According to " Ibn Saud Information Resource " , the battle , fought between Ikhwan raiders under command of Azaiyiz , son of Faisal al - Dawish , and the loyal Saudi forces of Shammar tribesmen , under the leadership of Nida bin Naheer , was " furious " and " many fell " . Both party leaders , Azaiyiz of the Ikhwan and Nida of the Shammar fell in the battle .
USS Greenling ( SSN - 614 ) USS " Greenling " ( SSN - 614 ) , a , was the second ship of the United States Navy to be named for the greenling , an elongate , fine - scaled fish found from Kamchatka to California . Her keel was laid down on 15 August 1961 by the Electric Boat Company of Groton , Connecticut . On 10 April 1963 , " Thresher " , the lead ship of " Greenling " ' s class , was lost due to severe design flaws in her non - nuclear piping systems . Because she was still early in the construction process , " Greenling " was one of three selected " Thresher " - class submarines selected for conversion to the " improved " Thresher " class . " She was launched on 4 April 1964 sponsored by Mrs . H . C . Bruton . On 29 April , she was towed to Quincy , Massachusetts , for lengthening and submarine safety program ( SUBSAFE ) modifications . Modifications included increased buoyancy and adding 13 feet 9 inches of length to the hull , providing improved living and working conditions for the crew and space for additional equipment . Before construction of " Greenling " was completed , she and her sister ships were redesignated the " Permit " class , after the eldest surviving member of the class . " Greenling " was commissioned on 3 November 1967 with Commander Guy H . B . Schaffer in command . Service history . On 27 May 1968 , " Greenling " s fleet training exercise was interrupted by the search and rescue operation for missing submarine . Her Commanding Officer was designated the Commander of the SAR Task Element , which included of three nuclear and four diesel submarines . That assignment continued until 12 June 1968 . " Greenling " was decommissioned on 18 April 1994 and was subsequently disposed through the Nuclear Powered Ship and Submarine Recycling Program at Puget Sound Naval Shipyard on 30 September 1994 . Equipment from " Greenling " s control room was salvaged and used to construct a simulation of a submarine control room as an exhibit at the Naval Undersea Museum in Keyport , Washington .
Alexander S . Wadsworth Commodore Alexander Scammel Wadsworth ( 1790 – April 5 , 1851 ) was an officer of the United States Navy . His more than 40 years of active duty included service in the War of 1812 . Biography . Wadsworth was born in 1790 at Portland , Maine . He was appointed a midshipman on 2 April 1804 and was promoted to lieutenant on 21 April 1810 . Lt . Wadsworth was the first lieutenant on board " Constitution " during that famous frigate ' s successful engagement with " Guerriere " in the War of 1812 . For this action , he received a silver medal and was included in the vote of thanks received by the commanding officer , Isaac Hull , and his officers . Wadsworth later served as first lieutenant of the corvette " Adams " during that ship ' s cruise in 1814 when she captured 10 prizes . Promoted to Master Commandant on 27 April 1816 for his services during the war , Wadsworth commanded the brig " Prometheus " in the Mediterranean Squadron after the Second Barbary War in 1816 and 1817 and later commanded the sloop " John Adams " . Under Wadsworth , " John Adams " conducted cruises in the West Indies in 1818 – 1819 , and 1821 – 1822 for the suppression of piracy . Promoted to captain on 3 March 1825 , he commanded frigate " Constellation " in the Mediterranean Squadron from 1829 to 1832 . Wadsworth was Commodore commanding the Pacific Squadron from 1834 to 1836 , a member of the Board of Navy Commissioners from 1837 to 1840 , and Inspector of Ordnance from 1841 to 1850 . Commodore Wadsworth died at Washington , D . C . , on 5 April 1851 . He was the son of Peleg Wadsworth , the uncle of author Henry Wadsworth Longfellow , and namesake of Alexander Scammel . Namesake . Three Navy ships have been named USS " Wadsworth " in his honor .
Guerrilla Warfare ( book ) Guerrilla Warfare ( ) is a book by Marxist revolutionary Che Guevara that was written right after the Cuban Revolution and published in 1961 . It soon became the guidebook for thousands of guerrilla fighters in various countries around the world . Guevara intended it to be a manual on guerrilla warfare , elaborating the foco theory ( " foquismo " ) for other revolutionary movements in Latin America , Africa and Asia , but the book was also studied by counter - revolutionary military schools . While many draw parallels with Mao Zedong ' s " On Guerrilla Warfare " , Guevara claimed he had not read the book , which draws on the lessons of fighting during the Cuban Revolutionary War , which in turn were informed by two books from the Spanish Civil War , " Nuevas guerras " and " Medicina contra invasión " , stressing the need for an underpinning political motivation to guerrilla methods , organisation and supply . However , Guevara emphasizes that guerrilla warfare is a favorable method only against totalitarian regimes , ( such as the revolutionary war against the Batista dictatorship in Cuba ) , where political opposition and legal civil struggle is impossible to conduct . South African revolutionaries read the work in the early 1960s ; former Minister of Intelligence , Ronnie Kasrils , notes that the Apartheid regime ' s police questioned his late wife about an order of " Che Guevara ' s book on guerrilla warfare . " Guevara dedicated the book to his recently deceased comrade Camilo Cienfuegos , " who should have read and corrected it , but whose fate prevented him from carrying out the task . " References . Szulc , Tad . 1986 . Fidel - A Critical Portrait . Hutchinson . ISBN 0 - 09 - 172602 - 6
William Harrison Graham William Harrison Graham ( August 3 , 1844 – March 2 , 1923 ) was a U . S . Representative from the state of Pennsylvania . Biography . William H . Graham was born in Allegheny , Pennsylvania ( now part of Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania ) . During the American Civil War , he enlisted on April 5 , 1861 , in the Second Regiment of the Virginia Infantry of the Union Army . After a service of two years , the unit was mounted and became the Fifth Regiment of West Virginia Cavalry . He was mustered out June 14 , 1864 . He engaged in the leather business in Allegheny . He served as a member of the Pennsylvania State House of Representatives from 1875 to 1878 , and as Recorder of deeds of Allegheny County , Pennsylvania , from 1882 to 1891 . He was also engaged in banking . Graham was elected as a Republican to the Fifty - fifth Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of William A . Stone . He was reelected to the Fifty - sixth and Fifty - seventh Congresses . He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1902 . He was again elected to the Fifty - ninth , Sixtieth , and Sixty - first Congresses . He served as chairman of the United States House Committee on Ventilation and Acoustics during the Sixtieth Congress , and of the United States House Committee on Expenditures in the Department of Agriculture during the Sixty - first Congress . He was an unsuccessful candidate in the Republican primaries for renomination . After his time in Congress , he served as a member of the Allegheny County Board of Viewers from 1911 to 1923 . He died in Pittsburgh in 1923 . Interment in Highwood Cemetery .
Iraqi security forces The Iraqi Security Forces are the military forces of the Government of Iraq . They consist of the Iraqi Army , the Iraqi Air Force , and the Iraqi Navy . The armed forces of Iraq have a long but not particularly successful history . They were initially formed in the early 1920s . Six military Coup d ' états were mounted by the Army between 1936 and 1941 . The armed forces first saw combat in the Anglo - Iraqi War of 1941 . They fought against Israel in the 1948 Arab – Israeli War , in the 1967 Six Day War , and in the 1973 Yom Kippur War . Two wars with the Kurds were fought in 1961 - 70 and 1974 - 75 . A much larger conflict was the Iran - Iraq War , initiated by the Iraqis in 1980 , which continued until 1988 . Thereafter Iraq began the Iraq - Kuwait War which led to the Persian Gulf War of 1991 , which led in turn to confrontations over the Iraqi no - fly zones during the 1990s , and finally the Iraq War of 2003 . The Iraqi armed forces have had mixed success at the strategic level but consistently poor tactical performance during most of their history . The armed forces are administered by the Ministry of Defence ( MOD ) . Since the 2003 invasion of Iraq , which toppled the Saddam Hussein regime , the Iraqi Armed Forces have been rebuilt with substantial assistance from the United States armed forces . Since the implementation of the U . S . - Iraq Status of Forces Agreement on January 1 , 2009 , the Iraqi Armed Forces and the forces of the Ministry of Interior ( Iraq ) are responsible for providing security and upholding law and order throughout Iraq . The Iraqi Army , in particular , is one of the most trusted national institutions of Iraq . While generally capable in an internal security role , Iraqi deficiencies have been identified in enabling functions , such as , e . g . , logistics and military intelligence . In high - end conventional operations , Iraqi capabilities are currently limited by lack of artillery and air power . There are also concerns regarding corruption and sectarian agendas within the force .