naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
Spanish Civil War , 1937 In 1937 , the Nationalists , under the leadership of Francisco Franco began to establish their dominance . An important element of support was their greater access to foreign aid , with their German and Italian allies helping considerably . This came just as the French ceased aid to the Republicans , who continued , however , to be able to buy arms from the Soviet Union . The Republican side suffered from serious divisions among the various communist and anarchist groupings within it , and the communists undermined much of the anarchists ' organisation . With his ranks being swelled by Italian troops and Spanish colonial soldiers from Morocco , Franco made additional attempts to capture Madrid in January and February 1937 , but failed again . On February 21 the League of Nations Non - Intervention Committee ban on foreign volunteers went into effect . The large city of Málaga was taken on February 8 . On March 7 , the German Condor Legion equipped with Heinkel He 51 biplanes arrived in Spain ; on April 26 they bombed the town of Guernica ( Gernika ) in the Basque Country ; two days later , Nationalist General Emilio Mola ' s men entered the town . After the fall of Guernica , the Republican government began to fight back with increasing effectiveness . In July , they made a move to recapture Segovia , forcing Franco to pull troops away from the Madrid front to halt their advance . Mola , Franco ' s second - in - command , died in a plane crash on June 3 , and in early July , despite the fall of Bilbao in June , the Republican government launched a strong counter - offensive in the Madrid area , which the Nationalists repulsed with some difficulty . This was the Battle of Brunete ( Brunete is a town in the province of Madrid ) . Franco soon regained momentum , invading Aragon in August and then taking the city of Santander ( now in Cantabria ) . On August 28 , the Vatican , recognized the Franco government . Two months of bitter fighting followed and , despite determined Asturian resistance , Gijón fell in late October , effectively ending the war in the North . At the end of November , with the Nationalists closing in on Valencia , the government moved again , from Valencia to Barcelona .
HMS Meeanee ( 1848 ) HMS " Meeanee " was a two - deck 80 - gun second rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy , launched on 11 November 1842 at Bombay Dockyard . She was named after the Battle of Meeanee . " Meeanee " was fitted with screw propulsion in 1857 , and was broken up in 1906 .
Defense Industry Sector ( Ethiopia ) The Ethiopian Defense Industry sector is an office under the Ministry of Defense responsible for administering several defense industries . Its objective is to provide for and support the Ethiopian National Defense Force . History . The manufacturing of weaponry in Ethiopia was started in the 18th century during the era of Emperor Tewodros . Historical records show Emperor Tewodros built a huge cannon called Sebastopol in 1868 , in Gondar Province at a village named Gafat , and took it to the mountain of Maqdala . Later , under the reign of Emperor Menelik , an ammunition factory was established in 1911 , which started producing cartridges for Wejigra and Wechefor rifles . The basis for modern defense industry was laid with the establishment of the then Emperor Haile Selassie ammunition factory in 1953 with the cooperation of the government of Czechoslovakia . Its objective was to locally manufacture ammunition for light weapons . In 1984 , it was expanded with newer technology and more capacity . Due to the serious attention given towards building a strong defense industry , the Derg regime set out to build various defense factories with support from the former Soviet Union and other eastern block nations . In 1986 , the government issued a directive to form a Defense Industry Commission reporting to the council of ministers which would be responsible for administration , production and strategic direction . Experts from the Ministry of Defense , Ministry of Industry and Ethiopian Management Institute were drawn to study the establishment of the commission . In 1991 , the commission ( renamed Basic Materials and Engineering Industry Commission ) was administering four production facilities . While the number of military production facilities grew , the structure remained unchanged until 2004 when a new body Defense Industry Coordinating Office was created to administer all factories , including those under the National Defense Force . In 2007 , the Defense Industry Coordinating Office was renamed Defense Industry Sector and put under the Ministry of National Defense . Organizations . Currently , there are 8 organizations administered by DIS :
Adam J . Slemmer Adam Jacoby Slemmer ( January 24 , 1828 – October 7 , 1868 ) was an officer in the United States Army during the Seminole Wars and the American Civil War , as well as in the Old West . Early years . Slemmer was born in Montgomery County , Pennsylvania , and raised in Norristown . He graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point , New York , in 1850 , and was commissioned as a second lieutenant . He married Caroline Lane Reynolds in 1856 . Their only child , a son died young . Career . He served against the Seminoles in Florida , and then was stationed in garrison s along the Pacific . From 1855 to 1859 , he taught at West Point . In January 1861 , he was in command of a body of troops at Fort Barrancas , Pensacola Harbor , Fla . On January 10 , after the surrender of the Pensacola Navy Yard , he transferred his force to the Fort Pickens position in the same harbor . He held this fort against Confederate threat of attack and demands for surrender from Florida militia Colonel William Henry Chase , who had designed and constructed the fort as a captain in the U . S . Army Corps of Engineers , until reinforced and relieved in April 1861 . Fort Pickens remained under Federal control for the duration of the war . Promoted to major in May 1861 , he was attached to General Buell ' s command and took part in the Corinth campaign and the relief of Nashville . He became brigadier general of volunteers on November 29 , 1862 , and participated in the Battle of Stones River in December , receiving a wound that incapacitated him for the rest of the war . He was taken prisoner the following day , but released during the Confederate retreat . He served in administrative posts in Ohio and New York . In 1863 , A . J . Slemmer served as President of the Board of Examiners for sick officers at Columbus and Cincinnati , Ohio , Levi T . Townsend served as his clerk during this appointment . In 1865 , Slemmer was brevetted colonel and brigadier general in the Regular Army for meritorious conduct , and was commissioned lieutenant colonel of the 4th U . S . Infantry . He died while in command of Fort Laramie from lingering effects of typhoid fever that he had contracted during the Civil War . Slemmer was buried in Montgomery Cemetery , located in West Norriton Township , Montgomery County , Pennsylvania , near Norristown , Pennsylvania , on October 21 , 1868 .
HMS Portland ( 1693 ) HMS " Portland " was a 50 - gun fourth rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy , launched at Woolwich Dockyard on 28 March 1693 . She was rebuilt according to the 1719 Establishment at Portsmouth , and was relaunched on 25 February 1723 . On 17 March 1709 , " Portland " recaptured " Coventry " , which the 54 - gun " Auguste " and the 54 - gun " Jason " ( 1704 ) had captured in September 1704 . " Portland " was broken up in 1743 .
7 . 5 cm Leichtgeschütz 40 The 7 . 5 cm " Leichtgeschütz 40 " was a recoilless gun used by the German Army during World War II . Background . Development of recoilless weapons by Rheinmetall began in 1937 in an effort to provide airborne troops with heavy support weapons that could be dropped by parachute . Both Krupp and Rheinmetall competed for production contracts in a contest that was won by the latter . Initially produced under the designation of LG 1 , this was soon changed to LG 40 to match the then current " year of origin " naming system . Design issues . One characteristic common to all the German recoilless guns , was that they used ordinary shells , albeit with a different cartridge to cater to the unique issues involved in the recoilless principles . This gun used HE shells from the 7 . 5 cm " Gebirgsgeschütz " ( Mountain Gun ) " 36 " and the anti - tank shell of the 7 . 5 cm " Feldkanone 16 , neuer Art " ( Field Cannon , New Model ) . This meant that its ammunition could not be optimized to benefit from the peculiar ballistic characteristics of recoilless weapons . On the other hand it saved significant research time and effort and meant that existing production lines and stocks of shells could be used at a considerable saving . Two problems became evident after the " Leichtgeschütz " ( light gun ) was fielded . The gas expelled through the venturi of the firing mechanism could cause fouling in the mechanism itself , but fixing this required a redesign of the entire breech and was deemed not worth disrupting the production line or rebuilding the existing guns . The second problem was more serious in that the mounting began to shake itself apart after about 300 rounds were fired . This was principally caused by the torque imparted to the mount when the shell engaged the rifling as well as by the erosion of the nozzles by the combustion gases . These could be countered by welding vanes inside the nozzles that were curved in a direction opposite to the rifling which would then counteract the torque exerted by the shell and minimizing the stress on the gun mount . Operational use . The LG 40 first saw use during the Battle of Crete where it apparently equipped " 2 . Batterie / Fallschirmjäger - Artillerie - Abteilung " ( 2nd Battery / Parachute Artillery Battalion ) . It saw widespread use by German parachute units , both Luftwaffe and " Waffen - SS " for the rest of the war . The 500th " SS - Fallschirmjäger " Battalion used four examples during its airdrop on Josip Broz Tito ' s headquarters at Drvar . The German " Gebirgsjäger " ( mountain infantry ) also appreciated its light weight and used a number of them during the battles in the Caucasus Mountains in the latter half of 1942 . References . Engelmann , Joachim and Scheibert , Horst . " Deutsche Artillerie 1934 - 1945 : Eine Dokumentation in Text , Skizzen und Bildern : Ausrüstung , Gliederung , Ausbildung , Führung , Einsatz " . Limburg / Lahn , Germany : C . A . Starke , 1974 Hogg , Ian V . " German Artillery of World War Two " . 2nd corrected edition . Mechanicsville , PA : Stackpole Books , 1997 ISBN 1 - 85367 - 480 - X
USS Martin ( 1864 ) USS " Martin " ( 1864 ) was a steamer acquired by the Union Navy during the American Civil War . She was used by the Union Navy for various tasks , including those of a torpedo boat , tugboat , and a picket boat , patrolling Confederate waterways to prevent the South from trading with other countries . " Martin " , a screw tug built at Albany , New York , in 1864 was purchased by the Navy as " James McMartin " at New York City 16 June 1864 ; renamed " Martin " that same day ; and commissioned later in the month , Acting Ens . Rudolph S . Sommers in command . Assigned as a mine - layer boat for the North Atlantic Blockade . Equipped as a torpedo boat , on 20 July " Martin " was assigned to the North Atlantic Blockading Squadron for picket guard duty . On 27 July she was taken in tow along with sister tug " Hoyt " by screw steamer " Monticello " for convoy from Hampton Roads , Virginia at Hatteras Inlet , North Carolina , arriving 2 days later . Operations in the North Carolina waterways . " Martin " operated in the sounds of North Carolina , through 1864 . On 29 September she accompanied gunboat " Valley City " up the Scuppernong River to head off a group of Confederate conscriptors being chased by two Union Army steamers from the vicinity of the Alligator River . With " Martin ’ s " assistance as a tug , " Valley City " was able to position her guns on the stragglers with telling results . " Martin " later joined in the operations which led to the capture of Plymouth , North Carolina , between 29 October and 1 November . End - of - war operations and decommissioning and sale . After overhaul at Norfolk Navy Yard in early 1865 , " Martin " returned to the sounds of North Carolina , in late February . She continued tug and picket duties through May before sailing north in June , to Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , for decommissioning . " Martin " was sold there 10 August .
National Defence Headquarters ( Canada ) The National Defence Headquarters ( or " NDHQ " ) is the headquarters for Canada ' s Department of National Defence ( DND ) and the Canadian Forces . NDHQ actually comprises a collection of offices spread in buildings across the National Capital Region ; however , it is most commonly identified with the Major - General George R Pearkes Building at 101 Colonel By Drive in Ottawa . Falling under the Minister of National Defence , NDHQ includes the office of the Deputy Minister ( DM ) , the office of the Chief of the Defence Staff ( CDS ) , the office of the Vice Chief of the Defence Staff , and all the " Level 1 " headquarters and staffs :
116th Brigade ( United Kingdom ) The 116th Brigade was a formation of the British Army during the First World War . It was raised as part of the new army also known as Kitchener ' s Army and assigned to the 39th Division . The brigade was originally numbered the 121st intended for the 40th Division of the Fifth New Army . The brigades first commander was Brigadier - General Reginald Barnes . Formation . The infantry battalions did not all serve at once , but all were assigned to the brigade during the war .
Audunborg Audunborg or Hegrenes - borga was a castle and fortification built by Audun Hugleiksson on his inherited estate at Ålhus on the shore of the Jølstravatn in the municipality of Jølster in Sogn og Fjordane county , Norway . It is about northeast of the village of Vassenden . History . The castle was built in stone from 1276 to 1286 probably by English craftsmen from Bergen . The rectangular building was and had three stories . There was a store room in the ground floor , living quarters on the next floor , and a feast hall in the top floor . It had large windows and arches . The building itself had water on three sides and was thus easy to defend . It is also thought that a moat or castle wall was part of the fortifications . Recent research claims that Audun himself spent little time in his castle as his activities kept him either in Bergen , in the east of the country or abroad . As a baron , Audun Hugleiksson was allowed to keep a hird ( armed retinue ) a right otherwise reserved for the king . This hird would defend him on his travels and when he was at home in Audunborg . In Norway , only the King and the Church had the funds to build in stone and Audunborg along with Isegran by Glomma , built by Alv Erlingsson , are the only two known examples of private stone castles in Norway . Stories about Audun remain in local folklore and one story includes him burying all his money and sinking a silver table into the lake Jølstravatn before departing for his last trip to Bergen . Modern Day . Today , only the ruins remain of the castle that stood at the tip of Hegreneset by Jølstravatn in Sunnfjord . It was first excavated in 1934 and is probably modeled after Håkonshallen in Bergen which was twice as long and twice as wide . A memorial to Audun , carved by Jørgen P . Solheimsnes from Jølster was erected on the site of the castle in 1960 . Its motive is the baron ' s seal . There is a biannual outdoor play performed on Ålhus called " Hugleikssonspelet " which is written by Edvard Hoem , based on a book by Anne Cecilie Kapstad which commemorates Audun Hugleiksson .
25th Armored Division ( United States ) The US 25th Armored Division was a ' phantom division ' created in 1944 as part of Fortitude South II to replace the real US 5th Armored Division when that unit was deployed to Normandy . World War II . As depicted to the Germans the division was formed at Pine Camp , New York in 1941 , but did not deploy to England until June 1944 when it joined US XXXIII Corps , US 14th Army . The division was initially based around a headquarters at Wincanton , in Somerset , but moved to the vicinitiy of East Dereham in Norfolk in July 1944 . In the deception invasion plan for the Pas de Calais , it would have formed with the British 58th Infantry Division the second wave of the invasion , landing on the US 17th Infantry Division beachhead . In the aftermath of Fortitude South II it was depicted as moving to the area around Tidworth in Hampshire during August 1944 where , during September 1944 it was transferred to the command of US XXXVII Corps . The division was disposed of by announcing that it had departed the United Kingdom via Southampton in October 1944 along with the other units of the US XXXVII Corps . Composition . In addition to the usual divisional support units the 25th Armored Division was composed of :
Henry Seymour ( Royal Navy officer ) Vice - Admiral ( George ) Henry Seymour CB ( 20 March 1818 – 25 July 1869 ) was a Royal Navy officer who went on to be Third Naval Lord . Career . Seymour was the son of Admiral Sir George Seymour and grandson of Lord Hugh Seymour . His mother was Georgiana Mary , daughter of Admiral the Hon . Sir George Cranfield - Berkeley . Francis Seymour , 5th Marquess of Hertford , was his elder brother . He joined the Royal Navy in 1831 and having been promoted to Captain in 1844 was given command of HMS " Carysfort " in 1845 . He went on to command HMS " Cumberland " and then HMS " Pembroke " in the Baltic Sea during the Crimean War . He also commanded HMS " Victory " , HMS " Hero " and then HMY " Victoria and Albert " . Promoted to Rear Admiral in 1863 , Seymour served as a Third Naval Lord between 1866 and 1868 . He also sat as Member of Parliament for Antrim from 1865 to 1869 and in Parliament he advocated road improvements outside the Victoria and Albert Museum . Family . Seymour married Sophia Margaret , daughter of Derick Hoste , in 1861 . They had two sons and three daughters . His daughter Alexandra married Sir Ian Heathcoat - Amory , 2nd Baronet , and was the mother of Derick Heathcoat - Amory , 1st Viscount Amory . Seymour died in July 1869 , aged 51 . Sophia Margaret remained a widow until her death in May 1917 .
Falling - block action A falling - block action ( also known as a sliding - block action ) is a single - shot firearm action in which a solid metal breechblock slides vertically in grooves cut into the breech of the weapon and actuated by a lever . Description . When in the top position , it is locked and resists the force of recoil while sealing the chamber . In the lower position , it leaves the chamber open to be loaded by a cartridge from the rear . After loading , the lever returns the block to the top position to lock the breech in place to seal the chamber . It is a very strong action ; when the breech is closed , the receiver essentially becomes a single piece of steel ( as opposed to other actions which rely on lugs to lock the breech ) . This type of action is used in heavy artillery as well as small arms . Rifles using this action include the M1870 Belgian Comblain , M1872 Mylonas , Sharps rifle , Farquharson rifle , 1890 Stevens , Sharps - Borchardt Model 1878 , Winchester Model 1885 , Browning M78 and Ruger No . 1 . Falling - block action military rifles were common in the 19th century . They were replaced for military use by the faster bolt action rifles , which could reload from a magazine . As well as artillery falling - block action rifles are still manufactured and used for hunting and target shooting and industrial shotguns ( 8ga ) for shooting clinkers in boilers . The falling - block action is closely related to the Martini - Henry rifle , the Peabody action ( similar to , but not identical with , that of the Martini - Henry ) , the Ballard action , and the Krag - Petersson ( uniquely , a repeater ) , which use a pivoting rather than a sliding block .
George King ( Royal Navy officer ) Admiral Sir George St Vincent King KCB ( 15 July 1809 – 18 August 1891 ) was a Royal Navy officer who went on to be Commander - in - Chief , China Station . Naval career . King joined the Royal Navy in 1822 . Promoted to Captain in 1841 , he commanded HMS " Leander " in the Black Sea during the Crimean War . He commanded HMS " Rodney " from 1854 and HMS " St Jean d ' Acre " from 1855 . In September 1856 , HMS " St Jean d ' Acre " took Earl Granville to the coronation of Czar Alexander II at St Petersburg . Earl Granville was leader of the Liberal party in the House of Lords , and head of the British delegation to Alexander II ' s coronation . He was appointed Commander - in - chief , East Indies and China Station in 1864 and Commander - in - Chief , China Station in 1865 . He retired in 1877 . He assumed the arms and prefix surname of the Duckworth family from Admiral Sir John Duckworth , his grandfather , in 1888 .
Het Vrije Woord Het Vrije Woord ( ) was a Flemish - language newspaper published clandestinely in Belgium during the German occupation in World War II . The " Vrije Woord " was the result of co - operation largely between various different groups , including Catholics , Jews and Trotskyites and , although its circulation was never as extensive as other Flemish underground newspapers , it was distinguished by its high - brow content . Newspaper . " Het Vrije Woord " was published by a small number of people ( around 50 at its height ) In August 1942 , the printing shop was raided and all the equipment confiscated , although all members were able to escape . The Mandel family , instrumental to the publication , fled to Brussels . " Vrank en Vrij " and " Das Freie Wort " . On arriving in Brussels , the group built two new newspapers . " Vrank en Vrij " was basically a continuation of " Het Vrije Woord " which was printed from January 1943 until liberation and achieved a circulation of 4 , 300 . The group also began to regularly publish a German - language newspaper ( called " Das Freie Wort " ) aimed at German soldiers . Two German soldiers were involved in its distribution . 21 members of the group responsible for the " Vrank en Vrij " paper were arrested during the war and 13 died in prison .
Someries Castle Someries Castle ( sometimes spelt Summeries castle ) is a Scheduled Ancient Monument , in the Parish of Hyde , near the town of Luton , Bedfordshire , England . It was built in the 15th century by Sir John Wenlock . Although always referred to as a castle it was actually a fortified manor house . The name of " Someries Castle " was derived from William de Someries , who had a residence on this site , but the title " castle " is contentious since it hardly describes the structure to which it is applied . The site was acquired by Wenlock in 1430 and building the mansion commenced . The house is unique in that it is regarded as one of the first brick buildings in England . The house was never completed by Wenlock , and was partly demolished in the 18th century . The brickwork can still be seen in the remains of the gatehouse , incorporating the chapel and lodge , which still stands today . The remains of the original manor house and / or the earlier Norman Castle are now visible only as earthworks that outline the plot where the house originally stood , although remains of the gatehouse to the actual manor house and the chapel that was connected to it , are still partially standing . Some bricks from the manor house were used to build the nearby farm houses in the 17th century . The castle closed to the public in February 2007 in order to make the structure safe and was surrounded by scaffolding , which damaged the original brickwork . It reopened in 2008 .