naist-nlp/zeshel huggingface dataset:
XVIII Corps ( German Empire ) The XVIII Army Corps / XVIII AK ( ) was a corps level command of the German Army before and during World War I . As the German Army expanded in the latter part of the 19th Century , the XVIII Army Corps was set up on 1 April 1899 in Frankfurt am Main as the " Generalkommando " ( headquarters ) for the district of Wiesbaden and the Grand Duchy of Hesse . It took over command of 21st Division from XI Corps and the previously separate 25th ( Grand Ducal Hessian ) Division . It was assigned to the VII Army Inspectorate , but joined the 4th Army at the start of the First World War . It was still in existence at the end of the war , serving in the 17th Army , " Heeresgruppe Kronprinz Rupprecht " on the Western Front . Peacetime organisation . The 25 peacetime Corps of the German Army ( Guards , I - XXI , I - III Bavarian ) had a reasonably standardised organisation . Each consisted of two divisions with usually two infantry brigades , one field artillery brigade and a cavalry brigade each . Each brigade normally consisted of two regiments of the appropriate type , so each Corps normally commanded 8 infantry , 4 field artillery and 4 cavalry regiments . There were exceptions to this rule : Each Corps also directly controlled a number of other units . This could include one or more World War I . Organisation on mobilisation . On mobilization , on 2 August 1914 , the Corps was restructured . The 25th Cavalry Brigade was withdrawn to form part of the 3rd Cavalry Division and the 21st Cavalry Brigade was broken up and its regiments assigned to the divisions as reconnaissance units . The 168th Infantry Regiment was assigned to the 25th Reserve Division in XVIII Reserve Corps . Divisions received engineer companies and other support units from the Corps headquarters . In summary , XVIII Corps mobilised with 24 infantry battalions , 8 machine gun companies ( 48 machine guns ) , 8 cavalry squadrons , 24 field artillery batteries ( 144 guns ) , 4 heavy artillery batteries ( 16 guns ) , 3 pioneer companies and an aviation detachment . Combat chronicle . On mobilisation , XVIII Corps was assigned to the 4th Army forming part of the centre of the forces for the Schlieffen Plan offensive in August 1914 . It was still in existence at the end of the war , serving in the 17th Army , " Heeresgruppe Kronprinz Rupprecht " on the Western Front . Commanders . The XVIII Corps had the following commanders during its existence :
Devinda Kalupahana Major General Devinda Kalupahana , RSP , USP , psc , SLAC is a Sri Lankan general , who was the former GOC , 3 Division ; GOC , 2 Division ; Director Operations , General Staff and Commandant , Sri Lanka Military Academy . Educated at Royal College , Colombo , Kalupahana joined the army in 1966 as a cadet officer , undergoing training at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst . While at Sandhurst , his cadet intake for the winter training exercise where sent to Cyprus when the Cypriot intercommunal violence broke out and the Sandhurst Cadets were deployed until they were relived by regular units In 1968 , he was commissioned into the 1st Reconnaissance Regiment , Ceylon Armoured Corps as a Second Lieutenant . After serving as a Troop Leader in the Ceylon Armoured Corps , he became an Officer Instructor at the Army Training Centre in Diyatalawa and returned several years later as Chief Instructor of its successor the Sri Lanka Military Academy . He had also served as a staff officer in the Northern Command Headquarters , Sri Lanka Army Headquarters and the Joint Operations Headquarters . He also served as the Commandant of the Combat Training School in Ampara . Raising the 3rd Reconnaissance Regiment of the Sri Lanka Armoured Corps , he became its first Commanding Officer in 1988 , by then a Lieutenant Colonel . He then became the Commandant of the Sri Lanka Military Academy and went on to take command in the Area Headquarters in Vavuniya . During Operation Sea Breeze , the first amphibious operation launched by the Sri Lankan military in its history , Colonel Kalupahana led the brigade that landed on the second wave which successfully established the beachhead . Thereafter he went on the become the Director Operations at the Army Headquarters ; Regimental Commander of the Sri Lanka Armoured Corps ; General Officer Commanding of the 3 Division and General Officer Commanding of the 2 Division . He retired from the army with the rank of Major General in 1996 . General Kalupahana is a graduate of the Armed Forces Staff and Command College in Germany . He was awarded the Rana Sura Padakkama ( RSP ) for combat bravery , the service medal Uttama Seva Padakkama ( USP ) , the Sri Lanka Armed Services Long Service Medal , the Ceylon Armed Services Long Service Medal and the Purna Bhumi Padakkama . In 2010 , he gave evidence to the Lessons Learnt and Reconciliation Commission .
Farm Gate Farm Gate was the code name for an American air force mission in Vietnam . In the early 1960s , the U . S . armed forces were developing units specifically designed to counter guerrilla warfare . The first unit in the USAF of this nature was the 4400th Combat Crew Training Squadron code named " Jungle Jim " that were later renamed the 1st Air Commando Wing ( after the similarly named 1st Air Commando Group which served in the China Burma India Theater of World War II ) . The squadron specialized in tactics used to support friendly ground forces in small , ' brush fire ' conflicts . In October 1961 , John F . Kennedy authorized the deployment of a detachment of Air Commandos to South Vietnam . The 4400th CCTS headed from their home at Eglin Air Force Base , Florida to Southeast Asia . Their mission was to train the Vietnam Air Force using older aircraft in support of the type of conflict they were facing . Crew s were trained to fly the T - 28 Trojan , C - 47 Skytrain and B - 26 Invader . The code name for the 4400th CCTS and its mission was " Farm Gate " . While the aircraft involved in the " Farm Gate " operation were often piloted by American " advisers , " for training purposes , it was required by Washington that a South Vietnamese be part of the crew on board any combat missions . In the event an aircraft did get shot down in hostile territory , the presence of an Asian crewman would be enough to dodge potential accusations of violating the Geneva Accords ( actual interpretation of this regulation was somewhat liberal , however ) . There were some reports of hapless South Vietnamese enlisted men being thrown into the back seats of T - 28s and flown into combat by American pilots after having been told not to touch anything in the cockpit . The gradual but dramatic expansion of Operation Farm Gate reflected the increasing involvement of the United States in Vietnam . After the escalation of the war as a result of the Gulf of Tonkin incident , the " Farm Gate " detachment was no longer required to fly under South Vietnamese colors . Their aircraft began carrying full U . S . markings and the detachment became known as the 1st Air Commando Squadron ( and later as the 1st Special Operations Squadron ) .
Task Force 16 Task Force 16 ( TF16 ) was one of the most storied task force s in the United States Navy , a major participant in a number of the most important battles of the Pacific War . It was formed in mid - February 1942 around " Enterprise " ( CV - 6 ) , with Vice Admiral William F . Halsey in command of the force , and supported by cruiser s " Salt Lake City " ( CA - 25 ) and " Northampton " ( CA - 26 ) , along with a half - dozen destroyer s . The task force ' s first mission was to shell Wake Island and Marcus Island , then , joined by " Hornet " ( CV - 8 ) and the rest of Task Force 18 ( TF18 ) , in April the force conducted the Doolittle Raid on Tokyo . In May Halsey was ordered to join Task Force 17 ( TF17 ) in the Coral Sea , but the Battle of the Coral Sea was over before TF 16 could join in . Halsey was then hospitalized with a skin disease , so Rear Admiral Raymond A . Spruance took over TF 16 and along with TF 17 , led it to victory in the Battle of Midway . In August , the task force supported the landings on Guadalcanal , then fought in the Battle of the Eastern Solomons , followed by the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands in October , the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal in November , and covered the retreat of TF 18 after the Battle of Rennell Island . In March 1943 , TG 16 . 6 fought the Battle of the Komandorski Islands , then bombarded Attu in April , and the whole force supported the recapture of the Aleutians . In 1944 and 1945 , the task force was a refueling unit consisting of destroyer escort s and oiler s .
David McDermut David A . McDermut ( about 1820 – April 18 , 1863 ) was an officer in the Union Navy during the American Civil War . A native of New York , McDermut was appointed midshipman on November 8 , 1841 , and attained the rank of lieutenant commander on July 16 , 1862 . During the Civil War , he served in " Potomac " and " Marion " before assuming command of " Cayuga " on December 2 , 1862 . He commanded " Cayuga " until April 18 , 1863 , when he was killed in action against Confederate forces near Sabine Pass . Namesakes . Two ships have been named USS " McDermut " for him .
Erwin Jollasse Erwin Jollasse ( 12 December 1892 – 8 March 1987 ) was a highly decorated Generalleutnant in the Wehrmacht during World War II who commanded several divisions . He was also a recipient of the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross . The Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . Biography . Early years and World War I . Erwin Jollasse was born in Hamburg , Germany in 1892 . He entered the Imperial German Army in 1911 as a Fahnenjunker and was patented as a Leutnant on June 6 , 1913 . When World War I began he was in command of one of the companies of the 25th Reichsjager Regiment . He later became a gas warfare officer and a pilot observer in the air force . For his service in World War I he was awarded the Iron Cross I and II , as well as the Wound Badge . He left the armed forces at the end of the war and took a job as a civilian pilot . In 1933 he was commissioned as a Flieger Hauptmann ( flight captain ) in the new Luftwaffe . By 1934 he left the Luftwaffe and reentered the Army as a Hauptmann . World War II . During the Anschluss , the annexation of Czechoslovakia and the Polish Campaign he was assigned to the West Wall . When the Wehrmacht invaded Holland he was assigned to the 4 . Infanterie - Division . During this campaign he was awarded the 1939 clasps to his Iron Crosses . In 1941 he was promoted to Oberst ( Colonel ) and assigned to the 18 . Panzer - Division . On November 2 , 1941 , he was awarded the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron Cross , for his actions in closing the Soviet pocket during the Battle of Kiev . He took command of the 9 . Panzer - Division on July 22 , 1943 and held it til he was wounded in October , he later resumed command in November and held it to August 10 , 1944 , when he was wounded again . In late 1944 he was declared fit for limited service and was given a desk job at the Inspectorate of Panzer Troops . In March 1945 he was named to replace Maj . Gen Rudolf Goltzsch as commander of the 344 . Volksgrenadier Division in Czechoslovakia , a command he held until April 30 , 1945 , when he and twenty - five other men broke out of the Soviet encirclement and eluded the Red and US Armies until June 8 . He was released from prison on June 30 , 1947 , and died on March 14 , 1987 , in Kitzingen .
Balakishi Arablinski Balakishi Arablinski Alibey oglu ( ; 1828 , Zaqatala - 1902 , Derbent ) was an Azerbaijan i general in the Russian Imperial Army . Arablinski was born to the family of a local nobleman Alibey Arablinski in 1828 in the village of Tala ( Zaqatala district ) . His family lived in Arablar quarter ; hence the family name Arablinski . Arablinski graduated from the St . Petersburg Cadet Corps earning a rank of cornet in 1848 . In 1849 , he took part in quelling the uprising in Hungary under the command of Fieldmarshal Ivan Paskevich . For his bravery in the battle near the castle of Világos in Hungary he was awarded the order of St . Stanislaus . During the Crimean War , he served as battalion commander and was awarded the Order of St . Anna decorated with swords . The Muslim cavalry battalion in which he served was famous for the bravery of many officers . The last war Arablinski participated in was the Russo - Turkish War , 1877 - 1878 . In March 1887 he was promoted to Major General . In August 1891 , Arablinski was awarded the order of St . Stanislaus 1 - st degree . Lieutenant General Balakishi Arablinski retired from the army in 1896 and lived on imperial pension on his Derbent estate until his death on January 2 , 1902 . His family is connected to hereditary khans of Derbent and his daughter Sona was married to Hajji Zeynalabdin Taghiyev , an Azeri oil millionaire .
F1 grenade ( Russia ) The Soviet F1 hand grenade , nicknamed the " limonka " ( lemon - like ) , is an anti - personnel fragmentation defensive grenade . It is based on the French F1 grenade and contains a 60 gram explosive charge ( TNT ) . The total weight of the grenade with the fuze is about 600 grams . The UZRGM fuze is a universal Russian type also used in the RG - 41 , RG - 42 , RGO - 78 , RGN - 86 and RGD - 5 grenades . The standard time delay for this fuze is 3 . 5 to 4 seconds . However , UZRGM fuze variants are available which give delays between zero ( i . e . , instantaneous ) and 13 seconds , specifically for use in booby - trap s . The F1 was introduced during World War II and subsequently redesigned post - war . It has a steel exterior that is notched to facilitate fragmentation upon detonation and to prevent hands from slipping . The distance the grenade can be thrown is estimated at 30 – 45 meters . The radius of the shrapnel dispersion is up to 200 meters ( effective radius is about 30 meters , by some sources ( Russian ) ) . Hence , the grenade has to be deployed from a defensive position to avoid harm . The F1 grenade has been supplied to various foreign countries over the years , including Iraq and other Arab nations , and there are different production variations according to country of origin ( in terms of finish , markings and spoon / lever design ) . Though obsolete and no longer in production , it can still be encountered in combat zones .
John S . Lekson John S . Lekson ( 1915 — January 19 , 1992 ) was a United States Army officer . He was born to Slovenian immigrant parents . He graduated from Western Reserve University and enlisted in the Ohio National Guard in 1940 as a Private . He was commissioned through Officer Candidate School and rose to Major during World War II . During the war , he served with the 82nd Airborne Division , including the 504th Parachute Infantry , and fought in North Africa , Italy , the Netherlands and Germany , including the Battle of the Bulge . He also served in Austria , Italy and Korea . In Vietnam he served as Assistant Commander of the 9th Infantry Division and the 101st Airborne Division in 1967 - 68 , subsequently rising in rank to Major General . His final assignment was Director of Operations for the Readiness Command , predecessor of the U . S . Central Command . He retired in 1975 . His medal s included the Distinguished Service Medal , the Silver Star , the Legion of Merit and the Bronze Star . He is buried in Section 59 of Arlington National Cemetery with honors ( d . 1992 ) .
Gettysburg National Cemetery The Gettysburg National Cemetery within the Gettysburg National Military Park is an American Civil War cemetery created for Union casualties of the Battle of Gettysburg . In addition to reinterments from the Gettysburg Battlefield , the 1863 state - owned " national cemetery " has subsequent sections for Spanish - American War , World War I , and other wars ' soldiers and their spouses and children . The cemetery ' s historic district contributing structure s include the stone walls ( structure number CM01 ) , iron fences and gates ( CM02 , CM03 ) , burial and section markers ( CM04 , CM05 , CM06 ) , the brick sidewalk ( CM07 ) , and various battlefield monuments , memorials , and exhibits . Reinterments . Union remains were transferred from the Gettysburg Battlefield burial plots ( e . g . , on Cemetery Hill ) as well as local church cemeteries , ( e . g . , Camp Letterman & the Rock Creek - White Run Union Hospital Complex ) , the " U . S . A . General Hospital , York , Pa . " and the Valley of Death where unburied soldiers decomposed in place . Samuel Weaver , as " Superintendent of the exhuming of the bodies " , personally observed the contractor ' s workers opening graves , placing remains in coffins , and burying them in the cemetery , and at least 1 reinterment was from the neighboring Evergreen Cemetery ( Adams County , Pennsylvania ) .
Camp Wildcat Union order of battle The following Union Army units and commanders fought in the Battle of Camp Wildcat ( also known as Wildcat Mountain and Camp Wild Cat ) of the American Civil War on October 21 , 1861 , in Laurel County , Kentucky . The Confederate order of battle is listed separately . Union Army . BG Albin F . Schoepf Col Theophilus T . Garrard [ in command until the arrival of Schoepf ]
Carré d ' As IV incident On September 16 , 2008 , a military operation was conducted by French forces off Somalia to retake the yacht " Carré d ' As IV " from Somali pirates on September 2 , 2008 . The operation was successful and the two hostages were rescued , the yacht was recovered , one pirate was killed , and six pirates were captured . Background . The 50 - foot " Carré d ' As IV " had been sailing from Australia to the Suez Canal when on September 2 when was attacked by pirates and captured with its two crew , Jean - Yves and Bernadette Delanne , who were taken and held for ransom . Four days later the French frigate " Courbet " ( F 712 ) arrived on the scene and began shadowing the captured yacht . When contacted , the pirates demanded a one million dollar ransom and the release of six other pirates that were in French custody . The pirates then set course for the city of Eyl on the coast of Puntland , which many pirate gangs use as a base of operations . Action . The French government refused to negotiate and instead sent in a military team of 30 combat divers to assault and retake the " Carré d ' As IV " . After arriving on the " Courbet " , the commandos were flown by helicopter and dropped off by parachute into the sea close to the yacht . The commandos then swam to the captured vessel and boarded her with grappling hooks . The pirates were taken completely by surprise and only one pirate attempted to resist and was quickly shot and killed . Six other pirates on the yacht were captured , and the two hostages were released ten minutes after the assault began . Aftermath . The French authorities then took the pirates to Djibouti where they will be flown to France to stand trial . French President Nicolas Sarkozy stated that the pirates would only be handed over to Somali authorities if it was clear that they would be prosecuted and punished for their actions .
Bold Alligator Bold Alligator is a multinational littoral warfare exercise hosted by the United States . It has been held annually since 2011 . In 2012 , it involved 14 , 000 marines , sailors , airmen and soldiers , encompassing more than 25 ships and involving eleven countries , with Canada , UK , France , Netherlands , Spain , Italy , New Zealand , Australia , and other allied nations participating at sea , on land , and in the air , at Camp Lejeune , North Carolina and in Virginia . Bold Alligator 2012 . Bold Alligator 2012 ( BA12 ) was the second annual joint and multinational amphibious assault exercise sponsored by the U . S . Fleet Forces Command and the U . S . Marine Forces Command . Held from 30 January to 12 February 2012 , Bold Alligator 2012 was the largest amphibious assault exercise held on the east coast of the United States since 2002 . Its objective was the revitalization of U . S . Navy and U . S . Marine Corps amphibious expeditionary tactics , techniques , and procedures , as well as the reinvigoration of combined Navy and Marine Corps operations from the sea . This live and synthetic , scenario - driven , simulation - supported exercise focused on the six core capabilities set forth in the current U . S . maritime strategy - forward presence , deterrence , sea control , power projection , maritime security , and humanitarian assistance / disaster response . Bold Alligator 2012 served as a key pre - deployment training exercises for Expeditionary Strike Group Two , the 2nd Marine Expeditionary Brigade , and Carrier Strike Group Twelve . Additionally , nine countries participated in this exercise , providing maritime , land , and air units or observers from Australia , Canada , France , Italy , Netherlands , New Zealand , Spain , and the United Kingdom . Bold Alligator 2012 was held ashore and afloat , in and off the coasts of Virginia , North Carolina , and Florida , and it culminated in three large - scale operations - an amphibious assault at Camp Lejeune ; an aerial assault from the sea into Fort Pickett ; and an amphibious raid on Joint Expeditionary Base East . Bold Alligator 2012 served as the Joint Task Force Exercise for Carrier Strike Group Twelve , the final pre - deployment training exercises needed to receive its combat - readiness certification . During this month - long underway period , Carrier Air Wing completed 3 , 830 flight hours , made 2 , 052 arrested landings , and received a 96 percent sortie completion rate . This included a single - day total of 107 sorties flown on 6 February 2012 during the amphibious assault phase of Bold Alligator 2012 .
USS Somers ( TB - 22 ) The third USS " Somers " ( Torpedo Boat No . 22 / TB - 22 / Coast Torpedo Boat No . 9 ) , a steel torpedo boat built as a private speculation by Friedrich Schichau , Elbing , Germany , was launched in 1897 as yard No . 450 ; purchased for the United States Navy on 25 March 1898 ; commissioned on 28 March 1898 , Lieutenant John J . Knapp in command ; and named " Somers " the next day . Service history . Purchased through Schichau ' s London representative as the U . S . prepared for a possible war against Spain , " Somers " sailed for England on 30 March , manned by a German contract crew . On 5 April , she arrived at Weymouth , whence she was to be escorted across the $ 3 by the gunboat . However , the British crew contracted for the voyage thought " Somers " was unsafe and refused to take her out to sea . A second attempt to sail also failed , and the torpedo boat was ordered laid up at Falmouth until the conclusion of the Spanish American War . " Somers " arrived at New York , on board SS " Manhattan " , on 2 May 1899 and remained at the New York Navy Yard until 8 October 1900 , when she got underway for League Island , Pa . Subsequently decommissioned there , she was reassigned to the Reserve Torpedo Flotilla at the Norfolk Navy Yard , where she was based from 1901 - 1909 . On 26 June 1909 , she was loaned to the Maryland Naval Militia and made periodic training cruises from Baltimore until returned to the Navy in 1914 . Scheduled for transfer to the Illinois Naval Militia , " Somers " was recommissioned on 17 August 1914 for the passage to Cairo , Ill . , where she was decommissioned and transferred to the state of Illinois on 13 October . Later renamed and redesignated Coast Torpedo Boat No . 9 to allow the name " Somers " to be given to destroyer number 301 , she served as a training ship until returned to Navy custody after the end of World War I . She was commissioned for the passage back to the east coast and returned to Philadelphia where she was decommissioned on 22 March 1919 . Her name was struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 7 October 1919 , and her hulk was sold for scrapping on 19 July 1920 to the U . S . Rail and Salvage Corp . , Newburgh , N . Y .