: 10.1093/ref:odnb/37595 . Accessed 29 April 2010. References William Jardine and other Jardine tai-pans are fictionally portrayed in author James Clavell ‘s popular fiction novels Tai-Pan (1966), Gai -Jin (1993), Noble House (1981) and Whirlwind (1987). China Trade and Empire: Jardine, Matheson & Co. and the Origins of British Rule in