the leadership of Caliph Umar conquer Jerusalem from Christian Byzantine Empire . 687 - 691 The Dome of the Rock mosque is built by Caliph Abd al-Malik . 715 The Ummayads build Masjid al-Aqsa . 1009 Caliph Hakim orders destruction of churches and synagogues. 1077 Turks conquer Jerusalem . 1099 First Crusaders