and critics of metaphysics Aristotle David Malet Armstrong St. Thomas Aquinas St. Augustine Avicenna (Ibn Sina) George Berkeley Boethius David Chalmers Roderick Chisholm Ananda Coomaraswamy Donald Davidson Gilles Deleuze Jacques Derrida René Descartes René Guénon Georg W. F. Hegel Martin Heidegger David Hume Edmund Husserl Peter van Inwagen Immanuel Kant Mahmoud Khatami