Political leaders Solon , Peisistratus , Hippias , Hipparchus , Themistocles , Aristides , Critias , Demosthenes , and Aeschines of Athens ; Pausanias , Lysander , and Agesilaus of Sparta ; Polycrates of Samos ; Hieron and Agathocles of Syracuse ; Epaminondas and Pelopidas of Thebes ; and Archelaus ,