[EH09] Section II.1 . See [M00] Sections 74,76,77 for rigorous treatment of polygonal schema, cutting pasting, and surface classification. On Wikipedia: Surface , Cross-cap , Projective plane , Klein bottle . Th, Oct 1 Fundamental Group. Homotopy. HE's notes on Fundamental Group are not part of [EH09] . Afra Zomorodian's notes provide