Epicurus , Ibn Tufail , Hutcheson , Empiricus , Montaigne , Hume , Pythagoras , Descartes , Malebranche , Spinoza , Leibniz , Locke , Berkeley , Rousseau , Newton , Emanuel Swedenborg , Shaftesbury Influenced Virtually all subsequent Western philosophy , including: Fichte , Schelling , Hegel , Schopenhauer ,