of the disease. A number of specific genetic mutations causing PD have been discovered. Genes conclusively identified include alpha-synuclein (SNCA), ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCH-L1), parkin (PRKN), leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 ( LRRK2 or dardarin), PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 ( PINK1 ), DJ-1 and ATP13A2 . [ 10 ] [ 11