Winthrop Jordan , White Over Black: American Attitudes Towards the Negro 1974, p. 52, puts the shift from white from earlier Christian , free, and English to around 1680. Theodore Allen (1994). The Invention of the White Race: Racial Oppression and Social Control . Verso. ISBN 0-86091-660-X . http://clogic.eserver.org/1-2/allen.html . "Another