and development of biology were promoted through the efforts of such  Muslim physicians  as the  Afro-Arab  scholar  al-Jahiz (781–869) in zoology, [ 7 ]  the  Kurdish  biologist  Al-Dinawari  (828–896) in botany, [ 8 ]  and the  Persian physician  Rhazes  (865–925) in  anatomy  and  physiology . These philosophers elaborated on, expanded, and