meta-analysis. Lancet 2006;367(9517):1155-63. PMID 16616558. ) or mechanical ventilation in extreme cases. When circulatory causes have led to pulmonary edema, treatment with intravenous nitrates ( glyceryl trinitrate ), and loop diuretic s, such as furosemide or bumetanide , is the mainstay of therapy. These improve both preload and afterload, and aid in