the British Raj . Nevertheless, several rebellions occurred, including the 1946 Punnapra-Vayalar revolt, [25] and leaders like Velayudan Thampi Dalava , Kunjali Marakkar , and Pazhassi Raja earned their place in history and folklore. Many actions, spurred by such leaders as Sree Narayana Guru and Chattampi Swamikal , instead protested such conditions