it remained under the control of Islamic Empires for most of the next 1300 years. Arab Caliphate rule (638–1099 CE) In 638 CE, following the Siege of Jerusalem , the Caliph Omar Ibn al-Khattab and Safforonius , the Patriarch of Jerusalem, signed Al-Uhda al-'Omariyya ( The Umariyya Covenant ), an agreement that stipulated