(FeRAM) and magnetoresistive RAM (MRAM) . Non-volatile technologies under development include phase-change RAM (PRAM), Silicon-Oxide-Nitride-Oxide-Silicon (SONOS), resistive RAM (RRAM), carbon nanotube Nano-RAM (NRAM), and racetrack memory . Volatile memory currently under development includes thyristor RAM (T-RAM), zero-capacitor RAM (Z-RAM) , and twin transistor RAM (TTRAM). For an in-depth discussion of many