in the Qu'ran and New Testament. ^ Alighieri, Dante (June 2001 (orig. trans. 1977)) [c. 1315]. "Cantos XXXI-XXXIV". Inferno . trans. John Ciardi (2 ed.). New York : Penguin.   ^ Eileen Gardiner, Visions of Heaven and Hell Before Dante (New York, Italica Press, 1989), p. 43. ^ Gardiner, Visions, pp. 58