based on a reading of the Qur'an. Yusuf Ma Dexin (1794–1874) Chinese ( Yunnan ) Muslim scholar and leader; first to translate the Qur'an into Chinese . A. P. Caussin de Perceval (1795–1871) Essai sur l'histoire des Arabes avant l'Islamisme ( Paris 1847-1849), Arabia before Muhammad. => The [t] following a