under the British Raj; only sporadic revolts such as the 1946  Punnapra-Vayalar uprising  and the Dewan of Travancore Velayudan Thampi Dalava , Kozhikode navarch Kunjali Marakkar, and  Pazhassi Raja , among others, vied for greater autonomy or independence.Many actions, spurred by such leaders as Vaikunda Swami  Sree Narayana Guru and  Chattampi Swamikal , instead protested such conditions