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177-10001-10305

2025 RELEASE UNDER THE PRESIDENT JOHN F. KENNEDY ASSASSINATION RECORDS ACT OF 1992

JFK Assassination System

Identification Form

8/26/201

Agency Information

AGENCY :

RECORD NUMBER :

RECORD SERIES :

AGENCY FILE NUMBER:

LBJ

177-10001-10305

VP SECURITY FILE, CUBA, MISC. PAPERS, 5/61 & 11-12/62, BOX 9

Document Information

ORIGINATOR:

FROM:

TO :

TITLE :

CIA

CIA

DATE:

03/27/1963

PAGES:

44

SUBJECTS :

NEED SUBJECT ASSIGNED

DOCUMENT TYPE: REPORT

CLASSIFICATION: Unclassified

RESTRICTIONS: 1B

CURRENT STATUS: Redact

DATE OF LAST REVIEW :

06/04/1998

OPENING CRITERIA:

COMMENTS :

DOC. #2

v9.1

NH 50955

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SECRET

CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENGY

Memorandum

GENC

CUBAN TRAINING OF

LATIN AMERICAN SUBVERSIVES

27 March 1963

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THIS MATERIAL CONTAINS INFORMATION AFFECT-

ING THE NATIONAL DEFENSE OF THE UNITED STATES

WITHIN THE MEANING OF THE ESPIONAGE LAWS,

TITLE 18, USC, SECTIONS 793 AND 794, THE TRANSMIS-

SION OR REVELATION OF WHICH IN ANY MANNER TO

AN UNAUTHORIZED PERSON IS PROHIBITED BY LAW.

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-0.°

" s

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27 March 1963

CUBAN TRAINING OF

LATIN AMERICAN SUBVERSIVES

SUMMARY

.

DISCUSSION

A.

Recruitment of Trainees

B.

Travel.

C.

Numbers of Trainees •

D.

Training.

E. Subsequent Employment and

Countermeasures

F. Purpose and Propaganda.

ATTACHMENTS

Argentina

Bolivia •

Brazil. •

•

Chile

Colombia.

Costa Rica®

Dominican Republic.

Ecuador •

El Salvador •

Guatemala •

Haiti •

Honduras.

Mexico. •

Nicaragua

Panama.

Paraguay.

Peru. •

Uruguay •

Venezuela

Others.

• Page 1

.

7

8

• 10

. 12

• 14

• 15

• 17

• 18

• 20

22

• 23

25

• 26

• 28

• 30

•32

• 34

• 35

• 37

• 38

• 41

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SECRET

OCI No. 0515/63

27 March 1963

CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY

MEMORANDUM:

Cuban Training of Latin American Sub-

versives

SUMMARY

1. We estimate that at least 1,500 to 2,000

Latin Americans have received guerrilla training or

political indoctrination in Cuba.

2.

We have recorded the travel of 5,059 Latin

Americans to Cuba in 1962, and reporting to date in-

dicates that at least another 417 went during the

first two months of

1963.

3. Field replies to a survey estimate that there

were about 11,000 arrests

in Latin America during the

past

15 months for terrorism, sabotage, guerrilla ac-

tivity, or other subversive activity.

Only a small

percentage of those arrested, however, were brought to

trial; almost all were released after

varying periods

of detention.

4.

Current efforts to improve and exploit re-

porting on travel to Cuba had not made themselves

felt during the reporting period. The security serv-

ices of Latin American countries accordingly were un-

able, with isolated individual exceptions, to estab-

lish

Cuban direction, instigation or training of ar-

rested subversives.

otage activity at present is highest in Venezuela,r

Incidence of guerrilla, terrorist, and sab-

Peru,

and--in the

ditry-Colombia.

form of largely non-political ban-

There is

sporadic guerrilla activity

in and around Nicaragua and Guatemala, and a guerrilla

potential in Ecuador and Brazil.

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DISCUSSION

A. Recruitment of Trainees

1.

Candidates for subversive training in Cuba

are selected by the leftist organizations sponsoring

such activity in their homeland.

These organizations

are not always Communist, particularly in countries

where the regular Communist leadership is less mil-

itant than other extremist groups.

One training

group of Argentines included Peronists, Trotskyites,

and Vanguard Socialists.

A Peruvian group has sent

to Cuba for extended guerrilla training youths who

are not members of any organizations but have ex-

pressed leftist ideas.

2. In countries where there is Cuban diplo-

matic representation, candidates are screened by

the embassy's G-2 officer.

We have no information

on how approval is granted in countries which have

no diplomatic relations with Cuba.

B. Travel

1.

There is a concerted effort to conceal or

bscure the amount of travel to Cuba, the identities

of the travelers,

and the length of

their stay.

Docu-

ments are falsified and such devices as detachable

visas, circuitous travel, and some surreptitious bor-

der crossing are used.

2.

Since the October crisis, the only Western

Hemisphere access to Cuba by scheduled airline has

been through Mexico.

Throughout the reporting period

Mexican authorities have been photographing passports

of travelers arriving from or leaving for Cuba, and

relaying the information to interested OAS members. :

In some cases the travelers themselves have been pho-

tographed.

3.

Cuban embassies, however, have been issuing

visas on separate sheets

of paper

to avoid any re-

cord of Cuban travel in the passport.

In addition,

since some passports are fraudulent,

the Mexican re-

port of Cuban travel may neither reach the correct

country nor permit identification.

At this agency's

suggestion,

Mexican travel control authorities late

in February began stamping passports to show arrival

from or departure for Cuba.

While this effectively

counters the device of the

detachable visa in the

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case of legitimate passports, most Latin American

countries have inadequate personnel and adminis

trative machinery to scrutinize the passports of

returning travelers.

4. Travel control in Mexico City logged

4,912 legal travelers to Cuba in 1962, and 969

in the first two months of 1963.

(These figures

do not cover access by other routes prior to the

quarantine in 1962, and include Cubans as well as

all other nationalities.

Accordingly they do not

correlate with totals for legal and illegal travel •

to Cuba derived from available reporting in the in-

dividual Latin American countries.

be noted that a "legal". traveler in Mexican reporting

may be listed as an illegal traveler by his homeland,

either because he had no authorization to visit Cuba,

or because of fraudulent documentation.)

5. Anniversary celebrations, goodwill tours,

and international conferences afford pretexts for

travel to Cuba ostensibly unconnected

with subver-

sive training. Identities of trainees are usually

protected by pseudonyms,

at least during actual

training and the guerrilla candidate may return to

his Havana hotel every few days to maintain a fic-

tion of sightseeing.

There have also been reports

that trainees have for cover purposes attributed ex-

tended stays in Cuba to detention by Cuban police.

6.

Prior to the October crisis, there was

some direct travel to Cuba from Central American

countries,

and occasional Cubana charter flights,

but the main jump-off points were Mexico City,

Curacao, and Trinidad.

A Canadian non-scheduled

airline

has operated a few flights between Canada

and Havana, carrying

both personnel and cargo. Cu-

ban freighters call fairly

regularly at Mexican

ports, and some Latin American trainees could reach

Cuba aboard Cuban ships picking up rice in British

Guiana.

There is

small ship traffic, of unknown

but limited extent, between Cuba and neighboring

islands.

7.

Soviet and Czech airlines

continue trans-

atlantic service to Cuba, and Iberian airlines on

11 February announced resumption of a schedule of

two flights a month to Havana via the Azores.

Aero-

flot has occasionally sought and received permission

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to land at Recife, Brazil, en

route to Havana, and

may have picked up some passengers

8.

Controlled sources who have undergone guer-

rilla training, and a comparison of inbound and out-

bound travelers identified by travel controls make

it clear that at least in the case of guerrilla

trainees one leg of the travel is often by way of

bloc countries and Western Europe. We know of Latin

Americans given Cuban training who appear on no

travel controls, suggesting that travel in both di-

rections was either by way of the bloc or completely

surreptitious.

A center providing funds and forged pass-

ports for travel to Cuba is known to exist in Monte-

video, Uruguay.

The Cubans are known to provide

forged passports for some of the returning trainees.

One group of Argentines returning through Prague and

Western Europe was furnished with both Cuban and

Ecuadorean passports, to be surrendered in Monte-

video prior to re-entering Argentina.

C. Numbers of Trainees

1. Our estimate that 1,500 to 2,000 Latin Amer-

icans have received subversive training in Cuba is

derived from a combination of travel information, de-

briefing of controlled sources who have taken training,

penetrations of sponsoring organizations, and in a

few cases from the records of cooperating Latin Amer-

ican security services.

Monitoring of travel into Cuba gives some

indication of how many have stayed long enough to

receive training, but does not permit differentiation

between military training and political indoctrination.

We cannot establish a hard total or be certain about

length of visit because of travel via the bloc.

Forged

documentation obscures an accurate nationality break-

down of the travelers.

3.

The hardest figures on guerrilla trainees by

nationality are obtained from established and reliable

sources who have access to such information through

sponsoring organizations and in a number of cases have

themselves taken such training in Cuba.

We do not,

however, have enough such sources to provide independ-

ently a comprehensive total of Latin America.

few of the local Latin American security services have

adequate assets for contributing such information.

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D. Training

1.

The scope of training

varies with the time

available.

One agent who participated in a four-

week course in mid-1961 received basic training

covering cross-country movement of guerrillas, use

and maintenance of weapons, and basic guerrilla

tactics.

Another clandestine source who spent

nearly six months in Cuba

in 1962 devoted more than

10 weeks of training to weaponry, communications,

the fortification of defense positions, combat tactics,

general strategy, map-reading, security, and sabotage.

Both men reported considerable time devoted to polit-

ical indoctrination and physical conditioning.

2. One controlled agent reported that his en-

tire group was required to fill out an extensive ques

tionnaire aimed at developing targets in the homeland

for sabotage, subversion of military and police, il-

legal entry and movement, operation of dummy business

concerns to cover clandestine operations, and possible

zones for air-drops.

3. Extensive use is made of Che Guevara's book

on guer-illa warfare.

The trainees also use a hand

book by Alberto Bayo,

former colonel in the Spanish

Republican air force who trained the original guer-

rilla group with which Castro invaded the Sierra

Maestra.

Thousands of copies of these books, in span

ish or in Portuguese, have been printed or mimeographed

and are circulating in Latin America. Some have been

specifically revised for individual

countries.

4.

We also have reports of related courses of

instruction, lasting as much as six to eight months,

in such fields as espionage, psychological warfare,

political action,

agent communications, and military

medicine.

Some of the trainees are women.

5. Most of the instructors of the guerrilla

warfare courses are Cuban.

There are some reports

of Spanish instructors.

Del Bayo himself is too

old to participate actively, but apparently has an

"emeritus" connection.

General Enrique Lister has

been reported to be associated with guerrilla training.

There have been a number of reports, without hard con-

firmation, that Soviet and satellite instructors han-

of the more sophisticated training in such

matters as sabotage and espionage.

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6. Reports of trainees indicate that weapons

training is confined to weapons

they will

be able

to obtain, maintain, and replenish in their own

countries.

We have reliable and corroborative re-

ports that trainees and

sponsoring leaders alike

have been told Cuba does not intend to supply ap-

preciable

quantities of weapons because a guer-

rilla must be self-sustaining.

It should be noted

that while Cuba does supply some funds, guerrilla

handbooks also suggest that bank robberies make

guerrillas self-sufficient in this respect. Leftist

militants have in fact resorted to robberies in

Peru, Venezuela, and Argentina

E. Subsequent Employment and Countermeasures

1. Clandestine reporting has established a

number of incidents of sabotage,

terrorism, guer-

rilla activity and other subversive action

in which

individuals

known to have received training in Cuba

have participated.

The clearest cases involved the

establishment of local guerrilla training camps by

Ecuadoreans and Brazilians returning from training

in Cuba.

In each case, however, our evidence of :

the guerrilla training

in Cuba comes from clandes

tine sources, there is no legal evidence of such

Cuban instruction, and there has been no move to

prosecute.

All 48 arrested in Ecuador were re-

leased

after short detention.

Two individuals ar

rested in connection with the Peasant League training

activities in Brazil are still known to be detained.

2. The records maintained by Latin

American

security services are inadequate and far from stand-

ardized, so that it has been difficult to establish

a statistical approach to arrests for all types of

subversive activities.

Available reporting indicates

at least 11,000 such arrests since 1 January 1962,

but a survey shows that most of these arrests

amounted

to little more than detention and

some interrogation.

There were relatively few trials and convictions, prob-

ably not exceeding five per cent of arrests.

3. Some of those arrested were released for lack

of evidence,

In other cases, for example in Ecuador,

Brazil, and in Peru until last January, there has been

little evidence of any inclination on

the part of the

government to prosecute.

In cases where trials have

taken place, the local

security services have frequently

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been unable to establish any Cuban connection, as in

the case of

the 139 guerrillas tried in Venezuela

last fall.

4. In the absence of a comprehensive statis-

activities is given in the individual country re-

ports attached

to this memorandum.

F. Purpose and Propaganda

1.

Fidel Castro stated in July 1960: "We

promise to continue making Cuba the example that

can convert the Cordillera of the Andes into the

Sierra Maestra of the American continent." For the

past year Cuban spokesmen

have been taking the line

in public that Cuba provides the example for Latin

American revolution, with the implication that nothing

more than guidance need be exported. In private, they

have been offering training and financial and technical

assistance to Latin American revolutionaries. While

Cuba's economic dependence on the USSR restrains a

wholehearted endorsement of the more militant Peiping

attitude, Guevara and Education Minister Armando Hart

insist both in public speeches and in private remarks

to visiting Communists that "Socialism" can be brought

about in Latin America only by force.

Direction and support by propaganda is on

a massive scale.

The work of Radio Havana and of the

Prensa Latina news service is backed up by bulk mail

and even air freight shipments. Postal and customs

authorities in Panama,

for instance, are destroying

a monthly average of 12 tons of Cuban propaganda which

is entering or being sent through Panama.

Costa Rica

averaged 10 tons in 1962.

3.

Radio Havana's international service, started

in May

1961, now leads all Latin American international

services in program hours. It broadcasts a weekly total

of 188 hours of propaganda in languages including Spanish,

Portuguese, Haitian Creole,

English, French, and Arabic.

rhis includes 108-1/2 hours in Spanish to the Americas,

7 hours in Portuguese, 7 hours in Haitian, and 171/2

hours in English to the Western Hemisphere.

It also

originates black broadcasts on occasions such as the

disorders in the Dominican Republic in late 1961, and

makes transmitters available to Latin American exile

groups.

Attached annexes discuss Cuban training of Latin

American subversives on a country-by-country basis.

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27 March 1963

ARGENTINA

1.

About 500 Argentines are estimated to have

traveled illegally to Cuba for training in subversive

activities.

Une training group alone, given guerrilli

varfare training over a six-month period in 1962,

varied in number from 34 to 50.

For the past four

months departures from

Argentina for Cuba have averaged

35-40 a month. Argentine intelligence says 80 of the

500 are known

to have received guerrilla training;

the number is probably considerably higher.

2.

The federal district around Buenos Aires re-

cords no arrests for guerrilla activity.

There were

155 arrests and three convictions for sabotage in 1962,

and 14 arrests, but no convictions, to date in 1963.

Records on terrorist activity show

468 cases, 60 arrests,

and 27 convictions in 1962; 121 cases, two arrests and

two convictions in 1963.

Argentine police also list

628 arrests in 1962 and

1963 on the broader charge of

"subversive activity."

3.

Altogether police files show 1,285 incidents

of sabotage or terrorism, of which 425 were committea

by unknown persons. Police have no evidence that any

of those arrested or convicted

on sore are know to have

are known to have re-

ceived training in Cuba.

4.

None of the individuals known to have re-

ceived extensive Cuban training hold influential

positions, but the following individuals in position

of influence have traveled to Cuba and may have re-

ceived some training:

Fanny Edelman, former secretary-general of

the Argentine Communist women's organization UMA,

presently assigned to foreign liaison of the Argentine

Communist Party.

Marla Josefa de Mastroberti, prominent member

of the Cuban Solidarity Committee for Argentina.

Isaias Leon Schujman, director of the Federation

of Communist Youth, national

deputy for the Argentine

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Communist Party,

reportedly a supplier of false pass-

ports

for travel to Cuba.

Jorge Francisco Timossi, former Argentine

representative for Prensa Latina.

Hector Villalon, prominent Peronist close

to Peron.

5. Argentine guerrilla training units in Cuba

have been mixed, including Peronists, Communists, and

Vanguard Socialists.

There are indications that the

most active recruitment is

carried on by the Argentine

Communist Party and by the Communist-influenced left

wing of the Peronist movement, under the direction of

John William Cooke in Cuba.

His wife, Alicia Cooke,

lives in Montevideo, Uruguay, which is the principal

center providing funds and forged documentation for

the recruits.

An Argentine taking a six-month course re-

ceived training in weapons, marksmanship, explosives,

ballistics, communications, strategy, tactics, sani-

tation, closed and open order drill,

and construction

of defenses.

Weapons used included

Mauser and Garand

rifles, Brownings, Thompson submachineguns, bazookas,

81-mm mortars, and a 57-mm recoilless cannon.

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27 March 1963

BOLIVIA

About 500 Bolivians traveled legally to Cuba

in 1962, and 25 in the first two months of 1963. There

nave been no arrests of pro-Cuban agitators for sab-

stage, terrorist, guerrilla, or other subversive

activities in Bolivia to date.

2.

We can identify by name 214 of the travelers

to Cuba.

The individuals who killed a number of anti-

Communists during a pro-Cuban demonstration on 26

October 1962 were identified as having visited Cuba.

Six of these agitators were indicted but released

when government investigators placed the blame for

the

incident on

anti-Communists.

3.

Otherwise there have been no known incidents

which might be attributed to Cuban training.

4. Zenon Barrientos Manani, a national deputy

belonging to the Bolivian Communist Party (PCB),

since his return from Cuba has been reported with

out confirmation to be organizing guerrilla forces

among Bolivian peasants.

The same untested source

said Barrientos was

active in supplying weapons to

Peruvian guerrillas and had aided Peruvian guerrilla

leader Hugo Blanco during a reported Bolivian visit

by Blanco.

5. Other Bolivians in positions of influence

who have been in Cuba long enough to receive train-

ing

include:

Daniel Saravia Quiroz, secretary-general 01

the Bolivian Labor Confederation (COB) •

(Saravia,

however, is reported to have changed his

beliefs

since his travel to England.)

Baldomero Castel, COB leader.

Oscar Salas, mine leader.

Oscar Sanjines,

leader of the Cochabamba

Labor Federation.

Ofelia Altamirano de Sabrabi, factory wor-

kers' leader.

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Dulfredo Rua,

de

la Barra.

Student and youth leaders Andres Soliz Rada,

Walter Quisbert Barrios, and Alberto

PCB leading members Mario Manje and Hilario

Claure.

Alcides Monasterios, national deputy of the

left-wing sector of the governing National Revolu-

tionary Movement (MNR) •

6.

In January 1963, there were 60 Bolivian

scholarship students in

Cuba who had attended com-

pulsory 20-day courses of military instruction.

The Cuban charge in Bolivia reportedly said last

month that Cuba expected to give more than 80 schöl-

arships to Bolivians in 1963.

7.

The Bolivian government in June 1961, pub-

lished documents purporting to prove that left ex-

tremists had been corresponding with the Cuban Em-

bassy in an effort to obtain arms and instruction

for pro-Castro "combat groups."

While Bolivia has

had

extensive paramilitary formations ever since

the MNR defeated the armed forces and seized con-

trol, and while the extreme left of the MN in

particular has strong militia units, we know of no

paramilitary

• formations linked directly with Cuban

subversion.

8.

We assume, however, that some proportion

of the

500 legal travelers

received indoctrination

while in Cuba.

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27 March 1963

BRAZIL

1. Approximately 400 Brazilian nationals trav-

eled legally to Cuba in 1962, and another 24 the

first two months of 1963.

total of about 50 Bra-

zilians are believed to have received specific guer-

rilla wartare training in cuba,

starting with a con-

tigent of 12 men in July-August 1961.

19 Brazilian specifically.

A defecting Cuban army

officer who claims to have run a base for guerrilla

training reports that 37 Brazilians took courses

there at a time which does not coincide with the 19

cases in our records.

2.

At least four of the guerrilla trainees in

the original contingent of 12 were connected with

the guerrilla training camps of the Brazilian Peas-

an at wai to have so act an a test one 1eader

trained in Cuba.

Only one of the Cuban trainees is

known to have been arrested.

Altogether there were

only three arrests, although 24 additional warrants

were issued.

3.

All of the Brazilians we can identify as

guerrilla trainees have come from the regular or

the dissident Communist party or the Marxist-oriented

Peasant Leagues of Francisco Juliao.

Trainees sent

by the Leagues were in some cases also members of

the regular Communist party.

4. Brazilians in positions of influence known

to have received training

• in Cuba include:

Clodomir dos Santos Morais, number two man

in the Peasant Leagues, and principal agent in set-

ting up the training camps; still in custody.

Joaquim Ferreira, Pedro Motta Barros,

Rivadiva

• Braz de Oliveira, and Amaro Luiz de

Car-

valho, Peasant League leaders.

(Ferreira, a lawyer,

is a former economist for SUDENE, development agency

for the impoverished northeast.

Barros

and de Oliveira

are also student leaders, and Barros is a Communist

Party youth leader.)

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Florentino Alcantara de Moraes, Pernambuco

state

leader of

zil.

the regular Communist Party of Bra-

Mauricio

Grabois, and Joao Amazonas, leaders of

Carlos Danielli, Angel Arroy?' the dissident

Communist Party.

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27 March 1963

CHILE

1.

There were 551 legal travelers

; from Chile

to Cuba in 1962, and another 110 in the first two

months of 1963.

(Anniversary celebrations tend to

make travel in January higher than the monthly

erage.) In addition,

field reports show about 400

illegal travelers in

1962, under a definition which

lists

nationals of one country who obtain their

Cuban visas in a third country as "illegal."

2. We have no hard clandestine evidence of

Chilean guerrilla trainees.

A defecting Cuban army

lieutenant has told reporters that a base he com-

manded gave 19 Chileans guerrilla training in late

1961.

Since neither travel to Cuba nor the large

Communist party is illegal in Chile, a Chilean na-

tional has little reason, other than the intention

to take subversive training, to conceal travel to

Cuba.

On this basis it would appear to be a safe

assumption that more than half of the illegal trav-

elers

probably received military or political in-

doctrination.

The only known arrests in the past 15 months

for subversive activity took place in October

when five members of the Progressive Socialist Move-

ment (MSP) were

arrested following an explosion while

they were

assembling bombs in a downtown Santiago

apartment. Four of the five were released after three

days; the

fifth, whose hand had been blown off, was

given a jail sentence.

The bombs were to have

been

used against the U.s. embassy.

4.

Julio Stuardo, leader of the MSP and one

of those arrested,

had traveled to Cuba, but is not

known to have received any particular training.

He

had been photographed prior to the bombing incident

with Cuban embassy officials believed to be intel-

ligence officers.

5.

There are no Chileans in positions of in-

fluence who are known to have received training in

Cuba.

However leftist Senator Salvador Allende, the

probable FRAP candidate in the next presidential elec-

tion, has made numerous visits to Cuba.

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27 March 1963

COLOMBIA

1.

We have record of about 400 Colombians

who traveled to Cuba legally during the past year,

and no record of any illegal travel. Approximately

100 appear on manifests via Curacao, and 65 via

Mexico City.

235 is based on agent reports and liaison.

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2. Of these 400, 37 are reported to have re-

ceived training in guerrilla warfare, one in coun

terintelligence, and one attended a

staff or cadre

school.

3. Most of those selected for training are

members of either the United Front for Revolutionary

Action (FUAR) or the Worker-Student-Peasant Move-

ment (NOEC). Both are made up of revolutionaries,

of labor, students,

and the unemployed lower classes.

Both receive Cuban

financial support, and are at-

tempting-without appreciable success to date--to

coordinate operations with the bandit gangs terror-

izing the violence areas

of Colombia.

4.

Two guerrilla leaders imprisoned in 1961--

Eddie Aristizabal of MOEC and Tulio Bayer--and one

killed in 1961-Antonio Larotta of MOEC--were re-

ported to have received guerrilla warfare training

in Cuba. Larotta's training was in 1959.

last res to are

Colombian army statistics (which the U.S.

army attaché considers on the high side because of

on the nic

the statistical procedures used) list 2,582 rural

bandits captured and 1,029 individuals detained on

suspicion of involvement in rural banditry in 1962,

and 300 captured and 134 detained in the first two

months of 1963.

The Colombian army has no statistics

on subsequent trials, but on the basis of past ex-

perience it is estimated that about two percent of all

those arrested and detained--i.e., about 80 persons--

were convicted and sentenced.

The bandits are not

considered guerrillas in a political sense, although

some Cuban propaganda has been found on

There were so bandits item mom me to co

and 89 in 1963.

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6.

According to official records, there were

13 terrorist attempts in Colombia during 1962. in

the course of which nine terrorists were captured,

and one was killed.

Three of those captured-all

members of FUAR-were convicted.

One of the three,

Alvaro Santiago Paz of Cali, is known to have

traveled to Cuba.

Pa a don

To date in 1963 there have been

15 terrorist attempts, including eight in Bogota.

There have been 16 captured and one killed in Bogota

preparing or attempting terrorist acts.

One terrorist,

identified as a FUAR member,

was convicted in Cali.

One terrorist, not yet identified, was captured in

Medellin.

7. Santiago is the only captured subversive

known to have been in Cuba.

Three leading members

of MOEC--Aristizabal,

mentioned above; Pedro Abella;

and Fabio

Molino-are known

to have received training

in Cuba.

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27 March

1963

COSTA RICA

1. A total of 216 Costa Ricans visited Cuba

in 1962.

As many as 30 probably received para-

military training:

2. In February,

1963, 21 Costa Ricans re-

turned from visits of four

It has

trained

one was

trained as

militia training.

that the remaining ll also received paramilitary

instruction.

Three other Costa Ricans, including

one woman, known to have gone to Cuba for such

training are not yet reported to have returned

to Costa Rica.

3.

Two Costa Rican Communist leaders are

reported independently by fairly reliable sources

to have stated that guerrilla warfare training

camps are to be established in Costa Rica.

purely Costa Rican aspect makes this a new develop-

ment; guerrilla activity in Costa Rica hitherto

has

centered in the relatively wild and lightiy

policed northeastern frontier area, and has been

targeted against Nicaragua.

There have been no arrests for sabotage,

terrorism, or guerrilla activity in Costa rica.

About 50 have

versive activity, and one individual was arrested

and jailed for one year.

(This does not include

about 30 suspected subversives detained during

President Kennedy's visit.)

5. Nineteen of the 30 Costa Ricans believed

to have received guerrilla training in Cuba are

Of the 19, the only ones in posi-

Jose physician,

and Modesto Ruiz Ruiz, leader of

the Communist labor union in the banana zone.

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27 March 1963

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC

The Dominican Republic in 1962 and 1963

arrested 120 persons for sabotage, terrorism, or

other subversive activity.

Of these, 45 were held

for an appreciable time,

tried, or sentenced.

This

includes 33 who were deported.

Of these, three are

known or believed to have received training in Cuba.

2. There were 15 incidents in all, five of

which are considered to have been inspired by Cuban

trainees.

The remainder were caused by people not

believed

to have had any Cuban training.

3. There is no hard evidence of legal or ille-

gal travel from the Dominican Republic to Cuba since

I January 1962, although some of the deportees may

have returned from Europe to Cuba.

able estimate is that about 25 Dominicans may have

gone to Cuba illegally.

We have an unconfirmed re-

port that three Dominicans went to Cuba for guer-

rilla training, and 12 others are believed to have

stayed long enough for appreciable training or in-

doctrination.

4. Individuals in positions of influence,

known or believed to have received training in

Cuba,

include:

Juan Ducoudray Mansfield of the Dominican

Communist party.

Rafael Faxas Canto of the leftist 14th of

June group.

Gustavo Machado Baez, director of the

Agrarian Reform Institute (rumored to have been

trained in Cuba, but we have no previous traces.)

Labor leaders Jose Estrella and Jacobo

Armach.

Student leader Luis

Gomex Perez.

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Tomas Parmenio Erickson

Alvarez, a leader

of the pro-Communist MPD party.

Andres Ramos Peguero,

MPD, recently

sen

tenced to 30 years in prison

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27 March 1963

ECUADOR

1. In 1962 there were an estimated 208 legal

travelers from Ecuador to Cuba, including 50 who

vent for sports events. As of December, about &

members of Communist and Communist-front youtl

groups had been in Cuba since June undergoing guer-

rilla training.

Travel reports showed 40 to 60 Ecuadoreans

entering Cuba through Mexico in the first two months

of 1963.

At least 15 Ecuadoreans trained in Cuba

are known to have engaged in paramilitary activi-

ties of a training nature following their return.

4. Army forces in April 1962 rounded up 48

members of URJE, a Communist-front youth groweven

at a training camp 50 miles west of Quito.

of those

arrested had been trained in Cuba. None

of the 48 was tried, and none was held for more

than six weeks.

This was the group whose leaders

the Communists subsequently expelled from URJE

amid published charges that they had wasted $44,000

in Cuban funds:

Including

; the 48 URJE guerrillas, there

have been an estimated 75 arrests in 1962

and 1963

for guerrilla and terrorist activity, distribution

of Communist propaganda, and painting of Communist

slogans on walls.

of the propagandists were

released after several days of detention.

6.

radio

station.

one have a the

There have been three known terrorist at-

tempts, including the bombing of a theater and a

Most of the participants are iden-

tified in clandestine reporting.

They include

several who have probably had training in Cuba.

7.

Ecuadoreans in positions of influence who

have had training in Cuba include URJE leaders Mario

Vera Arrata, Jefferson Quevedo, Enrique Medina, Car-

los Alvardo

Loor, and Milton Mejia; and Efrain

rez Fiallos, secretary-general of the Ecuadorean

Communist Youth (JCE)

and JCE leader Ketty Romoleroux.

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We estimate that there are at present

about 200 men in paramilitary units.

roborative reports establish that the regular Com-

munist Party of Ecuador is forming a paramilitary

command of 10 squads of 10 men each scattered

throughout the country.

Cuban travel does not show in Ecuadorean

passports, and is primarily by way of Mexico.

There are

seven recorded cases of travel via Prague,

and two via Paris.

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27 March 1963

EL SALVADOR

1. Approximately 100 Salvadorans traveled

to Cuba in 1962

, and eight more have gone in 1963.

Most of them attended party meetings or celebrations

for one or two weeks.

countries.

About 20 continued to Bloc

There is no evidence that any received

guerrilla

training or extensive political indoctri-

nation.

2.

Since passage of a new law in September,

1962, Salvadoran authorities have been arresting

returning Salvadorans

suspected of having gone

to Cuba.

Several now

are in jail awaiting trial.

Almost all Salvadoran travel

to Cuba is through

Mexico with detachable Cuban visa. A number of

Salvadorans have remained in Cuba because of the

police crackdown in El Salvador.

3.

There are no known paramilitary units or

related activity.

4.

There have

been 196 recorded arrests since

the

beginning of 1962 for terrorist or subversive

activities.

None of those arrested has been con-

victed or even tried, but 66 were held for an ap-

preciable time--about 15 for as long

as nine months.

We believe that

three of those arrested had had

some type of training in Cuba. There is no record

of any arrests for guerrilla or sabotage activity.

5. Records show a total of 25 subversion inci-

dents:

eight by unknown persons; three involving

individuals believed to have received training in

6. Other than two prominent Communist labor

leaders, Luis Felipe Cativo and Jose Delfino Perez,

Cuban trainees are not known to

have any positions

of influence in El Salvador.

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27 March 1963

GUATEMALA

1.

There were about 80 illegal travelers from

Guatemala to Cuba in 1962, of whom we believe 20

to 30 received training in guerrilla and sabotage

techniques.

Identified trainees have remained in

hiding since their return. Guatemalan Communists

have contingency plans. for paramilitary operations,

but have been waiting for other elements to create

a tavorable opportunity for such action.

2. Cuba in the past has furnished funds for

illicit purchase of

weapons by non-Communist ele-

ments, such as the "13 November" movement of ex-

Lieutenant Yon Sosa, which has sporadically under-

taken unsuccessful military operations against

Guatemalan army garrisons.

The Cubans have cited

the greater militancy of non-Communist groups in

explaining such funding operations to the Guate-

malan Communists.

3.

Cuba gives

asylum to former Guatemalan

President Arbenz and other leading members of his

regime, and affords them propaganda facilities.

4.

Arrest statistics in Guatemala are incon-

clusive because of the waves of detentions during

periods of tension.

During nearly daily disturbances

in January-March 1962 in which an estimated 40 were

killed, for example, about 1,000 were arrested under

state

of siege.

A few were exiled to El Salvador,

but most of those arrested were released after

several days.

5.

Similarly, there were a number of arrests

on charges of terrorism or subversion during the

first half of 1962, but no trials.

Communists in-

spired and controlled most of the street disturbances,

but the mobs were made up of all anti-regime elements,

and

no known incidents

can be attributed to the in-

dividuals trained in Cuba.

Numerous copies of Che

Guevara's handbook for guerrillas were passed out

early in 1962 to serve as a

"do-it-yourself" hand-

book on sabotage and terrorism.

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6.

There have been an estimated 60 incidents,

ranging from the almost daily explosion of homemade

bombs in some periods to the assassination of the

judicial police chief, dynamiting of a water reservoir,

and sabotage of a gasoline storage tank.

The govern-

ment has attributed almost all such acts to "Castro-

Communists."

Cuban trainees were very probably in-

volved, but there is no good evidence of identity.

7.

On /12 March 1962 Guatemalan troops en-

countered a group of 20 Communist guerrillas near

Salama, and killed 18. Members of this group may

possibly have been trained in Cuba.

On 27 March 1962

the army captured 10 guerrillas infiltrated from Mexico,

where they had been organized and supplied by Guate-

malan Communist exiles with the knowledge of the Cuban

embassy.

This group was held for military court mar-

tial, and there has been no further word of disposi-

tion.

8.

Five Communists arrested in early December

in the

act of posting propaganda were released after

several days of detention.

On 14 February 1963, 13

Communists, including two members of the central com-

mittee, were arrested on charges of subversion and

are still held.

Several

of these had traveled to Cuba, but there is no evi-

dence of any training.

9. The reported leader of the Guatemalans known

to have received guerrilla warfare training in Cuba,

Ricardo Ramirez de Leon, returned to Guatemala alone

on 17 April 1962 and went underground.

He was most

recently reported scouting the. Salama area for pos-

sible arms cache sites.

The Guatemalan

Communists

recently formed a

"military commission," divided into

secret cells, to direct insurrectional activity,

sibly due to

begin in June or July:

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27 March 1963

HAITI

There is no firm

evidence on legal or

illegal travel from Haiti to Cuba.

The traffic,

if any, is probably small.

We believe there is

clandestine movement by small boat between the

two countries.

More than 50,000 Haitians live in east-

ern Cuba, concentrated around Santiago.

Most are

employed as cane field laborers.

Exile sources claim that 400 of these

workers

have been trained for subversive activities

and that some of the trainees have already returned

to Haiti®

We have no supporting evidence, however,

have detected

no returning trainees, and know of

no pro-Castro paramilitary groups in Haiti.

There are two clandestine Communist parties

in Haiti, The leader of one of them, Rene Depestre,

is in Cuba and

reportedly works on Cuban propaganda

beamed at Haiti.

5. The only known incident involving Communists

was an attempted demonstration at the U.S. Embassy

on 31 October. Advance warning from a clandestine

source within the Communist party, who said the

instructions for the demonstration came fromveral

enabled police to forestall the incident.

of the youths involved may have been detained briefly

by the police.

6. No Haitian occupying any position of in-

fluence is known to have received

any training in

Cuba.

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27 March 1963

HONDURAS

I. There were 92 legal travelers from Hon-

duras to Cuba in 1962 and 21 to date in 1963.

Twelve travelers coptinued to Soviet bloc coun-

tries. Most of the

travel to Cuba was for one or

two weeks, precluding any extensive paramilitary

training,

but a definite correlation can be es-

tablished between the return of Hondurans from

Cuban visits and the intensity of propaganda and

labor agitation.

Honduran exiles in Cuba carry

on a virulent propaganda campaign over Radio Ha-

vana, calling for revolution.

2. There are no known Honduran paramilitary

formations, and other Central American Communists

are known to have criticized the Honduran Commu-

nist Party for lack of militancy.

tained a series of 16 different military manuals

the carbine, explosives, and demolition techniques.

3.

As in the case of Costa Rica, there are

guerrilla units of Nicaraguan exiles based in

chinly patrolled honduran frontier areas, receiv-

ing support from Cuba and raiding sporadically

Into Nicaragua in the hope of sparking a mass up-

rising.

One

group under Carlos Fonseca Amador has

about 40 men.

Since I January. 1962, there have been only

two arrests for subversive activity in Honduras.

Neither man is known to have received training in

Cuba, and both were released after short detention

without trail.

Three other individuals have been

charged

with

subversive activity but no action was

taken.

5.

Hondurans in leading organizational po-

sitions known or believed to have received train

ing in Cuba include:

Labor:

Manuel Noe Rodriguez Reyes, Flores

mila Castro, Luis Banegas Izaguirre, Sebastian Suazo

Lopez, Jesus Otavio Hernandez, Darios Hector Toledo,

Regina de Lainez, Anibal Moradelo, Felex Vanencia,

Ramon Sabillon Orellana, and Guadalupe Reyes.

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Students: Randolfo Espinsosa Mourra, Rolando

Orellano

Cruz, Oscar Duron, Ulises Ekonomo Torres,

Carlos Falck Contreras, Jorge Arturo Reina Idiaquez,

Leonidas

Velasquez Funes, and Rodil Rivera Rodil.

Communist Party: Dionisio Bejarano Ramos,

Luis Manuel zuniga, Agapito Robledo Castro, Rigoberto

Padilla Rush, Feliciano Protillo Lara, Gustavo Andara

Bulnes, Sebastian Suazo Lopez, Longino Becerra, Maric

Sosa Navarro, Luis Andres Pineda Villalabos, anc

Women :

Antonia Suazo Bulnes, Gladas Tablada

Ortiz, Rosa Suarez de Moncada, Diana Maria Gomez,

Constanza HH. Caballero,

Education:

Medardo Mejia Paniagua and

Mariano Mendez Avila.

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27 March 1963

MEXICO

1.

Mexican nationals traveling to Cuba totaled

238 in

1962 and 157 in the first two months of 1963.

A fairly reliable source reported in mid-

1962 that about 150 Mexicans were receiving guerrilla

Frio, Cuba.

A defecting Cuban

Army lieutenant told the press in Brazil that 70

Mexicans were trained

at his base at San Julian in

late 1961.

These reports are regarded with reserve,

however, particularly in the light of our knowledge

that Cuba does not wish to damage its relations with

Mexico as long

as Mexico City is the principal Cuban

"window" to Latin

America.

3.

Arrests for subversive activities have not

been numerous.

In the most recent case, six professors

and two students at the University of Morelia were ar-

rested for participation in Fidelista protests over the

dismissal of the University's Communist rector.

One

teacher, a Guatemalan Communist militant who visited

Havana for 17 days in 1961, is still imprisoned and

will probably be deported.

Another professor had prob-

ably visited Cuba.

1. A Nicaraguan Communist was deported in

January and an Argentine Communist newsman in November

1962 for pro-Castro activities.

Two Cubans were ar-

rested on

arrival in February 1962 and deported as

agitators.

one of his guerrilla associates, Jorge Martinez

Ros1l1o, who had been a friend of Raul Castro since

Jaramillo

had been invited to Cuba in 1961, but there is no

record of his travel; Martinez Rosillo was in Havana

for 20 days in 1961.

Communist factions have touched off numerous

disturbances at the national university in Mexico

City and provincial universities. Anti-Communist

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students charge that direction, material: and

financial support for these disturbances

is

channeled through students who have received train-

ing in agitation while visiting Cuba as 'athletes."

More than 50 Mexican students attended the Latin

American University Games in Cuba last October.

7.

Mexican

authorities continue to confiscate

large amounts of propaganda from travelers return-

ing from Cuba.

For example, three students at

Morelia attempted to bring

100 kilograms of propa-

ganda material into Mexiço on 31

August 1962.

Mexicans who have visited Cuba and probably

received training or directives include more than

30 prominent writers,

teachers,

and leftist party

leaders.

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27 March 1963

NICARAGUA

About 75 Nicaraguans have traveled to

Cuba during the past 18 months. Nicaraguan

security

authorities list 22 as known to have

received

guerrilla

warfare training there.

Of the 22, eight were arreated when they

returned to Nicaragua to carry on anti-Somoza ac

tivities.

Iwo have been sentenced to prison and

the other six were released after interrogation.

3. Cuba has dealt with, financed, and sup-

ported a succession of Nicaraguan exile move-

ments, but Guevara recently told visiting Cen-

tral

American Communists that none of these had

developed a satisfactory level of popular sup-

port.

Nicaraguan exiles maintain small guer

rilla bands

across the borders in both Costa Rica

and Honduras, making sporadic incurions, but to

date they have evoked no internal support and

have been effectively rounded up or driven back

by the Nicaraguan National Guard.

4.

Eight Nicaraguans were tried in June,

1962, for conducting terrorist training.

They

were

caught while studying the manufacture of

bombs under an instructor trained in Cuba.

Nic-

araguan authorities seized

arms, ammunition,

plosives me me ponte me pie ganda.

A Nic-

araguan found with

an arms cache in April 1962

reportedly told interrogators the arms had come

from Cuba.

A Nicaraguan who had gone to Cuba

in mid-1962, ostensibly for a surgical opera

was caught shortly after his return with

supplies of explosives intended for terrorist

bombings.

Altogether there have been five major

subversive incidents in Nicaragua since 1 Jan

uary 1962, four of which involved individuals

known or believed to have received training in

Cuba. Perpetrators of the fifth incident are un-

known.

A total of 41 persons were arrested. Nine-

teen

were held for an appreciable time, and 14

were

tried and sentenced.

Seven of the total

41 are known or believed

to have been trained in

Cuba.

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A number of minor incursions into Nicaragua,

mainly

from the Honduran border, have been mounted

by the Cuban-supported, Communist-dominated National

Liberation Front (FLN).

At least nine of the FLN mem-

bers engaged in these raids are known or believed to

have had Cuban training.

Influential Nicaraguans known to believed to

have received indoctrination and

training in Cuba in-

clude :

Carlos Adan Perez Bermudez, Eligio Alvarez,

Montalvan, and Reinaldo Viquez Ruiz

the Nicaraguan Communist Party (PSN) and the Commu-

nist-front Republican Mobilization (MR).

Francisco Rolando Alvarado Lopez, (PSN) leader

of the Communist labor front. (In custody)

RIcardo Francisco Osejo Zeledon, Orlando

Quinones Torres, and Guillermo Andres Baltodano Serrano,

youth front leaders influential among students.

Juan Jose Lorio Garcia, PSN central committee

member.

Adrian Sanchez Sancho, Communist labor leader

(still in Cuba.)

Abdul Sirker Urroz, PSN leader (believed

still in Cuba.)

FLN leaders Marco Antonio Melendez Delgado

(in custody,) Socrates Noel Flores Vivas, Ivan

Sanchez Arguello, Orlando Quant Quintana, and German

Pomares Ordonez.

and may have received some form or instruction or

indoctrination.

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27 March 1963

PANAMA

Panama lists 56 legal travelers to Cuba

in 1962 and two thus far in 1963.

Altogether,

however, 64 Panamanians are identified, on the

basis of their political backgrounds and known

length of stay in Cuba, as probably having gone to

Cuba for either political indoctrination or guer-

rilla training.

Of these 64, 38 almost certainly

received guerrilla training.

2. Eighteen guerrilla trainees returned to

Panama in February, 1963, after stays of four to

six months.

Six were detained briefly by the Pana-

manian security service, and the 12 others who re-

turned a few days later were not arrested.

3.

Training for Panamanians apparently started

at least as far back as 1961. A guerrilla

trainee

from another country, attending a course with five

Panamanians in July, 1961, was told by Cuban in-

structors that the Panamanians were being given

more rigorous training than other nationals because

they had special sabotage assignments in the Canal

Zone.

We have,

however, no indication of any

paramilitary groups, activity, or training in Panama.

5.

Panamanian security authorities maintain no

-tatistics on subversive incidents, and many are not

reported to central authority.

There have been a

considerable number of minor incidents, mainly by

unknown perpetrators. Other than continuing sabotage

activity against the United Fruit Company installa-

tions in Chirique Province, the most spectacular

incident was the brief declaration of revolt last

August by Manuel Jose Hurtado, a former Panamanian

major,

and 16 adherents.

Hurtado, a strong anti-

Communist, wasimotivated by personal problems.

6.

Since l January 1962, there have been about

67 individuals

arrested, some

of them repeatedly, for

subversive activities.

Of this group, eight are known

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to have,

received training in Cuba.

Some of the

arrests

were made to forestall subversive activity.

Panamanians in positions of influence known

to have received

training in Cuba include:

Narcisco Cubas Perez and Cesar Jose Dubois,

leaders

of the Vanguardia de

• Accion Nacional (VAN)

which hopes

to take part in 1964 elections.

Peasant leaders Leovilgildo Barrias de Garcia

and Leonidas

Alveo.

Leftist student activists Rolando Ernesto

Carrasquilla, Jose

Modesto Herrera, and Herminio

Garrido.

Eliseo de la Hoz, Communist student leader.

Labor leaders Lacides Ceballos, Andres

Inocencio Garibaldi, Victor Manuel Lombardo,

White, and dose del Carmen serracin, the latter

a leader of Chiriqui Province banana workers.

Jorge Pena and Felix Gonzalez, Communist lead-

ers among the San Blas Indians.

Ezequiel Rios, municipal leader of La Chorrera.

8. In addition, the following are believed to

have received training or guidance in Cuba:

Thelma King, national assembly deputy, who

boasts of close personal friendship with Fidel

Castro

and has visited Cuba five times in the past year.

Senior VAN leader Jorge Enrique Turner Morales.

Miguel Porcell and Ruperto Luther Thomas,

Communist leaders at the national level.

Alvaro Menendez Franco, member of the municipal

council of Panama.

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27 March 1963

PARAGUAY

1.

About 60 Paraguayan

nationals traveled to

Cuba in 1962.

It is

estimated that over the past

two years as many as 120 have been in Cuba long

enough to receive appreciable political or military

training.

The preponderance of Paraguayan nationals

visiting Cuba are political exiles living in Uru-

guay, Argentina, and Brazil.

The Paraguayan Government forbids its

nationals to visit Cuba, but cannot control trav-

elers who visit neighboring countries which have

Cuban missions and then proceed Illegally to Cuba.

3. There are no reports that paramilitary

trainees are active inside

Paraguay.

There is con

siderable evidence that some returnees have joined

exile formations waiting on the Paraguayan border

for a favorable occasion for incursions.

1. Since January, 1962, at least 1,000 persons

have been arrested for

guerrilla, sabotage, terrorist

or other

subversive activity, but only an estimated

140 were held for any appreciable length of time.

He know of only one scheduled for trial, and none

of those arrested is known to have received training

in Cuba.

5. Most of the arrests have stemmed from about

10 major incidents, of which two involved sabotage

and terrorism, one

guerrilla activity, and the re

mainder subversion.

There is a rumor that the un-

known individual who placed a bomb in an Incarnacion

bank had been trained in Cuba.

Perpetrators of the

other incidents have been identified, and none is

known

or believed to have received any training in

Cuba.

6.

Federico Tatter and

Anibal Garcete were re

ported to have: returned from Cuba

in late 1962, latter

to take over military direction of the United Front for

National Liberation

cane workers.

We know of no other Cuban trainees who

He know AN

(FULNA), and Garcete to organize

may be in positions of influence among Paraguayans.

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27 March 1963

PERU

1.

At least 181 Peruvians visited Cuba in 1962

on visits long enough to permit indoctrination, and

according to an agent who participated, more than 150

or them were given guerrilla training.

Following the

training, 90 of these were designated by Peruvian

leftist militant leaders

as members of the "Peruvian

National Liberation Army."

Over the past two years more than 235 Peruvians.

have been identified as travelers to Cuba.

Last De-

cember two top Peruvian Communists said that over the

past year the militant Movement of the Revolutionary

Left (MIR) had sent 200 to 300 Peruvians to Cuba, in

groups of 12 to 15, for guerrilla training.

3.

An estimated total of some 5,000 persons have

taken part in acts of sabotage, terrorism, assaults

on police outposts, bank robberies, land invasions:

destruction of haciendas, strike violence, and riots.

The ruling junta in January launched a major round-up

and arrested 729 Communists and leftists, of whom we

estimate that 50 to 100 may have been trained in Cuba.

There are still 209 in jail, of whom only one is a known

Cuban guerrilla trainee.

The junta has announced a

series of mass trials to be held in Lima and provincial

centers, charging the violence was part of a Soviet-

Cuban conspiracy to make Peru a Communist state.

In

the course of the violence there have been 18 killed,

including four police, and 165 wounded.

4.

Out of a total of 137 recorded acts of vio-

lence,

49 were clearly sponsored or controlled by

Communist elements.

Three Cuban nationals and four

Peruvians trained in Cuba were identified among

leaders of the striking miners who caused damage

estimated

at $4,000,000 to the Cerro de Pasco smelter

at La Oroya in December. The Cubans have not been

apprehended.

5.

The violence in the Quillabamba-Cuzco-Puno

area is attributed to the Indian

and peasant guerrillas

of Hugo Blanco.

Local officials estimate Blanco's

force at 2,000, but this is probably an exaggeration.

Blanco and

his lieutenants are not known to be Cuban

trained or Cuban-supplied.

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6.

Some of the 158 guerrillas known to have

been trained in Cuba have been in hiding and inactive

ever since the January round-up, and others are known

to be waiting outside the country.

The MIR leader,

Luis de la Puente Uceda, was believed to be in Cuba

and now is in Europe.

7.

Guerrilla groups have sporadically attacked

police stations for weapons, and robbed banks for

funds.

MIR members teamed with common criminals in

April 1962 in a $100,000 bank robbery in a suburb

of Lima, dividing the proceeds 50-50. Part of the

loot is

believed to have reached Hugo Blanco.

MIR

has brought in from Cuba a reported 5,000 copies of

a special miniature edition of Alberto Bayo's guer-

villa handbook.

There is also a manual on guerrilla

operations based on

Bayo's and Guevara's books but

written specifically for Peru.

8.

Peruvian police in March 1962 broke up a

small guerrilla training operation and determined

that among those arrested, one was a former resident

of Cuba, another had received Cuban training in clan-

destine

operations, and a third, caught with radio

equipment, admitted

having used

it to communicate

with Cuba.

The local guerrilla candidates were is-

sued kits including

rifles of Czech manufacture.

All of those arrested

were soon released, but some

were re arrested in the January round-up.

9.

Prominent Peruvians who may have received

indoctrination on visits to Cuba include nine student

and

youth leaders including two presidents of student

organizations; seven leading journalists; three labor

union leaders; and nine former members of parliament.

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27 March 1963

URUGUAY

1. There were about 115 legal travelers to Cuba

from

Uruguay in 1962, and

an additional 20-25 in Janu-

ary 1963.

About 25,

mainly Paraguayan exiles resident

in Uruguay, are believed to have traveled illegally.

2. Probably no significant portion of the Uru-

guayan travelers went for guerrilla warfare training.

cuba apparently wants to preserve Montevideo, which is

host to the most extensive Communist diplomatic mis-

sions in all South America, as a gateway and base of

operations, as in the case

of Mexico.

3. Cuban subversion activity oriented toward

Uruguay appears to consist largely of developing and

maintaining enough political action and propaganda

assets to counter any Uruguayan inclination to oust

or restrict the activities of Cuban and Bloc missions.

4. The only arrests for sabotage occurred during

the recent electricity and telephone strike, which

arose from worker grievances and had no Cuban connec

tion. All of those arrested were released within a

week.

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27 March 1963

VENEZUELA

1.

We have no acceptable figure on Venezuelan

travel to Cuba.

Liaison

services maintain no records,

and have no such capability.

2.

Reports from travel control points show 128

Venezuelan nationals traveling to Cuba, but only 48

returning.

The names of most of those returning do

not appear on the lists of those who went to Cuba.

In the few cases where round-trip travel can be estab-

Ilshed, the stay was generally short. We must con-

clude that Venezuelans who went to Cuba for training

traveled at least one way, and in some known instances

both, clandestinely.

3.

On the basis of usually reliable agent reports,

we believe that more than 200 Venezuelans received guer-

rilla warfare training in Cuba in 1962.

Castro has

made it plain that he assigns the first priority for

revolution to Venezuela.

At present there are probably about 100 men

Involved in the Venezuelan Communist Party (PCV) para-

military command attempting to terrorize the Federal

District of Caracas.

Sources in both the PCV and the

Government of Venezuela estimate there are another 300

guerrillas: in the field, although we know of no more

than 150, in small units of about 20 men, who are

under coordinated

PCV command. Including terrorist

groups of university students and paramilitary party

formations in Maracaibo and other large cities, the

total number involved in violence probably does not

exceed 600.

Only seven known to be engaged in these

operational are known to have been in Cuba long

enough for training.

The PCV, however, in the first months of 1963

has proven itself capable of implementing the terrorist

and sabotage operations which last October it could only

Organization and coordination have improved,

and

sabotage has reached a level of sophistication in tech-

nique and materials which implies either the presence

of outside experts or else a highly advanced stage of

training.

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6. The guerrillas committed themselves to

field operations prematurely in 1962 and, denied

support or sympathy by the peasantry who

are strongly

pro-Betancourt, were rounded up or dispersed.

A

total of

139 were tried by special military

courts

last fall following the Puerto Cabello and Carupano

revolts.

More than 110 were given substantial prison

sentences.

Four at the most are believed to have been

in Cuba long enough to receive training.

7.

Altogether there have been an estimated 1,000

to 1,500 arrests since the beginning of 1962, but there

have

been no trials or jail sentences other than those

of the guerrillas mentioned above. All others were

held for varying lengths of time,

snot tine!

most of them for less

than 90 days.

Nost of those arrested have been re

leased either for lack of evidence, or by civil judges

who are generally either inefficient or open to cor-

ruption.

Possibly 50 of those arrested may have re-

ceived

some training in Cuba, but government inter-

rogators have so far been unable to obtain any admis-

sion of Cuban training, and no travel records are

maintained which would

give leads for such interroga-

tion.

8.

The number of incidents leading to arrests

are estimated at 250. The principal incidents have

been

the

uprisings of the Puerto Cabello and Carupano

garrisons; the October/November sabotage of the Lake

Maracaibo oilfields; the hijacking of the freighter

Anzoategui in February and the earlier theft of five

French paintings from the Museum of Fine Arts; burning

of the

Sears-Roebuck warehouse and dynamiting of high-

way bridges in February; pipeline sabotage in March;

the recent capture of two PCV paramilitary groups;

a bank robbery in February by men wearing the armband

of the Communist "Armed Forces of National Libera-

tion" (FALN); and the indiscriminate shooting in

Caracas in January and February in the wave of ter

rorism designed to deter Betancourt's visit to

Washington.

9.

The majority of the Communist-directed inci-

dents have been carried out by members of the PCV

paramilitary groups who in general have not them-

selves had Cuban training, but are trained and di-

rected by instructors who have in turn been trained

in Cuba and in some cases in Communist China.

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10.

Voice radio transmitters in Caracas

and in outlying cities have been heard in conversa

tion with a voice transmitter in Cuba.

11. Principal personalities known or believed

to have received training in Cuba include:

Members of the PCV central committee:

Guillermo Garcia Ponce, karael . Martinez, Radames

Larrazabal, Alonso Ojeda Olaechea, Douglas

Bravo,

German Lairet, and Joaquin Araujo Ortega.

Other political leaders: Simon Saiez

Merida,

Americo Martin, homulo henriquez, or., anc

Domingo Alberto Rangel of the extremist Movement of

the Revolutionary Left (MIR); Fabricio Ojeda, Jose

Vincente Rangel, and Victor Jose Ochoa of the URD.

Labor leaders: Cesar Millan, Horacio

Scott Power, Hector Marcano Coello, Laureno Torrealba,

Helo Cruz Villegas, and Vicente Pinate.

Student leaders: Alfredo Maneiro, Freddy

Munoz, Jose Rafael Tenorio, Alcides Villalba, Jose

Linares, Hector Rodriguez Bauz, and Julio Escalona.

Educators: Hector Mujica, Fruto Vivas,

dumberto Cuenca, and Jose Vincente Scorza.

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27 March 1963

OTHERS

1.

There have been about 40 legal travelers

from British Guiana to Cuba.

Some Latin American

travelers could be carried

without much chance of

detection on Cuban freighters hauling rice. Local

papers and opposition parties have charged

that

some of the students sent to Cuba did not have

proper academic qualifications for their studies,

implying their travel, was for other purposes.

There are no reliable

reports,

however,

that any

Guianese have received subversive training in Cuba.

Any Cuban training for British Guianese would pre-

sumably be designed to support rather than sub-

vert the government of Premier Cheddi Jagan. There

have been no arrests for subversive activity, and

no incidents of terrorism, sabotage, or subversion.

There

have been riots, but not Cuban-connected.

2.

Jamaica sent 593 legal travelers to Cuba

in 1962, probably accounted for largely by the 20-

25,000

Jamaicans

resident in Cuba.

There is no

evidence of guerrilla training for any Jamaicans,

and there have been no arrests for guerrilla,

sabotage, or terrorist activity.

Subversion is con-

fined largely to public oratory defying the Jamaican

authorities.

A British Guianese Communist studying

in Jamaica, who is believed to have received train-

ing in Cuba, instigated a demonstration in front of

the U.S. Embassy in October, 1962, by six members

"Friends of Cuba Committee;" one Communist

was arrested, fined,

and released

as a result for

"obstructing traffic."

Two university instructors

and two other teachers are believed to have re

ceived indoctrination in Cuba.

3. Surinam and Trinidad report no subversive

incidents,

no arrests,

and no

evidence of Cuban

subversive training for any of their nationals.

Trinidad listed two legal travelers in Cuba in

1962.

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