claim: The Chaperone (film) was directed by Stephen Herek.
evidence: Time -- space compression -LRB- also known as space -- time compression and time -- space distantiation -RRB- , articulated in 1989 by geographer David Harvey in The Condition of Postmodernity , refers to any phenomenon that alters the qualities of and relationship between space and time .. David Harvey. David Harvey ( geographer ). Postmodernity. Postmodernity. Harvey 's idea was rooted in Karl Marx 's theory of the `` annihilation of time and space '' .. A similar idea was proposed by Elmar Alvater in an article in PROKLA in 1987 translated into English as `` Ecological and Economic Modalities of Time and Space '' and published in Capitalism Nature Socialism , 1 -LRB- 3 -RRB- in 1989 .. Elmar Alvater. Elmar Alvater. PROKLA. PROKLA. Capitalism Nature Socialism. Capitalism Nature Socialism. Time -- space compression often occurs as a result of technological innovations that condense or elide spatial and temporal distances , including technologies of communication -LRB- telegraph , telephones , fax machines , Internet -RRB- , travel -LRB- rail , cars , trains , jets -RRB- , and economics -LRB- the need to overcome spatial barriers , open up new markets , speed up production cycles , and reduce the turnover time of capital -RRB- .. technologies of communication. communication technology. telegraph. telegraph. Internet. Internet. travel. travel. economics. economics. According to theorists like Paul Virilio , time-space compression is an essential facet of contemporary life  : `` Today we are entering a space which is speed-space ... This new other time is that of electronic transmission , of high-tech machines , and therefore , man is present in this sort of time , not via his physical presence , but via programming '' -LRB- qtd .. Paul Virilio. Paul Virilio. in Decron 71 -RRB- .. In `` Vitesse et Politique '' , Virilio coins the term dromology to describe `` speed-space . ''. Virilio describes velocity as the hidden side of wealth and power , which represents a determining factor concerning societies ' structures .. Historical eras and political events , out of this perspective , are also speed-ratios .. In his view , acceleration destroys space and compresses the time in ways of perceiving reality .. Doreen Massey maintains this idea about time-space compression in her discussion of globalization and its effect on our society .. Doreen Massey. Doreen Massey ( geographer ). Similar to Virilio , she states that because our world is `` speeding up '' and `` spreading out '' , time-space compression is more prevalent than ever as internationalization takes place .. internationalization. internationalization. Cultures and communities are merged during time-space compression due to rapid growth and change , as `` layers upon layers '' of histories fuse together to shift our ideas of what the identity of a `` place '' should be .. Theorists generally identify two historical periods in which time -- space compression occurred ; the period from the mid-19th century to the beginnings of the First World War , and the end of the 20th century .. First World War. First World War. In both of these time periods , according to Jon May and Nigel Thrift , `` there occurred a radical restructuring in the nature and experience of both time and space ... both periods saw a significant acceleration in the pace of life concomitant with a dissolution or collapse of traditional spatial co-ordinates '' .