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evidence: In the culture of the San -LRB- also known Ju  /  ` oansi or !. San. San people. Kung ; formerly Bushmen -RRB- , an indigenous people of Botswana and Namibia , healers are said to have practiced all manner of medicinal strategies .. indigenous people. indigenous peoples. Botswana. Botswana. Namibia. Namibia. These range from drinking oral remedies containing plant and animal material , to making cuts on the body and rubbing in ` potent ' substances , inhaling smoke of smouldering organic matter like certain twigs or animal dung , wearing parts of animals or ` jewellery ' that ` makes them strong . '. Most famously , San heal whilst in an altered state of consciousness in what is known as a ` trance dance ' or ` healing dance ' .. San. San people. trance. trance. These rituals are generally all-night events during which healers go into a trance in order to cure sickness .. trance. trance. The illness can be physical or psychological for an individual or social within the community as a whole .. They sometimes will tie offerings to animal spirits to the trees , or will use drums in order to contact animal and ancestor spirits .. San trance dances are intense affairs .. San. San people. trance. trance. Richard Katz , an associate professor from Harvard University says they have these four times a month , on average .. In her book The Harmless People based on fieldwork in the 1950s , Elizabeth Marshall Thomas observed that the women sat in a circle around a fire , singing the medicine songs in several parts with falsetto voices and clapping their hands in a sharp , staccato rhythm .. Elizabeth Marshall Thomas. Elizabeth Marshall Thomas. Men danced single-file around the fire taking very short , pounding steps in counterpoint to the rhythms of the singing and the clapping .. The movement was accompanied by the sharp , high clatter of rattles -- made from dry cocoons strung together with sinew cords -- that were tied to their legs .. The dance was a complicated pattern of voices and rhythms that was infinitely varied and precise .. San people began learning these songs and dances when they were children and worked hard to develop these skills .. San. San people