claim: Jerome Flynn's legal middle name is Patrick.
evidence: Food energy is chemical energy that animals -LRB- including humans -RRB- derive from food through the process of cellular respiration .. chemical energy. chemical energy. food. food. cellular respiration. cellular respiration. Cellular respiration may either involve the chemical reaction of food molecules with molecular oxygen -LRB- aerobic respiration -RRB- or the process of reorganizing the food molecules without additional oxygen -LRB- anaerobic respiration -RRB- .. food. food. oxygen. oxygen. anaerobic respiration. anaerobic respiration. Humans and other animals need a minimum intake of food energy to sustain their metabolism and to drive their muscles .. food. food. metabolism. metabolism. Foods are composed chiefly of carbohydrates , fats , proteins , water , vitamins , and minerals .. proteins. protein in nutrition. water. water. minerals. dietary mineral. Carbohydrates , fats , proteins , and water represent virtually all the weight of food , with vitamins and minerals making up only a small percentage of the weight .. food. food. proteins. protein in nutrition. water. water. minerals. dietary mineral. -LRB- Carbohydrates , fats , and proteins comprise ninety percent of the dry weight of foods . -RRB-. proteins. protein in nutrition. Organisms derive food energy from carbohydrates , fats and proteins as well as from organic acids , polyols , and ethanol present in the diet .. food. food. proteins. protein in nutrition. ethanol. ethanol. diet. diet ( nutrition ). Some diet components that provide little or no food energy , such as water , minerals , vitamins , cholesterol , and fiber , may still be necessary to health and survival for other reasons .. food. food. water. water. minerals. dietary mineral. diet. diet ( nutrition ). Water , minerals , vitamins , and cholesterol are not broken down -LRB- they are used by the body in the form in which they are absorbed -RRB- and so can not be used for energy .. minerals. dietary mineral. Fiber can not be completely digested by most animals , including humans .. However , ruminants can extract food energy from the respiration of cellulose because of bacteria in their rumens .. food. food. cellulose. cellulose. bacteria. bacteria. Using the International System of Units , researchers measure energy in joules -LRB- J -RRB- or in its multiples ; the kilojoule -LRB- kJ -RRB- is most often used for food-related quantities .. food. food. International System of Units. International System of Units. kilojoule. kilojoule. An older metric system unit of energy , still widely used in food-related contexts , is the calorie ; more precisely , the `` food calorie '' , `` large calorie '' or kilocalorie -LRB- kcal or Cal -RRB- , equal to 4.184 kilojoules .. food. food. metric system. metric system. calorie. calorie. kilocalorie. kilocalorie. -LRB- Contrast the `` small calorie '' -LRB- cal -RRB- , equal to 1 / 1000 of a food calorie , that is often used in chemistry and in physics . -RRB-. food. food. calorie. calorie. chemistry. chemistry. physics. physics. Within the European Union , both the kilocalorie -LRB- `` kcal '' -RRB- and kilojoule -LRB- `` kJ '' -RRB- appear on nutrition labels .. kilojoule. kilojoule. kilocalorie. kilocalorie. European Union. European Union. nutrition labels. nutrition facts label. In many countries , only one of the units is displayed ; in the US and Canada labels spell out the unit as `` calorie '' or as `` Calorie '' .. calorie. calorie. Fats and ethanol have the greatest amount of food energy per gram , 37 and 29 kJ / g -LRB- 8.8 and 6.9 kcal / g -RRB- , respectively .. food. food. ethanol. ethanol. Proteins and most carbohydrates have about 17 kJ / g .. The differing energy density of foods -LRB- fat , alcohols , carbohydrates and proteins -RRB- lies mainly in their varying proportions of carbon , hydrogen , and oxygen atoms  : For food of elemental composition CcHhOoNn , the heat of combustion underlying the food energy is 100 kcal / g -LRB- c + 0.3 h -- 0.5 o -RRB-  /  -LRB- 12 c + h + 16 o +14 n -RRB- to a good approximation -LRB- ± 3 % -RRB- .. food. food. oxygen. oxygen. fat. fat. proteins. protein in nutrition. energy density. energy density. Carbohydrates that are not easily absorbed , such as fiber , or lactose in lactose-intolerant individuals , contribute less food energy .. food. food. lactose. lactose. Polyols -LRB- including sugar alcohols -RRB- and organic acids contribute 10 kJ / g and 13 kJ / g respectively .. The amount of water , fat , and fiber in foods determines those foods ' energy density .. fat. fat. water. water. energy density. energy density. Theoretically , one could measure food energy in different ways , using -LRB- say -RRB- the Gibbs free energy of combustion , or the amount of ATP generated by metabolizing the food .. food. food. Gibbs free energy. Gibbs free energy. ATP. adenosine triphosphate. However , the convention is to use the heat of the oxidation reaction producing liquid water .. water. water. Conventional food energy is based on heats of combustion in a bomb calorimeter and corrections that take into consideration the efficiency of digestion and absorption and the production of urea and other substances in the urine .. food. food. bomb calorimeter. Calorimeter#Bomb calorimeters. urea. urea. The American chemist Wilbur Atwater worked these corrections out in the late 19th century -LRB- see Atwater system for more detail -RRB- .. Wilbur Atwater. Wilbur Atwater. Atwater system. Atwater system. Based on the work of Atwater , it became common practice to calculate energy content of foods using 4 kcal / g for carbohydrates and proteins and 9 kcal / g for lipids .. proteins. protein in nutrition. The system was later improved by Annabel Merrill and Bernice Watt of the USDA , who derived a system whereby specific calorie conversion factors for different foods were proposed .. calorie. calorie. Annabel Merrill. Annabel Merrill. Bernice Watt. Bernice Watt. USDA. USDA