claim: Donna Noble is stationary.
evidence: The Fundamental Resolution Equation is an equation used in chromatography to help relate adjustable chomatographic parameters to resolution , and is as follows  :. equation. equation. chromatography. chromatography. Rs = -LSB- N1 / 2 / 4 -RSB- -LSB- -LRB- α-1 -RRB-  /  α -RSB- -LSB- k2 '  /  -LRB- 1 + k2 ' -RRB- -RSB- , where. N = Number of theoretical plates. α = Selectivity Term = k2 '  /  k1 '. The -LSB- N1 / 2 / 4 -RSB- term is the column factor , the -LSB- -LRB- α-1 -RRB-  /  α -RSB- term is the thermodynamic factor , and the -LSB- k2 '  /  -LRB- 1 + k2 ' -RRB- -RSB- term is the retention factor .. retention factor. retention factor. The 3 factors are not completely independent , but they are very close , and can be treated as such .. So what does this mean ?. It means that to increase resolution of two peaks on a chromatogram , one of the three terms of the equation need to be modified .. equation. equation. chromatogram. chromatogram. 1 -RRB- N can be increased by lengthening the column -LRB- least effective , as doubling the column will get a 21 / 2 or 1.44 x increase in resolution -RRB- .. 2 -RRB- Increasing k ' also helps .. This can be done by lowering the column temperature in G.C. , or by choosing a weaker mobile phase in L.C. -LRB- moderately effective -RRB-. 3 -RRB- Changing α is the most effective way of increasing resolution .. This can be done by choosing a stationary phase that has a greater difference between k1 ' and k2 ' .. It can also be done in L.C. by using pH to invoke secondary equilibria -LRB- if applicable -RRB- .. The Fundamental Resolution Equation is derived as follows  :. For 2 closely spaced peaks , ω1 = ω2 , and σ1 = σ2. so Rs = -LRB- tr2 - tr1 -RRB-  /  ω2 = -LRB- tr2 - tr1 -RRB-  /  4σ2. Where tr1 and tr2 are the retention times of two separate peaks .. Since N = -LSB- -LRB- tr2 -RRB-  /  σ2 -RSB- 2 , then σ = tr2  /  N1 / 2. Using substitution , Rs = N1 / 2 -LSB- -LRB- tr2 - tr1 -RRB-  /  4tr2 -RSB- = -LRB- N1 / 2 / 4 -RRB- -LRB- 1 - tr1 / tr2 -RRB-. Now using the following equations and solving for tr1 and tr2. k1 ' = -LRB- tr1 - t0 -RRB-  /  t0 ; tr1 = t0 -LRB- k1 ' + 1 -RRB-. k2 ' = -LRB- tr2 - t0 -RRB-  /  t0 ; tr2 = t0 -LRB- k2 ' + 1 -RRB-. Substituting again and you get  :. Rs = -LSB- N1 / 2 / 4 -RSB- -LSB- 1 - -LRB- k1 ' + 1 -RRB-  /  -LRB- k2 ' + 1 -RSB- = -LSB- N1 / 2 / 4 -RSB- -LSB- -LRB- k2 ' - k1 ' -RRB-  /  -LRB- 1 + k2 ' -RRB- -RSB-. And finally substituting once more α = k2 '  /  k1 ' and you get the Fundamental Resolution Equation  :. Rs = -LSB- N1 / 2 / 4 -RSB- -LSB- -LRB- α-1 -RRB-  /  α -RSB- -LSB- k2 '  /  -LRB- 1 + k2 ' -RRB- -RSB-