claim: Henry III assumed the throne at nine years old in the middle of the First Barons' War.
evidence: Henry III -LRB- 1 October 1207 -- 16 November 1272 -RRB- , also known as Henry of Winchester , was King of England , Lord of Ireland and Duke of Aquitaine from 1216 until his death .. King of England. King of England. Lord of Ireland. Lordship of Ireland. Duke of Aquitaine. Duke of Aquitaine. The son of King John and Isabella of Angouleme , Henry assumed the throne when he was only nine in the middle of the First Barons ' War .. John. John, King of England. King John. John, King of England. Isabella of Angouleme. Isabella of Angouleme. Cardinal Guala declared the war against the rebel barons to be a religious crusade and Henry 's forces , led by William Marshal , defeated the rebels at the battles of Lincoln and Sandwich in 1217 .. Guala. Guala Bicchieri. William Marshal. William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke. Lincoln. Battle of Lincoln ( 1217 ). Sandwich. Battle of Sandwich ( 1217 ). crusade. crusade. Henry promised to abide by the Great Charter of 1225 , which limited royal power and protected the rights of the major barons .. Great Charter of 1225. Magna Carta#The Great Charter 1225. His early rule was dominated first by Hubert de Burgh and then Peter des Roches , who re-established royal authority after the war .. Hubert de Burgh. Hubert de Burgh, 1st Earl of Kent. Peter des Roches. Peter des Roches. In 1230 the King attempted to reconquer the provinces of France that had once belonged to his father , but the invasion was a debacle .. provinces of France. John, King of England#Loss of Normandy, 1202–04. A revolt led by William Marshal 's son , Richard , broke out in 1232 , ending in a peace settlement negotiated by the Church .. William Marshal. William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke. Richard. Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall. the Church. Christianity in England. Following the revolt , Henry ruled England personally , rather than governing through senior ministers .. He travelled less than previous monarchs , investing heavily in a handful of his favourite palaces and castles .. palaces and castles. Castles in Great Britain and Ireland#Palace-fortresses. He married Eleanor of Provence , with whom he had five children .. Eleanor of Provence. Eleanor of Provence. Henry was known for his piety , holding lavish religious ceremonies and giving generously to charities ; the King was particularly devoted to the figure of Edward the Confessor , whom he adopted as his patron saint .. piety. piety. Edward the Confessor. Edward the Confessor. patron saint. patron saint. Edward. Edward I of England. He extracted huge sums of money from the Jews in England , ultimately crippling their ability to do business , and as attitudes towards the Jews hardened , he introduced the Statute of Jewry , attempting to segregate the community .. Jews in England. History of the Jews in England. Statute of Jewry. Statute of Jewry. In a fresh attempt to reclaim his family 's lands in France , he invaded Poitou in 1242 , leading to the disastrous Battle of Taillebourg .. invaded Poitou. Saintonge War. Battle of Taillebourg. Battle of Taillebourg. After this , Henry relied on diplomacy , cultivating an alliance with Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II .. Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II. Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor. Henry supported his brother Richard in his bid to become King of the Romans in 1256 , but was unable to place his own son Edmund on the throne of Sicily , despite investing large amounts of money .. Richard. Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall. King of the Romans. King of the Romans. Edmund. Edmund Crouchback. Sicily. Kingdom of Sicily. He planned to go on crusade to the Levant , but was prevented from doing so by rebellions in Gascony .. crusade. crusade. Levant. Levant. Gascony. Gascony. By 1258 , Henry 's rule was increasingly unpopular , the result of the failure of his expensive foreign policies and the notoriety of his Poitevin half-brothers , the Lusignans , as well as the role of his local officials in collecting taxes and debts .. Poitevin. Poitiers. Lusignans. Lusignan dynasty. A coalition of his barons , initially probably backed by Eleanor , seized power in a coup d'etat and expelled the Poitevins from England , reforming the royal government through a process called the Provisions of Oxford .. Provisions of Oxford. Provisions of Oxford. Henry and the baronial government enacted a peace with France in 1259 , under which Henry gave up his rights to his other lands in France in return for King Louis IX of France recognising him as the rightful ruler of Gascony .. Gascony. Gascony. peace with France. Treaty of Paris ( 1259 ). King Louis IX of France. Louis IX of France. The baronial regime collapsed but Henry was unable to reform a stable government and instability across England continued .. In 1263 one of the more radical barons , Simon de Montfort , seized power , resulting in the Second Barons ' War .. Simon de Montfort. Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester. Henry persuaded Louis to support his cause and mobilised an army .. The Battle of Lewes occurred in 1264 , where Henry was defeated and taken prisoner .. Battle of Lewes. Battle of Lewes. Henry 's eldest son , Edward , escaped from captivity to defeat de Montfort at the Battle of Evesham the following year and freed his father .. Edward. Edward I of England. Battle of Evesham. Battle of Evesham. Henry initially enacted a harsh revenge on the remaining rebels , but was persuaded by the Church to mollify his policies through the Dictum of Kenilworth .. the Church. Christianity in England. Dictum of Kenilworth. Dictum of Kenilworth. Reconstruction was slow and Henry had to acquiesce to various measures , including further suppression of the Jews , to maintain baronial and popular support .. Henry died in 1272 , leaving Edward as his successor .. Edward. Edward I of England. He was buried in Westminster Abbey , which he had rebuilt in the second half of his reign , and was moved to his current tomb in 1290 .. Westminster Abbey. Westminster Abbey. Westminster. Westminster. Some miracles were declared after his death but he was not canonised .. canonised. Canonization