claim: Arthur Schopenhauer expired in 1860.
evidence: Arthur Schopenhauer -LRB- -LSB- ˈaɐtʊɐ ˈʃoːpmˌhaʊɐ -RSB- ; 22 February 1788 -- 21 September 1860 -RRB- was a German philosopher .. philosopher. philosopher. He is best known for his 1818 work The World as Will and Representation -LRB- expanded in 1844 -RRB- , wherein he characterizes the phenomenal world as the product of a blind and insatiable metaphysical will .. Will. Will ( philosophy ). The World as Will and Representation. The World as Will and Representation. phenomenal. phenomenology ( philosophy ). metaphysical will. #Philosophy of the .22Will.22. Proceeding from the transcendental idealism of Immanuel Kant , Schopenhauer developed an atheistic metaphysical and ethical system that has been described as an exemplary manifestation of philosophical pessimism , rejecting the contemporaneous post-Kantian philosophies of German idealism .. philosophical pessimism. philosophical pessimism. Immanuel Kant. Immanuel Kant. transcendental idealism. transcendental idealism. atheistic. atheistic. post-Kantian philosophies. post-Kantian thought. German idealism. German idealism. Schopenhauer was among the first thinkers in Western philosophy to share and affirm significant tenets of Eastern philosophy -LRB- e.g. , asceticism , the world-as-appearance -RRB- , having initially arrived at similar conclusions as the result of his own philosophical work .. Western philosophy. Western philosophy. Eastern philosophy. Eastern philosophy. asceticism. asceticism. His writing on aesthetics , morality , and psychology would exert important influence on thinkers and artists throughout the 19th and 20th centuries .. aesthetics. Schopenhauer's aesthetics. morality. morality. psychology. psychology. Though his work failed to garner substantial attention during his life , Schopenhauer has had a posthumous impact across various disciplines , including philosophy , literature , and science .. Those who have cited his influence include Friedrich Nietzsche , Richard Wagner , Leo Tolstoy , Ludwig Wittgenstein , Erwin Schrodinger , Otto Rank , Gustav Mahler , Joseph Campbell , Albert Einstein , Carl Jung , Thomas Mann , Jorge Luis Borges , and Samuel Beckett , among others .. Beckett. Samuel Beckett. Borges. Jorge Luis Borges. Campbell. Joseph Campbell. Einstein. Albert Einstein. Jung. Carl Jung. Mann. Thomas Mann. Nietzsche. Friedrich Nietzsche. Schrodinger. Erwin Schrodinger. Tolstoy. Leo Tolstoy. Wagner. Richard Wagner. Wittgenstein. Ludwig Wittgenstein. Friedrich Nietzsche. Friedrich Nietzsche. Richard Wagner. Richard Wagner. Leo Tolstoy. Leo Tolstoy. Ludwig Wittgenstein. Ludwig Wittgenstein. Erwin Schrodinger. Erwin Schrodinger. Otto Rank. Otto Rank. Gustav Mahler. Gustav Mahler. Joseph Campbell. Joseph Campbell. Albert Einstein. Albert Einstein. Carl Jung. Carl Jung. Thomas Mann. Thomas Mann. Jorge Luis Borges. Jorge Luis Borges. Samuel Beckett. Samuel Beckett