claim: Arthur Schopenhauer expired in 1860.
evidence: A shell keep is a style of medieval fortification , best described as a stone structure circling the top of a motte .. keep. keep. medieval. medieval. fortification. fortification. motte. Motte-and-bailey. In English castle morphology , shell keeps are perceived as the successors to motte-and-bailey castles , with the wooden fence around the top of the motte replaced by a stone wall .. motte. Motte-and-bailey. castle. castle. motte-and-bailey. motte-and-bailey. Castle engineers during the Norman period did not trust the motte to support the enormous weight of a stone keep .. keep. keep. motte. Motte-and-bailey. Norman. History of England#Norman England. A common solution was to replace the palisade with a stone wall then build wooden buildings backing onto the inside of the wall .. palisade. palisade. This construction was lighter than a keep and prevented the walls from being undermined , meaning they could be thinner and lighter .. keep. keep. undermined. Mining ( military ). A gazetteer compiled by archaeologist Robert Higham counted 21 shell keeps in England and Wales .. Examples include the Round Tower at Windsor Castle and the majority were built in the 11th and 12th centuries .. Windsor Castle. Windsor Castle