mwirth-epo/epo-nmt-datasets huggingface dataset:
一部分波在该塑料波导11中传播，而另一部分波则在所述波导11外的因此形成的空间13-14中传播。
A part of the waves propagates in this plastic waveguide 11 while another part of these waves propagates outside this waveguide 11 in the spaces 13- 14 thus defined.
在塑料波导11外传播的波因此容纳在所述空间中，被保护性覆盖物12包围，因此形成防护波免受外部干扰的屏障。
The waves propagating outside the plastic waveguide 11 are consequently contained in these spaces, being surrounded by the protective covering 12, which thus forms a barrier protecting these waves from external disturbances.
对于80千兆赫的频率而言，该保护性覆盖物12在这种情况下呈现约为0.5毫米的厚度W，这足以有效防止在波导11外传播的波受外部应力影响。
For a frequency of 80 GHz, this protective covering 12 exhibits in this case a thickness W in the order of 0.5 mm, which is sufficient to effectively protect against external stresses the waves propagating outside the waveguide 11.
通常，这样来界定该覆盖物，一方面，覆盖物要足够厚，以便保护在空间中传播的波以及在波导内传播的波免受外部干扰，另一方面，又不要过厚，以便不让覆盖物本身转变为波的传播媒介，所述传播媒介最终会扰乱波导的运行。
Generally, this covering is defined so as to be on the one hand sufficiently thick to protect the waves propagating in the spaces and the waves propagating inside the waveguide from external disturbances, and on the other hand not too thick so as not to transform the covering itself into a propagation medium for the waves which would end up disrupting the operation of the waveguide.
该厚度的界定是由明显取决于波的频率以及所使用的材料之间的权衡决定的。
The definition of this thickness results from a trade-off which depends strongly on the frequency of the waves and the material used.
图3显示了根据本发明第二个实施例的波传播组件20。
FIG. 3 shows an assembly 20 for the propagation of waves according to a second embodiment of the present invention.
标号与图1和图2中标号相同的图3的元件代表相同的物体，这在下文中将不再赘述。
The elements of FIG. 3 bearing the same references as those of FIGS. 1 and 2 represent the same objects, which will not be described again hereafter.
波传播的该组件20包括引导频率在1千兆赫与10太兆赫之间的波的波导21。
This assembly 20 for the propagation of waves comprises a waveguide 21 to guide waves of frequencies between 1 GHz and 10 THz.
该波导21在这种情况下是细长固体件，呈现具有中心孔22的十字形横截面。
This waveguide 21 is in this case an elongated solid piece exhibiting a cross-shaped transverse cross-section with a central hole 22.
如此配置有利地增加传播模式的数量并把损失减少到最少。
This configuration advantageously provides for increasing the number of modes of propagation and minimizing losses.
图4显示针对80千兆赫的频率的前三种传播模式以及针对图1和图2所述的在没有施加到组件的外部干扰的情况下的波传播组件10的电场的计算的空间分布。
FIG. 4 shows the calculated spatial distribution of the electric field for the first three modes of propagation for a frequency of 80 GHz and for the assembly 10 for the propagation of waves described in FIGS. 1 and 2 in the absence of an external disturbance applied to the assembly.
图5阐释了图1的波传播组件10的稳健性测试，其中用水溶液填充的两个块30、31到达局部包围保护性覆盖物12的外表面之处，以模拟手动握持该组件的效果。
FIG. 5 illustrates a test of robustness of the assembly 10 for the propagation of waves of FIG. 1, in which two blocks 30, 31 filled with an aqueous solution arrive at locally wrapping around the outer surface of the protective covering 12 to simulate the effect of manually gripping this assembly.
标号与图1和图2中标号相同的图5的元件代表相同的物体，这在下文将不再赘述。
The elements of FIG. 5 bearing the same references as those of FIGS. 1 and 2 represent the same objects, which will not be described again hereafter.
这些介电块30、31的介电常数是八十(80)，这对于所述波传播组件10中的波传播构成主要的干扰。
These dielectric blocks 30, 31 exhibit an electrical permittivity of eighty (80), which constitutes a major disturbance for the propagation of waves in said assembly 10 for the propagation of waves.
图6至图8显示当外部接触通过两个介电块30、31施加到该组件时，针对80千兆赫的频率的前三种传播模式以及针对图1和图2所述的波传播组件10的电场的计算的空间分布。
FIGS. 6 to 8 show the calculated spatial distribution of the electric field for the first three modes of propagation for a frequency of 80 GHz and for the assembly 10 for the propagation of waves described in FIGS. 1 and 2, when external contact is applied to this assembly via the two dielectric blocks 30, 31.
利用从美国PA15317卡农斯堡ANSYS公司的模拟软件已经得到这些结果。
These results have been obtained using simulation software from the company ANSYS Inc., Canonsburg, Pa. 15317, USA.
由此清晰显示了本发明的波传播组件所带来的优势。
They clearly show the advantage brought by the assembly for the propagation of waves of the present invention.
在图4的波传播组件中产生的场线与在如图6至图8所示的有外部干扰的情况下波传播组件中产生的场线之间的对比，表明块30、31的存在不会以明显的方式改变场线。
A comparison between the field lines generated in the assembly for the propagation of waves of FIG. 4 and the field lines generated in the assembly for the propagation of waves in the presence of an external disturbance, as represented in FIGS. 6 to 8, shows that the presence of the blocks 30, 31 does not modify the field lines in a significant manner.
下表以定量的形式阐明了本发明的波传播组件的性能水平。
The table below provides for illustrating in a quantitative manner the performance levels of the assembly for the propagation of waves of the invention.
一方面，针对包括前两种传播模式的图1的具有十字形截面的波导的组件，另一方面，针对仅具有矩形截面的波导，计算信号的传输。
The transmission of the signal is calculated on the one hand for an assembly including a waveguide having a cross-shaped cross-section, of FIG. 1, for the first two modes of propagation, and on the other hand for a waveguide having only a rectangular cross-section.
在存在块30、31和不存在块30、31的情况下计算所述传输。
This transmission is calculated in the presence of the blocks 30, 31 and in the absence of these blocks 30, 31.
组件及矩形截面的波导在z轴的纵向尺寸L约为15毫米。
The assembly and the waveguide of rectangular cross-section exhibit a longitudinal dimension L in the order of 15 mm in the z-axis.
保护性覆盖物的厚度W约为0.5毫米。
The protective covering exhibits a thickness W of 0.5 mm.
如果将得到的结果与未被保护性覆盖物包围的波导的结果作比较，该表则清楚地显示了针对本发明的波传播组件获得的低信号损失。
This table clearly shows the low signal losses obtained for the assembly for the propagation of waves of the invention, if the results obtained are compared with those of the waveguide which is not surrounded by a protective covering.
计算由于存在块30、31导致的损失，仅为几十分贝(dB)的量级。
The losses due to the presence of the blocks 30, 31 are calculated as being only in the order of a few tens of decibels (dB).
本发明因此能够以特别经济的成本得到坚固可靠的波传播组件。
The present invention thus provides for obtaining a strong and reliable assembly for the propagation of waves, at a particularly economical cost.
该组件可以集成到机载电子系统或者数据处理中心，以替换现有数据传输线缆，比如铜缆或光纤光缆。
This assembly can be integrated in onboard electronic systems or in data processing centers to replace existing data transmission cables such as copper or optical fiber cables.
保持一定柔韧性的软塑料材料也可以用于形成托15和连接器安装件300。
Soft plastic materials which retain some flexibility can also be used to form the trays 15 and connector mounts 300.
对于连接器200，软塑料材料是优选的，以便允许使用者的颌骨横向移动，当连接器200由软塑料材料制成时，这可以通过连接器200的弹性变形来实现。
Soft plastic materials are preferred for the connectors 200, in order to allow lateral movement of a user’s jaws, which is allowed by the elastic deformation of the connectors 200 when they are made from a soft plastic material.
热塑性聚合物通常用于形成本器具，但是也可以使用热固性塑料、热塑性弹性体和其它材料。
Thermoplastic polymers are typically used to form the present appliance, but thermosets, thermoplastic elastomers, and other materials can also be used.
所使用的热塑性材料在被受试者使用时必须能够保持它们的形状，因此优选地至少在大约100°F下保持固态，并且优选地在更高的温度下(诸如，110°F、120°F或更高)保持固态。
The thermoplastic materials that are used must be capable of retaining their shape when used by a subject, and thus preferably remain solid at least at about l00°F, and preferably remain solid at somewhat higher temperatures, such as at H0°F, l20°F, or higher.
当使用热塑性材料来形成本托时，它们优选地在212°F或更低的温度下可变形，以使得它们可以通过置于沸水中而制成塑料。
When thermoplastic materials are used to form the present trays, they preferably become deformable at a temperature of 2l2°F or less, so that they can be made plastic by being placed in boiling water.
优选地，该材料在小于120°F，优选地在不小于145°F下不变形。
Preferably, the material is not deformable at less than l20°F, preferably at not less than l45°F.
在一个实施方式中，使用一种柔软的热塑性材料来形成本器具的牙托15。
In one embodiment, a soft thermoplastic material is used to form the dental trays 15 of the present appliance.
为了将器具10装配到特定受试者的牙列，柔软的热塑性材料以“煮和咬(boil and bite)”器具的方式被软化，即通过在几秒至一分钟之间内将器具10的牙托15放置在近沸水中而被软化。
In order to fit the appliance 10 to a particular subject’s dentition, the soft thermoplastic material is softened in the manner of a“boil and bite” appliance, namely by placing the dental trays 15 of the appliance 10 in near-boiling water for between several seconds and one minute.
然后将牙托与受试者的牙齿对准地放置在受试者的嘴中，并指示受试者咬入软化的材料以在软化的材料上留下牙齿的印记。
The dental trays are then placed in the subject's mouth in alignment with the subject's teeth, and the subject is instructed to bite into the softened material to make an impression of the teeth in the softened material.
然后使材料在嘴中冷却大致一分钟，此后优选将器具在冷水中浸泡另外一分钟。
The material is then allowed to cool in the mouth for approximately one minute, after which the appliance is preferably soaked in cold water for an additional minute.
托、连接器及其部件也可以以本领域已知的其它方式形成，诸如，通过真空成型。
The trays, connectors, and components thereof can also be formed in other ways known to the art, such as through vacuum- forming.
被构造成用于特定用户的牙列的托(诸如，下面描述的矫正托)可以有利地通过3D打印或铣削形成。
Trays configured for the dentition of a particular user, such as the orthodontic trays described below, can advantageously be formed by 3D printing or by milling.
在这样的实施方式中，可以通过直接扫描个人的牙列或通过扫描牙列的模具来测量个人的牙列的形状和大小。
In such embodiments, the shape and size of an individual’s dentition can be measured, either by scanning the individual’s dentition directly or by scanning a mold of the dentition.
然后，可以使用关于个人牙列的扫描数据，通过适当的软件(具有CAD-CAM软件的性质)设计具有被配置成容纳个人的牙列的容纳部20的托。
A tray with a receptacle portion 20 configured to receive the individual’s dentition can then be designed by appropriate software (in the nature of CAD-CAM software) using the scanned data concerning the individual’s dentition.
托15然后可以例如通过使用3D打印机的3D打印或者通过使用本领域已知的装置(诸如，计算机数控机)的铣削或机加工来生产。
The tray 15 can then be produced, for example, by 3D printing using a 3D printer, or by milling or machining using devices known to the art such as computer numerical control machines.
以这种方式(诸如，通过3D打印)生产的托有利地被制成将该连接器安装件300一体地包括在牙托15中。
Trays produced in this manner, such as by 3D- printing, are advantageously made with the connector mounts 300 integrally included in the dental trays 15.
在这样的实施方式中，连接器安装件300不需要包括基座310，因为支柱(横向延伸的支撑件)322和止挡件340可以直接从牙托15的外表面17延伸出，如图12的实施方式所示。
In such embodiments, the connector mount 300 need not include a base 310, as the post (laterally extending support) 322 and backstop 340 can extend directly from the exterior surface 17 of the dental trays 15, as shown in the embodiment of Figure 12.
在一个实施方式中，牙托15可以形成为一系列矫正牙托以供受试者使用。
In one embodiment, the trays 15 can be formed as a series of orthodontic dental trays for use by a subject.
在该实施方式中，具有不同构造的托槽部分20的托15可以随时间施用给受试者，以便在连续的步骤中重新定位各个牙齿和/或改变受试者下颌骨和/或上颌骨的构型。
In this embodiment, trays 15 having differently-configured receptacle portions 20 are applied to the subject over time in order to reposition individual teeth in successive steps and/or to change the configuration of a subject’s mandible and/or maxilla.
连续使用多个这样的牙托15准许将各个器具构造成以小的增量移动各个牙齿，该增量通常小于2mm，优选小于1mm，更优选小于0.5mm(指由于使用单个器具而导致牙齿上任何点的最大线性平移)。
The successive use of a number of such dental trays 15 permits each appliance to be configured to move individual teeth in small increments, typically less than 2 mm, preferably less than 1 mm, and more preferably less than 0.5 mm
牙托15的牙齿容纳托槽部分20通常具有与旨在用于受试者的中间或最终牙齿排列对应的几何形状。
The tooth-receiving receptacle portions 20 of the dental trays 15 typically have a geometry corresponding to an intermediate or end tooth arrangement intended for a subject.
当受试者首次穿戴这样的牙托15时，某些牙齿将相对于牙托15的托槽部分20的未变形几何形状错位。
When such a tray 15 is first worn by the subject, certain of the teeth will be misaligned relative to an undeformed geometry of the receptacle portion 20 of a tray 15.
在该实施方式中，牙托15由具有足够弹性的材料形成，其弹性足以适应或顺应错位的牙齿，但是将对这种错位的牙齿施加足够的弹性力以将牙齿重新定位到该治疗步骤所需的中间或最终排列。
In this embodiment, the tray 15 is formed from a material that is sufficiently resilient to accommodate or conform to the misaligned teeth, but will apply sufficient resilient force against such misaligned teeth to reposition the teeth to the intermediate or end
器具优选但并非必须装配在上颌或下颌中存在的所有牙齿上。
The appliance will preferably, but not necessarily, fit over all teeth present in the upper or lower jaw.
在一些情况下，只有某些牙齿会被重新定位，同时会提供一个基座或锚固区域，以用于在重新定位器具对要重新定位的一个或多个牙齿施加弹性重新定位力时将所述重新定位器具保持在适当位置。
In some cases only certain teeth will be repositioned while will provide a base or anchor region for holding the repositioning appliance in place as it applies the resilient repositioning force against the tooth or teeth to be repositioned
通过在受试者的嘴中放置一系列增量位置调节器具，将受试者的牙齿从初始牙齿排列重新定位到最终牙齿排列。
A subject's teeth are repositioned from an initial tooth arrangement to a final tooth arrangement by placing a series of incremental position adjustment appliances in the subject's mouth.
该系列的第一牙托器具将具有被选择成将牙齿从初始牙齿排列重新定位成第一中间排列的几何形状。
The first tray appliance of the series will have a geometry selected to reposition the teeth from the initial tooth arrangement to a first intermediate arrangement.
在接近或实现第一中间排列之后，将一个或更多个附加(中间)器具连续地放置在牙齿上，其中，这样的附加器具具有被选择成通过连续的中间排列逐渐地将牙齿从第一中间排列重新定位的几何形状。
After the first intermediate arrangement is approached or achieved, one or more additional (intermediate) appliances will be successively placed on the teeth, where such additional appliances have geometries selected to progressively reposition teeth from the first intermediate arrangement through successive intermediate arrangement(s).
通过将最终器具放置在受试者的嘴中来完成治疗，其中，最终器具具有被选择成逐渐地将牙齿从最后中间排列重新定位到最终牙齿排列的几何形状。
The treatment will be finished by placing a final appliance in the subject's mouth, where the final appliance has a geometry selected to progressively reposition teeth from the last intermediate arrangement to the final tooth arrangement.
为了设计将重新定位特定受试者牙齿的一系列牙托15，可以确定表示初始牙齿排列和最终牙齿排列的数字数据集。
In order to design a series of dental trays 15 that will reposition a particular subject’s teeth, a digital data set representing an initial tooth arrangement and a final tooth arrangement can be determined.
可以作为视觉图像呈现的表示初始牙齿排列的初始数据集被操纵以重新定位各个牙齿。
The initial data set representing the initial tooth arrangement, which can be presented as a visual image, is manipulated to reposition individual teeth.
然后产生最终数字数据集，其表示具有重新定位的牙齿的最终牙齿排列。
A final digital data set is then produced which represents the final tooth arrangement with repositioned teeth.
初始数字数据集可以通过常规技术提供，包括数字化X射线图像、通过计算机辅助断层摄影(CAT扫描)产生的图像、通过磁共振成像(MRI)产生的图像和/或通过本领域已知的用于产生受试者牙齿的三维数字化表示的其它方法。
The initial digital data set may be provided by conventional techniques, including digitizing X-ray images, images produced by computer-aided tomography (CAT scans), images produced by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and/or by other methods known to the art for producing three- dimensional digital representations of a subject’s teeth.
另选地，可以例如通过常规技术生产受试者牙齿的石膏倒模(在治疗之前)来提供初始数字数据集，然后可以使用激光或其它扫描设备扫描石膏倒模以产生受试者牙齿的石膏倒模的高分辨率数字化表示。
Alternatively, the initial digital data set may be provided by producing a plaster cast of the subject's teeth (prior to treatment) by conventional techniques, for example, and the plaster cast can then be scanned using laser or other scanning equipment to produce a high resolution digital representation of the plaster cast of the subject's teeth.
一旦确定了初始数据集和最终数据集，就确定表示受试者牙齿的中间牙齿位置的一系列中间数据集。
Once the initial and final data sets have been determined, a series of intermediate data sets, representing intermediate tooth positions for a subject’s teeth, are determined.
优选地，通过确定初始数据集中和最终数据集中的所选择的各个牙齿之间的位置差异并对所述差异进行插值来产生连续的中间数字数据集。
The successive intermediate digital data sets are preferably produced by determining positional differences between selected individual teeth in the initial data set and in the final data set and interpolating the differences.
这种插值可以在至少三个分立的阶段上进行，体现为三个、更常见的是至少十个、有时至少二十五个、且偶尔为四十个或更多个的不同的牙托。
Such interpolation may be performed over at least three discrete stages, embodied in three different dental trays, more often at least ten, sometimes at least twenty-five, and occasionally forty or more.
插值可以是针对一些或全部位置差异的线性插值，或者另选地可以是非线性插值。
The interpolation can be a linear interpolation for some or all of the positional difference, or alternatively may be nonlinear.
位置差异将对应于牙齿移动，其中，牙齿上任何点的最大线性移动优选为2mm或更小，通常为1mm或更小，优选为0.5mm或更小。
The positional differences will correspond to tooth movements where the maximum linear movement of any point on a tooth is preferably 2 mm or less, usually 1 mm or less, and preferably 0.5 mm or less.
一旦确定了中间数据集和最终数据集，就可以制造器具，诸如，利用快速原型装置或数字打印机。
Once the intermediate and final data sets have been determined, the appliances can be fabricated, such as with a rapid prototyping device or digital printer.
优选地，器具是聚合物的并且由合适的弹性体聚合物(诸如，Tru-Tain0.03英寸热成型牙科材料(Tru-Tain塑料，明尼苏达州，罗切斯特市，55902))的薄片形成。
Preferably, the appliance is polymeric and is formed from a thin sheet of a suitable elastomeric polymeric, such as Tru-Tain 0.03 in. thermal forming dental material (Tru-Tain Plastics, Rochester, Minn. 55902).
对应于各个牙托器具产生一种结构。
One structure corresponding to each of the dental tray appliances is produced.
在美国专利No.5975893和转让给Align Technology公司的其它专利(包括美国专利No.621562、No.6217325、No.6398548、No.6626666、No.6629840、No.6699037、No.7134874、No.7474307、No.8105080和No.8562340)中描述了上述牙托器具及其在矫正治疗中的用途。
The foregoing dental tray appliances and their use in orthodontic treatment are described in US Patent No. 5975893 and in other patents assigned to Align Technology, Inc., including US Patent Nos. 621562, 6217325, 6398548, 6626666, 6629840, 6699037, 7134874, 7474307, 8105080, and 8562340.
在不需要或不期望牙齿或颌骨重新定位的实施方式中，诸如，在成功的矫正治疗之后，可以以本领域已知的方式形成上牙托15和下牙托15。
In embodiments in which tooth or jaw repositioning is not needed or desired, such as following a successful orthodontic treatment, the upper and lower dental trays 15 can be formed in ways known to the art.
例如，当本器具由热塑性聚合物形成时，可以首先针对上牙托120和下牙托140评估它们与受试者的嘴的贴合性，此后，可以优选地通过将器具放置在近沸水中几秒到一分钟来软化该托。
For example, when the present appliance is formed from a thermoplastic polymer, the upper dental tray 120 and lower dental tray 140 can be first evaluated for their fit with a subject’s mouth, after which the trays can be softened, preferably by placing the appliance in near-boiling water for between several seconds and one minute.
然后将软化的器具与受试者的上牙齿和下牙齿对准地放置在受试者的嘴中，并指示受试者咬入软化的材料以在软化的材料上留下牙齿的印记。
The softened appliance is then placed in the subject's mouth in alignment with the subject's upper and lower teeth, and the subject is instructed to bite into the softened material to make an impression of the teeth in the softened material.
然后使托材料在嘴中冷却大致一分钟，此后优选将器具在冷水中浸泡另外一分钟。
The tray material is then allowed to cool in the mouth for approximately one minute, after which the appliance is preferably soaked in cold water for an additional minute.
本领域技术人员可以使用已知方法以其它方式并使用其它材料实现在本器具的托中创建定制的牙科印模。
Creating a customized dental impression in the trays of the present appliance in other ways and using other materials can be accomplished by one of skill in the art using known methods.
尽管已经参考某些优选实施方式相当详细地描述了本发明，但是其它实施方式也是可能的。
Although the present invention has been described in considerable detail with reference to certain preferred embodiments, other embodiments are possible.
例如，针对本方法公开的步骤并非旨在限制，也不是旨在指示各个步骤对于该方法必不可少，而是仅作为示例性步骤。
The steps disclosed for the present methods, for example, are not intended to be limiting nor are they intended to indicate that each step is necessarily essential to the method, but instead are exemplary steps only.
因此，所附权利要求的范围不应受限于本公开中包含的优选实施方式的描述。
Therefore, the scope of the appended claims should not be limited to the description of preferred embodiments contained in this disclosure.
本文中对数值范围的描述仅旨在用作单独指代落入该范围内的各个单独值的简写方法。
Recitation of value ranges herein is merely intended to serve as a shorthand method for referring individually to each separate value falling within the range.
除非本文另有说明，否则将各个单独的值并入本说明书中，如同其在本文中单独引用一样。
Unless otherwise indicated herein, each individual value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein.
本文引用的所有参考文献，包括本申请要求其优先权的专利申请，其全文均通过引用并入。
All references cited herein, including patent applications from which the present application claims priority, are incorporated by reference in their entirety.
本发明涉及如下类型的电力转向系统，其中电动马达被适配为向转向部件(比如转向柱)施加辅助转矩，以便减小控制车辆所需的驾驶员努力。
This disclosure relates to electrical power steering systems of the kind in which an electrical motor is adapted to apply an assistance torque to a steering component such as a steering column so as to reduce the driver effort required to control the vehicle.
在典型的电力转向系统中，设置有转矩传感器，该转矩传感器被布置成使得对转向柱中的转矩水平加以测量。
In a typical electric power steering system, a torque sensor is provided which is arranged so that the level of torque in a steering column is measured.
根据这个测量，控制器计算转矩需求信号的值，该转矩需求信号的值指示要由附接至转向柱的电动马达产生的转矩。
From this measurement a controller calculates the value of a torque demand signal that is indicative of the torque that is to be generated by an electric motor attached to the steering column.
马达向柱施加与驾驶员所需要的转矩方向(sense)相同的转矩，并且因此减小使方向盘转动所需的努力。
The motor applies a torque to the column of the same sense as that demanded by the driver and thus reduces the effort needed to turn the wheel.
可以通过助力曲线来设定转向柱转矩与辅助转矩之间的关系。
The relationship between the steering column torque and the assistance torque may be set by a boost curve.
该助力曲线是柱转矩与辅助转矩之间的映射，其中，对于给定的输入转矩，定义乘数值，该乘数值确定输入信号所乘以的量。
This is a mapping between the column torque and the assistance torque where for a given input torque a multiplier value is defined that determines an amount by which the input signal is multiplied.
为了施加助力，对于给定的输入转矩，乘数的值将不会是单位值1.0。
To apply a boost, the value of the multiplier for a given input torque will be not unitary, 1.0.
例如，如果乘数为2.0，则输出辅助转矩将为测得的转矩的两倍；如果乘数为0.5，则输出辅助转矩将为测得的柱转矩的一半。
For example, if the multiplier is 2.0 then the output assistance torque will be twice the measured torque, if it is 0.5 it will be half the measured column torque.
替代于乘数，还可以使用查找表或以任何其他方便的方式来限定输入转矩与辅助转矩之间的关系。
Instead of a multiplier it is also possible to define the relationship between input torque and assistance torque using a look up table, or in any other convenient manner.
助力曲线于是将被硬编码到查找表中。
The boost curve will then be hard coded into the look up table.
车辆制造商要求转向系统的摩擦水平低。
Vehicle manufacturers require that steering systems have low levels of friction.
对此原因是高水平的转向系统摩擦对驾驶员对转向系统的改进的感知具有负面的影响。
The reason for this is that high levels of steering system friction have a negative impact on the driver's perception of the refinement of the steering system.
经验丰富的驾驶员将报告的是，摩擦小的转向系统对轮胎与道路之间的接触提供了清晰、精确的反馈；而摩擦大的转向系统对轮胎与道路之间的接触提供了模糊的反馈。
Experienced drivers will report that a steering system with low friction provides sharp, precise feedback of the contact between the tyres and the road; whereas they will report that a steering system with high friction provides vague feedback of the contact between the tyres and the road.
车辆制造商进一步要求对摩擦水平加以控制：零件间地、在操作温度和湿度范围内地、并且在车辆寿命期间地加以控制。
Vehicle manufacturers further require that friction levels are controlled: part to part, over the operating temperature & humidity range, and over the life of the vehicle.
车辆制造商还要求转向系统具有良好的嘎嘎声表现，例如当被粗糙的道路表面输入激励时。
Vehicle manufacturers also require that steering systems have good rattle performance, e.g. when excited by a rough road surface input.
在电力转向系统中，例如，在将马达连接至转向柱的齿轮箱内可能出现嘎嘎声。
In an electric power steering system, rattle may be present within the gearbox that connects the motor to the steering column for example.
摩擦和嘎嘎声要求引起机械设计的折衷：低摩擦设计将具有一些自由游隙，这些自由游隙导致嘎嘎声；低嘎嘎声设计将不具有自由游隙，从而导致高摩擦。
The friction and rattle requirements result in a mechanical design trade-off: a low friction design will have some free play which results in rattle; a low rattle design will have no free play resulting in high friction.
通常，试图满足这两个要求的设计将利用：严密的制造公差、先进的材料选择、以及先进的润滑剂(油脂)选择。
Typically, a design that attempts to meets both requirements will make use of: tight manufacturing tolerances, advanced material choices, and advanced lubricant (grease) choices.
存在有几种不同形式的不希望的摩擦，这些摩擦形式之一是静态阻力或静摩擦。
There are several different forms of undesirable friction, one of which is stiction or static friction.
静态阻力或静摩擦是在当转向系统中的两个或更多个零件未相对于彼此移动时存在于它们之间的力，并且如果这两个或更多个零件要移动的话就必须克服该力。
This is a force between two or more parts of the steering system that is present when they are not moving relative to each other, and which must be overcome if the two or more parts are to be moved.
在转向系统的情况下，当驾驶员试图从静止位置开始使方向盘转动时，或者在改变方向盘正被转动的方向时，静态阻力或静摩擦对于驾驶员变得明显。
In the case of the steering system, this becomes apparent to the driver when they try to start to turn the wheel from a static position, or on changing the direction in which the wheel is being turned.