Biloxi Art Pottery Top Hat
date: label: date made
content: late 19th c. - early 20th c.
name: label: maker
content: Ohr, George E.
notes: label: Description
content: About the Arts and Crafts Movement:
label: Description
content: Beginning in England in the early 1880s, the Arts and Crafts movement spread across the United States and Europe by the late 1880s. It celebrated the importance of beauty in everyday objects and urged a reconnection to nearby nature. The movement resisted the way industrial mass production undermined artisan crafts and was inspired by the ideas of artisan William Morris and writer John Ruskin. Valuing hand-made objects using traditional materials, it was known for a color palette of earth tones. Its artistic principles replaced realistic, colorful, and three-dimensional designs with more abstract and simplified forms using subdued tones. Stylized plant forms and matte glazes echoed a shift to quiet restraint in household décor. The Arts and Crafts movement also embraced social ideals, including respect for skilled hand labor and concern for the quality of producers’ lives. The movement struggled with the tension between the cost of beautiful crafts and the limited number of households able to afford them. Some potters relied on practical products such as drain tiles to boost income or supported themselves with teaching or publications. Arts and Crafts influence extended to other endeavors, including furniture, such as Stickley’s Mission Style, and architecture, such as the Arts and Crafts bungalow, built widely across the United States. American Arts and Crafts pottery flourished between 1880 and the first World War, though several potteries continued in successful operation into the later 20^th^ century.
label: Description
content: About Biloxi Art Pottery:
label: Description
content: George E. Ohr learned to throw pottery from Joseph E. Meyer in New Orleans and then toured sixteen states to see other potteries’ techniques. Returning to his hometown of Biloxi, Mississippi, he built the Biloxi Art Pottery in 1883. His prodigious output was exhibited at fairs and in his shop, but sales were never strong. Ohr’s work was controversial for its twisted, folded, and crinkled shapes, but critics lauded his creative glazes. Each hand-thrown piece is unique in shape and decoration. He is considered perhaps the most expert clay thrower of the craft, achieving eggshell-thin pieces as well as objects ranging in size from small toys to the size of a person (Evans 1987:29). For a period in the 1890s, Orr returned to New Orleans to throw, glaze, and fire the pottery that was decorated by the women of Newcomb College (see About the Newcomb Pottery). That position lasted until 1898, when Ohr returned to Biloxi. He ceased work around 1909 and died in 1918. Though his work was not well appreciated in his lifetime, it has become sought-after and valuable with time, as he predicted.
label: Description
content: (Evans, Paul, 1987. Art Pottery of the United States. New York: Feingold and Lewis Publishing Corp.)
label: Description
content: About the Object:
label: Description
content: Thrown in form of a top hat and crumpled and torn. Made so that hat is standing with torn rim at top. Deep brown glaze with gray metallic luster. Entitled "three O'clock in the Morning."
label: Location
content: Currently not on view
place: label: place made
content: United States: Mississippi, Biloxi
topic: label: web subject
content: Art Pottery
setName: label: See more items in
content: Home and Community Life: Ceramics and Glass
creditLine: label: Credit Line
content: Gift of James W. and Miriam Carpenter
dataSource: label: Data Source
content: National Museum of American History
identifier: label: ID Number
content: CE.78.10B
label: catalog number
content: 78.10B
objectType: label: Object Name
content: top hat
physicalDescription: label: Physical Description
content: monochrome, black (overall surface decoration color name)
label: Physical Description
content: ceramic, earthenware, coarse (overall material)