Ashcroft-Tabor Steam Engine Indicator
notes: label: Description
content: An engine indicator is an instrument for graphically recording the pressure versus piston displacement through an engine stroke cycle. Engineers use the resulting diagram to check the design and performance of the engine. The Ashcroft Manufacturing Company of Bridgeport, CT manufactured this steam indicator. It is marked as having been patented December 10, 1878 and is stamped with Number 2078. The patent, Number 210,643 was granted to Harris Tabor of Corning, NY who later sold it to Ashcroft Manufacturing . The primary claim of the patent was improved measurement of high speed steam engines due to reduction of the number and weight of moving parts. Enclosed in a wooden case, it consists of a plated brass cylinder and piston with internal interchangeable spring and attached stylus mechanism, and the drum which holds the recording paper. Also included are various tools and parts including two attachment valves, four piston springs of various thickness, wrenches and rulers. The piston causes the stylus to rise and fall with pressure changes in the engine under measurement thereby directly recording the indicator’s output on the paper. Around the drum’s base is wound a cord that is attached to the connecting rod of the piston on the steam engine being measured. This causes the drum to rotate as the engine’s piston moves. An internal coil spring causes the cord to retract and the drum to counter rotate back to its original position as the connecting rod returns. The result is a steam pressure-volume diagram which is used to measure the efficiency and other attributes of the steam engine.
label: Description
content: The introduction of the steam indicator in the late 1790s and early 1800s by James Watt and others had a great impact on the understanding of how the steam behaved inside the engine's cylinder and thereby enabled much more exacting and sophisticated designs. The devices also changed how the economics and efficiency of steam engines were portrayed and marketed. They helped the prospective owner of a machine better understand how much his fuel costs would be for a given amount of work performed. Measurement of fuel consumed and work delivered by the engine was begun by Watt, who in part justified the selling price of his engines on the amount of fuel cost the purchaser might save compared to an alternate engine. In the early days of steam power, the method to compare engine performance was based on a concept termed the engine’s “duty”. It originally was calculated as the number of pounds of water raised one foot high per one bushel of coal consumed. The duty method was open to criticism due to its inability to take into consideration finer points of efficiency in real world applications of engines . Accurate determination of fuel used in relation to work performed has been fundamental to the design and improvement of all steam-driven prime movers ever since Watt’s time. And, the steam indicators’ key contribution was the accurate measurements of performance while the engine was actually doing the work it was designed to do. This Ashcroft-Tabor steam indicator represented nearly one hundred years of evolution and improvement of the devices. Its ability to make recordings on high speed steam engines was a significant improvement for many applications.
label: Location
content: Currently not on view
topic: label: Subject
content: Steam Engines
setName: label: See more items in
content: Work and Industry: Mechanical and Civil Engineering
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content: Engineering, Building, and Architecture
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content: Measuring & Mapping
creditLine: label: Credit Line
content: Gift of Allen Mitchel & Co., Washington, D. C.
dataSource: label: Data Source
content: National Museum of American History
identifier: label: ID Number
content: MC.335702
label: catalog number
content: 335702
label: accession number
content: 1977.0352
objectType: label: Object Name
content: indicator, steam engine
physicalDescription: label: Physical Description
content: metal (overall material)
label: Physical Description
content: wood (case material)
label: Measurements
content: overall: 5 1/4 in x 9 1/4 in x 8 in; 13.335 cm x 23.495 cm x 20.32 cm