Milliken-type telegraph repeater
name: label: maker
content: Phelps, George M.
notes: label: Description
content: Telegraph repeaters amplified electrical signals in a telegraph line. Telegraph messages traveled as a series of electrical pulses through a wire from a transmitter to a receiver. Short pulses made a dot, slightly longer pulses a dash. The pulses faded in strength as they traveled through the wire, limiting the distance a message could travel. Repeaters remedied that problem by detecting a weak signal and using a local power source to re-energize and re-transmit the signal down the line.
label: Description
content: George F. Milliken, manager of the Boston office of Western Union, introduced a new type of automatic telegraph repeater in 1864 designed to remedy a defect in prior models. Sometimes a delay in energizing one electromagnet in a repeater resulted in a lever being held by another electromagnet too tightly for the springs to release. An operator had to send a dot at just the right time to activate the repeater. Milliken used an auxiliary magnet and added a mechanical linkage to solve the problem. Franklin Pope wrote in 1868, “One of the principal advantages in the construction of Milliken's repeater consists in the fact that any slight variation in the strength of the extra local circuit, from weakness of the battery or other causes, does not affect the adjustment of the relay magnets.... The adjustment and action of the two magnets are entirely independent of each other, .... The relay levers also move more freely, being unencumbered with extra armatures or other appliances.” Charles Davis and Frank Rae wrote almost ten years later that Milliken’s repeater, “is more simple in principle and much easier adjusted.” Western Union adopted the distinctive looking “Milliken repeater” as a standard piece of equipment and the term became generic. This unit bears the stamp of George M. Phelps and was presumably modified by Western Union engineer and inventor.
label: Location
content: Currently not on view
setName: label: See more items in
content: Work and Industry: Electricity
label: See more items in
content: Communications
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content: Telegraph Relays & Repeaters
creditLine: label: Credit Line
content: from Western Union Corporation
dataSource: label: Data Source
content: National Museum of American History
identifier: label: ID Number
content: EM.332058
label: accession number
content: 294351
label: catalog number
content: 332058
label: collector/donor number
content: 100-045
objectType: label: Object Name
content: telegraph repeater
label: Object Name
content: Milliken repeater
physicalDescription: label: Physical Description
content: metal (overall material)
label: Physical Description
content: plastic (overall material)
label: Physical Description
content: wood (overall material)
label: Measurements
content: overall: 7 1/4 in x 10 3/4 in x 5 3/4 in; 18.415 cm x 27.305 cm x 14.605 cm