Punch Cards Used as Factor Stencils
date: label: date made
content: 1939
name: label: maker
content: IBM
label: maker
content: Elder, John D.
notes: label: Description
content: Sorting punch cards had mathematical uses. In the late 1920s, number theorist Derek N. Lehmer of the University of California at Berkeley developed a set of punched stencils to assist in factoring large numbers (see 1988.0316.01). In 1939, John D. Elder, then an instructor at the University of Michigan, published a version of Lehmer’s factor stencils on punched cards.
label: Description
content: The cards are divided into groups of seven, with each card in a group stamped with the same number (a quadratic residue R). Cards within a group are arranged according to the color of the top edge; the order of the colors is rose, brown, violet, yellow, blue, green and tan (uncolored). The numbers on the groups of cards range from -249 up to -1 and from 2 to 249. The rose card is not stamped for the groups "R=82" and "R=26". There are only 3 cards stamped "R=3" and only 6 stamped "R=2". There is not a group of cards for every number, although there are cards for numbers of the same absolute set of cards for R = 1. The cards are stored in an oak box which was made at the museum. In addition to the punched cards, there is a smaller card indicating the cells included on cards of differing color.
label: Description
content: Reference:
label: Description
content: D. N. Lehmer, <I>Factor Stencils</I>, rev. John D. Elder, Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1939. A copy of this is 1988.0316.04.
label: Location
content: Currently not on view
topic: label: Subject
content: Mathematics
setName: label: See more items in
content: Medicine and Science: Mathematics
label: See more items in
content: Punch Cards
creditLine: label: Credit Line
content: Gift of Columbia University Libraries
dataSource: label: Data Source
content: National Museum of American History
identifier: label: ID Number
content: 1988.0316.02
label: accession number
content: 1988.0316
label: catalog number
content: 1988.0316.02
objectType: label: Object Name
content: Punch Cards, Set Of In Box
label: Object Name
content: punch cards, set of in box
physicalDescription: label: Physical Description
content: wood (overall material)
label: Measurements
content: overall: 14 cm x 23 cm x 49 cm; 5 1/2 in x 9 1/16 in x 19 9/32 in