Sample of Plutonium-239
date: label: Date made
content: 1941-05-21
label: Associated Date
content: 1941-05-29
name: label: referenced
content: Segre, Emilio
label: referenced
content: Seaborg, Glenn T.
label: referenced
content: Kennedy, Joseph W.
label: referenced
content: Wahl, Arthur C.
label: referenced
content: Lewis, G. N.
label: referenced
content: University of California, Berkeley
label: maker
content: Segre, Emilio
label: maker
content: Seaborg, Glenn
notes: label: Description
content: The discovery of nuclear fission in uranium, announced in 1939, allowed physicists to advance with confidence in the project of creating "trans-uranic" elements - artificial ones that would lie in the periodic table beyond uranium, the last and heaviest nucleus known in nature. The technique was simply to bombard uranium with neutrons. Some of the uranium nuclei would undergo fission, newly understood phenomenon, and split violently into two pieces. In other cases, however, a uranium-238 nucleus (atomic number 92) would quietly absorb a neutron, becoming a nucleus of uranium-239, which in turn would soon give off a beta-particle and become what is now called neptunium-239 (atomic number 93). After another beta decay it would become Element 94 (now plutonium-239)
label: Description
content: By the end of 1940, theoretical physicists had predicted that this last substance, like uranium, would undergo fission, and therefore might be used to make a nuclear reactor or bomb. Enrico Fermi consulted Emilio Segre - both had emigrated to the U.S. from Italy to avoid persecution by Mussoloni's fascist government. Segre agreed to use the powerful new 60-inch cyclotron at the University of California at Berkeley to bombard uranium with slow neutrons and create enough plutonium-239 to test it for fission. He teamed up with Glenn T. Seaborg, Joseph W. Kennedy, and Arthur C. Wahl in January 1941 and set to work.
label: Description
content: They carried out the initial bombardment on March 3-6, then, using careful chemical techniques, isolated the tiny amount (half a microgram) of plutonium generated. They put it on a platinum disc, called "Sample A," and on March 28 bombarded it with slow neutrons to test for fission. As expected, it proved to be fissionable - even more than U-235. To allow for more accurate measurements, they purified Sample A and deposited it on another platinum disc, forming the "Sample B" here preserved. Measurements taken with it were reported in a paper submitted to the Physical Review on May 29, 1941, but kept secret until 1946. (The card in the lid of the box bears notes from a couple of months later.)
label: Description
content: After the summer of 1941, this particular sample was put away and almost forgotten, but the research that began with it took off in a big way. Crash programs for the production and purification of plutonium began at Berkeley and Chicago, reactors to make plutonium were built at Hanford, Washington, and by 1945 the Manhattan Project had designed and built a plutonium atomic bomb. The first one was tested on July 16, 1945 in the world's first nuclear explosion, and the next was used in earnest over Nagasaki. (The Hiroshima bomb used U-235.)
label: Description
content: Why is our plutonium sample in a cigar box? G.N. Lewis, a Berkeley chemist, was a great cigar smoker, and Seaborg, his assistant, made it a habit to grab his boxes as they became empty, to use for storing things. In this case, it was no doubt important to keep the plutonium undisturbed and uncontaminated, on the one hand, but also, on the other hand, to make it possible for its weak radiations to pass directly into instruments - not through the wall of some closed container. Such considerations, combined probably with an awareness of the historic importance of the sample, brought about the storage arrangement we see.
label: Location
content: Currently not on view
place: label: Place Made
content: United States: California, Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
label: referenced
content: United States: California, Berkeley
label: referenced
content: United States: California
label: referenced
content: United States: Illinois, Chicago
label: referenced
content: United States: Illinois
label: referenced
content: United States: Washington, Hanford
label: referenced
content: United States: Washington
setName: label: See more items in
content: Medicine and Science: Modern Physics
label: See more items in
content: Energy & Power
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content: Science & Mathematics
label: See more items in
content: National Treasures exhibit
publisher: label: Related Publication
content: Kendrick, Kathleen M. and Peter C. Liebhold. Smithsonian Treasures of American History
creditLine: label: Credit Line
content: Glenn T. Seaborg and Emilio Segre
dataSource: label: Data Source
content: National Museum of American History
identifier: label: ID Number
content: EM.N-09384
label: catalog number
content: N-09384
label: accession number
content: 272669
objectType: label: Object Name
content: chemical sample, plutonium 239, first isolated
physicalDescription: label: Physical Description
content: metal (overall material)
label: Physical Description
content: platinum (plate material)
label: Physical Description
content: wood (cigar box material)
label: Measurements
content: box (closed): 90 cm x 19 cm x 15.9 cm; 35 7/16 in x 7 1/2 in x 6 1/4 in
label: Measurements
content: disc: 1.5 cm; 9/16 in