Educational Game - Fraction Play
date: label: date made
content: 1896
name: label: maker
content: Fireside Game Company
notes: label: Description
content: By the end of the 19th century, many Americans had separate places for work and private life. Most children attended school for several years before going to work in an office or factory. The emphasis on the home as a domestic sphere, the expansion of childhood, and such other factors as lower costs for manufactured goods encouraged the development of children’s games. Some amusements, such as playing cards, had long been condemned in some religious traditions. To reach children in the home, some makers introduced special instructive card games. In 1896, executives of the United States Playing Card Company of Cincinnati, Ohio, formed a separate company, The Fireside Game Company, to produce games like Fraction Play.
label: Description
content: Fraction Play, which teaches the addition and subtraction of fractions, consists of 52 paper cards, each marked with an irreducible fraction. The backs of the cards are identical and read “Knowledge is Power.” The cards are stored in a cardboard box, with instructions pasted to the inside of the lid. The fractions are 1/2, thirds, fourths, sixths, eighths, tenths, twelfths, and twentieths.
label: Description
content: According to the instructions, players were dealt cards, and other cards were placed face up on the table. A player sought to add a fraction in his hand to one or more on the table to obtain 1 or 2, or to subtract a fraction in the hand from the total of one or more cards on the table to reach zero. Points were awarded for using the most cards, using twentieths, using the cards 7/8, 2/3, 11/12, and 19/20, and taking all the cards from the table in one play.
label: Description
content: Fraction Play was copyrighted by The Fireside Game Company in 1896 and sold for 25 cents. The company also sold at least 15 other games on topics ranging from ordinary arithmetic to geography to botany to politics. These are listed on a 53rd card in the deck. By 1901 The Fireside Game Company had changed its name to The Cincinnati Game Company. That company introduced the games “Addition and Subtraction,” “Multiplication and Division,” “Fractions,” and “Constructive Geometry” in a series of “educational games” intended for classroom use. The mathematical games in the series were designed by Cincinnati educators and edited by David Eugene Smith of Columbia University. By about 1908, the need for a dummy company selling educational cards apparently had passed. The U.S. Playing Card Company sold educational games (though not Fractions) under its own name.
label: Description
content: References:
label: Description
content: Bill Alexander, “Featured Company: Fireside and Cincinnati Game Companies,” Game Times, Fall/Winter 1987, pp.132–133.
label: Description
content: Will C. James, “Educational Games,” <I>Inland Educator and Indiana School Journal</I>, vol. 3 (1902), pp. 267–269.
label: Location
content: Currently not on view
place: label: place made
content: United States: Ohio, Cincinnati
topic: label: Subject
content: Mathematics
setName: label: See more items in
content: Medicine and Science: Mathematics
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content: Science & Mathematics
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content: Arithmetic Teaching
creditLine: label: Credit Line
content: Gift of Alan Gluchoff
dataSource: label: Data Source
content: National Museum of American History
identifier: label: ID Number
content: 2009.0016.01
label: accession number
content: 2009.0016
label: catalog number
content: 2009.0016.01
objectType: label: Object Name
content: game
physicalDescription: label: Physical Description
content: paper (overall material)
label: Measurements
content: overall: 2 cm x 7 cm x 9.5 cm; 25/32 in x 2 3/4 in x 3 3/4 in