Hydrometer (fourth from left in photo)
date: label: date made
content: 1912
notes: label: Description
content: This hydrometer’s (fourth from left in photo) glass bulb is marked “US 1912” and lead shot anchors its lower end. The instrument contains a U.S. Internal Revenue tax stamp A7501, marked “Standard Hydrometer” and “Series of 1909.” The scale inside the stem reads “Per cents of Sugar at 60 Fahr. Balling Saccharometer.” The distinctive, engraved stamp was inserted into the bulb during manufacture by an agent of the Commissioner of Internal Revenue as authoritative proof of the scale’s accuracy. The number A7501 indicates the stamp was delivered to the Internal Revenue Bureau from the Bureau of Engraving and Printing on January 4, 1910 and was likely inserted into the hydrometer in 1912. An accurate scale was essential for determining the alcohol content of wine for tax purposes.
label: Description
content: Hydrometers are the fundamental tool for measuring the alcohol potential of freshly crushed grape must (fermenting liquid), as well as the progress of a fermentation (the process whereby sugars are converted to alcohol via yeast). Made of glass, the bulb is weighted to allow it to float upright when suspended in liquid. A hydrometer will float to a different height on the measuring stick due to differences in the density of the liquid being measured. Because sugar increases the density of water, it is possible to know how much sugar is present when the density changes, i.e., when sugars turn into alcohol, during fermentation.
label: Description
content: Grape juice at harvest contains about 25% sugar, with lesser amounts in cool climate grapes. Winemakers take frequent readings of the must during fermentation. When the density stops changing and it is near zero, the fermentation is finished. There is always a trace of remaining sugar, in the range of 0.1 to 0.3%, but this amount has to be measured by another, more sensitive means. If the fermentation stops before the density is near zero, for instance at 3% sugar, this is considered a stuck fermentation, and a problem for the winemaker. The wine will taste sweet, which is generally not a desired outcome, so the fermentation will have to be restarted. This is usually done by adding yeast from another, active fermentation.
label: Description
content: This hydrometer was donated by the Department of Viticulture and Enology at the University of California at Davis.
topic: label: Subject
content: Wine
setName: label: See more items in
content: Work and Industry: Food Technology
label: See more items in
content: Food
label: See more items in
content: FOOD: Transforming the American Table 1950-2000
label: Exhibition
content: Food: Transforming the American Table
label: Exhibition Location
content: National Museum of American History
creditLine: label: Credit Line
content: Gift of the UC Davis Department of Viticulture and Enology thru David E. Block
dataSource: label: Data Source
content: National Museum of American History
identifier: label: ID Number
content: 2012.0131.06
label: catalog number
content: 2012.0131.06
label: accession number
content: 2012.0131
objectType: label: Object Name
content: hydrometer
physicalDescription: label: Physical Description
content: glass (overall material)
label: Measurements
content: overall: 11 in x 1 in; 27.94 cm x 2.54 cm