Equestrian figure
date: label: Date
content: 13th-15th century
name: label: Maker
content: Inland Niger Delta Style
notes: label: Label Text
content: Since the 1940s, low-fired ceramic figures and fragments such as this have been unearthed at various sites throughout the Inland Niger Delta region, an area that once had highly developed urban centers. These works are among the earliest known surviving art forms in sub-Saharan Africa. The makers were from the various peoples in the region, but it is not known whether they were men or women. Using a mixture of coarse clay and added grog (crushed pot sherds), the potters modeled the figures by hand. Some were modeled in separate parts and fitted together. Most surviving examples are solid, but a few are hollow and built with clay coils. The surfaces are polished and covered with a red slip (clay wash). These massive works are among the largest known terracotta figures created by sub-Saharan African potters. By the 15th or 16th century, environmental and political events caused the urban centers of the Delta region to be abandoned, and the art tradition did not survive.
label: Label Text
content: Research, including local oral traditions, indicates that all ethnic groups in the Delta region used these figures. The earliest known written reference to them occurs in a letter of 1447. In it, a visiting Italian merchant remarked that the figures were kept in sanctuaries and venerated as representing the deified ancestors of famous founding rulers of the region. The elaborate dress of the figures suggests ceremonial military attire, and they may represent warriors who were once allies of the Malian emperor Sundjata Keita (c. 1210-c. 1260). Based on stylistic comparisons with similar figures, these works can be tentatively dated to between the 13th and 15th centuries.
label: Description
content: Equestrian figure with a quiver slung across the back diagonally from the right shoulder down.
label: Provenance
content: Kassim Sidibe, Mali, 1973-1974 (equestrian)
label: Provenance
content: Marie Ange Ciolkowska, Paris, 1973-1974 (horse's head)
label: Provenance
content: Karl Heinz Krieg, Neunkirchen, Germany, 1973-1974 (fragments)
label: Provenance
content: Emile M. Deletaille, Brussels, 1973-1974 to 1986
label: Exhibition History
content: Caravans of Gold Fragments in Time, Block Museum of Art, Evanston, IL, January 26, 2019–July 21, 2019; The Aga Khan Museum, Toronto, Canada, September 21, 2019–February 23, 2020; Smithsonian National Museum of African Art, Washington, D.C., July 16, 2021 – February 27, 2022
label: Exhibition History
content: Heroes: Principles of African Greatness, National Museum of African Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., November 16, 2019–September 8, 2020
label: Exhibition History
content: General exhibition, National Museum of African Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., installed September 20, 2016–August, 27, 2019
label: Exhibition History
content: Pavilion, National Museum of African Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., October 2, 2002
label: Exhibition History
content: Circa 1492: Art in the Age of Exploration, National Gallery of Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., October 12, 1991-January 12, 1992
label: Published References
content: DeGrunne, Bernard. 1980. Terres Cuites Anciennes de l'Ouest African. Louvain la Neuve: Institut Superieur d'Archeologie et Histoire, p. 76, no. 110l.
label: Published References
content: Etudes maliennesno. 2016. 82, page 234,
label: Published References
content: Klee, Mary Beth, John Cribb and John Holden. 2005. The Human Odyssey, Vol. 2. K12, Inc.
label: Published References
content: Kreamer, Christine Mullen. 2003. " A Tribute to Roy Sieber: Part 2." African Arts 36 (2), pp. 16, 19, no. 18.
label: Published References
content: National Museum of African Art. 1999. Selected Works from the Collection of the National Museum of African Art. Washington, D.C.: National Museum of African Art, Smithsonian Institution, pp. 114-115, no. 1B.
label: Published References
content: National Museum of African Art. 2007. 2007-2008 School Calendar: Featuring the new Let's Read about Africa and the Sounds of African Music programs. Museum calendar. Washington, D.C.: National Museum of African Art, Smithsonian Institution, February 2008.
label: Published References
content: Stockstad, Marilyn and Michael W. Cothren. 2010. Art: A Brief History (4th edition). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
label: Published References
content: Stokes, Deborah. 2013. National Museum of African Art School Programs: The Arts Can Take You Places! Washington, D.C.: National Museum of African Art, p. 11.
label: Content Statement
content: As part of our commitment to accessibility and transparency, the Smithsonian National Museum of African Art is placing its collection records online. Please note that some records are incomplete (missing image or content descriptions) and others reflect out-of-date language or systems of thought regarding how to engage with and discuss cultural heritage and the specifics of individual artworks. If you see content requiring immediate action, we will do our best to address it in a timely manner. Please email nmafacuratorial@si.edu if you have any questions.
label: Image Requests
content: High resolution digital images are not available for some objects. For publication quality photography and permissions, please contact the Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives at https://africa.si.edu/research/eliot-elisofon-photographic-archives/
place: label: Geography
content: Inland Niger Delta region, Mali
topic: label: Topic
content: equestrian
label: Topic
content: horse
label: Topic
content: male
setName: label: See more items in
content: National Museum of African Art Collection
creditLine: label: Credit Line
content: Museum purchase
dataSource: label: Data Source
content: National Museum of African Art
identifier: label: Object number
content: 86-12-2
objectType: label: Type
content: Figure
objectRights: label: Restrictions & Rights
content: CC0
physicalDescription: label: Medium
content: Ceramic
label: Dimensions
content: H x W x D: 70.5 x 15.2 x 45.7cm (27 3/4 x 6 x 18in.)