Records of the Field Offices for the State of Georgia, Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, 1865–1872
odd: label: Freedmen's Bureau Personnel in Georgia
content: This list provides the names and dates of service of known Freedmen's Bureau personnel at selected subordinate field offices in Georgia. Additional information regarding persons assigned to various field offices might be found among the Bureau's Washington headquarters station books and rosters of military officers and civilians on duty in the states and other appointment–related records.

ALBANY

Feb. 1866–Oct. 1867  -- Subassistant Commissioner F. A. H. Gaebel (Headquarters at Cuthbert) 

Oct. 1867–Dec. 1868 -- Subassistant Commissioner O. H. Howard (Headquarters at Albany) 

Mar.–Oct. 1867 -- Agent O. H. Howard 

Oct. 1867–Jan. 1868 -- Agent C. C. Hicks 

Dec. 1867 -- Agent William Pierce 

Jan.–Nov. 1868 -- Agent Charles Rauschenberg 

AMERICUS

July 1866–Mar. 1867  -- Assistant Subassistant Commissioner George Wagner 

Apr. 1867–Apr. 1868  -- Agent J. W. Robinson 

Apr.–Nov. 1868 -- Agent A. C. Morrill 

ATLANTA

Oct.–Dec. 1865  -- Subassistant Commissioner George Curkendall 

Jan.–Feb. 1866  -- Subassistant Commissioner D. C. Poole 

Feb.–June 1866  -- Subassistant Commissioner George R. Walbridge 

June 1866–May 1867  -- Subassistant Commissioner John Leonard 

May 1867–Dec. 1868 -- Subassistant Commissioner Fred Mosebach 

AUGUSTA

July–Aug. 1865  -- Subassistant Commissioner J. F. H. Cooke 

Aug.–Nov. 1865  -- Subassistant Commissioner J. E. Bryand 

Nov. 1865–Apr. 1866 -- Subassistant Commissioner George R. Campbell 

Apr.–Sept. 1866 -- Subassistant Commissioner William Shields 

Sept. 1866–Feb. 1867  -- Subassistant Commissioner W. L. White 

Feb.–July 1867 -- Subassistant Commissioner William F. Martins 

July 1867–Jan. 1868  -- Subassistant Commissioner E. S. Ehlers 

Jan.–Dec. 1868 -- Subassistant Commissioner H. Catley 

Jan.–May 1869 -- Assistant Superintendent of Education E. B. Bingham 

BAINBRIDGE

June 1867–Dec. 1868 -- Agent W. L. Clark 

Jan.–May 1869 -- Assistant Superintendent of Education W. L. Clark 

BAIRDSTOWN

July 1866–Sept. 1868 -- Agent Joseph McWhorter 

BARTON

Oct. 1867–Aug. 1868 -- Agent William Moffitt 

BLAKELY

June–Nov. 1867 -- Agent William Genth 

BRUNSWICK (Subdistrict)

July 1866–Mar. 1867  -- Subassistant Commissioner George Crabtree 

Mar.–May 1867  -- Subassistant Commissioner E. S. Ehlers 

May 1867–Dec. 1868 -- Subassistant Commissioner Douglas Risley 

Jan.–May 1869 -- Assistant Superintendent of Education Douglas Risley 

May 1867–Dec. 1868 -- Agent S. North 

BUTLER

May–Oct. 1868 -- Agent A. Pokorny 

CAMPBELLTON

Feb. 1866–May 1867 -- Agent E. S. Jackson 

CARNESVILLE

May–June 1867  -- Agent C. W. Beal 

June–Sept. 1867  -- Agent K. Tyner 

Sept. 1867–Aug. 1868 -- Agent J. W. Barney 

CARROLLTON

July 1867 -- Agent Edward Belcher (also at Dawson) 

CARTERSVILLE

Apr. 1867–Dec. 1868 -- Agent C. B. Blacher 

CLARKSVILLE

June–Nov. 1867 -- Agent T. J. Herbert 

COLUMBUS

Apr. 1866–Apr. 1867  -- Subassistant Commissioner Fred Mosebach 

May–Dec.1867  -- Subassistant Commissioner George Wagner 

Jan.–Dec. 1868  -- Subassistant Commissioner John Leonard 

Dec. 1868 -- Subassistant Commissioner Harry Haskell 

May 1867–Dec. 1868 -- Agent C. W. Chapman 

Jan.–Mar. 1869 -- Assistant Superintendent of Education Harry L. Haskell 

CRAWFORDSVILLE

Apr. 1867–Apr. 1868  -- Agent William B. Moore 

May–Nov. 1868 -- Agent John H. Sullivan (also at Greensboro) 

CUMMING

Apr. 1867–Jan. 1868  -- Agent W. J. Bryan 

Jan.–Dec. 1868 -- Agent W. J. Bryan (also at Marietta) 

CUTHBERT

 Feb. 1866–Oct. 1867 -- Subassistant Commissioner F. A. H. Gaebel

June 1867–Jan. 1868  -- Agent Charles Rauschenberg 

Jan.–Mar. 1868  -- Agent C. C. Hicks 

Mar.–May 1868  -- Agent James A. Shiels 

May–Dec. 1868 -- Agent George Ballou 

DAHLONEGA

July 1866–Jan. 1867 -- Agent M. P. Archer 

DALTON

June 1867–Apr. 1868  -- Agent Ralph L. Finney 

Apr.–Nov. 1868 -- Agent P. I. O'Rourke 

DARIEN

June 1866–Apr. 1867 -- Agent Thomas Pease 

DAWSON

Mar.–Apr. 1867  -- Agent Charles Rauschenbert 

July 1867  -- Agent Edward Belcher (also at Carrollton) 

Aug.–Sept. 1867  -- Agent Edward Belcher (also at Forsyth) 

Dec. 1867  -- Agent William Pierce (also at Albany) 

Dec. 1867–Aug. 1868  -- Agent William Pierce (also at Smithville) 

Sept.–Oct. 1868 -- Agent Andrew Clark 

DORCHESTER

Jan. 1867 -- Agent A. M. McIver 

EATONTON

June–Dec. 1867 -- Agent J. D. Rogers (also at Milledgeville) 

ELIJAY

Sept.–Nov. 1867 -- Agent M. R. Archer 

FORSYTH

Aug.–Sept. 1867 -- Agent Edward Belcher (also at Dawson) 

FORT GAINES

June–Nov. 1867  -- Agent William Genth (also at Blakely) 

Nov. 1867–June 1868 -- Agent William Genth 

FORT VALLEY

Sept. 1867–Jan. 1868 and Oct.–Dec. 1868 -- Agent Daniel Losey 

GREENSBORO

May–Nov. 1868 -- Agent John H. Sullivan (also at Crawfordsville) 

GRIFFIN

July 1866–Feb. 1867  -- Subassistant Commissioner E. S. Ehlers 

July 1867–Jan. 1868  -- Subassistant Commissioner John Leonard 

Jan.–Nov. 1868 -- Subassistant Commissioner George Wagner 

Jan.–Sept. 1866  -- Agent J. Clarke Swayze 

Sept. 1866–Mar. 1867 -- Agent James J. Boynton 

HALCYONDALE

July–Dec. 1867  -- Agent Lewis Wheelock 

Mar.–Apr. 1868  -- Agent Chas Sawyer 

June–Dec. 1868 -- Agent A. Leers 

HAWKINSVILLE

Apr. 1867–Feb. 1868  -- Agent E. A. Polloch 

Mar.–Sept. 1868 -- Agent L. Lieberman 

HINESVILLE

Jan. 1867  -- Agebt A. M. McIver (also at Dorchester) 

Feb.–Apr. 1867  -- Agent A. M. McIver (also at Riceboro) 

May 1867–Nov. 1868 -- Agent Charles Holcombe 

IRVINTON

Aug.–Dec. 1868 -- Agent H. de P. Young 

ISABELLA

Apr.–Aug. 1867 -- Agent William C. Carson 

JACKSON

1865–67 -- Agent Wiley Goodman 

JONESBORO

June 1867–Nov. 1868 -- Agent I. G. A. Waldrop 

LAFAYETTE

May 1867–Mar. 1868 -- Agent D. J. Curtis 

LAGARANGE

Oct. 1866–Apr. 1867  -- Agent B. C. Ferrell 

May 1867–Jan. 1868  -- Agent W. E. Wiggins 

Jan.–Apr. 1868  -- Agent Israel Towns 

Apr.–Dec. 1868 -- Agent Harry L. Haskell 

LEXINGTON

Aug. 1867–Jan. 1868  -- Agent T. J. Robinson 

Nov. 1867–Oct. 1868 -- Agent Joseph McWhortor 

MACON

Dec. 1865–Jan. 1866  -- Subassistant Commissioner Louis Lambert 

Jan.–Apr. 1866  -- Subassistant Commissioner E. G. Locke 

Apr.1866–Dec. 1868 -- Subassistant Commissioner N. Sellers Hill 

Jan.–May 1869 -- Assist. Superintendent of Education John A. Rockwell 

MCDONOUGH

Jan. 1867–Aug. 1868 -- Agent George M. Nolan 

MARIETTA

Dec. 1866–Jan. 1868 -- Subassistant Commissioner O. B. Gray 

Jan.–Dec. 1868 -- Agent W. J. Bryan (also at Cumming) 

MARION

Jan. 1866–July 1868  -- Agent H. M. Layless 

Aug. 1868 -- Agent H. de P. Young 

MILLEDGEVILLE

Dec. 1865–May 1867  -- Agent Thomas White 

June–Dec. 1867  -- Agent J. D. Rogers (also at Eatonton) 

Jan.–Dec. 1868 -- Agent M. R. Bell 

MONROE

Jan. 1866–Apr.1867 -- Agent John W. Arnold 

NEWMAN

Jan. 1867–Sept. 1868 -- Agent William F. Martin 

NEWTON

Apr. 1867–Aug. 1868 -- Agent Andrew B. Clark 

PERRY

Sept. 1867–Jan. 1868  -- Agent Daniel Losey (also at Fort Valley) 

Jan.–Sept. 1868  -- Agent Daniel Losey 

Oct.–Dec. 1868 -- Agent Daniel Losey (Fort Valley) 

QUITMAN

Apr. 1867–June 1868  -- Agent Alvin B. Clark 

June–July 1868 -- Agent O. N. Lyon 

RICEBORO

Feb.–Apr. 1867 -- Agent A. M. McIver 

ST. MARYS

Aug. 1867–Dec. 1868 -- Agent William Royal 

ST. SIMON'S ISLAND

1865 -- Agent William F. Eaton 

SANDERSSVILLE

1867  -- Agent Thomas Harris 

May–Nov. 1868 -- Agent James R. Smith 

SAVANNAH

Oct. 1865–Feb. 1866  -- Subassistant Commissioner Col. H. F. Sickles 

Feb.–Mar. 1866  -- Subassistant Commissioner J. Hall 

Mar.–June 1866  -- Subassistant Commissioner George Crabtree 

June–Oct. 1866  -- Subassistant Commissioner J. Kearny Smith 

Oct.–Dec. 1866  -- Subassistant Commissioner F. J. Foster 

Feb. 1867–Dec. 1868  -- Subassistant Commissioner J. Murray Hoag 

Jan. 1869–Oct. 1870  -- Subassistant Commissioner J. Murray Hoag (Claims Agent) 

Oct. 1870–July 1872 -- Subassistant Commissioner J. W. Brinkerhoff (Claims Agent) 

SMITHVILLE

Dec. 1867–Aug. 1868 -- Agent William Pierce 

STOCKTON

June–Aug. 1867  -- Subassistant Commissioner and Agent H. F. Mills 

Aug.–Dec. 1867 -- Subassistant Commissioner and Agent H. F. Mills (Agent) 

THOMASVILLE

Nov. 1865–Mar. 1866  -- Subassistant Commissioner Capt. C. C. Richardson 

Apr.–Dec. 1866  -- Subassistant Commissioner Capt. Joseph O'Neil 

Feb. 1867–Dec. 1868 -- Subassistant Commissioner Capt. W. F. White 

WARRENTON

Apr. 1867–June 1868  -- Agent Thomas Holden 

July–Nov. 1868 -- Agent R. C. Authery 

WATKINSVILLE

Dec. 1865–Mar. 1867 -- Agent Calvin Johnson 

WAYNESBORO

Dec. 1865–May 1866  -- Agent A. A. Buck 

June 1866–Dec. 1867  -- Agent William Martins 

Jan.–Dec. 1868 -- Agent Max Marbach 

WOODVILLE

Sept. 1867–Aug. 1868 -- Agent D. A. Newson
acqinfo: label: Provenance
content: Acquired from FamilySearch International in 2015.
setName: label: See more items in
content: Records of the Field Offices for the State of Georgia, Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, 1865–1872
abstract: label: Summary
content: This collection is comprised of digital surrogates previously available on the 90 rolls of microfilm described in the NARA publication M1903. These digital surrogates reproduced the records of the Georgia staff offices and subordinate field offices of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, 1865–1872. These records consist of bound volumes and unbound records, containing materials that include letters and endorsements sent and received, monthly reports, registers of patients, orders and circulars issued and received, and other records relating to freedmen's complaints and contracts.
bioghist: label: Historical Note
content: [The following is reproduced from the original NARA descriptive pamphlet for M1903.]

HISTORY AND ORGANIZATION

The Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, also known as the Freedmen's Bureau, was established in the War Department by an act of Congress on March 3, 1865 (13 Stat. 507). The life of the Bureau was extended twice by acts of July 16, 1866 (14 Stat. 173), and July 6, 1868 (15 Stat. 83). The Bureau was responsible for the supervision and management of all matters relating to refugees and freedmen, and of lands abandoned or seized during the Civil War. In May 1865, President Andrew Johnson appointed Maj. Gen. Oliver Otis Howard as Commissioner
of the Bureau, and Howard served in that position until June 30, 1872, when activities of the Bureau were terminated in accordance with an act of June 10, 1872 (17 Stat. 366). While a major part of the Bureau's early activities involved the supervision of abandoned and confiscated property, its mission was to provide relief and help freedmen become self–sufficient. Bureau officials issued rations and clothing, operated hospitals and refugee camps, and supervised labor contracts. In addition, the Bureau managed apprenticeship disputes and complaints, assisted benevolent societies in the establishment of schools, helped freedmen in legalizing marriages entered into during slavery, and provided transportation to refugees and freedmen who were attempting to reunite with their families or relocate to other parts of the country. The Bureau also helped black soldiers, sailors, and their heirs collect bounty claims, pensions, and back pay.

The act of March 3, 1865, authorized the appointment of Assistant Commissioners to aid the Commissioner in supervising the work of the Bureau in the former Confederate states, the border states, and the District of Columbia. While the work performed by Assistant Commissioners in each state was similar, the organizational structure of staff officers varied from state to state. At various times, the staff could consist of a superintendent of education, an assistant adjutant general, an assistant inspector general, a disbursing officer, a chief medical officer, a chief quartermaster, and a commissary of subsistence. Subordinate to these officers were the assistant superintendents, or subassistant commissioners as they later became known, who commanded the subdistricts.

The Assistant Commissioner corresponded extensively with both his superior in the Washington Bureau headquarters and his subordinate officers in the subdistricts. He prepared reports that he sent to the Commissioner concerning Bureau activities in areas under his jurisdiction, based upon reports submitted to him by the subassistant commissioners and other subordinate staff officers. He also received letters from freedmen, local white citizens, state officials, and other non–Bureau personnel. These letters varied in nature from complaints to applications for jobs in the Bureau. Because the assistant adjutant general handled much of the mail for the Assistant Commissioner's office, letters were often addressed to him instead of to the Assistant Commissioner. In a circular issued by Commissioner Howard in July 1865, the Assistant Commissioners were instructed to designate one officer in each state to serve as "General Superintendents of Schools." These officials were to "take cognizance of all that is being done to educate refugees and freedmen, secure proper protection to schools and teachers, promote method and efficiency, correspond with the benevolent agencies which are supplying his field, and aid the Assistant Commissioner in making his required reports." In October 1865, a degree of centralized control was established over Bureau educational activities in the states when Rev. John W. Alvord was appointed Inspector of Finances and Schools. In January 1867, Alvord was divested of his financial responsibilities, and he was appointed General Superintendent of Education.

An act of Congress, approved July 25, 1868 (15 Stat. 193), ordered that the Commissioner of the Bureau "shall, on the first day of January next, cause the said bureau to be withdrawn from the several States within which said bureau has acted and its operation shall be discontinued." Consequently, in early 1869, with the exception of the superintendents of education and the claims agents, the Assistant Commissioners and their subordinate officers were withdrawn from the states. 

For the next year and a half the Bureau continued to pursue its education work and to process claims. In the summer of 1870, the superintendents of education were withdrawn from the states, and the headquarters staff was greatly reduced. From that time until the Bureau was abolished by an act of Congress approved June 10, 1872 (17 Stat. 366), effective June 30, 1872, the Bureau's functions related almost exclusively to the disposition of claims. The Bureau's records and remaining functions were then transferred to the Freedmen's Branch in the office of the Adjutant General. The records of this branch are among the Bureau's files.

Constrained by limited resources, Southern opposition, and the politics of Reconstruction, the Bureau faced an enormous challenge in its efforts to assist the freedmen and refugees. Its relief efforts, without question, saved thousands of southerners from starvation. Its attempts to assist freedmen to become self–sufficient, to provide public education, administer justice, and, to a lesser degree, to provide land, all worked with varying degrees of success to lessen the difficulties during the transition from slavery to freedom. One of the Bureau's greatest legacies is the body of records it created and received during the course of its operations. These records are arguably some of the most important documents available for the study of the Federal Government's policies, efforts to reconstruct the South, and Southern social history and genealogy.

THE FREEDMEN'S BUREAU IN GEORGIA

ORGANIZATION

Bvt. Maj. Gen. Rufus Saxton, who had directed the "Port Royal Experiment," was appointed Assistant Commissioner for South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. Saxton established his headquarters at Beaufort, SC, in June 1865, and assigned Gen. Edward A. Wild the responsibility for Bureau affairs in part of Georgia. In September 1865, after Wild was relieved from duty, the office of Assistant Commissioner for Georgia was established, and Brig. Gen. Davis Tillson was appointed as Acting Assistant Commissioner, with exclusive control of all matters concerning the Bureau in Georgia. Tillson reported to General Saxton in South Carolina until December 1865, when he was ordered to report thereafter directly to Commissioner Howard at Washington. Generally, the records pertaining to Georgia and Florida that were created during this early period are included among those of the Assistant Commissioner of South Carolina.

The organization of the Bureau in Georgia was similar to that of the Bureau headquarters in Washington. The Assistant Commissioner's staff included an assistant adjutant general, an assistant inspector general, a chief quartermaster and disbursing officer, and a superintendent of education. Three officers served as Assistant Commissioner in Georgia between 1865 and 1869 and located the Bureau offices in four different cities during that period. General Tillson first established his headquarters at Augusta in September 1865, but moved it to Savannah in October 1866. Col. Caleb C. Sibley succeeded Tillson as Assistant Commissioner in January 1867, and 2 months later he moved the headquarters from Savannah to Macon. It remained there until July 1867, when the office was transferred to Atlanta. In October 1868, Maj. John R. Lewis replaced Sibley as Assistant Commissioner. Lewis served until the office was discontinued in May 1869. From January to May 1869, Major Lewis combined the duties of Assistant Commissioner, with those of superintendent of education. After the office of the Assistant Commissioner was discontinued, Lewis continued to serve as superintendent of education until May 1870.

The major subordinate field offices for the Bureau in Georgia, for example, included those with headquarters at Albany, Americus, Athens, Atlanta, Augusta, Columbus, Macon, and Savannah. Under the direct supervision of the subassistant commissioners were the civilian and military agents. Occasionally, the Bureau retained military officers in a civilian capacity after the termination of their military service. For a list of selected Georgia subordinate field office personnel and their dates of service, see the Appendix.

ACTIVITIES

The major activities of the Freedmen's Bureau in Georgia generally resembled those conducted in other states. The Bureau issued rations and provided medical relief to both freedmen and white refugees, supervised labor contracts between planters and freedmen, administered justice, and worked with benevolent societies in the establishment of schools. 

When General Davis Tillson took over as Assistant Commissioner for the Freedmen's Bureau in Georgia in September 1865, many of the major cities and towns in the state were troubled with overcrowding, disease, and poverty. In the cities of Macon, Atlanta, Augusta, and Savannah, freedmen and refugees were living in some of the most crowded and deplorable conditions, and many were in dire need of food and clothing, shelter, and medical attention.1 Convinced, however, that Federal Government relief should be temporary and solely for the needy, General Tillson issued an order on October 3, 1865, prohibiting the distribution of rations to freedmen and refugees who were able–bodied but refused work. To discourage idleness and dependency, Tillson further ordered that only those persons who were able to provide for themselves would be allowed to remain in the towns and cities. Those who desired to stay, said Tillson, "must be compelled, if necessary, to go to the country and accept places of labor found by themselves, or for them, by officers or agents of the Bureau."2

Tillson's orders were strictly enforced. One month after his pronouncement, rations issued in Savannah had been reduced from 120,000 to 60,000 per month. For the month of June of 1866, the number of rations issued for the entire State of Georgia totaled less than 20,000. However, in spite of the Bureau's "Self–Help" policy, limited resources, and the belief that local governments should play a greater role in providing relief for the destitute, the Georgia Bureau issued some 847,669 rations from June 1865 to September 1866. Although the Bureau's actions prevented wholesale starvation and untold suffering, the agency's rations–relief efforts were far less extensive than what Bureau officials had done during the same period in Alabama, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia. Tillson's successors, Assistant Commissioners Caleb C. Sibley (January 1867–October 1868) and John R. Lewis (October 1868–May 1869) continued to follow the policy of providing limited rations relief. During their tenures, rations were issued only in emergencies and for the most part to hospitals and asylums.3

The Georgia Bureau's policy of temporary relief for the needy also guided its approach in providing medical care and assistance for the destitute. Like its ration program, the Bureau viewed its responsibility as one of providing temporary medical relief, primarily in cases of extreme emergencies. The Bureau believed that the ultimate responsibility for providing medical care to those in need lay with Georgia civil authorities. J. W. Lawton, who served as surgeon–in–chief under General Tillson, saw the use of dispensaries as the best means of administering medical relief and the most effective approach to encourage civil officials to take on some of the cost for operating them. Lawton and his successor at various times maintained dispensaries at Albany, Americus, Brunswick, Columbus, Darien, Newton, St. Catherine's Island, St. Marys, and Stone Mountain. The Bureau's medical department also opened hospitals with the idea of eventually turning them over to state and local authorities. The Bureau maintained hospitals at Atlanta, Augusta, Columbus, Macon, and Savannah. At the height of its medical operations (1866–67), however, the agency employed just 13 physicians. Nonetheless, with its limited and over burdened medical staff, the Bureau treated more than 5,000 freedmen for various aliments and vaccinated some 20,000 freedmen and refugees against smallpox from September 1, 1865, through September 20, 1866. By September 1867, the number of freedmen treated by the Bureau nearly tripled. At the end of June 1868, close to 17,000 freed men, women, and children received treatment. Despite the Bureau's efforts to treat the weak, sick, and infirm, the mortality rate among freedmen remained high. By late 1868, most of the Bureau's medical activities ceased, and care for the destitute was turned over to local authorities.4

In Georgia, as in other states under the Bureau's jurisdiction, the regulation of written labor contracts between planters and freedmen was of paramount concern. General Tillson's order of October 3, 1865 (Circular Number 2), which restricted the issuing of rations only to those in need, also instructed his subordinates to "Make Immediate and Vigorous Efforts" to secure work for unemployed freedmen "where fair compensation and kind treatment will be secured to them." Upon arrival at his post in early September 1865, Tillson found the labor system in Georgia in disarray. Able–bodied freedmen were being paid from $2 to $7 per month. Many were of the notion that the Federal Government was planning to distribute land to them at Christmas or New Year's, and thus large numbers of freedmen were refusing to sign labor contracts. Planters, on the other hand, were convinced that the Bureau was the "Champion" of the freedmen and totally insensitive to their concerns about freedmen and their unwillingness to labor, and were thus making little effort to prepare for the planting season.5

On December 22, 1865, in an effort to remove "False and Mistaken Impressions" held by the both planters and freedmen, Tillson issued wage guidelines that both parties were expected to follow. Under the new rules, freedmen had the right to choose their own employers, but those freedmen who refused to sign contracts after January 10, 1866, "where employers offer good wages and kind treatment," had to accept contracts that the Bureau made for them. In upper and middle Georgia, where the land was poor and unsuited for raising large quantities of crops, Tillson instructed his officers to secure contracts paying men $12 – $13 per month, and $8 – $10 dollars per month for women. Freedmen were to provide for their own clothing and medicines. In other parts of the state and along the coast and southwestern Georgia, where "Good Crops" could be raised, men were to be paid $15 per month, including board and lodging, and women $10 per month. In areas where planters preferred to pay a share of the crop, the order required payment of "from one–third the gross to one half the net proceeds."6

Realizing that not all planters would comply with his new wage guidelines, Tillson instructed his subordinates to call on the military to enforce his orders whenever necessary. He was aware in spite of his orders, many of the contracts being signed, even some approved by his own agents, were substandard and not in compliance with his wage schedule. He made clear to both his agents and the planters that such contracts would not be recognized. To emphasize the importance of his commitment to fair contracts and compensation for freedmen, Tillson offered transportation to freedmen to such areas as southwest Georgia and the Mississippi Valley where wages were higher. In a November 1866 report to Commissioner Howard, Tillson indicated that he had issued 381 orders for transportation for some 2,947 men and 1,013 children.7

Safeguarding rights and securing justice for freedmen was a major area of concern for the Freedmen's Bureau. Following the Civil War, several Southern states enacted a series of laws commonly known as "Black Codes," which restricted the rights and legal status of freedmen. Freedmen were often given harsh sentences for petty crimes and in some instances were unable to get their cases heard in state courts. In a circular issued by Commissioner Howard on May 30, 1865 (Circular Number 5), Assistant Commissioners were directed to "adjudicate, either themselves or through officers of their appointment, all difficulties arising between negroes themselves, or between negroes and whites or Indians." In response to Howard's circular, General Tillson issued an order on November 15, 1865 (Circular Number 4), instructing his officers to hear and make determinations in cases involving freedmen in which the disputed sum did not exceed $50, or the punishment did not exceed $50 or 30 days' imprisonment. Agents were also told that they could "try offences committed by or against freedmen, provided the sentence imposed does not exceed one hundred and fifty dollars or imprisonment for  hard labor for sixty days." Tillson further ordered that "It is preferred that all cases of any importance . . . whenever under the laws there of [the State of Georgia], or by agreement of the parties . . . [where] the testimony of Freedmen can be admitted . . . the Agent will turn them over to the civil authorities for trial." To carry out Tillson's orders, agents were to establish three member tribunals (known as freedmen's courts) consisting of a Bureau official and two citizens, one chosen by each party involved in the case.8

However, when the Georgia State Legislature passed an act conferring civil rights on "Persons of Color," approved March 17, 1866, Tillson advised his officers on April 6 (Circular Number 4) that they were no longer required to comply with Commissioner Howard's orders of May 30, 1865. While Tillson told his agents that they were to continue to follow instructions issued by him on November 6, 1865 (Circular Number 4), "all cases exceeding their jurisdiction, unless otherwise specially directed by the Department Commander, [were to] be turned over to the civil authorities of the State for adjudication." Despite the Bureau's efforts to secure justice and civil rights for freedmen in Georgia, blacks continued to complain to the agency about some of the "Most Fiendish and Diabolical Outrages" suffered by them at the hands of gangs known as "Regulators," "Jayhawkers," and the "Black–Horse Cavalry." Perpetrators of crimes against freedmen were often not apprehended or prosecuted by civil authorities. At various times, because of increased hostilities toward freedmen and the failure of civil authorities to take action in their cases, Bureau officials in Georgia were compelled to reassert their authority.9

Bureau educational activity began in Georgia in October 1865, when G. L. Eberhart was appointed as superintendent of schools (later education). In August 1867, Edward A. Ware succeeded Eberhart. In January 1869, Assistant Commissioner Maj. John R. Lewis assumed the duties of superintendent of education. Lewis served in both capacities until May 1869, when the office of Assistant Commissioner was discontinued, and remained as superintendent education until May 1870. The records of the two offices were not combined. Ware, who had been acting as assistant superintendent, remained in Georgia as acting superintendent until August 1870, when all Bureau officers except the claims agents were withdrawn from the state.

Congress's failure to provide an appropriation for the Freedmen's Bureau during it first year of operation, impacted significantly on the agency's ability to provide adequate assistance for freedmen education. With limited financial resources, the Bureau provided help when it could, and worked vigorously to encourage freedmen and Northern benevolent societies to take on the primary responsibility for providing support for black schools. G. L. Eberhart and his successors were of the opinion that "colored people who are unwilling to help educate their children do not deserve to have schools." To encourage freedmen to participate in this self–support effort, Eberhart urged them to establish educational associations. With assistance from local Bureau agents, educational associations were established in the subdistricts of Thomasville, Bainbridge, Albany, Georgetown, Cuthbert, and Americus. In early 1866, the "Pay Your Own Way" policy led to the founding of the Georgia Educational Association (initially organized as the Georgia Equal Rights Association). The Educational Association worked closely with the Bureau and Northern aid societies and became the model "to encourage the people [freedmen] to organized effort in supporting their own schools & managing their own affairs." By the end of 1866, freedmen owned 57 schoolhouses and provided support for 96 of the 127 schools in the state. By the spring of 1867, freedmen contributions sustained some 104 schools and teachers and more than 3,000 students. During the same period, the Bureau maintained some 44 schools and 50 teachers and close to 3,100 pupils. Northern aid societies provided support for 84 schools, 78 teachers, and over 7,000 students. Freedmen also defrayed the expenses for 45 schools under the control of the Bureau and the aid societies.10

With the passage of the Army Appropriations Act on July 13, 1866 (14 Stat. 90), the Bureau received its first appropriation and was able to provide greater assistance in its effort to support freedmen education. In addition to providing some $21,000 for state superintendents' salaries, the Act made available $500,000 more for the rent and repair of school buildings. In the same month, Congress overrode President Andrew Johnson's veto and extended the life of the Bureau for 2 years. In this new legislation (14 Stat. 173), the Bureau was allowed to "Seize, Hold, Use, Lease, or Sell" Confederate property for the purpose of educating freedmen. The act also required the Bureau to work closely with benevolent groups and to lease buildings to those associations that supplied teachers. By early July 1869, the Bureau had expended nearly $105,000 for the construction and repair of school buildings that provided accommodations for 4,690 students. The Bureau spent an additional $10,471 for the repair of buildings that provided part–time space for more than 3,500 pupils. By the time the Bureau withdrew from Georgia in 1870, the agency had contributed funds for the building of some 50 schools in the state.11

ENDNOTES

1 Mildred Thompson, "The Freedmen's Bureau in Georgia in 1865–66: An Instrument of Reconstruction," The Georgia Historical Quarterly V, No. 1 (March 1921): 42 – 43.

2 House Ex. Doc. 70, 39th Cong., 1st Sess., Serial Vol. 1256, p. 58.

3 House Ex. Doc. 6, 39th Cong., 2nd Sess., Serial Vol. 1276, p. 57; Thompson, "The Freedmen's Bureau in Georgia in 1865–66: An Instrument of Reconstruction," pp. 42 – 43. For a detailed discussion of the Georgia Freedmen's Bureau's efforts in regards to relief, see Paul A. Cimbala, Under the Guardianship of the Nation: The Freedmen's Bureau and the Reconstruction of Georgia, 1865–1870 (Georgia: The University of Georgia Press, 1997), especially pp. 80 – 98.

4 Paul Cimbala, Under the Guardianship of the Nation: The Freedmen's Bureau and the Reconstruction of Georgia, 1865–1870, pp. 98 – 104; See also Todd L. Savitt, "Politics in Medicine: The Georgia Freedmen's Bureau and the Organization of Health Care, 1865–1866," Civil War History XXVIII, No. 1 (March 1982): pp. 45 – 64.

5 "Statement in brief, of the operations of the Freedmen's Bureau in Georgia, since September last, the date of his assignment to duty," Davis Tillson, Bvt. Maj. Gen., Annual Reports of the Assistant Commissioners, GA, August 7, 1866, Records of the Office of the Commissioner, 1866–69, Records of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, Record Group (RG) 105, National Archives Building, Washington, DC.

6 Paul A. Cimbala, "The Talisman Power:" Davis Tillson, The Freedmen's Bureau, and Free Labor in Reconstruction Georgia, 1865–68," Civil War History XXVIII, No. 2 (June 1982): 160.

7 Ibid, 160 – 164.

8 House Ex. Doc. 70, 39th Cong., 1st Sess. Serial Vol. 1256, pp. 61 – 62.

9 Senate Ex. Doc. 6, 39th Cong., 2nd Sess., Serial Vol. 1276, pp. 54 – 56.

10 Paul A. Cimbala, Under the Guardianship of the Nation: The Freedmen's Bureau and the Reconstruction of Georgia, 1865–1870, pp. 105 – 110.

11 Ibid., pp. 116 – 118.
physdesc: label: Extent
content: 90 Reels
unitdate: label: Date
content: 1865–1872
dataSource: label: Archival Repository
content: National Museum of African American History and Culture
identifier: label: Identifier
content: NMAAHC.FB.M1903
objectType: label: Type
content: Collection descriptions
label: Type
content: Archival materials
label: Type
content: Reels
scopecontent: label: Records Description
content: These records consist of volumes and unbound records. The volumes reproduced in this publication were originally arranged by type of record and thereunder by volume number. No numbers were assigned to series consisting of single volumes. Years later, all volumes were arbitrarily assigned numbers by the Adjutant General's Office (AGO) of the War Department after the records came into its custody. In this  publication, AGO numbers are shown in parentheses to aid in identifying the volumes. The National Archives assigned the volume numbers that are not in parentheses. In some volumes, particularly in indexes and alphabetical headings of registers, there are blank numbered pages that have not been filmed. 

The volumes consist of letters and endorsements sent and received, press copies of letters sent, registers of letters received, letters and orders received, special orders and circulars issued, registers of complaints, and monthly reports forwarded to the Assistant Commissioner. The unbound documents consist of letters and orders received, unregistered letters and narrative reports received, special orders and circulars issued, general orders and circulars received, monthly reports, and records relating to complaints, labor contracts, patients, and court papers.
relatedmaterial: label: Related Materials
content: See also Freedmen's Bureau Digital Collection