<I>An Essay on the Causes of the Variety of Complexion and Figure in the Human Species</I>
date: label: Date
content: 1810
name: label: Written by
content: Samuel Stanhope Smith, American, 1751 - 1819
label: Subject of
content: Phillis Wheatley Peters, American, ca. 1753 - 1784
label: Published by
content: J. Simpson & Co., American
label: Published by
content: Williams and Whiting, American
label: Printed by
content: L. Deare, American
notes: label: Caption
content: Phillis Wheatley Peters (c. 1753 – 1784) was born in West Africa and captured by slave traders as a child, whereupon she was sold to John and Susanna Wheatley of Boston, Massachusetts. She was named after the slave ship on which she was transported to the Americas and the name of her enslavers, but her surname of Peters is that of the man she married in 1778—John Peters, a free man of color.
label: Caption
content: The story of the discovery of her talent by the Wheatley family is oft told—they taught her to read and write, and by age fourteen, she had begun to write poetry that was soon published and circulated amongst the elites of late eighteenth century America and Great Britain. Her first and only volume of poetry, Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral (1773), was published in London with the assistance of wealthy abolitionists. Peters’ poetry brought her renown in abolitionist circles as proof of the humanity of those of African descent and the inhumanity of the institution of slavery.
label: Caption
content: The Wheatleys manumitted Peters in 1773 under pressure from critics who saw the hypocrisy in praising Peters’ talent while keeping her enslaved. They died within a few years of this decision, and Peters soon met and married grocer John Peters. Her life afterwards was indicative of the troubled freedom of African Americans of the period, who were emancipated but not fully integrated into the promise of American citizenship. Peters was also affected by the loss of all three of her children—the birth of the last of whom caused her premature death at age 31 In 1784. Despite being feted as a prodigy while enslaved, the emancipated Peters struggled to find the support necessary for producing a second volume of poetry and her husband’s financial struggles forced her to find work as a scullery maid—the lowest position of domestic help. Posthumous publications of Peters’ poetry in various anthologies and periodicals solidified her image as a child poet for the benefit of abolitionist activism and African American cultural pride in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. In the twenty-first century, the accumulation of this collection is a restoration of Peters the woman and the influence of her poetry and activism today.
label: Description
content: A second edition copy of An Essay on the Causes of the Variety of Complexion and figure in the Human Species by Samuel Stanhope Smith, published in 1810. The text is a defense of the potential of Africans and their descendents, and suggests that dark skin is "a universal freckle." On pages 266 and 269, Smith refutes Jefferson's comments on Phillis Wheatley, writing "The poems of Phillis Whatley [sic], a poor African slave taught to read by the indulgent piety of her master, are spoken of [by Thomas Jefferson] with infinite contempt. But I will demand of Mr. Jefferson, or any other man, who is acquainted with American planters, how many of those masters could have written poems equal to those of Phillis Whatley [sic]?” Covers are replete with foxing spots, and the front cover has a tideline at bottom left. Spine is largely missing and bound pages are visible. The pages are tattered and yellowed but in fair to good condition. 411 numbered pages, several uncut.
place: label: Place printed
content: New Brunswick, Middlesex County, New Jersey, United States, North and Central America
title: label: Title
content: Essay on equality citing the poems of Phillis Wheatley
topic: label: Topic
content: African American
label: Topic
content: Literature
label: Topic
content: Poetry
label: Topic
content: Slavery
label: Topic
content: Women
setName: label: See more items in
content: National Museum of African American History and Culture Collection
label: Collection title
content: Phillis Wheatley Peters Collection
label: Classification
content: Books and Published Materials
label: Movement
content: Anti-slavery movements
label: Movement
content: Abolitionist movement
creditLine: label: Credit Line
content: Collection of the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture
dataSource: label: Data Source
content: National Museum of African American History and Culture
identifier: label: Object number
content: A2021.113.1.18
objectType: label: Type
content: essays
label: Type
content: hardcover books
objectRights: label: Restrictions & Rights
content: Public domain
label: Restrictions & Rights
content: Proper usage is the responsibility of the user.
physicalDescription: label: Medium
content: ink on paper
label: Dimensions
content: H x W x D: 8 7/8 × 5 3/4 × 1 7/16 in. (22.6 × 14.6 × 3.7 cm)