Edmund Snow Carpenter papers
name: label: Creator
content: Carpenter, Edmund, 1922-2011
label: Names
content: De Menil, Adelaide
label: Names
content: Flaherty, Robert Joseph, 1884-1951
label: Names
content: Heye, George G. (George Gustav), 1874-1957
label: Names
content: McLuhan, Marshall, 1911-1980
label: Names
content: Schuster, Carl, 1904-1969
place: label: Place
content: Canada
label: Place
content: Greenland
label: Place
content: New Guinea (Territory)
label: Place
content: Papua New Guinea
topic: label: Topic
content: Archaeology
label: Topic
content: Cartography
label: Topic
content: Ethnographic films
label: Topic
content: Indigenous art
label: Topic
content: Inuit art
label: Topic
content: Menil Collection (Houston, Tex.)
label: Topic
content: Museum exhibits
label: Topic
content: Paleo-Eskimos
label: Topic
content: Visual anthropology
acqinfo: label: Provenance
content: The Edmund Snow Carpenter papers were donated to the National Anthropological Archives in 2017 by Adelaide de Menil on behalf of the Rock Foundation.
creator: label: Creator
content: Carpenter, Edmund, 1922-2011
culture: label: Culture
content: Arctic peoples
label: Culture
content: Iglulingmiut Inuit (Iglulirmiut)
label: Culture
content: Inuit
label: Culture
content: Inuit -- Canada
label: Culture
content: Inuit -- Greenland
label: Culture
content: Iroquois
setName: label: See more items in
content: Edmund Snow Carpenter papers
abstract: label: Summary
content: Edmund Snow Carpenter (1922-2011) was an archaeologist and visual anthropologist who worked extensively with the indigenous peoples of the Canadian Arctic as well as Papua New Guinea. With his colleague and close collaborator Marshall McLuhan (1911-1980), he laid the groundwork for modern media theory. Carpenter is also known for his work as an ethnographic filmmaker and as a collector of Paleo-Eskimo art. The Papers of Edmund Carpenter, circa 1938-2011, document the research interests and projects undertaken by Carpenter in the fields of cultural anthropology, ethnographic filmmaking, media theory, archaeology, and indigenous art.
bioghist: label: Biographical Note
content: Edmund Snow Carpenter (1922-2011) was an archaeologist and visual anthropologist who worked extensively with the indigenous peoples of the Canadian Arctic and Papua New Guinea. With his colleague and close collaborator Marshall McLuhan (1911-1980), he laid the groundwork for modern media theory. Carpenter is also known for his work as an ethnographic filmmaker and as a collector of Paleo-Eskimo art.

Born in 1922 in Rochester, New York, Edmund (nicknamed "Ted") Carpenter served in the U.S. Marine Corps during World War II before receiving his Ph.D. from the University of Pennsylvania in 1950 under Frank Speck for work on Iroquoian prehistoric archaeology. Carpenter began teaching at the University of Toronto in 1948 while simultaneously working as a programmer for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC). In the 1950s, he undertook fieldwork in the Canadian Arctic among the Aivilik (an Inuit Igloolik subgroup). This fieldwork resulted in several publications in the field of cultural anthropology, including Time/Space Concepts of the Aivilik (1955), Anerca (1959), and Eskimo (1959, republished as Eskimo Realities in 1973).

Also in the 1950s, Carpenter began a working relationship with media theorist Marshall McLuhan. Together, they received a Ford Foundation grant (1953-1955) for an interdisciplinary media research project into the impact of mass communications and mass media on culture change. Carpenter and McLuhan's partnership resulted in the Seminar on Culture and Communication (1953-1959) and the journal series Explorations. In 1957, Carpenter was the founding chair in the interdisciplinary program "Anthropology and Art" at San Fernando Valley State College (now California State University, Northridge). There, he collaborated with Bess Lomax Hawes and other colleagues in the production of several ethnographic films, including Georgia Sea Island Singers about Gullah (or Geechee) songs and dances. During this period, Carpenter worked with McLuhan on the latter's seminal book Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man (1964). The article published as "Fashion is Language" in Harper's Bazaar under McLuhan's name (1968) was actually written by Carpenter. It was later published in book form under Carpenter's name, with the title They Became What They Beheld (1970).

In 1969, Carpenter took a research professorship at the University of Papua and New Guinea sponsored by the government of Australia. Alongside photographer Adelaide De Menil (whom he would later marry), he applied many of the ideas about media literacy and culture change to indigenous communities of Papua New Guinea. These activities led to developments in the field of media ecology, as well as the publication of Carpenter's best-known work, Oh, What a Blow the Phantom Gave Me! (1976).

Carpenter taught intermittently at various universities throughout his career, including Fordham University, the University of California-Santa Cruz, Adelphi University, Harvard University's Center for Visual Anthropology, the New School for Social Research, and New York University. He spent eight years associated with the Museum of Ethnology in Basel, Switzerland (1973-1981), editing art historian Carl Schuster's research.

In addition to his teaching and research, Carpenter, with his wife Adelaide De Menil, collected tribal art, eventually amassing the largest private collection of Paleo-Eskimo art in the United States. In the 1990s and early 2000s, Carpenter curated various exhibitions on art and visual culture, including the Menil Collection's Witness to a Surrealist Vision and the Musée du Quai Branly's Upside Down (later reconstructed at the Menil Collection). In later years, Carpenter resumed his archaeological interest in Arctic peoples, researching and collaborating on the Zhokhov Island Mesolithic site in the Russian Arctic with Russian scientists from the Institute for the History of Material Culture and archaeologists from the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Natural History.

Carpenter died on July 1, 2011 at his home in New York.

Sources consulted:

"Edmund Snow Carpenter." https://edmundsnowcarpenter.com/about

Grimes, William. "Edmund Carpenter, Archaeologist and Anthropologist, Dies at 88." The New York Times. 2011 July 7. https://www.nytimes.com

Prins, Harald E. L. and John Bishop. "Edmund Carpenter: Explorations in Media and Anthropology." Visual Anthropology Review 17:2 (Fall-Winter 2001-2002): 110-140.

Chronology

1922 September 2 -- Born in Rochester, New York

circa 1940-1941 -- Archaeological field work, Sugar Run mounds, Pennsylvania

1942-1946 -- Served in the United States Marine Corps

1948-1957 -- Anthropology Department, University of Toronto

circa 1950 -- Began work for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC)

1950 -- Ph.D. University of Pennsylvania (Anthropology)

1950s -- Fieldwork among the Aivilik Inuit

1953-1959 -- Ran the Seminar on Culture and Communication with Marshall McLuhan

1957-1967 -- "Anthropology and Art" program at San Fernando Valley State College (California State University, Northridge)

1967-1968 -- Schweitzer Chair, Fordham University (with Marshall McLuhan)

1968-1969 -- Carnegie Chair in Anthropology, University of California, Santa Cruz

1969-1970 -- Research Professor, University of Papua and New Guinea

1973-1981 -- Associated with the Museum of Ethnology in Basel, Switzerland for Carl Schuster papers project

circa 1989-2005 -- Collaboration regarding Zhokov Island archaeological site

2011 July 1 -- Died in East Hampton, New York
physdesc: label: Extent
content: 26.25 Linear feet
unitdate: label: Date
content: circa 1938-2011
dataSource: label: Archival Repository
content: National Anthropological Archives
identifier: label: Identifier
content: NAA.2017-27
objectType: label: Type
content: Collection descriptions
label: Type
content: Archival materials
arrangement: label: Arrangement
content: The collection is organized into the following 6 series:

Series 1. Fieldwork and drafts, 1940-2011 (bulk 1940-1959)

Series 2. Research and project files, 1940-2011

Series 3. Correspondence, circa 1938-2011

Series 4. Publications and lectures, circa 1942-circa 2006

Series 5. Personal, 1942-2011

Series 6. Writings by others, 1960-2009, undated
processinfo: label: Processing Information
content: Preliminary processing was completed at the New York City offices of the Association for Cultural Equity by Janine St. Germain, January-April 2013. Additional processing was completed by Lorraine Spiess and Sean Mooney at the Rock Foundation between 2014 and 2016.

The collection was transferred to the National Anthropological Archives in 2017 and processing was completed in 2018. The archivist at the NAA relied on the previous archivists' arrangement and description of the collection to determine the relationship between materials. Series and sub-series were re-named or moved, but the files and folders within these sections largely remained intact. Advice on arrangement and description was provided by Smithsonian Research Fellow Stephanie Caffarel.

Previous archivists had assigned box/folder numbers to two-thirds of the files in the collection in this form: "ESC.box#.folder#." The NAA's archivist separated some material for better arrangement and contextualization of the materials (such as relocating topically-unrelated correspondence to Series 4: Correspondence) and re-boxed all the material. These previous folder numbers were transferred to new folders and, where extant, are indicated in this finding aid in a note field.

The finding aid produced for the Rock Foundation is on file at the NAA and can be seen on request.

Processed and encoded by Katherine Madison, 2018 September.
bibliography: label: Selected Bibliography
content: 1953. "Witch-fear among the Aivilik Eskimos."  -- American Journal of Psychiatry --  110(3): 194-199.

1955. "Space Concepts of the Aivilik Eskimos."  -- Explorations --  5: 131-145/

1956. With Marshall McLuhan. "The New Languages."  -- Chicago Review --  10(1): 46-52.

1959.  -- Anerca. --  Drawings by Enooesweetok. Toronto: J. M. Dent (distributed by New Directions, New York).

1959.  --  Eskimo -- . Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

1960. "Ohnainewk, Eskimo Hunter." In  -- In The Company of Man: Twenty Portraits by Anthropologists -- , 417-426. Joseph B. Casagrande, ed. New York: Harper.

1960. With Marshall McLuhan, editors.  -- Explorations in Communication: An Anthology -- . Boston: Beacon Press.

1968. Editor.  -- The Story of Comock the Eskimo, as told to Robert Flaherty -- . New York: Simon and Schuster.

1970.  -- They Became What They Beheld -- . New York: Ballantine Books.

1972.  -- Oh, What a Blow That Phantom Gave Me! --  New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.

1973.  -- Eskimo Realities -- . New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.

1975. "The Tribal Terror of Self-Awareness." In  -- Principles of Visual Anthropology -- , 451-461. Paul Hockings, ed. The Hague: Mouton.

1978. "Silent Music and Invisible Art."  -- Natural History --  87(5): 90-99.

1980. "If Wittgenstein had been an Eskimo."  -- Natural History --  89(2): 72-76.

1986-1988. With Carl Schuster.  -- Materials for the Study of Social Symbolism in Ancient and Tribal Art: A Record of Tradition and Continuity: Based on the Researches and Writings of Carl Schuster. --  New York: Rock Foundation.

1996. With Carl Schuster.  -- Patterns that Connect: Social Symbolism in Ancient and Tribal Art -- . New York: Abrams.

2001. "That Not-So-Silent Sea." In  -- The Virtual Marshall McLuhan -- , 236-261. Donald Theall, ed. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press.

2003. Editor.  -- Comock: The True Story of an Eskimo Hunter who survived with his family for Ten Years on an otherwise Deserted Island, returning to the Mainland only by Great Ingenuity and Daring, as told to and by Robert Flaherty with photographs Flaherty took of Comock's Friends and Neighbors, and Drawings made by them. --  New York: Rock Foundation.

2003.  -- Norse Penny -- . New York: Rock Foundation.

2005.  -- Two Essays: Chief and Greed -- . North Andover, Mass.: Persimmon Press.
scopecontent: label: Scope and Contents
content: The papers of Edmund Carpenter, 1940-2011, document the research interests and projects undertaken by Carpenter in the fields of cultural anthropology, ethnographic filmmaking, media theory, archaeology, and indigenous art. Specific research projects and interests documented are: his 1950s fieldwork among the Aivilik Inuit in the Canadian Arctic as well as his studies into Inuit concepts of space, time, and geography; his partnership and collaboration with media theorist Marshall McLuhan and his ethnographic studies of Papua New Guinean tribal communities; his early-career archaeological digs at Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) burial mounds in Sugar Run, Pennsylvania, as well as later archaeological interest in Arctic peoples, Siberia, and the Norwegian artifact dubbed the "Norse Penny"; his reflections on the disciplines of anthropology and media studies; his editing and completion of the work of art historian Carl Schuster at the Museum der Kulturen (Museum of Ethnology) in Basel, Switzerland; his editing of The Story of Comock the Eskimo, as told to Robert Flaherty; and his museum exhibitions compiled on the topics of surrealist and tribal art. The collection also documents Carpenter's correspondence with fellow scholars, ethnographers, filmmakers, and colleagues; his published writings; and elements of his personal life, such as obituaries and personal photographs.

Materials in this collection include artifact and burial records; correspondence; drawings and illustrations; essays; interviews and oral histories; inventories and catalogues; manuscripts and drafts, and fragments of drafts; maps; memoranda and meeting minutes; notes, notebooks, and data analysis; obituaries and memorials; photographic prints, slides, and negatives, including personal photographs and portraits; proposals and plans for museum exhibits; reports; resumes and bibliographies; reviews; and sound recordings on CD-Rs and audio cassettes. Additional materials include books and book chapters; journal copies and journal excerpts; magazine, newspaper, and article clippings and excerpts; museum and gallery catalogues, brochures, and guides; pamphlets; and reprints. A portion of the  material collected here consist of consolidated research into specific topics, gathered from archival repositories, museums, correspondence, and published works. This material consists of research reprints and archival reference photocopies and photographic prints from various repositories.

Items worthy of special mention in this collection include: annotated draft chapters from Marshall McLuhan's seminal work on media theory, Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man (Series 2); a 1957 letter from e. e. cummings to Carpenter, written in verse (Series 3); an undated thank-you note addressed to "Sadie" from Helen Keller (Series 3); and a transcript of an interview of Carpenter by his former student, Harald Prins (Series 2).
separatedmaterial: label: Separated Materials
content: Film and video recordings are retained by the Human Studies Film Archives (HSFA) as the Edmund Carpenter-Adelaide de Menil Collection (HSFA 2004-04).