Frederica de Laguna papers
odd: label: Orthography
content: This finding aid uses Ahtna as the primary term when referring to the Ahtna people. However, de Laguna consistently used the term Atna in her research and writings.  The physical folder titles using de Laguna's own descriptions have not be altered.
name: label: Creator
content: De Laguna, Frederica, 1906-2004
label: Creator
content: McClellan, Catharine
label: Creator
content: Swanton, John Reed, 1873-1958
label: Creator
content: Guédon, Marie Françoise
label: Creator
content: Emmons, George Thornton
place: label: Place
content: Alaska -- Archaeology
label: Place
content: Aishihik (Yukon)
label: Place
content: Angoon (Alaska)
label: Place
content: Alaska -- Ethnology
label: Place
content: Chistochina (Alaska)
label: Place
content: Greenland
label: Place
content: Copper River (Alaska)
label: Place
content: Klukshu (Yukon)
label: Place
content: Hoonah (Alaska)
label: Place
content: Kodiak Island (Alaska)
label: Place
content: Klukwan (Alaska)
label: Place
content: Saint Lawrence River Valley
label: Place
content: New Brunswick -- Archaeology
label: Place
content: Yukon Island (Alaska)
topic: label: Topic
content: Language and languages -- Documentation
label: Topic
content: Anthropology -- History
acqinfo: label: Provenance
content: These papers were donated to the National Anthropological Archives by Frederica de Laguna.
creator: label: Creator
content: De Laguna, Frederica, 1906-2004
label: Creator
content: McClellan, Catharine
label: Creator
content: Swanton, John Reed, 1873-1958
label: Creator
content: Guédon, Marie Françoise
label: Creator
content: Emmons, George Thornton
culture: label: Culture
content: Yakutat Tlingit
label: Culture
content: Tutchone
label: Culture
content: Tsimshian (Ts'msyen)
label: Culture
content: Indians of North America -- Subarctic
label: Culture
content: Tlingit
label: Culture
content: Tanana
label: Culture
content: Kawchodinne (Hare)
label: Culture
content: Ahtna (Ahtena)
label: Culture
content: Dene (Northern Athabascan)
label: Culture
content: Chugach Sugpiaq (Alutiiq)
label: Culture
content: Kalaallit [Greenland]
label: Culture
content: Indians of North America -- California
label: Culture
content: Eyak
label: Culture
content: Indians of North America -- Northwest Coast of North America
label: Culture
content: Deg Hit'an (Deg Xit'an)
label: Culture
content: Arctic peoples
setName: label: See more items in
content: Frederica de Laguna papers
abstract: label: Summary
content: These papers reflect the professional and personal life of Frederica de Laguna. The collection contains correspondence, field notes, writings, newspaper clippings, writings by others, subject files, sound recordings, photographs, and maps. A significant portion of the collection consists of de Laguna's correspondence with family, friends, colleagues, and students, as well as her informants from the field. Her correspondence covers a wide range of subjects such as family, health, preparations for field work, her publications and projects, the Northwest Coast, her opinions on the state of anthropology, and politics. The field notes in the collection mainly represent de Laguna and her assistants' work in the Northern Tlingit region of Alaska from 1949 to 1954. In addition, the collection contains materials related to her work in the St. Lawrence River Valley in Ontario in 1947 and Catherine McClellan's field journal for her research in Aishihik, Yukon Territory in 1968. Most of the audio reels in the collection are field recordings made by de Laguna, McClellan, and Marie-Françoise Guédon of vocabulary and songs and speeches at potlatches and other ceremonies from 1952 to 1969. Tlingit and several Athabaskan languages including Atna, Tutchone, Upper Tanana, and Tanacross are represented in the recordings. Also in the collection are copies of John R. Swanton's Tlingit recordings and Hiroko Hara Sue's recordings among the Hare Indians. Additional materials related to de Laguna's research on the Northwest Coast include her notes on clans and tribes in Series VI: Subject Files and her notes on Tlingit vocabulary and Yakutat names specimens in Series X: Card Files. Drafts and notes for Voyage to Greenland, Travels Among the Dena, and The Tlingit Indians can be found in the collection as well as her drawings for her dissertation and materials related to her work for the Handbook of North American Indians and other publications. There is little material related to Under Mount Saint Elias except for correspondence, photocopies and negatives of plates, and grant applications for the monograph. Of special interest among de Laguna's writings is a photocopy of her historical fiction novel, The Thousand March. Other materials of special interest are copies of her talks, including her AAA presidential address, and the dissertation of Regna Darnell, a former student of de Laguna's. In addition, materials on the history of anthropology are in the collection, most of which can found with her teaching materials. Although the bulk of the collection documents de Laguna's professional years, the collection also contains newspaper articles and letters regarding her exceptional performance as a student at Bryn Mawr College and her undergraduate and graduate report cards. Only a few photographs of de Laguna can be found in the collection along with photographs of her 1929 and 1979 trips to Greenland.
bioghist: label: Biographical / Historical
content: Frederica Annis Lopez de Leo de Laguna was a pioneering archaeologist and ethnographer of northwestern North America.  Known as Freddy by her friends, she was one of the last students of Franz Boas. She served as first vice-president of the Society for American Archaeology (SAA) from 1949 to 1950 and as president of the American Anthropological Association (AAA) from 1966-1967.  She also founded the anthropology department at Bryn Mawr College where she taught from 1938 to 1972.  In 1975, she and Margaret Mead, a former classmate, were the first women to be elected to the National Academy of Sciences.  

Born on October 3, 1906 in Ann Arbor, Michigan, de Laguna was the daughter of Theodore Lopez de Leo de Laguna and Grace Mead Andrus, both philosophy professors at Bryn Mawr College.  Often sick as a child, de Laguna was home-schooled by her parents until she was 9.  She excelled as a student at Bryn Mawr College, graduating summa cum laude with a degree in politics and economics in 1927.  She was awarded the college's prestigious European fellowship, which upon the suggestion of her parents, she deferred for a year to study anthropology at Columbia University under Boas.  Her parents had recently attended a lecture given by Boas and felt that anthropology would unite her interests in the social sciences and her love for the outdoors.

After a year studying at Columbia with Boas, Gladys Reichard, and Ruth Benedict, de Laguna was still uncertain whether anthropology was the field for her.  Nevertheless, she followed Boas's advice to spend her year abroad studying the connection between Eskimo and Paleolithic art, which would later became the topic of her dissertation.  In the summer of 1928, she gained fieldwork experience under George Grant MacCurdy visiting prehistoric sites in England, France, and Spain.  In Paris, she attended lectures on prehistoric art by Abbe Breuil and received guidance from Paul Rivet and Marcelin Boule.  Engaged to an Englishman she had met at Columbia University, de Laguna decided to also enroll at the London School of Economics in case she needed to earn her degree there.  She took a seminar with Bronislaw Malinowski, an experience she found unpleasant and disappointing.

It was de Laguna's visit to the National Museum in Copenhagen to examine the archaeological collections from Central Eskimo that became the turning point in her life.  During her visit, she met Therkel Mathiassen who invited her to be his assistant on what would be the first scientific archaeological excavation in Greenland.  She sailed off with him in June 1929, intending to return early in August.  Instead, she decided to stay until October to finish the excavation with Mathiassen, now convinced that her future lay in anthropology.  When she returned from Greenland she broke off her engagement with her fiancé, deciding that she would not able to both fully pursue a career in anthropology and be the sort of wife she felt he deserved.  Her experiences in Greenland became the subject of her 1977 memoir, Voyage to Greenland: A Personal Initiation into Anthropology. 

The following year, Kaj Birket-Smith, whom de Laguna had also met in Copenhagen, agreed to let her accompany him as his research assistant on his summer expedition to Prince William Sound and Cook Inlet.  When Birket-Smith fell ill and was unable to go, de Laguna was determined to continue on with the trip.  She convinced the University of Pennsylvania Museum to fund her trip to Alaska to survey potential excavation sites and took as her assistant her 20 year old brother, Wallace, who became a geologist.  A close family, de Laguna's brother and mother would later accompany her on other research trips. 

In 1931, the University of Pennsylvania Museum hired de Laguna to catalogue Eskimo collections.  They again financed her work in Cook Inlet that year as well as the following year.  In 1933, she earned her PhD from Columbia and led an archaeological and ethnological expedition of the Prince William Sound with Birket-Smith.  They coauthored "The Eyak Indians of the Copper River Delta, Alaska," published in 1938.  In 1935, de Laguna led an archaeological and geological reconnaissance of middle and lower Yukon Valley, traveling down the Tanana River.  Several decades later, the 1935 trip contributed to two of her books: Travels Among the Dena, published in 1994, and Tales From the Dena, published in 1997.

In 1935 and 1936, de Laguna worked briefly as an Associate Soil Conservationist, surveying economic and social conditions on the Pima Indian Reservation in Arizona.  She later returned to Arizona during the summers to conduct research and in 1941, led a summer archaeological field school under the sponsorship of Bryn Mawr College and the Museum of Northern Arizona.

By this time, de Laguna had already published several academic articles and was also the author of three fiction books.  Published in 1930, The Thousand March: Adventures of an American Boy with the Garibaldi was her historical fiction book for juveniles. She also wrote two detective novels: The Arrow Points to Murder (1937) and Fog on the Mountain (1938).  The Arrow Points to Murder is set in a museum based on her experiences at the University of Pennsylvania Museum and the American Museum of National History.  Fog on the Mountain is set in Cook Inlet and draws upon de Laguna's experiences in Alaska.  Both detective novels helped to finance her research.

De Laguna began her long career at Bryn Mawr College in 1938 when she was hired as a lecturer in the sociology department to teach the first ever anthropology course at the college.  By 1950, she was chairman of the joint department of Sociology and Anthropology, and in 1967, the chairman of the newly independent Anthropology Department.  She was also a visiting professor at the University of Pennsylvania (1947-1949; 1972-1976) and at the University of California, Berkeley (1959-1960; 1972-1973.)  

During World War II, de Laguna took a leave of absence from Bryn Mawr College to serve in the naval reserve from 1942 to 1945.  As a member of WAVES (Women Accepted for Voluntary Emergency Service), she taught naval history and codes and ciphers to women midshipmen at Smith College. She took great pride in her naval service and in her later years joined the local chapter of WAVES National, an organization for former and current members of WAVES.

In 1950, de Laguna returned to Alaska to work in the Northern Tlingit region.  Her ethnological and archaeological study of the Tlingit Indians brought her back several more times throughout the 1950s and led to the publication of Under Mount Saint Elias in 1972.  Her comprehensive three-volume monograph is still considered the authoritative work on the Yakutat Tlingit.  In 1954, de Laguna turned her focus to the Atna Indians of Copper River, returning to the area in 1958, 1960, and 1968.   

De Laguna retired from Bryn Mawr College in 1972 under the college's mandatory retirement policy.  Although she suffered from many ailments in her later years including macular degeneration, she remained professionally active.  Five decades after her first visit to Greenland, de Laguna returned to Upernavik in 1979 to conduct ethnographic investigations.  In 1985, she finished editing George Thornton Emmons' unpublished manuscript The Tlingit Indians.  A project she had begun in 1955, the book was finally published in 1991.  In 1986, she served as a volunteer consultant archaeologist and ethnologist for the U. S. Forest Service in Alaska.  In 1994, she took part in "More than Words . . ." Laura Bliss Spann's documentary on the last Eyak speaker, Maggie Smith Jones.  By 2001, de Laguna was legally blind.  Nevertheless, she continued working on several projects and established the Frederica de Laguna Northern Books Press to reprint out-of-print literature and publish new scholarly works on Arctic cultures.   

Over her lifetime, de Laguna received several honors including her election into the National Academy Sciences in 1976, the Distinguished Service Award from AAA in 1986, and the Lucy Wharton Drexel Medal from the University of Pennsylvania in 1999.  De Laguna's work, however, was respected by not only her colleagues but also by the people she studied.  In 1996, the people of Yakutat honored de Laguna with a potlatch.  Her return to Yakutat was filmed by Laura Bliss Spann in her documentary Reunion at Mt St. Elias: The Return of Frederica de Laguna to Yakutat.

At the age of 98, Frederica de Laguna passed away on October 6, 2004.


Sources Consulted

Darnell, Regna. "Frederica de Laguna (1906-2004)." American Anthropologist 107.3 (2005): 554-556.

de Laguna, Frederica. Voyage to Greenland: A Personal Initiation into Anthropology. New York: W.W. Norton Co, 1977.

McClellan, Catharine. "Frederica de Laguna and the Pleasures of Anthropology." American Ethnologist 16.4 (1989): 766-785.

Olson, Wallace M. "Obituary: Frederica de Laguna (1906-2004)." Arctic 58.1 (2005): 89-90.
physdesc: label: Extent
content: 2 Map drawers
label: Extent
content: 38 Linear feet (71 document boxes, 1 half document box, 2 manuscript folders, 4 card file boxes, 1 flat box, and 1 oversize box)
unitdate: label: Date
content: 1890-2004
label: Date
content: bulk 1923-2004
dataSource: label: Archival Repository
content: National Anthropological Archives
identifier: label: Identifier
content: NAA.1998-89
objectType: label: Type
content: Collection descriptions
label: Type
content: Archival materials
label: Type
content: Map drawers
label: Type
content: Field notes
label: Type
content: Sound recordings
arrangement: label: Arrangement
content: Arranged in 12 series: (1) Correspondence, 1923-2004; (2) Field Research, 1947-1968; (3) Writings, 1926-2001; (4) Teaching, 1922-1988; (5) Professional Activities, 1939-2001; (6) Subject Files, 1890-2002; (7) Writings by Others, 1962-2000; (8) Personal, 1923-2000; (9) Photographs, 1929-1986; (10) Card Files; (11) Maps, 1928-1973; (12) Sound Recordings, 1904-1973
processinfo: label: Processing Information
content: The Frederica de Laguna Papers came to the National Anthropological Archives partially organized.  Some materials in the collection were grouped into correspondence, teaching materials, talks, field notes, The Tlingit Indians manuscript, photographs, and sound recordings.  Except for her correspondence, there did not appear to be any arrangement within the groupings.  Correspondence was arranged in alphabetical order at a general level, with most of her letters to and from different individuals intermixed.  Some letters, however, were organized by correspondent.  Other materials in the collection were found loose with unrelated items.  

The archivist organized the collection into 12 series and retained pre-existing groupings.   Original folder titles were retained with titles assigned by the archivist placed within square brackets.  The collection was rehoused in archival folders and boxes and photographs were sleeved.  The archivist removed all staples and paper clips and when necessary, interleaved or folded a sheet of archival paper around the documents to indicate original groupings.  Newspaper clippings were photocopied onto archival paper and disposed; clippings with color photographs were retained.  Depending on their value, other acidic documents were photocopied, sleeved, or separated with interleaving archival paper.  Photographs of Frederica de Laguna found in the correspondence were replaced with photocopies; the originals were moved to Series IX: Photographs.  Oversize materials were also separated.  The archivist noted original and new locations of separated materials.  

The archivist would like to thank Lauren Grace, Jurate Karlsson, and Alethea Rudolph for their assistance.
genre_format: label: Genre/Form
content: Field notes
label: Genre/Form
content: Sound recordings
scopecontent: label: Scope and Contents
content: These papers reflect the professional and personal life of Frederica de Laguna.  The collection contains correspondence, field notes, writings, newspaper clippings, writings by others, subject files, sound recordings, photographs, and maps.  

A significant portion of the collection consists of de Laguna's correspondence with family, friends, colleagues, and students, as well as her informants from the field.  Her correspondence covers a wide range of subjects such as family, health, preparations for field work, her publications and projects, the Northwest Coast, her opinions on the state of anthropology, and politics.  Among her notable correspondents are Kaj Birket-Smith, J. Desmond Clark, Henry Collins, George Foster, Viola Garfield, Marie-Françoise Guédon, Diamond Jenness, Michael Krauss, Therkel Mathiassen, Catharine McClellan, and Wallace Olson.  She also corresponded with several eminent anthropologists including Franz Boas, William Fitzhugh, J. Louis Giddings, Emil Haury, June Helm, Melville Herskovitz, Alfred Kroeber, Helge Larsen, Alan Lomax, Margaret Mead, Froelich Rainey, Leslie Spier, Ruth Underhill, James VanStone, Annette Weiner, and Leslie White.

The field notes in the collection mainly represent de Laguna and her assistants' work in the Northern Tlingit region of Alaska from 1949 to 1954.  In addition, the collection contains materials related to her work in the St. Lawrence River Valley in Ontario in 1947 and Catharine McClellan's field journal for her research in Aishihik, Yukon Territory in 1968.  Most of the audio reels in the collection are field recordings made by de Laguna, McClellan, and Marie-Françoise Guédon of vocabulary and songs and speeches at potlatches and other ceremonies from 1952 to 1969.  Tlingit and several Athapaskan languages including Atna, Tutochone, Upper Tanana, and Tanacross are represented in the recordings.  Also in the collection are copies of John R. Swanton's Tlingit recordings and Hiroko Hara's recordings among the Hare Indians.  Additional materials related to de Laguna's research on the Northwest Coast include her notes on clans and tribes in Series VI: Subject Files and her notes on Tlingit vocabulary and Yakutat names specimens in Series 10: Card Files.  

Drafts and notes for Voyage to Greenland, Travels Among the Dena, and The Tlingit Indians can be found in the collection as well as her drawings for her dissertation and materials related to her work for the Handbook of North American Indians and other publications.  There is little material related to Under Mount Saint Elias except for correspondence, photocopies and negatives of plates, and grant applications for the monograph.  Of special interest among de Laguna's writings is a photocopy of her historical fiction novel, The Thousand March.  

Other materials of special interest are copies of her talks, including her AAA presidential address, and the dissertation of Regna Darnell, a former student of de Laguna's.  In addition, materials on the history of anthropology are in the collection, most of which can found with her teaching materials.  The collection also contains copies of photographs from the Harriman Alaska Expedition of 1899.  Although the bulk of the collection documents de Laguna's professional years, the collection also contains newspaper articles and letters regarding her exceptional performance as a student at Bryn Mawr College and her undergraduate and graduate report cards.  Only a few photographs of de Laguna can be found in the collection along with photographs of her 1929 and 1979 trips to Greenland.
relatedmaterial: label: Related Materials
content: Although this collection contains a great deal of correspondence associated with her service as president of AAA, most of her presidential records can be found in American Anthropological Association Records 1917-1972.  Also at the National Anthropological Archives are her transcripts of songs sung by Yakutat Tlingit recorded in 1952 and 1954 located in MS 7056 and her notes and drawings of Dorset culture materials in the National Museum of Canada located in MS 7265.  The Human Studies Film Archive has a video oral history of de Laguna conducted by Norman Markel (SC-89.10.4).

Related collections can also be found in other repositories.  The University Museum of the University of Pennsylvania holds materials related to work that de Laguna carried out for the museum from the 1930s to the 1960s. Materials relating to her fieldwork in Angoon and Yakutat can be found in the Rasmuson Library of the University of Alaska, Fairbanks in the papers of Francis A. Riddell, a field assistant to de Laguna in the early 1950s.  Original photographs taken in the field in Alaska were deposited in the Alaska State Library, Juneau.  Both the Archive of Folk Culture at the Library of Congress and the American Philosophical Library have copies of her field recordings and notes.  The American Museum of Natural History has materials related to her work editing George T. Emmons' manuscript.  De Laguna's papers can also be found at the Bryn Mawr College Archives.