Fort Marion drawings collected by Richard H. Pratt
name: label: Collector
content: Pratt, Richard Henry, 1840-1924
label: Artist
content: White Buffalo Head (Cheyenne)
label: Addressee
content: Minimic (Cheyenne)
label: Artist
content: Wo-Haw, 1855-1924
place: label: Place
content: North America
creator: label: Collector
content: Pratt, Richard Henry, 1840-1924
label: Artist
content: White Buffalo Head (Cheyenne)
label: Addressee
content: Minimic (Cheyenne)
label: Artist
content: Wo-Haw, 1855-1924
culture: label: Culture
content: Tsitsistas/Suhtai (Cheyenne)
label: Culture
content: Kiowa
setName: label: See more items in
content: Fort Marion drawings collected by Richard H. Pratt
bioghist: label: Historical Note
content: Fort Marion, also known as Castillo de San Marco, is a stone fortress in St. Augustine, Florida. Between 1875 and 1878, seventy-two prisoners from the southern plains were incarcerated in the fort. Captain Richard Pratt supervised the prisoners during their incarceration at Fort Marion. The prisoners consisted of 27 Kiowas, 33 Cheyennes, 9 Comanches, 2 Arapahos, and a single Caddo. With the exception of one Cheyenne woman, all the prisoners were men. They had been accused of participating in the recent Red River War, earlier hostilities, or both. With the exception of the wife and daughter of one of the Comanche men, the prisoners families were not allowed to accompany them to Fort Marion.
label: Biographical Note
content: White Buffalo Head's father, Minimic or Eagle Head, was a Cheyenne prisoner at Fort Marion, Florida.
label: Biographical Note
content: Wohaw, also known as Wo-Haw, Beef, Gu hau de, and Wolf Robe, was a Kiowa born in 1855. He was accused of being a combatant in the Red River War of 1874 and 1875. On October 3, 1874, he surrendered at the Cheyenne-Arapaho Agency at Darlington, Indian Territory. He was transferred to Fort Sill, where he was held in the guard house. He was among the Kiowa warriors who were subsequently imprisoned at Fort Marion in San Augustine, Florida. Following his release in 1878, Wohaw returned to the Indian Territory, arriving in Anadarko on May 1, 1878. He served in the Indian Police between 1879 and 1880 and in Troop L of the 7th U.S. Cavalry from 1891 to 1895. He was a member of the Ohomah society and is believed to have been an adherant of the Ghost Dance and Peyote religions. Wohaw died in Oklahoma in 1924.
label: Biographical Note
content: Richard Henry Pratt (1840-1924) was a United States Army officer and organizer of the Indian Division of the Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute in Virginia. Pratt's theories about education of American Indians and their assimilation into American society led to the founding of the Carlisle School in 1879, where he served as superintendent until 1904.
physdesc: label: Extent
content: 3 Drawings (visual works)
unitdate: label: Date
content: circa 1877
custodhist: label: Custodial History
content: Richard Pratt donated a set of eleven (11) drawings to the United States National Museum circa 1877 (Catalog Numbers 30740-30750; No Accession Number). Three of the drawings are now held by the National Anthropological Archives in this collection. Eight of the drawings are held by the National Museum of American History.
dataSource: label: Archival Repository
content: National Anthropological Archives
identifier: label: Identifier
content: NAA.MS30740
objectType: label: Type
content: Collection descriptions
label: Type
content: Archival materials
label: Type
content: Drawings (visual works)
label: Type
content: Ledger drawings
label: Type
content: Pictographs
label: Type
content: Works of art
processinfo: label: Processing Information
content: The collection was reprocessed in 2022.  Three drawings donated by Pratt to the Smithsonian had been described as three separate collections (MS 30740, MS 30747, and MS 30750).  The archivist incorporated all three drawings into a single collection under MS 30740.
genre_format: label: Genre/Form
content: Ledger drawings
label: Genre/Form
content: Pictographs
label: Genre/Form
content: Works of art
scopecontent: label: Scope and Contents
content: The collection consists of three (3) drawings made by prisoners are Fort Marion and forwarded to the Smithsonian Institution by Richard Pratt.

Please note that the contents of the collection and the language and terminology used reflect the context and culture of the time of its creation. As an historical document, its contents may be at odds with contemporary views and terminology and considered offensive today. The information within this collection does not reflect the views of the Smithsonian Institution or National Anthropological Archives, but is available in its original form to facilitate research.
relatedmaterial: label: Related Materials
content: The National Museum of American History holds eight of the drawings donated by Pratt to the Smithsonian Institution (see 2008.0175.52-2008.0175.59).