John Marshall Ju/'hoan Bushman film and video collection
odd: label: Orthography Note
content: Ju/'hoansi are the speakers of the Ju/'hoan language. Various cultural descriptors used
over the years include !Kung which is a language group containing three dialect groups,
one of which is the Ju/'hoansi; San, which is now regarded by the Ju/'hoansi to have
negative connotations; and Bushman, which ironically (given the derogatory history of
this term) is now preferred by the Ju/'hoansi as a term of dignity. (Orthography
information provided by Dr. Polly Wiessner, University of Utah anthropologist and longtime
field worker among and researcher of the Ju/'hoansi.)

The orthography of the Ju/'hoan language has changed many times, though an official
orthography was agreed upon and accepted by the Namibian government in 1991. The
finding aid, cataloging records, and shot logs for the Marshall collection at Human Studies Film Archives
continue to use the orthography used by the Marshall family beginning in 1950. These
spellings are usually anglicized versions of the official orthography. For example, the
name ≠Oma was usually rendered by the Marshalls as Toma; the place name /Aotcha as
/Gautcha or Gautscha.

The majority of the footage was shot in a region of Namibia (formerly South West
Africa) known as Nyae Nyae. In the 1960's, a portion of the Nyae Nyae area was
officially established as a homeland for Ju/'hoansi by the South West African
administration. This area, once called Eastern Bushmanland, is now known as Eastern
Otjozondjupa, however it is still referred to as Nyae Nyae by Ju/'hoansi and others. The
Nyae Nyae Conservancy, which encompasses a large portion of Eastern Otjozondjupa,
was established in 1996.
label: Filmography
content: JU/'HOAN BUSHMAN FILM SERIES

1952 -- First Film [also known as !Kung Bushmen of the Kalahari] (by Lorna Marshall)

1957 -- The Hunters

1959 -- A Curing Ceremony

1961 -- A Group Of Women

1962 -- A Joking Relationship

1966 -- !Kung Bushmen Hunting Equipment (directed by Lorna Marshall)

1969 -- N/um Tchai: The Ceremonial Dance of the !Kung Bushmen

1969 -- An Argument About A Marriage

1970 -- The Lion Game

1970 -- The Melon Tossing Game

1971 -- Bitter Melons

1972 -- Debe's Tantrum

1972 -- Men Bathing

1972 -- Playing With Scorpions

1972 -- A Rite of Passage

1972 -- The Wasp Nest

1974 -- Baobab Play

1974 -- Children Throw Toy Assegais

1974 -- The Meat Fight

1974 -- Tug-Of-War

1980 -- N!ai, the Story of a !Kung Woman

1985 -- Pull Ourselves Up Or Die Out

1990 -- To Hold Our Ground: A Field Report

1991 -- Peabody Museum !Kung San Exhibit Video

2002 -- A Kalahari Family

In addition to Marshall's many published films on the Ju/'hoansi, he was also involved in a variety of other film projects. He shot and co-directed Titicut Follies, a film by Fredrick Wiseman. Working in association with the Lemburg Center for Violence Studies at Brandeis University, he shot and directed a series of short films about a police squad in Pittsburgh, PA, known as the Pittsburgh Police series. He also shot and directed If It Fits, a film about the failing shoe industry in Haverhill, MA. Marshall was also the subject of two television programs: Bushmen of the Kalahari, a National Geographic special which aired in the United States, and a Japanese program called Forty Years in the Kalahari, part of the television series, Our Wonderful World. All of these, as well as Marshall's Ju/'hoan films, are included in this filmography.

PITTSBURGH POLICE SERIES

1970 -- Inside/Outside Station 9

1971 -- Three Domestics

1971 -- Vagrant Woman

1972 -- 901/904

1972 -- Investigation of a Hit and Run

1973 -- After the Game

1973 -- The 4th, 5th, & Exclusionary Rule

1973 -- A Forty Dollar Misunderstanding

1973 -- Henry Is Drunk

1973 -- The Informant

1973 -- A Legal Discussion of a Hit and Run

1973 -- Manifold Controversy

1973 -- Nothing Hurt But My Pride

1973 -- Two Brothers

1973 -- $21 or 21 Days

1973 -- Wrong Kid

1973 -- You Wasn't Loitering

OTHER FILMS

1967 -- Titicut Follies (Co-Director, Cinematographer; film by Fredrick Wiseman)

1972 -- Ghana Drumming (uncompleted; collaboration with Nicholas England)

1974 -- Bushmen of the Kalahari (by Wolper Productions for National Geographic)

1975 -- Vermont Kids (series of short films; released in 2007)

1976 -- Festival of American Folklife (uncompleted; shot for Smithsonian Institution)

1978 -- If It Fits

1988 -- Our Wonderful World: Forty Years in the Kalahari (by Nippon A-V Productions)
name: label: Collaborator
content: McElwee, Ross
label: Collaborator
content: Blitz, Daniel
label: Collaborator
content: Bishop, John Melville
label: Collaborator
content: Baker, Peter
label: Collaborator
content: Ritchie, Claire
label: Collaborator
content: Young, Robert
label: Collaborator
content: Terry, John
label: Collaborator
content: Galvin, Frank
label: Collaborator
content: Bestall, Clifford
label: Collaborator
content: Gardner, Robert
label: Collaborator
content: Asch, Timothy, 1932-1994
label: Creator
content: Marshall, John, 1932-2005
label: Collaborator
content: Marshall, Lorna
place: label: Place
content: Namibia
topic: label: Topic
content: Anthropology
acqinfo: label: Provenance
content: The John Marshall Ju/'hoan Bushman Film and Video Collection was received over several years of accessioning from different parties.
creator: label: Collaborator
content: McElwee, Ross
label: Collaborator
content: Blitz, Daniel
label: Collaborator
content: Bishop, John Melville
label: Collaborator
content: Baker, Peter
label: Collaborator
content: Ritchie, Claire
label: Collaborator
content: Young, Robert
label: Collaborator
content: Terry, John
label: Collaborator
content: Galvin, Frank
label: Collaborator
content: Bestall, Clifford
label: Collaborator
content: Gardner, Robert
label: Collaborator
content: Asch, Timothy, 1932-1994
label: Creator
content: Marshall, John, 1932-2005
label: Collaborator
content: Marshall, Lorna
culture: label: Culture
content: San (African people)
label: Culture
content: Bushman
setName: label: See more items in
content: John Marshall Ju/'hoan Bushman film and video collection
abstract: label: Summary
content: The John Marshall Ju/'hoan Bushman Film and Video Collection contains full film and video projects (outtake material), film production elements and edited films and videos, audio tapes, still photographs, negatives, transparencies, slides, published and unpublished writing by John Marshall and others, study guides for edited films, Nyae Nyae Development Foundation and Advocacy files, maps, and production files that include letters, shot logs, translations, transcriptions, editing logs, treatments, and proposals spanning from 1950-2000. This material comprises Marshall's long-term documentary record of the Ju/'hoansi of the Nyae Nyae region of the Kalahari Desert in northeastern Namibia. A great deal of the film and video footage focuses on one particular extended family, that of Toma Tsamko, whose ancestral home is at /Gautcha, an area with a large salt pan and a permanent waterhole. The life stories of some family members are captured in the footage; appearing as children in the 1950's, middle-aged parents in the 1980's, and pensioners in the final years of visual documentation. The Marshall Collection also documents other Ju/'hoansi living in Nyae Nyae and elsewhere, their relationships with neighboring ethnic groups, and national politics that affected Ju/'hoansi. Marshall also documented the local political body (the Nyae Nyae Farmers' Cooperative, or NNFC), the foundation he started (the Nyae Nyae Development Foundation of Namibia, or NNDFN), and the ways in which both groups worked with and were affected by international development organizations and foreign aid during the 1990's.
bioghist: label: Biographical / Historical
content: John Marshall, filmmaker and activist, was born on November 12, 1932 in Boston, Massachusetts. He grew up in Cambridge, Massachusetts and on his family's farm in Peterborough, New Hampshire. Marshall first picked up a camera in 1950, at the age of 18, during the first of several expeditions to the Kalahari organized by his father, Laurence Marshall, the founding president of the Raytheon Corporation. The whole Marshall family - including John's mother, Lorna, and sister, Elizabeth Marshall Thomas - became engaged in a multi-disciplinary study of the Ju/'hoansi. Marshall's father assigned him the task of making a documentary film record of Ju/'hoan life and culture. Between 1950 and 1958, he shot over 300,000 feet of 16mm film (157 hours).

Marshall formed a close bond with many of his Ju/'hoan subjects, particularly with Toma "Stumpy" Tsamko, leader of the /Gautcha band. Amongst Ju/'hoansi, Marshall was known as Toma Xhosi, Toma "Longface". Probably because of this close relationship, he was forced to leave South West Africa in 1958 after his visa expired, and was not allowed back for twenty years.

During the 1960's and 1970's, Marshall became well-established as a cinema vérité filmmaker. After leaving the Film Study Center at Harvard, which he had co-directed with Robert Gardner, he worked briefly with Robert Drew and D.A. Pennebaker, and later collaborated with Fredrick Wiseman on Titicut Follies (1967). He forged friendships with leading documentary and ethnographic filmmakers, including Timothy Asch, Ricky Leacock, and Jean Rouch.

Throughout these years, Marshall continued to work with his extensive footage of Ju/'hoansi. He completed 15 short films, as well as the award-winning Bitter Melons. In 1968, Marshall partnered with Tim Asch to found Documentary Educational Resources (DER), to distribute and support the creation of ethnographic and educational film.

In 1978 Marshall was allowed to return to Nyae Nyae to shoot N!ai, the Story of a !Kung Woman. Finding his Ju/'hoan friends beset by illness, poverty, and growing social ills, John turned his attentions to development and advocacy work. Virtually abandoning his filmmaking career, Marshall started a foundation to assist Ju/'hoansi and spent most of the 1980's helping them establish water access, subsistence farming, and a local government. He began using film as an advocacy tool, and released several urgent, issuefocused videos to raise awareness of the Ju/'hoan struggle for self-determination.

Marshall continued his documentary record of Ju/'hoansi, directing his final shoot in 2000. A Kalahari Family (2002), his epic six-hour series, tells the story of the Ju/'hoansi from 1950-2000 and charts Marshall 's evolution from filmmaker to activist. He made his final visit to Nyae Nyae in 2004, and continued his advocacy work right up to his final days. John Marshall died due to complications from lung cancer on April 22, 2005.

John Marshall Chronology

1932 -- Born in Boston, Massachusetts

1950-1958 -- Marshall Family expeditions to study the Ju/'hoansi of Nyae Nyae

1957 -- Awarded B.A. in Anthropology from Harvard University The Hunters released

1958-1960 -- Associate Director (with Robert Gardner) of the Film Study Center, Peabody Museum, Harvard University

1960 -- Awarded G.S.A.S. in Anthropology from Yale University

1960-1963 -- Director, Bushmen Film Unit, Harvard University

1962 -- Sha//ge Curing Ceremony (early version of A Curing Ceremony), A Group of Women and Joking Relationship screened at Flaherty Seminar

1964-1965 -- Cameraman for NBC covering civil war in Cyprus

1966 -- Awarded M.A. in Anthropology from Harvard University

1967 -- Cameraman and Co-Director of Fredrick Wiseman's Titicut Follies

1968 -- Founded Documentary Educational Resources (DER) with Timothy Asch (first known as CDA, Center for Documentary Anthropology)

1968-1969 -- Cameraman and Director of film shoots for the Pittsburgh Police series, produced through the Center for Violence Studies at Brandeis University

1970-1974 -- Edited and released numerous short films, from both Ju/'hoan (!Kung) and Pittsburgh Police series

1972 -- Collaborated with Nicholas England (musicologist) on a film project documenting a family of drummers in Ghana (this film was never completed)

1972-1973 -- Travel to Botswana to film National Geographic's Bushmen of the Kalahari, produced by Wolper Productions

1974 -- If It Fits, documentary on failing shoe industry in Haverhill, MA, released

1976 -- Director and cameraman of film shoots for Smithsonian Festival of American Folklife

1978 -- Film shoot in Nyae Nyae for N!ai, The Story of a !Kung Woman

1980 -- N!ai, The Story of a !Kung Woman released and broadcast on PBS as partof the Odyssey series

1980-1982 -- Conducted genealogical survey in Nyae Nyae with Claire Ritchie

1982 -- Founded the Ju/wa Cattle Fund (later known as the Nyae Nyae Development Foundation of Namibia)

1985 -- Pull Ourselves Up or Die Out, Marshall's first "field report" edited on video, released

1989 -- Returns to Boston after Namibian independence

1991 -- To Hold Our Ground, another "field report" is aired on Namibian television shortly before a national Land Rights Conference

1993 -- The Cinema of John Marshall published

1995 -- Awarded Honorary M.F.A. from Rhode Island School of Design

2000 -- Final video shoot in Nyae Nyae

2002 -- A Kalahari Family premieres at the Margaret Mead Film Festival in New York City; released for general distribution in 2003

2004 -- Makes final visit to Nyae Nyae; presents proposal for water point protections

2005 -- Dies in Boston, Massachusetts
physdesc: label: Extent
content: 2 Boxes (map drawers)
label: Extent
content: 3 Video recordings (published videos or video series)
label: Extent
content: 99 Linear feet (714,405 feet (332 hours) 16mm film, 435 hours video tape, 309 hours audio tape, 21 published film and video titles, 29 unpublished film and video titles, 14 linear feet paper records)
unitdate: label: Date
content: 1950-2000
custodhist: label: Custodial History
content: The John Marshall Ju/'hoan Bushman Film and Video Collection, 1950-2000 is
comprised of several individual accessions. In 1983 John Marshall deposited the film
and audio created from 1950-1978. Prior to that time, the materials were held in various
locales in the Boston, MA area where Marshall lived and worked. 

In 2005, 2008 and 2009, Cynthia Close, Executive Director of Documentary Educational
Resources (DER), deposited the audiovisual materials, paper records, and photographs
created from 1981-2000, as well as published and unpublished films and videos. These
materials had been held in DER's offices and in a storage warehouse near Boston, MA.

In 2008, maps and additional paper records were deposited by Marshall's wife, Dr.
Alexandra Eliot Marshall. These materials had been kept at her home near Boston, MA.
The older maps had been stored in the attic since 1992; prior to that they had been in
Lorna Marshall's home in Cambridge, MA. Some newer maps had been located in
Marshall's home in Peterborough, NH. In 2009, Mrs. Marshall also deposited master
video elements for A Kalahari Family; these had been stored at DER's offices.
dataSource: label: Archival Repository
content: Human Studies Film Archives
identifier: label: Identifier
content: HSFA.1983.11
objectType: label: Type
content: Collection descriptions
label: Type
content: Archival materials
label: Type
content: Video recordings
label: Type
content: Documentary films
arrangement: label: Arrangement
content: This collection is arranged in 13 series: (1) Unedited Film and Video Projects, 1950-1978, 1981-2003; (2) Published Films and Videos, 1952-2002; (3) Unpublished Films and Videos, 1959-1962, circa 1965; (4) Audio, 1950s, 1978-1990; (5) Field Notes, Shot Logs, Translations, 1951-2000; (6) Production Files, 1952-2004; (7) Correspondence, 1968-2003 [bulk 1993-2000]; (8) Nyae Nyae Development Foundation & Advocacy Files, 1975-2003 [bulk 1984-2003]; (9) Published and Unpublished Writing, 1957-1958, 1980-1999, 2007; (10) Study Guides, 1974, 1982; (11) Writings by Others & Press, 1952-1953, 1965-2005; (12) Photographs, 1930s, 1946-2003; (13) Maps, 1872, 1879, 1914, 1933-1989.
processinfo: label: Processing Information
content: The film and video projects were kept in their original, numbered order, which in most
cases is the original shooting order. Likewise, original field audio recordings have been
organized in chronological order by sound roll number. Published and unpublished films
and videos have been organized alphabetically.

The titles for published films and videos are written in all caps. "Known as" titles for
unpublished works are written in title case. Assigned titles are placed within square
brackets.

The paper records in this collection were received partially organized; they have now
been arranged in several series and subseries. Original folder titles were generally
retained, with assigned titles placed within square brackets.

For details on the processing of the 83.11 accession, see John Bishop's processing report
and his article, Hot Footage/Cold Storage. There are also processing reports for the
2005.11, 2008.8, 2008.9, and 2008.10 accessions.

Thanks to Mark White and Pamela Wintle for guidance in processing this collection, and
to Daisy Njoku and Lorain Wang for assistance in crafting this guide.

Processed by Karma Foley, April 2009.

Encoded by Rihoko Ueno, December 2011.

Revisions encoded by Jan Danek, October, 2017.
bibliography: label: Publications about Marshall's Work
content: Anderson, Carolyn and Thomas Benson

1991    Tödliche Mythen, Die sichtbare und die unsichtbare Realität,  -- The Hunters -- , Ein Interview von C. Anderson und T. Benson. In R. Kapfer, W. Petermann, and R. Thoms (Eds.),  -- Jäger und Gejagdte: John Marshall und Seine Filme -- , pp. 9-50, 103-117, 118-122, 135-164. München: Trickster Verlag.

1993     -- Put Down the Camera and Pick Up the Shovel: An Interview with John Marshall. --  In Jay Ruby (Ed.),  -- The Cinema of John Marshall -- , pp 135-168. Philadelphia: Harwood Academic Publishers.

Asch, Patsy

2007    From Bushmen to Ju/'Hoansi: A Personal Reflection on the Early Films of John Marshall. In Beate Engelbrecht (Ed.),  -- Memories of the Origins of Ethnographic Film -- , pp. 71-85. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.

Asch, Timothy and Patsy Asch

1987    Images that Represent Ideas: The use of Films on the !Kung to TeachAnthropology. In Megan Biesele (Ed.),  -- The Past and Future of !KungEthnography: Critical Reflections and Symbolic Perspectives -- . Hamburg:Helmut Buske Verlag.

Biesele, Megan

1993    The Future of the Bushmen's Past: Developing People and Pictures. In Jay Ruby (Ed.),  -- The Cinema of John Marshall -- , pp. 205-212. Philadelphia:Harwood Academic Publishers.

Bishop, John

1993    Hot Footage/Cold Storage: The Marshall Ju/'hoan Bushman Archive. In Jay Ruby (Ed.),  -- The Cinema of John Marshall -- , pp. 213-230. Philadelphia:Harwood Academic Publishers.

2008    Life by Myth: The Development of Ethnographic Filming in the World of John Marshall. In Beate Engelbrecht (Ed.),  -- Memories of the Origins of Ethnographic Film -- , pp. 87-94. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.

Cabezas, Sue Marshall

1993    Filmography of the Works of John Marshall. In Jay Ruby (Ed.),  -- The Cinema of John Marshall -- , pp. 231-268. Philadelphia: Harwood Academic Publishers. 

Dickens, Patrick

1994     -- English-Ju|'hoan / Ju|'hoan-English Dictionary -- . Köln: Rüdiger Köppe.

Draper, Patricia

1974 Review of  -- !Kung Bushman Film Series --  by John Marshall.  -- American Anthropologist, 76 -- (3), pp. 689-691.

Durington, Matthew

2004    Review Essay: John Marshall's Kalahari Family.  -- American Anthropologist, 106 -- (3), pp. 589-594.

Gonzalez, Nancy

1993    An argument about a film. In Jay Ruby (Ed.),  -- The Cinema of John Marshall -- , pp. 179-194. Philadelphia: Harwood Academic Publishers.

Gordon, Robert

2003    Introduction: Essays on  -- A Kalahari Family. Visual Anthropology Review, 19 -- (1,2), pp. 102-113.

Homiak, John

2003     -- A Kalahari Family -- : Some Thoughts on Reflexivity, Voice and Social Location.  -- Visual Anthropology Review, 19 -- (1, 2), pp. 128-134.

Homiak, John and Keyan Tomaselli

1999    Structured Absences: Shot Logs on the Marshall Family Expeditionary Films,1950-1958.  -- Visual Anthropology 12 -- , pp. 289-338.

Lomax, Alan

1972    Review of  -- Bitter Melons. American Anthropologist, 74 -- , 1018-20.

Ritchie, Claire

1993    Death by Myth: Ethnographic Film and the Development Struggle. In JayRuby (Ed.),  -- The Cinema of John Marshall -- , pp. 195-204. Philadelphia: Harwood Academic Publishers.

Shankar, Guha

2003    The Kalahari Family: John Marshall's Films and the Promise of PartialEthnography.  -- Visual Anthropology Review, 19 -- (1,2), pp. 135-140.

Sylvain, Renee

2003    Between Rock Art and a Hard Place: Development and Display in theKalahari.  -- Visual Anthropology Review, 19 -- (1,2), pp. 141-148.

Speeter-Blaudszun, Sonja

2004     -- Die Expeditionen der Familie Marshall: Eine Untersuchung zur ethnographischen Erforschung der Nyae Nyae !Kung. --  Münster: Lit Verlag.

Tomaselli, Keyan

2004    John Marshall's Kalahari Family.  -- American Anthropologist, 106 -- (3), pp. 589-594.

Tomaselli, Keyan and John Homiak

1999    Powering Popular Conceptions: The !Kung in the Marshall Family ExpeditionFilms of the 1950s.  -- Visual Anthropology, 12 -- , pp. 153-184.

Wiessner, Polly

2003    Owners of the Future? Calories, Cash, Casualties and Self-Sufficiency in theNyae Nyae Area between 1996 and 2003.  -- Visual Anthropology Review, 19 -- (1,2), pp. 149-159.

Wilmsen, Edwin

1991    Die Dokumentation war ein Vermächtnis: John Marshalls San-Filme inhistorischer Perspektive. In R. Kapfer, W. Petermann, and R. Thoms (Eds.), -- Jäger und Gejagdte: John Marshall und Seine Filme -- , pp. 80-102. München:Trickster Verlag.

1999    Knowledge as the Source of Progress: The Marshall Family Testament to the"Bushmen".  -- Visual Anthropology 12 -- , pp. 213-265.

2003    A Kalahari Family Named Marshall: "I want a record, not a movie".  -- VisualAnthropology Review, 19 -- (1,2), pp. 114-127.
label: Marshall Family Publications
content: Marshall, Lorna

1976    --  The !Kung of Nyae Nyae -- . Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

1999     -- Nyae Nyae !Kung Beliefs and Rites -- . Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Thomas, Elizabeth Marshall

1959     -- The Harmless People -- . New York: Alfred A. Knopf.

2006     -- The Old Way -- . New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
label: Selected Bibliography
content: Marshall, John

1957    Ecology of the Kung Bushmen of the Kalahari. Senior Honors Thesis,Anthropology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

1958    Man as a hunter: huntsmen of Nyae Nyae.  -- Natural History, 67 -- , 291-309, 376-395.

1984    Death Blow to the Bushmen.  -- Cultural Survival Quarterly, 8 -- (3), 13-16.

1985a   Plight of the Bushmen.  -- Leadership S.A., 4 -- (1), 36-48.

1985b   Review of the Report:  -- Survey of the Bushmen Population in S.W.A. -- , by Francois Marais et. al. Windhoek, Namibia: Ju/'hoan Bushman Development Foundation.

1988    Bushmanland: Lives in the Balance (letter).  -- African Wildlife -- , 42(6), 357.

1989    The Constitution and Communal Lands in Namibia, Land Rights and LocalGovernments: The Ju/wa Case. Windhoek, Namibia: Nyae Nyae DevelopmentFoundation.

1991    Local Development or Poverty and Debt? The Future of Communal Lands inNamibia. Windhoek, Namibia: Nyae Nyae Development Foundation ofNamibia.

1993    Filming and learning. In Jay Ruby (Ed.),  -- The Cinema of John Marshall -- , pp. 1-134. Philadelphia: Harwood Academic Publishers

Marshall, John, Timothy Asch and Peter Spier

1973    Ethnographic film: structure and function.  -- Annual Review of Anthropology, 2 -- ,179-187.

Marshall, John and Emilie de Brigard

1975    Idea and Event in Urban Film. In Paul Hockings (Ed.),  -- Principles of VisualAnthropology -- , pp. 133-145. The Hague, Paris: Mouton Publishers.

Marshall, John and Charles Hartung

1986    Ju/Wa Bushman Rural Development Project. Report submitted by the Ju/'hoanBushman Development Foundation to the Government of Namibia.

Marshall, John and O. Levinson

1984 A People in Jeopardy.  -- Windhoek Observer -- , Dec. 14.

Marshall, John and Claire Ritchie

1982    Husbandry in Eastern Bushmanland. Development Plan Submitted to theGovernment of Namibia.

1984     -- Where Are the Ju/Wasi of Nyae Nyae? Changes in a Bushman Society: 1958-1981 -- . Cape Town: University of Cape Town African Studies Program.

1989    Ju/Wa Concepts of Property and Land Ownership. Windhoek, Namibia:Ju/'hoan Bushman Development Foundation.

Marshall, John, Claire Ritchie, and J.R. Gordon

1984    Open letter on the Ju/'hoansi of Bushmanland.  -- Cultural Survival Quarterly8 -- (1), 84.
genre_format: label: Genre/Form
content: Documentary films
scopecontent: label: Scope and Contents
content: The John Marshall Ju/'hoan Bushman Film and Video Collection contains full film and
video projects (outtake material), film production elements and edited films and videos,
audio tapes, still photographs, negatives, transparencies, slides, published and
unpublished writing by John Marshall and others, study guides for edited films, Nyae
Nyae Development Foundation and Advocacy files, maps, and production files that
include letters, shot logs, translations, transcriptions, editing logs, treatments, and
proposals spanning from 1950-2000.

This material comprises Marshall's long-term documentary record of the Ju/'hoansi of
the Nyae Nyae region of the Kalahari Desert in northeastern Namibia. A great deal of the
film and video footage focuses on one particular extended family, that of Toma Tsamko,
whose ancestral home is at /Gautcha, an area with a large salt pan and a permanent
waterhole. The life stories of some family members are captured in the footage;
appearing as children in the 1950's, middle-aged parents in the 1980's, and pensioners in
the final years of visual documentation. Beginning in 1978, Marshall often conducted
lengthy and in depth interviews with many family members, in which they reflect on past,
present, and future, and often comment on specific film footage from earlier years which
was shown to them during the interviews. The collection is not limited to the /Gautcha
family, however; it also documents other Ju/'hoansi living in Nyae Nyae and elsewhere,
their relationships with neighboring ethnic groups, and national politics that affected
Ju/'hoansi. Marshall also documented the local political body (the Nyae Nyae Farmers'
Cooperative, or NNFC), the foundation he started (the Nyae Nyae Development
Foundation of Namibia, or NNDFN), and the ways in which both groups worked with
and were affected by international development organizations and foreign aid during the
1990's. The collection also documents changes to the landscape and wildlife of the Nyae
Nyae region.
relatedmaterial: label: Related Materials
content: The Human Studies Film Archives holds several related collections, including:

• The Nicholas England Collection, which consists of audio recordings from 1951-1961. This collection contains both originals and duplicates of audio tapes recorded during the Marshall Expeditions. (2005.9)
• The Journal of Robert Gesteland, kept during the Marshall !Kung Expedition VI, 1957-58. (2007.17)
• Master copies of the full film record of Bushmen of the Kalahari (1974), a television
program featuring John Marshall's 1973 visit to the /Gwi San of Botswana, produced by Wolper Productions for National Geographic. (2008.12)
• Reference copies of the full video record of Our Wonderful World: Forty Years in the
Desert, Nippon A-V's 1988 Japanese television program about John Marshall and the Ju/Wa Bushman Development Foundation. (2009.2.1)
• Master copies of the videotape "library" kept by John Marshall for reference and stock footage purposes. Compiled from various sources, the videos include news programs, documentaries, and raw footage of Ju/'hoansi and other San peoples from the 1920's --1990's, as well as interviews with John Marshall and his mother, Lorna
Marshall. (2009.2)
• Additional audio recordings, including interviews with Ju/'hoansi made by John Marshall and others. (2009.3)
• Full film record of [Ghana Drumming, 1972], an uncompleted project undertaken by John Marshall and Nicholas England, which documents a family of musicians. (2008.11)

The Papers of Timothy Asch, held at the National Anthropological Archives, contain
information on Asch's work with John Marshall at Harvard University from 1959-1963,
their collaboration in founding DER, and details on the use of Marshall's Ju/'hoan
footage in the development of MACOS (Man, A Course of Study).

There are also several closely related collections held at the Peabody Museum of
Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University. These collections relate to the 1950's
Marshall Expeditions and include: Expeditionary Notebooks and Journals of Lorna and
Laurence Marshall; Journal of Elizabeth Marshall Thomas; the Marshall Family
Photograph Collection; and the Records of the South West Africa Expeditions, 1950-
1959. The Harvard Film Archive, Harvard University, holds film prints of several of
Marshall's published films on the Ju/'hoansi, including The Hunters.