Land in Native American Cultures
odd: label: Introduction
content: Oriented both by the Smithsonian's overall concern for the conservation of cultures and by global attention focused on the meaning of the Columbian Quincentenary, this program offered an opportunity to hear the voices of members of Native American societies that had persevered for 500 years and had maintained an ancient care for the earth and the continuity of their own cultures.

The program was about land, ecosystems, and cultural knowledge that sustained Native American cultures before Columbus and to the present day. Each culture represented has a vision of the cosmos and the world as a system of dynamic and interconnected processes. Research for the program examined how domestic, economic, and ceremonial processes are connected through material and expressive culture to form a social fabric of productivity and meaning. Agricultural and ritual cycles often coincide in Native American cultures and echo seasonal rhythms of the land.

Participants of the Quincentenary program came from 15 cultural groups in six different ecological areas, including northern and tropical rainforests, Andean highlands, Arizona desert, and Sierra Madre mountains and coastal dunes of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec in Mexico. Participants demonstrated subsistence activities and craft skills, presented parts of ritual performances, and narrated oral histories. These cultural elements have been passed from generation to generation and speak eloquently of the connections Native Americans have constructed between land and society. Discussion sessions were devoted to some of the major issues confronting Native American cultures. These included: natural resource management, traditional technology, maintenance and destruction of ecological equilibrium and questions of monocultivation, property titles, national parks, transnational corporations, military zones, economic development models, agrarian reform laws, foreign debt, political repression, self determination, cultural identity, intrusion of religious sects, fragmentation of lands, and human rights.

Olivia Cadaval was Curator and Vivien T.Y. Chen was Program Coordinator. Regional Coordinators included Jose-Luis Krafft for Oaxaca, Mexico; Pilar Larreamendi de Moscoso, for Ecuador; Elisa Ramirez, for Oaxaca, Mexico; Oswaldo Rivera Sundt, for the Andes; and Beatriz Torres, for Chiapas, Mexico.

Land in Native American Cultures, co-sponsored by the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of the American Indian, was made possible with the support of the Inter-American Foundation; the U.S. Embassy of Bolivia; the Ruth Mott Fund; Sealaska Heritage Foundation; the Government of Chiapas, Mexico; lnstituto Nacional Indigenista of Mexico; Centro de Investigación y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social; the Hopi Tribal Council; and American Airlines of Quito, Ecuador. The program was an activity of the Smithsonian Quincentenary Programs. The Institution's Quincentennial commemoration of the voyages of Columbus to the Americas focused on the cultural, historical and scientific implications of the pan-Hemispheric encounter that would continue to be of global importance for centuries to come.
label: Fieldworkers and research consultants
content: Fieldworkers

Verónica Cereceda, Nora M. Dauenhauer, Celso Fiallo, Alejandro Flores, Barbara Fraust, Enrique González, Ellen Hays, Tomás Huanca, Juan Jaen, Leigh Jenkins, Merwin Kooyahoema, Robbie Littlefield, Gabriel Martínez, Saul Millán V., Miguel Puwairichir, Julio Quispe, Manuel Ríos Morales, Oswaldo Rivera Sundt, Priscilla Schulte

Research Consultants

Beatríz Torres, Roxanna Adams, Jacinto Arias, Barry Bergey, Jose Manuel Del Val, Reynold Denny, Rayna Green, Kevin Benito Healy, Susie Jones, Alan Kalata, Emory Sekaquaptewa, Esther Shea, Carlos Vélez-Ibáñez, William Wallace, Rosita Worl, Irene Zimmermann de la Torre, Elayne Zorn
label: Presenters
content: Jacinto Arias, Verónica Cereceda, Andrew Connors, Richard Dauenhauer, Kevin Benito Healy, Tomás Huanca, Leigh Jenkins, Alan Kolata, Merwin Kooyahoema, José Luis Krafft, Pilar Larreamendi de Moscoso, Gabriel Martínez, Saul Millán V., Elisa Ramírez, Manuel Rios Morales, Oswaldo Rivera Sundt, Maria Williams, Rosita Worl, Irene Zimmerman de la Torre, Elayne Zorn
label: Participants
content: Alaska

Haida

Dolores Churchill, 1929-, Haida, weaver, basket maker, Alaska

Holly J. Churchill, 1955-, Haida, weaver, basket maker, Alaska

Tlingit

Austin Hammond, Tlingit, storyteller, subsistence, Alaska

Ernestine Hanlon, 1951-, Tlingit, weaver, Alaska

Esther Susan Shea, 1917-2003, Tlingit, beader, storyteller, Alaska

Mark Jacobs, Jr., 1923-2005, Tlingit, subsistence, Alaska

Nathan Jackson, 1938-, Tlingit, carver, dancer, subsistence, Alaska

Nora Marks Dauenhauer, Tlingit, dancer, singer, Alaska

Steven Jackson, Tlingit, carver, dancer, Alaska

Tsimshian

Jack Hudson, 1936-, Tsimshian, carver, dancer, singer, Alaska

Arizona

Hopi

Fawn Garcia, 1959-, Hopi, potter, Arizona

James "Masa" Garcia, 1958-, Hopi, potter, Arizona

Marcus "Cooch" Coochwikvia, 1951-, Hopi, silversmith, Arizona

Patrick Joshvehma, 1968-, Hopi, carver, katsina dolls, toys, Arizona

Merle Calnimptewa, 1962-, Hopi, weaver, belts, Arizona

Ernie "Patusngwa-Ice" Andrews, 1963-, Hopi, weaver, Arizona

Pearl Kootswytewa, 1927-, Hopi, basket maker, coil, Arizona

Tamie Jean "T.J." Tootsie, 1969-, Hopi, cook, piki bread, Arizona

Bertrum "Bert" Tsavatawa, 1970-, Hopi, painter, Arizona

Hershel Talashoema, 1936-, Hopi, storyteller, Arizona

Bolivia

Jalq'a

Apolinaria Mendoza, Jalq'a, dancer, cook, weaver, Bolivia

Gerardo Mamani, Jalq'a, costume maker, dancer, Bolivia

Honorato Mamanit, Jalq'a, costume maker, dancer, Bolivia

Juliana Rodriguez, Jalq'a, dancer, cook, weaver, Bolivia

Marcelo Cruz, Jalq'a, maker, dancer, Bolivia

Tiwanaku

Cesar Callisaya Yurijra, Tiwanaku, dancer, cook, weaver, Bolivia

Roberto Cruz Yupanqui, Tiwanaku, agriculture, dancer, Bolivia

Martin Condori Callisaya, Tiwanaku, agriculture, dancer, Bolivia

Tito Flores Nina, Tiwanaku, agriculture, dancer, Bolivia

Bonifacia Quispe Fernandez, Tiwanaku, dancer, cook, weaver, Bolivia

Patricia Uruchi Limachi, Tiwanaku, dancer, cook, weaver, Bolivia

Elena Uruchi Quispe, Tiwanaku, dancer, cook, weaver, Bolivia

Benita Ranos Uruchi, Tiwanaku, dancer, cook, weaver, Bolivia

Ecuador

Shuar

Luisa Marta Tunki Kayap, Shuar, dancer, Ecuador

Numi Vicente Tkakimp Atum, Shuar, dancer, Ecuador

Felipe Unkush Tsenkush, Shuar, storyteller, hunter, fisherman, Ecuador

Miguel Puwainchir, Shuar, storyteller, hunter, fisherman, Ecuador

Jose Shimpu Marit-Saap, Shuar, weaver, basket maker, Ecuador

Hilda Gomez, Shuar, cook, Ecuador

Alltonieta Tiwiran Taish, Shuar, cook, Ecuador

Jose Miguel Tsunki Tempekat Yampanas, Shuar, musician, Ecuador

Mexico

Maya

Petrona Intzin, Maya, weaver, dyer, Mexico

Maria Pérez Peso, Maya, weaver, dyer, cook, Mexico

Salvador Lunes Collazo, Maya, medicine man, Mexico

Catalina Meza Guzmán, Maya, interpreter, translator, Mexico

Lacandón

Vincente K'in Paniagua, Lacandón, potter, farmer, arrow maker, Mexico

Ikoods

Teofila Palafox, weaver, Ikoods, Mexico

Virginia Tamariz, Ikoods, weaver, Mexico

Alfredo Abasolo, Ikoods, fisherman, net maker, dancer, Mexico

Ricardo Carvajál, Ikoods,  -- chirimia -- , singer, fisherman, net maker, Mexico

Lino Degollado, Ikoods, dancer, net maker, Mexico

Albino Figueroa, Ikoods, drum, turtle shell, fisherman, net maker, Mexico

Apolinar Figueroa, Ikoods, drum, turtle shell, basket maker, net maker, Mexico

Juan Olivares, Ikoods, narrator, researcher, fisherman, Mexico

Zapotec

Cipriano Machaca Quispe, Taquile, weaver, musician; Oaxaca, Mexico

Cenorina Garcia, 1968-, Zapotec, potter; Oaxaca, Mexico

Mariano Quispe Mamani, Taquile, weaver, musician; Oaxaca, Mexico

Alberta Martínez "ria-bert" Marcial, 1960-, Zapotec, weaver, cook; Oaxaca, Mexico

Angela Marcial "ria-ranc" Mendoza, 1945-, Zapotec, weaver, narrator, cook; Oaxaca, Mexico

Pedro Rios Hernández, 1921-, Zapotec,  -- chirimia -- , basket maker, dance master; Oaxaca, Mexico

Flaviano Beltrán, 1926-, Zapotec, tanner, leatherworker, farmer; Oaxaca, Mexico

Arnulfo M. Ramos, 1931-, Zapotec,  -- chirimia -- , rope maker; Oaxaca, Mexico

Peru

Taquile

Paula Quispe Cruz, Taquile, dancer, weaver, Peru

Terencia Marca Willi, Taquile, dancer, weaver, Peru

Alejandro Flores Huatta, Taquile, weaver, musician, Peru

Alejandro Huatta Machaca, Taquile, weaver, musician, Peru

Salvador Huatta Yucra, Taquile, weaver, musician, Peru

Jesus Marca Quispe, Taquile, weaver, musician, Peru
name: label: Collection Creator
content: Smithsonian Institution. Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage
setName: label: See more items in
content: Smithsonian Folklife Festival records: 1991 Festival of American Folklife
dataSource: label: Archival Repository
content: Ralph Rinzler Folklife Archives and Collections
identifier: label: Identifier
content: CFCH.SFF.1991, Series 4
objectType: label: Type
content: Archival materials