Sohmer & Co. Records
name: label: Author
content: Falcone Custom Grand Pianos
label: Donor
content: Pratt, Read and Company
label: Creator
content: Sohmer & Company
label: Collector
content: National Museum of American History (U.S.). Division of Musical Instruments
label: Names
content: Sohmer & Company
label: Names
content: Kuder, Joseph
label: Names
content: Sohmer, Harry J.
label: Names
content: Sohmer, Harry J., Jr.
label: Names
content: Sohmer, Hugo
label: Names
content: Sohmer, William
place: label: Place
content: Ivoryton (Conn.)
label: Place
content: New York (N.Y.) -- Musical instruments industry
topic: label: Topic
content: Musical instrument manufacturing
label: Topic
content: Piano makers
label: Topic
content: advertising -- History
label: Topic
content: Keyboard instruments
label: Topic
content: Piano
label: Topic
content: advertising
acqinfo: label: Provenance
content: Collection donated by Pratt Read Corporation, August 11, 1989.
creator: label: Author
content: Falcone Custom Grand Pianos
label: Donor
content: Pratt, Read and Company
label: Creator
content: Sohmer & Company
setName: label: See more items in
content: Sohmer & Co. Records
accruals: label: Accruals
content: In February 1990, Harry J. Sohmer, Jr., donated an additional group of records to the Archives Center.  Although some of these materials probably came from the Pratt Read factory in Ivoryton, most seem to have been stored in Mr. Sohmer's house for a number of years.  This addendum of approximately 7 cubic feet was incorporated into the main collection in the summer of 1990.

In June 1992, the Pratt Read Corporation donated three additional volumes: two stock certificate books and a general ledger from 1982 1983.
bioghist: label: Historical
content: When Sohmer & Co. was founded in 1872 by Hugo Sohmer and his partner Joseph Kuder, it became one of 171 piano manufacturers in New York City. Over the next 110 years, Sohmer & Co. was one of the few active and successful family-owned and operated piano-making ventures in the United States. Nationally known for tonal quality and fine craftmanship, the firm's product, in the music trade, came to be referred to as "The Piano-Maker's Piano."
label: Biographical
content: Born to an eminent physician in Dunningen, Wurtemberg, Germany on November 11, 1846, Hugo Sohmer enjoyed a first class education.  Riding the last major wave of German immigration, which had brought piano makers such as Albert Weber, George Steck, John and Charles Fischer, and Henry E. Steinway to America, Hugo arrived in New York City in 1862.  He became an apprentice in the piano making house of Schuetze & Ludolf.  To learn more about European piano making, Hugo returned to Germany in 1868 and travelled extensively throughout Europe.  In 1870 he returned to New York and by 1872 the 26 year old Sohmer and his partner, Josef Kuder, began manufacturing pianos in the 149 East 14th Street factory previously utilized by J.H. Boernhoeft and most recently by Marschall & Mittauer.

Josef Kuder, originally from Bohemia, Austria Hungary, learned piano making in Vienna between 1847 and 1854.  Kuder arrived in New York in 1854 and became a pianomaker with Steinway & Sons which had been founded in 1853.  In 1861 he returned to Vienna; he worked there until returning to New York in 1864, where he worked for Marschall & Mittauer until joining Sohmer.

Concentrating on tonal quality and response, Sohmer & Co. began producing pianos which were recognized in 1876 by an award from the Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia.  In the waning years of the nineteenth century Sohmer & Co. received other awards including a diploma from the Exposition Provinciale in Montreal, Quebec in 1881, the gold medal at the Great New England Fair in Worcester, Massachusetts in 1889, and an award from the World's Columbian Commission in 1893 in Chicago.

By 1883 additional factory space, located on East 23rd Street and formerly used by Carhart & Needham, was occupied to accomodate increased production.  In three years this space proved inadequate and forced the renting of an extension to the original factory.  The main office and salesrooms were located at 31 West 57th Street in New York City.  Meanwhile, in 1884 Sohmer invented the first five foot "baby" grand piano which was applauded for its musical brilliance and depth of tone.  In the early 1900's Sohmer produced grand pianos in four sizes:  Concert, Parlor, Baby & Cupid.

Limited space and increased production soon became issues again, and in 1887 the company moved its factory and special machinery to Astoria, Long Island.  This factory, located at 31st Avenue and Vernon Boulevard, remained in continuous operation until 1982, when the Adirondack Chair Co. bought the building and Pratt Read acquired the company.

During the 1880s a number of letters patent were granted to Sohmer for such piano improvements as the agraffe bar for tone augmentation, and the aliquot string, which were auxiliary strings "arranged in conjunction with the regular strings for the purpose of giving forth reverberatory or sympathetic waves of sound, thus augmenting the general tone results of each unison." (Spillane, History, 256.)

In 1894 Hugo Sohmer took competitor Sebastian Sommer to court for stenciling the name "Sommer" on the fallboard of his pianos.  Sohmer declared that "Sohmer" was a trademark used as an emblem to distinguish the piano from others, especially the Sommer piano which he considered inferior.  The court in this equity case dismissed the case on the grounds that Sohmer had not proven damages accruing from the advertising and sale of the Sommer piano.

By 1907 Sohmer & Co. was producing 2,000 pianos per year.  Additionally, with Farrand & Co. of Detroit, Sohmer was making the Sohmer Cecilian player piano.  On June 8, 1913 Hugo Sohmer died in Scarsdale, N.Y.; 20 days later, Josef Kuder died as well.  Hugo was survived by his wife, Elizabeth; a daughter, Adelaide S. Weber; and a son, Harry J. Sohmer, born in 1886.  Company leadership was assumed by Harry J. Sohmer after Hugo's death.

During the 1920s Sohmer began a special department in its plant for the manufacture of period pianos.  According to Harry Sohmer, the 1930s were difficult.  He recalled that, once only one piano in 29 days was shipped.  The number of American piano manufacturers dropped from 140 to 22 during this time.  It was during this time that Harry's cousins, Frank and Paul Sohmer joined the company as consultants.  However, through its pioneering efforts in the introduction of a console vertical piano known as a "Spinet," Sohmer revitalized the industry. (Taylor, "Piano Family.")  This console vertical piano has been called "The Musicians' Console.

Primarily because of its concentration on the console vertical pianos Sohmer & Co. never cultivated famous performers in the way that Steinway and Baldwin did.  While publicly acknowledging that it never entered into the competition for artistic endorsement (an acknowledgement which perhaps worked to its favor), Sohmer & Co. relied upon a most comprehensive and innovative advertising strategy stressing integrity, quality and craftsmanship in the pursuit of the ideal tone and touch. 

In 1940 Harry incorporated the company as Sohmer & Co. and led it, with his sons Harry J. Sohmer, Jr., (born 1917) as production manager and Robert H. Sohmer (born 1920), as process engineer.  By 1969 Harry Jr. was vice president in charge of production and Robert was production engineer/
treasurer.  In 1971 Harry Sr. died and Harry Jr. became president.

In 1982 Pratt Read Corporation, a long established manufacturer of piano keyboards, acquired Sohmer & Co. for an undisclosed amount, and moved the operations to its Ivoryton, Connecticut factory, while retaining the Sohmer name.  The Sohmer brothers retained their positions in the company.  At the time of its purchase Sohmer & Co. employed 120 people, produced 2500 pianos yearly, and grossed $5 million in sales.  Harry J. Sohmer, Jr., grandson of the founder, in expressing his feelings about the move and the Sohmer piano, compared his piano to old New York beers saying that "they were strictly New York products and in a way so were we."  He concluded by saying, "We were always identified with this city.  Sohmer was a New York piano." (Prial, "Sohmer Piano.")

By July 1983 under Pratt Read's management Sohmer was producing 6 pianos per day, only 50% of the expected capacity according to H.B. Comstock, president of Pratt Read.  In 1986 the Ivoryton factory was sold to a group of investors organized as Sohmer Holding Co., who continued to make pianos there until a lack of skilled workers and financial losses forced its closing in December 1988.  In an effort to fill the backlog of orders, Sohmer president Tom Bradshaw opened a new facility in Elysburg, Pennsylvania.  A retail showroom was maintained in Ivoryton.  In 1989, the Sohmer company was sold to the Falcone Custom Grand Piano Company of Haverhill, Massachusetts.

References

Cox, Erin.  "Labor Woes a Main Factor in Sohmer Closing," The Pictorial Gazette West, 3 (December 8, 1988), 1, 22.

Dolge, Alfred.  Piano and their Makers.  1911; rpt. New York: Dover Publications, 1973.

Loesser, Arthur.  Men, Women and Pianos:  A Social History.  New York: Simon & Schuster, 1954.

Musical Merchandise Review.  "Sohmer Pianos Underway at Conn. Pratt Read," July 1983, 91.

The Music Trades. "Pratt, Read Acquires Sohmer & Co. Piano Maker,"August 1982, 18.

Piano and Organ Purchaser's Guide, 1907, 1930. 	Prial, Frank J. "Sohmer Piano, and 110 Years of Craft, will leave Astoria," New York Times, August 13, 1982, B1, B4.

Purchaser's Guide to the Music Industries. 1956, New York:  The Music Trades, 1956, 58 60.

Spillane, Daniel.  History of the American Pianoforte:  Its Technical Development, and the Trade.  1890; rpt. New York: Da Capo Press, 1969.

Taylor, Carol.  "Piano Family Stays in Tune," New York World Telegram & Sun, August 15, 1958.
physdesc: label: Extent
content: 43 Cubic feet (82 boxes and 11 map-folders)
unitdate: label: Date
content: 1872-1989
custodhist: label: Custodial History
content: The records of Sohmer & Co. remained in the custody of the Pratt Read Corporation of Ivoryton, Connecticut, following the company's resale to the Sohmer Holding Co. in 1983.  They were stored in Pratt Read's building and owned by Pratt Read.  After a review of these records by the Sohmer family, during which an unknown number of records were removed for retention by the family, Pratt Read donated them to the Archives Center on August 11, 1989.
dataSource: label: Archival Repository
content: Archives Center, National Museum of American History
identifier: label: Identifier
content: NMAH.AC.0349
objectType: label: Type
content: Collection descriptions
label: Type
content: Archival materials
label: Type
content: Photographs
label: Type
content: Sales catalogs
label: Type
content: Photographic prints
label: Type
content: Advertisements
label: Type
content: Scrapbooks
label: Type
content: Clippings
label: Type
content: Journals (accounts)
label: Type
content: Ledgers (account books)
arrangement: label: Arrangement
content: The collection is divided into 14 series.

Series 1: Stock and Legal Records, 1882-1985

Series 2: Financial Records, 1887-1962

Series 3: Inventory & Appraisal Records, 1891-1980

Series 4: Manufacturing Records, 1872-1967

Series 5: Marketing, 1901-1989

Series 6: Advertising Records, 1880-1983

Series 7: Sales Records, 1923-1982

Series 8: Photographs, circa 1920-1964

Series 9: Awards, 1876-1976

Serioes 10: Sohmer Family Papers, 1945-1970

Series 11: Publications about Sohmer, 1883-1986

Series 12: General Publications, 1912-1985

Series 13: Miscellaneous Records, 1894-1983

Series 14: Correspondence, 1892-1987
processinfo: label: Processing Information
content: Collection processed by Charles Edwin Rand, 1989
genre_format: label: Genre/Form
content: Photographs -- 20th century
label: Genre/Form
content: Sales catalogs
label: Genre/Form
content: Photographic prints
label: Genre/Form
content: Advertisements
label: Genre/Form
content: Photographs -- 1850-1900
label: Genre/Form
content: Scrapbooks
label: Genre/Form
content: Clippings
label: Genre/Form
content: Journals (accounts)
label: Genre/Form
content: Ledgers (account books)
scopecontent: label: Scope and Contents
content: The records of Sohmer & Co., date from 1872 through 1989.  They fall into fourteen series based primarily on function.  Legal, financial, inventory & appraisal, manufacturing, marketing, advertising, and sales are the major series.  Photographs, awards, family papers, publications about Sohmer, general publications, "miscellaneous" and correspondence are the remaining series.  The records are especially strong in the areas of advertising, finances, and marketing.  The collection does not contain corporate records, articles of incorporation, executive records, minutes, annual reports, or personnel records such as payrolls or job descriptions.
relatedmaterial: label: Materials in the Archives Center, National Museum of American History
content: Materials in the Archives Center

Pratt Read Corp. Records (NMAH.AC.0320)

Chickering & Sons Records (NMAH.AC.0264)  

Steinway Piano Co. Collection (NMAH.AC.0178)