கேள்வி: தனிமங்களின் ஆக்சிசனேற்ற நிலைகளின் பட்டியல் பற்றி நீங்கள் என்ன அறிந்துள்ளீர்கள்?
பதில்: தனிமங்களின் ஆக்சிசனேற்ற நிலைகளின் பட்டியல் (''list of oxidation states of the elements'') (முழு எண்களாக மட்டுமுள்ளவை) இங்கு தரப்பட்டுள்ளது. மிகப் பொதுவாகக் காணப்படுபவை தடித்த எழுத்துகளில் தரப்பட்டுள்ளன. நார்மன் கிரன்வுட், எர்ன்சாவ் ஆகியோரின் கருத்துகளின் அடிப்படையில் சிலவற்றைக் கூடுதலாகச் சேர்த்து இந்த அட்டவணை பட்டியலிடப்பட்டுள்ளது. ஆக்சிசனேற்ற நிலை 0 எல்லாத் தனிமம் பொதுவானது என்பதால் அது தனிமங்களின் குறியீடு உள்ள வரிசையிலேயே கொடுக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது. 1889 ஆம் ஆண்டில் திமீத்ரி மெண்டெலீவ் இந்த அட்டவணையின் மாதிரியை வடிவமைத்தார். தனிமங்களுடைய ஆக்சிசனேற்ற நிலைகளின் ஆவர்த்தனப் பண்பு இவ்வட்டவணையில் வெளிப்படுகிறது.
கேள்வி: தனிமங்களின் ஆக்சிசனேற்ற நிலைகளின் பட்டியல் - பட்டியல் பற்றி விளக்கவும்.
பதில்: {| class="wikitable" ! ''அணு எண்'' || தனிமம் || colspan="5" | எதிர்ஆக்சிசனேற்றநிலைகள் || &nbsp; || colspan="9" | நேர்ஆக்சிசனேற்றநிலைகள் || நெடுங்குழு (தனிம அட்டவணை) || குறிப்புகள் |- ! &nbsp; | ! ! style="background:#d5e6f7" | ''−5'' ! style="background:#dfdfdf" | ''−4'' ! style="background:#ffc0cb" | ''−3'' ! style="background:#ffecd3" | ''−2'' ! style="background:#f5deb3" | ''−1'' ! style="background:#e0ffff; text-align:center" | ''0'' ! style="background:#ffa07a" | ''+1'' ! style="background:#ffdead" | ''+2'' ! style="background:#ffb6c1" | ''+3'' ! style="background:#cbcbcb" | ''+4'' ! style="background:#cccc98" | ''+5'' ! style="background:#a0fec2" | ''+6'' ! style="background:#e6fe8e" | ''+7'' ! style="background:#d1ddff" | ''+8'' ! style="background:#c6dd9d" | ''+9'' ! ! |- | 1 || நீரியம் || || || || || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | H || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || || || || || || || || || 1 || |- style="background:#FFFACD" | 2 || ஈலியம் || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | He || || || || || || || || || || 18 || style="background:white" | |- | 3 || இலித்தியம் || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | Li || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || || || || || || || || || 1 || |- | 4 || பெரிலியம் || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | Be || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || || || || || || || || 2 || Be(I) has been observed in beryllium monohydride (BeH); see |- | 5 || போரான் || style="background:#d5e6f7" | −5 || || || || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | B || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || || || || || || || 13 ||B(−1) has been observed in magnesium diboride (MgB2), see B(−5) has been observed in Al3BC, see |- | 6 || கரிமம் || || style="background:#dfdfdf" | −4 || style="background:#ffc0cb" | −3 || style="background:#ffecd3" | −2 || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | C || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || || || || || || 14 || |- | 7 || நைட்ரசன் || || || style="background:#ffc0cb" | −3 || style="background:#ffecd3" | −2 || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | N || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || style="background:#cccc98" | +5 || || || || || 15 || |- | 8 || ஆக்சிசன் || || || || style="background:#ffecd3" | −2 || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | O || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || || || || || || || || 16 || |- | 9 || புளோரின் || || || || || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | F || || || || || || || || || || 17 || |- style="background:#FFFACD" | 10 || நியான் || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | Ne || || || || || || || || || || 18 || style="background:white" | |- | 11 || சோடியம் || || || || || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | Na || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || || || || || || || || || 1 || Na(−1), K(−1), Rb(−1), and Cs(−1) are known in alkalides; the table by Greenwood and Earnshaw shows −1 only for Na and also erroneously for Li; no lithides are described. |- | 12 || மக்னீசியம் || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | Mg || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || || || || || || || || 2 || Low valent magnesium compounds with Mg(I) have been obtained using bulky ligands; see |- | 13 || அலுமினியம் || || || || style="background:#ffecd3" | −2 || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | Al || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || || || || || || || 13 || Al(II) has been observed in அலுமினியம் (II) ஆக்சைடு (AlO); see , and in dialanes (R2Al—AlR2); see Uhl, Werner "Organoelement Compounds Possessing Al—Al, Ga—Ga, In—In, and Tl—Tl Single Bonds" Advances in Organometallic Chemistry Volume 51, 2004, Pages 53–108. Negative oxidation states of p-block metals (Al, Ga, In, Sn, Tl, Pb, Bi, Po) and metalloids (Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, At) may occur in Zintl phases, see: [https://books.google.ru/books?id=HwY4be5bH_sC&pg=PA261&lpg=PA261&dq=%5BPb4%5D4-+zintl&source=bl&ots=bzWLEcJaYl&sig=gy64SwZlDRp-EeIROR3B5SvMS0A&hl=ru&sa=X&ei=9ZTkVOWhOIbMyAP8zIDgBw&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAzgU#v=onepage&q&f=false], p. 259 and [http://ruby.chemie.uni-freiburg.de/Vorlesung/intermetallische_6_2.html] (both in German).Al(−2) has been observed in Sr14[Al4]2[Ge]3, see |- | 14 || சிலிக்கான் || || style="background:#dfdfdf" | −4 || style="background:#ffc0cb" | −3 || style="background:#ffecd3" | −2 || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | Si || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || || || || || || 14 || |- | 15 || பாசுபரசு || || || style="background:#ffc0cb" | −3 || style="background:#ffecd3" | −2 || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | P || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || style="background:#cccc98" | +5 || || || || || 15 || |- | 16 || கந்தகம் || || || || style="background:#ffecd3" | −2 || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | S || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || style="background:#cccc98" | +5 || style="background:#a0fec2" | +6 || || || || 16 || |- | 17 ||குளோரின் || || || || || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | Cl || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || style="background:#cccc98" | +5 || style="background:#a0fec2" | +6 || style="background:#e6fe8e" | +7 || || || 17 || The equilibrium Cl2O6⇌2ClO3 is mentioned by Greenwood and Earnshaw, but it has been refuted, see , and Cl2O6 is actually chlorine(V,VII) oxide. However, ClO3 has been observed, see |- style="background:#FFFACD" | 18 || ஆர்கான் || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | Ar || || || || || || || || || || 18 || style="background:white" | |- | 19 || பொட்டாசியம் || || || || || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | K || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || || || || || || || || || 1 || |- | 20 || கல்சியம் || || || || || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | Ca || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || || || || || || || || 2 || Ca(I) has been observed; see The Ca− ion is known: see |- | 21 || இசுக்காண்டியம் || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | Sc || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || || || || || || || 3 || |- | 22 || தைட்டானியம் || || || || style="background:#ffecd3" | −2 || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | Ti || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || || || || || || 4 ||Ti(I) has been observed in titanium monohydride (TiH); see Ti(−2), V(−3), Cr(−4), Co(−3), Zr(−2), Nb(−3), Mo(−4), Ru(−2), Rh(−3), Hf(−2), Ta(−3), and W(−4) occur in anionic binary metal carbonyls; see [http://d-nb.info/956310893/34], p. 4 (in German); [https://books.google.ru/books?id=dP4LTfaPzAMC&pg=PA97&dq=%22%5BCr%28CO%294%5D4-%22&hl=ru&sa=X&ei=ncroVMihLYO8ygO22YLYAQ&ved=0CBsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false], pp. 97–100; [https://books.google.ru/books?id=n5r-NFT46TkC&printsec=frontcover&hl=ru#v=onepage&q&f=false], p. 239Ti(−1) has been reported in [Ti(2,2'-Bipyridine)3]−, but was later shown to be Ti(+3); see However, Ti(−1) occurs in [Ti(η-C6H6]− and [Ti(η-C6H5CH3)]−, see |- | 23 || வனேடியம் || || || style="background:#ffc0cb" | −3 || || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | V || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || style="background:#cccc98" | +5 || || || || || 5 || |- | 24 || குரோமியம் || || style="background:#dfdfdf" | −4 || || style="background:#ffecd3" | −2 || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | Cr || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || style="background:#cccc98" | +5 || style="background:#a0fec2" | +6 || || || || 6 || |- | 25 || மாங்கனீசு || || || style="background:#ffc0cb" | −3 || style="background:#ffecd3" | −2 || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | Mn || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || style="background:#cccc98" | +5 || style="background:#a0fec2" | +6 || style="background:#e6fe8e" | +7 || || || 7 || |- | 26 || இரும்பு || || style="background:#dfdfdf" | −4 || || style="background:#ffecd3" | −2 || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | Fe || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || style="background:#cccc98" | +5 || style="background:#a0fec2" | +6 || || || || 8 || Fe(VII) and Fe(VIII) have been reported; see However, their existence has been disputed.Fe(−4), Ru(−4), and Os(−4) have been observed in metal-rich compounds containing octahedral complexes [MIn6−''x''Sn''x'']; Pt(−3) (as a dimeric anion [Pt–Pt]6−), Cu(−2), Zn(−2), Ag(−2), Cd(−2), Au(−2), and Hg(−2) have been observed (as dimeric and monomeric anions; dimeric ions were initially reported to be [T–T]2− for Zn, Cd, Hg, but later shown to be [T–T]4− for all these elements) in La2Pt2In, La2Cu2In, Ca5Au3, Ca5Ag3, Ca5Hg3, Sr5Cd3, Ca5Zn3(structure (AE2+)5(T–T)4−T2−⋅4e−), Yb3Ag2, Ca5Au4, and Ca3Hg2; Au(–3) has been observed in ScAuSn and in other 18-electron half-Heusler compounds. See and |- | 27 || கோபால்ட் || || || style="background:#ffc0cb" | −3 || || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | Co || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || style="background:#cccc98" | +5 || || || || || 9 || |- | 28 || நிக்கல் || || || || style="background:#ffecd3" | −2 || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | Ni || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || || || || || || 10 || Ni(−2) has been observed in Li2[Ni(1,5-cyclooctadiene)2], see and |- | 29 || செப்பு || || || || style="background:#ffecd3" | −2 || || style="background:#e0ffff" | Cu || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || || || || || || 11 || |- | 30 || துத்தநாகம் || || || || style="background:#ffecd3" | −2 || || style="background:#e0ffff" | Zn || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || || || || || || || || 12 || Zn(I) has been observed in Zn2Cl2; see |- | 31 || காலியம் || style="background:#d5e6f7" | −5 || style="background:#dfdfdf" | −4 || || style="background:#ffecd3" | −2 || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | Ga || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || || || || || || || 13 ||Ga(−2), Ga(−4), and Ga(−5) have been observed in the magnesium gallides MgGa, Mg2Ga, and Mg5Ga2, respectively; see |- | 32 || ஜேர்மானியம் || || style="background:#dfdfdf" | −4 || style="background:#ffc0cb" | −3 || style="background:#ffecd3" | −2 || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | Ge || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || || || || || || 14 || Ge(−1), Ge(−2), and Ge(−3) have been observed in germanides; see . |- | 33 || ஆர்சனிக் || || || style="background:#ffc0cb" | −3 || style="background:#ffecd3" | −2 || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | As || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || style="background:#cccc98" | +5 || || || || || 15 || As(I) has been observed in arsenic(I) iodide (AsI); see As(IV) has been observed in arsenic(IV) hydroxide (As(OH)4) and ; see |- | 34 || செலீனியம் || || || || style="background:#ffecd3" | −2 || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | Se || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || style="background:#cccc98" | +5 || style="background:#a0fec2" | +6 || || || || 16 || Se(−1) has been observed in selenides(2−) (Se22−).Se(I) has been observed in selenium(I) chloride (Se2Cl2); see Se(III) has been observed in Se2NBr3; see Se(V) has been observed in and ; see |- | 35 || புரோமின் || || || || || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | Br || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || style="background:#cccc98" | +5 || || style="background:#e6fe8e" | +7 || || || 17 || |- style="background:#FFFACD" | 36 || கிரிப்டான் || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | Kr || || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || || || || || || || || 18 || style="background:white" | |- | 37 || ருபீடியம் || || || || || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | Rb || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || || || || || || || || || 1 || |- | 38 || இசுட்ரோன்சியம் || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | Sr || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || || || || || || || || 2 ||Sr(I) has been observed in strontium monofluoride (SrF); see |- | 39 || இட்ரியம் || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | Y || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || || || || || || || 3 || Y(I) has been observed in yttrium(I) bromide (YBr); see Y(II) has been observed in 2); see Isn't YH2 electride-like?-->[(18-crown-6)K][(C5H4SiMe3)3Y]; see |- | 40 || சிர்க்கோனியம் || || || || style="background:#ffecd3" | −2 || || style="background:#e0ffff" | Zr || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || || || || || || 4 || Zr(−1) has been reported in [Zr(2,2'-Bipyridine)3]− (see and ), but was later shown to be Zr(+4); see |- | 41 || நையோபியம் || || || style="background:#ffc0cb" | −3 || || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | Nb || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || style="background:#cccc98" | +5 || || || || || 5 || Nb(I) has been observed in niobium monochloride (NbCl); see |- | 42 || மாலிப்டினம் || || style="background:#dfdfdf" | −4 || || style="background:#ffecd3" | −2 || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | Mo || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || style="background:#cccc98" | +5 || style="background:#a0fec2" | +6 || || || || 6 || |- | 43 || டெக்னீசியம் || || || style="background:#ffc0cb" | −3 || || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | Tc || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || style="background:#cccc98" | +5 || style="background:#a0fec2" | +6 || style="background:#e6fe8e" | +7 || || || 7 || |- | 44 || ருத்தேனியம் || || style="background:#dfdfdf" | −4 || || style="background:#ffecd3" | −2 || || style="background:#e0ffff" | Ru || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || style="background:#cccc98" | +5 || style="background:#a0fec2" | +6 || style="background:#e6fe8e" | +7 || style="background:#d1ddff" | +8 || || 8 || |- | 45 || ரோடியம் || || || style="background:#ffc0cb" | −3 || || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | Rh || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || style="background:#cccc98" | +5 || style="background:#a0fec2" | +6 || || || || 9 || |- | 46 || பலேடியம் || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | Pd || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 ||style="background:#cccc98" | +5 || style="background:#a0fec2" | +6 || || || || 10 || Pd(I) has been observed; see Pd(III) has been observed; see Pd(V) has been observed in dioxygenyl hexafluoropalladate; see Pd(VI) complexes have been observed; see |- | 47 || வெள்ளி (தனிமம்) || || || || style="background:#ffecd3" | −2 || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | Ag || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || || || || || || 11 || The Ag− ion has been observed in metal ammonia solutions: see Ag(IV) has been observed in potassium hexafluoroargentate (K2AgF6) and caesium hexafluoroargentate (Cs2AgF6); see |- | 48 || காட்மியம் || || || || style="background:#ffecd3" | −2 || || style="background:#e0ffff" | Cd || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || || || || || || || || 12 || Cd(I) has been observed in cadmium(I) tetrachloroaluminate (Cd2(AlCl4)2); see |- | 49 || இண்டியம் || style="background:#d5e6f7" | −5 || || || style="background:#ffecd3" | −2 || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | In || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || || || || || || || 13 ||In(–5) has been observed in La3InGe, see In(−2) has been observed in Na2In, see [https://books.google.ru/books?id=v-04Kn758yIC&pg=PA69&lpg=PA69&dq=zintl+anions+Na2In&source=bl&ots=aXLYIpkfYq&sig=Mqh8WdnvGOt2J2OPVLNqn79YVyk&hl=ru&sa=X&ei=XNDkVNeSJeXOyQOb8oBA&ved=0CBsQ6AEwADgK#v=onepage&q&f=false], p. 69. |- | 50 || வெள்ளீயம் || || style="background:#dfdfdf" | −4 || style="background:#ffc0cb" | −3 || style="background:#ffecd3" | −2 || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | Sn || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || || || || || || 14 ||Sn(−3) has been observed in [Sn2]6−, e.g. in (Ba2)4+(Mg4)8+Sn4−(Sn2)6−Sn2− (with square (Sn2−)n sheets), see Sn(I) and Sn(III) have been observed in organotin compounds |- | 51 || அந்திமனி || || || style="background:#ffc0cb" | −3 || style="background:#ffecd3" | −2 || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | Sb || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || style="background:#cccc98" | +5 || || || || || 15 ||Sb(−2) has been observed in [Sb2]4−, e.g. in RbBa4[Sb2][Sb][O], see Sb(I) and Sb(II) have been observed in organoantimony compounds; for Sb(I), see Sb(IV) has been observed in , see |- | 52 || தெலூரியம் || || || || style="background:#ffecd3" | −2 || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | Te || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || style="background:#cccc98" | +5 || style="background:#a0fec2" | +6 || || || || 16 ||Te(I) has been observed in tellurium iodide (TeI), see Te(III) has been observed in [Te(N(Simethyl3)2)2]+, see .Te(V) is mentioned by Greenwood and Earnshaw, but they do not give any example of a Te(V) compound. What was long thought to be ditellurium decafluoride (Te2F10) is actually bis(pentafluorotelluryl) oxide, F5TeOTeF5: see However, Te(V) has been observed in , , , and ; see |- | 53 || அயோடின் || || || || || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | I || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || style="background:#cccc98" | +5 || style="background:#a0fec2" | +6 || style="background:#e6fe8e" | +7 || || || 17 || I(IV) has been observed in Iodine oxide (IO2); see I(VI) has been observed in IO3, IO42−, H5IO6−, H2IO52−, H4IO62−, and HIO53−; see |- style="background:#FFFACD" | 54 || செனான் || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | Xe || || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || || style="background:#a0fec2" | +6 || || style="background:#d1ddff" | +8 || || 18 || style="background:white" | Xe(I) has been reported in xenon hexafluoroplatinate and xenon hexafluororhodate (see ), however these compounds were later found to contain Xe(II). |- | 55 || சீசியம் || || || || || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | Cs || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || || || || || || || || || 1 || |- | 56 || பேரியம் || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | Ba || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || || || || || || || || 2 ||Ba(I) has been observed in barium monofluoride (BaF); see |- | 57 || இலந்தனம் || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | La || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || || || || || || || ||La(I) has been observed in lanthanum monohydride (LaH); see |- | 58 || சீரியம் || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | Ce || || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || || || || || || || |- | 59 || பிரசியோடைமியம் || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | Pr || || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || || || || || || || |- | 60 || நியோடைமியம் || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | Nd || || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || || || || || || || Nd(IV) has been observed in unstable solid state compounds; see |- | 61 || புரோமித்தியம் || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | Pm || || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || || || || || || || || All the இலந்தனைடுs (La–Lu) in the +2 oxidation state have been observed (except La, Gd, Lu) in dilute, solid solutions of dihalides of these elements in alkaline earth dihalides (see ) and (except Pm) in organometallic molecular complexes, see [http://cen.acs.org/articles/91/i24/Lanthanides-Topple-Assumptions.html Lanthanides Topple Assumptions] and . Additionally, all the இலந்தனைடுs (La–Lu) form dihydrides (LnH2), dicarbides (LnC2), monosulfides (LnS), monoselenides (LnSe), and monotellurides (LnTe), but for most elements these compounds have Ln3+ ions with electrons delocalized into conduction bands, e.&nbsp;g. Ln3+(H−)2(e−). |- | 62 || சமாரியம் || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | Sm || || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || || || || || || || || |- | 63 || யூரோப்பியம் || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | Eu || || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || || || || || || || || |- | 64 || கடோலினியம் || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | Gd || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || || || || || || || || |- | 65 || டெர்பியம் || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | Tb || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || || || || || || || |- | 66 || டிசிப்ரோசியம் || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | Dy || || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || || || || || || || Dy(IV) has been observed in unstable solid state compounds; see |- | 67 || ஓல்மியம் || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | Ho || || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || || || || || || || || |- | 68 || எர்பியம் || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | Er || || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || || || || || || || || |- | 69 || தூலியம் || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | Tm || || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || || || || || || || || |- | 70 || இட்டெர்பியம் || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | Yb || || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || || || || || || || || |- | 71 || லியுதேத்தியம் || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | Lu || || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || || || || || || || 3 || |- | 72 || ஆஃபினியம் || || || || style="background:#ffecd3" | −2 || || style="background:#e0ffff" | Hf || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || || || || || || 4 || Hf(I) has been observed in hafnium monobromide (HfBr), see |- | 73 || டாண்ட்டலம் || || || style="background:#ffc0cb" | −3 || || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | Ta || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || style="background:#cccc98" | +5 || || || || || 5 || Ta(I) occurs in cyclopentadienylTa(CO)4, see and |- | 74 || தங்குதன் || || style="background:#dfdfdf" | −4 || || style="background:#ffecd3" | −2 || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | W || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || style="background:#cccc98" | +5 || style="background:#a0fec2" | +6 || || || || 6 || |- | 75 || இரேனியம் || || || style="background:#ffc0cb" | −3 || || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | Re || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || style="background:#cccc98" | +5 || style="background:#a0fec2" | +6 || style="background:#e6fe8e" | +7 || || || 7 || |- | 76 || ஓசுமியம் || || style="background:#dfdfdf" | −4 || || style="background:#ffecd3" | −2 || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | Os || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || style="background:#cccc98" | +5 || style="background:#a0fec2" | +6 || style="background:#e6fe8e" | +7 || style="background:#d1ddff" | +8 || || 8 || Os(−1) has been observed in ; see and |- | 77 || இரிடியம் || || || style="background:#ffc0cb" | −3 || || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | Ir || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || style="background:#cccc98" | +5 || style="background:#a0fec2" | +6 || style="background:#e6fe8e" | +7 || style="background:#d1ddff" | +8 || style="background:#c6dd9d" | +9 || 9 || Ir(−3) has been observed in Ir(CO)33−; see Ir(VII) has been observed in [(η2-O2)IrO2]+; see [http://2014.cenmag.org/iridium-dressed-to-the-nines/ C&EN: Iridium dressed to the nines] .Ir(VIII) has been observed in iridium tetroxide (IrO4); see Ir(IX) has been observed in ; see |- | 78 || பிளாட்டினம் || || || style="background:#ffc0cb" | −3 || style="background:#ffecd3" | −2 || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | Pt || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 ||style="background:#cccc98" | +5 || style="background:#a0fec2" | +6 || || || || 10 || Pt(−1) and Pt(−2) have been observed in the பேரியம் platinides Ba2Pt and BaPt, respectively: see Pt(I) and Pt(III) have been observed in bimetallic and polymetallic species; see |- | 79 || தங்கம் || || || style="background:#ffc0cb" | −3 || style="background:#ffecd3" | −2 || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | Au || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || || style="background:#cccc98" | +5 || || || || || 11 || |- | 80 || பாதரசம் || || || || style="background:#ffecd3" | −2 || || style="background:#e0ffff" | Hg || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || || || || || || 12 || Hg(IV) has been observed in mercury(IV) fluoride (HgF4); see . |- | 81 || தாலியம் || style="background:#d5e6f7" | −5 || || || style="background:#ffecd3" | −2 || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | Tl || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || || || || || || || 13 || Tl(−5) has been observed in Na23K9Tl15.3, see Tl(−1) has been observed in caesium thallide (CsTl); see Tl(+2) has been observed in tetrakis(hypersilyl)dithallium ([(methyl3Si)Si]2Tl—Tl[Si(SiMe3)]2), see . |- | 82 || ஈயம் || || style="background:#dfdfdf" | −4 || || style="background:#ffecd3" | −2 || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | Pb || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || || || || || || 14 ||Pb(−2) has been observed in BaPb, see and Pb(+1) and Pb(+3) have been observed in organolead compounds, e.g. hexamethyldiplumbane Pb2(CH3)6; for Pb(I), see . |- | 83 || பிசுமத் || || || style="background:#ffc0cb" | −3 || style="background:#ffecd3" | −2 || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | Bi || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || style="background:#cccc98" | +5 || || || || || 15 ||Bi(−2) and Bi(−1) occur in Zintl phases, e.g. (Ca2+)22[Bi4]4−([Bi2]4−)4[Bi3−]8; see Bi(I) has been observed in bismuth monobromide (BiBr) and bismuth monoiodide (BiI); see Bi(+2) has been observed in dibismuthines (R2Bi—BiR2), see Bi(IV) has been observed; see |- | 84 || பொலோனியம் || || || || style="background:#ffecd3" | −2 || || style="background:#e0ffff" | Po || || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || style="background:#cccc98" | +5 || style="background:#a0fec2" | +6 || || || || 16 || Po(V) has been observed in dioxidopolonium(1+) (); see |- | 85 || அசுட்டட்டைன் || || || || || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | At || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || || style="background:#cccc98" | +5 || || style="background:#e6fe8e" | +7 || || || 17 || |- style="background:#FFFACD" | 86 || ரேடான் || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | Rn || || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || || || || style="background:#a0fec2" | +6 || || || || 18 || style="background:white" | Rn(II) has been observed in ரேடான் டைபுளோரைடு (RnF2); see and Rn(IV) is reported by Greenwood and Earnshaw, but is not known to exist; see Rn(VI) is known in radon trioxide (RnO3); see |- | 87 || பிரான்சீயம் || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | Fr || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || || || || || || || || || 1 || |- | 88 || ரேடியம் || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | Ra || || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || || || || || || || || 2 || |- | 89 || ஆக்டினியம் || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | Ac || || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || || || || || || || || Ac(II) is known in actinium dihydride (AcH2); see |- | 90 || தோரியம் || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | Th || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || || || || || || || Th(I) is known in thorium(I) bromide (ThBr); see |- | 91 || புரோடாக்டினியம் || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | Pa || || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || style="background:#cccc98" | +5 || || || || || || Pa(II) is known in protactinium(II) oxide (PaO); see |- | 92 || யுரேனியம் || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | U || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || style="background:#cccc98" | +5 || style="background:#a0fec2" | +6 || || || || || U(I) has been observed in uranium monofluoride (UF) and uranium monochloride (UCl), see U(II) has been observed in uranium monoxide (UO), யுரேனியம் சல்பைடு (US), uranium carbide (UC2), and uranium carbide (U2C3); see |- | 93 || நெப்டியூனியம் || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | Np || || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || style="background:#cccc98" | +5 || style="background:#a0fec2" | +6 || style="background:#e6fe8e" | +7 || || || || Np(II), Pu(II), Cm(II) have been observed in monoxides (NpO, PuO, CmO) and also in dilute, solid solutions of dihalides of these elements in alkaline earth dihalides; see Holleman, Arnold F. and Wiberg, Nils ''Textbook of Inorganic Chemistry'', pp.1957, 1972, 102 Edition, de Gruyter, Berlin 2007, . |- | 94 || புளுட்டோனியம் || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | Pu || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || style="background:#cccc98" | +5 || style="background:#a0fec2" | +6 || style="background:#e6fe8e" | +7 || style="background:#d1ddff" | +8 || || || Pu(I) has been observed in plutonium monofluoride (PuF); see Unstable Pu(VIII) complexes can form in alkaline solutions; see |- | 95 || அமெரிசியம் || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | Am || || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || style="background:#cccc98" | +5 || style="background:#a0fec2" | +6 || style="background:#e6fe8e" | +7 || style="background:#d1ddff" | +8 || || || Am(VII) has been observed in ; see [http://www.chemie-master.de/FrameHandler.php?loc=http://www.chemie-master.de/pse/pse.php?modul=Am Americium], Das Periodensystem der Elemente für den Schulgebrauch (The periodic table of elements for schools) chemie-master.de (in German), Retrieved 28 November 2010 and Am(VIII) has been observed; see |- | 96 || கியூரியம் || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | Cm || || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || || style="background:#a0fec2" | +6 || || || || || Cm(VI) has been observed in curium trioxide (CmO3) and dioxidocurium(2+) (); see Cm(VIII) has been reported to possibly occur in curium tetroxide (CmO4); see However, new experiments seem to indicate its nonexistence: |- | 97 || பெர்க்கிலியம் || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | Bk || || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || || || || || || || Bk(II) has been observed in berkelium(II) oxide (BkO); see Peterson J. R. and Hobart D. E. [http://books.google.com/books?id=U-YOlLVuV1YC&pg=PA29 "The Chemistry of Berkelium"] in Harry Julius Emeléus (Ed.) ''Advances in inorganic chemistry and radiochemistry'', Volume 28, Academic Press, 1984 , p.&nbsp;51, |- | 98 || கலிபோர்னியம் || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | Cf || || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || || || || || || || |- | 99 || ஐன்ஸ்டைனியம் || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | Es || || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || || || || || || || Es(IV) is known in einsteinium(IV) fluoride (EsF4); see |- | 100 || பெர்மியம் || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | Fm || || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || || || || || || || || |- | 101 || மெண்டலீவியம் || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | Md || || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || || || || || || || || |- | 102 || நொபிலியம் || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | No || || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || || || || || || || || |- | 103 || இலாரென்சியம் || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | Lr || || || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || || || || || || || 3 || |- | 104 || இரதர்ஃபோர்டியம் || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | Rf || || || || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || || || || || || 4 || |- | 105 || தூப்னியம் || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | Db || || || || || style="background:#cccc98" | +5 || || || || || 5 || Db(V) has been observed in dubnium pentachloride (DbCl5); see |- | 106 || சீபோர்கியம் || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | Sg || || || || || || style="background:#a0fec2" | +6 || || || || 6 || Sg(VI) has been observed in seaborgium oxide hydroxide (SgO2(OH)2); see |- | 107 || போரியம் || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | Bh || || || || || || || style="background:#e6fe8e" | +7 || || || 7 || Bh(VII) has been observed in bohrium oxychloride (BhO3Cl); see [http://www.gsi.de/informationen/wti/library/scientificreport2000/Chemistry/9/r_eichler_jb2000.pdf "Gas chemical investigation of bohrium (Bh, element 107)"] , Eichler et al., ''GSI Annual Report 2000''. Retrieved on 2008-02-29 |- | 108 || ஆசியம் || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | Hs || || || || || || || || style="background:#d1ddff" | +8 || || 8 || Hs(VIII) has been observed in hassium tetroxide (HsO4); see |} இதே போன்ற ஒரு வடிவப் படம் (கீழே கொடுக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது) 1919 ஆம் ஆண்டில் இர்விங் இலேங்முர் என்ற அமெரிக்க வேதியியலாளரால் பயன்படுத்தப்பட்டது. தொடக்கக் காலத்தில் வெளியிடப்பட்ட எண்ம விதியின் கூறுகள் ஆக்சிசனேற்ற எண்களின் ஆவர்த்தனப் பண்புகளுடன் பொருந்தியதால் இவ்விதியை அவர் ஏற்றுக்கொண்டார். :Image:Langmuir valence.png