கேள்வி: கோலதமோர் பற்றி விளக்கவும்.
பதில்: கசக்கஸ்தான் | coordinates = | period = 1932–1933 | excess_mortality= | from_disease = | total_deaths = உக்ரைனில் சுமார் 3.5 முதல் 5 மில்லியன்குபனில் 62,000 அல்லது அதற்கு மேற்பட்டவர்கள்300,000 க்கும் மேற்பட்ட உக்ரேனியர்கள் கசக்கஸ்தான் இறந்தனர் அல்லது இடம்பெயர்ந்தனர் | death_rate = | observations = * 26 நாடுகளும் ஐரோப்பிய நாடாளுமன்றமும் இனப்படுகொலையாக கருதப்படுகிறன. *இஸ்டாலின் ஆட்சியின் குற்றச் செயலாக 6 நாடுகள் கருதுகின்றன * 5 சர்வதேச அமைப்புகளால் மனிதகுலத்திற்கு எதிரான ஒரு சோகமாக அல்லது குற்றமாக கருதப்படுகிறது | theory = | relief = வெளிநாட்டு நிவாரணம் அரசால் நிராகரிக்கப்பட்டது. பிப்ரவரி மற்றும் யூலை 1933 இற்கு இடைப்பட்ட காலத்தில் 176,200, 325,000 டென் தானியங்கள் உணவாகவும் விதையாகவும் அரசால் வழங்கப்பட்டன. | food_situation = Deliberate macro-economic food extraction from affected region | demographics = உக்ரைனின் மக்கள் தொகையில் 10% பேர் இறந்தனர்பல்வேறு காரணங்களால் 1926 முதல் 1939 வரையான காலத்தில் குபன் உக்ரேனிய மக்கள் தொகை 915,000 இலிருந்து 150,000 ஆக குறைந்ததுகசக்கஸ்தானில் 35% இற்கும் அதிகமான உக்ரேனியர்கள் பஞ்சத்தில் மாண்டனர் | consequences = | memorial = | preceded = | succeeded = | footnotes = }} கோலதமோர் (''Holodomor'', உக்ரேனிய மொழி: ''Голодомор'') அல்லது பயங்கர பஞ்சம் (''Terror-Famine'') பெரும் பஞ்சம் (''Great Famine'') என்பது 1932–1933 ம் ஆண்டுக் காலப் பகுதியில் உக்ரேன் பட்டினியால் நடந்த இனப்படுகொலை ஆகும். இந்த நிகழ்வு உக்ரேனிய பட்டினி இனப்படுகொலை, தீவிரவாத உக்ரேனிய இனப்படுகொலை என்றும் அறியப்படுகிறது. இந்த நிகழ்வில் 1.5 இலிருந்து 12 மில்லியன் உக்ரேனிய மக்கள் இறந்திருக்கலாம் என்று கூறப்படுகிறது. கோலதமோர் நிகழ்வுக்கு ஒரு முக்கியக் காரணம் அக் கால சோவியத் ஒன்றியத்தின் தலைவர் ஸ்ராலினின் கொள்கை ஆகும். உக்ரேனினில் நிகழ்ந்த உக்ரேனிய தேசியவாதத்தை தகர்க்க உக்ரேனிலில் இருந்து எல்லா உணவு மூலங்களும் வெளியேற்றப்பட்டன. உக்ரேனில் இருந்து எவரும் வெளியேறத் தடைசெய்யப்பட்டது. ஸ்ராலினின் கட்டளையில் நடந்த இந்த செயற்பாடுகள் பட்டினி படுகொலைக்கு மூல காரணம் ஆகும்.
கேள்வி: கோலதமோர் - நூல் பட்டியல் என்பது என்ன?
பதில்: * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * |orig-year=2001 |url=http://www.lingvo.ua/uk/Interpret/uk-ru/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80 |publisher=Perun |year=2004 |isbn=978-966-569-013-9 |location=Kyiv |language=uk |script-title=uk:Великий тлумачний словник сучасної української мови |title=Velykyy tlumachnyy slovnyk suchasnoyi ukrayinsʹkoyi movy |trans-title=Great Explanatory Dictionary of Modern Ukrainian |chapter=holodomor |script-chapter=uk:голодомор |script-quote=uk:Штучний голод, організований у величезних масштабах злочинною владою проти населення власної країни. |quote=Shtuchnyy holod, orhanizovanyy u velycheznykh masshtabakh zlochynnoyu vladoyu proty naselennya vlasnoyi krayiny. |trans-quote=An artificial famine organized on a huge scale by a criminal government against the population of its own country. |access-date=29 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603010902/http://www.lingvo.ua/uk/Interpret/uk-ru/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80 |archive-date=3 June 2016 |url-status=dead }} * * * * * * * * * * * * }} * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * }} * * * * * * * * |editor1-last=Pyrih |editor1-first=Ruslan Y. |editor2-last=Kentii |editor2-first=Anatoly V. |editor3-last=Komarova |editor3-first=Irina L. |editor4-last=Lozytskyi |editor4-first=V. S. |editor5-last=Solovyova |editor5-first=A. A. |date=1990 |publisher=Kyiv-Mohyla Academy |location=Kyiv |title=Documents 1-132 extracted from "Голодомор 1932–33 років в Україні: документи і матеріали"/ Упорядник Руслан Пиріг; НАН України.Ін-т історії України.-К.:Вид.дім "Києво-Могилянська академія" |language=uk |trans-title=Documents 1-132 extracted from "The famine of 1932–1933 in Ukraine: through the eyes of historians, in the language of documents” |quote=#Pyrih1990 |access-date=7 September 2012 |url-status=dead |url=https://www.archives.gov.ua/Sections/Famine/Publicat/Fam-Pyrig-1932.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120815104813/http://www.archives.gov.ua/Sections/Famine/Publicat/Fam-Pyrig-1932.php |archive-date=15 August 2012}} * |editor1-last=Pyrih |editor1-first=Ruslan Y. |editor2-last=Kentii |editor2-first=Anatoly V. |editor3-last=Komarova |editor3-first=Irina L. |editor4-last=Lozytskyi |editor4-first=V. S. |editor5-last=Solovyova |editor5-first=A. A. |date=1990 |publisher=Kyiv-Mohyla Academy |location=Kyiv |title=Documents 343-403 extracted from "Голодомор 1932–33 років в Україні: документи і матеріали"/ Упорядник Руслан Пиріг; НАН України.Ін-т історії України.-К.:Вид.дім "Києво-Могилянська академія" |language=uk |trans-title=Documents 343-403 extracted from "The famine of 1932–1933 in Ukraine: through the eyes of historians, in the language of documents” |quote=#Pyrih1990 |url=https://www.archives.gov.ua/Sections/Famine/Publicat/Fam-kolekt-1933.php |access-date=7 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120815125317/http://www.archives.gov.ua/Sections/Famine/Publicat/Fam-kolekt-1933.php |archive-date=15 August 2012}} * * * * the Ukrainian "famine-extermination" of 1932–1933 at the hands of Stalin's Soviet regime (Chapter 5); "a compound word combining the root ''holod'' 'hunger' with the verbal root ''mor'' 'extinguish', 'exterminate' (Lubomyr Hajda, Harvard University).}} * * * * * * * * * Six-part series |newspaper=Den (newspaper) |language=en |via=Orange Revolution website |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927190108/http://www.orangerevolution.us/blog/_archives/2005/12/18/1454373.html |archive-date=27 September 2007 |url=http://www.orangerevolution.us/blog/_archives/2005/12/18/1454373.html}} Original online issues for series: ::: |newspaper=Den (newspaper) |title=Part 1 |quote=#Kulchytsky2005 |date=25 October 2005 |issue=33 |url=https://day.kyiv.ua/en/article/history-and-i/why-did-stalin-exterminate-ukrainians-4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627212021/https://day.kyiv.ua/en/article/history-and-i/why-did-stalin-exterminate-ukrainians-4 |archive-date=27 June 2022 }} ::: |newspaper=Den (newspaper) |title=Part 2 |quote=#Kulchytsky2005 |date=1 November 2005 |issue=34 |url=https://day.kyiv.ua/en/article/history-and-i/why-did-stalin-exterminate-ukrainians-3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820211035/https://day.kyiv.ua/en/article/history-and-i/why-did-stalin-exterminate-ukrainians-3 |archive-date=20 August 2022}} ::: |newspaper=Den (newspaper) |title=Part 3 |quote=#Kulchytsky2005 |date=8 November 2005 |issue=35 |url=https://day.kyiv.ua/en/article/history-and-i/why-did-stalin-exterminate-ukrainians-2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031204914/https://day.kyiv.ua/en/article/history-and-i/why-did-stalin-exterminate-ukrainians-2 |archive-date=31 October 2022}} ::: |newspaper=Den (newspaper) |title=Part 4 |quote=#Kulchytsky2005 |date=22 November 2005 |issue=37 |url=https://day.kyiv.ua/en/article/history-and-i/why-did-stalin-exterminate-ukrainians-1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031204914/https://day.kyiv.ua/en/article/history-and-i/why-did-stalin-exterminate-ukrainians-1 |archive-date=31 October 2022}} ::: |newspaper=Den (newspaper) |title=Part 5 |quote=#Kulchytsky2005 |date=29 November 2005 |issue=38 |url=https://day.kyiv.ua/en/article/history-and-i/why-did-stalin-exterminate-ukrainians-0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627210051/https://day.kyiv.ua/en/article/history-and-i/why-did-stalin-exterminate-ukrainians-0 |archive-date=27 June 2022}} ::: |newspaper=Den (newspaper) |title=Part 6 |quote=#Kulchytsky2005 |date=6 December 2005 |issue=39 |url=https://day.kyiv.ua/en/article/history-and-i/why-did-stalin-exterminate-ukrainians |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627210009/https://day.kyiv.ua/en/article/history-and-i/why-did-stalin-exterminate-ukrainians |archive-date=27 June 2022}} * * |last=Kulchytsky |first=Stanislav |date=13 February 2007 |issue=5 |title=Holodomor of 1932–33 as genocide: gaps in the evidential basis Part 1 of 4 |quote=#Kulch2005.2, #Kulch2005.3, #Kulch2005.4.|newspaper=Den (newspaper) |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302083339/https://day.kyiv.ua/en/article/day-after-day/holodomor-1932-33-genocide-gaps-evidential-basis |url=https://day.kyiv.ua/en/article/day-after-day/holodomor-1932-33-genocide-gaps-evidential-basis |archive-date=2 March 2022}} * * * * * * * * Liber, George. ''Total wars and the making of modern Ukraine, 1914–1954'' ( U of Toronto Press, 2016). * * * * * * * * * (A collection of Mace's articles and columns published in ''Den (newspaper)'' from 1993 to 2004). * * * |last1=Makuch |first1=Andrij |title=The famine of 1932–1933 |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica online |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/History#ref404577 |access-date=2 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123082312/https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/History#ref404577 |archive-date=23 November 2015 |url-status=live}} * * * * * * * * * * * |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/24/world/europe/ukraine-holodomor-famine-memorial.html |work=த நியூயார்க் டைம்ஸ் |date=24 November 2018}} * |citeseerx=10.1.1.738.7259 |url=https://www.ined.fr/en/publications/editions/population-and-societies/france-ukraine-demographic-twins-separated-by-history-en/}} * * * * * * * * * * * * |editor1-last=Noack |editor1-first= Christian |editor2-last=Janssen |editor2-first=Lindsay |editor3-last=Comerford |editor3-first=Vincent |date=October 2014 |title=Holodomor and Gorta Mór: Histories, Memories and Representations of Famine in Ukraine and Ireland |publisher=Anthem Press |isbn=978-1-78308-319-0}} * * |title=Statement by the National Security Council Spokesman Mike Hammer on Ukraine's Holodomor Remembrance Day |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2010/11/20/statement-nsc-spokesman-mike-hammer-ukraines-holodomor-remembrance-day |date=20 November 2010 |access-date=22 July 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216170823/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2010/11/20/statement-nsc-spokesman-mike-hammer-ukraines-holodomor-remembrance-day |via=NARA |work=whitehouse.gov |archive-date=16 February 2017}} * |title=Statement by the Press Secretary on Ukrainian Holodomor Remembrance Day |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2011/11/19/statement-press-secretary-ukrainian-holodomor-remembrance-day |date=19 November 2011 |access-date=22 July 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216163838/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2011/11/19/statement-press-secretary-ukrainian-holodomor-remembrance-day |via=NARA |work=whitehouse.gov |archive-date=16 February 2017}} * * * * * * * * * * * * |language=uk |publisher=Verkhovna Rada (Parliament of Ukraine) |date=28 November 2006 |url=http://zakon4.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/376-16 |script-title=uk:ЗАКОН УКРАЇНИ: Про Голодомор 1932–1933 років в Україні |trans-title=Law of Ukraine: About the Holodomor of 1932–1933 in Ukraine |access-date=6 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503083223/http://zakon4.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/376-16 |archive-date=3 May 2015}} * * * * * * |last1=Rudnytskyi |first1=Omelian P. |last2=Levchuk |first2=Nataliia M. |last3=Wolowyna |first3=Oleh |last4=Shevchuk |first4=Pavlo E. |last5=Kovbasiuk |first5=Alla B. |title=Demography оf a Man-Made Human Catastrophe: the Case of Massive Famine in Ukraine 1932–1933 |journal=Demography and Social Economy |date=24 December 2015 |issue=3 |pages=43–63 |doi=10.15407/dse2015.03.003 |url=https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/mapa/files/relocation-1933-1936.pdf}} * }} * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ::: * * * * * |title=Commemorative Coins "Holodomor – Genocide of the Ukrainian People |date=17 December 2007 |url=http://www.bank.gov.ua/Engl/Bank_coin/Yuv_mon/Coins/Other/Golodomor.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080108111037/http://www.bank.gov.ua/Engl/Bank_coin/Yuv_mon/Coins/Other/Golodomor.htm |archive-date=8 January 2008}} * |title=Ceremonial events to commemorate Holodomor victims to be held in Kyiv for three days |date=23 November 2007 |url=http://nrcu.gov.ua/index.php?id=148&listid=55808 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110216070228/http://nrcu.gov.ua/index.php?id=148&listid=55808 |archive-date=16 February 2011}} * * * * * * * * * * * * |author=U.S. Commission on the Ukraine Famine |year=1988 |title=Investigation of the Ukrainian Famine 1932–1933 Vol.1:Report to Congress |access-date=27 July 2012 |url=http://genocidecurriculum.org/category/curriculum-resources/general-archive/united-states-congressional-commission-on-the-ukrainian-famine/1report-to-congress/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070107194737/http://genocidecurriculum.org/category/curriculum-resources/general-archive/united-states-congressional-commission-on-the-ukrainian-famine/1report-to-congress/ |archive-date=7 January 2007 |location=Washington,&nbsp;D.C. |publisher=United States Government Printing Office |author-link=U.S. Commission on the Ukraine Famine |page=[https://web.archive.org/web/20090112182613/http://genocidecurriculum.org/curriculum-resources/general-archive/united-states-congressional-commission-on-the-ukrainian-famine/1report-to-congress/page-67/ 67] |editor1-last=Mace |editor1-first=James Earnest |editor1-link=James Mace |editor2-last=Samilenko |editor2-first=Olga |editor3-last=Pechenuk |editor3-first=Walter |volume=1 of 3 |archivedate=7 ஜனவரி 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070107194737/http://genocidecurriculum.org/category/curriculum-resources/general-archive/united-states-congressional-commission-on-the-ukrainian-famine/1report-to-congress/ }} * |author-link=U.S. Commission on the Ukraine Famine|editor1-link=James Mace}} ::: |title=Volume 1 |year=1990 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |quote=#US Commission OralHist |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1u5FAAAAYAAJ |via=கூகுள் புத்தகங்கள்}} ::: |title=Volume 2 |year=1990 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |quote=#US Commission OralHist |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x-9FAAAAYAAJ |via=கூகுள் புத்தகங்கள்}} ::: |title=Volume 3 |year=1990 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |quote=#US Commission OralHist |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bPBFAAAAYAAJ |via=கூகுள் புத்தகங்கள்}} * * * * * |last1=Vardy |first1=Steven Bela |last2=Vardy |first2=Agnes Huszar |title=Cannibalism in Stalin's Russia and Mao's China |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_east-european-quarterly_2007-06_41_2/page/n108 |journal=East European Quarterly |date=22 June 2007 |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=223–239}} * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
கேள்வி: கோலதமோர் - Declarations and legal acts என்பது என்ன?
பதில்: * |author=Verkhovna Rada |title= Address of the Verkhovna Rada to the Ukrainian nation on commemorating the victims of Holodomor 1932–1933 |language=uk |date=14 May 2003 |publisher=Verkhovna Rada (Parliament of Ukraine) |website=Офіційний вебпортал парламенту України |access-date=2022-12-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710032220/https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/789-15#top |archive-date=10 July 2022 |url=http://zakon4.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/789-15}} * |author=Verkhovna Rada |date=4 June 2007|title=Про встановлення Дня пам'яті жертв голодоморів |trans-title=On the establishment of the Holodomor Remembrance Day |publisher= Verkhovna Rada (Parliament of Ukraine) |website=Офіційний вебпортал парламенту України |url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/go/1310/98|access-date=27 November 2021|language=uk}} * U.S. Commission on the Ukraine Famine. 19 April 1988. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20110604055926/http://www.faminegenocide.com/resources/findings.html Findings of the Commission on the Ukraine Famine]" (Report to Congress). * ஐக்கிய நாடுகள் அவை. 2003. s:Joint Statement on Holodomor
கேள்வி: கோலதமோர் - Books and articles குறித்து விரிவாக சொல்லுங்கள்.
பதில்: * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ** |title= Final report |date=1990 |publisher= World Congress of Free Ukrainians |location=Toronto |quote=#1988IntCommission |url=http://www.ukrainianworldcongress.org/Holodomor/Holodomor-Commission.pdf |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081001225745/http://www.ukrainianworldcongress.org/Holodomor/Holodomor-Commission.pdf|archivedate=1 October 2008}} ** |title=Brussels, Belgium Proceedings [transcript], 23–27 May 1988 |quote=#1988IntCommission }} ** |title=New York City Proceedings [transcript], 21 October – 5 November 1988.|quote=#1988IntCommission }} * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Martchenko, Borys, ''La famine-genocide en Ukraine: 1932–1933'', (Paris: Publications de l'Est europeen, 1983). * * ''Memorial'', compiled by Lubomyr Y. Luciuk and Alexandra Chyczij; translated into English by Marco Carynnyk, (Toronto: Published by Kashtan Press for Canadian Friends of "Memorial", 1989). [Bilingual edition in Ukrainian and English. this is a selection of resolutions, aims and objectives, and other documents, pertaining to the activities of the Memorial Society in Ukraine]. * Mishchenko, Oleksandr, ''Bezkrovna viina: knyha svidchen, (Kyiv: Molod', 1991). * |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181222182252/http://history.org.ua/LiberUA/5-12-003210-9/5-12-003210-9.pdf |archive-date=22 December 2018 |url-status=dead |url=http://history.org.ua/LiberUA/5-12-003210-9/5-12-003210-9.pdf}} * Oleksiw, Stephen, ''The agony of a nation: the great man-made famine in Ukraine, 1932–1933'', (London: The National Committee to Commemorate the 50th Anniversary of the Artificial Famine in Ukraine, 1932–1933, 1983). * ''Pavel P. Postyshev, envoy of Moscow in Ukraine 1933–1934'', [selected newspaper articles, documents, and sections in books], (Toronto: World Congress of Free Ukrainians, Secretariat, [1988], The 1932–33 Famine in Ukraine research documentation). * * * Pidnayny, Alexandra, ''A bibliography of the great famine in Ukraine, 1932–1933'', (Toronto: New Review Books, 1975). * Pravoberezhnyi, Fedir, ''8,000,000: 1933-i rik na Ukraini'', (Winnipeg: Kultura і osvita, 1951). * * Senyshyn, Halyna, ''Bibliohrafia holody v Ukraini 1932–1933'', (Ottawa: Montreal: Umman, 1983). * Solovei, Dmytro, ''The Golgotha of Ukraine: eye-witness accounts of the famine in Ukraine'', compiled by Dmytro Soloviy, (New York: Ukrainian Congress Committee of America, 1953). * Stradnyk, Petro, ''Pravda pro soviets'ku vladu v Ukraini'', (New York: N. Chyhyryns'kyi, 1972). * Taylor, S.J., ''Stalin's apologist: Walter Duranty, the New York Times's Man in Moscow'', (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990). * ''The man-made famine in Ukraine'' (Washington D.C.: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1984). [Seminar. Participants: Robert Conquest, Dana Dalrymple, James Mace, Michael Nowak]. * United States, ''Commission on the Ukraine Famine. Investigation of the Ukrainian Famine, 1932–1933: report to Congress / Commission on the Ukraine Famine'', [Daniel E. Mica, chairman; James E. Mace, Staff Director]. (Washington D.C.: U.S. G.P.O. 1988). * United States, ''Commission on the Ukrainian Famine. Oral history project of the Commission on the Ukraine Famine'', James E. Mace and Leonid Heretz, eds. (Washington, D.C.: Supt. of Docs, U.S. G.P.O., 1990). * ''Velykyi holod v Ukraini, 1932–33: zbirnyk svidchen', spohadiv, dopovidiv ta stattiv, vyholoshenykh ta drukovanykh v 1983 rotsi na vidznachennia 50-littia holodu v Ukraini – The Great Famine in Ukraine 1932–1933: a collection of memoirs, speeches and essays prepared in 1983 in commemoration of the 50th anniversary of the Famine in Ukraine during 1932–33'', [Publication Committee members: V. Rudenko, T. Khokhitva, P. Makohon, F. Podopryhora], (Toronto: Ukrains'ke Pravoslavne Bratstvo Sv. Volodymyra, 1988), [Bilingual edition in Ukrainian and English]. * Verbyts'kyi, M., ''Naibil'shyi zlochyn Kremlia: zaplianovanyi shtuchnyi holod v Ukraini 1932–1933 rokiv'', (London: Dobrus, 1952). * Voropai, Oleksa, ''V deviatim kruzi'', (London, England: Sum, 1953). * Voropai, Oleksa, '' The Ninth Circle: In Commemoration of the Victims of the Famine of 1933'', Olexa Woropay; edited with an introduction by James E. Mace, (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University, Ukrainian Studies Fund, 1983). *