def offload_weight(weight, weight_name, offload_folder, index=None):
    dtype = None
    # Check the string instead of the dtype to be compatible with versions of PyTorch that don't have bfloat16.
    if str(weight.dtype) == "torch.bfloat16":
        # Need to reinterpret the underlined data as int16 since NumPy does not handle bfloat16s.
        weight = weight.view(torch.int16)
        dtype = "bfloat16"
    array = weight.cpu().numpy()
    tensor_file = os.path.join(offload_folder, f"{weight_name}.dat")
    if index is not None:
        if dtype is None:
            dtype = str(array.dtype)
        index[weight_name] = {"dtype": dtype, "shape": list(array.shape)}
    if array.ndim == 0:
        array = array[None]
    file_array = np.memmap(tensor_file, dtype=array.dtype, mode="w+", shape=array.shape)
    file_array[:] = array[:]
    file_array.flush()
    return index
def load_offloaded_weight(weight_file, weight_info):
    shape = tuple(weight_info["shape"])
    if shape == ():
        # NumPy memory-mapped arrays can't have 0 dims so it was saved as 1d tensor
        shape = (1,)
    dtype = weight_info["dtype"]
    if dtype == "bfloat16":
        # NumPy does not support bfloat16 so this was saved as a int16
        dtype = "int16"
    weight = np.memmap(weight_file, dtype=dtype, shape=shape, mode="r")
    if len(weight_info["shape"]) == 0:
        weight = weight[0]
    weight = torch.tensor(weight)
    if weight_info["dtype"] == "bfloat16":
        weight = weight.view(torch.bfloat16)
    return weight
def save_offload_index(index, offload_folder):
    if index is None or len(index) == 0:
        # Nothing to save
        return
    offload_index_file = os.path.join(offload_folder, "index.json")
    if os.path.isfile(offload_index_file):
        with open(offload_index_file, "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:
            current_index = json.load(f)
    else:
        current_index = {}
    current_index.update(index)
    with open(offload_index_file, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
        json.dump(current_index, f, indent=2)
def offload_state_dict(save_dir: Union[str, os.PathLike], state_dict: Dict[str, torch.Tensor]):
    """
    Offload a state dict in a given folder.
    Args:
        save_dir (`str` or `os.PathLike`):
            The directory in which to offload the state dict.
        state_dict (`Dict[str, torch.Tensor]`):
            The dictionary of tensors to offload.
    """
    os.makedirs(save_dir, exist_ok=True)
    index = {}
    for name, parameter in state_dict.items():
        index = offload_weight(parameter, name, save_dir, index=index)
    # Update index
    save_offload_index(index, save_dir)
class PrefixedDataset(Mapping):
    """
    Will access keys in a given dataset by adding a prefix.
    Args:
        dataset (`Mapping`): Any map with string keys.
        prefix (`str`): A prefix to add when trying to access any element in the underlying dataset.
    """

    def __init__(self, dataset: Mapping, prefix: str):
        self.dataset = dataset
        self.prefix = prefix

    def __getitem__(self, key):
        return self.dataset[f"{self.prefix}{key}"]

    def __iter__(self):
        return iter([key for key in self.dataset if key.startswith(self.prefix)])

    def __len__(self):
        return len(self.dataset)
class OffloadedWeightsLoader(Mapping):
    """
    A collection that loads weights stored in a given state dict or memory-mapped on disk.
    Args:
        state_dict (`Dict[str, torch.Tensor]`, *optional*):
            A dictionary parameter name to tensor.
        save_folder (`str` or `os.PathLike`, *optional*):
            The directory in which the weights are stored (by `offload_state_dict` for instance).
        index (`Dict`, *optional*):
            A dictionary from weight name to their information (`dtype`/ `shape` or safetensors filename). Will default
            to the index saved in `save_folder`.
    """

    def __init__(
        self,
        state_dict: Dict[str, torch.Tensor] = None,
        save_folder: Optional[Union[str, os.PathLike]] = None,
        index: Mapping = None,
        device=None,
    ):
        if state_dict is None and save_folder is None and index is None:
            raise ValueError("Need either a `state_dict`, a `save_folder` or an `index` containing offloaded weights.")
        self.state_dict = {} if state_dict is None else state_dict
        self.save_folder = save_folder
        if index is None and save_folder is not None:
            with open(os.path.join(save_folder, "index.json")) as f:
                index = json.load(f)
        self.index = {} if index is None else index
        self.all_keys = list(self.state_dict.keys())
        self.all_keys.extend([key for key in self.index if key not in self.all_keys])
        self.device = device

    def __getitem__(self, key: str):
        # State dict gets priority
        if key in self.state_dict:
            return self.state_dict[key]
        weight_info = self.index[key]
        if weight_info.get("safetensors_file") is not None:
            device = "cpu" if self.device is None else self.device
            tensor = None
            try:
                with safe_open(weight_info["safetensors_file"], framework="pt", device=device) as f:
                    tensor = f.get_tensor(weight_info.get("weight_name", key))
            except TypeError:
                # if failed to get_tensor on the device, such as bf16 on mps, try to load it on CPU first
                with safe_open(weight_info["safetensors_file"], framework="pt", device="cpu") as f:
                    tensor = f.get_tensor(weight_info.get("weight_name", key))
            if "dtype" in weight_info:
                tensor = tensor.to(getattr(torch, weight_info["dtype"]))
            if tensor.device != torch.device(device):
                tensor = tensor.to(device)
            return tensor
        weight_file = os.path.join(self.save_folder, f"{key}.dat")
        return load_offloaded_weight(weight_file, weight_info)

    def __iter__(self):
        return iter(self.all_keys)

    def __len__(self):
        return len(self.all_keys)
def extract_submodules_state_dict(state_dict: Dict[str, torch.Tensor], submodule_names: List[str]):
    """
    Extract the sub state-dict corresponding to a list of given submodules.
    Args:
        state_dict (`Dict[str, torch.Tensor]`): The state dict to extract from.
        submodule_names (`List[str]`): The list of submodule names we want to extract.
    """
    result = {}
    for module_name in submodule_names:
        # We want to catch module_name parameter (module_name.xxx) or potentially module_name, but not any of the
        # submodules that could being like module_name (transformers.h.1 and transformers.h.10 for instance)
        result.update(
            {
                key: param
                for key, param in state_dict.items()
                if key == module_name or key.startswith(module_name + ".")
            }
        )
    return result