mtybilly/Instruct2DS huggingface dataset:
Understanding Self-attention Mechanism via Dynamical System Perspective
Authors: Zhongzhan Huang, Mingfu Liang, Jinghui Qin, Shanshan Zhong, Liang Lin
Published in: IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), 2023 (Main Conference Track), 2023

Abstract: The self-attention mechanism (SAM) is widely used in various fields of artificial intelligence and has successfully boosted the performance of different models. However, current explanations of this mechanism are mainly based on intuitions and experiences, while there still lacks direct modeling for how the SAM helps performance. To mitigate this issue, in this paper, based on the dynamical system perspective of the residual neural network, we first show that the intrinsic stiffness phenomenon (SP) in the high-precision solution of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) also widely exists in high-performance neural networks (NN). Thus the ability of NN to measure SP at the feature level is necessary to obtain high performance and is an important factor in the difficulty of training NN. Similar to the adaptive step-size method which is effective in solving stiff ODEs, we show that the SAM is also a stiffness-aware step size adaptor that can enhance the model's representational ability to measure intrinsic SP by refining the estimation of stiffness information and generating adaptive attention values, which provides a new understanding about why and how the SAM can benefit the model performance. This novel perspective can also explain the lottery ticket hypothesis in SAM, design new quantitative metrics of representational ability, and inspire a new theoretic-inspired approach, StepNet. Extensive experiments on several popular benchmarks demonstrate that StepNet can extract fine-grained stiffness information and measure SP accurately, leading to significant improvements in various visual tasks.
Learning Versatile 3D Shape Generation with Improved Auto-regressive Models
Authors: Simian Luo, Xuelin Qian, Yanwei Fu, Yinda Zhang, Ying Tai, Zhenyu Zhang, Chengjie Wang, Xiangyang Xue
Published in: IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), 2023 (Main Conference Track), 2023

Abstract: Auto-Regressive (AR) models have achieved impressive results in 2D image generation by modeling joint distributions in the grid space. While this approach has been extended to the 3D domain for powerful shape generation, it still has two limitations: expensive computations on volumetric grids and ambiguous auto-regressive order along grid dimensions. To overcome these limitations, we propose the Improved Auto-regressive Model (ImAM) for 3D shape generation, which applies discrete representation learning based on a latent vector instead of volumetric grids. Our approach not only reduces computational costs but also preserves essential geometric details by learning the joint distribution in a more tractable order. Moreover, thanks to the simplicity of our model architecture, we can naturally extend it from unconditional to conditional generation by concatenating various conditioning inputs, such as point clouds, categories, images, and texts. Extensive experiments demonstrate that ImAM can synthesize diverse and faithful shapes of multiple categories, achieving state-of-the-art performance.
DETA: Denoised Task Adaptation for Few-Shot Learning
Authors: Ji Zhang, Lianli Gao, Xu Luo, Hengtao Shen, Jingkuan Song
Published in: IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), 2023 (Main Conference Track), 2023

Abstract: Test-time task adaptation in few-shot learning aims to adapt a pre-trained task-agnostic model for capturing task-specific knowledge of the test task, rely only on few-labeled support samples. Previous approaches generally focus on developing advanced algorithms to achieve the goal, while neglecting the inherent problems of the given support samples. In fact, with only a handful of samples available, the adverse effect of either the image noise (a.k.a. X-noise) or the label noise (a.k.a. Y-noise) from support samples can be severely amplified. To address this challenge, in this work we propose DEnoised Task Adaptation (DETA), a first, unified image- and label-denoising framework orthogonal to existing task adaptation approaches. Without extra supervision, DETA filters out task-irrelevant, noisy representations by taking advantage of both global visual information and local region details of support samples. On the challenging Meta-Dataset, DETA consistently improves the performance of a broad spectrum of baseline methods applied on various pre-trained models. Notably, by tackling the overlooked image noise in Meta-Dataset, DETA establishes new state-of-the-art results. Code is released at https://github.com/JimZAI/DETA.
DDG-Net: Discriminability-Driven Graph Network for Weakly-supervised Temporal Action Localization
Authors: Xiaojun Tang, Junsong Fan, Chuanchen Luo, Zhaoxiang Zhang, Man Zhang, Zongyuan Yang
Published in: IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), 2023 (Main Conference Track), 2023

Abstract: Weakly-supervised temporal action localization (WTAL) is a practical yet challenging task. Due to large-scale datasets, most existing methods use a network pretrained in other datasets to extract features, which are not suitable enough for WTAL. To address this problem, researchers design several modules for feature enhancement, which improve the performance of the localization module, especially modeling the temporal relationship between snippets. However, all of them omit that ambiguous snippets deliver contradictory information, which would reduce the discriminability of linked snippets. Considering this phenomenon, we propose Discriminability-Driven Graph Network (DDG-Net), which explicitly models ambiguous snippets and discriminative snippets with well-designed connections, preventing the transmission of ambiguous information and enhancing the discriminability of snippet-level representations. Additionally, we propose feature consistency loss to prevent the assimilation of features and drive the graph convolution network to generate more discriminative representations. Extensive experiments on THUMOS14 and ActivityNet1.2 benchmarks demonstrate the effectiveness of DDG-Net, establishing new state-of-the-art results on both datasets. Source code is available at https://github.com/XiaojunTang22/ICCV2023-DDGNet.
Diffusion Models as Masked Autoencoders
Authors: Chen Wei, Karttikeya Mangalam, Po-Yao Huang, Yanghao Li, Haoqi Fan, Hu Xu, Huiyu Wang, Cihang Xie, Alan Yuille, Christoph Feichtenhofer
Published in: IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), 2023 (Main Conference Track), 2023

Abstract: There has been a longstanding belief that generation can facilitate a true understanding of visual data. In line with this, we revisit generatively pre-training visual representations in light of recent interest in denoising diffusion models. While directly pre-training with diffusion models does not produce strong representations, we condition diffusion models on masked input and formulate diffusion models as masked autoencoders (DiffMAE). Our approach is capable of (i) serving as a strong initialization for downstream recognition tasks, (ii) conducting high-quality image inpainting, and (iii) being effortlessly extended to video where it produces state-of-the-art classification accuracy. We further perform a comprehensive study on the pros and cons of design choices and build connections between diffusion models and masked autoencoders.
Robust Frame-to-Frame Camera Rotation Estimation in Crowded Scenes
Authors: Fabien Delattre, David Dirnfeld, Phat Nguyen, Stephen K Scarano, Michael J Jones, Pedro Miraldo, Erik Learned-Miller
Published in: IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), 2023 (Main Conference Track), 2023

Abstract: We present an approach to estimating camera rotation in crowded, real-world scenes from handheld monocular video. While camera rotation estimation is a well-studied problem, no previous methods exhibit both high accuracy and acceptable speed in this setting. Because the setting is not addressed well by other datasets, we provide a new dataset and benchmark, with high-accuracy, rigorously verified ground truth, on 17 video sequences. Methods developed for wide baseline stereo (e.g., 5-point methods) perform poorly on monocular video. On the other hand, methods used in autonomous driving (e.g., SLAM) leverage specific sensor setups, specific motion models, or local optimization strategies (lagging batch processing) and do not generalize well to handheld video. Finally, for dynamic scenes, commonly used robustification techniques like RANSAC require large numbers of iterations, and become prohibitively slow. We introduce a novel generalization of the Hough transform on SO(3) to efficiently and robustly find the camera rotation most compatible with optical flow. Among comparably fast methods, ours reduces error by almost 50% over the next best, and is more accurate than any method, irrespective of speed. This represents a strong new performance point for crowded scenes, an important setting for computer vision. The code and the dataset are available at https://fabiendelattre.com/robust-rotation-estimation.
Bayesian Prompt Learning for Image-Language Model Generalization
Authors: Mohammad Mahdi Derakhshani, Enrique Sanchez, Adrian Bulat, Victor G. Turrisi da Costa, Cees G.M. Snoek, Georgios Tzimiropoulos, Brais Martinez
Published in: IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), 2023 (Main Conference Track), 2023

Abstract: Foundational image-language models have generated considerable interest due to their efficient adaptation to downstream tasks by prompt learning. Prompt learning treats part of the language model input as trainable while freezing the rest, and optimizes an Empirical Risk Minimization objective. However, Empirical Risk Minimization is known to suffer from distributional shifts which hurt generalizability to prompts unseen during training. By leveraging the regularization ability of Bayesian methods, we frame prompt learning from the Bayesian perspective and formulate it as a variational inference problem. Our approach regularizes the prompt space, reduces overfitting to the seen prompts and improves the prompt generalization on unseen prompts. Our framework is implemented by modeling the input prompt space in a probabilistic manner, as an a priori distribution which makes our proposal compatible with prompt learning approaches that are unconditional or conditional on the image. We demonstrate empirically on 15 benchmarks that Bayesian prompt learning provides an appropriate coverage of the prompt space, prevents learning spurious features, and exploits transferable invariant features. This results in better generalization of unseen prompts, even across different datasets and domains. Code available at: https://github.com/saic-fi/Bayesian Prompt-Learning
One-Shot Recognition of Any Material Anywhere Using Contrastive Learning with Physics-Based Rendering
Authors: Manuel S. Drehwald, Sagi Eppel, Jolina Li, Han Hao, Alan Aspuru-Guzik
Published in: IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), 2023 (Main Conference Track), 2023

Abstract: Visual recognition of materials and their states is essential for understanding the world, from determining whether food is cooked, metal is rusted, or a chemical reaction has occurred. However, current image recognition methods are limited to specific classes and properties and can't handle the vast number of material states in the world. 
 To address this, we present MatSim: the first dataset and benchmark for computer vision-based recognition of similarities and transitions between materials and textures, focusing on identifying any material under any conditions using one or a few examples. The dataset contains synthetic and natural images. Synthetic images were rendered using giant collections of textures, objects, and environments generated by computer graphics artists. We use mixtures and gradual transitions between materials to allow the system to learn cases with smooth transitions between states (like gradually cooked food). We also render images with materials inside transparent containers to support beverage and chemistry lab use cases. 
 We use this dataset to train a Siamese net that identifies the same material in different objects, mixtures, and environments. The descriptor generated by this net can be used to identify the states of materials and their subclasses using a single image. 
 We also present the first few-shot material recognition benchmark with natural images from a wide range of fields, including the state of foods and beverages, types of grounds, and many other use cases. We show that a net trained on the MatSim synthetic dataset outperforms state-of-the-art models like Clip on the benchmark and also achieves good results on other unsupervised material classification tasks. Dataset, generation code and trained models have been made available at: https://github.com/ZuseZ4/MatSim-Dataset-Generator-Scripts-And-Neural-net
DiLiGenT-Pi: Photometric Stereo for Planar Surfaces with Rich Details - Benchmark Dataset and Beyond
Authors: Feishi Wang, Jieji Ren, Heng Guo, Mingjun Ren, Boxin Shi
Published in: IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), 2023 (Main Conference Track), 2023

Abstract: Photometric stereo aims to recover detailed surface shapes from images captured under varying illuminations. However, existing real-world datasets primarily focus on evaluating photometric stereo for general non-Lambertian reflectances and feature bulgy shapes that have a certain height. As shape detail recovery is the key strength of photometric stereo over other 3D reconstruction techniques, and the near-planar surfaces widely exist in cultural relics and manufacturing workpieces, we present a new real-world dataset DiLiGenT-Pi containing 30 near-planar scenes with rich surface details. This dataset enables us to evaluate recent photometric stereo methods specifically for their ability to estimate shape details under diverse materials and to identify open problems such as near-planar surface normal estimation from uncalibrated photometric stereo and surface detail recovery for translucent materials. To inspire future research, this dataset will open soruced at https://photometricstereo.github.io/diligentpi.html.
Rethinking Data Distillation: Do Not Overlook Calibration
Authors: Dongyao Zhu, Bowen Lei, Jie Zhang, Yanbo Fang, Yiqun Xie, Ruqi Zhang, Dongkuan Xu
Published in: IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), 2023 (Main Conference Track), 2023

Abstract: Neural networks trained on distilled data often produce over-confident output and require correction by calibration methods. Existing calibration methods such as temperature scaling and mixup work well for networks trained on original large-scale data. However, we find that these methods fail to calibrate networks trained on data distilled from large source datasets. In this paper, we show that distilled data lead to networks that are not calibratable due to (i) a more concentrated distribution of the maximum logits and (ii) the loss of information that is semantically meaningful but unrelated to classification tasks. To address this problem, we propose Masked Temperature Scaling (MTS) and Masked Distillation Training (MDT) which mitigate the limitations of distilled data and achieve better calibration results while maintaining the efficiency of dataset distillation.
Accurate and Fast Compressed Video Captioning
Authors: Yaojie Shen, Xin Gu, Kai Xu, Heng Fan, Longyin Wen, Libo Zhang
Published in: IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), 2023 (Main Conference Track), 2023

Abstract: Existing video captioning approaches typically require to first sample video frames from a decoded video and then conduct a subsequent process (e.g., feature extraction and/or captioning model learning). In this pipeline, manual frame sampling may ignore key information in videos and thus degrade performance. Additionally, redundant information in the sampled frames may result in low efficiency in the inference of video captioning. Addressing this, we study video captioning from a different perspective in compressed domain, which brings multi-fold advantages over the existing pipeline: 1) Compared to raw images from the decoded video, the compressed video, consisting of I-frames, motion vectors and residuals, is highly distinguishable, which allows us to leverage the entire video for learning without manual sampling through a specialized model design; 2) The captioning model is more efficient in inference as smaller and less redundant information is processed. We propose a simple yet effective end-to-end transformer in the compressed domain for video captioning that enables learning from the compressed video for captioning. We show that even with a simple design, our method can achieve state-of-the-art performance on different benchmarks while running almost 2x faster than existing approaches. Code is available at https://github.com/acherstyx/CoCap.
Building Vision Transformers with Hierarchy Aware Feature Aggregation
Authors: Yongjie Chen, Hongmin Liu, Haoran Yin, Bin Fan
Published in: IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), 2023 (Main Conference Track), 2023

Abstract: Thanks to the excellent global modeling capability of attention mechanisms, the Vision Transformer has achieved better results than ConvNet in many computer tasks. However, in generating hierarchical feature maps, the Transformer still adopts the ConvNet feature aggregation scheme. This leads to the problem that the semantic information of the grid area of image becomes confused after feature aggregation, making it difficult for attention to accurately model global relationships. To address this, we propose the Hierarchy Aware Feature Aggregation framework (HAFA). HAFA enhances the extraction of local features adaptively in shallow layers where semantic information is weak, while is able to aggregate patches with similar semantics in deep layers. The clear semantic information of the aggregated patches, enables the attention mechanism to more accurately model global information at the semantic level. Extensive experiments show that after using the HAFA framework, significant improvements have been achieved relative to the baseline models in image classification, object detection, and semantic segmentation tasks.
Visible-Infrared Person Re-Identification via Semantic Alignment and Affinity Inference
Authors: Xingye Fang, Yang Yang, Ying Fu
Published in: IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), 2023 (Main Conference Track), 2023

Abstract: Visible-infrared person re-identification (VI-ReID) focuses on matching the pedestrian images of the same identity captured by different modality cameras. The part-based methods achieve great success by extracting fine-grained features from feature maps. But most existing part-based methods employ horizontal division to obtain part features suffering from misalignment caused by irregular pedestrian movements. Moreover, most current methods use Euclidean or cosine distance of the output features to measure the similarity without considering the pedestrian relationships. Misaligned part features and naive inference methods both limit the performance of existing works. We propose a Semantic Alignment and Affinity Inference framework (SAAI), which aims to align latent semantic part features with the learnable prototypes and improve inference with affinity information. Specifically, we first propose semantic-aligned feature learning that employs the similarity between pixel-wise features and learnable prototypes to aggregate the latent semantic part features. Then, we devise an affinity inference module to optimize the inference with pedestrian relationships. Comprehensive experimental results conducted on the SYSU-MM01 and RegDB datasets demonstrate the favorable performance of our SAAI framework. Our code will be released at https://github.com/xiaoye-hhh/SAAI.
SAL-ViT: Towards Latency Efficient Private Inference on ViT using Selective Attention Search with a Learnable Softmax Approximation
Authors: Yuke Zhang, Dake Chen, Souvik Kundu, Chenghao Li, Peter A. Beerel
Published in: IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), 2023 (Main Conference Track), 2023

Abstract: Recently, private inference (PI) has addressed the rising concern over data and model privacy in machine learning inference as a service. However, existing PI frameworks suffer from high computational and communication overheads due to the expensive multi-party computation (MPC) protocols, particularly for large models such as vision transformers (ViT). The majority of this overhead is due to the encrypted softmax operation in each self-attention layer. In this work, we present SAL-ViT with two novel techniques to boost PI efficiency on ViTs. Our first technique is a learnable PI-efficient approximation to softmax, namely, learnable 2Quad (L2Q), that introduces learnable scaling and shifting parameters to the prior 2Quad softmax approximation, enabling improvement in accuracy. Then, given our observation that external attention (EA) presents lower PI latency than widely-adopted self-attention (SA) at the cost of accuracy, we present a selective attention search (SAS) method to integrate the strength of EA and SA. Specifically, for a given lightweight EA ViT, we leverage a constrained optimization procedure to selectively search and replace EA modules with SA alternatives to maximize the accuracy. Our extensive experiments show that our SAL-ViT can averagely achieve 1.28x, 1.28x, 1.14x lower PI latency with 1.79%, 1.41%, and 2.08% higher accuracy compared to the existing alternatives, on CIFAR-10, CIFAR-100, and Tiny-ImageNet, respectively.
TIJO: Trigger Inversion with Joint Optimization for Defending Multimodal Backdoored Models
Authors: Indranil Sur, Karan Sikka, Matthew Walmer, Kaushik Koneripalli, Anirban Roy, Xiao Lin, Ajay Divakaran, Susmit Jha
Published in: IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), 2023 (Main Conference Track), 2023

Abstract: We present a Multimodal Backdoor defense technique TIJO (Trigger Inversion using Joint Optimization). Recently Walmer et al. demonstrated successful backdoor attacks on multimodal models for the Visual Question Answering task. Their dual-key backdoor trigger is split across two modalities (image and text), such that the backdoor is activated if and only if the trigger is present in both modalities. We propose TIJO that defends against dual-key attacks through a joint optimization that reverse-engineers the trigger in both the image and text modalities. This joint optimization is challenging in multimodal models due to the disconnected nature of the visual pipeline which consists of an offline feature extractor, whose output is then fused with the text using a fusion module. The key insight enabling the joint optimization in TIJO is that the trigger inversion needs to be carried out in the object detection box feature space as opposed to the pixel space. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our method on the TrojVQA benchmark, where TIJO improves upon the state-of-the-art unimodal methods from an AUC of 0.6 to 0.92 on multimodal dual-key backdoors. Furthermore, our method also improves upon the unimodal baselines on unimodal backdoors. We also present detailed ablation studies as well as qualitative results to provide insights into our algorithm such as the critical importance of overlaying the inverted feature triggers on all visual features during trigger inversion.
DG3D: Generating High Quality 3D Textured Shapes by Learning to Discriminate Multi-Modal Diffusion-Renderings
Authors: Qi Zuo, Yafei Song, Jianfang Li, Lin Liu, Liefeng Bo
Published in: IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), 2023 (Main Conference Track), 2023

Abstract: Many virtual reality applications require massive 3D content, which impels the need for low-cost and efficient modeling tools in terms of quality and quantity. In this paper, we present a Diffusion-augmented Generative model to generate high-fidelity 3D textured meshes that can be directly used in modern graphics engines. Challenges in directly generating textured mesh arise from the instability and texture incompleteness of a hybrid framework which contains conversion between 2D features and 3D space. To alleviate these difficulties, DG3D incorporates a diffusion-based augmentation module into the min-max game between the 3D tetrahedral mesh generator and 2D renderings discriminators, which stabilizes network optimization and prevents mode collapse in vanilla GANs. We also suggest using multi-modal renderings in discrimination to further increase the aesthetics and completeness of generated textures. Extensive experiments on the public benchmark and real scans show that our proposed DG3D outperforms existing state-of-the-art methods by a large margin, i.e., 5%   40% in FID-3D score and 5%   10% in geometry-related metrics. Code is available at
 https://github.com/seakforzq/DG3D.
Improving Adversarial Robustness of Masked Autoencoders via Test-time Frequency-domain Prompting
Authors: Qidong Huang, Xiaoyi Dong, Dongdong Chen, Yinpeng Chen, Lu Yuan, Gang Hua, Weiming Zhang, Nenghai Yu
Published in: IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), 2023 (Main Conference Track), 2023

Abstract: In this paper, we investigate the adversarial robustness of vision transformers that are equipped with BERT pretraining (e.g., BEiT, MAE). A surprising observation is that MAE has significantly worse adversarial robustness than other BERT pretraining methods. This observation drives us to rethink the basic differences between these BERT pretraining methods and how these differences affect the robustness against adversarial perturbations. Our empirical analysis reveals that the adversarial robustness of BERT pretraining is highly related to the reconstruction target, i.e., predicting the raw pixels of masked image patches will degrade more adversarial robustness of the model than predicting the semantic context, since it guides the model to concentrate more on medium-/high-frequency components of images. Based on our analysis, we provide a simple yet effective way to boost the adversarial robustness of MAE. The basic idea is using the dataset-extracted domain knowledge to occupy the medium-/high-frequency of images, thus narrowing the optimization space of adversarial perturbations. Specifically, we group the distribution of pretraining data and optimize a set of cluster-specific visual prompts on frequency domain. These prompts are incorporated with input images through prototype-based prompt selection during test period. Extensive evaluation shows that our method clearly boost MAE's adversarial robustness while maintaining its clean performance on ImageNet-1k classification. 
 Our code is available at: https://github.com/shikiw/RobustMAE.
HairCLIPv2: Unifying Hair Editing via Proxy Feature Blending
Authors: Tianyi Wei, Dongdong Chen, Wenbo Zhou, Jing Liao, Weiming Zhang, Gang Hua, Nenghai Yu
Published in: IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), 2023 (Main Conference Track), 2023

Abstract: Hair editing has made tremendous progress in recent years. Early hair editing methods use well-drawn sketches or masks to specify the editing conditions. Even though they can enable very fine-grained local control, such interaction modes are inefficient for the editing conditions that can be easily specified by language descriptions or reference images. Thanks to the recent breakthrough of cross-modal models (e.g., CLIP), HairCLIP is the first work that enables hair editing based on text descriptions or reference images. However, such text-driven and reference-driven interaction modes make HairCLIP unable to support fine-grained controls specified by sketch or mask. In this paper, we propose HairCLIPv2, aiming to support all the aforementioned interactions with one unified framework. Simultaneously, it improves upon HairCLIP with better irrelevant attributes (e.g., identity, background) preservation and unseen text descriptions support. The key idea is to convert all the hair editing tasks into hair transfer tasks, with editing conditions converted into different proxies accordingly. The editing effects are added upon the input image by blending the corresponding proxy features within the hairstyle or hair color feature spaces. Besides the unprecedented user interaction mode support, quantitative and qualitative experiments demonstrate the superiority of HairCLIPv2 in terms of editing effects, irrelevant attribute preservation and visual naturalness. Our code is available at https://github.com/wty-ustc/HairCLIPv2.
VLSlice: Interactive Vision-and-Language Slice Discovery
Authors: Eric Slyman, Minsuk Kahng, Stefan Lee
Published in: IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), 2023 (Main Conference Track), 2023

Abstract: Recent work in vision-and-language demonstrates that large-scale pretraining can learn generalizable models that are efficiently transferable to downstream tasks. While this may improve dataset-scale aggregate metrics, analyzing performance around hand-crafted subgroups targeting specific bias dimensions reveals systemic undesirable behaviors. However, this subgroup analysis is frequently stalled by annotation efforts, which require extensive time and resources to collect the necessary data. Prior art attempts to automatically discover subgroups to circumvent these constraints but typically leverages model behavior on existing task-specific annotations and rapidly degrades on more complex inputs beyond "tabular" data, none of which study vision-and-language models. This paper presents VLSlice, an interactive system enabling user-guided discovery of coherent representation-level subgroups with consistent visiolinguistic behavior, denoted as vision-and-language slices, from unlabeled image sets. We show that VLSlice enables users to quickly generate diverse high-coherency slices in a user study (n=22) and release the tool publicly.
Learning to Ground Instructional Articles in Videos through Narrations
Authors: Effrosyni Mavroudi, Triantafyllos Afouras, Lorenzo Torresani
Published in: IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), 2023 (Main Conference Track), 2023

Abstract: In this paper we present an approach for localizing steps of procedural activities in narrated how-to videos. To deal with the scarcity of labeled data at scale, we source the step descriptions from a language knowledge base (wikiHow) containing instructional articles for a large variety of procedural tasks. Without any form of manual supervision, our model learns to temporally ground the steps of procedural articles in how-to videos by matching three modalities: frames, narrations, and step descriptions. Specifically, our method 
 aligns steps to video by fusing information from two distinct pathways: i) direct alignment of step descriptions to frames, ii) indirect alignment obtained by composing steps-to-narrations with narrations-to-video correspondences. 
 Notably, our approach performs global temporal grounding of all steps in an article at once by exploiting order information, and is trained with step pseudo-labels which are iteratively refined and aggressively filtered.
 In order to validate our model we introduce a new benchmark -- HT-Step -- obtained by manually annotating a 124-hour subset of HowTo100M with steps sourced from wikiHow articles. Experiments on this benchmark as well as zero-shot evaluations on CrossTask demonstrate that our multi-modality alignment yields dramatic gains over several baselines and prior works. Finally, we show that our inner module for matching narration-to-video outperforms by a large margin the state of the art on the HTM-Align narration-video alignment benchmark.
DocTr: Document Transformer for Structured Information Extraction in Documents
Authors: Haofu Liao, Aruni RoyChowdhury, Weijian Li, Ankan Bansal, Yuting Zhang, Zhuowen Tu, Ravi Kumar Satzoda, R. Manmatha, Vijay Mahadevan
Published in: IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), 2023 (Main Conference Track), 2023

Abstract: We present a new formulation for structured information extraction (SIE) from visually rich documents. We address the limitations of existing IOB tagging and graph-based formulations, which are either overly reliant on the correct ordering of input text or struggle with decoding a complex graph. Instead, motivated by anchor-based object detectors in computer vision, we represent an entity as an anchor word and a bounding box, and represent entity linking as the association between anchor words. This is more robust to text ordering, and maintains a compact graph for entity linking. The formulation motivates us to introduce 1) a Document Transformer (DocTr) that aims at detecting and associating entity bounding boxes in visually rich documents, and 2) a simple pre-training strategy that helps learn entity detection in the context of language. Evaluations on three SIE benchmarks show the effectiveness of the proposed formulation, and the overall approach outperforms existing solutions.
The Making and Breaking of Camouflage
Authors: Hala Lamdouar, Weidi Xie, Andrew Zisserman
Published in: IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), 2023 (Main Conference Track), 2023

Abstract: Not all camouflages are equally effective, as even a partially visible contour or a slight color difference can make the animal stand out and break its camouflage. In this paper, we address the question of what makes a camouflage successful, by proposing three scores for automatically assessing its effectiveness. In particular, we show that camouflage can be measured by the similarity between background and foreground features and boundary visibility. We use these camouflage scores to assess and compare all available camouflage datasets. We also incorporate the proposed camouflage score into a generative model as an auxiliary loss and show that effective camouflage images or videos can be synthesised in a scalable manner. The generated synthetic dataset is used to train a transformer-based model for segmenting camouflaged animals in videos. Experimentally, we demonstrate state-of-the-art camouflage breaking performance on the public MoCA-Mask benchmark.
Role-Aware Interaction Generation from Textual Description
Authors: Mikihiro Tanaka, Kent Fujiwara
Published in: IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), 2023 (Main Conference Track), 2023

Abstract: This research tackles the problem of generating interaction between two human actors corresponding to textual description. We claim that certain interactions, which we call asymmetric interactions, involve a relationship between an actor and a receiver, whose motions significantly differ depending on the assigned role. However, existing studies of interaction generation attempt to learn the correspondence between a single label and the motions of both actors combined, overlooking differences in individual roles. We consider a novel problem of role-aware interaction generation, where roles can be designated before generation. We translate the text of the asymmetric interactions into active and passive voice to ensure the textual context is consistent with each role. We propose a model that learns to generate motions of the designated role, which together form a mutually consistent interaction. As the model treats individual motions separately, it can be pretrained to derive knowledge from single-person motion data for more accurate interactions. Moreover, we introduce a method inspired by Permutation Invariant Training (PIT) that can automatically learn which of the two actions corresponds to an actor or a receiver without additional annotation. We further present cases where existing evaluation metrics fail to accurately assess the quality of generated interactions, and propose a novel metric, Mutual Consistency, to address such shortcomings. Experimental results demonstrate the efficacy of our method, as well as the necessity of the proposed metric. Our code is available at https://github.com/line/Human-Interaction-Generation.
MAMo: Leveraging Memory and Attention for Monocular Video Depth Estimation
Authors: Rajeev Yasarla, Hong Cai, Jisoo Jeong, Yunxiao Shi, Risheek Garrepalli, Fatih Porikli
Published in: IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), 2023 (Main Conference Track), 2023

Abstract: We propose MAMo, a novel memory and attention framework for monocular video depth estimation. MAMo can augment and improve any single-image depth estimation networks into video depth estimation models, enabling them to take advantage of the temporal information to predict more accurate depth. In MAMo, we augment model with memory which aids the depth prediction as the model streams through the video. Specifically, the memory stores learned visual and displacement tokens of the previous time instances. This allows the depth network to cross-reference relevant features from the past when predicting depth on the current frame. We introduce a novel scheme to continuously update the memory, optimizing it to keep tokens that correspond with both the past and the present visual information. We adopt attention-based approach to process memory features where we first learn the spatio-temporal relation among the resultant visual and displacement memory tokens using self-attention module. Further, the output features of self-attention are aggregated with the current visual features through cross-attention. The cross-attended features are finally given to a decoder to predict depth on the current frame. Through extensive experiments on several benchmarks, including KITTI, NYU-Depth V2, and DDAD, we show that MAMo consistently improves monocular depth estimation networks and sets new state-of-the-art (SOTA) accuracy. Notably, our MAMo video depth estimation provides higher accuracy with lower latency, when comparing to SOTA cost-volume-based video depth models.
Continual Learning for Personalized Co-speech Gesture Generation
Authors: Chaitanya Ahuja, Pratik Joshi, Ryo Ishii, Louis-Philippe Morency
Published in: IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), 2023 (Main Conference Track), 2023

Abstract: Co-speech gestures are a key channel of human communication, making them important for personalized chat agents to generate. In the past, gesture generation models assumed that data for each speaker is available all at once, and in large amounts. However in practical scenarios, speaker data comes sequentially and in small amounts as the agent personalizes with more speakers, akin to a continual learning paradigm. While more recent works have shown progress in adapting to low-resource data, they catastrophically forget the gesture styles of initial speakers they were trained on. Also, prior generative continual learning works are not multimodal, making this space less studied. In this paper, we explore this new paradigm and propose C-DiffGAN: an approach that continually learns new speaker gesture styles with only a few minutes of per-speaker data, while retaining previously learnt styles. Inspired by prior continual learning works, C-DiffGAN encourages knowledge retention by 1) generating reminiscences of previous low-resource speaker data, then 2) crossmodally aligning to them to mitigate catastrophic forgetting. We quantitatively demonstrate improved performance and reduced forgetting over strong baselines through standard continual learning measures, reinforced by a qualitative user study that shows that our method produces more natural, style-preserving gestures. Code and videos can be found at https://chahuja.com/cdiffgan
Object as Query: Lifting Any 2D Object Detector to 3D Detection
Authors: Zitian Wang, Zehao Huang, Jiahui Fu, Naiyan Wang, Si Liu
Published in: IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), 2023 (Main Conference Track), 2023

Abstract: 3D object detection from multi-view images has drawn much attention over the past few years. Existing methods mainly establish 3D representations from multi-view images and adopt a dense detection head for object detection, or employ object queries distributed in 3D space to localize objects. In this paper, we design Multi-View 2D Objects guided 3D Object Detector (MV2D), which can lift any 2D object detector to multi-view 3D object detection. Since 2D detections can provide valuable priors for object existence, MV2D exploits 2D detectors to generate object queries conditioned on the rich image semantics. These dynamically generated queries help MV2D to recall objects in the field of view and show a strong capability of localizing 3D objects. For the generated queries, we design a sparse cross attention module to force them to focus on the features of specific objects, which suppresses interference from noises. The evaluation results on the nuScenes dataset demonstrate the dynamic object queries and sparse feature aggregation can promote 3D detection capability. MV2D also exhibits a state-of-the-art performance among existing methods. We hope MV2D can serve as a new baseline for future research.
HDG-ODE: A Hierarchical Continuous-Time Model for Human Pose Forecasting
Authors: Yucheng Xing, Xin Wang
Published in: IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), 2023 (Main Conference Track), 2023

Abstract: Recently, human pose estimation has attracted more and more attention due to its importance in many real applications. Although many efforts have been put on extracting 2D poses from static images, there are still some severe problems to be solved. A critical one is occlusion, which is more obvious in multi-person scenarios and makes it even more difficult to recover the corresponding 3D poses. When we consider a sequence of images, the temporal correlation among the contexts can be utilized to help us ease the problem, but most of the current works only rely on discrete-time models and estimate the joint locations of all people within a whole sparse graph. In this paper, we propose a new framework, Hierarchical Dynamic Graph Ordinary Differential Equation (HDG-ODE), to tackle the 3D pose forecasting task from 2D skeleton representations in videos. Our framework adopts ODE, a continuous-time model, as the base to predict the 3D joint positions at any time. Considering the structural-property of the skeleton data in representing human poses and the possible irregularity caused by occlusion, we propose the use of dynamic graph convolution as the basic operator. To reduce the computational complexity introduced by the sparsity of the pose graph, our model takes a hierarchical structure where the encoding process at the observation timestamp is done in a cascade manner while the propagation between observations is conducted in parallel. The performance studies on several datasets demonstrate that our model is effective and can out-perform other methods with fewer parameters.
Versatile Diffusion: Text, Images and Variations All in One Diffusion Model
Authors: Xingqian Xu, Zhangyang Wang, Gong Zhang, Kai Wang, Humphrey Shi
Published in: IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), 2023 (Main Conference Track), 2023

Abstract: Recent advances in diffusion models have set an impressive milestone in many generation tasks, and trending works such as DALL-E2, Imagen, and Stable Diffusion have attracted great interest. Despite the rapid landscape changes, recent new approaches focus on extensions and performance rather than capacity, thus requiring separate models for separate tasks. In this work, we expand the existing single-flow diffusion pipeline into a multi-task multimodal network, dubbed Versatile Diffusion (VD), that handles multiple flows of text-to-image, image-to-text, and variations in one unified model. The pipeline design of VD instantiates a unified multi-flow diffusion framework, consisting of sharable and swappable layer modules that enable the crossmodal generality beyond images and text. Through extensive experiments, we demonstrate that VD successfully achieves the following: a) VD outperforms the baseline approaches and handles all its base tasks with competitive quality; b) VD enables novel extensions such as disentanglement of style and semantics, dual- and multi-context blending, etc.; c) The success of our multi-flow multimodal framework over images and text may inspire further diffusion-based universal AI research. Our code and models are open-sourced at https://github.com/SHI-Labs/Versatile-Diffusion.
DreamTeacher: Pretraining Image Backbones with Deep Generative Models
Authors: Daiqing Li, Huan Ling, Amlan Kar, David Acuna, Seung Wook Kim, Karsten Kreis, Antonio Torralba, Sanja Fidler
Published in: IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), 2023 (Main Conference Track), 2023

Abstract: In this work, we introduce a self-supervised feature representation learning framework DreamTeacher that utilizes generative networks for pre-training downstream image backbones. We propose to distill knowledge from a trained generative model into standard image backbones that have been well engineered for specific perception tasks. We investigate two types of knowledge distillation: 1) distilling learned generative features onto target image backbones as an alternative to pretraining these backbones on large labeled datasets such as ImageNet, and 2) distilling labels obtained from generative networks with task heads onto logits of target backbones. We perform extensive analysis on several generative models, dense prediction benchmarks, and several pre-training regimes. We empirically find that our DreamTeacher significantly outperforms existing self-supervised representation learning approaches across the board. Unsupervised ImageNet pre-training with DreamTeacher leads to significant improvements over ImageNet classification pre-training on downstream datasets, showcasing generative models, and diffusion generative models specifically, as a promising approach to representation learning on large, diverse datasets without requiring manual annotation.
Decomposition-Based Variational Network for Multi-Contrast MRI Super-Resolution and Reconstruction
Authors: Pengcheng Lei, Faming Fang, Guixu Zhang, Tieyong Zeng
Published in: IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), 2023 (Main Conference Track), 2023

Abstract: Multi-contrast MRI super-resolution (SR) and reconstruction methods aim to explore complementary information from the reference image to help the reconstruction of the target image. Existing deep learning-based methods usually manually design fusion rules to aggregate the multi-contrast images, fail to model their correlations accurately and lack certain interpretations. Against these issues, we propose a multi-contrast variational network (MC-VarNet) to explicitly model the relationship of multi-contrast images. Our model is constructed based on an intuitive motivation that multi-contrast images have consistent (edges and structures) and inconsistent (contrast) information. We thus build a model to reconstruct the target image and decompose the reference image as a common component and a unique component. In the feature interaction phase, only the common component is transferred to the target image. We solve the variational model and unfold the iterative solutions into a deep network. Hence, the proposed method combines the good interpretability of model-based methods with the powerful representation ability of deep learning-based methods. Experimental results on the multi-contrast MRI reconstruction and SR demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model. Especially, since we explicitly model the multi-contrast images, our model is more robust to the reference images with noises and large inconsistent structures. The code is available at https://github.com/lpcccc-cv/MC-VarNet.