mtybilly/Instruct2DS huggingface dataset:
Context Diffusion: In-Context Aware Image Generation
Authors: Ivona Najdenkoska*, Animesh Sinha, Abhimanyu Dubey, Dhruv Mahajan, Vignesh Ramanathan, Filip Radenovic
Published in: European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV), 2024 (Main Conference Track), 2024

Abstract: "We propose Context Diffusion, a diffusion-based framework that enables image generation models to learn from visual examples presented in context. Recent work tackles such in-context learning for image generation, where a query image is provided alongside context examples and text prompts. However, the quality and context fidelity of the generated images deteriorate when the prompt is not present, demonstrating that these models cannot truly learn from the visual context. To address this, we propose a novel framework that separates the encoding of the visual context and the preservation of the desired image layout. This results in the ability to learn from the visual context and prompts, but also from either of them. Furthermore, we enable our model to handle few-shot settings, to effectively address diverse in-context learning scenarios. Our experiments and human evaluation demonstrate that Context Diffusion excels in both in-domain and out-of-domain tasks, resulting in an overall enhancement in image quality and context fidelity compared to counterpart models."
Pose Guided Fine-Grained Sign Language Video Generation
Authors: Tongkai Shi, Lianyu Hu, Fanhua Shang, Jichao Feng, liu peidong, Wei Feng*
Published in: European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV), 2024 (Main Conference Track), 2024

Abstract: "Sign language videos are an important medium for spreading and learning sign language. However, most existing human image synthesis methods produce sign language images with details that are distorted, blurred, or structurally incorrect. They also produce sign language video frames with poor temporal consistency, with anomalies such as flickering and abrupt detail changes between the previous and next frames. To address these limitations, we propose a novel Pose-Guided Motion Model (PGMM) for generating fine-grained and motion-consistent sign language videos. Firstly, we propose a new Coarse Motion Module (CMM), which completes the deformation of features by optical flow warping, thus transfering the motion of coarse-grained structures without changing the appearance; Secondly, we propose a new Pose Fusion Module (PFM), which guides the modal fusion of RGB and pose features, thus completing the fine-grained generation. Finally, we design a new metric, Temporal Consistency Difference (TCD) to quantitatively assess the degree of temporal consistency of a video by comparing the difference between the frames of the reconstructed video and the previous and next frames of the target video. Extensive qualitative and quantitative experiments show that our method outperforms state-of-the-art methods in most benchmark tests, with visible improvements in details and temporal consistency."
RAP: Retrieval-Augmented Planner for Adaptive Procedure Planning in Instructional Videos
Authors: Ali Zare*, Yulei Niu, Hammad Ayyubi, Shih-Fu Chang
Published in: European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV), 2024 (Main Conference Track), 2024

Abstract: "Procedure Planning in instructional videos entails generating a sequence of action steps based on visual observations of the initial and target states. Despite the rapid progress in this task, there remain several critical challenges to be solved: (1) Adaptive procedures: Prior works hold an unrealistic assumption that the number of action steps is known and fixed, leading to non-generalizable models in real-world scenarios where the sequence length varies. (2) Temporal relation: Understanding the step temporal relation knowledge is essential in producing reasonable and executable plans. (3) Annotation cost: Annotating instructional videos with step-level labels (, timestamp) or sequence-level labels (, action category) is demanding and labor-intensive, limiting its generalizability to large-scale datasets. In this work, we propose a new and practical setting, called adaptive procedure planning in instructional videos, where the procedure length is not fixed or pre-determined. To address these challenges, we introduce Retrieval-Augmented Planner (RAP) model. Specifically, for adaptive procedures, RAP adaptively determines the conclusion of actions using an auto-regressive model architecture. For temporal relation, RAP establishes an external memory module to explicitly retrieve the most relevant state-action pairs from the training videos and revises the generated procedures. To tackle high annotation cost, RAP utilizes a weakly-supervised learning manner to expand the training dataset to other task-relevant, unannotated videos by generating pseudo labels for action steps. Experiments on CrossTask and COIN benchmarks show the superiority of RAP over traditional fixed-length models, establishing it as a strong baseline solution for adaptive procedure planning."
Certifiably Robust Image Watermark
Authors: Zhengyuan Jiang*, Moyang Guo, Yuepeng Hu, Jinyuan Jia, Neil Zhenqiang Gong
Published in: European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV), 2024 (Main Conference Track), 2024

Abstract: "Generative AI raises many societal concerns such as boosting disinformation and propaganda campaigns. Watermarking AI-generated content is a key technology to address these concerns and has been widely deployed in industry. However, watermarking is vulnerable to removal attacks and forgery attacks. In this work, we propose the first image watermarks with certified robustness guarantees against removal and forgery attacks. Our method leverages randomized smoothing, a popular technique to build certifiably robust classifiers and regression models. Our major technical contributions include extending randomized smoothing to watermarking by considering its unique characteristics, deriving the certified robustness guarantees, and designing algorithms to estimate them. Moreover, we extensively evaluate our image watermarks in terms of both certified and empirical robustness. Our code is available at https://github.com/zhengyuan-jiang/ Watermark-Library."
Discover-then-Name: Task-Agnostic Concept Bottlenecks via Automated Concept Discovery
Authors: Sukrut Rao*, Sweta Mahajan*, Moritz Böhle, Bernt Schiele
Published in: European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV), 2024 (Main Conference Track), 2024

Abstract: "Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) have recently been proposed to address the ‘black-box’ problem of deep neural networks, by first mapping images to a human-understandable concept space and then linearly combining concepts for classification. Such models typically require first coming up with a set of concepts relevant to the task and then aligning the representations of a feature extractor to map to these concepts. However, even with powerful foundational feature extractors like CLIP, there are no guarantees that the specified concepts are detectable., calling into question the faithfulness of using them as explanations. In this work, we leverage recent advances in mechanistic interpretability and propose a novel CBM approach — called Discover-then-Name-CBM () — that inverts the typical paradigm: instead of pre-selecting concepts based on the downstream classification task, we use sparse autoencoders to first discover concepts learnt by the model, and then name them and train linear probes for classification. Our concept extraction strategy is efficient, since it is agnostic to the downstream task, and uses concepts already known to the model. We perform a comprehensive evaluation across multiple datasets and CLIP architectures and show that our method yields semantically meaningful concepts, assigns appropriate names to them that make them easy to interpret, and yields performant and interpretable CBMs. Code available at https://github.com/neuroexplicit-saar/discover-then-name."
Online Zero-Shot Classification with CLIP
Authors: Qi Qian*, Juhua Hu
Published in: European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV), 2024 (Main Conference Track), 2024

Abstract: "Vision-language pre-training such as CLIP enables zero-shot transfer that can classify images according to the candidate class names. While CLIP demonstrates an impressive zero-shot performance on diverse downstream tasks, the distribution from the target data has not been leveraged sufficiently. In this work, we study a novel online zero-shot transfer scenario, where each image arrives in a random order for classification and is visited only once to obtain prediction immediately without storing its representation. Compared with the vanilla zero-shot classification, the proposed framework preserves its flexibility for online service while considering the statistics of the arrived images as the side information to capture the distribution of target data, which can help improve the performance of real-world applications. To tackle the challenge of effective online optimization, we first develop online label learning to model the target data distribution. Then, the proxy of each class in the vision space is further optimized with the proposed online proxy learning method to mitigate the modality gap between images and text. The convergence of both online strategies can be theoretically guaranteed. By combining the predicted label from the online label learning and proxy learning, our online zero-shot transfer method (OnZeta) achieves 78.94% accuracy on ImageNet without accessing the entire data set. Moreover, extensive experiments on other 13 downstream tasks with different vision encoders show a more than 3% improvement on average, which demonstrates the effectiveness of our proposal."
SeA: Semantic Adversarial Augmentation for Last Layer Features from Unsupervised Representation Learning
Authors: Qi Qian*, Yuanhong Xu, Juhua Hu
Published in: European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV), 2024 (Main Conference Track), 2024

Abstract: "Deep features extracted from certain layers of a pre-trained deep model show superior performance over the conventional hand-crafted features. Compared with fine-tuning or linear probing that can explore diverse augmentations, , random crop/flipping, in the original input space, the appropriate augmentations for learning with fixed deep features are more challenging and have been less investigated, which degenerates the performance. To unleash the potential of fixed deep features, we propose a novel semantic adversarial augmentation (SeA) in the feature space for optimization. Concretely, the adversarial direction implied by the gradient will be projected to a subspace spanned by other examples to preserve the semantic information. Then, deep features will be perturbed with the semantic direction, and augmented features will be applied to learn the classifier. Experiments are conducted on 11 benchmark downstream classification tasks with 4 popular pre-trained models. Our method is 2% better than the deep features without SeA on average. Moreover, compared to the expensive fine-tuning that is expected to give good performance, SeA shows a comparable performance on 6 out of 11 tasks, demonstrating the effectiveness of our proposal in addition to its efficiency."
Unlocking the Potential of Federated Learning: The Symphony of Dataset Distillation via Deep Generative Latents
Authors: Yuqi Jia, Saeed Vahidian*, Jingwei Sun, Jianyi Zhang, Vyacheslav Kungurtsev, Neil Zhenqiang Gong, Yiran Chen
Published in: European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV), 2024 (Main Conference Track), 2024

Abstract: "Data heterogeneity presents significant challenges for federated learning (FL). Recently, dataset distillation techniques have been introduced, and performed at the client level, to attempt to mitigate some of these challenges. In this paper, we propose a highly efficient FL dataset distillation framework on the server side, significantly reducing both the computational and communication demands on local devices while enhancing the clients’ privacy. Unlike previous strategies that perform dataset distillation on local devices and upload synthetic data to the server, our technique enables the server to leverage prior knowledge from pre-trained deep generative models to synthesize essential data representations from a heterogeneous model architecture. This process allows local devices to train smaller surrogate models while enabling the training of a larger global model on the server, effectively minimizing resource utilization. We substantiate our claim with a theoretical analysis, demonstrating the asymptotic resemblance of the process to the hypothetical ideal of completely centralized training on a heterogeneous dataset. Empirical evidence from our comprehensive experiments indicates our method’s superiority, delivering an accuracy enhancement of up to 40% over non-dataset-distillation techniques in highly heterogeneous FL contexts, and surpassing existing dataset-distillation methods by 18%. In addition to the high accuracy, our framework converges faster than the baselines because rather than the server trains on several sets of heterogeneous data distributions, it trains on a multi-modal distribution. Our code is available at https:// github.com/jyqhahah/FedDGM.git"
Rethinking Fast Adversarial Training: A Splitting Technique To Overcome Catastrophic Overfitting
Authors: Masoumeh Zareapoor, Pourya Shamsolmoali*
Published in: European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV), 2024 (Main Conference Track), 2024

Abstract: "Catastrophic overfitting (CO) poses a significant challenge to fast adversarial training (FastAT), particularly at large perturbation scales, leading to dramatic reductions in adversarial test accuracy. Our analysis of existing FastAT methods shows that CO is accompanied by abrupt and irregular fluctuations in loss convergence, indicating that a stable training dynamic is key to preventing CO. Therefore, we propose a training model that uses the Douglas-Rachford (DR) splitting technique to ensure a balanced and consistent training progression, effectively counteracting CO. The DR splitting technique, known for its ability to solve complex optimization problems, offering a distinct advantage over classical FastAT methods by providing a smoother loss convergence. This is achieved without resorting to complex regularization or incurring the computational costs associated with double backpropagation, presenting an efficient solution to enhance adversarial robustness. Our comprehensive evaluation conducted across standard datasets, demonstrates that our DR splitting-based model not only improves adversarial robustness but also achieves this with remarkable efficiency compared to various FastAT methods. This efficiency is particularly observed under conditions involving long training schedules and large adversarial perturbations."
Quality Assured: Rethinking Annotation Strategies in Imaging AI
Authors: Tim Rädsch*, Annika Reinke, Vivienn Weru, Minu D. Tizabi, Nicholas Heller, Fabian Isensee, Annette Kopp-Schneider, Lena Maier-Hein*
Published in: European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV), 2024 (Main Conference Track), 2024

Abstract: "[width=1]figures/fig1l owr es.png Figure 1: Research Questions (RQs) tackled in this work. Based on 57,648 instance segmentation masks annotated by 924 annotators and 34 quality assurance (QA) workers from five different annotation providers, we (1) compared the effectiveness of generating high-quality annotations between annotation companies and Amazon Mechanical Turk and (2) investigated the effects of annotation companies’ internal QA and (3) real-world image characteristics on the annotation quality. This paper does not describe a novel method. Instead, it studies an essential foundation for reliable benchmarking and ultimately real-world application of AI-based image analysis: generating high-quality reference annotations. Previous research has focused on crowdsourcing as a means of outsourcing annotations. However, little attention has so far been given to annotation companies, specifically regarding their internal quality assurance (QA) processes. Therefore, our aim is to evaluate the influence of QA employed by annotation companies on annotation quality and devise methodologies for maximizing data annotation efficacy. Based on a total of 57,648 instance segmented images obtained from a total of 924 annotators and 34 QA workers from four annotation companies and Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk), we derived the following insights: (1) Annotation companies perform better both in terms of quantity and quality compared to the widely used platform MTurk. (2) Annotation companies’ internal QA only provides marginal improvements, if any. However, improving labeling instructions instead of investing in QA can substantially boost annotation performance. (3) The benefit of internal QA depends on specific image characteristics. Our work could enable researchers to derive substantially more value from a fixed annotation budget and change the way annotation companies conduct internal QA."
BRIDGE: Bridging Gaps in Image Captioning Evaluation with Stronger Visual Cues
Authors: Sara Sarto*, Marcella Cornia, Lorenzo Baraldi, Rita Cucchiara
Published in: European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV), 2024 (Main Conference Track), 2024

Abstract: "Effectively aligning with human judgment when evaluating machine-generated image captions represents a complex yet intriguing challenge. Existing evaluation metrics like CIDEr or CLIP-Score fall short in this regard as they do not take into account the corresponding image or lack the capability of encoding fine-grained details and penalizing hallucinations. To overcome these issues, in this paper, we propose , a new learnable and reference-free image captioning metric that employs a novel module to map visual features into dense vectors and integrates them into multi-modal pseudo-captions which are built during the evaluation process. This approach results in a multimodal metric that properly incorporates information from the input image without relying on reference captions, bridging the gap between human judgment and machine-generated image captions. Experiments spanning several datasets demonstrate that our proposal achieves state-of-the-art results compared to existing reference-free evaluation scores. Our source code and trained models are publicly available at: https://github.com/aimagelab/bridge-score"
Enhancing Plausibility Evaluation for Generated Designs with Denoising Autoencoder
Authors: Jiajie Fan*, Amal Trigui*, Thomas Bäck, Hao Wang
Published in: European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV), 2024 (Main Conference Track), 2024

Abstract: "A great interest has arisen in using Deep Generative Models (DGM) for generative design. When assessing the quality of the generated designs, human designers focus more on structural plausibility, , no missing component, rather than visual artifacts, , noises or blurriness. Meanwhile, commonly used metrics such as Fréchet Inception Distance (FID) may not evaluate accurately because they are sensitive to visual artifacts and tolerant to semantic errors. As such, FID might not be suitable to assess the performance of DGMs for a generative design task. In this work, we propose to encode the to-be-evaluated images with a Denoising Autoencoder (DAE) and measure the distribution distance in the resulting latent space. Hereby, we design a novel metric Fréchet Denoised Distance (FDD). We experimentally test our FDD, FID and other state-of-the-art metrics on multiple datasets, , BIKED, Seeing3DChairs, FFHQ and ImageNet. Our FDD can effectively detect implausible structures and is more consistent with structural inspections by human experts. Our source code is publicly available at https://github.com/jiajie96/FDD_pytorch."
Weakly-Supervised 3D Hand Reconstruction with Knowledge Prior and Uncertainty Guidance
Authors: Yufei Zhang*, Jeffrey Kephart, Qiang Ji*
Published in: European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV), 2024 (Main Conference Track), 2024

Abstract: "Fully-supervised monocular 3D hand reconstruction is often difficult because capturing the requisite 3D data entails deploying specialized equipment in a controlled environment. We introduce a weakly-supervised method that avoids such requirements by leveraging fundamental principles well-established in the understanding of the human hand’s unique structure and functionality. Specifically, we systematically study hand knowledge from different sources, including biomechanics, functional anatomy, and physics. We effectively incorporate these valuable foundational insights into 3D hand reconstruction models through an appropriate set of differentiable training losses. This enables training solely with readily-obtainable 2D hand landmark annotations and eliminates the need for expensive 3D supervision. Moreover, we explicitly model the uncertainty that is inherent in image observations. We enhance the training process by exploiting a simple yet effective Negative Log-Likelihood (NLL) loss that incorporates uncertainty into the loss function. Through extensive experiments, we demonstrate that our method significantly outperforms state-of-the-art weakly-supervised methods. For example, our method achieves nearly a 21% performance improvement on the widely adopted FreiHAND dataset."
3D Reconstruction of Objects in Hands without Real World 3D Supervision
Authors: Aditya Prakash*, Matthew Chang, Matthew Jin, Ruisen Tu, Saurabh Gupta
Published in: European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV), 2024 (Main Conference Track), 2024

Abstract: "Prior works for reconstructing hand-held objects from a single image train models on images paired with 3D shapes. Such data is challenging to gather in the real world at scale. Consequently, these approaches do not generalize well when presented with novel objects in in-the-wild settings. While 3D supervision is a major bottleneck, there is an abundance of a) in-the-wild raw video data showing hand-object interactions and b) synthetic 3D shape collections. In this paper, we propose modules to leverage 3D supervision from these sources to scale up the learning of models for reconstructing hand-held objects. Specifically, we extract multiview 2D mask supervision from videos and 3D shape priors from shape collections. We use these indirect 3D cues to train occupancy networks that predict the 3D shape of objects from a single RGB image. Our experiments in the challenging object generalization setting on in-the-wild MOW dataset show 11.6% relative improvement over models trained with 3D supervision on existing datasets."
To Supervise or Not to Supervise: Understanding and Addressing the Key Challenges of Point Cloud Transfer Learning
Authors: Souhail Hadgi*, Lei Li, Maks Ovsjanikov
Published in: European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV), 2024 (Main Conference Track), 2024

Abstract: "Transfer learning has long been a key factor in the advancement of many fields including 2D image analysis. Unfortunately, its applicability in 3D data processing has been relatively limited. While several approaches for point cloud transfer learning have been proposed in recent literature, with contrastive learning gaining particular prominence, most existing methods in this domain have only been studied and evaluated in limited scenarios. Most importantly, there is currently a lack of principled understanding of both when and why point cloud transfer learning methods are applicable. Remarkably, even the applicability of standard supervised pre-training is poorly understood. In this work, we conduct the first in-depth quantitative and qualitative investigation of supervised and contrastive pre-training strategies and their utility in downstream 3D tasks. We demonstrate that layer-wise analysis of learned features provides significant insight into the downstream utility of trained networks. Informed by this analysis, we propose a simple geometric regularization strategy, which improves the transferability of supervised pre-training. Our work thus sheds light onto both the specific challenges of point cloud transfer learning, as well as strategies to overcome them."
Parameterized Quasi-Physical Simulators for Dexterous Manipulations Transfer
Authors: Xueyi Liu*, Kangbo Lyu, jieqiong zhang, Tao Du, Li Yi*
Published in: European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV), 2024 (Main Conference Track), 2024

Abstract: "We explore the dexterous manipulation transfer problem by designing simulators. The task wishes to transfer human manipulations to dexterous robot hand simulations and is inherently difficult due to its intricate, highly-constrained, and discontinuous dynamics and the need to control a dexterous hand with a DoF to accurately replicate human manipulations. Previous approaches that optimize in high-fidelity black-box simulators or a modified one with relaxed constraints only demonstrate limited capabilities or are restricted by insufficient simulation fidelity. We introduce parameterized quasi-physical simulators and a physics curriculum to overcome these limitations. The key ideas are 1) balancing between fidelity and optimizability of the simulation via a curriculum of parameterized simulators, and 2) solving the problem in each of the simulators from the curriculum, with properties ranging from high task optimizability to high fidelity. We successfully enable a dexterous hand to track complex and diverse manipulations in high-fidelity simulated environments, boosting the success rate by 11%+ from the best-performed baseline. The project website is available at QuasiSim."
3D Hand Pose Estimation in Everyday Egocentric Images
Authors: Aditya Prakash*, Ruisen Tu, Matthew Chang, Saurabh Gupta
Published in: European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV), 2024 (Main Conference Track), 2024

Abstract: "3D hand pose estimation in everyday egocentric images is challenging for several reasons: poor visual signal (occlusion from the object of interaction, low resolution & motion blur), large perspective distortion (hands are close to the camera), and lack of 3D annotations outside of controlled settings. While existing methods often use hand crops as input to focus on fine-grained visual information to deal with poor visual signal, the challenges arising from perspective distortion and lack of 3D annotations in the wild have not been systematically studied. We focus on this gap and explore the impact of different practices, crops as input, incorporating camera information, auxiliary supervision, scaling up datasets. We provide several insights that are applicable to both convolutional and transformer models, leading to better performance. Based on our findings, we also present , a system for 3D hand pose estimation in everyday egocentric images. Zero-shot evaluation on 4 diverse datasets (H2O, , , ) demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach across 2D and 3D metrics, where we beat past methods by 7.4% – 66%. In system level comparisons, achieves the best 3D hand pose on egocentric split, outperforms FrankMocap across all metrics and HaMeR on 3 out of 6 metrics while being 10× smaller and trained on 5× less data."
Mitigating Perspective Distortion-induced Shape Ambiguity in Image Crops
Authors: Aditya Prakash*, Arjun Gupta, Saurabh Gupta
Published in: European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV), 2024 (Main Conference Track), 2024

Abstract: "Objects undergo varying amounts of perspective distortion as they move across a camera’s field of view. Models for predicting 3D from a single image often work with crops around the object of interest and ignore the location of the object in the camera’s field of view. We note that ignoring this location information further exaggerates the inherent ambiguity in making 3D inferences from 2D images and can prevent models from even fitting to the training data. To mitigate this ambiguity, we propose Intrinsics-Aware Positional Encoding (), which incorporates information about the location of crops in the image and camera intrinsics. Experiments on three popular 3D-from-a-single-image benchmarks: depth prediction on NYU, 3D object detection on KITTI & nuScenes, and predicting 3D shapes of articulated objects on ARCTIC, show the benefits of ."
Towards Neuro-Symbolic Video Understanding
Authors: Minkyu Choi*, Harsh Goel, Mohammad Omama, Yunhao Yang, Sahil Shah, Sandeep Chinchali
Published in: European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV), 2024 (Main Conference Track), 2024

Abstract: "The unprecedented surge in video data production in recent years necessitates efficient tools to extract meaningful frames from videos for downstream tasks. Long-term temporal reasoning is a key desideratum for frame retrieval systems. While state-of-the-art foundation models, like VideoLLaMA and ViCLIP, are proficient in short-term semantic understanding, they surprisingly fail at long-term reasoning across frames. A key reason for this failure is that they intertwine per-frame perception and temporal reasoning into a single deep network. Hence, decoupling but co-designing the semantic understanding and temporal reasoning is essential for efficient scene identification. We propose a system that leverages vision-language models for semantic understanding of individual frames and effectively reasons about the long-term evolution of events using state machines and temporal logic (TL) formulae that inherently capture memory. Our TL-based reasoning improves the F1 score of complex event identification by 9 − 15%, compared to benchmarks that use GPT-4 for reasoning, on state-of-the-art self-driving datasets such as Waymo and NuScenes. The source code is available at https://github.com/UTAustin-SwarmLab/Neuro-Symbolic-Video-Search-Temporal-Logic."
Optimization-based Uncertainty Attribution Via Learning Informative Perturbations
Authors: Hanjing Wang*, Bashirul Azam Biswas, Qiang Ji
Published in: European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV), 2024 (Main Conference Track), 2024

Abstract: "Uncertainty attribution (UA) aims to identify key contributors to predictive uncertainty in deep learning models. To improve the faithfulness of existing UA methods, we formulate UA as an optimization problem to learn a binary mask on the input. The learned mask identifies regions that significantly contribute to output uncertainty and allows uncertainty reduction through learning informative perturbations on the masked input. Our method enhances UA interpretability and maintains high efficiency by integrating three key improvements: Segment Anything Model (SAM)-guided mask parameterization for efficient and interpretable mask learning; learnable perturbations that adaptively target and refine problematic regions specific to each input without manually tuning the perturbation parameters; and a novel application of Gumbel-sigmoid reparameterization for efficiently learning Bernoulli-distributed binary masks under continuous optimization. Our experiments on problematic region detection and faithfulness tests demonstrate our method’s superiority over state-of-the-art UA methods."
Context-Aware Action Recognition: Introducing a Comprehensive Dataset for Behavior Contrast
Authors: Tatsuya Sasaki*, Yoshiki Ito, Satoshi Kondo
Published in: European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV), 2024 (Main Conference Track), 2024

Abstract: "While datasets on everyday actions, sports, and cooking are abundant, there’s a significant scarcity in datasets focused on industrial domain activities, especially for distinguishing between proper and improper actions. This shortage poses a unique challenge, necessitating highly precise, context-sensitive feature extraction due to the subtle class distinctions, which are more nuanced than in general action recognition. To address this gap, we introduce a dataset featuring contrasting pairs of proper and improper actions, aimed at exploring these specific challenges, assessing the limitations of current methods, and establishing a new standard. Our dataset not only encompasses traditional industrial tasks, such as working at heights, but also extends to everyday situations like basketball, underscoring the task’s broad relevance. By evaluating leading techniques on this dataset, we aim to unearth valuable insights, pushing the boundaries of action understanding in both industrial and everyday contexts."
Semi-supervised Segmentation of Histopathology Images with Noise-Aware Topological Consistency
Authors: Meilong Xu*, Xiaoling Hu, Saumya Gupta, Shahira Abousamra, Chao Chen
Published in: European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV), 2024 (Main Conference Track), 2024

Abstract: "In digital pathology, segmenting densely distributed objects like glands and nuclei is crucial for downstream analysis. Since detailed pixel-wise annotations are very time-consuming, we need semi-supervised segmentation methods that can learn from unlabeled images. Existing semi-supervised methods are often prone to topological errors, e.g., missing or incorrectly merged/separated glands or nuclei. To address this issue, we propose TopoSemiSeg, the first semi-supervised method that learns the topological representation from unlabeled histopathology images. The major challenge is for unlabeled images; we only have predictions carrying noisy topology. To this end, we introduce a noise-aware topological consistency loss to align the representations of a teacher and a student model. By decomposing the topology of the prediction into signal topology and noisy topology, we ensure that the models learn the true topological signals and become robust to noise. Extensive experiments on public histopathology image datasets show the superiority of our method, especially on topology-aware evaluation metrics. Code is available at https://github.com/Melon-Xu/TopoSemiSeg."
Adaptive Compressed Sensing with Diffusion-Based Posterior Sampling
Authors: Noam Elata*, Tomer Michaeli, Michael Elad
Published in: European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV), 2024 (Main Conference Track), 2024

Abstract: "Compressed Sensing (CS) facilitates rapid image acquisition by selecting a small subset of measurements sufficient for high-fidelity reconstruction. Adaptive CS seeks to further enhance this process by dynamically choosing future measurements based on information gleaned from data that is already acquired. However, many existing frameworks are often tailored to specific tasks and require intricate training procedures. We propose AdaSense, a novel Adaptive CS approach that leverages zero-shot posterior sampling with pre-trained diffusion models. By sequentially sampling from the posterior distribution, we can quantify the uncertainty of each possible future linear measurement throughout the acquisition process. AdaSense eliminates the need for additional training and boasts seamless adaptation to diverse domains with minimal tuning requirements. Our experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of AdaSense in reconstructing facial images from a small number of measurements. Furthermore, we apply AdaSense for active acquisition of medical images in the domains of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT), highlighting its potential for tangible real-world acceleration.1 1 Our code is available at https://github.com/noamelata/AdaSense."
Instant Uncertainty Calibration of NeRFs Using a Meta-Calibrator
Authors: Niki Amini-Naieni*, Tomas Jakab, Andrea Vedaldi, Ronald Clark
Published in: European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV), 2024 (Main Conference Track), 2024

Abstract: "Neural Radiance Fields (NeRFs) have markedly improved novel view synthesis, but accurate uncertainty quantification in their image predictions remains an open problem. The prevailing methods for estimating uncertainty, including the state-of-the-art Density-aware NeRF Ensembles (DANE) [?], quantify uncertainty without calibration. This frequently leads to over- or under-confidence in image predictions, which can undermine their real-world applications. In this paper, we propose a method which, for the first time, achieves calibrated uncertainties for NeRFs. To accomplish this, we overcome a significant challenge in adapting existing calibration techniques to NeRFs: a need to hold out ground truth images from the target scene, reducing the number of images left to train the NeRF. This issue is particularly problematic in sparse-view settings, where we can operate with as few as three images. To address this, we introduce the concept of a meta-calibrator that performs uncertainty calibration for NeRFs with a single forward pass without the need for holding out any images from the target scene. Our meta-calibrator is a neural network that takes as input the NeRF images and uncalibrated uncertainty maps and outputs a scene-specific calibration curve that corrects the NeRF’s uncalibrated uncertainties. We show that the meta-calibrator can generalize on unseen scenes and achieves well-calibrated and state-of-the-art uncertainty for NeRFs, significantly beating DANE and other approaches. This opens opportunities to improve applications that rely on accurate NeRF uncertainty estimates such as next-best view planning and potentially more trustworthy image reconstruction for medical diagnosis."
MetaAT: Active Testing for Label-Efficient Evaluation of Dense Recognition Tasks
Authors: Sanbao Su, Xin Li*, Thang Doan, Sima Behpour, Wenbin He, Liang Gou, Fei Miao, Liu Ren
Published in: European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV), 2024 (Main Conference Track), 2024

Abstract: "In this study, we investigate the task of active testing for label-efficient evaluation, which aims to estimate a model’s performance on an unlabeled test dataset with a limited annotation budget. Previous approaches relied on deep ensemble models to identify highly informative instances for labeling, but fell short in dense recognition tasks like segmentation and object detection due to their high computational costs. In this work, we present MetaAT, a simple yet effective approach that adapts a Vision Transformer as a Meta Model for active testing. Specifically, we introduce a region loss estimation head to identify challenging regions for more accurate and informative instance acquisition. Importantly, the design of MetaAT allows it to handle annotation granularity at the region level, significantly reducing annotation costs in dense recognition tasks. As a result, our approach demonstrates consistent and substantial performance improvements over five popular benchmarks compared with state-of-the-art methods. Notably, on the CityScapes dataset, MetaAT achieves a 1.36% error rate in performance estimation using only 0.07% of annotations, marking a 10× improvement over existing state-of-the-art methods. To the best of our knowledge, MetaAT represents the first framework for active testing of dense recognition tasks."
Salience-Based Adaptive Masking: Revisiting Token Dynamics for Enhanced Pre-training
Authors: Hyesong Choi, Hyejin Park, Kwang Moo Yi, Sungmin Cha, Dongbo Min*
Published in: European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV), 2024 (Main Conference Track), 2024

Abstract: "In this paper, we introduce Saliency-Based Adaptive Masking (SBAM), a novel and cost-effective approach that significantly enhances the pre-training performance of Masked Image Modeling (MIM) approaches by prioritizing token salience. Our method provides robustness against variations in masking ratios, effectively mitigating the performance instability issues common in existing methods. This relaxes the sensitivity of MIM-based pre-training to masking ratios, which in turn allows us to propose an adaptive strategy for ‘tailored’ masking ratios for each data sample, which no existing method can provide. Toward this goal, we propose an Adaptive Masking Ratio (AMR) strategy that dynamically adjusts the proportion of masking for the unique content of each image based on token salience. We show that our method significantly improves over the state-of-the-art in mask-based pre-training on the ImageNet-1K dataset. Code and model parameters are available at https://github.com/doihye/ SBAM."
Data Augmentation via Latent Diffusion for Saliency Prediction
Authors: Bahar Aydemir*, Deblina Bhattacharjee, Tong Zhang, Mathieu Salzmann, Sabine Süsstrunk
Published in: European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV), 2024 (Main Conference Track), 2024

Abstract: "Saliency prediction models are constrained by the limited diversity and quantity of labeled data. Standard data augmentation techniques such as rotating and cropping alter scene composition, affecting saliency. We propose a novel data augmentation method for deep saliency prediction that edits natural images while preserving the complexity and variability of real-world scenes. Since saliency depends on high-level and low-level features, our approach involves learning both by incorporating photometric and semantic attributes such as color, contrast, brightness, and class. To that end, we introduce a saliency-guided cross-attention mechanism that enables targeted edits on the photometric properties, thereby enhancing saliency within specific image regions. Experimental results show that our data augmentation method consistently improves the performance of various saliency models. Moreover, leveraging the augmentation features for saliency prediction yields superior performance on publicly available saliency benchmarks. Our predictions align closely with human visual attention patterns in the edited images, as validated by a user study. Our code is publicly available on GitHub1 ."
Explorative Inbetweening of Time and Space
Authors: Haiwen Feng*, Zheng Ding, Zhihao Xia, Simon Niklaus, Victoria Fernandez Abrevaya, Michael J. Black, Xuaner Zhang
Published in: European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV), 2024 (Main Conference Track), 2024

Abstract: "We introduce bounded generation as a generalized task to control video generation to synthesize arbitrary camera and subject motion based only on a given start and end frame. Our objective is to fully leverage the inherent generalization capability of an image-to-video model without additional training or fine-tuning of the original model. This is achieved through the proposed new sampling strategy, which we call , that fuses the temporally forward and backward denoising paths conditioned on the start and end frame, respectively. The fused path results in a video that smoothly connects the two frames, generating inbetweening of faithful subject motion, novel views of static scenes, and seamless video looping when the two bounding frames are identical. We curate a diverse evaluation dataset of image pairs and compare against the closest existing methods. We find that outperforms related work on all subtasks, exhibiting the ability to generate complex motions and 3D-consistent views guided by bounded frames. See project page at https://time-reversal. github.io."
A Diffusion Model for Simulation Ready Coronary Anatomy with Morpho-skeletal Control
Authors: Karim Kadry*, Shreya Gupta, Jonas Sogbadji, Michiel Schaap, Kersten Petersen, Takuya Mizukami, Carlos Collet, Farhad R. Nezami, Elazer R Edelman
Published in: European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV), 2024 (Main Conference Track), 2024

Abstract: "Virtual interventions enable the physics-based simulation of device deployment within coronary arteries. This framework allows for counterfactual reasoning by deploying the same device in different arterial anatomies. However, current methods to create such counterfactual arteries face a trade-off between controllability and realism. In this study, we investigate how Latent Diffusion Models (LDMs) can custom synthesize coronary anatomy for virtual intervention studies based on mid-level anatomic constraints such as topological validity, local morphological shape, and global skeletal structure. We also extend diffusion model guidance strategies to the context of morpho-skeletal conditioning and propose a novel guidance method for continuous attributes that adaptively updates the negative guiding condition throughout sampling. Our framework enables the generation and editing of coronary anatomy in a controllable manner, allowing device designers to derive mechanistic insights regarding anatomic variation and simulated device deployment. Our code is available at https://github.com/kkadry/Morphoskel-Diffusion."
Learning to Make Keypoints Sub-Pixel Accurate
Authors: Shinjeong Kim*, Marc Pollefeys, Daniel Barath
Published in: European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV), 2024 (Main Conference Track), 2024

Abstract: "This work addresses the challenge of sub-pixel accuracy in detecting 2D local features, a cornerstone problem in computer vision. Despite the advancements brought by neural network-based methods like SuperPoint and ALIKED, these modern approaches lag behind classical ones such as SIFT in keypoint localization accuracy due to their lack of sub-pixel precision. We propose a novel network that enhances any detector with sub-pixel precision by learning an offset vector for detected features, thereby eliminating the need for designing specialized sub-pixel accurate detectors. This optimization directly minimizes test-time evaluation metrics like relative pose error. Through extensive testing with both nearest neighbors matching and the recent LightGlue matcher across various real-world datasets, our method consistently outperforms existing methods in accuracy. Moreover, it adds only around 7 ms to the time of a particular detector. The code is available at https://github.com/KimSinjeong/keypt2subpx."
Imaging with Confidence: Uncertainty Quantification for High-dimensional Undersampled MR Images
Authors: Frederik Hoppe*, Claudio Mayrink Verdun, Hannah Sophie Laus, Sebastian Endt, Marion Irene Menzel, Felix Krahmer, Holger Rauhut
Published in: European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV), 2024 (Main Conference Track), 2024

Abstract: "Establishing certified uncertainty quantification (UQ) in imaging processing applications continues to pose a significant challenge. In particular, such a goal is crucial for accurate and reliable medical imaging if one aims for precise diagnostics and appropriate intervention. In the case of magnetic resonance imaging, one of the essential tools of modern medicine, enormous advancements in fast image acquisition were possible after the introduction of compressive sensing and, more recently, deep learning methods. Still, as of now, there is no UQ method that is both fully rigorous and scalable. This work takes a step towards closing this gap by proposing a total variation minimization-based method for pixel-wise sharp confidence intervals for undersampled MRI. We demonstrate that our method empirically achieves the predicted confidence levels. We expect that our approach will also have implications for other imaging modalities as well as deep learning applications in computer vision. Our code is available on GitHub https://github.com/HannahLaus/Project_UQ_TV.git."
Generalizable Human Gaussians for Sparse View Synthesis
Authors: YoungJoong Kwon*, Baole Fang, Yixing Lu, Haoye Dong, Cheng Zhang, Francisco Vicente Carrasco, Albert Mosella-Montoro, Jianjin Xu, Shingo J Takagi, Daeil Kim, Aayush Prakash, Fernando de la Torre
Published in: European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV), 2024 (Main Conference Track), 2024

Abstract: "Recent progress in neural rendering has brought forth pioneering methods, such as NeRF and Gaussian Splatting, which revolutionize view rendering across various domains like AR/VR, gaming, and content creation. While these methods excel at interpolating within the training data, the challenge of generalizing to new scenes and objects from very sparse views persists. Specifically, modeling 3D humans from sparse views presents formidable hurdles due to the inherent complexity of human geometry, resulting in inaccurate reconstructions of geometry and textures. To tackle this challenge, this paper leverages recent advancements in Gaussian Splatting and introduces a new method to learn generalizable human Gaussians that allows photorealistic and accurate view-rendering of a new human subject from a limited set of sparse views in a feed-forward manner. A pivotal innovation of our approach involves reformulating the learning of 3D Gaussian parameters into a regression process defined on the 2D UV space of a human template, which allows leveraging the strong geometry prior and the advantages of 2D convolutions. In addition, a multi-scaffold is proposed to effectively represent the offset details. Our method outperforms recent methods on both within-dataset generalization as well as cross-dataset generalization settings."