mtybilly/Instruct2DS huggingface dataset:
Exploiting Kernel Sparsity and Entropy for Interpretable CNN Compression
Authors: Yuchao Li, Shaohui Lin, Baochang Zhang, Jianzhuang Liu, David Doermann, Yongjian Wu, Feiyue Huang, Rongrong Ji
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2019 (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: Compressing convolutional neural networks (CNNs) has received ever-increasing research focus. However, most existing CNN compression methods do not interpret their inherent structures to distinguish the implicit redundancy. In this paper, we investigate the problem of CNN compression from a novel interpretable perspective. The relationship between the input feature maps and 2D kernels is revealed in a theoretical framework, based on which a kernel sparsity and entropy (KSE) indicator is proposed to quantitate the feature map importance in a feature-agnostic manner to guide model compression. Kernel clustering is further conducted based on the KSE indicator to accomplish high-precision CNN compression. KSE is capable of simultaneously compressing each layer in an efficient way, which is significantly faster compared to previous data-driven feature map pruning methods. We comprehensively evaluate the compression and speedup of the proposed method on CIFAR-10, SVHN and ImageNet 2012. Our method demonstrates superior performance gains over previous ones. In particular, it achieves 4.7x FLOPs reduction and 2.9x compression on ResNet-50 with only a top-5 accuracy drop of 0.35% on ImageNet 2012, which significantly outperforms state-of-the-art methods.
Fully Quantized Network for Object Detection
Authors: Rundong Li, Yan Wang, Feng Liang, Hongwei Qin, Junjie Yan, Rui Fan
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2019 (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: Efficient neural network inference is important in a number of practical domains, such as deployment in mobile settings.  An effective method for increasing inference efficiency is to use low bitwidth arithmetic, which can subsequently be accelerated using dedicated hardware.  However, designing effective quantization schemes while maintaining network accuracy is challenging.  In particular, current techniques face difficulty in performing fully end-to-end quantization, making use of aggressively low bitwidth regimes such as 4-bit, and applying quantized networks to complex tasks such as object detection.  In this paper, we demonstrate that many of these difficulties arise because of instability during the fine-tuning stage of the quantization process, and propose several novel techniques to overcome these instabilities. We apply our techniques to produce fully quantized 4-bit detectors based on RetinaNet and Faster R-CNN, and show that these achieve state-of-the-art performance for quantized detectors. The mAP loss due to quantization using our methods is more than 3.8x less than the loss from existing methods.
MnasNet: Platform-Aware Neural Architecture Search for Mobile
Authors: Mingxing Tan, Bo Chen, Ruoming Pang, Vijay Vasudevan, Mark Sandler, Andrew Howard, Quoc V. Le
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2019 (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: Designing convolutional neural networks (CNN) for mobile devices is challenging because mobile models need to be small and fast, yet still accurate. Although significant efforts have been dedicated to design and improve mobile CNNs on all dimensions, it is very difficult to manually balance these trade-offs when there are so many architectural possibilities to consider. In this paper, we propose an automated mobile neural architecture search (MNAS) approach, which explicitly incorporate model latency into the main objective so that the search can identify a model that achieves a good trade-off between accuracy and latency. Unlike previous work, where latency is considered via another, often inaccurate proxy (e.g., FLOPS), our approach directly measures real-world inference latency by executing the model on mobile phones. To further strike the right balance between flexibility and search space size, we propose a novel factorized hierarchical search space that encourages layer diversity throughout the network. Experimental results show that our approach consistently outperforms state-of-the-art mobile CNN models across multiple vision tasks. On the ImageNet classification task, our MnasNet achieves 75.2% top-1 accuracy with 78ms latency on a Pixel phone, which is 1.8x faster than MobileNetV2 with 0.5% higher accuracy and 2.3x faster than NASNet with 1.2% higher accuracy. Our MnasNet also achieves better mAP quality than MobileNets for COCO object detection. Code is at https://github.com/tensorflow/tpu/tree/master/models/official/mnasnet.
Student Becoming the Master: Knowledge Amalgamation for Joint Scene Parsing, Depth Estimation, and More
Authors: Jingwen Ye, Yixin Ji, Xinchao Wang, Kairi Ou, Dapeng Tao, Mingli Song
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2019 (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: In this paper, we investigate a novel deep-model reusing task. Our goal is to train a lightweight and versatile student model, without human-labelled annotations, that amalgamates the knowledge and masters the expertise of two pre-trained teacher models working on heterogeneous problems, one on scene parsing and the other on depth estimation. To this end, we propose an innovative training strategy that learns the parameters of the student intertwined with the teachers, achieved by "projecting"  its amalgamated features onto each teacher's domain and computing the loss.  We also introduce two options to generalize the proposed training strategy to handle three or more tasks simultaneously. The proposed scheme yields very encouraging results. As demonstrated on several benchmarks, the trained student model achieves results even superior to those of the teachers in their own expertise domains and on par with the state-of-the-art fully supervised models relying on human-labelled annotations.
K-Nearest Neighbors Hashing
Authors: Xiangyu He, Peisong Wang, Jian Cheng
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2019 (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: Hashing based approximate nearest neighbor search embeds high dimensional data to compact binary codes, which enables efficient similarity search and storage. However, the non-isometry sign() function makes it hard to project the nearest neighbors in continuous data space into the closest codewords in discrete Hamming space. In this work, we revisit the sign() function from the perspective of space partitioning. In specific, we bridge the gap between k-nearest neighbors and binary hashing codes with Shannon entropy. We further propose a novel K-Nearest Neighbors Hashing (KNNH) method to learn binary representations from KNN within the subspaces generated by sign(). Theoretical and experimental results show that the KNN relation is of central importance to neighbor preserving embeddings, and the proposed method outperforms the state-of-the-arts on benchmark datasets.
Learning RoI Transformer for Oriented Object Detection in Aerial Images
Authors: Jian Ding, Nan Xue, Yang Long, Gui-Song Xia, Qikai Lu
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2019 (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: Object detection in aerial images is an active yet challenging task in computer vision because of the bird's-eye view perspective, the highly complex backgrounds, and the variant appearances of objects. Especially when detecting densely packed objects in aerial images, methods relying on horizontal proposals for common object detection often introduce mismatches between the Region of Interests (RoIs) and objects. This leads to the common misalignment between the final object classification confidence and localization accuracy. In this paper, we propose a RoI Transformer to address these problems. The core idea of RoI Transformer is to apply spatial transformations on RoIs and learn the transformation parameters under the supervision of oriented bounding box (OBB) annotations. RoI Transformer is with lightweight and can be easily embedded into detectors for oriented object detection. Simply apply the RoI Transformer to light head RCNN has achieved state-of-the-art performances on two common and challenging aerial datasets, i.e., DOTA and HRSC2016, with a neglectable reduction to detection speed. Our RoI Transformer exceeds the deformable Position Sensitive RoI pooling when oriented bounding-box annotations are available. Extensive experiments have also validated the flexibility and effectiveness of our RoI Transformer.
Snapshot Distillation: Teacher-Student Optimization in One Generation
Authors: Chenglin Yang, Lingxi Xie, Chi Su, Alan L. Yuille
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2019 (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: Optimizing a deep neural network is a fundamental task in computer vision, yet direct training methods often suffer from over-fitting. Teacher-student optimization aims at providing complementary cues from a model trained previously, but these approaches are often considerably slow due to the pipeline of training a few generations in sequence, i.e., time complexity is increased by several times.  This paper presents snapshot distillation (SD), the first framework which enables teacher-student optimization in one generation. The idea of SD is very simple: instead of borrowing supervision signals from previous generations, we extract such information from earlier epochs in the same generation, meanwhile make sure that the difference between teacher and student is sufficiently large so as to prevent under-fitting. To achieve this goal, we implement SD in a cyclic learning rate policy, in which the last snapshot of each cycle is used as the teacher for all iterations in the next cycle, and the teacher signal is smoothed to provide richer information. In standard image classification benchmarks such as CIFAR100 and ILSVRC2012, SD achieves consistent accuracy gain without heavy computational overheads. We also verify that models pre-trained with SD transfers well to object detection and semantic segmentation in the PascalVOC dataset.
Geometry-Aware Distillation for Indoor Semantic Segmentation
Authors: Jianbo Jiao, Yunchao Wei, Zequn Jie, Honghui Shi, Rynson W.H. Lau, Thomas S. Huang
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2019 (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: It has been shown that jointly reasoning the 2D appearance and 3D information from RGB-D domains is beneficial to indoor scene semantic segmentation. However, most existing approaches require accurate depth map as input to segment the scene which severely limits their applications. In this paper, we propose to jointly infer the semantic and depth information by distilling geometry-aware embedding to eliminate such strong constraint while still exploiting the helpful depth domain information. In addition, we use this learned embedding to improve the quality of semantic segmentation, through a proposed geometry-aware propagation framework followed by several multi-level skip feature fusion blocks. By decoupling the single task prediction network into two joint tasks of semantic segmentation and geometry embedding learning, together with the proposed information propagation and feature fusion architecture, our method is shown to perform favorably against state-of-the-art methods for semantic segmentation on publicly available challenging indoor datasets.
LiveSketch: Query Perturbations for Guided Sketch-Based Visual Search
Authors: John Collomosse, Tu Bui, Hailin Jin
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2019 (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: LiveSketch is a novel algorithm for searching large image collections using hand-sketched queries.  LiveSketch tackles the inherent ambiguity of sketch search by creating visual suggestions that augment the query as it is drawn, making query specification an iterative rather than one-shot process that helps disambiguate users' search intent. Our technical contributions are: a triplet convnet architecture that incorporates an RNN based variational autoencoder to search for images using vector (stroke-based) queries; real-time clustering to identify likely search intents (and so, targets within the search embedding); and the use of backpropagation from those targets to perturb the input stroke sequence, so suggesting alterations to the query in order to guide the search.  We show improvements in accuracy and time-to-task over contemporary baselines using a 67M image corpus.
Bounding Box Regression With Uncertainty for Accurate Object Detection
Authors: Yihui He, Chenchen Zhu, Jianren Wang, Marios Savvides, Xiangyu Zhang
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2019 (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: Large-scale object detection datasets (e.g., MS-COCO) try to define the ground truth bounding boxes as clear as possible. However, we observe that ambiguities are still introduced when labeling the bounding boxes. In this paper, we propose a novel bounding box regression loss for learning bounding box transformation and localization variance together. Our loss greatly improves the localization accuracies of various architectures with nearly no additional computation. The learned localization variance allows us to merge neighboring bounding boxes during non-maximum suppression (NMS), which further improves the localization performance. On MS-COCO, we boost the Average Precision (AP) of VGG-16 Faster R-CNN from 23.6% to 29.1%. More importantly, for ResNet-50-FPN Mask R-CNN, our method improves the AP and AP90 by 1.8% and 6.2% respectively, which significantly outperforms previous state-of-the-art bounding box refinement methods. Our code and models are available at github.com/yihui-he/KL-Loss
OCGAN: One-Class Novelty Detection Using GANs With Constrained Latent Representations
Authors: Pramuditha Perera, Ramesh Nallapati, Bing Xiang
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2019 (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: We present a novel model called OCGAN for the classical problem of one-class novelty detection, where, given a set of examples from a particular class, the goal is to determine if a query example is from the same class. Our solution is based on learning latent representations of in-class examples using a de-noising auto-encoder network. The key contribution of our work is our proposal to explicitly constrain the latent space to exclusively represent the given class. In order to accomplish this goal, firstly, we force the latent space to have bounded support by introducing a tanh activation in the encoder's output layer. Secondly, using a discriminator in the latent space that is trained adversarially, we ensure that encoded representations of in-class examples resemble uniform random samples drawn from the same bounded space. Thirdly, using a second adversarial discriminator in the input space, we ensure all randomly drawn latent samples generate examples that look real. Finally, we introduce a gradient-descent based sampling technique that explores points in the latent space that generate potential out-of-class examples, which are fed back to the network to further train it to generate in-class examples from those points. The effectiveness of the proposed method is measured across four publicly available datasets using two one-class novelty detection protocols where we achieve state-of-the-art results.
Learning Metrics From Teachers: Compact Networks for Image Embedding
Authors: Lu Yu, Vacit Oguz Yazici, Xialei Liu, Joost van de Weijer, Yongmei Cheng, Arnau Ramisa
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2019 (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: Metric learning networks are used to compute image embeddings, which are widely used in many applications such as image retrieval and face recognition. In this paper, we propose to use network distillation to efficiently compute image embeddings with small networks. Network distillation has been successfully applied to improve image classification, but has hardly been explored for metric learning. To do so, we propose two new loss functions that model the communication of a deep teacher network to a small student network. We evaluate our system in several datasets, including CUB-200-2011, Cars-196, Stanford Online Products and show that embeddings computed using small student networks perform significantly better than those computed using standard networks of similar size. Results on a very compact network (MobileNet-0.25), which can be used on mobile devices, show that the proposed method can greatly improve Recall@1 results from 27.5% to 44.6%. Furthermore, we investigate various aspects of distillation for embeddings, including hint and attention layers, semi-supervised learning and cross quality distillation. (Code is available at https://github.com/yulu0724/EmbeddingDistillation).
Activity Driven Weakly Supervised Object Detection
Authors: Zhenheng Yang, Dhruv Mahajan, Deepti Ghadiyaram, Ram Nevatia, Vignesh Ramanathan
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2019 (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: Weakly supervised object detection aims at reducing the amount of supervision required to train detection models. Such models are traditionally learned from images/videos labelled only with the object class and not the object bounding box. In our work, we try to leverage not only the object class labels but also the action labels associated with the data. We show that the action depicted in the image/video can provide strong cues about the location of the associated object. We learn a spatial prior for the object dependent on the action (e.g. "ball" is closer to "leg of the person" in "kicking ball"), and incorporate this prior to simultaneously train a joint object detection and action classification model. We conducted experiments on both video datasets and image datasets to evaluate the performance of our weakly supervised object detection model. Our approach outperformed the current state-of-the-art (SOTA) method by more than 6% in mAP on the Charades video dataset.
Separate to Adapt: Open Set Domain Adaptation via Progressive Separation
Authors: Hong Liu, Zhangjie Cao, Mingsheng Long, Jianmin Wang, Qiang Yang
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2019 (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: Domain adaptation has become a resounding success in leveraging labeled data from a source domain to learn an accurate classifier for an unlabeled target domain. When deployed in the wild, the target domain usually contains unknown classes that are not observed in the source domain. Such setting is termed Open Set Domain Adaptation (OSDA). While several methods have been proposed to address OSDA, none of them takes into account the openness of the target domain, which is measured by the proportion of unknown classes in all target classes. Openness is a critical point in open set domain adaptation and exerts a significant impact on performance. In addition, current work aligns the entire target domain with the source domain without excluding unknown samples, which may give rise to negative transfer due to the mismatch between unknown and known classes. To this end, this paper presents Separate to Adapt (STA), an end-to-end approach to open set domain adaptation. The approach adopts a coarse-to-fine weighting mechanism to progressively separate the samples of unknown and known classes, and simultaneously weigh their importance on feature distribution alignment. Our approach allows openness-robust open set domain adaptation, which can be adaptive to a variety of openness in the target domain. We evaluate STA on several benchmark datasets of various openness levels. Results verify that STA significantly outperforms previous methods.
Layout-Graph Reasoning for Fashion Landmark Detection
Authors: Weijiang Yu, Xiaodan Liang, Ke Gong, Chenhan Jiang, Nong Xiao, Liang Lin
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2019 (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: Detecting dense landmarks for diverse clothes, as a fundamental technique for clothes analysis, has attracted increasing research attention due to its huge application potential. However, due to the lack of modeling underlying semantic layout constraints among landmarks, prior works often detect ambiguous and structure-inconsistent landmarks of multiple overlapped clothes in one person. In this paper, we propose to seamlessly enforce structural layout relationships among landmarks on the intermediate representations via multiple stacked layout-graph reasoning layers. We define the layout-graph as a hierarchical structure including a root node, body-part nodes (e.g. upper body, lower body), coarse clothes-part nodes (e.g. collar, sleeve) and leaf landmark nodes (e.g. left-collar, right-collar). Each Layout-Graph Reasoning(LGR) layer aims to map feature representations into structural graph nodes via a Map-to-Node module, performs reasoning over structural graph nodes to achieve global layout coherency via a layout-graph reasoning module, and then maps graph nodes back to enhance feature representations via a Node-to-Map module. The layout-graph reasoning module integrates a graph clustering operation to generate representations of intermediate nodes (bottom-up inference) and then a graph deconvolution operation (top-down inference) over the whole graph. Extensive experiments on two public fashion landmark datasets demonstrate the superiority of our model. Furthermore, to advance the fine-grained fashion landmark research for supporting more comprehensive clothes generation and attribute recognition, we contribute the first Fine-grained Fashion Landmark Dataset (FFLD) containing 200k images annotated with at most 32 key-points for 13 clothes types.
DistillHash: Unsupervised Deep Hashing by Distilling Data Pairs
Authors: Erkun Yang, Tongliang Liu, Cheng Deng, Wei Liu, Dacheng Tao
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2019 (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: Due to storage and search efficiency, hashing has become significantly prevalent for nearest neighbor search. Particularly, deep hashing methods have greatly improved the search performance, typically under supervised scenarios.  In contrast, unsupervised deep hashing models can hardly achieve satisfactory performance due to the lack of supervisory similarity signals. To address this problem, in this paper, we propose a new deep unsupervised hashing model, called DistilHash, which can learn a distilled data set, where data pairs have confident similarity signals. Specifically, we investigate the relationship between the initial but noisy similarity signals learned from local structures and the semantic similarity labels assigned by the optimal Bayesian classifier. We show that, under a mild assumption, some data pairs, of which labels are consistent with those assigned by the optimal Bayesian classifier, can be potentially distilled. With this understanding, we design a simple but effective method to distill data pairs automatically and further adopt a Bayesian learning framework to learn hashing functions from the distilled data set. Extensive experimental results on three widely used benchmark datasets demonstrate that our method achieves state-of-the-art search performance.
Mind Your Neighbours: Image Annotation With Metadata Neighbourhood Graph Co-Attention Networks
Authors: Junjie Zhang, Qi Wu, Jian Zhang, Chunhua Shen, Jianfeng Lu
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2019 (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: As the visual reflections of our daily lives, images are frequently shared on the social network, which generates the abundant 'metadata' that records user interactions with images. Due to the diverse contents and complex styles, some images can be challenging to recognise when neglecting the context. Images with the similar metadata, such as 'relevant topics and textual descriptions', 'common friends of users' and 'nearby locations', form a neighbourhood for each image, which can be used to assist the annotation. In this paper, we propose a Metadata Neighbourhood Graph Co-Attention Network (MangoNet) to model the correlations between each target image and its neighbours. To accurately capture the visual clues from the neighbourhood, a co-attention mechanism is introduced to embed the target image and its neighbours as graph nodes, while the graph edges capture the node pair correlations. By reasoning on the neighbourhood graph, we obtain the graph representation to help annotate the target image. Experimental results on three benchmark datasets indicate that our proposed model achieves the best performance compared to the state-of-the-art methods.
Region Proposal by Guided Anchoring
Authors: Jiaqi Wang, Kai Chen, Shuo Yang, Chen Change Loy, Dahua Lin
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2019 (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: Region anchors are the cornerstone of modern object detection techniques. State-of-the-art detectors mostly rely on a dense anchoring scheme, where anchors are sampled uniformly over the spatial domain with a predefined set of scales and aspect ratios. In this paper, we revisit this foundational stage. Our study shows that it can be done much more effectively and efficiently. Specifically, we present an alternative scheme, named Guided Anchoring, which leverages semantic features to guide the anchoring. The proposed method jointly predicts the locations where the center of objects of interest are likely to exist as well as the scales and aspect ratios at different locations. On top of predicted anchor shapes, we mitigate the feature inconsistency with a feature adaption module. We also study the use of high-quality proposals to improve detection performance. The anchoring scheme can be seamlessly integrated into proposal methods and detectors. With Guided Anchoring, we achieve 9.1% higher recall on MS COCO with 90% fewer anchors than the RPN baseline. We also adopt Guided Anchoring in Fast R-CNN, Faster R-CNN and RetinaNet, respectively improving the detection mAP by 2.2%, 2.7% and 1.2%. Code is available at https://github.com/open-mmlab/mmdetection.
Distant Supervised Centroid Shift: A Simple and Efficient Approach to Visual Domain Adaptation
Authors: Jian Liang, Ran He, Zhenan Sun, Tieniu Tan
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2019 (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: Conventional domain adaptation methods usually resort to deep neural networks or subspace learning to find invariant representations across domains. However, most deep learning methods highly rely on large-size source domains and are computationally expensive to train, while subspace learning methods always have a quadratic time complexity that suffers from the large domain size. This paper provides a simple and efficient solution, which could be regarded as a well-performing baseline for domain adaptation tasks.          Our method is built upon the nearest centroid classifier, seeking a subspace where the centroids in the target domain are moderately shifted from those in the source domain. Specifically, we design a unified objective without accessing the source domain data and adopt an alternating minimization scheme to iteratively discover the pseudo target labels, invariant subspace, and target centroids. Besides its privacy-preserving property (distant supervision), the algorithm is provably convergent and has a promising linear time complexity. In addition, the proposed method can be readily extended to multi-source setting and domain generalization, and it remarkably enhances popular deep adaptation methods by borrowing the learned transferable features. Extensive experiments on several benchmarks including object, digit, and face recognition datasets validate that our methods yield state-of-the-art results in various domain adaptation tasks.
Learning to Transfer Examples for Partial Domain Adaptation
Authors: Zhangjie Cao, Kaichao You, Mingsheng Long, Jianmin Wang, Qiang Yang
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2019 (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: Domain adaptation is critical for learning in new and unseen environments. With domain adversarial training, deep networks can learn disentangled and transferable features that effectively diminish the dataset shift between the source and target domains for knowledge transfer. In the era of Big Data, large-scale labeled datasets are readily available, stimulating the interest in partial domain adaptation (PDA), which transfers a recognizer from a large labeled domain to a small unlabeled domain. It extends standard domain adaptation to the scenario where target labels are only a subset of source labels.  Under the condition that target labels are unknown, the key challenges of PDA are how to transfer relevant examples in the shared classes to promote positive transfer and how to ignore irrelevant ones in the source domain to mitigate negative transfer. In this work, we propose a unified approach to PDA, Example Transfer Network (ETN), which jointly learns domain-invariant representations across domains and a progressive weighting scheme to quantify the transferability of source examples. A thorough evaluation on several benchmark datasets shows that ETN consistently achieves state-of-the-art results for various partial domain adaptation tasks.
Generalized Zero-Shot Recognition Based on Visually Semantic Embedding
Authors: Pengkai Zhu, Hanxiao Wang, Venkatesh Saligrama
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2019 (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: We propose a novel Generalized Zero-Shot learning (GZSL) method that is agnostic to both unseen images and unseen semantic vectors during training. Prior works in this context propose to map high-dimensional visual features to the semantic domain, which we believe contributes to the semantic gap. To bridge the gap, we propose a novel low-dimensional embedding of visual instances that is "visually semantic." Analogous to semantic data that quantifies the existence of an attribute in the presented instance, components of our visual embedding quantifies existence of a prototypical part-type in the presented instance. In parallel, as a thought experiment, we quantify the impact of noisy semantic data by utilizing a novel visual oracle to visually supervise a learner. These factors, namely semantic noise, visual-semantic gap and label noise lead us to propose a new graphical model for inference with pairwise interactions between label, semantic data, and inputs. We tabulate results on a number of benchmark datasets demonstrating significant improvement in accuracy over state-of-art under both semantic and visual supervision.
Towards Visual Feature Translation
Authors: Jie Hu, Rongrong Ji, Hong Liu, Shengchuan Zhang, Cheng Deng, Qi Tian
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2019 (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: Most existing visual search systems are deployed based upon fixed kinds of visual features, which prohibits the feature reusing across different systems or when upgrading systems with a new type of feature. Such a setting is obviously inflexible and time/memory consuming, which is indeed mendable if visual features can be "translated" across systems. In this paper, we make the first attempt towards visual feature translation to break through the barrier of using features across different visual search systems. To this end, we propose a Hybrid Auto-Encoder (HAE) to translate visual features, which learns a mapping by minimizing the translation and reconstruction errors. Based upon HAE, an Undirected Affinity Measurement (UAM) is further designed to quantify the affinity among different types of visual features. Extensive experiments have been conducted on several public datasets with sixteen different types of widely-used features in visual search systems. Quantitative results show the encouraging possibilities of feature translation. For the first time, the affinity among widely-used features like SIFT and DELF is reported.
Amodal Instance Segmentation With KINS Dataset
Authors: Lu Qi, Li Jiang, Shu Liu, Xiaoyong Shen, Jiaya Jia
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2019 (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: Amodal instance segmentation, a new direction of instance segmentation, aims to segment each object instance involving its invisible, occluded parts to imitate human ability. This task requires to reason objects' complex structure. Despite important and futuristic, this task lacks data with large-scale and detailed annotations, due to the difficulty of correctly and consistently labeling invisible parts, which creates the huge barrier to explore the frontier of visual recognition. In this paper, we augment KITTI with more instance pixel-level annotation for 8 categories, which we call KITTI INStance dataset (KINS). We propose the network structure to reason invisible parts via a new multi-task framework with Multi-View Coding (MVC), which combines information in various recognition levels. Extensive experiments show that our MVC effectively improves both amodal and inmodal segmentation. The KINS dataset and our proposed method will be made publicly available.
Global Second-Order Pooling Convolutional Networks
Authors: Zilin Gao, Jiangtao Xie, Qilong Wang, Peihua Li
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2019 (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: Deep Convolutional Networks (ConvNets) are fundamental to, besides large-scale visual recognition, a lot of vision tasks. As the primary goal of the ConvNets is to characterize complex boundaries of thousands of classes in a high-dimensional space, it is critical to learn higher-order representations for enhancing non-linear modeling capability. Recently, Global Second-order Pooling (GSoP), plugged at the end of networks, has attracted increasing attentions, achieving much better performance than classical, first-order networks in a variety of vision tasks. However, how to effectively introduce higher-order representation in earlier layers for improving non-linear capability of ConvNets is still an open problem. In this paper, we propose a novel network model introducing GSoP across from lower to higher layers for exploiting holistic image information throughout a network. Given an input 3D tensor outputted by some previous convolutional layer, we perform GSoP to obtain a covariance matrix which, after nonlinear transformation, is used for tensor scaling along channel dimension. Similarly, we can perform GSoP along spatial dimension for tensor scaling as well. In this way, we can make full use of the second-order statistics of the holistic image throughout a network. The proposed networks are thoroughly evaluated on large-scale ImageNet-1K, and experiments have shown that they outperform non-trivially the counterparts while achieving state-of-the-art results.
Weakly Supervised Complementary Parts Models for Fine-Grained Image Classification From the Bottom Up
Authors: Weifeng Ge, Xiangru Lin, Yizhou Yu
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2019 (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: Given a training dataset composed of images and corresponding category labels, deep convolutional neural networks show a strong ability in mining discriminative parts for image classification. However, deep convolutional neural networks trained with image level labels only tend to focus on the most discriminative parts while missing other object parts, which could provide complementary information. In this paper, we approach this problem from a different perspective. We build complementary parts models in a weakly supervised manner to retrieve information suppressed by dominant object parts detected by convolutional neural networks. Given image level labels only, we first extract rough object instances by performing weakly supervised object detection and instance segmentation using Mask R-CNN and CRF-based segmentation. Then we estimate and search for the best parts model for each object instance under the principle of preserving as much diversity as possible. In the last stage, we build a bi-directional long short-term memory (LSTM) network to fuze and encode the partial information of these complementary parts into a comprehensive feature for image classification. Experimental results indicate that the proposed method not only achieves significant improvement over our baseline models, but also outperforms state-of-the-art algorithms by a large margin (6.7%, 2.8%, 5.2% respectively) on Stanford Dogs 120, Caltech-UCSD Birds 2011-200 and Caltech 256.
NetTailor: Tuning the Architecture, Not Just the Weights
Authors: Pedro Morgado, Nuno Vasconcelos
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2019 (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: Real-world applications of object recognition often require the solution of multiple tasks in a single platform. Under the standard paradigm of network fine-tuning, an entirely new CNN is learned per task, and the final network size is independent of task complexity. This is wasteful, since simple tasks require smaller networks than more complex tasks, and limits the number of tasks that can be solved simultaneously. To address these problems, we propose a transfer learning procedure, denoted NetTailor, in which layers of a pre-trained CNN are used as universal blocks that can be combined with small task-specific layers to generate new networks. Besides minimizing classification error, the new network is trained to mimic the internal activations of a strong unconstrained CNN, and minimize its complexity by the combination of 1) a soft-attention mechanism over blocks and 2) complexity regularization constraints. In this way, NetTailor can adapt the network architecture, not just its weights, to the target task. Experiments show that networks adapted to simple tasks, such as character or traffic sign recognition, become significantly smaller than those adapted to hard tasks, such as fine-grained recognition. More importantly, due to the modular nature of the procedure, this reduction in network complexity is achieved without compromise of either parameter sharing across tasks, or classification accuracy.
Learning-Based Sampling for Natural Image Matting
Authors: Jingwei Tang, Yagiz Aksoy, Cengiz Oztireli, Markus Gross, Tunc Ozan Aydin
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2019 (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: The goal of natural image matting is the estimation of opacities of a user-defined foreground object that is essential in creating realistic composite imagery. Natural matting is a challenging process due to the high number of unknowns in the mathematical modeling of the problem, namely the opacities as well as the foreground and background layer colors, while the original image serves as the single observation. In this paper, we propose the estimation of the layer colors through the use of deep neural networks prior to the opacity estimation. The layer color estimation is a better match for the capabilities of neural networks, and the availability of these colors substantially increase the performance of opacity estimation due to the reduced number of unknowns in the compositing equation. A prominent approach to matting in parallel to ours is called sampling-based matting, which involves gathering color samples from known-opacity regions to predict the layer colors. Our approach outperforms not only the previous hand-crafted sampling algorithms, but also current data-driven methods. We hence classify our method as a hybrid sampling- and learning-based approach to matting, and demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach through detailed ablation studies using alternative network architectures.
Learning Unsupervised Video Object Segmentation Through Visual Attention
Authors: Wenguan Wang, Hongmei Song, Shuyang Zhao, Jianbing Shen, Sanyuan Zhao, Steven C. H. Hoi, Haibin Ling
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2019 (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: This paper conducts a systematic study on the role of visual attention in Unsupervised Video Object Segmentation (UVOS) tasks. By elaborately annotating three popular video segmentation datasets (DAVIS, Youtube-Objects and SegTrack V2) with dynamic eye-tracking data in the UVOS setting, for the first time, we quantitatively verified the high consistency of visual attention behavior among human observers, and found strong correlation between human attention and explicit primary object judgements during dynamic, task-driven viewing. Such novel observations provide an in-depth insight into the underlying rationale behind UVOS. Inspired by these findings, we decouple UVOS into two sub-tasks: UVOS-driven Dynamic Visual Attention Prediction (DVAP) in spatiotemporal domain, and Attention-Guided Object Segmentation (AGOS) in spatial domain. Our UVOS solution enjoys three major merits: 1) modular training without using expensive video segmentation annotations, instead, using more affordable dynamic fixation data to train the initial video attention module and using existing fixation-segmentation paired static/image data to train the subsequent segmentation module; 2) comprehensive foreground understanding through multi-source learning; and 3) additional interpretability from the biologically-inspired and assessable attention. Experiments on popular benchmarks show that, even without using expensive video object mask annotations, our model achieves compelling performance in comparison with state-of-the-arts.
4D Spatio-Temporal ConvNets: Minkowski Convolutional Neural Networks
Authors: Christopher Choy, JunYoung Gwak, Silvio Savarese
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2019 (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: In many robotics and VR/AR applications, 3D-videos are readily-available input sources (a sequence of depth images, or LIDAR scans). However, in many cases, the 3D-videos are processed frame-by-frame either through 2D convnets or 3D perception algorithms. In this work, we propose 4-dimensional convolutional neural networks for spatio-temporal perception that can directly process such 3D-videos using high-dimensional convolutions. For this, we adopt sparse tensors and propose generalized sparse convolutions that encompass all discrete convolutions. To implement the generalized sparse convolution, we create an open-source auto-differentiation library for sparse tensors that provides extensive functions for high-dimensional convolutional neural networks. We create 4D spatio-temporal convolutional neural networks using the library and validate them on various 3D semantic segmentation benchmarks and proposed 4D datasets for 3D-video perception. To overcome challenges in 4D space, we propose the hybrid kernel, a special case of the generalized sparse convolution, and trilateral-stationary conditional random fields that enforce spatio-temporal consistency in the 7D space-time-chroma space. Experimentally, we show that a convolutional neural network with only generalized 3D sparse convolutions can outperform 2D or 2D-3D hybrid methods by a large margin. Also, we show that on 3D-videos, 4D spatio-temporal convolutional neural networks are robust to noise and outperform the 3D convolutional neural network.
Pyramid Feature Attention Network for Saliency Detection
Authors: Ting Zhao, Xiangqian Wu
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2019 (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: Saliency detection is one of the basic challenges in computer vision. Recently, CNNs are the most widely used and powerful techniques for saliency detection, in which feature maps from different layers are always integrated without distinction. However, instinctively, the different feature maps of CNNs and the different features in the same maps should play different roles in saliency detection. To address this problem, a novel CNN named pyramid feature attention network (PFAN) is proposed to enhance the high-level context features and the low-level spatial structural features. In the proposed PFAN, a context-aware pyramid feature extraction (CPFE) module is designed for multi-scale high-level feature maps to capture the rich context features. A channel-wise attention (CA) model and a spatial attention (SA) model are respectively applied to the CPFE feature maps and the low-level feature maps, and then fused to detect salient regions. Finally, an edge preservation loss is proposed to get the accurate boundaries of salient regions. The proposed PFAN is extensively evaluated on five benchmark datasets and the experimental results demonstrate that the proposed network outperforms the state-of-the-art approaches under different evaluation metrics.
Co-Saliency Detection via Mask-Guided Fully Convolutional Networks With Multi-Scale Label Smoothing
Authors: Kaihua Zhang, Tengpeng Li, Bo Liu, Qingshan Liu
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2019 (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: In image co-saliency detection problem, one critical issue is how to model the concurrent pattern of the co-salient parts, which appears both within each image and across all the relevant images. In this paper, we propose a hierarchical image co-saliency detection framework as a coarse to fine strategy to capture this pattern. We first propose a mask-guided fully convolutional network structure to generate the initial co-saliency detection result. The mask is used for background removal and it is learned from the high-level feature response maps of the pre-trained VGG-net output. We next propose a multi-scale label smoothing model to further refine the detection result. The proposed model jointly optimizes the label smoothness of pixels and superpixels. Experiment results on three popular image co-saliency detection benchmark datasets including iCoseg, MSRC and Cosal2015 demonstrate the remarkable performance compared with the state-of-the-art methods.
SAIL-VOS: Semantic Amodal Instance Level Video Object Segmentation - A Synthetic Dataset and Baselines
Authors: Yuan-Ting Hu, Hong-Shuo Chen, Kexin Hui, Jia-Bin Huang, Alexander G. Schwing
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2019 (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: We introduce SAIL-VOS (Semantic Amodal Instance Level Video Object Segmentation), a new dataset aiming to stimulate semantic amodal segmentation research. Humans can effortlessly recognize partially occluded objects and reliably estimate their spatial extent beyond the visible. However, few modern computer vision techniques are capable of reasoning about occluded parts of an object. This is partly due to the fact that very few image datasets and no video dataset exist which permit development of those methods. To address this issue, we present a synthetic dataset extracted from the photo-realistic game GTA-V. Each frame is accompanied with densely annotated, pixel-accurate visible and amodal segmentation masks with semantic labels. More than 1.8M objects are annotated resulting in 100 times more annotations than existing datasets. We demonstrate the challenges of the dataset by quantifying the performance of several baselines. Data and additional material is available at http://sailvos.web.illinois.edu.