mtybilly/Instruct2DS huggingface dataset:
PIRenderer: Controllable Portrait Image Generation via Semantic Neural Rendering
Authors: Yurui Ren, Ge Li, Yuanqi Chen, Thomas H. Li, Shan Liu
Published in: IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), 2021 (Main Conference Track), 2021

Abstract: Generating portrait images by controlling the motions of existing faces is an important task of great consequence to social media industries. For easy use and intuitive control, semantically meaningful and fully disentangled parameters should be used as modifications. However, many existing techniques do not provide such fine-grained controls or use indirect editing methods i.e. mimic motions of other individuals. In this paper, a Portrait Image Neural Renderer (PIRenderer) is proposed to control the face motions with the parameters of three-dimensional morphable face models (3DMMs). The proposed model can generate photo-realistic portrait images with accurate movements according to intuitive modifications. Experiments on both direct and indirect editing tasks demonstrate the superiority of this model. Meanwhile, we further extend this model to tackle the audio-driven facial reenactment task by extracting sequential motions from audio inputs. We show that our model can generate coherent videos with convincing movements from only a single reference image and a driving audio stream. Our source code is available at https://github.com/RenYurui/PIRender.
Toward Human-Like Grasp: Dexterous Grasping via Semantic Representation of Object-Hand
Authors: Tianqiang Zhu, Rina Wu, Xiangbo Lin, Yi Sun
Published in: IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), 2021 (Main Conference Track), 2021

Abstract: In recent years, many dexterous robotic hands have been designed to assist or replace human hands in executing various tasks. But how to teach them to perform dexterous operations like human hands is still a challenging task. In this paper, we propose a grasp synthesis framework to make robots grasp and manipulate objects like human beings. We first build a dataset by accurately segmenting the functional areas of the object and annotating semantic touch code for each functional area to guide the dexterous hand to complete the functional grasp and post-grasp manipulation. This dataset contains 18 categories of 129 objects selected from four datasets, and 15 people participated in data annotation. Then we carefully design four loss functions to constrain the network, which successfully generates the functional grasp of dexterous hand under the guidance of semantic touch code. The thorough experiments in synthetic data show our model can robustly generate functional grasp, even for objects that the model has not see before.
MAAS: Multi-Modal Assignation for Active Speaker Detection
Authors: Juan Léon Alcázar, Fabian Caba, Ali K. Thabet, Bernard Ghanem
Published in: IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), 2021 (Main Conference Track), 2021

Abstract: Active speaker detection requires a solid integration of multi-modal cues. While individual modalities can approximate a solution, accurate predictions can only be achieved by explicitly fusing the audio and visual features and modeling their temporal progression. Despite its inherent muti-modal nature, current methods still focus on modeling and fusing short-term audiovisual features for individual speakers, often at frame level. In this paper we present a novel approach to active speaker detection that directly addresses the multi-modal nature of the problem, and provides a straightforward strategy where independent visual features from potential speakers in the scene are assigned to a previously detected speech event. Our experiments show that, an small graph data structure built from local information, allows to approximate an instantaneous audio-visual assignment problem. Moreover, the temporal extension of this initial graph achieves a new state-of-the-art performance on the AVA-ActiveSpeaker dataset with a mAP of 88.8%.
Multi-Source Domain Adaptation for Object Detection
Authors: Xingxu Yao, Sicheng Zhao, Pengfei Xu, Jufeng Yang
Published in: IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), 2021 (Main Conference Track), 2021

Abstract: To reduce annotation labor associated with object detection, an increasing number of studies focus on transferring the learned knowledge from a labeled source domain to another unlabeled target domain. However, existing methods assume that the labeled data are sampled from a single source domain, which ignores a more generalized scenario, where labeled data are from multiple source domains. For the more challenging task, we propose a unified Faster RCNN based framework, termed Divide-and-Merge Spindle Network (DMSN), which can simultaneously enhance domain invariance and preserve discriminative power. Specifically, the framework contains multiple source subnets and a pseudo target subnet. First, we propose a hierarchical feature alignment strategy to conduct strong and weak alignments for low- and high-level features, respectively, considering their different effects for object detection. Second, we develop a novel pseudo subnet learning algorithm to approximate optimal parameters of pseudo target subset by weighted combination of parameters in different source subnets. Finally, a consistency regularization for region proposal network is proposed to facilitate each subnet to learn more abstract invariances. Extensive experiments on different adaptation scenarios demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model.
Learning Conditional Knowledge Distillation for Degraded-Reference Image Quality Assessment
Authors: Heliang Zheng, Huan Yang, Jianlong Fu, Zheng-Jun Zha, Jiebo Luo
Published in: IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), 2021 (Main Conference Track), 2021

Abstract: An important scenario for image quality assessment (IQA) is to evaluate image restoration (IR) algorithms. The state-of-the-art approaches adopt a full-reference paradigm that compares restored images with their corresponding pristine-quality images. However, pristine-quality images are usually unavailable in blind image restoration tasks and real-world scenarios. In this paper, we propose a practical solution named degraded-reference IQA (DR-IQA), which exploits the inputs of IR models, degraded images, as references. Specifically, we extract reference information from degraded images by distilling knowledge from pristine-quality images. The distillation is achieved through learning a reference space, where various degraded images are encouraged to share the same feature statistics with pristine-quality images. And the reference space is optimized to capture deep image priors that are useful for quality assessment. Note that pristine-quality images are only used during training. Our work provides a powerful and differentiable metric for blind IRs, especially for GAN-based methods. Extensive experiments show that our results can even be close to the performance of full-reference settings.
ShapeConv: Shape-Aware Convolutional Layer for Indoor RGB-D Semantic Segmentation
Authors: Jinming Cao, Hanchao Leng, Dani Lischinski, Daniel Cohen-Or, Changhe Tu, Yangyan Li
Published in: IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), 2021 (Main Conference Track), 2021

Abstract: RGB-D semantic segmentation has attracted increasing attention over the past few years. Existing methods mostly employ homogeneous convolution operators to consume the RGB and depth features, ignoring their intrinsic differences. In fact, the RGB values capture the photometric appearance properties in the projected image space, while the depth feature encodes both the shape of a local geometry as well as the base (whereabout) of it in a larger context. Compared with the base, the shape probably is more inherent and has a stronger connection to the semantics, and thus is more critical for segmentation accuracy. Inspired by this observation, we introduce Shape-aware Convolutional layer (ShapeConv) for processing the depth feature, where the depth feature is firstly decomposed into a shape-component and a base-component, next two learnable weights are introduced to cooperate with them independently, and finally a convolution is applied on the re-weighted combination of these two components. ShapeConv is model-agnostic and can be easily integrated into most CNNs to replace vanilla convolutional layers for semantic segmentation. Extensive experiments on three challenging indoor RGB-D semantic segmentation benchmarks, i.e., NYU-Dv2(-13,-40), SUN RGB-D, and SID, demonstrate the effectiveness of our ShapeConv when employing it over five popular architectures. Moreover, the performance of CNNs with ShapeConv is boosted without introducing any computation and memory increase in the inference phase. The reason is that the learnt weights for balancing the importance between the shape and base components in ShapeConv become constants in the inference phase, and thus can be fused into the following convolution, resulting in a network that is identical to one with vanilla convolutional layers.
GLoRIA: A Multimodal Global-Local Representation Learning Framework for Label-Efficient Medical Image Recognition
Authors: Shih-Cheng Huang, Liyue Shen, Matthew P. Lungren, Serena Yeung
Published in: IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), 2021 (Main Conference Track), 2021

Abstract: In recent years, the growing number of medical imaging studies is placing an ever-increasing burden on radiologists. Deep learning provides a promising solution for automatic medical image analysis and clinical decision support. However, large-scale manually labeled datasets required for training deep neural networks are difficult and expensive to obtain for medical images. The purpose of this work is to develop label-efficient multimodal medical imaging representations by leveraging radiology reports. Specifically, we propose an attention-based framework (GLoRIA) for learning global and local representations by contrasting image sub-regions and words in the paired report. In addition, we propose methods to leverage the learned representations for various downstream medical image recognition tasks with limited labels. Our results demonstrate high-performance and label-efficiency for image-text retrieval, classification (finetuning and zeros-shot settings), and segmentation on different datasets.
Summarize and Search: Learning Consensus-Aware Dynamic Convolution for Co-Saliency Detection
Authors: Ni Zhang, Junwei Han, Nian Liu, Ling Shao
Published in: IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), 2021 (Main Conference Track), 2021

Abstract: Humans perform co-saliency detection by first summarizing the consensus knowledge in the whole group and then searching corresponding objects in each image. Previous methods usually lack robustness, scalability, or stability for the first process and simply fuse consensus features with image features for the second process. In this paper, we propose a novel consensus-aware dynamic convolution model to explicitly and effectively perform the "summarize and search" process. To summarize consensus image features, we first summarize robust features for every single image using an effective pooling method and then aggregate cross-image consensus cues via the self-attention mechanism. By doing this, our model meets the scalability and stability requirements. Next, we generate dynamic kernels from consensus features to encode the summarized consensus knowledge. Two kinds of kernels are generated in a supplementary way to summarize fine-grained image-specific consensus object cues and the coarse group-wise common knowledge, respectively. Then, we can effectively perform object searching by employing dynamic convolution at multiple scales. Besides, a novel and effective data synthesis method is also proposed to train our network. Experimental results on four benchmark datasets verify the effectiveness of our proposed method. Our code and saliency maps are available at https://github.com/nnizhang/CADC.
Visual Distant Supervision for Scene Graph Generation
Authors: Yuan Yao, Ao Zhang, Xu Han, Mengdi Li, Cornelius Weber, Zhiyuan Liu, Stefan Wermter, Maosong Sun
Published in: IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), 2021 (Main Conference Track), 2021

Abstract: Scene graph generation aims to identify objects and their relations in images, providing structured image representations that can facilitate numerous applications in computer vision. However, scene graph models usually require supervised learning on large quantities of labeled data with intensive human annotation. In this work, we propose visual distant supervision, a novel paradigm of visual relation learning, which can train scene graph models without any human-labeled data. The intuition is that by aligning commonsense knowledge bases and images, we can automatically create large-scale labeled data to provide distant supervision for visual relation learning. To alleviate the noise in distantly labeled data, we further propose a framework that iteratively estimates the probabilistic relation labels and eliminates the noisy ones. Comprehensive experimental results show that our distantly supervised model outperforms strong weakly supervised and semi-supervised baselines. By further incorporating human-labeled data in a semi-supervised fashion, our model outperforms state-of-the-art fully supervised models by a large margin (e.g., 8.3 micro- and 7.8 macro-recall@50 improvements for predicate classification in Visual Genome evaluation). We make the data and code for this paper publicly available at https://github.com/thunlp/VisualDS.
Viewpoint-Agnostic Change Captioning With Cycle Consistency
Authors: Hoeseong Kim, Jongseok Kim, Hyungseok Lee, Hyunsung Park, Gunhee Kim
Published in: IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), 2021 (Main Conference Track), 2021

Abstract: Change captioning is the task of identifying the change and describing it with a concise caption. Despite recent advancements, filtering out insignificant changes still remains as a challenge. Namely, images from different camera perspectives can cause issues; a mere change in viewpoint should be disregarded while still capturing the actual changes. In order to tackle this problem, we present a new Viewpoint-Agnostic change captioning network with Cycle Consistency (VACC) that requires only one image each for the before and after scene, without depending on any other information. We achieve this by devising a new difference encoder module which can encode viewpoint information and model the difference more effectively. In addition, we propose a cycle consistency module that can potentially improve the performance of any change captioning networks in general by matching the composite feature of the generated caption and before image with the after image feature. We evaluate the performance of our proposed model across three datasets for change captioning, including a novel dataset we introduce here that contains images with changes under extreme viewpoint shifts. Through our experiments, we show the excellence of our method with respect to the CIDEr, BLEU-4, METEOR and SPICE scores. Moreover, we demonstrate that attaching our proposed cycle consistency module yields a performance boost for existing change captioning networks, even with varying image encoding mechanisms.
Neural Video Portrait Relighting in Real-Time via Consistency Modeling
Authors: Longwen Zhang, Qixuan Zhang, Minye Wu, Jingyi Yu, Lan Xu
Published in: IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), 2021 (Main Conference Track), 2021

Abstract: Video portraits relighting is critical in user-facing human photography, especially for immersive VR/AR experience. Recent advances still fail to recover consistent relit result under dynamic illuminations from monocular RGB stream, suffering from the lack of video consistency supervision. In this paper, we propose a neural approach for real-time, high-quality and coherent video portrait relighting, which jointly models the semantic, temporal and lighting consistency using a new dynamic OLAT dataset. We propose a hybrid structure and lighting disentanglement in an encoder-decoder architecture, which combines a multi-task and adversarial training strategy for semantic-aware consistency modeling. We adopt a temporal modeling scheme via flow-based supervision to encode the conjugated temporal consistency in a cross manner. We also propose a lighting sampling strategy to model the illumination consistency and mutation for natural portrait light manipulation in real-world. Extensive experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach for consistent video portrait light-editing and relighting, even using mobile computing.
Image Shape Manipulation From a Single Augmented Training Sample
Authors: Yael Vinker, Eliahu Horwitz, Nir Zabari, Yedid Hoshen
Published in: IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), 2021 (Main Conference Track), 2021

Abstract: In this paper, we present DeepSIM, a generative model for conditional image manipulation based on a single image. We find that extensive augmentation is key for enabling single image training, and incorporate the use of thin-plate-spline (TPS) as an effective augmentation. Our network learns to map between a primitive representation of the image to the image itself. The choice of a primitive representation has an impact on the ease and expressiveness of the manipulations and can be automatic (e.g. edges), manual (e.g. segmentation) or hybrid such as edges on top of segmentations. At manipulation time, our generator allows for making complex image changes by modifying the primitive input representation and mapping it through the network. Our method is shown to achieve remarkable performance on image manipulation tasks.
SNARF: Differentiable Forward Skinning for Animating Non-Rigid Neural Implicit Shapes
Authors: Xu Chen, Yufeng Zheng, Michael J. Black, Otmar Hilliges, Andreas Geiger
Published in: IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), 2021 (Main Conference Track), 2021

Abstract: Neural implicit surface representations have emerged as a promising paradigm to capture 3D shapes in a continuous and resolution-independent manner. However, adapting them to articulated shapes is non-trivial. Existing approaches learn a backward warp field that maps deformed to canonical points. However, this is problematic since the backward warp field is pose dependent and thus requires large amounts of data to learn. To address this, we introduce SNARF, which combines the advantages of linear blend skinning (LBS) for polygonal meshes with those of neural implicit surfaces by learning a forward deformation field without direct supervision. This deformation field is defined in canonical, pose-independent, space, enabling generalization to unseen poses. Learning the deformation field from posed meshes alone is challenging since the correspondences of deformed points are defined implicitly and may not be unique under changes of topology. We propose a forward skinning model that finds all canonical correspondences of any deformed point using iterative root finding. We derive analytical gradients via implicit differentiation, enabling end-to-end training from 3D meshes with bone transformations. Compared to state-of-the-art neural implicit representations, our approach generalizes better to unseen poses while preserving accuracy. We demonstrate our method in challenging scenarios on (clothed) 3D humans in diverse and unseen poses.
Curvature Generation in Curved Spaces for Few-Shot Learning
Authors: Zhi Gao, Yuwei Wu, Yunde Jia, Mehrtash Harandi
Published in: IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), 2021 (Main Conference Track), 2021

Abstract: Few-shot learning describes the challenging problem of recognizing samples from unseen classes given very few labeled examples. In many cases, few-shot learning is cast as learning an embedding space that assigns test samples to their corresponding class prototypes. Previous methods assume that data of all few-shot learning tasks comply with a fixed geometrical structure, mostly a Euclidean structure. Questioning this assumption that is clearly difficult to hold in real-world scenarios and incurs distortions to data, we propose to learn a task-aware curved embedding space by making use of the hyperbolic geometry. As a result, task-specific embedding spaces where suitable curvatures are generated to match the characteristics of data are constructed, leading to more generic embedding spaces. We then leverage on intra-class and inter-class context information in the embedding space to generate class prototypes for discriminative classification. We conduct a comprehensive set of experiments on inductive and transductive few-shot learning, demonstrating the benefits of our proposed method over existing embedding methods.
Single Image 3D Shape Retrieval via Cross-Modal Instance and Category Contrastive Learning
Authors: Ming-Xian Lin, Jie Yang, He Wang, Yu-Kun Lai, Rongfei Jia, Binqiang Zhao, Lin Gao
Published in: IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), 2021 (Main Conference Track), 2021

Abstract: In this work, we tackle the problem of single image-based 3D shape retrieval (IBSR), where we seek to find the most matched shape of a given single 2D image from a shape repository. Most of the existing works learn to embed 2D images and 3D shapes into a common feature space and perform metric learning using a triplet loss. Inspired by the great success in recent contrastive learning works on self-supervised representation learning, we propose a novel IBSR pipeline leveraging contrastive learning. We note that adopting such cross-modal contrastive learning between 2D images and 3D shapes into IBSR tasks is non-trivial and challenging: contrastive learning requires very strong data augmentation in constructed positive pairs to learn the feature invariance, whereas traditional metric learning works do not have this requirement. Moreover, object shape and appearance are entangled in 2D query images, thus making the learning task more difficult than contrasting single-modal data. To mitigate the challenges, we propose to use multi-view grayscale rendered images from the 3D shapes as a shape representation. We then introduce a strong data augmentation technique based on color transfer, which can significantly but naturally change the appearance of the query image, effectively satisfying the need for contrastive learning. Finally, we propose to incorporate a novel category-level contrastive loss that helps distinguish similar objects from different categories, in addition to classic instance-level contrastive loss. Our experiments demonstrate that our approach achieves the best performance on all the three popular IBSR benchmarks, including Pix3D, Stanford Cars, and Comp Cars, outperforming the previous state-of-the-art from 4% - 15% on retrieval accuracy.
Omnidata: A Scalable Pipeline for Making Multi-Task Mid-Level Vision Datasets From 3D Scans
Authors: Ainaz Eftekhar, Alexander Sax, Jitendra Malik, Amir Zamir
Published in: IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), 2021 (Main Conference Track), 2021

Abstract: Computer vision now relies on data, but we know surprisingly little about what factors in the data affect performance. We argue that this stems from the way data is collected. Designing and collecting static datasets of images (or videos) locks us in to specific design choices and limits us to post-hoc analyses. In practice, vision datasets only include specific domains and tasks. This not only makes it necessary and difficult to combine datsets, but leads to scattershot overall coverage that frustrates systemic research into the interaction of tasks, data, models, and learning algorithms. For example, if a model trained for ImageNet classification on ImageNet transfers better to CoCo than does a model trained for Kitti depth estimation--is that due to the difference in tasks or the different training data? We note that one way to do this is to use a comprehensive, standardized scene representation that contains extra information about the scene, and then to use that to create a specific dataset of study. We introduce a platform for doing this. Specifically, we provide a pipeline that takes as input a 3D scans and generates multi-task datasets of mid-level cues. The pipeline exposes complete control over the generation process, is implemented in mostly python, and we provide ecosystem tools such as a Docker and PyTorch dataloaders. We also provide a starter dataset of several recent 3D scan datasets, processed into standard static datasets of mid-level cues. We show that this starter dataset (generated from the annotator pipeline) is reliable; it yields models that provide state-of-the-art performance for several tasks. It yields human-level surface normal estimation performance on OASIS, despite having never seen OASIS data during training. With the proliferation of cheaper 3D sensors (e.g. on the newest iPhone), we anticipate that releasing an automated tool for this processing pipeline will allow the starter set to continue to expand and cover more domains. We examine a few small examples of using this procedure to analyze the relationship of data, tasks, models and learning algorithms, and suggest several exciting directions that are well out of the scope of this paper.
Single View Physical Distance Estimation Using Human Pose
Authors: Xiaohan Fei, Henry Wang, Lin Lee Cheong, Xiangyu Zeng, Meng Wang, Joseph Tighe
Published in: IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), 2021 (Main Conference Track), 2021

Abstract: We propose a fully automated system that simultaneously estimates the camera intrinsics, the ground plane, and physical distances between people from a single RGB image or video captured by a camera viewing a 3-D scene from a fixed vantage point. To automate camera calibration and distance estimation, we leverage priors about human pose and develop a novel direct formulation for pose-based auto-calibration and distance estimation, which shows state-of-the-art performance on publicly available datasets. The proposed approach enables existing camera systems to measure physical distances without needing a dedicated calibration process or range sensors, and is applicable to a broad range of use cases such as social distancing and workplace safety. Furthermore, to enable evaluation and drive research in this area, we contribute to the publicly available MEVA dataset with additional distance annotations, resulting in "MEVADA" -- an evaluation benchmark for the pose-based auto-calibration and distance estimation problem.
Few-Shot Semantic Segmentation With Cyclic Memory Network
Authors: Guo-Sen Xie, Huan Xiong, Jie Liu, Yazhou Yao, Ling Shao
Published in: IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), 2021 (Main Conference Track), 2021

Abstract: Few-shot semantic segmentation (FSS) is an important task for novel (unseen) object segmentation under the data-scarcity scenario. However, most FSS methods rely on unidirectional feature aggregation, e.g., from support prototypes to get the query prediction, and from high-resolution features to guide the low-resolution ones. This usually fails to fully capture the cross-resolution feature relationships and thus leads to inaccurate estimates of the query objects. To resolve the above dilemma, we propose a cyclic memory network (CMN) to directly learn to read abundant support information from all resolution features in a cyclic manner. Specifically, we first generate N pairs (key and value) of multi-resolution query features guided by the support feature and its mask. Next, we circularly take one pair of these features as the query to be segmented, and the rest N-1 pairs are written into an external memory accordingly, i.e., this leave-one-out process is conducted for N times. In each cycle, the query feature is updated by collaboratively matching its key and value with the memory, which can elegantly cover all the spatial locations from different resolutions. Furthermore, we incorporate the query feature re-adding and the query feature recursive updating mechanisms into the memory reading operation. CMN, equipped with these merits, can thus capture cross-resolution relationships and better handle the object appearance and scale variations in FSS. Experiments on PASCAL-5i and COCO-20i well validate the effectiveness of our model for FSS.
Weakly-Supervised Action Segmentation and Alignment via Transcript-Aware Union-of-Subspaces Learning
Authors: Zijia Lu, Ehsan Elhamifar
Published in: IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), 2021 (Main Conference Track), 2021

Abstract: We address the problem of learning to segment actions from weakly-annotated videos, i.e., videos accompanied by transcripts (ordered list of actions). We propose a framework in which we model actions with a union of low-dimensional subspaces, learn the subspaces using transcripts and refine video features that lend themselves to action subspaces. To do so, we design an architecture consisting of a Union-of-Subspace Network, which is an ensemble of autoencoders, each modeling a low-dimensional action subspace and can capture variations of an action within and across videos. For learning, at each iteration, we generate positive and negative soft alignment matrices using the segmentations from the previous iteration, which we use for discriminative training of our model. To regularize the learning, we introduce a constraint loss that prevents imbalanced segmentations and enforces relatively similar duration of each action across videos. To have a real-time inference, we develop a hierarchical segmentation framework that uses subset selection to find representative transcripts and hierarchically align a test video with increasingly refined representative transcripts. Our experiments on three datasets show that our method improves the state-of-the-art action segmentation and alignment, while speeding up the inference time by a factor of 4 to 13.
Not All Operations Contribute Equally: Hierarchical Operation-Adaptive Predictor for Neural Architecture Search
Authors: Ziye Chen, Yibing Zhan, Baosheng Yu, Mingming Gong, Bo Du
Published in: IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), 2021 (Main Conference Track), 2021

Abstract: Graph-based predictors have recently shown promising results on neural architecture search (NAS). Despite their efficiency, current graph-based predictors treat all operations equally, resulting in biased topological knowledge of cell architectures. Intuitively, not all operations are equally significant during forwarding propagation when aggregating information from these operations to another operation. To address the above issue, we propose a Hierarchical Operation-adaptive Predictor (HOP) for NAS. HOP contains an operation-adaptive attention module (OAM) to capture the diverse knowledge between operations by learning the relative significance of operations in cell architectures during aggregation over iterations. In addition, a cell-hierarchical gated module (CGM) further refines and enriches the obtained topological knowledge of cell architectures, by integrating cell information from each iteration of OAM. The experimental results compared with state-of-the-art predictors demonstrate the capability of our proposed HOP. In specific, only using 0.1% training data, HOP improves kendall's Tau by 3.45%, N@5 by 20 places on NASBech-101; only using 1% training data, HOP improves kendall's Tau by 2.12%, N@5 by 18 places on NASBench-201, respectively.
SOTR: Segmenting Objects With Transformers
Authors: Ruohao Guo, Dantong Niu, Liao Qu, Zhenbo Li
Published in: IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), 2021 (Main Conference Track), 2021

Abstract: Most recent transformer-based models show impressive performance on vision tasks, even better than Convolution Neural Networks (CNN). In this work, we present a novel, flexible, and effective transformer-based model for high-quality instance segmentation. The proposed method, Segmenting Objects with TRansformers (SOTR), simplifies the segmentation pipeline, building on an alternative CNN backbone appended with two parallel subtasks: (1) predicting per-instance category via transformer and (2) dynamically generating segmentation mask with the multi-level upsampling module. SOTR can effectively extract lower-level feature representations and capture long-range context dependencies by Feature Pyramid Network (FPN) and twin transformer, respectively. Meanwhile, compared with the original transformer, the proposed twin transformer is timeand resource-efficient since only a row and a column attention are involved to encode pixels. Moreover, SOTR is easy to be incorporated with various CNN backbones and transformer model variants to make considerable improvements for the segmentation accuracy and training convergence. Extensive experiments show that our SOTR performs well on the MS COCO dataset and surpasses state-of-the-art instance segmentation approaches. We hope our simple but strong framework could serve as a preferment baseline for instance-level recognition. Our code is available at https://github.com/easton-cau/SOTR.
Adaptive Surface Normal Constraint for Depth Estimation
Authors: Xiaoxiao Long, Cheng Lin, Lingjie Liu, Wei Li, Christian Theobalt, Ruigang Yang, Wenping Wang
Published in: IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), 2021 (Main Conference Track), 2021

Abstract: We present a novel method for single image depth estimation using surface normal constraints. Existing depth estimation methods either suffer from the lack of geometric constraints, or are limited to the difficulty of reliably capturing geometric context, which leads to a bottleneck of depth estimation quality. We therefore introduce a simple yet effective method, named Adaptive Surface Normal (ASN) constraint, to effectively correlate the depth estimation with geometric consistency. Our key idea is to adaptively determine the reliable local geometry from a set of randomly sampled candidates to derive surface normal constraint, for which we measure the consistency of the geometric contextual features. As a result, our method can faithfully reconstruct the 3D geometry and is robust to local shape variations, such as boundaries, sharp corners and noises. We conduct extensive evaluations and comparisons using public datasets. The experimental results demonstrate our method outperforms the state-of-the-art methods and has superior efficiency and robustness.
Enriching Local and Global Contexts for Temporal Action Localization
Authors: Zixin Zhu, Wei Tang, Le Wang, Nanning Zheng, Gang Hua
Published in: IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), 2021 (Main Conference Track), 2021

Abstract: Effectively tackling the problem of temporal action localization (TAL) necessitates a visual representation that jointly pursues two confounding goals, i.e., fine-grained discrimination for temporal localization and sufficient visual invariance for action classification. We address this challenge by enriching both the local and global contexts in the popular two-stage temporal localization framework, where action proposals are first generated followed by action classification and temporal boundary regression. Our proposed model, dubbed ContextLoc, can be divided into three sub-networks: L-Net, G-Net and P-Net. L-Net enriches the local context via fine-grained modeling of snippet-level features, which is formulated as a query-and-retrieval process. G-Net enriches the global context via higher-level modeling of the video-level representation. In addition, we introduce a novel context adaptation module to adapt the global context to different proposals. P-Net further models the context-aware inter-proposal relations. We explore two existing models to be the P-Net in our experiments. The efficacy of our proposed method is validated by experimental results on the THUMOS14 (54.3% at tIoU@0.5) and ActivityNet v1.3 (56.01% at tIoU@0.5) datasets, which outperforms recent states of the art. Code is available at https://github.com/buxiangzhiren/ContextLoc.
Hypergraph Neural Networks for Hypergraph Matching
Authors: Xiaowei Liao, Yong Xu, Haibin Ling
Published in: IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), 2021 (Main Conference Track), 2021

Abstract: Hypergraph matching is a useful tool to find feature correspondence by considering higher-order structural information. Recently, the employment of deep learning has made great progress in the matching of graphs, suggesting its potential for hypergraphs. Hence, in this paper, we present the first, to our best knowledge, unified hypergraph neural network (HNN) solution for hypergraph matching. Specifically, given two hypergraphs to be matched, we first construct an association hypergraph over them and convert the hypergraph matching problem into a node classification problem on the association hypergraph. Then, we design a novel hypergraph neural network to effectively solve the node classification problem. Being end-to-end trainable, our proposed method, named HNN-HM, jointly learns all its components with improved optimization. For evaluation, HNN-HM is tested on various benchmarks and shows a clear advantage over state-of-the-arts.
DRAEM - A Discriminatively Trained Reconstruction Embedding for Surface Anomaly Detection
Authors: Vitjan Zavrtanik, Matej Kristan, Danijel Skočaj
Published in: IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), 2021 (Main Conference Track), 2021

Abstract: Visual surface anomaly detection aims to detect local image regions that significantly deviate from normal appearance. Recent surface anomaly detection methods rely on generative models to accurately reconstruct the normal areas and to fail on anomalies. These methods are trained only on anomaly-free images, and often require hand-crafted post-processing steps to localize the anomalies, which prohibits optimizing the feature extraction for maximal detection capability. In addition to reconstructive approach, we cast surface anomaly detection primarily as a discriminative problem and propose a discriminatively trained reconstruction anomaly embedding model (DRAEM). The proposed method learns a joint representation of an anomalous image and its anomaly-free reconstruction, while simultaneously learning a decision boundary between normal and anomalous examples. The method enables direct anomaly localization without the need for additional complicated post-processing of the network output and can be trained using simple and general anomaly simulations. On the challenging MVTec anomaly detection dataset, DRAEM outperforms the current state-of-the-art unsupervised methods by a large margin and even delivers detection performance close to the fully-supervised methods on the widely used DAGM surface-defect detection dataset, while substantially outperforming them in localization accuracy.
Gaussian Fusion: Accurate 3D Reconstruction via Geometry-Guided Displacement Interpolation
Authors: Duo Chen, Zixin Tang, Zhenyu Xu, Yunan Zheng, Yiguang Liu
Published in: IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), 2021 (Main Conference Track), 2021

Abstract: Reconstructing delicate geometric details with consumer RGB-D sensors is challenging due to sensor depth and poses uncertainties. To tackle this problem, we propose a unique geometry-guided fusion framework: 1) First, we characterize fusion correspondences with the geodesic curves derived from the mass transport problem, also known as the Monge-Kantorovich problem. Compared with the depth map back-projection methods, the geodesic curves reveal the geometric structures of the local surface. 2) Moving the points along the geodesic curves is the core of our fusion approach, guided by local geometric properties, i.e., Gaussian curvature and mean curvature. Compared with the state-of-the-art methods, our novel geometry-guided displacement interpolation fully utilizes the meaningful geometric features of the local surface. It makes the reconstruction accuracy and completeness improved. Finally, a significant number of experimental results on real object data verify the superior performance of the proposed method. Our technique achieves the most delicate geometric details on thin objects for which the original depth map back-projection fusion scheme suffers from severe artifacts (See Fig.1).
Frequency-Aware Spatiotemporal Transformers for Video Inpainting Detection
Authors: Bingyao Yu, Wanhua Li, Xiu Li, Jiwen Lu, Jie Zhou
Published in: IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), 2021 (Main Conference Track), 2021

Abstract: In this paper, we propose a frequency-aware spatiotemporal transformers for deep In this paper, we propose a Frequency-Aware Spatiotemporal Transformer (FAST) for video inpainting detection, which aims to simultaneously mine the traces of video inpainting from spatial, temporal, and frequency domains. Unlike existing deep video inpainting detection methods that usually rely on hand-designed attention modules and memory mechanism, the proposed FAST have innate global self-attention mechanisms to capture the long-range relations. While existing video inpainting methods usually explore the spatial and temporal connections in a video, our method employs a spatiotemporal transformer framework to detect the spatial connections between patches and temporal dependency between frames. As the inpainted videos usually lack high frequency details, the proposed FAST simultaneously exploits the frequency domain information with a specifically designed decoder. Extensive experimental results demonstrate that our approach achieves very competitive performance and generalizes well.
Virtual Multi-Modality Self-Supervised Foreground Matting for Human-Object Interaction
Authors: Bo Xu, Han Huang, Cheng Lu, Ziwen Li, Yandong Guo
Published in: IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), 2021 (Main Conference Track), 2021

Abstract: Most existing human matting algorithms tried to separate pure human-only foreground from the background. In this paper, we propose a Virtual Multi-modality Foreground Matting (VMFM) method to learn human-object interactive foreground (human and objects interacted with him or her) from a raw RGB image. The VMFM method requires no additional inputs, e.g. trimap or known background. We reformulate foreground matting as a self-supervised multi-modality problem: factor each input image into estimated depth map, segmentation mask, and interaction heatmap using three auto-encoders. In order to fully utilize the characteristics of each modality, we first train a dual encoder-to-decoder network to estimate the same alpha matte. Then we introduce a self-supervised method: Complementary Learning(CL) to predict deviation probability map and exchange reliable gradients across modalities without label. We conducted extensive experiments to analyze the effectiveness of each modality and the significance of different components in complementary learning. We demonstrate that our model outperforms the state-of-the-art methods.
Mutual Supervision for Dense Object Detection
Authors: Ziteng Gao, Limin Wang, Gangshan Wu
Published in: IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), 2021 (Main Conference Track), 2021

Abstract: The classification and regression head are both indispensable components to build up a dense object detector, which are usually supervised by the same training samples and thus expected to have consistency with each other for detecting objects accurately in final detection pipelines. In this paper, we break the convention of the same training samples for these two heads in dense detectors and explore a novel supervisory paradigm, termed as Mutual Supervision (MuSu), to respectively and mutually assign training samples for the classification and regression head to ensure this consistency. MuSu defines training samples for the regression head mainly based on classification predicting scores and in turn, defines samples for the classification head based on localization scores from the regression head. Experimental results show that the convergence of detectors trained by this mutual supervision is guaranteed and the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified on the challenging MS COCO benchmark. We also find that tiling more anchors at the same location benefits detectors and leads to further improvements under this training scheme. We hope this work can inspire further researches on the interaction of the classification and regression task in detection and the supervision paradigm for detectors, especially separately for these two heads.
Orthographic-Perspective Epipolar Geometry
Authors: Viktor Larsson, Marc Pollefeys, Magnus Oskarsson
Published in: IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), 2021 (Main Conference Track), 2021

Abstract: In this paper we consider the epipolar geometry between orthographic and perspective cameras. We generalize many of the classical results for the perspective essential matrix to this setting and derive novel minimal solvers, not only for the calibrated case, but also for partially calibrated and non-central camera setups. While orthographic cameras might seem exotic, they occur naturally in many applications. They can e.g. model 2D maps (such as floor plans), aerial/satellite photography and even approximate narrow field-of-view cameras (e.g. from telephoto lenses). In our experiments we highlight various applications of the developed theory and solvers, including Radar-Camera calibration and aligning Structure-from-Motion models to aerial or satellite images.
Large Scale Interactive Motion Forecasting for Autonomous Driving: The Waymo Open Motion Dataset
Authors: Scott Ettinger, Shuyang Cheng, Benjamin Caine, Chenxi Liu, Hang Zhao, Sabeek Pradhan, Yuning Chai, Ben Sapp, Charles R. Qi, Yin Zhou, Zoey Yang, Aurélien Chouard, Pei Sun, Jiquan Ngiam, Vijay Vasudevan, Alexander McCauley, Jonathon Shlens, Dragomir Anguelov
Published in: IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), 2021 (Main Conference Track), 2021

Abstract: As autonomous driving systems mature, motion forecasting has received increasing attention as a critical requirement for planning. Of particular importance are interactive situations such as merges, unprotected turns, etc., where predicting individual object motion is not sufficient. Joint predictions of multiple objects are required for effective route planning. There has been a critical need for highquality motion data that is rich in both interactions and annotation to develop motion planning models. In this work, we introduce the most diverse interactive motion dataset to our knowledge, and provide specific labels for interacting objects suitable for developing joint prediction models. With over 100,000 scenes, each 20 seconds long at 10 Hz, our new dataset contains more than 570 hours of unique data over 1750 km of roadways. It was collected by mining for interesting interactions between vehicles, pedestrians, and cyclists across six cities within the United States. We use a high-accuracy 3D auto-labeling system to generate high quality 3D bounding boxes for each road agent, and provide corresponding high definition 3D maps for each scene. Furthermore, we introduce a new set of metrics that provides a comprehensive evaluation of both single agent and joint agent interaction motion forecasting models. Finally, we provide strong baseline models for individual agent prediction and joint-prediction. We hope that this new large-scale interactive motion dataset will provide new opportunities for advancing motion forecasting models.