mtybilly/Instruct2DS huggingface dataset:
Neural Jump Stochastic Differential Equations
Authors: Austin R Benson Junteng Jia
Published in: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 32  (NeurIPS 2019) (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: Many time series are effectively generated by a combination of deterministic continuous flows along with discrete jumps sparked by stochastic events. However, we usually do not have the equation of motion describing the flows, or how they are affected by jumps. To this end, we introduce Neural Jump Stochastic Differential Equations that provide a data-driven approach to learn continuous and discrete dynamic behavior, i.e., hybrid systems that both flow and jump. Our approach extends the framework of Neural Ordinary Differential Equations with a stochastic process term that models discrete events. We then model temporal point processes with a piecewise-continuous latent trajectory, where the discontinuities are caused by stochastic events whose conditional intensity depends on the latent state. We demonstrate the predictive capabilities of our model on a range of synthetic and real-world marked point process datasets, including classical point processes (such as Hawkes processes), awards on Stack Overflow, medical records, and earthquake monitoring.
Intrinsically Efficient, Stable, and Bounded Off-Policy Evaluation for Reinforcement Learning
Authors: Masatoshi Uehara Nathan Kallus
Published in: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 32  (NeurIPS 2019) (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: Off-policy evaluation (OPE) in both contextual bandits and reinforcement learning allows one to evaluate novel decision policies without needing to conduct exploration, which is often costly or otherwise infeasible. The problem's importance has attracted many proposed solutions, including importance sampling (IS), self-normalized IS (SNIS), and doubly robust (DR) estimates. DR and its variants ensure semiparametric local efficiency if Q-functions are well-specified, but if they are not they can be worse than both IS and SNIS. It also does not enjoy SNIS's inherent stability and boundedness. We propose new estimators for OPE based on empirical likelihood that are always more efficient than IS, SNIS, and DR and satisfy the same stability and boundedness properties as SNIS. On the way, we categorize various properties and classify existing estimators by them. Besides the theoretical guarantees, empirical studies suggest the new estimators provide advantages.
Learning about an exponential amount of conditional distributions
Authors: Maxime Oquab, David Lopez-Paz Mohamed Belghazi
Published in: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 32  (NeurIPS 2019) (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: We introduce the Neural Conditioner (NC), a self-supervised machine able to learn about all the conditional distributions of a random vector X. The NC is a function NC(x⋅a,a,r) that leverages adversarial training to match each conditional distribution P(Xr|Xa=xa). After training, the NC generalizes to sample from conditional distributions never seen, including the joint distribution. The NC is also able to auto-encode examples, providing data representations useful for downstream classification tasks. In sum, the NC integrates different self-supervised tasks (each being the estimation of a conditional distribution) and levels of supervision (partially observed data) seamlessly into a single learning experience.
Multi-mapping Image-to-Image Translation via Learning Disentanglement
Authors: Yuanqi Chen, Shan Liu, Thomas Li, Ge Li Xiaoming Yu
Published in: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 32  (NeurIPS 2019) (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: Recent advances of image-to-image translation focus on learning the one-to-many mapping from two aspects: multi-modal translation and multi-domain translation. However, the existing methods only consider one of the two perspectives, which makes them unable to solve each other's problem. To address this issue, we propose a novel unified model, which bridges these two objectives. First, we disentangle the input images into the latent representations by an encoder-decoder architecture with a conditional adversarial training in the feature space. Then, we encourage the generator to learn multi-mappings by a random cross-domain translation. As a result, we can manipulate different parts of the latent representations to perform multi-modal and multi-domain translations simultaneously. 
Experiments demonstrate that our method outperforms state-of-the-art methods.
Computational Mirrors: Blind Inverse Light Transport by Deep Matrix Factorization
Authors: Prafull Sharma, Lukas Murmann, Adam Yedidia, Gregory Wornell, Bill Freeman, Fredo Durand Miika Aittala
Published in: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 32  (NeurIPS 2019) (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: We recover a video of the motion taking place in a hidden scene by observing changes in indirect illumination in a nearby uncalibrated visible region. We solve this problem by factoring the observed video into a matrix product between the unknown hidden scene video and an unknown light transport matrix. This task is extremely ill-posed, as any non-negative factorization will satisfy the data. Inspired by recent work on the Deep Image Prior, we parameterize the factor matrices using randomly initialized convolutional neural networks trained in a one-off manner, and show that this results in decompositions that reflect the true motion in the hidden scene.
Explicitly disentangling image content from translation and rotation with spatial-VAE
Authors: Ellen Zhong, Kotaro Kelley, Edward Brignole, Bonnie Berger Tristan Bepler
Published in: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 32  (NeurIPS 2019) (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: Given an image dataset, we are often interested in finding data generative factors that encode semantic content independently from pose variables such as rotation and translation. However, current disentanglement approaches do not impose any specific structure on the learned latent representations.  We propose a method for explicitly disentangling image rotation and translation from other unstructured latent factors in a variational autoencoder (VAE) framework. By formulating the generative model as a function of the spatial coordinate, we make the reconstruction error differentiable with respect to latent translation and rotation parameters. This formulation allows us to train a neural network to perform approximate inference on these latent variables while explicitly constraining them to only represent rotation and translation. We demonstrate that this framework, termed spatial-VAE, effectively learns latent representations that disentangle image rotation and translation from content and improves reconstruction over standard VAEs on several benchmark datasets, including applications to modeling continuous 2-D views of proteins from single particle electron microscopy and galaxies in astronomical images.
Imitation-Projected Programmatic Reinforcement Learning
Authors: Hoang Le, Yisong Yue, Swarat Chaudhuri Abhinav Verma
Published in: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 32  (NeurIPS 2019) (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: We study the problem of programmatic reinforcement learning, in which policies are represented as short programs in a symbolic language. Programmatic policies can be more interpretable, generalizable, and amenable to formal verification than neural policies; however, designing rigorous learning approaches for such policies remains a challenge. Our approach to this challenge - a meta-algorithm called PROPEL - is based on three insights. First, we view our learning task as optimization in policy space, modulo the constraint that the desired policy has a programmatic representation, and solve this optimization problem using a form of mirror descent that takes a gradient step into the unconstrained policy space and then projects back onto the constrained space.  Second, we view the unconstrained policy space as mixing neural and programmatic representations, which enables employing state-of-the-art deep policy gradient approaches.  Third, we cast the projection step as program synthesis via imitation learning, and exploit contemporary combinatorial methods for this task. We present theoretical convergence results for PROPEL and empirically evaluate the approach in three continuous control domains. The experiments show that PROPEL can significantly outperform state-of-the-art approaches for learning programmatic policies.
The Convergence Rate of Neural Networks for Learned Functions of Different Frequencies
Authors: David Jacobs, Yoni Kasten, Shira Kritchman Basri Ronen
Published in: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 32  (NeurIPS 2019) (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: We study the relationship between the frequency of a function and the speed at which a neural network learns it.  We build on recent results that show that the dynamics of overparameterized neural networks trained with gradient descent can be well approximated by a linear system.  When normalized training data is uniformly distributed on a hypersphere, the eigenfunctions of this linear system are spherical harmonic functions.  We derive the corresponding eigenvalues for each frequency after introducing a bias term in the model.  This bias term had been omitted from the linear network model without significantly affecting previous theoretical results.  However, we show theoretically and experimentally that a shallow neural network without bias cannot represent or learn simple, low frequency functions with odd frequencies.  Our results lead to specific predictions of the time it will take a network to learn functions of varying frequency.  These predictions match the empirical behavior of both shallow and deep networks.
Statistical bounds for entropic optimal transport: sample complexity and the central limit theorem
Authors: Jonathan Niles-Weed Gonzalo Mena
Published in: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 32  (NeurIPS 2019) (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: We prove several fundamental statistical bounds for entropic OT with the squared Euclidean cost between subgaussian probability measures in arbitrary dimension.
First, through a new sample complexity result we establish the rate of convergence of entropic OT for empirical measures.
Our analysis improves exponentially on the bound of Genevay et al.~(2019) and extends their work to unbounded measures.
Second, we establish a central limit theorem for entropic OT, based on techniques developed by Del Barrio and Loubes~(2019).
Previously, such a result was only known for finite metric spaces.
As an application of our results, we develop and analyze a new technique for estimating the entropy of a random variable corrupted by gaussian noise.
A Game Theoretic Approach to Class-wise Selective Rationalization
Authors: Yang Zhang, Mo Yu, Tommi Jaakkola Shiyu Chang
Published in: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 32  (NeurIPS 2019) (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: Selection of input features such as relevant pieces of text has become a common technique of highlighting how complex neural predictors operate. The selection can be optimized post-hoc for trained models or incorporated directly into the method itself (self-explaining). However, an overall selection does not properly capture the multi-faceted nature of useful rationales such as pros and cons for decisions. To this end, we propose a new game theoretic approach to class-dependent rationalization, where the method is specifically trained to highlight evidence supporting alternative conclusions. Each class involves three players set up competitively to find evidence for factual and counterfactual scenarios. We show theoretically in a simplified scenario how the game drives the solution towards meaningful class-dependent rationales. We evaluate the method in single- and multi-aspect sentiment classification tasks and demonstrate that the proposed method is able to identify both factual (justifying the ground truth label) and counterfactual (countering the ground truth label) rationales consistent with human rationalization.  The code for our method is publicly available.
Scalable Bayesian dynamic covariance modeling with variational Wishart and inverse Wishart processes
Authors: Mark van der Wilk Creighton Heaukulani
Published in: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 32  (NeurIPS 2019) (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: We implement gradient-based variational inference routines for Wishart and inverse Wishart processes, which we apply as Bayesian models for the dynamic, heteroskedastic covariance matrix of a multivariate time series. The Wishart and inverse Wishart processes are constructed from i.i.d. Gaussian processes, existing variational inference algorithms for which form the basis of our approach. These methods are easy to implement as a black-box and scale favorably with the length of the time series, however, they fail in the case of the Wishart process, an issue we resolve with a simple modification into an additive white noise parameterization of the model. This modification is also key to implementing a factored variant of the construction, allowing inference to additionally scale to high-dimensional covariance matrices. Through experimentation, we demonstrate that some (but not all) model variants outperform multivariate GARCH when forecasting the covariances of returns on financial instruments.
Variational Bayesian Decision-making for Continuous Utilities
Authors: Joseph Sakaya, Arto Klami Tomasz Kuśmierczyk
Published in: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 32  (NeurIPS 2019) (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: Bayesian decision theory outlines a rigorous framework for making optimal decisions based on maximizing expected utility over a model posterior. However, practitioners often do not have access to the full posterior and resort to approximate inference strategies. In such cases, taking the eventual decision-making task into account while performing the inference allows for calibrating the posterior approximation to maximize the utility. We present an automatic pipeline that co-opts continuous utilities into variational inference algorithms to account for decision-making. We provide practical strategies for approximating and maximizing the gain, and empirically demonstrate consistent improvement when calibrating approximations for specific utilities.
Optimal Sparsity-Sensitive Bounds for  Distributed Mean Estimation
Authors: Ziyue Huang, Yilei WANG, Ke Yi zengfeng Huang
Published in: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 32  (NeurIPS 2019) (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: We consider the problem of estimating the mean of a set of vectors, which are stored in a distributed system. This is a fundamental task with applications in distributed SGD and many other distributed problems, where communication is a main bottleneck for scaling up computations. We propose a new sparsity-aware algorithm, which improves previous results both theoretically and empirically. The communication cost of our algorithm is characterized by Hoyer's measure of sparseness.  Moreover, we prove that the communication cost of our algorithm is information-theoretic optimal up to a constant factor in all sparseness regime. We have also conducted experimental studies, which demonstrate the advantages of our method and confirm our theoretical findings.
Search on the Replay Buffer: Bridging Planning and Reinforcement Learning
Authors: Ruslan Salakhutdinov, Sergey Levine Ben Eysenbach
Published in: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 32  (NeurIPS 2019) (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: The history of learning for control has been an exciting back and forth between two broad classes of algorithms: planning and reinforcement learning. Planning algorithms effectively reason over long horizons, but assume access to a local policy and distance metric over collision-free paths. Reinforcement learning excels at learning policies and relative values of states, but fails to plan over long horizons. Despite the successes of each method on various tasks, long horizon, sparse reward tasks with high-dimensional observations remain exceedingly challenging for both planning and reinforcement learning algorithms. Frustratingly, these sorts of tasks are potentially the most useful, as they are simple to design (a human only need to provide an example goal state) and avoid injecting bias through reward shaping. We introduce a general-purpose control algorithm that combines the strengths of planning and reinforcement learning to effectively solve these tasks. Our main idea is to decompose the task of reaching a distant goal state into a sequence of easier tasks, each of which corresponds to reaching a particular subgoal. We use goal-conditioned RL to learn a policy to reach each waypoint and to learn a distance metric for search. Using graph search over our replay buffer, we can automatically generate this sequence of subgoals, even in image-based environments. Our algorithm, search on the replay buffer (SoRB), enables agents to solve sparse reward tasks over hundreds of steps, and generalizes substantially better than standard RL algorithms.
Minimal Variance Sampling in Stochastic Gradient Boosting
Authors: Gleb Gusev Bulat Ibragimov
Published in: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 32  (NeurIPS 2019) (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: Stochastic Gradient Boosting (SGB) is a widely used approach to regularization of boosting models based on decision trees. It was shown that, in many cases, random sampling at each iteration can lead to better generalization performance of the model and can also decrease the learning time. Different sampling approaches were proposed, where probabilities are not uniform, and it is not currently clear which approach is the most effective. In this paper,  we formulate the problem of randomization in SGB in terms of optimization of sampling probabilities to maximize  the  estimation  accuracy  of  split  scoring  used  to  train  decision  trees.This optimization problem has a closed-form nearly optimal solution, and it leads to a new sampling technique, which we call Minimal Variance Sampling (MVS).The method both decreases the number of examples needed for each iteration of boosting and increases the quality of the model significantly as compared to the state-of-the art sampling methods. The superiority of the algorithm was confirmed by introducing MVS as a new default option for subsampling in CatBoost, a gradient boosting library achieving state-of-the-art quality on various machine learning tasks.
Transductive Zero-Shot Learning with Visual Structure Constraint
Authors: Dongdong Chen, Yan Li, Xingguang Yan, Junge Zhang, Yizhou Yu, Jing Liao Ziyu Wan
Published in: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 32  (NeurIPS 2019) (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: To recognize objects of the unseen classes, most existing Zero-Shot Learning (ZSL) methods first learn a compatible projection function between the common semantic space and the visual space based on the data of source seen classes, then directly apply it to the target unseen classes. However, in real scenarios, the data distribution between the source and target domain might not match well, thus causing the well-known domain shift problem. Based on the observation that visual features of test instances can be separated into different clusters, we propose a new visual structure constraint on class centers for transductive ZSL, to improve the generality of the projection function (\ie alleviate the above domain shift problem). Specifically, three different strategies (symmetric Chamfer-distance,Bipartite matching distance, and Wasserstein distance) are adopted to align the projected unseen semantic centers and visual cluster centers of test instances. We also propose a new training strategy to handle the real cases where many unrelated images exist in the test dataset, which is not considered in previous methods. Experiments on many widely used datasets demonstrate that the proposed visual structure constraint can bring substantial performance gain consistently and achieve state-of-the-art results.
Large Scale Markov Decision Processes with Changing Rewards
Authors: He Wang, Huan Xu Adrian Rivera Cardoso
Published in: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 32  (NeurIPS 2019) (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: We consider Markov Decision Processes (MDPs) where the rewards are unknown and may change in an adversarial manner.  We provide an algorithm that achieves a regret bound of $O( \sqrt{\tau (\ln|S|+\ln|A|)T}\ln(T))$, where $S$ is the state space, $A$ is the action space, $\tau$ is the mixing time of the MDP, and $T$ is the number of periods. The algorithm's computational complexity  is polynomial in $|S|$ and $|A|$. We then consider a setting often encountered in practice, where the state space of the MDP is too large to allow for exact solutions. By approximating the state-action occupancy measures with a linear architecture of dimension $d\ll|S|$, we propose a modified algorithm with a computational complexity polynomial in $d$ and independent of $|S|$. We also prove a regret bound for this modified algorithm, which to the best of our knowledge, is the first $\tilde{O}(\sqrt{T})$ regret bound in the large-scale MDP setting with adversarially changing rewards.
A Unified Framework for Data Poisoning Attack to Graph-based Semi-supervised Learning
Authors: Si Si, Xiaojin Zhu, Yang Li, Cho-Jui Hsieh Xuanqing Liu
Published in: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 32  (NeurIPS 2019) (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: In this paper, we proposed a general framework for data poisoning attacks to graph-based semi-supervised learning (G-SSL). In this framework, we first unify different tasks, goals and constraints into a single formula for data poisoning attack in G-SSL, then we propose two specialized algorithms to efficiently solve two important cases --- poisoning regression tasks under $\ell_2$-norm constraint and classification tasks under $\ell_0$-norm constraint. In the former case, we transform it into a non-convex trust region problem and show that our gradient-based algorithm with delicate initialization and update scheme finds the (globally) optimal perturbation. For the latter case, although it is an NP-hard integer programming problem, we propose a probabilistic solver that works much better than the classical greedy method. Lastly, we test our framework on real datasets and evaluate the robustness of G-SSL algorithms. For instance, on the MNIST binary classification problem (50000 training data with 50 labeled), flipping two labeled data is enough to make the model perform like random guess (around 50\% error).
Implicit Regularization for Optimal Sparse Recovery
Authors: Varun Kanade, Patrick Rebeschini Tomas Vaskevicius
Published in: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 32  (NeurIPS 2019) (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: We investigate implicit regularization schemes for gradient descent methods applied to unpenalized least squares regression to solve the problem of reconstructing a sparse signal from an underdetermined system of linear measurements under the restricted isometry assumption. For a given parametrization yielding a non-convex optimization problem, we show that prescribed choices of initialization, step size and stopping time yield a statistically and computationally optimal algorithm that achieves the minimax rate with the same cost required to read the data up to poly-logarithmic factors. Beyond minimax optimality, we show that our algorithm adapts to instance difficulty and yields a dimension-independent rate when the signal-to-noise ratio is high enough. Key to the computational efficiency of our method is an increasing step size scheme that adapts to refined estimates of the true solution. We validate our findings with numerical experiments and compare our algorithm against explicit $\ell_{1}$ penalization. Going from hard instances to easy ones, our algorithm is seen to undergo a phase transition, eventually matching least squares with an oracle knowledge of the true support.
Residual Flows for Invertible Generative Modeling
Authors: Jens Behrmann, David K. Duvenaud, Joern-Henrik Jacobsen Ricky T. Q. Chen
Published in: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 32  (NeurIPS 2019) (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: Flow-based generative models parameterize probability distributions through an invertible transformation and can be trained by maximum likelihood. Invertible residual networks provide a flexible family of transformations where only Lipschitz conditions rather than strict architectural constraints are needed for enforcing invertibility. However, prior work trained invertible residual networks for density estimation by relying on biased log-density estimates whose bias increased with the network's expressiveness. We give a tractable unbiased estimate of the log density, and reduce the memory required during training by a factor of ten. Furthermore, we improve invertible residual blocks by proposing the use of activation functions that avoid gradient saturation and generalizing the Lipschitz condition to induced mixed norms. The resulting approach, called Residual Flows, achieves state-of-the-art performance on density estimation amongst flow-based models, and outperforms networks that use coupling blocks at joint generative and discriminative modeling.
Copula Multi-label Learning
Authors: Weiwei Liu
Published in: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 32  (NeurIPS 2019) (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: A formidable challenge in multi-label learning is to model the interdependencies between labels and features. Unfortunately, the statistical properties of existing multi-label dependency modelings are still not well understood. Copulas are a powerful tool for modeling dependence of multivariate data, and achieve great success in a wide range of applications, such as finance, econometrics and systems neuroscience. This inspires us to develop a novel copula multi-label learning paradigm for modeling label and feature dependencies. The copula based paradigm enables to reveal new statistical insights in multi-label learning. In particular, the paper first leverages the kernel trick to construct continuous distribution in the output space, and then estimates our proposed model semiparametrically where the copula is modeled parametrically, while the marginal distributions are modeled nonparametrically. Theoretically, we show that our estimator is an unbiased and consistent estimator and follows asymptotically a normal distribution. Moreover, we bound the mean squared error of estimator. The experimental results from various domains validate the superiority of our proposed approach.
Adversarial Training and Robustness for Multiple Perturbations
Authors: Dan Boneh Florian Tramer
Published in: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 32  (NeurIPS 2019) (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: Defenses against adversarial examples, such as adversarial training, are typically tailored to a single perturbation type (e.g., small $\ell_\infty$-noise). For other perturbations, these defenses offer no guarantees and, at times, even increase the model's vulnerability.
Our aim is to understand the reasons underlying this robustness trade-off, and to train models that are simultaneously robust to multiple perturbation types.

We prove that a trade-off in robustness to different types of $\ell_p$-bounded and spatial perturbations must exist in a natural and simple statistical setting.
We corroborate our formal analysis by demonstrating similar robustness trade-offs on MNIST and CIFAR10. We propose new multi-perturbation adversarial training schemes, as well as an efficient attack for the $\ell_1$-norm, and use these to show that models trained against multiple attacks fail to achieve robustness competitive with that of models trained on each attack individually. 
In particular, we find that adversarial training with first-order $\ell_\infty, \ell_1$ and $\ell_2$ attacks on MNIST achieves merely $50\%$ robust accuracy, partly because of gradient-masking.
Finally, we propose affine attacks that linearly interpolate between perturbation types and further degrade the accuracy of adversarially trained models.
Certainty Equivalence is Efficient for Linear Quadratic Control
Authors: Stephen Tu, Benjamin Recht Horia Mania
Published in: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 32  (NeurIPS 2019) (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: We study the performance of the certainty equivalent controller on Linear Quadratic (LQ) control problems with unknown transition dynamics.  We show that for both the fully and partially observed settings, the sub-optimality gap between the cost incurred by playing the certainty equivalent controller on the true system and the cost incurred by using the optimal LQ controller enjoys a fast statistical rate, scaling as the square of the parameter error.  To the best of our knowledge, our result is the first sub-optimality guarantee in the partially observed Linear Quadratic Gaussian (LQG) setting.  Furthermore, in the fully observed Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR), our result improves upon recent work by Dean et al., who present an algorithm achieving a sub-optimality gap linear in the parameter error.  A key part of our analysis relies on perturbation bounds for discrete Riccati equations.  We provide two new perturbation bounds, one that expands on an existing result from Konstantinov, and another based on a new elementary proof strategy.
Stein Variational Gradient Descent With Matrix-Valued Kernels
Authors: Ziyang Tang, Chandrajit Bajaj, Qiang Liu Dilin Wang
Published in: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 32  (NeurIPS 2019) (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: Stein variational gradient descent (SVGD) is a particle-based inference algorithm that  leverages gradient information for efficient approximate inference. In this work, we enhance SVGD by leveraging preconditioning matrices, such as the Hessian and Fisher information matrix, to incorporate geometric information into SVGD updates. We achieve this by presenting a generalization of SVGD that replaces the scalar-valued kernels in vanilla SVGD with more general matrix-valued kernels. This yields a significant extension of SVGD, and more importantly, allows us to flexibly incorporate various preconditioning matricesto accelerate the exploration in the probability landscape. Empirical results show that our method outperforms vanilla SVGD and a variety of baseline approaches over a range of real-world Bayesian inference tasks.
Differentially Private Bagging: Improved utility and cheaper privacy than subsample-and-aggregate
Authors: Jinsung Yoon, Mihaela van der Schaar James Jordon
Published in: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 32  (NeurIPS 2019) (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: Differential Privacy is a popular and well-studied notion of privacy. In the era ofbig data that we are in, privacy concerns are becoming ever more prevalent and thusdifferential privacy is being turned to as one such solution. A popular method forensuring differential privacy of a classifier is known as subsample-and-aggregate,in which the dataset is divided into distinct chunks and a model is learned on eachchunk, after which it is aggregated. This approach allows for easy analysis of themodel on the data and thus differential privacy can be easily applied. In this paper,we extend this approach by dividing the data several times (rather than just once)and learning models on each chunk within each division. The first benefit of thisapproach is the natural improvement of utility by aggregating models trained ona more diverse range of subsets of the data (as demonstrated by the well-knownbagging technique). The second benefit is that, through analysis that we provide inthe paper, we can derive tighter differential privacy guarantees when several queriesare made to this mechanism.  In order to derive these guarantees, we introducethe upwards and downwards moments accountants and derive bounds for thesemoments accountants in a data-driven fashion. We demonstrate the improvementsour model makes over standard subsample-and-aggregate in two datasets (HeartFailure (private) and UCI Adult (public)).
Abstraction based Output Range Analysis for Neural Networks
Authors: Zahra Rahimi Afzal Pavithra Prabhakar
Published in: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 32  (NeurIPS 2019) (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: In this paper, we consider the problem of output range analysis for feed-forward neural networks. The current approaches reduce the problem to satisfiability and optimization solving which are NP-hard problems, and whose computational complexity increases with the number of neurons in the network. We present a novel abstraction technique that constructs a simpler neural network with fewer neurons, albeit with interval weights called interval neural network (INN) which over-approximates the output range of the given neural network. We reduce the output range analysis on the INNs to solving a mixed integer linear programming problem. Our experimental results highlight the trade-off between the computation time and the precision of the computed output range.
Paraphrase Generation with Latent Bag of Words
Authors: Yansong Feng, John P. Cunningham Yao Fu
Published in: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 32  (NeurIPS 2019) (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: Paraphrase generation is a longstanding important problem in natural language processing. 
  Recent progress in deep generative models has shown promising results on discrete latent variables for text generation. 
  Inspired by variational autoencoders with discrete latent structures, 
  in this work, we propose a latent bag of words (BOW) model for paraphrase generation.
  We ground the semantics of a discrete latent variable by the target BOW. 
  We use this latent variable to build a fully differentiable content planning and surface realization pipeline. 
  Specifically, we use source words to predict their neighbors and model the target BOW with a mixture of softmax. 
  We use gumbel top-k reparameterization to perform differentiable subset sampling from the predicted BOW distribution.
  We retrieve the sampled word embeddings and use them to augment the decoder and guide its generation search space. 
  Our latent BOW model not only enhances the decoder, but also exhibits clear interpretability.
  We show the model interpretability with regard to (1). unsupervised learning of word neighbors (2). the step-by-step generation procedure. 
  Extensive experiments demonstrate the model's transparent and effective generation process.
Combinatorial Bandits with Relative Feedback
Authors: Aditya Gopalan Aadirupa Saha
Published in: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 32  (NeurIPS 2019) (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: We consider combinatorial online learning with subset choices when only relative feedback information from subsets is available, instead of bandit or semi-bandit feedback which is absolute. Specifically, we study two regret minimisation problems over subsets of a finite ground set $[n]$, with subset-wise relative preference information feedback according to the Multinomial logit choice model. In the first setting, the learner can play subsets of size bounded by a maximum size and receives top-$m$ rank-ordered feedback, while in the second setting the learner can play subsets of a fixed size $k$ with a full subset ranking observed as feedback. For both settings, we devise instance-dependent and order-optimal regret algorithms with regret $O(\frac{n}{m} \ln T)$ and $O(\frac{n}{k} \ln T)$, respectively. We derive fundamental limits on the regret performance of online learning with subset-wise preferences, proving the tightness of our regret guarantees. Our results also show the value of eliciting more general top-$m$ rank-ordered feedback over single winner feedback ($m=1$). Our theoretical results are corroborated with empirical evaluations.
Wide Feedforward or Recurrent Neural Networks of Any Architecture are Gaussian Processes
Authors: Greg Yang
Published in: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 32  (NeurIPS 2019) (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: Wide neural networks with random weights and biases are Gaussian processes, as observed by Neal (1995) for shallow networks, and more recently by Lee et al.~(2018) and Matthews et al.~(2018) for deep fully-connected networks, as well as by Novak et al.~(2019) and Garriga-Alonso et al.~(2019) for deep convolutional networks.
We show that this Neural Network-Gaussian Process correspondence surprisingly extends to all modern feedforward or recurrent neural networks composed of multilayer perceptron, RNNs (e.g. LSTMs, GRUs), (nD or graph) convolution, pooling, skip connection, attention, batch normalization, and/or layer normalization.
More generally, we introduce a language for expressing neural network computations, and our result encompasses all such expressible neural networks.
This work serves as a tutorial on the \emph{tensor programs} technique formulated in Yang (2019) and elucidates the Gaussian Process results obtained there.
We provide open-source implementations of the Gaussian Process kernels of simple RNN, GRU, transformer, and batchnorm+ReLU network at  github.com/thegregyang/GP4A.
Please see our arxiv version for the complete and up-to-date version of this paper.
An Accelerated Decentralized Stochastic Proximal Algorithm for Finite Sums
Authors: Francis Bach, Laurent Massoulié Hadrien Hendrikx
Published in: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 32  (NeurIPS 2019) (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: Modern large-scale finite-sum optimization relies on two key aspects: distribution and stochastic updates. For smooth and strongly convex problems, existing decentralized algorithms are slower than modern accelerated variance-reduced stochastic algorithms when run on a single machine, and are therefore not efficient. Centralized algorithms are fast, but their scaling is limited by global aggregation steps that result in communication bottlenecks. In this work, we propose an efficient \textbf{A}ccelerated \textbf{D}ecentralized stochastic algorithm for \textbf{F}inite \textbf{S}ums named ADFS, which uses local stochastic proximal updates and randomized pairwise communications between nodes. On $n$ machines, ADFS learns from $nm$ samples in the same time it takes optimal algorithms to learn from $m$ samples on one machine. This scaling holds until a critical network size is reached, which depends on communication delays, on the number of samples $m$, and on the network topology. We provide a theoretical analysis based on a novel augmented graph approach combined with a precise evaluation of synchronization times and an extension of the accelerated proximal coordinate gradient algorithm to arbitrary sampling. We illustrate the improvement of ADFS over state-of-the-art decentralized approaches with experiments.
Sample Efficient Active Learning of Causal Trees
Authors: Dmitriy Katz, Karthikeyan Shanmugam, Sara Magliacane, Murat Kocaoglu, Enric Boix Adsera, Guy Bresler Kristjan Greenewald
Published in: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 32  (NeurIPS 2019) (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: We consider the problem of experimental design for learning causal graphs that have a tree structure. We propose an adaptive framework that determines the next intervention based on a Bayesian prior updated with the outcomes of previous experiments, focusing on the setting where observational data is cheap (assumed infinite) and interventional data is expensive.
While information greedy approaches are popular in active learning, we show that in this setting they can be exponentially suboptimal (in the number of interventions required), and instead propose an algorithm that exploits graph structure in the form of a centrality measure.
If infinite interventional data is available, we show that the algorithm requires a number of interventions less than or equal to a factor of 2 times the minimum achievable number. We show that the algorithm and the associated theory can be adapted to the setting where each performed intervention yields finitely many samples. Several extensions are also presented, to the case where a specified set of nodes cannot be intervened on, to the case where $K$ interventions are scheduled at once, and to the fully adaptive case where each experiment yields only one sample.
In the case of finite interventional data, through simulated experiments we show that our algorithms outperform different adaptive baseline algorithms.
Data Cleansing for Models Trained with SGD
Authors: Atsushi Nitanda, Takanori Maehara Satoshi Hara
Published in: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 32  (NeurIPS 2019) (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: Data cleansing is a typical approach used to improve the accuracy of machine learning models, which, however, requires extensive domain knowledge to identify the influential instances that affect the models. In this paper, we propose an algorithm that can identify influential instances without using any domain knowledge. The proposed algorithm automatically cleans the data, which does not require any of the users' knowledge. Hence, even non-experts can improve the models. The existing methods require the loss function to be convex and an optimal model to be obtained, which is not always the case in modern machine learning. To overcome these limitations, we propose a novel approach specifically designed for the models trained with stochastic gradient descent (SGD). The proposed method infers the influential instances by retracing the steps of the SGD while incorporating intermediate models computed in each step. Through experiments, we demonstrate that the proposed method can accurately infer the influential instances. Moreover, we used MNIST and CIFAR10 to show that the models can be effectively improved by removing the influential instances suggested by the proposed method.
Universality and individuality in neural dynamics across large populations of recurrent networks
Authors: Alex Williams, Matthew Golub, Surya Ganguli, David Sussillo Niru Maheswaranathan
Published in: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 32  (NeurIPS 2019) (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: Many recent studies have employed task-based modeling with recurrent neural networks (RNNs) to infer the computational function of different brain regions. These models are often assessed by quantitatively comparing the low-dimensional neural dynamics of the model and the brain, for example using canonical correlation analysis (CCA). However, the nature of the detailed neurobiological inferences one can draw from such efforts remains elusive. For example, to what extent does training neural networks to solve simple tasks, prevalent in neuroscientific studies, uniquely determine the low-dimensional dynamics independent of neural architectures?  Or alternatively, are the learned dynamics highly sensitive to different neural architectures?  Knowing the answer to these questions has strong implications on whether and how to use task-based RNN modeling to understand brain dynamics. To address these foundational questions, we study populations of thousands of networks of commonly used RNN architectures trained to solve neuroscientifically motivated tasks and characterize their low-dimensional dynamics via CCA and nonlinear dynamical systems analysis. We find the geometry of the dynamics can be highly sensitive to different network architectures, and further find striking dissociations between geometric similarity as measured by CCA and network function, yielding a cautionary tale. Moreover, we find that while the geometry of neural dynamics can vary greatly across architectures, the underlying computational scaffold: the topological structure of fixed points, transitions between them, limit cycles, and linearized dynamics, often appears {\it universal} across all architectures.  Overall, this analysis of universality and individuality across large populations of RNNs provides a much needed foundation for interpreting quantitative measures of dynamical similarity between RNN and brain dynamics.
Generating Diverse High-Fidelity Images with VQ-VAE-2
Authors: Aaron van den Oord, Oriol Vinyals Ali Razavi
Published in: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 32  (NeurIPS 2019) (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: We explore the use of Vector Quantized Variational AutoEncoder (VQ-VAE) models for large scale image generation.
To this end, we scale and enhance the autoregressive priors used in VQ-VAE to generate synthetic samples of much higher coherence and fidelity than possible before. 
We use simple feed-forward encoder and decoder networks, making our model an attractive candidate for applications where the encoding and/or decoding speed is critical. Additionally, VQ-VAE  requires sampling an autoregressive model only in the compressed latent space, which is an order of magnitude faster than sampling in the pixel space, especially for large images.
We demonstrate that a multi-scale hierarchical organization of  VQ-VAE, augmented with powerful priors over the latent codes, is able to generate samples with quality that rivals that of state of the art Generative Adversarial Networks on multifaceted datasets such as ImageNet, while not suffering from GAN's known shortcomings such as mode collapse and lack of diversity.
When to Trust Your Model: Model-Based Policy Optimization
Authors: Justin Fu, Marvin Zhang, Sergey Levine Michael Janner
Published in: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 32  (NeurIPS 2019) (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: Designing effective model-based reinforcement learning algorithms is difficult because the ease of data generation must be weighed against the bias of model-generated data. In this paper, we study the role of model usage in policy optimization both theoretically and empirically. We first formulate and analyze a model-based reinforcement learning algorithm with a guarantee of monotonic improvement at each step. In practice, this analysis is overly pessimistic and suggests that real off-policy data is always preferable to model-generated on-policy data, but we show that an empirical estimate of model generalization can be incorporated into such analysis to justify model usage. Motivated by this analysis, we then demonstrate that a simple procedure of using short model-generated rollouts branched from real data has the benefits of more complicated model-based algorithms without the usual pitfalls. In particular, this approach surpasses the sample efficiency of prior model-based methods, matches the asymptotic performance of the best model-free algorithms, and scales to horizons that cause other model-based methods to fail entirely.
On Making Stochastic Classifiers Deterministic
Authors: Maya Gupta, Harikrishna Narasimhan Andrew Cotter
Published in: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 32  (NeurIPS 2019) (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: Stochastic classifiers arise in a number of machine learning problems, and have become especially prominent of late, as they often result from constrained optimization problems, e.g. for fairness, churn, or custom losses. Despite their utility, the inherent randomness of stochastic classifiers may cause them to be problematic to use in practice for a variety of practical reasons. In this paper, we attempt to answer the theoretical question of how well a stochastic classifier can be approximated by a deterministic one, and compare several different approaches, proving lower and upper bounds. We also experimentally investigate the pros and cons of these methods, not only in regard to how successfully each deterministic classifier approximates the original stochastic classifier, but also in terms of how well each addresses the other issues that can make stochastic classifiers undesirable.