mtybilly/Instruct2DS huggingface dataset:
Contrastive Token Learning with Similarity Decay for Repetition Suppression in Machine Translation
Authors: Ben Chen, Kaidi Chen, Ying Han, Zihan Liang, Wen Jiang Huangyu Dai
Published in: Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2024 (Findings Track), 2024

Abstract: For crosslingual conversation and trade, Neural Machine Translation (NMT) is pivotal yet faces persistent challenges with monotony and repetition in generated content. Traditional solutions that rely on penalizing text redundancy or token reoccurrence have shown limited efficacy, particularly for lengthy article and e-commerce descriptions with inherent redundancy, even with the advent of Large Language Models (LLMs). This paper investigates the underlying causes of textual repetition through the lens of information entropy, attributing the phenomenon to the elevated uncertainty within the input text. To address this, a novel algorithm named Contrastive Token Learning with Similarity Decay (CTSD) is introduced, which modulates the suppression of tokens dynamically, informed by varying attention weights and inter-token distances. Furthermore, an e-commerce dataset comprised of title texts of online real items is compiled and released susceptible to hallucination translations to benchmark the algorithm. Extensive evaluations demonstrate that CTSD significantly outperforms existing approaches in precision and generalizability. Additional online A/B testing underscores its practical value, showing marked improvements in user engagement and conversion. Notably, this method has been implemented with full traffic on eight multilingual sites of alibaba.com, the largest B2B e-commerce platform in the world.
Tending Towards Stability: Convergence Challenges in Small Language Models
Authors: Pietro Lesci, Paula Buttery Richard Diehl Martinez
Published in: Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2024 (Findings Track), 2024

Abstract: Increasing the number of parameters in language models is a common strategy to enhance their performance. However, smaller language models remain valuable due to their lower operational costs. Despite their advantages, smaller models frequently underperform compared to their larger counterparts, even when provided with equivalent data and computational resources. Specifically, their performance tends to degrade in the late pretraining phase. This is anecdotally attributed to their reduced representational capacity. Yet, the exact causes of this performance degradation remain unclear. We use the Pythia model suite to analyse the training dynamics that underlie this phenomenon. Across different model sizes, we investigate the convergence of the Attention and MLP activations to their final state and examine how the effective rank of their parameters influences this process. We find that nearly all layers in larger models stabilise early in training - within the first 20% - whereas layers in smaller models exhibit slower and less stable convergence, especially when their parameters have lower effective rank. By linking the convergence of layers' activations to their parameters' effective rank, our analyses can guide future work to address inefficiencies in the learning dynamics of small models.
Be a Multitude to Itself: A Prompt Evolution Framework for Red Teaming
Authors: Peiyi Wang, Jingyuan Ma, Di Zhang, Lei Sha, Zhifang Sui Rui Li
Published in: Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2024 (Findings Track), 2024

Abstract: Large Language Models (LLMs) have gained increasing attention for their remarkable capacity, alongside concerns about safety arising from their potential to produce harmful content. Red teaming aims to find prompts that could elicit harmful responses from LLMs, and is essential to discover and mitigate safety risks before real-world deployment. However, manual red teaming is both time-consuming and expensive, rendering it unscalable. In this paper, we propose RTPE, a scalable evolution framework to evolve red teaming prompts across both breadth and depth dimensions, facilitating the automatic generation of numerous high-quality and diverse red teaming prompts. Specifically, in-breadth evolving employs a novel enhanced in-context learning method to create a multitude of quality prompts, whereas in-depth evolving applies customized transformation operations to enhance both content and form of prompts, thereby increasing diversity. Extensive experiments demonstrate that RTPE surpasses existing representative automatic red teaming methods on both attack success rate and diversity. In addition, based on 4,800 red teaming prompts created by RTPE, we further provide a systematic analysis of 8 representative LLMs across 8 sensitive topics.
Modeling News Interactions and Influence for Financial Market Prediction
Authors: Shay B Cohen, Tiejun Ma Mengyu Wang
Published in: Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2024 (Findings Track), 2024

Abstract: The diffusion of financial news into market prices is a complex process, making it challenging to evaluate the connections between news events and market movements. This paper introduces FININ (Financial Interconnected News Influence Network), a novel market prediction model that captures not only the links between news and prices but also the interactions among news items themselves. FININ effectively integrates multi-modal information from both market data and news articles. We conduct extensive experiments on two datasets, encompassing the S&P 500 and NASDAQ 100 indices over a 15-year period and over 2.7 million news articles. The results demonstrate FININ`s effectiveness, outperforming advanced market prediction models with an improvement of 0.429 and 0.341 in the daily Sharpe ratio for the two markets respectively. Moreover, our results reveal insights into the financial news, including the delayed market pricing of news, the long memory effect of news, and the limitations of financial sentiment analysis in fully extracting predictive power from news data.
Multi-Stage Balanced Distillation: Addressing Long-Tail Challenges in Sequence-Level Knowledge Distillation
Authors: Jing Zhu, Paiheng Xu, Xiaoyu Liu, Xiyao Wang, Danai Koutra, Wei Ai, Furong Huang Yuhang Zhou
Published in: Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2024 (Findings Track), 2024

Abstract: Large language models (LLMs) have significantly advanced various natural language processing tasks, but deploying them remains computationally expensive. Knowledge distillation (KD) is a promising solution, enabling the transfer of capabilities from larger teacher LLMs to more compact student models. Particularly, sequence-level KD, which distills rationale-based reasoning processes instead of merely final outcomes, shows great potential in enhancing students' reasoning capabilities. However, current methods struggle with sequence-level KD under long-tailed data distributions, adversely affecting generalization on sparsely represented domains. We introduce the Multi-Stage Balanced Distillation (BalDistill) framework, which iteratively balances training data within a fixed computational budget. By dynamically selecting representative head domain examples and synthesizing tail domain examples, BalDistill achieves state-of-the-art performance across diverse long-tailed datasets, enhancing both the efficiency and efficacy of the distilled models.
Are Large Vision Language Models up to the Challenge of Chart Comprehension and Reasoning
Authors: Raian Rahman, Ahmed Masry, Md Tahmid Rahman Laskar, Mir Tafseer Nayeem, Enamul Hoque Mohammed Saidul Islam
Published in: Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2024 (Findings Track), 2024

Abstract: Natural language is a powerful complementary modality of communication for data visualizations, such as bar and line charts. To facilitate chart-based reasoning using natural language, various downstream tasks have been introduced recently such as chart question answering, chart summarization, and fact-checking with charts. These tasks pose a unique challenge, demanding both vision-language reasoning and a nuanced understanding of chart data tables, visual encodings, and natural language instructions. Despite the recent success of Large Language Models (LLMs) across diverse NLP tasks, their abilities and limitations in the realm of data visualization remain under-explored, possibly due to their lack of multi-modal capabilities. To bridge the gap, this paper presents one of the first comprehensive evaluations of the recently developed large vision language models (LVLMs) for chart understanding and reasoning tasks. Our evaluation includes a comprehensive assessment of both closed and open-sourced LVLMs across five major chart reasoning tasks. Furthermore, we perform a qualitative evaluation of LVLMs' performance on a diverse range of charts, aiming to provide a thorough analysis. Our findings reveal that while LVLMs demonstrate impressive abilities in generating fluent texts covering high-level data insights, they also encounter common problems like hallucinations, factual errors, and data bias. We highlight the key strengths and limitations of LVLMs in chart comprehension tasks, offering insights for future research
HoneyComb: A Flexible LLM-Based Agent System for Materials Science
Authors: Yu Song, Ziyu Hou, Santiago Miret, Bang Liu Huan Zhang
Published in: Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2024 (Findings Track), 2024

Abstract: The emergence of specialized large language models (LLMs) has shown promise in addressing complex tasks in materials science. Many LLMs, however, often struggle with the distinct complexities of materials science tasks, such as computational challenges, and rely heavily on outdated implicit knowledge, leading to inaccuracies and hallucinations. To address these challenges, we introduce HoneyComb, the first LLM-based agent system specifically designed for materials science. HoneyComb leverages a reliable, high-quality materials science knowledge base (MatSciKB) and a sophisticated tool hub (ToolHub) tailored specifically for materials science to enhance its reasoning and computational capabilities. MatSciKB is a curated, structured knowledge collection based on reliable literature, while ToolHub employs an Inductive Tool Construction method to generate, decompose, and refine API tools for materials science. Additionally, HoneyComb leverages a retriever module that adaptively selects the appropriate knowledge source or tools for specific tasks, thereby ensuring accuracy and relevance. Our results demonstrate that HoneyComb significantly outperforms baseline models across various tasks in materials science, effectively bridging the gap between current LLM capabilities and the specialized needs of this domain. Furthermore, our adaptable framework can be easily extended to other scientific domains, highlighting its potential for broad applicability in advancing scientific research and applications.
Revealing COVID-19`s Social Dynamics: Diachronic Semantic Analysis of Vaccine and Symptom Discourse on Twitter
Authors: Jiageng Wu, Yuqi Wang, Wei Wang, Jie Yang, Jon Johnson, Nishanth Sastry, Suparna De Zeqiang Wang
Published in: Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2024 (Findings Track), 2024

Abstract: Social media is recognized as an important source for deriving insights into public opinion dynamics and social impacts due to the vast textual data generated daily and the \textquoteleftunconstrained' behavior of people interacting on these platforms. However, such analyses prove challenging due to the semantic shift phenomenon, where word meanings evolve over time. This paper proposes an unsupervised dynamic word embedding method to capture longitudinal semantic shifts in social media data without predefined anchor words. The method leverages word co-occurrence statistics and dynamic updating to adapt embeddings over time, addressing the challenges of data sparseness, imbalanced distributions, and synergistic semantic effects. Evaluated on a large COVID-19 Twitter dataset, the method reveals semantic evolution patterns of vaccine- and symptom-related entities across different pandemic stages, and their potential correlations with real-world statistics. Our key contributions include the dynamic embedding technique, empirical analysis of COVID-19 semantic shifts, and discussions on enhancing semantic shift modeling for computational social science research. This study enables capturing longitudinal semantic dynamics on social media to understand public discourse and collective phenomena.
Divide and Conquer: Legal Concept-guided Criminal Court View Generation
Authors: Xiao Wei, Hang Yu, Qian Liu, Hao Fei Qi Xu
Published in: Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2024 (Findings Track), 2024

Abstract: The Criminal Court View Generation task aims to produce explanations that inform judicial decisions. This necessitates a nuanced understanding of diverse legal concepts, such as Recidivism, Confess, and Robbery, which often coexist within cases, complicating holistic analysis. However, existing methods mainly rely on the generation capability of language models, without paying enough attention to the important legal concepts.To enhance the precision and depth of such explanations, we introduce Legal Concept-guided Criminal Court Views Generation (LeGen), a three-stage approach designed for iterative reasoning tailored to individual legal constructs.Specifically, in the first stage, we design a decomposer to divide the court views into focused sub-views, each anchored around a distinct legal concept. Next, a concept reasoning module generates targeted rationales by intertwining the deconstructed facts with their corresponding legal frameworks, ensuring contextually relevant interpretations.Finally, a verifier and a generator are employed to align the rationale with the case fact and obtain synthesized comprehensive and legally sound final court views, respectively.We evaluate LeGen by conducting extensive experiments on a real-world dataset and experimental results validate the effectiveness of our proposed model. Our codes are available at r̆lhttps://anonymous.4open.science/r/LeGen-5625.
Data Diversity Matters for Robust Instruction Tuning
Authors: Shiyang Li, Zhengyang Wang, Jingfeng Yang, Bing Yin, Xian Li, Chao Zhang, Tuo Zhao, Haoming Jiang Alexander Bukharin
Published in: Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2024 (Findings Track), 2024

Abstract: Recent works have shown that by curating high quality and diverse instruction tuning datasets, we can significantly improve instruction-following capabilities. However, creating such datasets is difficult and most works rely on manual curation or proprietary language models. Automatic data curation is difficult as it is still not clear how we can define diversity for instruction tuning, how diversity and quality depend on one other, and how we can optimize dataset quality and diversity. To resolve these issue, we propose a new algorithm, Quality-Diversity Instruction Tuning (QDIT). QDIT provides a simple method to simultaneously control dataset diversity and quality, allowing us to conduct an in-depth study on the effect of diversity and quality on instruction tuning performance. From this study we draw two key insights (1) there is a natural tradeoff between data diversity and quality and (2) increasing data diversity significantly improves the worst case instruction following performance, therefore improving robustness. We validate the performance of QDIT on several large scale instruction tuning datasets, where we find it can substantially improve worst and average case performance compared to quality-driven data selection.
GE2PE: Persian End-to-End Grapheme-to-Phoneme Conversion
Authors: Hossein Sameti Elnaz Rahmati
Published in: Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2024 (Findings Track), 2024

Abstract: Text-to-Speech (TTS) systems have made significant strides, enabling the generation of speech from grapheme sequences. However, for low-resource languages, these models still struggle to produce natural and intelligible speech. Grapheme-to-Phoneme conversion (G2P) addresses this challenge by enhancing the input sequence with phonetic information. Despite these advancements, existing G2P systems face limitations when dealing with Persian texts due to the complexity of Persian transcription. In this study, we focus on enriching resources for the Persian language. To achieve this, we introduce two novel G2P training datasets: one manually labeled and the other machine-generated. These datasets comprise over five million sentences alongside their corresponding phoneme sequences. Additionally, we propose two evaluation datasets tailored for Persian sub-tasks, including Kasre-Ezafe detection, homograph disambiguation, and handling out-of-vocabulary (OOV) words. To tackle the unique challenges of the Persian language, we develop a new sentence-level End-to-End (E2E) model leveraging a two-step training approach, as outlined in our paper, to maximize the impact of manually labeled data. The results show that our model surpasses the state-of-the-art performance by 1.86% in word error rate, 4.03% in Kasre-Ezafe detection recall, and 3.42% in homograph disambiguation accuracy.
Characterizing LLM Abstention Behavior in Science QA with Context Perturbations
Authors: Bill Howe, Lucy Lu Wang Bingbing Wen
Published in: Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2024 (Findings Track), 2024

Abstract: The correct model response in the face of uncertainty is to abstain from answering a question so as not to mislead the user. In this work, we study the ability of LLMs to abstain from answering context-dependent science questions when provided insufficient or incorrect context. We probe model sensitivity in several settings: removing gold context, replacing gold context with irrelevant context, and providing additional context beyond what is given. In experiments on four QA datasets with six LLMs, we show that performance varies greatly across models, across the type of context provided, and also by question type; in particular, many LLMs seem unable to abstain from answering boolean questions using standard QA prompts. Our analysis also highlights the unexpected impact of abstention performance on QA task accuracy. Counter-intuitively, in some settings, replacing gold context with irrelevant context or adding irrelevant context to gold context can improve abstention performance in a way that results in improvements in task performance. Our results imply that changes are needed in QA dataset design and evaluation to more effectively assess the correctness and downstream impacts of model abstention.
Plausibly Problematic Questions in Multiple-Choice Benchmarks for Commonsense Reasoning
Authors: Nishant Balepur, Peter Rankel, Sarah Wiegreffe, Marine Carpuat, Rachel Rudinger Shramay Palta
Published in: Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2024 (Findings Track), 2024

Abstract: Questions involving commonsense reasoning about everyday situations often admit many possible or plausible answers. In contrast, multiple-choice question (MCQ) benchmarks for commonsense reasoning require a hard selection of a single correct answer, which, in principle, should represent the most plausible answer choice. On 250 MCQ items sampled from two commonsense reasoning benchmarks, we collect 5,000 independent plausibility judgments on answer choices. We find that for over 20% of the sampled MCQS, the answer choice rated most plausible does not match the benchmark gold answers; upon manual inspection, we confirm that this subset exhibits higher rates of problems like ambiguity or semantic mismatch between question and answer choices. Experiments with LLMs reveal low accuracyand high variation in performance on the subset, suggesting our plausibility criterion may be helpful in identifying more reliable benchmark items for commonsense evaluation.
Cost-Efficient Subjective Task Annotation and Modeling through Few-Shot Annotator Adaptation
Authors: Alireza Salkhordeh Ziabari, Ali Omrani, Morteza Dehghani Preni Golazizian
Published in: Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2024 (Findings Track), 2024

Abstract: In subjective NLP tasks, where a single ground truth does not exist, the inclusion of diverse annotators becomes crucial as their unique perspectives significantly influence the annotations. In realistic scenarios, the annotation budget often becomes the main determinant of the number of perspectives (i.e., annotators) included in the data and subsequent modeling. We introduce a novel framework for annotation collection and modeling in subjective tasks that aims to minimize the annotation budget while maximizing the predictive performance for each annotator. Our framework has a two-stage design: first, we rely on a small set of annotators to build a multitask model, and second, we augment the model for a new perspective by strategically annotating a few samples per annotator. To test our framework at scale, we introduce and release a unique dataset, Moral Foundations Subjective Corpus, of 2000 Reddit posts annotated by 24 annotators for moral sentiment. We demonstrate that our framework surpasses the previous SOTA in capturing the annotators' individual perspectives with as little as 25% of the original annotation budget on two datasets. Furthermore, our framework results in more equitable models, reducing the performance disparity among annotators.
EDEN: Empathetic Dialogues for English Learning
Authors: Teresa Shao, Zhou Yu, Julia Hirschberg Li Siyan
Published in: Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2024 (Findings Track), 2024

Abstract: Dialogue systems have been used as conversation partners in English learning, but few have studied whether these systems improve learning outcomes. Student passion and perseverance, or grit, has been associated with language learning success. Recent work establishes that as students perceive their English teachers to be more supportive, their grit improves. Hypothesizing that the same pattern applies to English-teaching chatbots, we create EDEN, a robust open-domain chatbot for spoken conversation practice that provides empathetic feedback. To construct EDEN, we first train a specialized spoken utterance grammar correction model and a high-quality social chit-chat conversation model. We then conduct a preliminary user study with a variety of strategies for empathetic feedback. Our experiment suggests that using adaptive empathetic feedback leads to higher *perceived affective support*. Furthermore, elements of perceived affective support positively correlate with student grit.
Language Models Still Struggle to Zero-shot Reason about Time Series
Authors: Mingtian Tan, Vinayak Gupta, Thomas Hartvigsen, Tim Althoff Mike A Merrill
Published in: Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2024 (Findings Track), 2024

Abstract: Time series are critical for decision-making in fields like finance and healthcare. Their importance has driven a recent influx of works passing time series into language models, leading to non-trivial forecasting on some datasets. But it remains unknown whether non-trivial forecasting implies that language models can reason about time series. To address this gap, we generate a first-of-its-kind evaluation framework for time series reasoning, including formal tasks and a corresponding dataset of multi-scale time series paired with text captions across ten domains. Using these data, we probe whether language models achieve three forms of reasoning: (1) Etiological Reasoning---given an input time series, can the language model identify the scenario that most likely created it? (2) Question Answering---can a language model answer factual questions about time series? (3) Context-Aided Forecasting--does highly relevant textual context improve a language model`s time series forecasts? We find that otherwise highly-capable language models demonstrate surprisingly limited time series reasoning: they score marginally above random on etiological and question answering tasks (up to 30 percentage points worse than humans) and show modest success in using context to improve forecasting. These weakness showcase that time series reasoning is an impactful, yet deeply underdeveloped direction for language model research. We also make our datasets public to support further research in this direction.
Enhancing Agent Learning through World Dynamics Modeling
Authors: Haochen Shi, Marc-Alexandre Côté, Glen Berseth, Xingdi Yuan, Bang Liu Zhiyuan Sun
Published in: Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2024 (Findings Track), 2024

Abstract: Large language models (LLMs), trained on vast amounts of internet data, have developed a broad understanding of the world, enhancing the decision-making capabilities of embodied agents. This success is largely due to the comprehensive and in-depth domain knowledge within their training datasets. However, the extent of this knowledge can vary across different domains, and existing methods often assume that LLMs have a complete understanding of their environment, overlooking potential gaps in their grasp of actual world dynamics. To address this gap, we introduce \textbfDiscover, \textbfVerify, and \textbfEvolve (DiVE), a framework that \textbfdiscovers world dynamics from a small number of demonstrations, \textbfverifies the correctness of these dynamics, and \textbfevolves new, advanced dynamics tailored to the current situation. Through extensive evaluations, we analyze the impact of each component on performance and compare the automatically generated dynamics from with human-annotated world dynamics. Our results demonstrate that LLMs guided by can make better decisions, achieving rewards comparable to human players in the Crafter environment.
NormTab: Improving Symbolic Reasoning in LLMs Through Tabular Data Normalization
Authors: Davood Rafiei Md Mahadi Hasan Nahid
Published in: Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2024 (Findings Track), 2024

Abstract: In recent years, Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in parsing textual data and generating code. However, their performance in tasks involving tabular data, especially those requiring symbolic reasoning, faces challenges due to the structural variance and inconsistency in table cell values often found in web tables. In this paper, we introduce NormTab, a novel framework aimed at enhancing the symbolic reasoning performance of LLMs by normalizing web tables. We study table normalization as a stand-alone, one-time preprocessing step using LLMs to support symbolic reasoning on tabular data. Our experimental evaluation, conducted on challenging web table datasets such as WikiTableQuestion and TabFact, demonstrates that leveraging NormTab significantly improves symbolic reasoning performance, showcasing the importance and effectiveness of web table normalization for enhancing LLM-based symbolic reasoning tasks.
Zero-Resource Hallucination Prevention for Large Language Models
Authors: Cao Xiao, Fenglong Ma Junyu Luo
Published in: Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2024 (Findings Track), 2024

Abstract: The prevalent use of large language models (LLMs) in various domains has drawn attention to the issue of “hallucination”, which refers to instances where LLMs generate factually inaccurate or ungrounded information. Existing techniques usually identify hallucinations post-generation that cannot prevent their occurrence and suffer from inconsistent performance due to the influence of the instruction format and model style. In this paper, we introduce a novel pre-detection self-evaluation technique, referred to as SELF-FAMILIARITY, which focuses on evaluating the model`s familiarity with the concepts present in the input instruction and withholding the generation of response in case of unfamiliar concepts under the zero-resource setting, where external ground-truth or background information is not available. We also propose a new dataset Concept-7 focusing on the hallucinations caused by limited inner knowledge. We validate SELF-FAMILIARITY across four different large language models, demonstrating consistently superior performance compared to existing techniques. Our findings propose a significant shift towards preemptive strategies for hallucination mitigation in LLM assistants, promising improvements in reliability, applicability, and interpretability.
Measuring and Improving Attentiveness to Partial Inputs with Counterfactuals
Authors: Bhargavi Paranjape, Hao Peng, Sarah Wiegreffe, Khyathi Chandu, Vivek Srikumar, Sameer Singh, Noah A. Smith Yanai Elazar
Published in: Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2024 (Findings Track), 2024

Abstract: The inevitable appearance of spurious correlations in training datasets hurts the generalization of NLP models on unseen data. Previous work has found that datasets with paired inputs are prone to correlations between a specific part of the input (e.g., the hypothesis in NLI) and the label; consequently, models trained only on those outperform chance. Are these correlations picked up by models trained on the full input data? To address this question, we propose a new evaluation method, Counterfactual Attentiveness Test (CAT). CAT uses counterfactuals by replacing part of the input with its counterpart from a different example (subject to some restrictions), expecting an attentive model to change its prediction. Using CAT, we systematically investigate established supervised and in-context learning models on ten datasets spanning four tasks: natural language inference, reading comprehension, paraphrase detection, and visual & language reasoning. CAT reveals that reliance on such correlations is mainly data-dependent. Surprisingly, we find that GPT3 becomes less attentive with an increased number of demonstrations, while its accuracy on the test data improves. Our results demonstrate that augmenting training or demonstration data with counterfactuals is effective in improving models' attentiveness. We show that models' attentiveness measured by CAT reveals different conclusions from solely measuring correlations in data.
LaRS: Latent Reasoning Skills for Chain-of-Thought Reasoning
Authors: Haozhu Wang, Dmitriy Bespalov, Xian Wu, Peter Stone, Yanjun Qi Zifan Xu
Published in: Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2024 (Findings Track), 2024

Abstract: Chain-of-thought (CoT) prompting is a popular in-context learning (ICL) approach for large language models (LLMs), especially when tackling complex reasoning tasks. Traditional ICL approaches construct prompts using examples that contain questions similar to the input question. However, CoT prompting, which includes crucial intermediate reasoning steps (rationales) within its examples, necessitates selecting examples based on these rationales rather than the questions themselves. Existing methods require human experts or pre-trained LLMs to describe the skill, a high-level abstraction of rationales, to guide the selection. These methods, however, are often costly and difficult to scale. Instead, this paper introduces a new approach named Latent Reasoning Skills (LaRS) that employs unsupervised learning to create a latent space representation of rationales, with a latent variable called a reasoning skill. Concurrently, LaRS learns a reasoning policy to determine the required reasoning skill for a given question. Then the ICL examples are selected by aligning the reasoning skills between past examples and the question. This approach is theoretically grounded and compute-efficient, eliminating the need for auxiliary LLM inference or manual prompt design. Empirical results demonstrate that LaRS consistently outperforms SOTA skill-based selection methods, processing example banks four times faster, reducing LLM inferences during the selection stage by half, and showing greater robustness to sub-optimal example banks.
TROPE: TRaining-Free Object-Part Enhancement for Seamlessly Improving Fine-Grained Zero-Shot Image Captioning
Authors: Yezhou Yang Joshua Feinglass
Published in: Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2024 (Findings Track), 2024

Abstract: Zero-shot inference, where pre-trained models perform tasks without specific training data, is an exciting emergent ability of large models like CLIP. Although there has been considerable exploration into enhancing zero-shot abilities in image captioning (IC) for popular datasets such as MSCOCO and Flickr8k, these approaches fall short with fine-grained datasets like CUB, FLO, UCM-Captions, and Sydney-Captions. These datasets require captions to discern between visually and semantically similar classes, focusing on detailed object parts and their attributes. To overcome this challenge, we introduce TRaining-Free Object-Part Enhancement (TROPE). TROPE enriches a base caption with additional object-part details using object detector proposals and natural language processing techniques. It complements rather than alters the base caption, allowing seamless integration with other captioning methods and offering users enhanced flexibility. Our evaluations show that TROPE consistently boosts performance across all tested zero-shot IC approaches and achieves state-of-the-art results on fine-grained IC datasets.
The Craft of Selective Prediction: Towards Reliable Case Outcome Classification - An Empirical Study on European Court of Human Rights Cases
Authors: Irtiza Chowdhury, Shanshan Xu, Matthias Grabmair Santosh T.y.s.s
Published in: Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2024 (Findings Track), 2024

Abstract: In high-stakes decision-making tasks within legal NLP, such as Case Outcome Classification (COC), quantifying a model`s predictive confidence is crucial. Confidence estimation enables humans to make more informed decisions, particularly when the model`s certainty is low, or where the consequences of a mistake are significant. However, most existing COC works prioritize high task performance over model reliability. This paper conducts an empirical investigation into how various design choices---including pre-training corpus, confidence estimator and fine-tuning loss---affect the reliability of COC models within the framework of selective prediction. Our experiments on the multi-label COC task, focusing on European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) cases, highlight the importance of a diverse yet domain-specific pre-training corpus for better calibration. Additionally, we demonstrate that larger models tend to exhibit overconfidence, Monte Carlo dropout methods produce reliable confidence estimates, and confident error regularization effectively mitigates overconfidence. To our knowledge, this is the first systematic exploration of selective prediction in legal NLP. Our findings underscore the need for further research on enhancing confidence measurement and improving the trustworthiness of models in the legal domain.
InfuserKI: Enhancing Large Language Models with Knowledge Graphs via Infuser-Guided Knowledge Integration
Authors: Runxue Bao, Suhang Wang, Wenchao Yu, Yanchi Liu, Wei Cheng, Haifeng Chen Fali Wang
Published in: Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2024 (Findings Track), 2024

Abstract: Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved exceptional capabilities in open generation across various domains, yet they encounter difficulties with tasks that require intensive knowledge. To address these challenges, methods for integrating knowledge have been developed, which augment LLMs with domain-specific knowledge graphs through external modules. These approaches, however, face data inefficiency issues as they necessitate the processing of both known and unknown knowledge for fine-tuning. Thus, our research focuses on a novel problem: efficiently integrating unknown knowledge into LLMs without unnecessary overlap of known knowledge. A risk of introducing new knowledge is the potential forgetting of existing knowledge. To mitigate this risk, we propose the innovative InfuserKI framework. This framework employs transformer internal states to determine when to enrich LLM outputs with additional information, effectively preventing knowledge forgetting. Performance evaluations using the UMLS-2.5k and MetaQA domain knowledge graphs reveal that InfuserKI not only successfully integrates new knowledge but also outperforms state-of-the-art baselines, reducing knowledge forgetting by 9% and 6%, respectively.
SummaCoz: A Dataset for Improving the Interpretability of Factual Consistency Detection for Summarization
Authors: Weisi Fan, Miaoran Li, Guoruizhe Sun, Runlong Zhang, Chenyu Xu, Forrest Sheng Bao Ge Luo
Published in: Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2024 (Findings Track), 2024

Abstract: Summarization is an important application of Large Language Models (LLMs). When judging the quality of a summary, factual consistency holds a significant weight. Despite numerous efforts dedicated to building factual inconsistency detectors, the exploration of explanability remains limited among existing effort. In this study, we incorporate both human-annotated and model-generated natural language explanations elucidating how a summary deviates and thus becomes inconsistent with its source article. We build our explanation-augmented dataset on top of the widely used SummaC summarization consistency benchmark. Additionally, we develop an inconsistency detector that is jointly trained with the collected explanations. Our findings demonstrate that integrating explanations during training not only enables the model to provide rationales for its judgments but also enhances its accuracy significantly.
Precision or Recall? An Analysis of Image Captions for Training Text-to-Image Generation Model
Authors: Maitreya Patel, Yezhou Yang Sheng Cheng
Published in: Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2024 (Findings Track), 2024

Abstract: Despite advancements in text-to-image models, generating images that precisely align with textual descriptions remains challenging due to misalignment in training data. In this paper, we analyze the critical role of caption precision and recall in text-to-image model training. Our analysis of human-annotated captions shows that both precision and recall are important for text-image alignment, but precision has a more significant impact. Leveraging these insights, we utilize Large Vision Language Models to generate synthetic captions for training. Models trained with these synthetic captions show similar behavior to those trained on human-annotated captions, underscores the potential for synthetic data in text-to-image training.
Deciphering the Factors Influencing the Efficacy of Chain-of-Thought: Probability, Memorization, and Noisy Reasoning
Authors: Thomas L. Griffiths, R. Thomas McCoy Akshara Prabhakar
Published in: Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2024 (Findings Track), 2024

Abstract: Chain-of-Thought (CoT) prompting has been shown to enhance the multi-step reasoning capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs). However, debates persist about whether LLMs exhibit *abstract generalization* or rely on *shallow heuristics* when given CoT prompts. To understand the factors influencing CoT reasoning we provide a detailed case study of the symbolic reasoning task of decoding shift ciphers, where letters are shifted forward some number of steps in the alphabet. We analyze the pattern of results produced by three LLMs---GPT-4, Claude 3, and Llama 3.1---performing this task using CoT prompting. By focusing on a single relatively simple task, we are able to identify three factors that systematically affect CoT performance: the probability of the task`s expected output (probability), what the model has implicitly learned during pre-training (memorization), and the number of intermediate operations involved in reasoning (noisy reasoning). We show that these factors can drastically influence task accuracy across all three LLMs; e.g., when tested with GPT-4, varying the output`s probability of occurrence shifts accuracy from 26% to 70%. Overall, we conclude that CoT prompting performance reflects both memorization and a probabilistic version of genuine reasoning.
Self-contradictory reasoning evaluation and detection
Authors: Soumya Sanyal, Isabelle Lee, Yongkang Du, Rahul Gupta, Yang Liu, Jieyu Zhao Ziyi Liu
Published in: Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2024 (Findings Track), 2024

Abstract: In a plethora of recent work, large language models (LLMs) demonstrated impressive reasoning ability, but many proposed downstream reasoning tasks only focus on performance-wise evaluation. Two fundamental questions persist: 1) how consistent is the reasoning, and 2) can models detect unreliable reasoning? In this paper, we investigate self-contradictory (Self-Contra) reasoning, where the model reasoning does not support answers. To answer 1), we define and assess the Self-Contra rate across three datasets and delve into finer-grained categories of Self-Contra reasoning. We find that LLMs often contradict themselves in reasoning tasks involving contextual information understanding or commonsense. The model may generate correct answers by taking shortcuts in reasoning or overlooking contextual evidence, leading to compromised reasoning. For 2), we task the state-of-the-art model GPT-4 with identifying Self-Contra reasoning and finer-grained fallacies. We find that finer-grained aided detection can improve GPT-4`s ability to detect Self-Contra. However, it is only able to detect Self-Contra with a 52.2% F1 score, much lower compared to 66.7% for humans. Our results indicate that current LLMs lack the robustness necessary for reliable reasoning and we emphasize the urgent need for establishing best practices in comprehensive reasoning evaluations beyond pure performance-based metrics.
Incorporating Precedents for Legal Judgement Prediction on European Court of Human Rights Cases
Authors: Mohamed Hesham Elganayni, Stanisław Sójka, Matthias Grabmair Santosh T.y.s.s
Published in: Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2024 (Findings Track), 2024

Abstract: Inspired by the legal doctrine of stare decisis, which leverages precedents (prior cases) for informed decision-making, we explore methods to integrate them into LJP models. To facilitate precedent retrieval, we train a retriever with a fine-grained relevance signal based on the overlap ratio of alleged articles between cases. We investigate two strategies to integrate precedents: direct incorporation at inference via label interpolation based on case proximity and during training via a precedent fusion module using a stacked-cross attention model. We employ joint training of the retriever and LJP models to address latent space divergence between them. Our experiments on LJP tasks from the ECHR jurisdiction reveal that integrating precedents during training coupled with joint training of the retriever and LJP model, outperforms models without precedents or with precedents incorporated only at inference, particularly benefiting sparser articles.
Molecular Facts: Desiderata for Decontextualization in LLM Fact Verification
Authors: Greg Durrett Anisha Gunjal
Published in: Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2024 (Findings Track), 2024

Abstract: Automatic factuality verification of large language model (LLM) generations is becoming more and more widely used to combat hallucinations. A major point of tension in the literature is the granularity of this fact-checking: larger chunks of text are hard to fact-check, but more atomic facts like propositions may lack context to interpret correctly. In this work, we assess the role of context in these atomic facts. We argue that fully atomic facts are not the right representation, and define two criteria for molecular facts: decontextuality, or how well they can stand alone, and minimality, or how little extra information is added to achieve decontexuality. We quantify the impact of decontextualization on minimality, then present a baseline methodology for generating molecular facts automatically, aiming to add the right amount of information. We compare against various methods of decontextualization and find that molecular facts balance minimality with fact verification accuracy in ambiguous settings.
MoleculeQA: A Dataset to Evaluate Factual Accuracy in Molecular Comprehension
Authors: He Cao, Zijing Liu, Shengyuan Bai, Leqing Chen, Yuan Yao, Hai-Tao Zheng, Yu Li Xingyu Lu
Published in: Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2024 (Findings Track), 2024

Abstract: Large language models are playing an increasingly significant role in molecular research, yet existing models often generate erroneous information. Traditional evaluations fail to assess a model`s factual correctness. To rectify this absence, we present MoleculeQA, a novel question answering (QA) dataset which possesses 62K QA pairs over 23K molecules. Each QA pair, composed of a manual question, a positive option and three negative options, has consistent semantics with a molecular description from authoritative corpus. MoleculeQA is not only the first benchmark to evaluate molecular factual correctness but also the largest molecular QA dataset. A comprehensive evaluation on MoleculeQA for existing molecular LLMs exposes their deficiencies in specific aspects and pinpoints crucial factors for molecular modeling. Furthermore, we employ MoleculeQA in reinforcement learning to mitigate model hallucinations, thereby enhancing the factual correctness of generated information.
Sanitizing Large Language Models in Bug Detection with Data-Flow
Authors: Wuqi Zhang, Zian Su, Xiangzhe Xu, Xiangyu Zhang Chengpeng Wang
Published in: Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2024 (Findings Track), 2024

Abstract: Large language models (LLMs) show potential in code reasoning tasks, facilitating the customization of detecting bugs in software development. However, the hallucination effect can significantly compromise the reliability of bug reports. This work formulates a new schema of bug detection and presents a novel sanitization technique that detects false positives for hallucination mitigation. Our key idea is to enforce LLMs to emit data-flow paths in few-shot chain-of-thought prompting and validate them via the program-property decomposition. Specifically, we dissect data-flow paths into basic properties upon concise code snippets and leverage parsing-based analysis and LLMs for validation. Our approach averagely achieves 91.03% precision and 74.00% recall upon synthetic benchmarks and boosts the precision by 21.99% with the sanitization. The evaluation upon real-world Android malware applications also demonstrates the superiority over an industrial analyzer, surpassing the precision and recall by 15.36% and 3.61%, respectively.
When and Where Did it Happen? An Encoder-Decoder Model to Identify Scenario Context
Authors: Robert Vacareanu, Salena Torres Ashton, Adarsh Pyarelal, Clayton T Morrison, Mihai Surdeanu Enrique Noriega-Atala
Published in: Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2024 (Findings Track), 2024

Abstract: We introduce a neural architecture finetuned for the task of scenario context generation: The relevant location and time of an event or entity mentioned in text. Contextualizing information extraction helps to scope the validity of automated finings when aggregating them as knowledge graphs. Our approach uses a high-quality curated dataset of time and location annotations in a corpus of epidemiology papers to train an encoder-decoder architecture. We also explored the use of data augmentation techniques during training. Our findings suggest that a relatively small fine-tuned encoder-decoder model performs better than out-of-the-box LLMs and semantic role labeling parsers to accurate predict the relevant scenario information of a particular entity or event.