mtybilly/Instruct2DS huggingface dataset:
Self-Guided Generation of Minority Samples Using Diffusion Models
Authors: Jong Chul Ye* Soobin Um
Published in: European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV), 2024 (Main Conference Track), 2024

Abstract: "We present a novel approach for generating minority samples that live on low-density regions of a data manifold. Our framework is built upon diffusion models, leveraging the principle of guided sampling that incorporates an arbitrary energy-based guidance during inference time. The key defining feature of our sampler lies in its self-contained nature, , implementable solely with a pretrained model. This distinguishes our sampler from existing techniques that require expensive additional components (like external classifiers) for minority generation. Specifically, we first estimate the likelihood of features within an intermediate latent sample by evaluating a reconstruction loss w.r.t. its posterior mean. The generation then proceeds with the minimization of the estimated likelihood, thereby encouraging the emergence of minority features in the latent samples of subsequent timesteps. To further improve the performance of our sampler, we provide several time-scheduling techniques that properly manage the influence of guidance over inference steps. Experiments on benchmark real datasets demonstrate that our approach can greatly improve the capability of creating realistic low-likelihood minority instances over the existing techniques without the reliance on costly additional elements. Code is available at https://github. com/soobin-um/sg-minority."
DEVIAS: Learning Disentangled Video Representations of Action and Scene
Authors: Youngrae Kim, Geo Ahn, Jinwoo Choi* Kyungho Bae
Published in: European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV), 2024 (Main Conference Track), 2024

Abstract: "Video recognition models often learn scene-biased action representation due to the spurious correlation between actions and scenes in the training data. Such models show poor performance when the test data consists of videos with unseen action-scene combinations. Although Scene-debiased action recognition models might address the issue, they often overlook valuable scene information in the data. To address this challenge, we propose to learn DisEntangled VIdeo representations of Action and Scene (DEVIAS), for more holistic video understanding. We propose an encoder-decoder architecture to learn disentangled action and scene representations with a single model. The architecture consists of a disentangling encoder (DE), an action mask decoder (AMD), and a prediction head. The key to achieving the disentanglement is employing both DE and AMD during training time. The DE uses the slot attention mechanism to learn disentangled action and scene representations. For further disentanglement, an AMD learns to predict action masks, given an action slot. With the resulting disentangled representations, we can achieve robust performance across diverse scenarios, including both seen and unseen action-scene combinations. We rigorously validate the proposed method on the UCF-101, Kinetics-400, and HVU datasets for the seen, and the SCUBA, HAT, and HVU datasets for unseen action-scene combination scenarios. Furthermore, DEVIAS provides flexibility to adjust the emphasis on action or scene information depending on dataset characteristics for downstream tasks. DEVIAS shows favorable performance in various downstream tasks: Diving48, Something-Something-V2, UCF-101, and ActivityNet. The code is available at https://github.com/KHU-VLL/DEVIAS."
AD3: Introducing a score for Anomaly Detection Dataset Difficulty assessment using VIADUCT dataset
Authors: Jan H Philipps, Alik Sargsyan, Martin Pape, Jörg Krüger Jan D Lehr*
Published in: European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV), 2024 (Main Conference Track), 2024

Abstract: "The field of visual Industrial Anomaly Detection (IAD) has brought forth many new semi-supervised learning methods in recent years. At the same time, there have been few new datasets for benchmarking the methods. The most popular dataset is MVTec-AD dataset, because of its diversity of categories and availability of industrial objects. But many methods already achieve AUROC scores of more than 99 % on the MVTec-AD dataset. The defects of the categories that the dataset provides appear to be easily detectable. Furthermore, there is no existing approach to statistically describe the defects that need to be found in IAD datasets. This paper presents a new dataset for visual industrial anomaly detection and a novel approach for Anomaly Detection Dataset Difficulty assessment with the AD3 score. The new dataset named VIADUCT contains 49 categories and 10,986 high resolution images from eleven different sectors. Through the support of several manufacturing companies, numerous real inspection problems are presented through the dataset. It contains a large number of different defects with detailed pixel-wise annotations. The VIADUCT dataset is compared with other state of the art datasets to underline its added value. Therefore, we provide an overview for each dataset regarding the number of categories, images, defect categories and defects. In addition to these obvious comparisons the defects of the datasets are described with the AD3 score. This novel score is used to analyze the size of the defects and the similarity between the defect and its corresponding object. Using seven selected methods from industrial anomaly detection, a benchmark is performed on the new dataset, showing that there is still potential for improvement. It is shown that the VIADUCT dataset is the largest dataset in the field of image-based industrial anomaly detection. In addition to its very small defects which are hard to recognize, the dataset also offers the greatest variance of possible defects and the most defect classes. Describing the datasets with AD3 score it can be found that VIADUCT dataset have the most inconspicuous defects. With the AD3 score we are able to create a-priori knowledge for every single defect in IAD datasets. The AD3 score correlates with the results of the IAD method benchmark, showing that it can be used to estimate defect detection difficulty. In the future, new objects can be assessed to see whether defects can be recognized using IAD methods before an energy-intensive benchmark is performed. The simple calculation of the AD3 score generates valuable a-priori knowledge and can save resources."
RoomTex: Texturing Compositional Indoor Scenes via Iterative Inpainting
Authors: Ruijie Lu, Xudong XU, Jingbo Wang, Michael Yu Wang, Bo Dai, Gang Zeng, Dan Xu Qi WANG*
Published in: European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV), 2024 (Main Conference Track), 2024

Abstract: "The advancement of diffusion models has pushed the boundary of text-to-3D object generation. While it is straightforward to composite objects into a scene with reasonable geometry, it is nontrivial to texture such a scene perfectly due to style inconsistency and occlusions between objects. To tackle these problems, we propose a coarse-to-fine 3D scene texturing framework, referred to as RoomTex, to generate high-fidelity and style-consistent textures for untextured compositional scene meshes. In the coarse stage, RoomTex first unwraps the scene mesh to a panoramic depth map and leverages ControlNet to generate a room panorama, which is regarded as the coarse reference to ensure the global texture consistency. In the fine stage, based on the panoramic image and perspective depth maps, RoomTex will refine and texture every single object in the room iteratively along a series of selected camera views, until this object is completely painted. Moreover, we propose to maintain superior alignment between RGB and depth spaces via subtle edge detection methods. Extensive experiments show our method is capable of generating high-quality and diverse room textures, and more importantly, supporting interactive fine-grained texture control and flexible scene editing thanks to our inpainting-based framework and compositional mesh input. Our project page is available at https://qwang666.github.io/RoomTex/."
Class-Agnostic Object Counting with Text-to-Image Diffusion Model
Authors: Qian Wu, Hossein Rahmani, Jun Liu* Xiaofei Hui
Published in: European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV), 2024 (Main Conference Track), 2024

Abstract: "Class-agnostic object counting aims to count objects of arbitrary classes with limited information (, a few exemplars or the class names) provided. It requires the model to effectively acquire the characteristics of the target objects and accurately perform counting, which can be challenging. In this work, inspired by that text-to-image diffusion models hold rich knowledge and comprehensive understanding of real-world objects, we propose to leverage the pre-trained text-to-image diffusion model to facilitate class-agnostic object counting. Specifically, we propose a novel framework named CountDiff with careful designs, leveraging the pre-trained diffusion model’s comprehensive understanding of image contents to perform class-agnostic object counting. The experiments show the effectiveness of CountDiff on both few-shot setting with exemplars provided and zero-shot setting with class names provided."
Mask2Map: Vectorized HD Map Construction Using Bird's Eye View Segmentation Masks
Authors: Jun Won Choi, Jungho Kim, Hongjae Shin Sehwan Choi*
Published in: European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV), 2024 (Main Conference Track), 2024

Abstract: "In this paper, we introduce Mask2Map, a novel end-to-end online HD map construction method designed for autonomous driving applications. Our approach focuses on predicting the class and ordered point set of map instances within a scene, represented in the bird’s eye view (BEV). Mask2Map consists of two primary components: the Instance-Level Mask Prediction Network (IMPNet) and the Mask-Driven Map Prediction Network (MMPNet). IMPNet generates Mask-Aware Queries and BEV Segmentation Masks to capture comprehensive semantic information globally. Subsequently, MMPNet enhances these query features using local contextual information through two submodules: the Positional Query Generator (PQG) and the Geometric Feature Extractor (GFE). PQG extracts instance-level positional queries by embedding BEV positional information into Mask-Aware Queries, while GFE utilizes BEV Segmentation Masks to generate point-level geometric features. However, we observed limited performance in Mask2Map due to inter-network inconsistency stemming from different predictions to Ground Truth (GT) matching between IMPNet and MMPNet. To tackle this challenge, we propose the Inter-network Denoising Training method, which guides the model to denoise the output affected by both noisy GT queries and perturbed GT Segmentation Masks. Our evaluation conducted on nuScenes and Argoverse2 benchmarks demonstrates that Mask2Map achieves remarkable performance improvements over previous state-of-the-art methods, with gains of 10.1% mAP and 4.1% mAP , respectively. Our code can be found at https://github.com/SehwanChoi0307/Mask"
SUP-NeRF: A Streamlined Unification of Pose Estimation and NeRF for Monocular 3D Object Reconstruction
Authors: Abhinav Kumar, Cheng Zhao, Ruoyu Wang, Xinyu Huang, Liu Ren Yuliang Guo*
Published in: European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV), 2024 (Main Conference Track), 2024

Abstract: "Monocular 3D reconstruction for categorical objects heavily relies on accurately perceiving each object’s pose. While gradient-based optimization in a NeRF framework updates the initial pose, this paper highlights that scale-depth ambiguity in monocular object reconstruction causes failures when the initial pose deviates moderately from the true pose. Consequently, existing methods often depend on a third-party 3D object to provide an initial object pose, leading to increased complexity and generalization issues. To address these challenges, we present SUP-NeRF, a Streamlined Unification of object Pose estimation and NeRF-based object reconstruction. SUP-NeRF decouples the object’s dimension estimation and pose refinement to resolve the scale-depth ambiguity, and introduces a camera-invariant projected-box representation that generalizes cross different domains. While using a dedicated pose estimator that smoothly integrates into an object-centric NeRF, SUP-NeRF is free from external 3D detectors. SUP-NeRF achieves state-of-the-art results in both reconstruction and pose estimation tasks on the nuScenes dataset. Furthermore, SUP-NeRF exhibits exceptional cross-dataset generalization on the KITTI and Waymo datasets, surpassing prior methods with up to 50% reduction in rotation and translation error."
Forbes: Face Obfuscation Rendering via Backpropagation Refinement Scheme
Authors: Seungwon Yang, Seong-Gyun Jeong, Chang-Su Kim* Jintae Kim
Published in: European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV), 2024 (Main Conference Track), 2024

Abstract: "A novel algorithm for face obfuscation, called Forbes, which aims to obfuscate facial appearance recognizable by humans but preserve the identity and attributes decipherable by machines, is proposed in this paper. Forbes first applies multiple obfuscating transformations with random parameters to an image to remove the identity information distinguishable by humans. Then, it optimizes the parameters to make the transformed image decipherable by machines based on the backpropagation refinement scheme. Finally, it renders an obfuscated image by applying the transformations with the optimized parameters. Experimental results on various datasets demonstrate that Forbes achieves both human indecipherability and machine decipherability excellently. The source codes are available at https://github.com/mcljtkim/Forbes."
Pyramid Diffusion for Fine 3D Large Scene Generation
Authors: Xinke Li, Xueting Li, Lu Qi*, Chongshou Li, Ming-Hsuan Yang Yuheng Liu*
Published in: European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV), 2024 (Main Conference Track), 2024

Abstract: "Diffusion models have shown remarkable results in generating 2D images and small-scale 3D objects. However, their application to the synthesis of large-scale 3D scenes has been rarely explored. This is mainly due to the inherent complexity and bulky size of 3D scenery data, particularly outdoor scenes, and the limited availability of comprehensive real-world datasets, which makes training a stable scene diffusion model challenging. In this work, we explore how to effectively generate large-scale 3D scenes using the coarse-to-fine paradigm. We introduce a framework, the Pyramid Discrete Diffusion model (PDD), which employs scale-varied diffusion models to progressively generate high-quality outdoor scenes. Experimental results of PDD demonstrate our successful exploration in generating 3D scenes both unconditionally and conditionally. We further showcase the data compatibility of the PDD model, due to its multi-scale architecture: a PDD model trained on one dataset can be easily fine-tuned with another dataset. Code is available at https://github.com/yuhengliu02/pyramid-discrete-diffusio"
ShoeModel: Learning to Wear on the User-specified Shoes via Diffusion Model
Authors: Binghui Chen, Yifeng Geng, Xuansong Xie, Wangmeng Zuo Wenyu Li*
Published in: European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV), 2024 (Main Conference Track), 2024

Abstract: "With the development of the large-scale diffusion model, Artificial Intelligence Generated Content (AIGC) techniques are popular recently. However, how to truly make it serve our daily lives remains an open question. To this end, in this paper, we focus on employing AIGC techniques in one filed of E-commerce marketing, , generating hyper-realistic advertising images for displaying user-specified shoes by human. Specifically, we propose a shoe-wearing system, called ShoeModel, to generate plausible images of human legs interacting with the given shoes. It consists of three modules: (1) shoe wearable-area detection module (WD), (2) leg-pose synthesis module (LpS) and the final (3) shoe-wearing image generation module (SW). Them three are performed in ordered stages. Compared to baselines, our ShoeModel is shown to generalize better to different type of shoes and has ability of keeping the ID-consistency of the given shoes, as well as automatically producing reasonable interactions with human. Extensive experiments show the effectiveness of our proposed shoe-wearing system. Figure ?? shows the input and output examples of our ShoeModel."
A Watermark-Conditioned Diffusion Model for IP Protection
Authors: Sen Li*, Hongyang Chen*, Minhao Cheng* Rui Min*
Published in: European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV), 2024 (Main Conference Track), 2024

Abstract: "The ethical need to protect AI-generated content has been a significant concern in recent years. While existing watermarking strategies have demonstrated success in detecting synthetic content (detection), there has been limited exploration in identifying the users responsible for generating these outputs from a single model (owner identification). In this paper, we focus on both practical scenarios and propose a unified watermarking framework for content copyright protection within the context of diffusion models. Specifically, we consider two parties: the model provider, who grants public access to a diffusion model via an API, and the users, who can solely query the model API and generate images in a black-box manner. Our task is to embed hidden information into the generated contents, which facilitates further detection and owner identification. To tackle this challenge, we propose a Watermark-conditioned Diff usion model called WaDiff, which manipulates the watermark as a conditioned input and incorporates fingerprinting into the generation process. All the generative outputs from our WaDiff carry user-specific information, which can be recovered by an image extractor and further facilitate forensic identification. Extensive experiments are conducted on two popular diffusion models, and we demonstrate that our method is effective and robust in both the detection and owner identification tasks. Meanwhile, our watermarking framework only exerts a negligible impact on the original generation and is more stealthy and efficient in comparison to existing watermarking strategies. Our code is publicly available at https: //github.com/rmin2000/WaDiff."
Finding NeMo: Negative-mined Mosaic Augmentation for Referring Image Segmentation
Authors: Chaeyun Kim, Donghwa Kim, Junho Lee, Sangho Lee, Joonseok Lee* Seongsu Ha
Published in: European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV), 2024 (Main Conference Track), 2024

Abstract: "Referring Image Segmentation is a comprehensive task to segment an object referred by a textual query from an image. In nature, the level of difficulty in this task is affected by the existence of similar objects and the complexity of the referring expression. Recent RIS models still show a significant performance gap between easy and hard scenarios. We pose that the bottleneck exists in the data, and propose a simple but powerful data augmentation method, Negative-mined Mosaic Augmentation (NeMo). This method augments a training image into a mosaic with three other negative images carefully curated by a pretrained multimodal alignment model, e.g., CLIP, to make the sample more challenging. We discover that it is critical to properly adjust the difficulty level, neither too ambiguous nor too trivial. The augmented training data encourages the RIS model to recognize subtle differences and relationships between similar visual entities and to concretely understand the whole expression to locate the right target better. Our approach shows consistent improvements on various datasets and models, verified by extensive experiments."
SAFT: Towards Out-of-Distribution Generalization in Fine-Tuning
Authors: Stefan Uhlich, Fabien Cardinaux, Lukas Mauch, Marzieh Edraki, Aaron Courville Bac Nguyen*
Published in: European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV), 2024 (Main Conference Track), 2024

Abstract: "Handling distribution shifts from training data, known as out-of-distribution (OOD) generalization, poses a significant challenge in the field of machine learning. While a pre-trained vision-language model like CLIP has demonstrated remarkable zero-shot performance, further adaptation of the model to downstream tasks leads to undesirable degradation for OOD data. In this work, we introduce Sparse Adaptation for Fine-Tuning (), a method that prevents fine-tuning from forgetting the general knowledge in the pre-trained model. only updates a small subset of important parameters whose gradient magnitude is large, while keeping the other parameters frozen. is straightforward to implement and conceptually simple. Extensive experiments show that with only 0.1% of the model parameters, can significantly improve the performance of CLIP. It consistently outperforms baseline methods across several benchmarks. On the few-shot learning benchmark of ImageNet and its variants, gives a gain of 5.15% on average over the conventional fine-tuning method in OOD settings."
FTBC: Forward Temporal Bias Correction for Optimizing ANN-SNN Conversion
Authors: Velibor Bojkovic, Bin Gu*, Kun Suo, Kai Zou Xiaofeng Wu*
Published in: European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV), 2024 (Main Conference Track), 2024

Abstract: "Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) offer a promising avenue for energy-efficient computing compared with Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), closely mirroring biological neural processes. However, this potential comes with inherent challenges in directly training SNNs through spatio-temporal backpropagation — stemming from the temporal dynamics of spiking neurons and their discrete signal processing — which necessitates alternative ways of training, most notably through ANN-SNN conversion. In this work, we introduce a lightweight Forward Temporal Bias Correction () technique, aimed at enhancing conversion accuracy without the computational overhead. We ground our method on provided theoretical findings that through proper temporal bias calibration the expected error of ANN-SNN conversion can be reduced to be zero after each time step. We further propose a heuristic algorithm for finding the temporal bias only in the forward pass, thus eliminating the computational burden of backpropagation and we evaluate our method on CIFAR-10/100 and ImageNet datasets, achieving a notable increase in accuracy on all datasets. Codes are released at a GitHub repository."
Improving Vision and Language Concepts Understanding with Multimodal Counterfactual Samples
Authors: Shengli Song*, Sitong Yan, Guangneng Hu Chengen Lai
Published in: European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV), 2024 (Main Conference Track), 2024

Abstract: "Vision and Language (VL) models have achieved remarkable performance in a variety of multimodal learning tasks. The success of these models is attributed to learning a joint and aligned representation space of visual and text. However, recent popular VL models still struggle with concepts understanding beyond bag-of-objects in images & texts, suffering from compositional reasoning about relationship between objects & attributes and word order. To address the above issues, we create a synthetic multimodal counterfactual dataset (COCO-CF) and propose a novel contrastive learning framework (COMO). We contribute the COCO-CF dataset which is automatically generated from MS-COCO by injecting concepts from off-the-shelf language models and diffusion models to reduce the bias of bag-of-objects. We contribute the COMO framework for effectively leveraging COCO-CF to treat the counterfactual samples as hard negatives and reweight their importance during contrastive learning. Extensive experiments and ablations show COMO achieved a significant improvement of VL concept understanding on the two VL-Checklist and Winoground benchmarks over five strong VL baselines in their zero-shot setting evaluations. Dataset is available at https://github.com/laichengen/COMO."
Centering the Value of Every Modality: Towards Efficient and Resilient Modality-agnostic Semantic Segmentation
Authors: Yuanhuiyi Lyu, jiazhou zhou, Lin Wang* Xu Zheng*
Published in: European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV), 2024 (Main Conference Track), 2024

Abstract: "Fusing an arbitrary number of modalities is vital for achieving robust multi-modal fusion of semantic segmentation yet remains less explored to date. Recent endeavors regard RGB modality as the center and the others as the auxiliary, yielding an asymmetric architecture with two branches. However, the RGB modality may struggle in certain circumstances, , nighttime, while others, , event data, own their merits; thus, it is imperative for the fusion model to discern robust and fragile modalities, and incorporate the most robust and fragile ones to learn a resilient multi-modal framework. To this end, we propose a novel method, named MAGIC, that can be flexibly paired with various backbones, ranging from compact to high-performance models. Our method comprises two key plug-and-play modules. Firstly, we introduce a multi-modal aggregation module to efficiently process features from multi-modal batches and extract complementary scene information. On top, a unified arbitrary-modal selection module is proposed to utilize the aggregated features as the benchmark to rank the multi-modal features based on the similarity scores. This way, our method can eliminate the dependence on RGB modality and better overcome sensor failures while ensuring the segmentation performance. Under the commonly considered multi-modal setting, our method achieves state-of-the-art performance while reducing the model parameters by 60%. Moreover, our method is superior in the novel modality-agnostic setting, where it outperforms prior arts by a large margin of +19.41% mIoU."
GTPT: Group-based Token Pruning Transformer for Efficient Human Pose Estimation
Authors: Jie Liu*, Jie Tang, Gangshan Wu, Bo Xu, Yanbing Chou, Yong Wang Haonan Wang
Published in: European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV), 2024 (Main Conference Track), 2024

Abstract: "In recent years, 2D human pose estimation has made significant progress on public benchmarks. However, many of these approaches face challenges of less applicability in the industrial community due to the large number of parametric quantities and computational overhead. Efficient human pose estimation remains a hurdle, especially for whole-body pose estimation with numerous keypoints. While most current methods for efficient human pose estimation primarily rely on CNNs, we propose the Group-based Token Pruning Transformer (GTPT) that fully harnesses the advantages of the Transformer. GTPT alleviates the computational burden by gradually introducing keypoints in a coarse-to-fine manner. It minimizes the computation overhead while ensuring high performance. Besides, GTPT groups keypoint tokens and prunes visual tokens to improve model performance while reducing redundancy. We propose the Multi-Head Group Attention (MHGA) between different groups to achieve global interaction with little computational overhead. We conducted experiments on COCO and COCO-WholeBody. Compared to other methods, the experimental results show that GTPT can achieve higher performance with less computation, especially in whole-body with numerous keypoints."
Lost in Translation: Modern Neural Networks Still Struggle With Small Realistic Image Transformations
Authors: Yair Weiss Ofir Shifman*
Published in: European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV), 2024 (Main Conference Track), 2024

Abstract: "Deep neural networks that achieve remarkable performance in image classification have previously been shown to be easily fooled by tiny transformations such as a one pixel translation of the input image. In order to address this problem, two approaches have been proposed in recent years. The first approach suggests using huge datasets together with data augmentation in the hope that a highly varied training set will teach the network to learn to be invariant. The second approach suggests using architectural modifications based on sampling theory to deal explicitly with image translations. In this paper, we show that these approaches still fall short in robustly handling ’natural’ image translations that simulate a subtle change in camera orientation. Our findings reveal that a mere one-pixel translation can result in a significant change in the predicted image representation for approximately 40% of the test images in state-of-the-art models (e.g. open-CLIP trained on LAION-2B or DINO-v2) , while models that are explicitly constructed to be robust to cyclic translations can still be fooled with 1 pixel realistic (non-cyclic) translations 11% of the time. We present Robust Inference by Crop Selection: a simple method that can be proven to achieve any desired level of consistency, although with a modest tradeoff with the model’s accuracy. Importantly, we demonstrate how employing this method reduces the ability to fool state-of-the-art models with a 1 pixel translation to less than 5% while suffering from only a 1% drop in classification accuracy. Additionally, we show that our method can be easily adjusted to deal with circular shifts as well. In such a case we achieve 100% robustness to integer shifts with state-of-the-art accuracy, and with no need for any further training. Code is available at: https://github.com/ofirshifman/RICS."
DIAL: Dense Image-text ALignment for Weakly Supervised Semantic Segmentation
Authors: JungMin Yun, JuneHyoung Kwon, Eunju Lee, YoungBin Kim* Soojin Jang
Published in: European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV), 2024 (Main Conference Track), 2024

Abstract: "Weakly supervised semantic segmentation (WSSS) approaches typically rely on class activation maps (CAMs) for initial seed generation, which often fail to capture global context due to limited supervision from image-level labels. To address this issue, we introduce DALNet, Dense Alignment Learning Network that leverages text embeddings to enhance the comprehensive understanding and precise localization of objects across different levels of granularity. Our key insight is to employ a dual-level alignment strategy: (1) Global Implicit Alignment (GIA) to capture global semantics by maximizing the similarity between the class token and the corresponding text embeddings while minimizing the similarity with background embeddings, and (2) Local Explicit Alignment (LEA) to improve object localization by utilizing spatial information from patch tokens. Moreover, we propose a cross-contrastive learning approach that aligns foreground features between image and text modalities while separating them from the background, encouraging activation in missing regions and suppressing distractions. Through extensive experiments on the PASCAL VOC and MS COCO datasets, we demonstrate that DALNet significantly outperforms state-of-the-art WSSS methods. Our approach, in particular, allows for more efficient end-to-end process as a single-stage method."
Rethinking Normalization Layers for Domain Generalizable Person Re-identification
Authors: Jin Ding, Xue Zhou*, Xi Li Ren Nie
Published in: European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV), 2024 (Main Conference Track), 2024

Abstract: "Domain Generalizable Person Re-Identification (DG-ReID) strives to transfer learned feature representation from source domains to unseen target domains, despite significant distribution shifts. While most existing methods enhance model generalization and discriminative feature extraction capability by introducing Instance Normalization (IN) in combination with Batch Normalization (BN), these approaches still struggle with the overfitting of normalization layers to the source domains, posing challenges in domain generalization. To address this issue, we propose ReNorm, a purely normalization-based framework that integrates two complementary normalization layers through two forward propagations for the same weight matrix. In the first forward propagation, Remix Normalization (RN) combines IN and BN in a concise manner to ensure the feature extraction capability. As an effective complement to RN, Emulation Normalization (EN) simulates the testing process of RN, implicitly mitigating the domain shifts caused by the absence of target domain information and actively guiding the model in learning how to generalize the feature extraction capability to unseen target domains. Meanwhile, we propose Domain Frozen (DF), freezing updates to affine parameters to reduce the impact of these less robust parameters on overfitting to the source domains. Extensive experiments show that our framework achieves state-of-the-art performance on the popular benchmarks. The code is available at https://github.com/3699nr/ReNorm."
Generalizing to Unseen Domains via Text-guided Augmentation
Authors: Handong Zhao, Aidong Zhang, Sheng Li Daiqing Qi*
Published in: European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV), 2024 (Main Conference Track), 2024

Abstract: "To avoid the high cost of collecting visual data from all test domains in the domain adaptation task, recent work takes advantage of the pre-trained large-scale vision language models and augment training data with only text descriptions (e.g.,“a photo/painting/sketch...”) of each test domain. However, in many real-world applications, such text information of test domains is not always available in advance. Moreover, even if we can verbalize all test domains, it is laborious for existing work [?] to train a different augmentation network for each possible unseen domain, which suffers from time-inefficiency. To overcome these challenges, we benefit from the multimodal embedding space of a pre-trained vision-language model and propose to acquire training-free and domain-invariant augmentations with text descriptions of arbitrary crafted unseen domains, which not necessarily match test domains. Beyond achieving state-of-the-art results, compared with existing works that require trainable augmentation networks, our approach is also notably more time-efficient, and exhibits a more solid theoretical support."
VCP-CLIP: A visual context prompting model for zero-shot anomaly segmentation
Authors: Xian Tao*, Mukesh Prasad, Fei Shen, Zhengtao Zhang, Xinyi Gong, Guiguang Ding Zhen Qu
Published in: European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV), 2024 (Main Conference Track), 2024

Abstract: "Recently, large-scale vision-language models such as CLIP have demonstrated immense potential in zero-shot anomaly segmentation (ZSAS) task, utilizing a unified model to directly detect anomalies on any unseen product with painstakingly crafted text prompts. However, existing methods often assume that the product category to be inspected is known, thus setting product-specific text prompts, which is difficult to achieve in the data privacy scenarios. Moreover, even the same type of product exhibits significant differences due to specific components and variations in the production process, posing significant challenges to the design of text prompts. In this end, we propose a visual context prompting model (VCP-CLIP) for ZSAS task based on CLIP. The insight behind VCP-CLIP is to employ visual context prompting to activate CLIP’s anomalous semantic perception ability. In specific, we first design a Pre-VCP module to embed global visual information into the text prompt, thus eliminating the necessity for product-specific prompts. Then, we propose a novel Post-VCP module, that adjusts the text embeddings utilizing the fine-grained features of the images. In extensive experiments conducted on 10 real-world industrial anomaly segmentation datasets, VCP-CLIP achieved state-of-the-art performance in ZSAS task. The code is available at https://github.com/xiaozhen228/VCP-CLIP."
Lost in Translation: Latent Concept Misalignment in Text-to-Image Diffusion Models
Authors: Junyu Deng, Yixin Ye, Chongxuan Li, Zhijie Deng*, Dequan Wang* Juntu Zhao
Published in: European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV), 2024 (Main Conference Track), 2024

Abstract: "Advancements in text-to-image diffusion models have broadened extensive downstream practical applications, but such models often encounter misalignment issues between text and image. Taking the generation of a combination of two disentangled concepts as an example, say given the prompt a tea cup of iced coke, existing models usually generate a glass cup of iced coke because the iced coke usually co-occurs with the glass cup instead of the tea one during model training. The root of such misalignment is attributed to the confusion in the latent semantic space of text-to-image diffusion models, and hence we refer to the a tea cup of iced coke phenomenon as Latent Concept Misalignment (LC-Mis). We leverage large language models (LLMs) to thoroughly investigate the scope of LC-Mis, and develop an automated pipeline for aligning the latent semantics of diffusion models to text prompts. Empirical assessments confirm the effectiveness of our approach, substantially reducing LC-Mis errors and enhancing the robustness and versatility of text-to-image diffusion models. Our code and dataset have been available online for reference."
Crowd-SAM:SAM as a smart annotator for object detection in crowded scenes
Authors: Yingjie Gao, Yaoyan Zheng, Nan Zhou, Di Huang* Zhi Cai
Published in: European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV), 2024 (Main Conference Track), 2024

Abstract: "Object detection is an important task that finds its application in a wide range of scenarios. Generally, it requires extensive labels for training, which is quite time-consuming, especially in crowded scenes. Recently, Segment Anything Model (SAM) has emerged as a powerful zero-shot segmenter, offering a novel approach to instance segmentation. However, the accuracy and efficiency of SAM and its variants are often compromised when handling objects in crowded scenes where occlusions often appear. In this paper, we propose Crowd-SAM, a SAM-based framework designed to enhance the performance of SAM in crowded scenes with the cost of few learnable parameters and minimal labeled images. We introduce an efficient prompt sampler (EPS) and a part-whole discrimination network (PWD-Net), facilitating mask selection and contributing to an improvement in accuracy in crowded scenes. Despite its simplicity, Crowd-SAM rivals state-of-the-art fully-supervised object detection methods on several benchmarks including CrowdHuman and CityPersons. Our code is available at https://github.com/FelixCaae/CrowdSAM."
Zero-shot Text-guided Infinite Image Synthesis with LLM guidance
Authors: Taegyeong Lee, Taehwan Kim* Soyeong Kwon
Published in: European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV), 2024 (Main Conference Track), 2024

Abstract: "Text-guided image editing and generation methods have diverse real-world applications. However, text-guided infinite image synthesis faces several challenges. First, there is a lack of text-image paired datasets with high-resolution and contextual diversity. Second, expanding images based on text requires global coherence and rich local context understanding. Previous studies have mainly focused on limited categories, such as natural landscapes, and also required to train on high-resolution images with paired text. To address these challenges, we propose a novel approach utilizing Large Language Models (LLMs) for both global coherence and local context understanding, without any high-resolution text-image paired training dataset. We train the diffusion model to expand an image conditioned on global and local captions generated from the LLM and visual feature. At the inference stage, given an image and a global caption, we use the LLM to generate a next local caption to expand the input image. Then, we expand the image using the global caption, generated local caption and the visual feature to consider global consistency and spatial local context. In experiments, our model outperforms the baselines both quantitatively and qualitatively. Furthermore, our model demonstrates the capability of text-guided arbitrary-sized image generation in zero-shot manner with LLM guidance."
Learning Dual-Level Deformable Implicit Representation for Real-World Scale Arbitrary Super-Resolution
Authors: Muheng Li, Jixuan Fan, Lei Chen*, Yansong Tang, Jiwen Lu, Jie Zhou Zhiheng Li
Published in: European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV), 2024 (Main Conference Track), 2024

Abstract: "Scale arbitrary super-resolution based on implicit image function gains increasing popularity since it can better represent the visual world in a continuous manner. However, existing scale arbitrary works are trained and evaluated on simulated datasets, where low-resolution images are generated from their ground truths by the simplest bicubic downsampling. These models exhibit limited generalization to real-world scenarios due to the greater complexity of real-world degradations. To address this issue, we build a RealArbiSR dataset, a new real-world super-resolution benchmark with both integer and non-integer scaling factors fo the training and evaluation of real-world scale arbitrary super-resolution. Moreover, we propose a Dual-level Deformable Implicit Representation (DDIR) to solve real-world scale arbitrary super-resolution. Specifically, we design the appearance embedding and deformation field to handle both image-level and pixel-level deformations caused by real-world degradations. The appearance embedding models the characteristics of low-resolution inputs to deal with photometric variations at different scales, and the pixel-based deformation field learns RGB differences which result from the deviations between the real-world and simulated degradations at arbitrary coordinates. Extensive experiments show our trained model achieves state-of-the-art performance on the RealArbiSR and RealSR benchmarks for real-world scale arbitrary super-resolution. The dataset and code are available at https://github.com/nonozhizhiovo/RealArbiSR."
Boosting Gaze Object Prediction via Pixel-level Supervision from Vision Foundation Model
Authors: Lei Zhang, Shi Yan, Bin Fan, Binglu Wang* Yang Jin
Published in: European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV), 2024 (Main Conference Track), 2024

Abstract: "Gaze object prediction (GOP) aims to predict the category and location of the object that a human is looking at. Previous methods utilized box-level supervision to identify the object that a person is looking at, but struggled with semantic ambiguity, , a single box may contain several items since objects are close together. The Vision foundation model (VFM) has improved in object segmentation using box prompts, which can reduce confusion by more precisely locating objects, offering advantages for fine-grained prediction of gaze objects. This paper presents a more challenging gaze object segmentation (GOS) task, which involves inferring the pixel-level mask corresponding to the object captured by human gaze behavior. In particular, we propose that the pixel-level supervision provided by VFM can be integrated into gaze object prediction to mitigate semantic ambiguity. This leads to our gaze object detection and segmentation framework that enables accurate pixel-level predictions. Different from previous methods that require additional head input or ignore head features, we propose to automatically obtain head features from scene features to ensure the model’s inference efficiency and flexibility in the real world. Moreover, rather than directly fuse features to predict gaze heatmap as in existing methods, which may overlook spatial location and subtle details of the object, we develop a space-to-object gaze regression method to facilitate human-object gaze interaction. Specifically, it first constructs an initial human-object spatial connection, then refines this connection by interacting with semantically clear features in the segmentation branch, ultimately predicting a gaze heatmap for precise localization. Extensive experiments on GOO-Synth and GOO-Real datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of our method. The code will be available at https://github. com/jinyang06/SamGOP."
Pro2SAM: Mask Prompt to SAM with Grid Points for Weakly Supervised Object Localization
Authors: Songsong Duan*, Nannan Wang, Xinbo Gao Xi Yang
Published in: European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV), 2024 (Main Conference Track), 2024

Abstract: "Weakly Supervised Object Localization (WSOL), which aims to localize objects by only using image-level labels, has attracted much attention because of its low annotation cost in real applications. Current studies focus on the Class Activation Map (CAM) of CNN and the self-attention map of transformer to identify the region of objects. However, both CAM and self-attention maps can not learn pixel-level fine-grained information on the foreground objects, which hinders the further advance of WSOL. To address this problem, we initiatively leverage the capability of zero-shot generalization and fine-grained segmentation in Segment Anything Model (SAM) to boost the activation of integral object regions. Further, to alleviate the semantic ambiguity issue accrued in single point prompt-based SAM, we propose an innovative mask prompt to SAM (Pro2SAM) network with grid points for WSOL task. First, we devise a Global Token Transformer (GTFormer) to generate a coarse-grained foreground map as a flexible mask prompt, where the GTFormer jointly embeds patch tokens and novel global tokens to learn foreground semantics. Secondly, we deliver grid points as dense prompts into SAM to maximize the probability of foreground mask, which avoids the lack of objects caused by a single point/box prompt. Finally, we propose a pixel-level similarity metric to come true the mask matching from mask prompt to SAM, where the mask with the highest score is viewed as the final localization map. Experiments show that the proposed Pro2SAM achieves state-of-the-art performance on both CUB-200-2011 and ILSVRC, with 84.03% and 66.85% Top-1 Loc, respectively."
Adaptive Multi-head Contrastive Learning
Authors: Piotr Koniusz, Tom Gedeon, Liang Zheng Lei Wang*
Published in: European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV), 2024 (Main Conference Track), 2024

Abstract: "In contrastive learning, two views of an original image, generated by different augmentations, are considered a positive pair, and their similarity is required to be high. Similarly, two views of distinct images form a negative pair, with encouraged low similarity. Typically, a single similarity measure, provided by a lone projection head, evaluates positive and negative sample pairs. However, due to diverse augmentation strategies and varying intra-sample similarity, views from the same image may not always be similar. Additionally, owing to inter-sample similarity, views from different images may be more akin than those from the same image. Consequently, enforcing high similarity for positive pairs and low similarity for negative pairs may be unattainable, and in some cases, such enforcement could detrimentally impact performance. To address this challenge, we propose using multiple projection heads, each producing a distinct set of features. Our pre-training loss function emerges from a solution to the maximum likelihood estimation over head-wise posterior distributions of positive samples given observations. This loss incorporates the similarity measure over positive and negative pairs, each re-weighted by an individual adaptive temperature, regulated to prevent ill solutions. Our approach, Adaptive Multi-Head Contrastive Learning (AMCL), can be applied to and experimentally enhances several popular contrastive learning methods such as SimCLR, MoCo, and Barlow Twins. The improvement remains consistent across various backbones and linear probing epochs, and becomes more significant when employing multiple augmentation methods."