mtybilly/Instruct2DS huggingface dataset:
Unsupervised Visual Domain Adaptation: A Deep Max-Margin Gaussian Process Approach
Authors: Pritish Sahu,  Behnam Gholami,  Vladimir Pavlovic Minyoung Kim
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2019 (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: For unsupervised domain adaptation, the target domain error can be provably reduced by having a shared input representation that makes the source and target domains indistinguishable from each other. Very recently it has been shown that it is not only critical to match the marginal input distributions, but also align the output class distributions. The latter can be achieved by minimizing the maximum discrepancy of predictors. In this paper, we take this principle further by proposing a more systematic and effective way to achieve hypothesis consistency using Gaussian processes (GP). The GP allows us to induce a hypothesis space of classifiers from the posterior distribution of the latent random functions, turning the learning into a large-margin posterior separation problem, significantly easier to solve than previous approaches based on adversarial minimax optimization. We formulate a learning objective that effectively influences the posterior to minimize the maximum discrepancy. This is shown to be equivalent to maximizing margins and minimizing uncertainty of the class predictions in the target domain.  Empirical results demonstrate that our approach leads to state-to-the-art performance superior to existing methods on several challenging benchmarks for domain adaptation.
Balanced Self-Paced Learning for Generative Adversarial Clustering Network
Authors: Xiaoqian Wang,  Cheng Deng,  Heng Huang Kamran Ghasedi
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2019 (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: Clustering is an important problem in various machine learning applications, but still a challenging task when dealing with complex real data. The existing clustering algorithms utilize either shallow models with insufficient capacity for capturing the non-linear nature of data, or deep models with large number of parameters prone to overfitting. In this paper, we propose  a deep Generative Adversarial Clustering Network (ClusterGAN), which tackles the problems of training of deep clustering models in unsupervised manner. ClusterGAN consists of three networks, a discriminator, a generator and a clusterer (i.e. a clustering network). We employ an adversarial game between these three players to synthesize realistic samples given discriminative latent variables via the generator, and learn the inverse mapping of the real samples to the discriminative embedding space via the clusterer. Moreover, we utilize a conditional entropy minimization loss to increase/decrease the similarity of intra/inter cluster samples. Since the ground-truth similarities are unknown in clustering task, we propose a novel balanced self-paced learning algorithm to gradually include samples into training from easy to difficult, while considering the diversity of selected samples from all clusters. Therefore, our method makes it possible to efficiently train clusterers with large depth by leveraging the proposed adversarial game and balanced self-paced learning algorithm. According our experiments, ClusterGAN achieves competitive results compared to the state-of-the-art clustering and hashing models on several datasets.
A Style-Based Generator Architecture for Generative Adversarial Networks
Authors: Samuli Laine,  Timo Aila Tero Karras
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2019 (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: We propose an alternative generator architecture for generative adversarial networks, borrowing from style transfer literature. The new architecture leads to an automatically learned, unsupervised separation of high-level attributes (e.g., pose and identity when trained on human faces) and stochastic variation in the generated images (e.g., freckles, hair), and it enables intuitive, scale-specific control of the synthesis. The new generator improves the state-of-the-art in terms of traditional distribution quality metrics, leads to demonstrably better interpolation properties, and also better disentangles the latent factors of variation. To quantify interpolation quality and disentanglement, we propose two new, automated methods that are applicable to any generator architecture. Finally, we introduce a new, highly varied and high-quality dataset of human faces.
Parallel Optimal Transport GAN
Authors: Yan Zuo,  Tom Drummond Gil Avraham
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2019 (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: Although Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) are known for their sharp realism in image generation, they often fail to estimate areas of the data density. This leads to low modal diversity and at times distorted generated samples. These problems essentially arise from poor estimation of the distance metric responsible for training these networks. To address these issues, we introduce an additional regularisation term which performs optimal transport in parallel within a low dimensional representation space. We demonstrate that operating in a low dimension representation of the data distribution benefits from convergence rate gains in estimating the Wasserstein distance, resulting in more stable GAN training. We empirically show that our regulariser achieves a stabilising effect which leads to higher quality of generated samples and increased mode coverage of the given data distribution. Our method achieves significant improvements on the CIFAR-10, Oxford Flowers and CUB Birds datasets over several GAN baselines both qualitatively and quantitatively.
3D-SIS: 3D Semantic Instance Segmentation of RGB-D Scans
Authors: Angela Dai,  Matthias Niessner Ji Hou
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2019 (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: We introduce 3D-SIS, a novel neural network architecture for 3D semantic instance segmentation in commodity RGB-D scans. The core idea of our method to jointly learn from both geometric and color signal, thus enabling accurate instance predictions. Rather than operate solely on 2D frames, we observe that most computer vision applications have multi-view RGB-D input available, which we leverage to construct an approach for 3D instance segmentation that effectively fuses together these multi-modal inputs. Our network leverages high-resolution RGB input by associating 2D images with the volumetric grid based on the pose alignment of the 3D reconstruction. For each image, we first extract 2D features for each pixel with a series of 2D convolutions; we then backproject the resulting feature vector to the associated voxel in the 3D grid. This combination of 2D and 3D feature learning allows significantly higher accuracy object detection and instance segmentation than state-of-the-art alternatives. We show results on both synthetic and real-world public benchmarks, achieving an improvement in mAP of over 13 on real-world data.
Causes and Corrections for Bimodal Multi-Path Scanning With Structured Light
Authors: Daniel L. Lau,  Ying Yu Yu Zhang
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2019 (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: Structured light illumination is an active 3D scanning technique based on projecting/capturing a set of striped patterns and measuring the warping of the patterns as they reflect off a target object's surface. As designed, each pixel in the camera sees exactly one pixel from the projector; however, there are multi-path situations when the scanned surface has a complicated geometry with step edges and other discontinuities in depth or where the target surface has specularities that reflect light away from the camera. These situations are generally referred to multi-path where a camera pixel sees light from multiple projector positions.  In the case of bimodal multi-path, the camera pixel receives light from exactly two positions which occurs along a step edge where the edge slices through a pixel so that the pixel sees both a foreground and background surface. In this paper, we present a general mathematical model to address the bimodal multi-path issue in a phase-measuring-profilometry scanner to measure the constructive and destructive interference between the two light paths, and by taking advantage of this interesting cue, separate the paths and make two decoupled phase measurements. We validate our algorithm with  a number of challenging real-world scenarios, outperforming the state-of-the-art method.
TextureNet: Consistent Local Parametrizations for Learning From High-Resolution Signals on Meshes
Authors: Haotian Zhang,  Li Yi,  Thomas Funkhouser,  Matthias Niessner,  Leonidas J. Guibas Jingwei Huang
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2019 (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: We introduce,  TextureNet,  a  neural network architecture designed to extract features from high-resolution signals associated with 3D surface meshes (e.g., color texture maps).  The key idea is to utilize a 4-rotational symmetric(4-RoSy) field to define a domain for convolution on a surface.  Though 4-RoSy fields have several properties favor-able for convolution on surfaces (low distortion, few singularities, consistent parameterization, etc.), orientations are ambiguous up to 4-fold rotation at any sample point.  So, we introduce a new convolutional operator invariant to the4-RoSy ambiguity and use it in a network to extract features from high-resolution signals on geodesic neighborhoods of a surface. In comparison to alternatives, such as PointNet-based methods which lack a notion of orientation, the coherent structure given by these neighborhoods results in significantly stronger features. As an example application, we demonstrate the benefits of our architecture for 3D semantic segmentation of textured 3D meshes.  The results show that our method outperforms all existing methods on the basis of mean IoU by a significant margin in both geometry-only(6.4%) and RGB+Geometry (6.9-8.2%) settings.
PlaneRCNN: 3D Plane Detection and Reconstruction From a Single Image
Authors: Kihwan Kim,  Jinwei Gu,  Yasutaka Furukawa,  Jan Kautz Chen Liu
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2019 (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: This paper proposes a deep neural architecture, PlaneRCNN, that detects and reconstructs piecewise planar regions from a single RGB image. PlaneRCNN employs a variant of Mask R-CNN to detect planes with their plane parameters and segmentation masks. PlaneRCNN then refines an arbitrary number of segmentation masks with a novel loss enforcing the consistency with a nearby view during training. The paper also presents a new benchmark with more fine-grained plane segmentations in the ground-truth, in which, PlaneRCNN outperforms existing state-of-the-art methods with significant margins in the plane detection, segmentation, and reconstruction metrics. PlaneRCNN makes an important step towards robust plane extraction method, which would have immediate impact on a wide range of applications including Robotics, Augmented Reality, and Virtual Reality.
Occupancy Networks: Learning 3D Reconstruction in Function Space
Authors: Michael Oechsle,  Michael Niemeyer,  Sebastian Nowozin,  Andreas Geiger Lars Mescheder
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2019 (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: With the advent of deep neural networks, learning-based approaches for 3D reconstruction have gained popularity. However, unlike for images, in 3D there is no canonical representation which is both computationally and memory efficient yet allows for representing high-resolution geometry of arbitrary topology. Many of the state-of-the-art learning-based 3D reconstruction approaches can hence only represent very coarse 3D geometry or are limited to a restricted domain. In this paper, we propose Occupancy Networks, a new representation for learning-based 3D reconstruction methods. Occupancy networks implicitly represent the 3D surface as the continuous decision boundary of a deep neural network classifier. In contrast to existing approaches, our representation encodes a description of the 3D output at infinite resolution without excessive memory footprint. We validate that our representation can efficiently encode 3D structure and can be inferred from various kinds of input. Our experiments demonstrate competitive results, both qualitatively and quantitatively, for the challenging tasks of 3D reconstruction from single images, noisy point clouds and coarse discrete voxel grids. We believe that occupancy networks will become a useful tool in a wide variety of learning-based 3D tasks.
3D Shape Reconstruction From Images in the Frequency Domain
Authors: Yunde Jia,  Yuwei Wu Weichao Shen
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2019 (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: Reconstructing the high-resolution volumetric 3D shape from images is challenging due to the cubic growth of computational cost. In this paper, we propose a Fourier-based method that reconstructs a 3D shape from images in a 2D space by predicting slices in the frequency domain. According to the Fourier slice projection theorem, we introduce a thickness map to bridge the domain gap between images in the spatial domain and slices in the frequency domain. The thickness map is the 2D spatial projection of the 3D shape, which is easily predicted from the input image by a general convolutional neural network. Each slice in the frequency domain is the Fourier transform of the corresponding thickness map. All slices constitute a 3D descriptor and the 3D shape is the inverse Fourier transform of the descriptor. Using slices in the frequency domain, our method can transfer the 3D shape reconstruction from the 3D space into the 2D space, which significantly reduces the computational cost. The experiment results on the ShapeNet dataset demonstrate that our method achieves competitive reconstruction accuracy and computational efficiency compared with the state-of-the-art reconstruction methods.
SiCloPe: Silhouette-Based Clothed People
Authors: Shunsuke Saito,  Zeng Huang,  Weikai Chen,  Chongyang Ma,  Hao Li,  Shigeo Morishima Ryota Natsume
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2019 (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: We introduce a new silhouette-based representation for modeling clothed human bodies using deep generative models. Our method can reconstruct a complete and textured 3D model of a person wearing clothes from a single input picture. Inspired by the visual hull algorithm, our implicit representation uses 2D silhouettes and 3D joints of a body pose to describe the immense shape complexity and variations of clothed people. Given a segmented 2D silhouette of a person and its inferred 3D joints from the input picture, we first synthesize consistent silhouettes from novel view points around the subject. The synthesized silhouettes which are the most consistent with the input segmentation are fed into a deep visual hull algorithm for robust 3D shape prediction. We then infer the texture of the subject's back view using the frontal image and segmentation mask as input to a conditional generative adversarial network. Our experiments demonstrate that our silhouette-based model is an effective representation and the appearance of the back view can be predicted reliably using an image-to-image translation network. While classic methods based on parametric models often fail for single-view images of subjects with challenging clothing, our approach can still produce successful results, which are comparable to those obtained from multi-view input.
Detailed Human Shape Estimation From a Single Image by Hierarchical Mesh Deformation
Authors: Xinxin Zuo,  Sen Wang,  Xun Cao,  Ruigang Yang Hao Zhu
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2019 (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: This paper presents a novel framework to recover detailed human body shapes from a single image.  It is a challenging task due to factors such as variations in human shapes, body poses, and viewpoints.  Prior methods typically attempt to recover the human body shape using a parametric based template that lacks the surface details.  As such the resulting body shape appears to be without clothing.  In this paper, we propose a novel learning-based framework that combines the robustness of parametric model with the flexibility of free-form 3D deformation.  We use the deep neural networks to refine the 3D shape in a Hierarchical Mesh Deformation (HMD) framework, utilizing the constraints from body joints, silhouettes, and per-pixel shading information.  We are able to restore detailed human body shapes beyond skinned models.  Experiments demonstrate that our method has outperformed previous state-of-the-art approaches, achieving better accuracy in terms of both 2D IoU number and 3D metric distance.  The code is available in https://github.com/zhuhao-nju/hmd.git.
Convolutional Mesh Regression for Single-Image Human Shape Reconstruction
Authors: Georgios Pavlakos,  Kostas Daniilidis Nikos Kolotouros
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2019 (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: This paper addresses the problem of 3D human pose and shape estimation from a single image. Previous approaches consider a parametric model of the human body, SMPL, and attempt to regress the model parameters that give rise to a mesh consistent with image evidence. This parameter regression has been a very challenging task, with model-based approaches underperforming compared to nonparametric solutions in terms of pose estimation. In our work, we propose to relax this heavy reliance on the model's parameter space. We still retain the topology of the SMPL template mesh, but instead of predicting model parameters, we directly regress the 3D location of the mesh vertices. This is a heavy task for a typical network, but our key insight is that the regression becomes significantly easier using a Graph-CNN. This architecture allows us to explicitly encode the template mesh structure within the network and leverage the spatial locality the mesh has to offer. Image-based features are attached to the mesh vertices and the Graph-CNN is responsible to process them on the mesh structure, while the regression target for each vertex is its 3D location. Having recovered the complete 3D geometry of the mesh, if we still require a specific model parametrization, this can be reliably regressed from the vertices locations. We demonstrate the flexibility and the effectiveness of our proposed graph-based mesh regression by attaching different types of features on the mesh vertices. In all cases, we outperform the comparable baselines relying on model parameter regression, while we also achieve state-of-the-art results among model-based pose estimation approaches.
H+O: Unified Egocentric Recognition of 3D Hand-Object Poses and Interactions
Authors: Federica Bogo,  Marc Pollefeys Bugra Tekin
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2019 (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: We present a unified framework for understanding 3D hand and object interactions in raw image sequences from egocentric RGB cameras. Given a single RGB image, our model jointly estimates the 3D hand and object poses, models their interactions, and recognizes the object and action classes with a single feed-forward pass through a neural network. We propose a single architecture that does not rely on external detection algorithms but rather is trained end-to-end on single images. We further merge and propagate information in the temporal domain to infer interactions between hand and object trajectories and recognize actions. The complete model takes as input a sequence of frames and outputs per-frame 3D hand and object pose predictions along with the estimates of object and action categories for the entire sequence. We demonstrate state-of-the-art performance of our algorithm even in comparison to the approaches that work on depth data and ground-truth annotations.
Learning the Depths of Moving People by Watching Frozen People
Authors: Tali Dekel,  Forrester Cole,  Richard Tucker,  Noah Snavely,  Ce Liu,  William T. Freeman Zhengqi Li
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2019 (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: We present a method for predicting dense depth in scenarios where both a monocular camera and people in the scene are freely moving. Existing methods for recovering depth for dynamic, non-rigid objects from monocular video impose strong assumptions on the objects' motion and may only recover sparse depth. In this paper, we take a data-driven approach and learn human depth priors from a new source of data: thousands of Internet videos of people imitating mannequins, i.e., freezing in diverse, natural poses, while a hand-held camera tours the scene. Since the people are stationary, training data can be created from these videos using multi-view stereo reconstruction. At inference time, our method uses motion parallax cues from the static areas of the scenes, and shows clear improvement over state-of-the-art monocular depth prediction methods. We demonstrate our method on real-world sequences of complex human actions captured by a moving hand-held camera, and show various 3D effects produced using our predicted depth.
Extreme Relative Pose Estimation for RGB-D Scans via Scene Completion
Authors: Jeffrey Z. Pan,  Linjie Luo,  Xiaowei Zhou,  Kristen Grauman,  Qixing Huang Zhenpei Yang
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2019 (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: Estimating the relative rigid pose between two RGB-D scans of the same underlying environment is a fundamental problem in computer vision, robotics, and computer graphics. Most existing approaches allow only limited maximum relative pose changes since they require considerable overlap between the input scans. We introduce a novel approach that extends the scope to extreme relative poses, with little or even no overlap between the input scans. The key idea is to infer more complete scene information about the underlying environment and match on the completed scans. In particular, instead of only performing scene completion from each individual scan, our approach alternates between relative pose estimation and scene completion. This allows us to perform scene completion by utilizing information from both input scans at late iterations, resulting in better results for both scene completion and relative pose estimation. Experimental results on benchmark datasets show that our approach leads to considerable improvements over state-of-the-art approaches for relative pose estimation. In particular, our approach provides encouraging relative pose estimates even between non-overlapping scans.
A Skeleton-Bridged Deep Learning Approach for Generating Meshes of Complex Topologies From Single RGB Images
Authors: Xiaoguang Han,  Junyi Pan,  Kui Jia,  Xin Tong Jiapeng Tang
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2019 (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: This paper focuses on the challenging task of learning 3D object surface reconstructions from single RGB images. Existing methods achieve varying degrees of success by using different geometric representations. However, they all have their own drawbacks, and cannot well reconstruct those surfaces of complex topologies. To this end, we propose in this paper a skeleton-bridged, stage-wise learning approach to address the challenge. Our use of skeleton is due to its nice property of topology preservation, while being of lower complexity to learn. To learn skeleton from an input image, we design a deep architecture whose decoder is based on a novel design of parallel streams respectively for synthesis of curve- and surface-like skeleton points. We use different shape representations of point cloud, volume, and mesh in our stage-wise learning, in order to take their respective advantages. We also propose multi-stage use of the input image to correct prediction errors that are possibly accumulated in each stage. We conduct intensive experiments to investigate the efficacy of our proposed approach. Qualitative and quantitative results on representative object categories of both simple and complex topologies demonstrate the superiority of our approach over existing ones. We will make our ShapeNet-Skeleton dataset publicly available.
Learning Structure-And-Motion-Aware Rolling Shutter Correction
Authors: Quoc-Huy Tran,  Pan Ji,  Loong-Fah Cheong,  Manmohan Chandraker Bingbing Zhuang
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2019 (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: An exact method of correcting the rolling shutter (RS) effect requires recovering the underlying geometry, i.e. the scene structures and the camera motions between scanlines or between views. However, the multiple-view geometry for RS cameras is much more complicated than its global shutter (GS) counterpart, with various degeneracies. In this paper, we first make a theoretical contribution by showing that RS two-view geometry is degenerate in the case of pure translational camera motion. In view of the complex RS geometry, we then propose a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)-based method which learns the underlying geometry (camera motion and scene structure) from just a single RS image and perform RS image correction. We call our method structure-and-motion-aware RS correction because it reasons about the concealed motions between the scanlines as well as the scene structure. Our method learns from a large-scale dataset synthesized in a geometrically meaningful way where the RS effect is generated in a manner consistent with the camera motion and scene structure. In extensive experiments, our method achieves superior performance compared to other state-of-the-art methods for single image RS correction and subsequent Structure from Motion (SfM) applications.
PVNet: Pixel-Wise Voting Network for 6DoF Pose Estimation
Authors: Yuan Liu,  Qixing Huang,  Xiaowei Zhou,  Hujun Bao Sida Peng
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2019 (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: This paper addresses the challenge of 6DoF pose estimation from a single RGB image under severe occlusion or truncation. Many recent works have shown that a two-stage approach, which first detects keypoints and then solves a Perspective-n-Point (PnP) problem for pose estimation, achieves remarkable performance. However, most of these methods only localize a set of sparse keypoints by regressing their image coordinates or heatmaps, which are sensitive to occlusion and truncation. Instead, we introduce a Pixel-wise Voting Network (PVNet) to regress pixel-wise vectors pointing to the keypoints and use these vectors to vote for keypoint locations. This creates a flexible representation for localizing occluded or truncated keypoints. Another important feature of this representation is that it provides uncertainties of keypoint locations that can be further leveraged by the PnP solver. Experiments show that the proposed approach outperforms the state of the art on the LINEMOD, Occlusion LINEMOD and YCB-Video datasets by a large margin, while being efficient for real-time pose estimation. We further create a Truncation LINEMOD dataset to validate the robustness of our approach against truncation. The code is available at https://zju3dv.github.io/pvnet/.
SelFlow: Self-Supervised Learning of Optical Flow
Authors: Michael Lyu,  Irwin King,  Jia Xu Pengpeng Liu
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2019 (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: We present a self-supervised learning approach for optical flow. Our method distills reliable flow estimations from non-occluded pixels, and uses these predictions as ground truth to learn optical flow for hallucinated occlusions. We further design a simple CNN to utilize temporal information from multiple frames for better flow estimation. These two principles lead to an approach that yields the best performance for unsupervised optical flow learning on the challenging benchmarks including MPI Sintel, KITTI 2012 and  2015. More notably, our self-supervised pre-trained model provides an excellent initialization for supervised fine-tuning. Our fine-tuned models achieve state-of-the-art results on  all three datasets. At the time of writing, we achieve EPE=4.26 on the Sintel benchmark, outperforming all submitted methods.
Taking a Deeper Look at the Inverse Compositional Algorithm
Authors: Frank Dellaert,  James M. Rehg,  Andreas Geiger Zhaoyang Lv
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2019 (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: In this paper, we provide a modern synthesis of the classic inverse compositional algorithm for dense image alignment. We first discuss the assumptions made by this well-established technique, and subsequently propose to relax these assumptions by incorporating data-driven priors into this model. More specifically, we unroll a robust version of the inverse compositional algorithm and replace multiple components of this algorithm using more expressive models whose parameters we train in an end-to-end fashion from data. Our experiments on several challenging 3D rigid motion estimation tasks demonstrate the advantages of combining optimization with learning-based techniques, outperforming the classic inverse compositional algorithm as well as data-driven image-to-pose regression approaches.
Deeper and Wider Siamese Networks for Real-Time Visual Tracking
Authors: Houwen Peng Zhipeng Zhang
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2019 (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: Siamese networks have drawn great attention in visual tracking because of their balanced accuracy and speed. However, the backbone networks used in Siamese trackers are relatively shallow, such as AlexNet, which does not fully take advantage of the capability of modern deep neural networks. In this paper, we investigate how to leverage deeper and wider convolutional neural networks to enhance tracking robustness and accuracy. We observe that direct replacement of backbones with existing powerful architectures, such as ResNet and Inception, does not bring improvements. The main reasons are that 1) large increases in the receptive field of neurons lead to reduced feature discriminability and localization precision; and 2) the network padding for convolutions induces a positional bias in learning. To address these issues, we propose new residual modules to eliminate the negative impact of padding, and further design new architectures using these modules with controlled receptive field size and network stride. The designed architectures are lightweight and guarantee real-time tracking speed when applied to SiamFC and SiamRPN. Experiments show that solely due to the proposed network architectures, our SiamFC+ and SiamRPN+ obtain up to 9.8%/6.3% (AUC), 23.3%/8.8% (EAO) and 24.4%/25.0% (EAO) relative improvements over the original versions on the OTB-15, VOT-16 and VOT-17 datasets, respectively.
Self-Supervised Adaptation of High-Fidelity Face Models for Monocular Performance Tracking
Authors: Takaaki Shiratori,  Shoou-I Yu,  Hyun Soo Park Jae Shin Yoon
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2019 (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: Improvements in data-capture and face modeling techniques have enabled us to create high-fidelity realistic face models. However, driving these realistic face models requires special input data, e.g., 3D meshes and unwrapped textures. Also, these face models expect clean input data taken under controlled lab environments, which is very different from data collected in the wild. All these constraints make it challenging to use the high-fidelity models in tracking for commodity cameras. In this paper, we propose a self-supervised domain adaptation approach to enable the animation of high-fidelity face models from a commodity camera. Our approach first circumvents the requirement for special input data by training a new network that can directly drive a face model just from a single 2D image. Then, we overcome the domain mismatch between lab and uncontrolled environments by performing self-supervised domain adaptation based on "consecutive frame texture consistency" based on the assumption that the appearance of the face is consistent over consecutive frames, avoiding the necessity of modeling the new environment such as lighting or background. Experiments show that we are able to drive a high-fidelity face model to perform complex facial motion from a cellphone camera without requiring any labeled data from the new domain.
Diverse Generation for Multi-Agent Sports Games
Authors: Alexander G. Schwing,  Jonathan Huang,  Kevin Murphy Raymond A. Yeh
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2019 (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: In this paper, we propose a new generative model for multi-agent trajectory data, focusing on the case of multi-player sports games. Our model leverages graph neural networks (GNNs) and variational recurrent neural networks (VRNNs) to achieve a permutation equivariant model suitable for sports. On two challenging datasets (basketball and soccer), we show that we are able to produce more accurate forecasts than previous methods. We assess accuracy using various metrics, such as log-likelihood and "best of N" loss, based on N different samples of the future. We also measure the distribution of statistics of interest, such as player location or velocity, and show that the distribution induced by our generative model better matches the empirical distribution of the test set. Finally, we show that our model can perform conditional prediction, which lets us answer counterfactual questions such as "how will the players move differently if A passes the ball to B instead of C?"
Efficient Online Multi-Person 2D Pose Tracking With Recurrent Spatio-Temporal Affinity Fields
Authors: Haroon Idrees,  Gines Hidalgo,  Yaser Sheikh Yaadhav Raaj
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2019 (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: We present an online approach to efficiently and simultaneously detect and track 2D poses of multiple people in a video sequence. We build upon Part Affinity Field (PAF) representation designed for static images, and propose an architecture that can encode and predict Spatio-Temporal Affinity Fields (STAF) across a video sequence. In particular, we propose a novel temporal topology cross-linked across limbs which can consistently handle  body motions of a wide range of magnitudes. Additionally, we make the overall approach recurrent in nature, where the network ingests STAF heatmaps from previous frames and estimates those for the current frame. Our approach uses only online inference and tracking, and is currently the fastest and the most accurate bottom-up approach that is runtime-invariant to the number of people in the scene and accuracy-invariant to input frame rate of camera. Running at ~30 fps on a single GPU at single scale, it achieves highly competitive results on the PoseTrack benchmarks.
GFrames: Gradient-Based Local Reference Frame for 3D Shape Matching
Authors: Riccardo Spezialetti,  Federico Tombari,  Michael M. Bronstein,  Luigi Di Stefano,  Emanuele Rodola Simone Melzi
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2019 (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: We introduce GFrames, a novel local reference frame (LRF) construction for 3D meshes and point clouds. GFrames are based on the computation of the intrinsic gradient of a scalar field defined on top of the input shape. The resulting tangent vector field defines a repeatable tangent direction of the local frame at each point; importantly, it directly inherits the properties and invariance classes of the underlying scalar function, making it remarkably robust under strong sampling artifacts, vertex noise, as well as non-rigid deformations. Existing local descriptors can directly benefit from our repeatable frames, as we showcase in a selection of 3D vision and shape analysis applications where we demonstrate state-of-the-art performance in a variety of challenging settings.
Eliminating Exposure Bias and Metric Mismatch in Multiple Object Tracking
Authors: Pascal Fua Andrii Maksai
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2019 (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: Identity  Switching remains  one  of the  main  difficulties Multiple  Object Tracking (MOT) algorithms  have to deal with.  Many state-of-the-art approaches now  use sequence  models  to solve  this  problem but  their  training can  be affected by biases that decrease their  efficiency. In this paper, we introduce a new training procedure that confronts the algorithm to its own mistakes while explicitly  attempting to  minimize the  number of  switches, which  results in better training.  We propose an iterative scheme of building  a rich training set and using it to learn a  scoring function  that is  an explicit proxy  for the  target tracking metric.  Whether using  only simple  geometric features  or more  sophisticated ones  that also  take appearance  into  account, our  approach outperforms  the state-of-the-art on several MOT benchmarks.
Graph Convolutional Tracking
Authors: Tianzhu Zhang,  Changsheng Xu Junyu Gao
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2019 (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: Tracking by siamese networks has achieved favorable performance in recent years. However, most of existing siamese methods do not take full advantage of spatial-temporal target appearance modeling under different contextual situations. In fact, the spatial-temporal information can provide diverse features to enhance the target representation, and the context information is important for online adaption of target localization. To comprehensively leverage the spatial-temporal structure of historical target exemplars and get benefit from the context information, in this work, we present a novel Graph Convolutional Tracking (GCT) method for high-performance visual tracking. Specifically, the GCT jointly incorporates two types of Graph Convolutional Networks (GCNs) into a siamese framework for target appearance modeling. Here, we adopt a spatial-temporal GCN to model the structured representation of historical target exemplars. Furthermore, a context GCN is designed to utilize the context of the current frame to learn adaptive features for target localization. Extensive results on 4 challenging benchmarks show that our GCT method performs favorably against state-of-the-art trackers while running around 50 frames per second.
ATOM: Accurate Tracking by Overlap Maximization
Authors: Goutam Bhat,  Fahad Shahbaz Khan,  Michael Felsberg Martin Danelljan
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2019 (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: While recent years have witnessed astonishing improvements in visual tracking robustness, the advancements in tracking accuracy have been limited. As the focus has been directed towards the development of powerful classifiers, the problem of accurate target state estimation has been largely overlooked. In fact, most trackers resort to a simple multi-scale search in order to estimate the target bounding box. We argue that this approach is fundamentally limited since target estimation is a complex task, requiring high-level knowledge about the object.  We address this problem by proposing a novel tracking architecture, consisting of dedicated target estimation and classification components. High level knowledge is incorporated into the target estimation through extensive offline learning. Our target estimation component is trained to predict the overlap between the target object and an estimated bounding box. By carefully integrating target-specific information, our approach achieves previously unseen bounding box accuracy. We further introduce a classification component that is trained online to guarantee high discriminative power in the presence of distractors. Our final tracking framework sets a new state-of-the-art on five challenging benchmarks. On the new large-scale TrackingNet dataset, our tracker ATOM achieves a relative gain of 15% over the previous best approach, while running at over 30 FPS. Code and models are available at https://github.com/visionml/pytracking.
Visual Tracking via Adaptive Spatially-Regularized Correlation Filters
Authors: Dong Wang,  Huchuan Lu,  Chong Sun,  Jianhua Li Kenan Dai
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2019 (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: In this work, we propose a novel adaptive spatially-regularized correlation filters (ASRCF) model to simultaneously optimize the filter coefficients and the spatial regularization weight. First, this adaptive spatial regularization scheme could learn an effective spatial weight for a specific object and its appearance variations, and therefore result in more reliable filter coefficients during the tracking process. Second, our ASRCF model can be effectively optimized based on the alternating direction method of multipliers, where each subproblem has the closed-from solution. Third, our tracker applies two kinds of CF models to estimate the location and scale respectively. The location CF model exploits ensembles of shallow and deep features to determine the optimal position accurately. The scale CF model works on multi-scale shallow features to estimate the optimal scale efficiently. Extensive experiments on five recent benchmarks show that our tracker performs favorably against many state-of-the-art algorithms, with real-time performance of 28fps.
Deep Tree Learning for Zero-Shot Face Anti-Spoofing
Authors: Joel Stehouwer,  Amin Jourabloo,  Xiaoming Liu Yaojie Liu
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2019 (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: Face anti-spoofing is designed to keep face recognition systems from recognizing fake faces as the genuine users. While advanced face anti-spoofing methods are developed, new types of spoof attacks are also being created and becoming a threat to all existing systems. We define the detection of unknown spoof attacks as Zero-Shot Face Anti-spoofing (ZSFA). Previous works of ZSFA only study 1-2 types of spoof attacks, such as print/replay attacks, which limits the insight of this problem. In this work, we expand the ZSFA problem to a wide range of 13 types of spoof attacks, including print attack, replay attack, 3D mask attacks, and so on. A novel Deep Tree Network (DTN) is proposed to tackle the ZSFA. The tree is learned to partition the spoof samples into semantic sub-groups in an unsupervised fashion. When a data sample arrives, being know or unknown attacks, DTN routes it to the most similar spoof cluster, and make the binary decision. In addition, to enable the study of ZSFA, we introduce the first face anti-spoofing database that contains diverse types of spoof attacks. Experiments show that our proposed method achieves the state of the art on multiple testing protocols of ZSFA.
ArcFace: Additive Angular Margin Loss for Deep Face Recognition
Authors: Jia Guo,  Niannan Xue,  Stefanos Zafeiriou Jiankang Deng
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2019 (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: One of the main challenges in feature learning using Deep Convolutional Neural Networks (DCNNs) for large-scale face recognition is the design of appropriate loss functions that can enhance the discriminative power. Centre loss penalises the distance between deep features and their corresponding class centres in the Euclidean space to achieve intra-class compactness. SphereFace assumes that the linear transformation matrix in the last fully connected layer can be used as a representation of the class centres in the angular space and therefore penalises the angles between deep features and their corresponding weights in a multiplicative way. Recently, a popular line of research is to incorporate margins in well-established loss functions in order to maximise face class separability. In this paper, we propose an Additive Angular Margin Loss (ArcFace) to obtain highly discriminative features for face recognition. The proposed ArcFace has a clear geometric interpretation due to its exact correspondence to geodesic distance on a hypersphere. We present arguably the most extensive experimental evaluation against all recent state-of-the-art face recognition methods on ten face recognition benchmarks which includes a new large-scale image database with trillions of pairs and a large-scale video dataset. We show that ArcFace consistently outperforms the state of the art and can be easily implemented with negligible computational overhead. To facilitate future research, the code has been made available.
Learning Joint Gait Representation via Quintuplet Loss Minimization
Authors: Wenhan Luo,  Lin Ma,  Wei Liu,  Hongdong Li Kaihao Zhang
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2019 (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: Gait recognition is an important biometric method popularly used in video surveillance, where the task is to identify people at a distance by their walking patterns from video sequences. Most of the current successful approaches for gait recognition either use a pair of gait images to form a cross-gait representation or rely on a single gait image for unique-gait representation. These two types of representations emperically complement one another. In this paper, we propose a new Joint Unique-gait and Cross-gait Network (JUCNet), to combine the advantages of unique-gait representation with that of cross-gait representation, leading to an significantly improved performance. Another key contribution of this paper is a novel quintuplet loss function, which simultaneously increases the inter-class differences by pushing representations extracted from different subjects apart and decreases the intra-class variations by pulling representations extracted from the same subject together. Experiments show that our method achieves the state-of-the-art performance tested on standard benchmark datasets, demonstrating its superiority over existing methods.
Gait Recognition via Disentangled Representation Learning
Authors: Luan Tran,  Xi Yin,  Yousef Atoum,  Xiaoming Liu,  Jian Wan,  Nanxin Wang Ziyuan Zhang
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2019 (Main Conference Track), 2019

Abstract: Gait, the walking pattern of individuals, is one of the most important biometrics modalities. Most of the existing gait recognition methods take silhouettes or articulated body models as the gait features. These methods suffer from degraded recognition performance when handling confounding variables, such as clothing, carrying and view angle. To remedy this issue, we propose a novel AutoEncoder framework to explicitly disentangle pose and appearance features from RGB imagery and the LSTM-based integration of pose features over time produces the gait feature. In addition, we collect a Frontal-View Gait (FVG) dataset to focus on gait recognition from frontal-view walking, which is a challenging problem since it contains minimal gait cues compared to other views. FVG also includes other important variations,e.g., walking speed, carrying, and clothing. With extensive experiments on CASIA-B, USF and FVG datasets, our method demonstrates superior performance to the-state-of-the-arts quantitatively, the ability of feature disentanglement qualitatively, and promising computational efficiency.