mtybilly/Instruct2DS huggingface dataset:
Deep Imbalanced Regression via Hierarchical Classification Adjustment
Authors: Angela Yao Haipeng Xiong
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2024 (Main Conference Track), 2024

Abstract: Regression tasks in computer vision such as age estimation or counting are often formulated into classification by quantizing the target space into classes. Yet real-world data is often imbalanced -- the majority of training samples lie in a head range of target values while a minority of samples span a usually larger tail range. By selecting the class quantization one can adjust imbalanced regression targets into balanced classification outputs though there are trade-offs in balancing classification accuracy and quantization error. To improve regression performance over the entire range of data we propose to construct hierarchical classifiers for solving imbalanced regression tasks. The fine-grained classifiers limit the quantization error while being modulated by the coarse predictions to ensure high accuracy. Standard hierarchical classification approaches when applied to the regression problem fail to ensure that predicted ranges remain consistent across the hierarchy. As such we propose a range-preserving distillation process that effectively learns a single classifier from the set of hierarchical classifiers. Our novel hierarchical classification adjustment (HCA) for imbalanced regression shows superior results on three diverse tasks: age estimation crowd counting and depth estimation. Code is available at https://github.com/xhp-hust-2018-2011/HCA.
Adaptive Fusion of Single-View and Multi-View Depth for Autonomous Driving
Authors: Wei Yin, Kaixuan Wang, Xiaozhi Chen, Shijie Wang, Xin Yang Junda Cheng
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2024 (Main Conference Track), 2024

Abstract: Multi-view depth estimation has achieved impressive performance over various benchmarks. However almost all current multi-view systems rely on given ideal camera poses which are unavailable in many real-world scenarios such as autonomous driving. In this work we propose a new robustness benchmark to evaluate the depth estimation system under various noisy pose settings. Surprisingly we find current multi-view depth estimation methods or single-view and multi-view fusion methods will fail when given noisy pose settings. To address this challenge we propose a single-view and multi-view fused depth estimation system which adaptively integrates high-confident multi-view and single-view results for both robust and accurate depth estimations. The adaptive fusion module performs fusion by dynamically selecting high-confidence regions between two branches based on a wrapping confidence map. Thus the system tends to choose the more reliable branch when facing textureless scenes inaccurate calibration dynamic objects and other degradation or challenging conditions. Our method outperforms state-of-the-art multi-view and fusion methods under robustness testing. Furthermore we achieve state-of-the-art performance on challenging benchmarks (KITTI and DDAD) when given accurate pose estimations. Project website: https://github.com/Junda24/AFNet/
Neural Clustering based Visual Representation Learning
Authors: Xia Li, Yi Yang, Wenguan Wang Guikun Chen
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2024 (Main Conference Track), 2024

Abstract: We investigate a fundamental aspect of machine vision: the measurement of features by revisiting clustering one of the most classic approaches in machine learning and data analysis. Existing visual feature extractors including ConvNets ViTs and MLPs represent an image as rectangular regions. Though prevalent such a grid-style paradigm is built upon engineering practice and lacks explicit modeling of data distribution. In this work we propose feature extraction with clustering (FEC) a conceptually elegant yet surprisingly ad-hoc interpretable neural clustering framework which views feature extraction as a process of selecting representatives from data and thus automatically captures the underlying data distribution. Given an image FEC alternates between grouping pixels into individual clusters to abstract representatives and updating the deep features of pixels with current representatives. Such an iterative working mechanism is implemented in the form of several neural layers and the final representatives can be used for downstream tasks. The cluster assignments across layers which can be viewed and inspected by humans make the forward process of FEC fully transparent and empower it with promising ad-hoc interpretability. Extensive experiments on various visual recognition models and tasks verify the effectiveness generality and interpretability of FEC. We expect this work will provoke a rethink of the current de facto grid-style paradigm.
Continual Self-supervised Learning: Towards Universal Multi-modal Medical Data Representation Learning
Authors: Yutong Xie, Jianpeng Zhang, Ziyang Chen, Qi Wu, Yong Xia Yiwen Ye
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2024 (Main Conference Track), 2024

Abstract: Self-supervised learning (SSL) is an efficient pre-training method for medical image analysis. However current research is mostly confined to certain modalities consuming considerable time and resources without achieving universality across different modalities. A straightforward solution is combining all modality data for joint SSL which poses practical challenges. Firstly our experiments reveal conflicts in representation learning as the number of modalities increases. Secondly multi-modal data collected in advance cannot cover all real-world scenarios. In this paper we reconsider versatile SSL from the perspective of continual learning and propose MedCoSS a continuous SSL approach for multi-modal medical data. Different from joint representation learning MedCoSS assigns varying data modalities to separate training stages creating a multi-stage pre-training process. We propose a rehearsal-based continual learning approach to manage modal conflicts and prevent catastrophic forgetting. Specifically we use the k-means sampling to retain and rehearse previous modality data during new modality learning. Moreover we apply feature distillation and intra-modal mixup on buffer data for knowledge retention bypassing pretext tasks. We conduct experiments on a large-scale multi-modal unlabeled dataset including clinical reports X-rays CT MRI and pathological images. Experimental results demonstrate MedCoSS's exceptional generalization ability across 9 downstream datasets and its significant scalability in integrating new modality data. The code and pre-trained model are available at https://github.com/yeerwen/MedCoSS.
Sparse Semi-DETR: Sparse Learnable Queries for Semi-Supervised Object Detection
Authors: Khurram Azeem Hashmi, Didier Stricker, Muhammad Zeshan Afzal Tahira Shehzadi
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2024 (Main Conference Track), 2024

Abstract: In this paper we address the limitations of the DETR-based semi-supervised object detection (SSOD) framework particularly focusing on the challenges posed by the quality of object queries. In DETR-based SSOD the one-to-one assignment strategy provides inaccurate pseudo-labels while the one-to-many assignments strategy leads to overlapping predictions. These issues compromise training efficiency and degrade model performance especially in detecting small or occluded objects. We introduce Sparse Semi-DETR a novel transformer-based end-to-end semi-supervised object detection solution to overcome these challenges. Sparse Semi-DETR incorporates a Query Refinement Module to enhance the quality of object queries significantly improving detection capabilities for small and partially obscured objects. Additionally we integrate a Reliable Pseudo-Label Filtering Module that selectively filters high-quality pseudo-labels thereby enhancing detection accuracy and consistency. On the MS-COCO and Pascal VOC object detection benchmarks Sparse Semi-DETR achieves a significant improvement over current state-of-the-art methods that highlight Sparse Semi-DETR's effectiveness in semi-supervised object detection particularly in challenging scenarios involving small or partially obscured objects.
Towards Efficient Replay in Federated Incremental Learning
Authors: Qunwei Li, Haozhao Wang, Ruixuan Li, Wenliang Zhong, Guannan Zhang Yichen Li
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2024 (Main Conference Track), 2024

Abstract: In Federated Learning (FL) the data in each client is typically assumed fixed or static. However data often comes in an incremental manner in real-world applications where the data domain may increase dynamically. In this work we study catastrophic forgetting with data heterogeneity in Federated Incremental Learning (FIL) scenarios where edge clients may lack enough storage space to retain full data. We propose to employ a simple generic framework for FIL named Re-Fed which can coordinate each client to cache important samples for replay. More specifically when a new task arrives each client first caches selected previous samples based on their global and local importance. Then the client trains the local model with both the cached samples and the samples from the new task. Theoretically we analyze the ability of Re-Fed to discover important samples for replay thus alleviating the catastrophic forgetting problem. Moreover we empirically show that Re-Fed achieves competitive performance compared to state-of-the-art methods.
SimAC: A Simple Anti-Customization Method for Protecting Face Privacy against Text-to-Image Synthesis of Diffusion Models
Authors: Zhentao Tan, Tianyi Wei, Yue Wu, Qidong Huang Feifei Wang
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2024 (Main Conference Track), 2024

Abstract: Despite the success of diffusion-based customization methods on visual content creation increasing concerns have been raised about such techniques from both privacy and political perspectives. To tackle this issue several anti-customization methods have been proposed in very recent months predominantly grounded in adversarial attacks. Unfortunately most of these methods adopt straightforward designs such as end-to-end optimization with a focus on adversarially maximizing the original training loss thereby neglecting nuanced internal properties intrinsic to the diffusion model and even leading to ineffective optimization in some diffusion time steps. In this paper we strive to bridge this gap by undertaking a comprehensive exploration of these inherent properties to boost the performance of current anti-customization approaches. Two aspects of properties are investigated: 1) We examine the relationship between time step selection and the model's perception in the frequency domain of images and find that lower time steps can give much more contributions to adversarial noises. This inspires us to propose an adaptive greedy search for optimal time steps that seamlessly integrates with existing anti-customization methods. 2) We scrutinize the roles of features at different layers during denoising and devise a sophisticated feature-based optimization framework for anti-customization. Experiments on facial benchmarks demonstrate that our approach significantly increases identity disruption thereby protecting user privacy and copyright. Our code is available at: https://github.com/somuchtome/SimAC.
Total-Decom: Decomposed 3D Scene Reconstruction with Minimal Interaction
Authors: Chirui Chang, Peng Dai, Yang-Tian Sun, Xiaojuan Qi Xiaoyang Lyu
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2024 (Main Conference Track), 2024

Abstract: Scene reconstruction from multi-view images is a fundamental problem in computer vision and graphics. Recent neural implicit surface reconstruction methods have achieved high-quality results; however editing and manipulating the 3D geometry of reconstructed scenes remains challenging due to the absence of naturally decomposed object entities and complex object/background compositions. In this paper we present Total-Decom a novel method for decomposed 3D reconstruction with minimal human interaction. Our approach seamlessly integrates the Segment Anything Model (SAM) with hybrid implicit-explicit neural surface representations and a mesh-based region-growing technique for accurate 3D object decomposition. Total-Decom requires minimal human annotations while providing users with real-time control over the granularity and quality of decomposition. We extensively evaluate our method on benchmark datasets and demonstrate its potential for downstream applications such as animation and scene editing.
Accelerating Neural Field Training via Soft Mining
Authors: Daniel Rebain, Gopal Sharma, Hossam Isack, Abhishek Kar, Andrea Tagliasacchi, Kwang Moo Yi Shakiba Kheradmand
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2024 (Main Conference Track), 2024

Abstract: We present an approach to accelerate Neural Field training by efficiently selecting sampling locations. While Neural Fields have recently become popular it is often trained by uniformly sampling the training domain or through handcrafted heuristics. We show that improved convergence and final training quality can be achieved by a soft mining technique based on importance sampling: rather than either considering or ignoring a pixel completely we weigh the corresponding loss by a scalar. To implement our idea we use Langevin Monte-Carlo sampling. We show that by doing so regions with higher error are being selected more frequently leading to more than 2x improvement in convergence speed. The code and related resources for this study are publicly available at https://ubc-vision.github.io/nf-soft-mining/.
Ensemble Diversity Facilitates Adversarial Transferability
Authors: Zheng Wang, Yi Bin, Qi Dou, Yang Yang, Heng Tao Shen Bowen Tang
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2024 (Main Conference Track), 2024

Abstract: With the advent of ensemble-based attacks the transferability of generated adversarial examples is elevated by a noticeable margin despite many methods only employing superficial integration yet ignoring the diversity between ensemble models. However most of them compromise the latent value of the diversity between generated perturbation from distinct models which we argue is also able to increase the adversarial transferability especially heterogeneous attacks. To address the issues we propose a novel method of Stochastic Mini-batch black-box attack with Ensemble Reweighing using reinforcement learning (SMER) to produce highly transferable adversarial examples. We emphasize the diversity between surrogate models achieving individual perturbation iteratively. In order to customize the individual effect between surrogates ensemble reweighing is introduced to refine ensemble weights by maximizing attack loss based on reinforcement learning which functions on the ultimate transferability elevation. Extensive experiments demonstrate our superiority to recent ensemble attacks with a significant margin across different black-box attack scenarios especially on heterogeneous conditions.
Fair-VPT: Fair Visual Prompt Tuning for Image Classification
Authors: Hyeran Byun Sungho Park
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2024 (Main Conference Track), 2024

Abstract: Despite the remarkable success of Vision Transformers (ViT) across diverse fields in computer vision they have a clear drawback of expensive adaption cost for downstream tasks due to the increased scale. To address this Visual Prompt Tuning (VPT) incorporates learnable parameters in the input space of ViT. While freezing the ViT backbone and tuning only the prompts it exhibits superior performances to full fine-tuning. However despite the outstanding advantage we point out that VPT may lead to serious unfairness in downstream classification. Initially we investigate the causes of unfairness in VPT identifying the biasedly pre-trained ViT as a principal factor. Motivated by this observation we propose a Fair Visual Prompt Tuning (Fair-VPT) which removes biased information in the pre-trained ViT while adapting it to downstream classification tasks. To this end we categorize prompts into "cleaner prompts" and "target prompts". Based on this we encode the class token in two different ways by either masking or not masking the target prompts in the self-attention process. These encoded tokens are trained with distinct objective functions resulting in the inclusion of different information in the target and cleaner prompts. Moreover we introduce a disentanglement loss based on contrastive learning to further decorrelate them. In experiments across diverse benchmarks the proposed method demonstrates the most superior performance in terms of balanced classification accuracy and fairness.
Uncertainty-Aware Source-Free Adaptive Image Super-Resolution with Wavelet Augmentation Transformer
Authors: Xiaoqiang Zhou, Huaibo Huang, Lei Zhang, Ran He Yuang Ai
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2024 (Main Conference Track), 2024

Abstract: Unsupervised Domain Adaptation (UDA) can effectively address domain gap issues in real-world image Super-Resolution (SR) by accessing both the source and target data. Considering privacy policies or transmission restrictions of source data in practical scenarios we propose a SOurce-free Domain Adaptation framework for image SR (SODA-SR) to address this issue i.e. adapt a source-trained model to a target domain with only unlabeled target data. SODA-SR leverages the source-trained model to generate refined pseudo-labels for teacher-student learning. To better utilize pseudo-labels we propose a novel wavelet-based augmentation method named Wavelet Augmentation Transformer (WAT) which can be flexibly incorporated with existing networks to implicitly produce useful augmented data. WAT learns low-frequency information of varying levels across diverse samples which is aggregated efficiently via deformable attention. Furthermore an uncertainty-aware self-training mechanism is proposed to improve the accuracy of pseudo-labels with inaccurate predictions being rectified by uncertainty estimation. To acquire better SR results and avoid overfitting pseudo-labels several regularization losses are proposed to constrain target LR and SR images in the frequency domain. Experiments show that without accessing source data SODA-SR outperforms state-of-the-art UDA methods in both synthetic->real and real->real adaptation settings and is not constrained by specific network architectures.
Gear-NeRF: Free-Viewpoint Rendering and Tracking with Motion-aware Spatio-Temporal Sampling
Authors: Yu-Wing Tai, Chi-Keung Tang, Pedro Miraldo, Suhas Lohit, Moitreya Chatterjee Xinhang Liu
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2024 (Main Conference Track), 2024

Abstract: Extensions of Neural Radiance Fields (NeRFs) to model dynamic scenes have enabled their near photo-realistic free-viewpoint rendering. Although these methods have shown some potential in creating immersive experiences two drawbacks limit their ubiquity: (i) a significant reduction in reconstruction quality when the computing budget is limited and (ii) a lack of semantic understanding of the underlying scenes. To address these issues we introduce Gear-NeRF which leverages semantic information from powerful image segmentation models. Our approach presents a principled way for learning a spatio-temporal (4D) semantic embedding based on which we introduce the concept of gears to allow for stratified modeling of dynamic regions of the scene based on the extent of their motion. Such differentiation allows us to adjust the spatio-temporal sampling resolution for each region in proportion to its motion scale achieving more photo-realistic dynamic novel view synthesis. At the same time almost for free our approach enables free-viewpoint tracking of objects of interest -- a functionality not yet achieved by existing NeRF-based methods. Empirical studies validate the effectiveness of our method where we achieve state-of-the-art rendering and tracking performance on multiple challenging datasets. The project page is available at: https://merl.com/research/highlights/gear-nerf.
CaDeT: a Causal Disentanglement Approach for Robust Trajectory Prediction in Autonomous Driving
Authors: Junrui Zhang, Amir Rasouli Mozhgan Pourkeshavarz
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2024 (Main Conference Track), 2024

Abstract: For safe motion planning in real-world autonomous vehicles require behavior prediction models that are reliable and robust to distribution shifts. The recent studies suggest that the existing learning-based trajectory prediction models do not posses such characteristics and are susceptible to small perturbations that are not present in the training data largely due to overfitting to spurious correlations while learning. In this paper we propose a causal disentanglement representation learning approach aiming to separate invariant (causal) and variant (spurious) features for more robust learning. Our method benefits from a novel intervention mechanism in the latent space that estimates potential distribution shifts resulted from spurious correlations using uncertain feature statistics hence maintaining the realism of interventions. To facilitate learning we propose a novel invariance objective based on the variances of the distributions over uncertain statistics to induce the model to focus on invariant representations during training. We conduct extensive experiments on two large-scale autonomous driving datasets and show that besides achieving state-of-the-art performance our method can significantly improve prediction robustness to various distribution shifts in driving scenes. We further conduct ablative studies to evaluate the design choices in our proposed framework.
Spacetime Gaussian Feature Splatting for Real-Time Dynamic View Synthesis
Authors: Zhang Chen, Zhong Li, Yi Xu Zhan Li
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2024 (Main Conference Track), 2024

Abstract: Novel view synthesis of dynamic scenes has been an intriguing yet challenging problem. Despite recent advancements simultaneously achieving high-resolution photorealistic results real-time rendering and compact storage remains a formidable task. To address these challenges we propose Spacetime Gaussian Feature Splatting as a novel dynamic scene representation composed of three pivotal components. First we formulate expressive Spacetime Gaussians by enhancing 3D Gaussians with temporal opacity and parametric motion/rotation. This enables Spacetime Gaussians to capture static dynamic as well as transient content within a scene. Second we introduce splatted feature rendering which replaces spherical harmonics with neural features. These features facilitate the modeling of view- and time-dependent appearance while maintaining small size. Third we leverage the guidance of training error and coarse depth to sample new Gaussians in areas that are challenging to converge with existing pipelines. Experiments on several established real-world datasets demonstrate that our method achieves state-of-the-art rendering quality and speed while retaining compact storage. At 8K resolution our lite-version model can render at 60 FPS on an Nvidia RTX 4090 GPU.
Instruct-Imagen: Image Generation with Multi-modal Instruction
Authors: Kelvin C.K. Chan, Yu-Chuan Su, Wenhu Chen, Yandong Li, Kihyuk Sohn, Yang Zhao, Xue Ben, Boqing Gong, William Cohen, Ming-Wei Chang, Xuhui Jia Hexiang Hu
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2024 (Main Conference Track), 2024

Abstract: This paper presents Instruct-Imagen a model that tackles heterogeneous image generation tasks and generalizes across unseen tasks. We introduce multi-modal instruction for image generation a task representation articulating a range of generation intents with precision. It uses natural language to amalgamate disparate modalities (e.g. text edge style subject etc.) such that abundant generation intents can be standardized in a uniform format. We then build Instruct-Imagen by fine-tuning a pre-trained text-to-image diffusion model with two stages. First we adapt the model using the retrieval-augmented training to enhance model's capabilities to ground its generation on external multi-modal context. Subsequently we fine-tune the adapted model on diverse image generation tasks that requires vision-language understanding (e.g. subject-driven generation etc.) each paired with a multi-modal instruction encapsulating the task's essence. Human evaluation on various image generation datasets reveals that Instruct-Imagen matches or surpasses prior task-specific models in-domain and demonstrates promising generalization to unseen and more complex tasks. Our evaluation suite will be made publicly available.
Prompting Vision Foundation Models for Pathology Image Analysis
Authors: Siqi Liu, Kaiyang Zhou, Vincent Wai-Sun Wong, Pong C. Yuen Chong Yin
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2024 (Main Conference Track), 2024

Abstract: The rapid increase in cases of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in recent years has raised significant public concern. Accurately identifying tissue alteration regions is crucial for the diagnosis of NAFLD but this task presents challenges in pathology image analysis particularly with small-scale datasets. Recently the paradigm shift from full fine-tuning to prompting in adapting vision foundation models has offered a new perspective for small-scale data analysis. However existing prompting methods based on task-agnostic prompts are mainly developed for generic image recognition which fall short in providing instructive cues for complex pathology images. In this paper we propose  Q uantitative  A ttribute-based  P rompting (QAP) a novel prompting method specifically for liver pathology image analysis. QAP is based on two quantitative attributes namely K-function-based spatial attributes and histogram-based morphological attributes which are aimed for quantitative assessment of tissue states. Moreover a conditional prompt generator is designed to turn these instance-specific attributes into visual prompts. Extensive experiments on three diverse tasks demonstrate that our task-specific prompting method achieves better diagnostic performance as well as better interpretability. Code is available at \href https://github.com/7LFB/QAP  https://github.com/7LFB/QAP .
Rethinking Few-shot 3D Point Cloud Semantic Segmentation
Authors: Guolei Sun, Yun Liu, Fayao Liu, Zongwei Wu, Dan Wang, Luc Van Gool, Serge Belongie Zhaochong An
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2024 (Main Conference Track), 2024

Abstract: This paper revisits few-shot 3D point cloud semantic segmentation (FS-PCS) with a focus on two significant issues in the state-of-the-art: foreground leakage and sparse point distribution. The former arises from non-uniform point sampling allowing models to distinguish the density disparities between foreground and background for easier segmentation. The latter results from sampling only 2048 points limiting semantic information and deviating from the real-world practice. To address these issues we introduce a standardized FS-PCS setting upon which a new benchmark is built. Moreover we propose a novel FS-PCS model. While previous methods are based on feature optimization by mainly refining support features to enhance prototypes our method is based on correlation optimization referred to as Correlation Optimization Segmentation (COSeg). Specifically we compute Class-specific Multi-prototypical Correlation (CMC) for each query point representing its correlations to category prototypes. Then we propose the Hyper Correlation Augmentation (HCA) module to enhance CMC. Furthermore tackling the inherent property of few-shot training to incur base susceptibility for models we propose to learn non-parametric prototypes for the base classes during training. The learned base prototypes are used to calibrate correlations for the background class through a Base Prototypes Calibration (BPC) module. Experiments on popular datasets demonstrate the superiority of COSeg over existing methods. The code is available at github.com/ZhaochongAn/COSeg.
SEED-Bench: Benchmarking Multimodal Large Language Models
Authors: Yuying Ge, Yixiao Ge, Guangzhi Wang, Rui Wang, Ruimao Zhang, Ying Shan Bohao Li
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2024 (Main Conference Track), 2024

Abstract: Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) building upon the foundation of powerful large language models (LLMs) have recently demonstrated exceptional capabilities in generating not only texts but also images given interleaved multimodal inputs (acting like a combination of GPT-4V and DALL-E 3). However existing MLLM benchmarks remain limited to assessing only models' comprehension ability of single image-text inputs failing to keep up with the strides made in MLLMs. A comprehensive benchmark is imperative for investigating the progress and uncovering the limitations of current MLLMs. In this work we categorize the capabilities of MLLMs into hierarchical levels from L_0 to L_4 based on the modalities they can accept and generate and propose SEED-Bench a comprehensive benchmark that evaluates the hierarchical capabilities of MLLMs. Specifically SEED-Bench comprises 24K multiple-choice questions with accurate human annotations which spans 27 dimensions including the evaluation of both text and image generation. Multiple-choice questions with groundtruth options derived from human annotation enables an objective and efficient assessment of model performance eliminating the need for human or GPT intervention during evaluation. We further evaluate the performance of 22 prominent open-source MLLMs and summarize valuable observations. By revealing the limitations of existing MLLMs through extensive evaluations we aim for SEED-Bench to provide insights that will motivate future research towards the goal of General Artificial Intelligence.
BrainWash: A Poisoning Attack to Forget in Continual Learning
Authors: Parsa Nooralinejad, Hamed Pirsiavash, Soheil Kolouri Ali Abbasi
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2024 (Main Conference Track), 2024

Abstract: Continual learning has gained substantial attention within the deep learning community offering promising solutions to the challenging problem of sequential learning. Yet a largely unexplored facet of this paradigm is its susceptibility to adversarial attacks especially with the aim of inducing forgetting. In this paper we introduce "BrainWash" a novel data poisoning method tailored to impose forgetting on a continual learner. By adding the BrainWash noise to a variety of baselines we demonstrate how a trained continual learner can be induced to forget its previously learned tasks catastrophically even when using these continual learning baselines. An important feature of our approach is that the attacker requires no access to previous tasks' data and is armed merely with the model's current parameters and the data belonging to the most recent task. Our extensive experiments highlight the efficacy of BrainWash showcasing degradation in performance across various regularization and memory replay-based continual learning methods. Our code is available here: https://github.com/mint-vu/Brainwash
GreedyViG: Dynamic Axial Graph Construction for Efficient Vision GNNs
Authors: William Avery, Md Mostafijur Rahman, Radu Marculescu Mustafa Munir
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2024 (Main Conference Track), 2024

Abstract: Vision graph neural networks (ViG) offer a new avenue for exploration in computer vision. A major bottleneck in ViGs is the inefficient k-nearest neighbor (KNN) operation used for graph construction. To solve this issue we propose a new method for designing ViGs Dynamic Axial Graph Construction (DAGC) which is more efficient than KNN as it limits the number of considered graph connections made within an image. Additionally we propose a novel CNN-GNN architecture GreedyViG which uses DAGC. Extensive experiments show that GreedyViG beats existing ViG CNN and ViT architectures in terms of accuracy GMACs and parameters on image classification object detection instance segmentation and semantic segmentation tasks. Our smallest model GreedyViG-S achieves 81.1% top-1 accuracy on ImageNet-1K 2.9% higher than Vision GNN and 2.2% higher than Vision HyperGraph Neural Network (ViHGNN) with less GMACs and a similar number of parameters. Our largest model GreedyViG-B obtains 83.9% top-1 accuracy 0.2% higher than Vision GNN with a 66.6% decrease in parameters and a 69% decrease in GMACs. GreedyViG-B also obtains the same accuracy as ViHGNN with a 67.3% decrease in parameters and a 71.3% decrease in GMACs. Our work shows that hybrid CNN-GNN architectures not only provide a new avenue for designing efficient models but that they can also exceed the performance of current state-of-the-art models.
Relightable and Animatable Neural Avatar from Sparse-View Video
Authors: Sida Peng, Chen Geng, Linzhan Mou, Zihan Yan, Jiaming Sun, Hujun Bao, Xiaowei Zhou Zhen Xu
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2024 (Main Conference Track), 2024

Abstract: This paper tackles the problem of creating relightable and animatable neural avatars from sparse-view (or monocular) videos of dynamic humans under unknown illumination. Previous neural human reconstruction methods produce animatable avatars from sparse views using deformed Signed Distance Fields (SDF) but are non-relightable. While differentiable inverse rendering methods have succeeded in the material recovery of static objects it is not straightforward to extend them to dynamic humans since it is computationally intensive to compute pixel-surface intersection and light visibility on deformed SDFs for relighting. To solve this challenge we propose a Hierarchical Distance Query (HDQ) algorithm to approximate the world space SDF under arbitrary human poses. Specifically we estimate coarse SDF based on a parametric human model and compute fine SDF by exploiting the invariance of SDF w.r.t. local deformation. Based on HDQ we leverage sphere tracing to efficiently estimate the surface intersection and light visibility. This allows us to develop the first system to recover relightable and animatable neural avatars from sparse or monocular inputs. Experiments show that our approach produces superior results compared to state-of-the-art methods. Our project page is available at https://zju3dv.github.io/relightable_avatar.
FreePoint: Unsupervised Point Cloud Instance Segmentation
Authors: Jian Ding, Li Jiang, Dengxin Dai, Guisong Xia Zhikai Zhang
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2024 (Main Conference Track), 2024

Abstract: Instance segmentation of point clouds is a crucial task in 3D field with numerous applications that involve localizing and segmenting objects in a scene. However achieving satisfactory results requires a large number of manual annotations which is time-consuming and expensive. To alleviate dependency on annotations we propose a novel framework FreePoint for underexplored unsupervised class-agnostic instance segmentation on point clouds. In detail we represent the point features by combining coordinates colors and self-supervised deep features. Based on the point features we perform a bottom-up multicut algorithm to segment point clouds into coarse instance masks as pseudo labels which are used to train a point cloud instance segmentation model. We propose an id-as-feature strategy at this stage to alleviate the randomness of the multicut algorithm and improve the pseudo labels' quality. During training we propose a weakly-supervised two-step training strategy and corresponding losses to overcome the inaccuracy of coarse masks. FreePoint has achieved breakthroughs in unsupervised class-agnostic instance segmentation on point clouds and outperformed previous traditional methods by over 18.2% and a competitive concurrent work UnScene3D by 5.5% in AP. Additionally when used as a pretext task and fine-tuned on S3DIS FreePoint performs significantly better than existing self-supervised pre-training methods with limited annotations and surpasses CSC by 6.0% in AP with 10% annotation masks. Code will be released at https://github.com/zzk273/FreePoint.
Pose Adapted Shape Learning for Large-Pose Face Reenactment
Authors: Jie-Ying Zhang, Huang Yu Hsiang, Wei-Jie Hong Gee-Sern Jison Hsu
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2024 (Main Conference Track), 2024

Abstract: We propose the Pose Adapted Shape Learning (PASL) for large-pose face reenactment. The PASL framework consists of three modules namely the Pose-Adapted face Encoder (PAE) the Cycle-consistent Shape Generator (CSG) and the Attention-Embedded Generator (AEG). Different from previous approaches that use a single face encoder for identity preservation we propose multiple Pose-Adapted face Encodes (PAEs) to better preserve facial identity across large poses. Given a source face and a reference face the CSG generates a recomposed shape that fuses the source identity and reference action in the shape space and meets the cycle consistency requirement. Taking the shape code and the source as inputs the AEG learns the attention within the shape code and between the shape code and source style to enhance the generation of the desired target face. As existing benchmark datasets are inappropriate for evaluating large-pose face reenactment we propose a scheme to compose large-pose face pairs and introduce the MPIE-LP (Large Pose) and VoxCeleb2-LP datasets as the new large-pose benchmarks. We compared our approach with state-of-the-art methods on MPIE-LP and VoxCeleb2-LP for large-pose performance and on VoxCeleb1 for the common scope of pose variation.
Object Pose Estimation via the Aggregation of Diffusion Features
Authors: Guosheng Hu, Hongguang Wang Tianfu Wang
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2024 (Main Conference Track), 2024

Abstract: Estimating the pose of objects from images is a crucial task of 3D scene understanding and recent approaches have shown promising results on very large benchmarks. However these methods experience a significant performance drop when dealing with unseen objects. We believe that it results from the limited generalizability of image features. To address this problem we have an in-depth analysis on the features of diffusion models e.g. Stable Diffusion which hold substantial potential for modeling unseen objects. Based on this analysis we then innovatively introduce these diffusion features for object pose estimation. To achieve this we propose three distinct architectures that can effectively capture and aggregate diffusion features of different granularity greatly improving the generalizability of object pose estimation. Our approach outperforms the state-of-the-art methods by a considerable margin on three popular benchmark datasets LM O-LM and T-LESS. In particular our method achieves higher accuracy than the previous best arts on unseen objects: 98.2% vs. 93.5% on Unseen LM 85.9% vs. 76.3% on Unseen O-LM showing the strong generalizability of our method. Our code is released at https://github.com/Tianfu18/diff-feats-pose.
Circuit Design and Efficient Simulation of Quantum Inner Product and Empirical Studies of Its Effect on Near-Term Hybrid Quantum-Classic Machine Learning
Authors: Yehui Tang, Xinyu Ye, Junchi Yan Hao Xiong
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2024 (Main Conference Track), 2024

Abstract: For the essential operation namely inner product (IP) as widely adopted in classic computing e.g. matrix multiplication its quantum counterpart: quantum inner product (QIP) has also been recently theoretically explored with a verifiable lower complexity on quantum computers. However it remains unclear for the embodiment of the quantum circuits (QC) for QIP let alone a (thorough) evaluation of the QIP circuits especially in a practical context in the NISQ era by applying QIP to ML via hybrid quantum-classic pipelines. In this paper we carefully design the QIP circuits from scratch whose complexity is in accordance with the theoretical complexity. To make the simulation tractable on classic computers especially when it is integrated in the gradient-based hybrid ML pipelines we further devise a highly-efficient simulation scheme by directly simulates the output state. Experiments show that the scheme accelerates the simulation for more than 68k times compared with the previous circuit simulator. This allows our empirical evaluation on typical machine learning tasks ranging from supervised and self-supervised learning via neural nets to K-Means clustering. The results show that the calculation error brought by typical quantum mechanisms would incur in general little influence on the final numerical results given sufficient qubits. However certain tasks e.g. ranking in K-Means could be more sensitive to quantum noise.
How to Make Cross Encoder a Good Teacher for Efficient Image-Text Retrieval?
Authors: Zongyang Ma, Ziqi Zhang, Zhongang Qi, Chunfeng Yuan, Bing Li, Junfu Pu, Ying Shan, Xiaojuan Qi, Weiming Hu Yuxin Chen
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2024 (Main Conference Track), 2024

Abstract: Dominant dual-encoder models enable efficient image-text retrieval but suffer from limited accuracy while the cross-encoder models offer higher accuracy at the expense of efficiency. Distilling cross-modality matching knowledge from cross-encoder to dual-encoder provides a natural approach to harness their strengths. Thus we investigate the following valuable question: how to make cross-encoder a good teacher for dual-encoder? Our findings are threefold: (1) Cross-modal similarity score distribution of cross-encoder is more concentrated while the result of dual-encoder is nearly normal making vanilla logit distillation less effective. However ranking distillation remains practical as it is not affected by the score distribution. (2) Only the relative order between hard negatives conveys valid knowledge while the order information between easy negatives has little significance. (3) Maintaining the coordination between distillation loss and dual-encoder training loss is beneficial for knowledge transfer. Based on these findings we propose a novel Contrastive Partial Ranking Distillation (CPRD) method which implements the objective of mimicking relative order between hard negative samples with contrastive learning. This approach coordinates with the training of the dual-encoder effectively transferring valid knowledge from the cross-encoder to the dual-encoder. Extensive experiments on image-text retrieval and ranking tasks show that our method surpasses other distillation methods and significantly improves the accuracy of dual-encoder.
Diffeomorphic Template Registration for Atmospheric Turbulence Mitigation
Authors: Congli Wang, Alex Wong, Stefano Soatto Dong Lao
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2024 (Main Conference Track), 2024

Abstract: We describe a method for recovering the irradiance underlying a collection of images corrupted by atmospheric turbulence. Since supervised data is often technically impossible to obtain assumptions and biases have to be imposed to solve this inverse problem and we choose to model them explicitly. Rather than initializing a latent irradiance ("template") by heuristics to estimate deformation we select one of the images as a reference and model the deformation in this image by the aggregation of the optical flow from it to other images exploiting a prior imposed by Central Limit Theorem. Then with a novel flow inversion module the model registers each image TO the template but WITHOUT the template avoiding artifacts related to poor template initialization. To illustrate the robustness of the method we simply (i) select the first frame as the reference and (ii) use the simplest optical flow to estimate the warpings yet the improvement in registration is decisive in the final reconstruction as we achieve state-of-the-art performance despite its simplicity. The method establishes a strong baseline that can be further improved by integrating it seamlessly into more sophisticated pipelines or with domain-specific methods if so desired.
Selective Nonlinearities Removal from Digital Signals
Authors: Magdalena A. Urba?ska, Varvara Vetrova, Sylwia M. Kolenderska Krzysztof A. Maliszewski
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2024 (Main Conference Track), 2024

Abstract: Many instruments performing optical and non-optical imaging and sensing such as Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) Magnetic Resonance Imaging or Fourier-transform spectrometry produce digital signals containing modulations sine-like components which only after Fourier transformation give information about the structure or characteristics of the investigated object. Due to the fundamental physics-related limitations of such methods the distribution of these signal components is often nonlinear and when not properly compensated leads to the resolution precision or quality drop in the final image. Here we propose an innovative approach that has the potential to allow cleaning of the signal from the nonlinearities but most of all it now allows to switch the given order off leaving all others intact. The latter provides a tool for more in-depth analysis of the nonlinearity-inducing properties of the investigated object which can lead to applications in early disease detection or more sensitive sensing of chemical compounds. We consider OCT signals and nonlinearities up to the third order. In our approach we propose two neural networks: one to remove solely the second-order nonlinearity and the other for removing solely the third-order nonlinearity. The input of the networks is a novel two-dimensional data structure with all the information needed for the network to infer a nonlinearity-free signal. We describe the developed networks and present the results for second-order and third-order nonlinearity removal in OCT data representing the images of various objects: a mirror glass and fruits.
NB-GTR: Narrow-Band Guided Turbulence Removal
Authors: Chu Zhou, Chengxuan Zhu, Minggui Teng, Chao Xu, Boxin Shi Yifei Xia
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2024 (Main Conference Track), 2024

Abstract: The removal of atmospheric turbulence is crucial for long-distance imaging. Leveraging the stochastic nature of atmospheric turbulence numerous algorithms have been developed that employ multi-frame input to mitigate the turbulence. However when limited to a single frame existing algorithms face substantial performance drops particularly in diverse real-world scenes. In this paper we propose a robust solution to turbulence removal from an RGB image under the guidance of an additional narrow-band image broadening the applicability of turbulence mitigation techniques in real-world imaging scenarios. Our approach exhibits a substantial suppression in the magnitude of turbulence artifacts by using only a pair of images thereby enhancing the clarity and fidelity of the captured scene.