mtybilly/Instruct2DS huggingface dataset:
Ingredient-Oriented Multi-Degradation Learning for Image Restoration
Authors: Jie Huang, Mingde Yao, Zizheng Yang, Hu Yu, Man Zhou, Feng Zhao Jinghao Zhang
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2023 (Main Conference Track), 2023

Abstract: Learning to leverage the relationship among diverse image restoration tasks is quite beneficial for unraveling the intrinsic ingredients behind the degradation. Recent years have witnessed the flourish of various All-in-one methods, which handle multiple image degradations within a single model. In practice, however, few attempts have been made to excavate task correlations in that exploring the underlying fundamental ingredients of various image degradations, resulting in poor scalability as more tasks are involved. In this paper, we propose a novel perspective to delve into the degradation via an ingredients-oriented rather than previous task-oriented manner for scalable learning. Specifically, our method, named Ingredients-oriented Degradation Reformulation framework (IDR), consists of two stages, namely task-oriented knowledge collection and ingredients-oriented knowledge integration. In the first stage, we conduct ad hoc operations on different degradations according to the underlying physics principles, and establish the corresponding prior hubs for each type of degradation. While the second stage progressively reformulates the preceding task-oriented hubs into single ingredients-oriented hub via learnable Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and employs a dynamic routing mechanism for probabilistic unknown degradation removal. Extensive experiments on various image restoration tasks demonstrate the effectiveness and scalability of our method. More importantly, our IDR exhibits the favorable generalization ability to unknown downstream tasks.
How To Prevent the Continuous Damage of Noises To Model Training?
Authors: Yang Jiang, Tianqi Shi, Zunlei Feng, Yuexuan Wang, Mingli Song, Li Sun Xiaotian Yu
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2023 (Main Conference Track), 2023

Abstract: Deep learning with noisy labels is challenging and inevitable in many circumstances. Existing methods reduce the impact of noise samples by reducing loss weights of uncertain samples or by filtering out potential noise samples, which highly rely on the model's superior discriminative power for identifying noise samples. However, in the training stage, the trainee model is imperfect will miss many noise samples, which cause continuous damage to the model training. Consequently, there is a large performance gap between existing anti-noise models trained with noisy samples and models trained with clean samples. In this paper, we put forward a Gradient Switching Strategy (GSS) to prevent the continuous damage of noise samples to the classifier. Theoretical analysis shows that the damage comes from the misleading gradient direction computed from the noise samples. The trainee model will deviate from the correct optimization direction under the influence of the accumulated misleading gradient of noise samples. To address this problem, the proposed GSS alleviates the damage by switching the current gradient direction of each sample to a new direction selected from a gradient direction pool, which contains all-class gradient directions with different probabilities. During training, the trainee model is optimized along switched gradient directions generated by GSS, which assigns higher probabilities to potential principal directions for high-confidence samples. Conversely, uncertain samples have a relatively uniform probability distribution for all gradient directions, which can cancel out the misleading gradient directions. Extensive experiments show that a model trained with GSS can achieve comparable performance with a model trained with clean data. Moreover, the proposed GSS is pluggable for existing frameworks for noisy-label learning. This work can provide a new perspective for future noisy-label learning.
A Whac-a-Mole Dilemma: Shortcuts Come in Multiples Where Mitigating One Amplifies Others
Authors: Ivan Evtimov, Albert Gordo, Caner Hazirbas, Tal Hassner, Cristian Canton Ferrer, Chenliang Xu, Mark Ibrahim Zhiheng Li
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2023 (Main Conference Track), 2023

Abstract: Machine learning models have been found to learn shortcuts---unintended decision rules that are unable to generalize---undermining models' reliability. Previous works address this problem under the tenuous assumption that only a single shortcut exists in the training data. Real-world images are rife with multiple visual cues from background to texture. Key to advancing the reliability of vision systems is understanding whether existing methods can overcome multiple shortcuts or struggle in a Whac-A-Mole game, i.e., where mitigating one shortcut amplifies reliance on others. To address this shortcoming, we propose two benchmarks: 1) UrbanCars, a dataset with precisely controlled spurious cues, and 2) ImageNet-W, an evaluation set based on ImageNet for watermark, a shortcut we discovered affects nearly every modern vision model. Along with texture and background, ImageNet-W allows us to study multiple shortcuts emerging from training on natural images. We find computer vision models, including large foundation models---regardless of training set, architecture, and supervision---struggle when multiple shortcuts are present. Even methods explicitly designed to combat shortcuts struggle in a Whac-A-Mole dilemma. To tackle this challenge, we propose Last Layer Ensemble, a simple-yet-effective method to mitigate multiple shortcuts without Whac-A-Mole behavior. Our results surface multi-shortcut mitigation as an overlooked challenge critical to advancing the reliability of vision systems. The datasets and code are released: https://github.com/facebookresearch/Whac-A-Mole.
Skinned Motion Retargeting With Residual Perception of Motion Semantics & Geometry
Authors: Junwu Weng, Di Kang, Fang Zhao, Shaoli Huang, Xuefei Zhe, Linchao Bao, Ying Shan, Jue Wang, Zhigang Tu Jiaxu Zhang
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2023 (Main Conference Track), 2023

Abstract: A good motion retargeting cannot be reached without reasonable consideration of source-target differences on both the skeleton and shape geometry levels. In this work, we propose a novel Residual RETargeting network (R2ET) structure, which relies on two neural modification modules, to adjust the source motions to fit the target skeletons and shapes progressively. In particular, a skeleton-aware module is introduced to preserve the source motion semantics. A shape-aware module is designed to perceive the geometries of target characters to reduce interpenetration and contact-missing. Driven by our explored distance-based losses that explicitly model the motion semantics and geometry, these two modules can learn residual motion modifications on the source motion to generate plausible retargeted motion in a single inference without post-processing. To balance these two modifications, we further present a balancing gate to conduct linear interpolation between them. Extensive experiments on the public dataset Mixamo demonstrate that our R2ET achieves the state-of-the-art performance, and provides a good balance between the preservation of motion semantics as well as the attenuation of interpenetration and contact-missing. Code is available at https://github.com/Kebii/R2ET.
Weakly-Supervised Single-View Image Relighting
Authors: Chenyang Zhu, Kai Xu Renjiao Yi
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2023 (Main Conference Track), 2023

Abstract: We present a learning-based approach to relight a single image of Lambertian and low-frequency specular objects. Our method enables inserting objects from photographs into new scenes and relighting them under the new environment lighting, which is essential for AR applications. To relight the object, we solve both inverse rendering and re-rendering. To resolve the ill-posed inverse rendering, we propose a weakly-supervised method by a low-rank constraint. To facilitate the weakly-supervised training, we contribute Relit, a large-scale (750K images) dataset of videos with aligned objects under changing illuminations. For re-rendering, we propose a differentiable specular rendering layer to render low-frequency non-Lambertian materials under various illuminations of spherical harmonics. The whole pipeline is end-to-end and efficient, allowing for a mobile app implementation of AR object insertion. Extensive evaluations demonstrate that our method achieves state-of-the-art performance. Project page: https://renjiaoyi.github.io/relighting/.
DualVector: Unsupervised Vector Font Synthesis With Dual-Part Representation
Authors: Zhifei Zhang, Yuan-Chen Guo, Matthew Fisher, Zhaowen Wang, Song-Hai Zhang Ying-Tian Liu
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2023 (Main Conference Track), 2023

Abstract: Automatic generation of fonts can be an important aid to typeface design. Many current approaches regard glyphs as pixelated images, which present artifacts when scaling and inevitable quality losses after vectorization. On the other hand, existing vector font synthesis methods either fail to represent the shape concisely or require vector supervision during training. To push the quality of vector font synthesis to the next level, we propose a novel dual-part representation for vector glyphs, where each glyph is modeled as a collection of closed "positive" and "negative" path pairs. The glyph contour is then obtained by boolean operations on these paths. We first learn such a representation only from glyph images and devise a subsequent contour refinement step to align the contour with an image representation to further enhance details. Our method, named DualVector, outperforms state-of-the-art methods in vector font synthesis both quantitatively and qualitatively. Our synthesized vector fonts can be easily converted to common digital font formats like TrueType Font for practical use. The code is released at https://github.com/thuliu-yt16/dualvector.
Efficient Scale-Invariant Generator With Column-Row Entangled Pixel Synthesis
Authors: Thanh Van Le, Anh Tran Thuan Hoang Nguyen
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2023 (Main Conference Track), 2023

Abstract: Any-scale image synthesis offers an efficient and scalable solution to synthesize photo-realistic images at any scale, even going beyond 2K resolution. However, existing GAN-based solutions depend excessively on convolutions and a hierarchical architecture, which introduce inconsistency and the "texture sticking" issue when scaling the output resolution. From another perspective, INR-based generators are scale-equivariant by design, but their huge memory footprint and slow inference hinder these networks from being adopted in large-scale or real-time systems. In this work, we propose Column-Row Entangled Pixel Synthesisthes (CREPS), a new generative model that is both efficient and scale-equivariant without using any spatial convolutions or coarse-to-fine design. To save memory footprint and make the system scalable, we employ a novel bi-line representation that decomposes layer-wise feature maps into separate "thick" column and row encodings. Experiments on standard datasets, including FFHQ, LSUN-Church, and MetFaces, confirm CREPS' ability to synthesize scale-consistent and alias-free images up to 4K resolution with proper training and inference speed.
ReasonNet: End-to-End Driving With Temporal and Global Reasoning
Authors: Letian Wang, Ruobing Chen, Steven L. Waslander, Hongsheng Li, Yu Liu Hao Shao
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2023 (Main Conference Track), 2023

Abstract: The large-scale deployment of autonomous vehicles is yet to come, and one of the major remaining challenges lies in urban dense traffic scenarios. In such cases, it remains challenging to predict the future evolution of the scene and future behaviors of objects, and to deal with rare adverse events such as the sudden appearance of occluded objects. In this paper, we present ReasonNet, a novel end-to-end driving framework that extensively exploits both temporal and global information of the driving scene. By reasoning on the temporal behavior of objects, our method can effectively process the interactions and relationships among features in different frames. Reasoning about the global information of the scene can also improve overall perception performance and benefit the detection of adverse events, especially the anticipation of potential danger from occluded objects. For comprehensive evaluation on occlusion events, we also release publicly a driving simulation benchmark DriveOcclusionSim consisting of diverse occlusion events. We conduct extensive experiments on multiple CARLA benchmarks, where our model outperforms all prior methods, ranking first on the sensor track of the public CARLA Leaderboard.
Learning Situation Hyper-Graphs for Video Question Answering
Authors: Hilde Kuehne, Bo Wu, Kim Chheu, Walid Bousselham, Chuang Gan, Niels Lobo, Mubarak Shah Aisha Urooj
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2023 (Main Conference Track), 2023

Abstract: Answering questions about complex situations in videos requires not only capturing of the presence of actors, objects, and their relations, but also the evolution of these relationships over time. A situation hyper-graph is a representation that describes situations as scene sub-graphs for video frames and hyper-edges for connected sub-graphs, and has been proposed to capture all such information in a compact structured form. In this work, we propose an architecture for Video Question Answering (VQA) that enables answering questions related to video content by predicting situation hyper-graphs, coined Situation Hyper-Graph based Video Question Answering (SHG-VQA). To this end, we train a situation hyper-graph decoder to implicitly identify graph representations with actions and object/human-object relationships from the input video clip and to use cross-attention between the predicted situation hyper-graphs and the question embedding to predict the correct answer. The proposed method is trained in an end-to-end manner and optimized by a cross-entropy based VQA loss function and a Hungarian matching loss for the situation graph prediction. The effectiveness of the proposed architecture is extensively evaluated on two challenging benchmarks: AGQA and STAR. Our results show that learning the underlying situation hyper-graphs helps the system to significantly improve its performance for novel challenges of video question answering task.
H2ONet: Hand-Occlusion-and-Orientation-Aware Network for Real-Time 3D Hand Mesh Reconstruction
Authors: Tianyu Wang, Xiao Tang, Chi-Wing Fu Hao Xu
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2023 (Main Conference Track), 2023

Abstract: Real-time 3D hand mesh reconstruction is challenging, especially when the hand is holding some object. Beyond the previous methods, we design H2ONet to fully exploit non-occluded information from multiple frames to boost the reconstruction quality. First, we decouple hand mesh reconstruction into two branches, one to exploit finger-level non-occluded information and the other to exploit global hand orientation, with lightweight structures to promote real-time inference. Second, we propose finger-level occlusion-aware feature fusion, leveraging predicted finger-level occlusion information as guidance to fuse finger-level information across time frames. Further, we design hand-level occlusion-aware feature fusion to fetch non-occluded information from nearby time frames. We conduct experiments on the Dex-YCB and HO3D-v2 datasets with challenging hand-object occlusion cases, manifesting that H2ONet is able to run in real-time and achieves state-of-the-art performance on both the hand mesh and pose precision. The code will be released on GitHub.
Interventional Bag Multi-Instance Learning on Whole-Slide Pathological Images
Authors: Zhimiao Yu, Hongyu Hu, Yi Xu, Chang-Wen Chen Tiancheng Lin
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2023 (Main Conference Track), 2023

Abstract: Multi-instance learning (MIL) is an effective paradigm for whole-slide pathological images (WSIs) classification to handle the gigapixel resolution and slide-level label. Prevailing MIL methods primarily focus on improving the feature extractor and aggregator. However, one deficiency of these methods is that the bag contextual prior may trick the model into capturing spurious correlations between bags and labels. This deficiency is a confounder that limits the performance of existing MIL methods. In this paper, we propose a novel scheme, Interventional Bag Multi-Instance Learning (IBMIL), to achieve deconfounded bag-level prediction. Unlike traditional likelihood-based strategies, the proposed scheme is based on the backdoor adjustment to achieve the interventional training, thus is capable of suppressing the bias caused by the bag contextual prior. Note that the principle of IBMIL is orthogonal to existing bag MIL methods. Therefore, IBMIL is able to bring consistent performance boosting to existing schemes, achieving new state-of-the-art performance. Code is available at https://github.com/HHHedo/IBMIL.
GazeNeRF: 3D-Aware Gaze Redirection With Neural Radiance Fields
Authors: Xiangwei Shi, Xi Wang, Gengyan Li, Shalini De Mello, Hyung Jin Chang, Xucong Zhang, Otmar Hilliges Alessandro Ruzzi
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2023 (Main Conference Track), 2023

Abstract: We propose GazeNeRF, a 3D-aware method for the task of gaze redirection. Existing gaze redirection methods operate on 2D images and struggle to generate 3D consistent results. Instead, we build on the intuition that the face region and eye balls are separate 3D structures that move in a coordinated yet independent fashion. Our method leverages recent advancements in conditional image-based neural radiance fields and proposes a two-branch architecture that predicts volumetric features for the face and eye regions separately. Rigidly transforming the eye features via a 3D rotation matrix provides fine-grained control over the desired gaze angle. The final, redirected image is then attained via differentiable volume compositing. Our experiments show that this architecture outperforms naively conditioned NeRF baselines as well as previous state-of-the-art 2D gaze redirection methods in terms of redirection accuracy and identity preservation. Code and models will be released for research purposes.
How Can Objects Help Action Recognition?
Authors: Anurag Arnab, Chen Sun, Cordelia Schmid Xingyi Zhou
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2023 (Main Conference Track), 2023

Abstract: Current state-of-the-art video models process a video clip as a long sequence of spatio-temporal tokens. However, they do not explicitly model objects, their interactions across the video, and instead process all the tokens in the video. In this paper, we investigate how we can use knowledge of objects to design better video models, namely to process fewer tokens and to improve recognition accuracy. This is in contrast to prior works which either drop tokens at the cost of accuracy, or increase accuracy whilst also increasing the computation required. First, we propose an object-guided token sampling strategy that enables us to retain a small fraction of the input tokens with minimal impact on accuracy. And second, we propose an object-aware attention module that enriches our feature representation with object information and improves overall accuracy. Our resulting framework achieves better performance when using fewer tokens than strong baselines. In particular, we match our baseline with 30%, 40%, and 60% of the input tokens on SomethingElse, Something-something v2, and Epic-Kitchens, respectively. When we use our model to process the same number of tokens as our baseline, we improve by 0.6 to 4.2 points on these datasets.
Realistic Saliency Guided Image Enhancement
Authors: Zoya Bylinskii, Eric Kee, Eli Shechtman, Yağiz Aksoy S. Mahdi H. Miangoleh
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2023 (Main Conference Track), 2023

Abstract: Common editing operations performed by professional photographers include the cleanup operations: de-emphasizing distracting elements and enhancing subjects. These edits are challenging, requiring a delicate balance between manipulating the viewer's attention while maintaining photo realism. While recent approaches can boast successful examples of attention attenuation or amplification, most of them also suffer from frequent unrealistic edits. We propose a realism loss for saliency-guided image enhancement to maintain high realism across varying image types, while attenuating distractors and amplifying objects of interest. Evaluations with professional photographers confirm that we achieve the dual objective of realism and effectiveness, and outperform the recent approaches on their own datasets, while requiring a smaller memory footprint and runtime. We thus offer a viable solution for automating image enhancement and photo cleanup operations.
SLOPER4D: A Scene-Aware Dataset for Global 4D Human Pose Estimation in Urban Environments
Authors: Yitai Lin, Xiping Lin, Chenglu Wen, Lan Xu, Hongwei Yi, Siqi Shen, Yuexin Ma, Cheng Wang Yudi Dai
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2023 (Main Conference Track), 2023

Abstract: We present SLOPER4D, a novel scene-aware dataset collected in large urban environments to facilitate the research of global human pose estimation (GHPE) with human-scene interaction in the wild. Employing a head-mounted device integrated with a LiDAR and camera, we record 12 human subjects' activities over 10 diverse urban scenes from an egocentric view. Frame-wise annotations for 2D key points, 3D pose parameters, and global translations are provided, together with reconstructed scene point clouds. To obtain accurate 3D ground truth in such large dynamic scenes, we propose a joint optimization method to fit local SMPL meshes to the scene and fine-tune the camera calibration during dynamic motions frame by frame, resulting in plausible and scene-natural 3D human poses. Eventually, SLOPER4D consists of 15 sequences of human motions, each of which has a trajectory length of more than 200 meters (up to 1,300 meters) and covers an area of more than 200 square meters (up to 30,000 square meters), including more than 100k LiDAR frames, 300k video frames, and 500K IMU-based motion frames. With SLOPER4D, we provide a detailed and thorough analysis of two critical tasks, including camera-based 3D HPE and LiDAR-based 3D HPE in urban environments, and benchmark a new task, GHPE. The in-depth analysis demonstrates SLOPER4D poses significant challenges to existing methods and produces great research opportunities. The dataset and code are released at http://www.lidarhumanmotion.net/sloper4d/.
SegLoc: Learning Segmentation-Based Representations for Privacy-Preserving Visual Localization
Authors: Martin Humenberger, Torsten Sattler, Gabriela Csurka Maxime Pietrantoni
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2023 (Main Conference Track), 2023

Abstract: Inspired by properties of semantic segmentation, in this paper we investigate how to leverage robust image segmentation in the context of privacy-preserving visual localization. We propose a new localization framework, SegLoc, that leverages image segmentation to create robust, compact, and privacy-preserving scene representations, i.e., 3D maps. We build upon the correspondence-supervised, fine-grained segmentation approach from Larsson et al (ICCV'19), making it more robust by learning a set of cluster labels with discriminative clustering, additional consistency regularization terms and we jointly learn a global image representation along with a dense local representation. In our localization pipeline, the former will be used for retrieving the most similar images, the latter to refine the retrieved poses by minimizing the label inconsistency between the 3D points of the map and their projection onto the query image. In various experiments, we show that our proposed representation allows to achieve (close-to) state-of-the-art pose estimation results while only using a compact 3D map that does not contain enough information about the original images for an attacker to reconstruct personal information.
Efficient Hierarchical Entropy Model for Learned Point Cloud Compression
Authors: Chunyang Fu, Shan Liu, Ge Li Rui Song
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2023 (Main Conference Track), 2023

Abstract: Learning an accurate entropy model is a fundamental way to remove the redundancy in point cloud compression. Recently, the octree-based auto-regressive entropy model which adopts the self-attention mechanism to explore dependencies in a large-scale context is proved to be promising. However, heavy global attention computations and auto-regressive contexts are inefficient for practical applications. To improve the efficiency of the attention model, we propose a hierarchical attention structure that has a linear complexity to the context scale and maintains the global receptive field. Furthermore, we present a grouped context structure to address the serial decoding issue caused by the auto-regression while preserving the compression performance. Experiments demonstrate that the proposed entropy model achieves superior rate-distortion performance and significant decoding latency reduction compared with the state-of-the-art large-scale auto-regressive entropy model.
RankMix: Data Augmentation for Weakly Supervised Learning of Classifying Whole Slide Images With Diverse Sizes and Imbalanced Categories
Authors: Chun-Shien Lu Yuan-Chih Chen
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2023 (Main Conference Track), 2023

Abstract: Whole Slide Images (WSIs) are usually gigapixel in size and lack pixel-level annotations. The WSI datasets are also imbalanced in categories. These unique characteristics, significantly different from the ones in natural images, pose the challenge of classifying WSI images as a kind of weakly supervise learning problems. In this study, we propose, RankMix, a data augmentation method of mixing ranked features in a pair of WSIs. RankMix introduces the concepts of pseudo labeling and ranking in order to extract key WSI regions in contributing to the WSI classification task. A two-stage training is further proposed to boost stable training and model performance. To our knowledge, the study of weakly supervised learning from the perspective of data augmentation to deal with the WSI classification problem that suffers from lack of training data and imbalance of categories is relatively unexplored.
ActMAD: Activation Matching To Align Distributions for Test-Time-Training
Authors: Pol Jané Soneira, Wei Lin, Mateusz Kozinski, Horst Possegger, Horst Bischof Muhammad Jehanzeb Mirza
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2023 (Main Conference Track), 2023

Abstract: Test-Time-Training (TTT) is an approach to cope with out-of-distribution (OOD) data by adapting a trained model to distribution shifts occurring at test-time. We propose to perform this adaptation via Activation Matching (ActMAD): We analyze activations of the model and align activation statistics of the OOD test data to those of the training data. In contrast to existing methods, which model the distribution of entire channels in the ultimate layer of the feature extractor, we model the distribution of each feature in multiple layers across the network. This results in a more fine-grained supervision and makes ActMAD attain state of the art performance on CIFAR-100C and Imagenet-C. ActMAD is also architecture- and task-agnostic, which lets us go beyond image classification, and score 15.4% improvement over previous approaches when evaluating a KITTI-trained object detector on KITTI-Fog. Our experiments highlight that ActMAD can be applied to online adaptation in realistic scenarios, requiring little data to attain its full performance.
DKM: Dense Kernelized Feature Matching for Geometry Estimation
Authors: Ioannis Athanasiadis, Mårten Wadenbäck, Michael Felsberg Johan Edstedt
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2023 (Main Conference Track), 2023

Abstract: Feature matching is a challenging computer vision task that involves finding correspondences between two images of a 3D scene. In this paper we consider the dense approach instead of the more common sparse paradigm, thus striving to find all correspondences. Perhaps counter-intuitively, dense methods have previously shown inferior performance to their sparse and semi-sparse counterparts for estimation of two-view geometry. This changes with our novel dense method, which outperforms both dense and sparse methods on geometry estimation. The novelty is threefold: First, we propose a kernel regression global matcher. Secondly, we propose warp refinement through stacked feature maps and depthwise convolution kernels. Thirdly, we propose learning dense confidence through consistent depth and a balanced sampling approach for dense confidence maps. Through extensive experiments we confirm that our proposed dense method, Dense Kernelized Feature Matching, sets a new state-of-the-art on multiple geometry estimation benchmarks. In particular, we achieve an improvement on MegaDepth-1500 of +4.9 and +8.9 AUC@5 compared to the best previous sparse method and dense method respectively. Our code is provided at the following repository: https://github.com/Parskatt/DKM
Image Cropping With Spatial-Aware Feature and Rank Consistency
Authors: Li Niu, Bo Zhang, Liqing Zhang Chao Wang
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2023 (Main Conference Track), 2023

Abstract: Image cropping aims to find visually appealing crops in an image. Despite the great progress made by previous methods, they are weak in capturing the spatial relationship between crops and aesthetic elements (e.g., salient objects, semantic edges). Besides, due to the high annotation cost of labeled data, the potential of unlabeled data awaits to be excavated. To address the first issue, we propose spatial-aware feature to encode the spatial relationship between candidate crops and aesthetic elements, by feeding the concatenation of crop mask and selectively aggregated feature maps to a light-weighted encoder. To address the second issue, we train a pair-wise ranking classifier on labeled images and transfer such knowledge to unlabeled images to enforce rank consistency. Experimental results on the benchmark datasets show that our proposed method performs favorably against state-of-the-art methods.
SVGformer: Representation Learning for Continuous Vector Graphics Using Transformers
Authors: Zhaowen Wang, Jose Echevarria, Yan Liu Defu Cao
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2023 (Main Conference Track), 2023

Abstract: Advances in representation learning have led to great success in understanding and generating data in various domains. However, in modeling vector graphics data, the pure data-driven approach often yields unsatisfactory results in downstream tasks as existing deep learning methods often require the quantization of SVG parameters and cannot exploit the geometric properties explicitly. In this paper, we propose a transformer-based representation learning model (SVGformer) that directly operates on continuous input values and manipulates the geometric information of SVG to encode outline details and long-distance dependencies. SVGfomer can be used for various downstream tasks: reconstruction, classification, interpolation, retrieval, etc. We have conducted extensive experiments on vector font and icon datasets to show that our model can capture high-quality representation information and outperform the previous state-of-the-art on downstream tasks significantly.
Structured 3D Features for Reconstructing Controllable Avatars
Authors: Mihai Zanfir, Thiemo Alldieck, Eduard Gabriel Bazavan, Andrei Zanfir, Cristian Sminchisescu Enric Corona
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2023 (Main Conference Track), 2023

Abstract: We introduce Structured 3D Features, a model based on a novel implicit 3D representation that pools pixel-aligned image features onto dense 3D points sampled from a parametric, statistical human mesh surface. The 3D points have associated semantics and can move freely in 3D space. This allows for optimal coverage of the person of interest, beyond just the body shape, which in turn, additionally helps modeling accessories, hair, and loose clothing. Owing to this, we present a complete 3D transformer-based attention framework which, given a single image of a person in an unconstrained pose, generates an animatable 3D reconstruction with albedo and illumination decomposition, as a result of a single end-to-end model, trained semi-supervised, and with no additional postprocessing. We show that our S3F model surpasses the previous state-of-the-art on various tasks, including monocular 3D reconstruction, as well as albedo & shading estimation. Moreover, we show that the proposed methodology allows novel view synthesis, relighting, and re-posing the reconstruction, and can naturally be extended to handle multiple input images (e.g. different views of a person, or the same view, in different poses, in video). Finally, we demonstrate the editing capabilities of our model for 3D virtual try-on applications.
Mask-Guided Matting in the Wild
Authors: Sanghyun Woo, Seoung Wug Oh, In So Kweon, Joon-Young Lee Kwanyong Park
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2023 (Main Conference Track), 2023

Abstract: Mask-guided matting has shown great practicality compared to traditional trimap-based methods. The mask-guided approach takes an easily-obtainable coarse mask as guidance and produces an accurate alpha matte. To extend the success toward practical usage, we tackle mask-guided matting in the wild, which covers a wide range of categories in their complex context robustly. To this end, we propose a simple yet effective learning framework based on two core insights: 1) learning a generalized matting model that can better understand the given mask guidance and 2) leveraging weak supervision datasets (e.g., instance segmentation dataset) to alleviate the limited diversity and scale of existing matting datasets. Extensive experimental results on multiple benchmarks, consisting of a newly proposed synthetic benchmark (Composition-Wild) and existing natural datasets, demonstrate the superiority of the proposed method. Moreover, we provide appealing results on new practical applications (e.g., panoptic matting and mask-guided video matting), showing the great generality and potential of our model.
Dynamic Conceptional Contrastive Learning for Generalized Category Discovery
Authors: Zhun Zhong, Nicu Sebe Nan Pu
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2023 (Main Conference Track), 2023

Abstract: Generalized category discovery (GCD) is a recently proposed open-world problem, which aims to automatically cluster partially labeled data. The main challenge is that the unlabeled data contain instances that are not only from known categories of the labeled data but also from novel categories. This leads traditional novel category discovery (NCD) methods to be incapacitated for GCD, due to their assumption of unlabeled data are only from novel categories. One effective way for GCD is applying self-supervised learning to learn discriminate representation for unlabeled data. However, this manner largely ignores underlying relationships between instances of the same concepts (e.g., class, super-class, and sub-class), which results in inferior representation learning. In this paper, we propose a Dynamic Conceptional Contrastive Learning (DCCL) framework, which can effectively improve clustering accuracy by alternately estimating underlying visual conceptions and learning conceptional representation. In addition, we design a dynamic conception generation and update mechanism, which is able to ensure consistent conception learning and thus further facilitate the optimization of DCCL. Extensive experiments show that DCCL achieves new state-of-the-art performances on six generic and fine-grained visual recognition datasets, especially on fine-grained ones. For example, our method significantly surpasses the best competitor by 16.2% on the new classes for the CUB-200 dataset. Code is available at https://github.com/TPCD/DCCL
Neumann Network With Recursive Kernels for Single Image Defocus Deblurring
Authors: Zicong Wu, Hui Ji Yuhui Quan
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2023 (Main Conference Track), 2023

Abstract: Single image defocus deblurring (SIDD) refers to recovering an all-in-focus image from a defocused blurry one. It is a challenging recovery task due to the spatially-varying defocus blurring effects with significant size variation. Motivated by the strong correlation among defocus kernels of different sizes and the blob-type structure of defocus kernels, we propose a learnable recursive kernel representation (RKR) for defocus kernels that expresses a defocus kernel by a linear combination of recursive, separable and positive atom kernels, leading to a compact yet effective and physics-encoded parametrization of the spatially-varying defocus blurring process. Afterwards, a physics-driven and efficient deep model with a cross-scale fusion structure is presented for SIDD, with inspirations from the truncated Neumann series for approximating the matrix inversion of the RKR-based blurring operator. In addition, a reblurring loss is proposed to regularize the RKR learning. Extensive experiments show that, our proposed approach significantly outperforms existing ones, with a model size comparable to that of the top methods.
Active Finetuning: Exploiting Annotation Budget in the Pretraining-Finetuning Paradigm
Authors: Han Lu, Junchi Yan, Xiaokang Yang, Masayoshi Tomizuka, Wei Zhan Yichen Xie
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2023 (Main Conference Track), 2023

Abstract: Given the large-scale data and the high annotation cost, pretraining-finetuning becomes a popular paradigm in multiple computer vision tasks. Previous research has covered both the unsupervised pretraining and supervised finetuning in this paradigm, while little attention is paid to exploiting the annotation budget for finetuning. To fill in this gap, we formally define this new active finetuning task focusing on the selection of samples for annotation in the pretraining-finetuning paradigm. We propose a novel method called ActiveFT for active finetuning task to select a subset of data distributing similarly with the entire unlabeled pool and maintaining enough diversity by optimizing a parametric model in the continuous space. We prove that the Earth Mover's distance between the distributions of the selected subset and the entire data pool is also reduced in this process. Extensive experiments show the leading performance and high efficiency of ActiveFT superior to baselines on both image classification and semantic segmentation.
Learning Attribute and Class-Specific Representation Duet for Fine-Grained Fashion Analysis
Authors: Yan Gao, Jingjing Meng, Jin Shang, Yi Sun Yang Jiao
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2023 (Main Conference Track), 2023

Abstract: Fashion representation learning involves the analysis and understanding of various visual elements at different granularities and the interactions among them. Existing works often learn fine-grained fashion representations at the attribute-level without considering their relationships and inter-dependencies across different classes. In this work, we propose to learn an attribute and class specific fashion representation duet to better model such attribute relationships and inter-dependencies by leveraging prior knowledge about the taxonomy of fashion attributes and classes. Through two sub-networks for the attributes and classes, respectively, our proposed an embedding network progressively learn and refine the visual representation of a fashion image to improve its robustness for fashion retrieval. A multi-granularity loss consisting of attribute-level and class-level losses is proposed to introduce appropriate inductive bias to learn across different granularities of the fashion representations. Experimental results on three benchmark datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of our method, which outperforms the state-of-the-art methods with a large margin.
Pixels, Regions, and Objects: Multiple Enhancement for Salient Object Detection
Authors: Ruili Wang, Xin Fan, Tianzhu Wang, Xiangjian He Yi Wang
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2023 (Main Conference Track), 2023

Abstract: Salient object detection (SOD) aims to mimic the human visual system (HVS) and cognition mechanisms to identify and segment salient objects. However, due to the complexity of these mechanisms, current methods are not perfect. Accuracy and robustness need to be further improved, particularly in complex scenes with multiple objects and background clutter. To address this issue, we propose a novel approach called Multiple Enhancement Network (MENet) that adopts the boundary sensibility, content integrity, iterative refinement, and frequency decomposition mechanisms of HVS. A multi-level hybrid loss is firstly designed to guide the network to learn pixel-level, region-level, and object-level features. A flexible multiscale feature enhancement module (ME-Module) is then designed to gradually aggregate and refine global or detailed features by changing the size order of the input feature sequence. An iterative training strategy is used to enhance boundary features and adaptive features in the dual-branch decoder of MENet. Comprehensive evaluations on six challenging benchmark datasets show that MENet achieves state-of-the-art results. Both the codes and results are publicly available at https://github.com/yiwangtz/MENet.
Leveraging Temporal Context in Low Representational Power Regimes
Authors: SouYoung Jin, Emilie Josephs, Aude Oliva Camilo L. Fosco
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2023 (Main Conference Track), 2023

Abstract: Computer vision models are excellent at identifying and exploiting regularities in the world. However, it is computationally costly to learn these regularities from scratch. This presents a challenge for low-parameter models, like those running on edge devices (e.g. smartphones). Can the performance of models with low representational power be improved by supplementing training with additional information about these statistical regularities? We explore this in the domains of action recognition and action anticipation, leveraging the fact that actions are typically embedded in stereotypical sequences. We introduce the Event Transition Matrix (ETM), computed from action labels in an untrimmed video dataset, which captures the temporal context of a given action, operationalized as the likelihood that it was preceded or followed by each other action in the set. We show that including information from the ETM during training improves action recognition and anticipation performance on various egocentric video datasets. Through ablation and control studies, we show that the coherent sequence of information captured by our ETM is key to this effect, and we find that the benefit of this explicit representation of temporal context is most pronounced for smaller models. Code, matrices and models are available in our project page: https://camilofosco.com/etm_website.
Guided Recommendation for Model Fine-Tuning
Authors: Charless Fowlkes, Hao Yang, Onkar Dabeer, Zhuowen Tu, Stefano Soatto Hao Li
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2023 (Main Conference Track), 2023

Abstract: Model selection is essential for reducing the search cost of the best pre-trained model over a large-scale model zoo for a downstream task. After analyzing recent hand-designed model selection criteria with 400+ ImageNet pre-trained models and 40 downstream tasks, we find that they can fail due to invalid assumptions and intrinsic limitations. The prior knowledge on model capacity and dataset also can not be easily integrated into the existing criteria. To address these issues, we propose to convert model selection as a recommendation problem and to learn from the past training history. Specifically, we characterize the meta information of datasets and models as features, and use their transfer learning performance as the guided score. With thousands of historical training jobs, a recommendation system can be learned to predict the model selection score given the features of the dataset and the model as input. Our approach enables integrating existing model selection scores as additional features and scales with more historical data. We evaluate the prediction accuracy with 22 pre-trained models over 40 downstream tasks. With extensive evaluations, we show that the learned approach can outperform prior hand-designed model selection methods significantly when relevant training history is available.
Masked Image Training for Generalizable Deep Image Denoising
Authors: Jinjin Gu, Yihao Liu, Salma Abdel Magid, Chao Dong, Qiong Wang, Hanspeter Pfister, Lei Zhu Haoyu Chen
Published in: IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2023 (Main Conference Track), 2023

Abstract: When capturing and storing images, devices inevitably introduce noise. Reducing this noise is a critical task called image denoising. Deep learning has become the de facto method for image denoising, especially with the emergence of Transformer-based models that have achieved notable state-of-the-art results on various image tasks. However, deep learning-based methods often suffer from a lack of generalization ability. For example, deep models trained on Gaussian noise may perform poorly when tested on other noise distributions. To address this issue, we present a novel approach to enhance the generalization performance of denoising networks, known as masked training. Our method involves masking random pixels of the input image and reconstructing the missing information during training. We also mask out the features in the self-attention layers to avoid the impact of training-testing inconsistency. Our approach exhibits better generalization ability than other deep learning models and is directly applicable to real-world scenarios. Additionally, our interpretability analysis demonstrates the superiority of our method.