Chapter 18. Installing on VMC 18.1. Preparing to install on VMC 18.1.1. Prerequisites You reviewed details about the OpenShift Container Platform installation and update processes. You read the documentation on selecting a cluster installation method and preparing it for users . If you use a firewall and plan to use Telemetry, you configured the firewall to allow the sites required by your cluster. 18.1.2. Choosing a method to install OpenShift Container Platform on VMC You can install OpenShift Container Platform on VMC by using installer-provisioned or user-provisioned infrastructure. The default installation type uses installer-provisioned infrastructure, where the installation program provisions the underlying infrastructure for the cluster. You can also install OpenShift Container Platform on infrastructure that you provide. If you do not use infrastructure that the installation program provisions, you must manage and maintain the cluster resources yourself. See the Installation process for more information about installer-provisioned and user-provisioned installation processes. Important The steps for performing a user-provisioned infrastructure installation are provided as an example only. Installing a cluster with infrastructure you provide requires knowledge of the VMC platform and the installation process of OpenShift Container Platform. Use the user-provisioned infrastructure installation instructions as a guide; you are free to create the required resources through other methods. 18.1.2.1. Installer-provisioned infrastructure installation of OpenShift Container Platform on VMC Installer-provisioned infrastructure allows the installation program to pre-configure and automate the provisioning of resources required by OpenShift Container Platform. Installing a cluster on VMC : You can install OpenShift Container Platform on VMC by using installer-provisioned infrastructure installation with no customization. Installing a cluster on VMC with customizations : You can install OpenShift Container Platform on VMC by using installer-provisioned infrastructure installation with the default customization options. Installing a cluster on VMC with network customizations : You can install OpenShift Container Platform on installer-provisioned VMC infrastructure, with network customizations. You can customize your OpenShift Container Platform network configuration during installation, so that your cluster can coexist with your existing IP address allocations and adhere to your network requirements. Installing a cluster on VMC in a restricted network : You can install a cluster on VMC infrastructure in a restricted network by creating an internal mirror of the installation release content. You can use this method to deploy OpenShift Container Platform on an internal network that is not visible to the internet. 18.1.2.2. User-provisioned infrastructure installation of OpenShift Container Platform on VMC User-provisioned infrastructure requires the user to provision all resources required by OpenShift Container Platform. Installing a cluster on VMC with user-provisioned infrastructure : You can install OpenShift Container Platform on VMC infrastructure that you provision. Installing a cluster on VMC with user-provisioned infrastructure and network customizations : You can install OpenShift Container Platform on VMC infrastructure that you provision with customized network configuration options. Installing a cluster on VMC in a restricted network with user-provisioned infrastructure : OpenShift Container Platform can be installed on VMC infrastructure that you provision in a restricted network. 18.1.3. VMware vSphere infrastructure requirements You must install the OpenShift Container Platform cluster on a VMware vSphere version 6 or 7 instance that meets the requirements for the components that you use. Table 18.1. Version requirements for vSphere virtual environments Virtual environment product Required version VM hardware version 13 or later vSphere ESXi hosts 6.5 or later vCenter host 6.5 or later Important Installing a cluster on VMware vSphere version 6.7U2 or earlier and virtual hardware version 13 is now deprecated. These versions are still fully supported, but support will be removed in a future version of OpenShift Container Platform. Hardware version 15 is now the default for vSphere virtual machines in OpenShift Container Platform. To update the hardware version for your vSphere nodes, see the "Updating hardware on nodes running in vSphere" article. Table 18.2. Minimum supported vSphere version for VMware components Component Minimum supported versions Description Hypervisor vSphere 6.5 and later with HW version 13 This version is the minimum version that Red Hat Enterprise Linux CoreOS (RHCOS) supports. See the Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8 supported hypervisors list . Storage with in-tree drivers vSphere 6.5 and later This plugin creates vSphere storage by using the in-tree storage drivers for vSphere included in OpenShift Container Platform. If you use a vSphere version 6.5 instance, consider upgrading to 6.7U3 or 7.0 before you install OpenShift Container Platform. Important You must ensure that the time on your ESXi hosts is synchronized before you install OpenShift Container Platform. See Edit Time Configuration for a Host in the VMware documentation. 18.1.4. Uninstalling an installer-provisioned infrastructure installation of OpenShift Container Platform on VMC Uninstalling a cluster on VMC that uses installer-provisioned infrastructure : You can remove a cluster that you deployed on VMC infrastructure that used installer-provisioned infrastructure. 18.2. Installing a cluster on VMC In OpenShift Container Platform version 4.9, you can install a cluster on VMware vSphere by deploying it to VMware Cloud (VMC) on AWS . Once you have configured your VMC environment for OpenShift Container Platform deployment, you use the OpenShift Container Platform installation program from the bastion management host, co-located in the VMC environment. The installation program and control plane automates the process of deploying and managing the resources needed for the OpenShift Container Platform cluster. Note OpenShift Container Platform supports deploying a cluster to a single VMware vCenter only. Deploying a cluster with machines/machine sets on multiple vCenters is not supported. 18.2.1. Setting up VMC for vSphere You can install OpenShift Container Platform on VMware Cloud (VMC) on AWS hosted vSphere clusters to enable applications to be deployed and managed both on-premise and off-premise, across the hybrid cloud. You must configure several options in your VMC environment prior to installing OpenShift Container Platform on VMware vSphere. Ensure your VMC environment has the following prerequisites: Create a non-exclusive, DHCP-enabled, NSX-T network segment and subnet. Other virtual machines (VMs) can be hosted on the subnet, but at least eight IP addresses must be available for the OpenShift Container Platform deployment. Allocate two IP addresses, outside the DHCP range, and configure them with reverse DNS records. A DNS record for api.<cluster_name>.<base_domain> pointing to the allocated IP address. A DNS record for *.apps.<cluster_name>.<base_domain> pointing to the allocated IP address. Configure the following firewall rules: An ANY:ANY firewall rule between the OpenShift Container Platform compute network and the internet. This is used by nodes and applications to download container images. An ANY:ANY firewall rule between the installation host and the software-defined data center (SDDC) management network on port 443. This allows you to upload the Red Hat Enterprise Linux CoreOS (RHCOS) OVA during deployment. An HTTPS firewall rule between the OpenShift Container Platform compute network and vCenter. This connection allows OpenShift Container Platform to communicate with vCenter for provisioning and managing nodes, persistent volume claims (PVCs), and other resources. You must have the following information to deploy OpenShift Container Platform: The OpenShift Container Platform cluster name, such as vmc-prod-1 . The base DNS name, such as companyname.com . If not using the default, the pod network CIDR and services network CIDR must be identified, which are set by default to 10.128.0.0/14 and 172.30.0.0/16 , respectively. These CIDRs are used for pod-to-pod and pod-to-service communication and are not accessible externally; however, they must not overlap with existing subnets in your organization. The following vCenter information: vCenter hostname, username, and password Datacenter name, such as SDDC-Datacenter Cluster name, such as Cluster-1 Network name Datastore name, such as WorkloadDatastore Note It is recommended to move your vSphere cluster to the VMC Compute-ResourcePool resource pool after your cluster installation is finished. A Linux-based host deployed to VMC as a bastion. The bastion host can be Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) or any another Linux-based host; it must have internet connectivity and the ability to upload an OVA to the ESXi hosts. Download and install the OpenShift CLI tools to the bastion host. The openshift-install installation program The OpenShift CLI ( oc ) tool Note You cannot use the VMware NSX Container Plugin for Kubernetes (NCP), and NSX is not used as the OpenShift SDN. The version of NSX currently available with VMC is incompatible with the version of NCP certified with OpenShift Container Platform. However, the NSX DHCP service is used for virtual machine IP management with the full-stack automated OpenShift Container Platform deployment and with nodes provisioned, either manually or automatically, by the Machine API integration with vSphere. Additionally, NSX firewall rules are created to enable access with the OpenShift Container Platform cluster and between the bastion host and the VMC vSphere hosts. 18.2.1.1. VMC Sizer tool VMware Cloud on AWS is built on top of AWS bare metal infrastructure; this is the same bare metal infrastructure which runs AWS native services. When a VMware cloud on AWS software-defined data center (SDDC) is deployed, you consume these physical server nodes and run the VMware ESXi hypervisor in a single tenant fashion. This means the physical infrastructure is not accessible to anyone else using VMC. It is important to consider how many physical hosts you will need to host your virtual infrastructure. To determine this, VMware provides the VMC on AWS Sizer . With this tool, you can define the resources you intend to host on VMC: Types of workloads Total number of virtual machines Specification information such as: Storage requirements vCPUs vRAM Overcommit ratios With these details, the sizer tool can generate a report, based on VMware best practices, and recommend your cluster configuration and the number of hosts you will need. 18.2.2. vSphere prerequisites You reviewed details about the OpenShift Container Platform installation and update processes. You read the documentation on selecting a cluster installation method and preparing it for users . You provisioned block registry storage . For more information on persistent storage, see Understanding persistent storage . If you use a firewall, you configured it to allow the sites that your cluster requires access to. Note Be sure to also review this site list if you are configuring a proxy. 18.2.3. Internet access for OpenShift Container Platform In OpenShift Container Platform 4.9, you require access to the internet to install your cluster. You must have internet access to: Access OpenShift Cluster Manager to download the installation program and perform subscription management. If the cluster has internet access and you do not disable Telemetry, that service automatically entitles your cluster. Access Quay.io to obtain the packages that are required to install your cluster. Obtain the packages that are required to perform cluster updates. Important If your cluster cannot have direct internet access, you can perform a restricted network installation on some types of infrastructure that you provision. During that process, you download the required content and use it to populate a mirror registry with the installation packages. With some installation types, the environment that you install your cluster in will not require internet access. Before you update the cluster, you update the content of the mirror registry. 18.2.4. VMware vSphere infrastructure requirements You must install the OpenShift Container Platform cluster on a VMware vSphere version 6 or 7 instance that meets the requirements for the components that you use. Table 18.3. Version requirements for vSphere virtual environments Virtual environment product Required version VM hardware version 13 or later vSphere ESXi hosts 6.5 or later vCenter host 6.5 or later Important Installing a cluster on VMware vSphere version 6.7U2 or earlier and virtual hardware version 13 is now deprecated. These versions are still fully supported, but support will be removed in a future version of OpenShift Container Platform. Hardware version 15 is now the default for vSphere virtual machines in OpenShift Container Platform. To update the hardware version for your vSphere nodes, see the "Updating hardware on nodes running in vSphere" article. Table 18.4. Minimum supported vSphere version for VMware components Component Minimum supported versions Description Hypervisor vSphere 6.5 and later with HW version 13 This version is the minimum version that Red Hat Enterprise Linux CoreOS (RHCOS) supports. See the Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8 supported hypervisors list . Storage with in-tree drivers vSphere 6.5 and later This plugin creates vSphere storage by using the in-tree storage drivers for vSphere included in OpenShift Container Platform. If you use a vSphere version 6.5 instance, consider upgrading to 6.7U3 or 7.0 before you install OpenShift Container Platform. Important You must ensure that the time on your ESXi hosts is synchronized before you install OpenShift Container Platform. See Edit Time Configuration for a Host in the VMware documentation. 18.2.5. Network connectivity requirements You must configure the network connectivity between machines to allow OpenShift Container Platform cluster components to communicate. Review the following details about the required network ports. Table 18.5. Ports used for all-machine to all-machine communications Protocol Port Description ICMP N/A Network reachability tests TCP 1936 Metrics 9000 - 9999 Host level services, including the node exporter on ports 9100 - 9101 and the Cluster Version Operator on port 9099 . 10250 - 10259 The default ports that Kubernetes reserves 10256 openshift-sdn UDP 4789 virtual extensible LAN (VXLAN) 6081 Geneve 9000 - 9999 Host level services, including the node exporter on ports 9100 - 9101 . 500 IPsec IKE packets 4500 IPsec NAT-T packets TCP/UDP 30000 - 32767 Kubernetes node port ESP N/A IPsec Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) Table 18.6. Ports used for all-machine to control plane communications Protocol Port Description TCP 6443 Kubernetes API Table 18.7. Ports used for control plane machine to control plane machine communications Protocol Port Description TCP 2379 - 2380 etcd server and peer ports Additional resources To update the hardware version for your vSphere nodes, see Updating hardware on nodes running in vSphere . 18.2.6. vCenter requirements Before you install an OpenShift Container Platform cluster on your vCenter that uses infrastructure that the installer provisions, you must prepare your environment. Required vCenter account privileges To install an OpenShift Container Platform cluster in a vCenter, the installation program requires access to an account with privileges to read and create the required resources. Using an account that has global administrative privileges is the simplest way to access all of the necessary permissions. If you cannot use an account with global administrative privileges, you must create roles to grant the privileges necessary for OpenShift Container Platform cluster installation. While most of the privileges are always required, some are required only if you plan for the installation program to provision a folder to contain the OpenShift Container Platform cluster on your vCenter instance, which is the default behavior. You must create or amend vSphere roles for the specified objects to grant the required privileges. An additional role is required if the installation program is to create a vSphere virtual machine folder. Example 18.1. Roles and privileges required for installation in vSphere API vSphere object for role When required Required privileges in vSphere API vSphere vCenter Always Cns.Searchable InventoryService.Tagging.AttachTag InventoryService.Tagging.CreateCategory InventoryService.Tagging.CreateTag InventoryService.Tagging.DeleteCategory InventoryService.Tagging.DeleteTag InventoryService.Tagging.EditCategory InventoryService.Tagging.EditTag Sessions.ValidateSession StorageProfile.Update StorageProfile.View vSphere vCenter Cluster Always Host.Config.Storage Resource.AssignVMToPool VApp.AssignResourcePool VApp.Import VirtualMachine.Config.AddNewDisk vSphere Datastore Always Datastore.AllocateSpace Datastore.Browse Datastore.FileManagement InventoryService.Tagging.ObjectAttachable vSphere Port Group Always Network.Assign Virtual Machine Folder Always InventoryService.Tagging.ObjectAttachable Resource.AssignVMToPool VApp.Import VirtualMachine.Config.AddExistingDisk VirtualMachine.Config.AddNewDisk VirtualMachine.Config.AddRemoveDevice VirtualMachine.Config.AdvancedConfig VirtualMachine.Config.Annotation VirtualMachine.Config.CPUCount VirtualMachine.Config.DiskExtend VirtualMachine.Config.DiskLease VirtualMachine.Config.EditDevice VirtualMachine.Config.Memory VirtualMachine.Config.RemoveDisk VirtualMachine.Config.Rename VirtualMachine.Config.ResetGuestInfo VirtualMachine.Config.Resource VirtualMachine.Config.Settings VirtualMachine.Config.UpgradeVirtualHardware VirtualMachine.Interact.GuestControl VirtualMachine.Interact.PowerOff VirtualMachine.Interact.PowerOn VirtualMachine.Interact.Reset VirtualMachine.Inventory.Create VirtualMachine.Inventory.CreateFromExisting VirtualMachine.Inventory.Delete VirtualMachine.Provisioning.Clone VirtualMachine.Provisioning.MarkAsTemplate VirtualMachine.Provisioning.DeployTemplate vSphere vCenter Datacenter If the installation program creates the virtual machine folder InventoryService.Tagging.ObjectAttachable Resource.AssignVMToPool VApp.Import VirtualMachine.Config.AddExistingDisk VirtualMachine.Config.AddNewDisk VirtualMachine.Config.AddRemoveDevice VirtualMachine.Config.AdvancedConfig VirtualMachine.Config.Annotation VirtualMachine.Config.CPUCount VirtualMachine.Config.DiskExtend VirtualMachine.Config.DiskLease VirtualMachine.Config.EditDevice VirtualMachine.Config.Memory VirtualMachine.Config.RemoveDisk VirtualMachine.Config.Rename VirtualMachine.Config.ResetGuestInfo VirtualMachine.Config.Resource VirtualMachine.Config.Settings VirtualMachine.Config.UpgradeVirtualHardware VirtualMachine.Interact.GuestControl VirtualMachine.Interact.PowerOff VirtualMachine.Interact.PowerOn VirtualMachine.Interact.Reset VirtualMachine.Inventory.Create VirtualMachine.Inventory.CreateFromExisting VirtualMachine.Inventory.Delete VirtualMachine.Provisioning.Clone VirtualMachine.Provisioning.DeployTemplate VirtualMachine.Provisioning.MarkAsTemplate Folder.Create Folder.Delete Example 18.2. Roles and privileges required for installation in vCenter graphical user interface (GUI) vSphere object for role When required Required privileges in vCenter GUI vSphere vCenter Always Cns.Searchable "vSphere Tagging"."Assign or Unassign vSphere Tag" "vSphere Tagging"."Create vSphere Tag Category" "vSphere Tagging"."Create vSphere Tag" vSphere Tagging"."Delete vSphere Tag Category" "vSphere Tagging"."Delete vSphere Tag" "vSphere Tagging"."Edit vSphere Tag Category" "vSphere Tagging"."Edit vSphere Tag" Sessions."Validate session" "Profile-driven storage"."Profile-driven storage update" "Profile-driven storage"."Profile-driven storage view" vSphere vCenter Cluster If VMs will be created in the cluster root Host.Configuration."Storage partition configuration" Resource."Assign virtual machine to resource pool" VApp."Assign resource pool" VApp.Import "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Add new disk" vSphere vCenter Resource Pool If an existing resource pool is provided Host.Configuration."Storage partition configuration" Resource."Assign virtual machine to resource pool" VApp."Assign resource pool" VApp.Import "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Add new disk" vSphere Datastore Always Datastore."Allocate space" Datastore."Browse datastore" Datastore."Low level file operations" "vSphere Tagging"."Assign or Unassign vSphere Tag on Object" vSphere Port Group Always Network."Assign network" Virtual Machine Folder Always "vSphere Tagging"."Assign or Unassign vSphere Tag on Object" Resource."Assign virtual machine to resource pool" VApp.Import "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Add existing disk" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Add new disk" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Add or remove device" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Advanced configuration" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Set annotation" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Change CPU count" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Extend virtual disk" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Acquire disk lease" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Modify device settings" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Change Memory" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Remove disk" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration".Rename "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Reset guest information" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Change resource" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Change Settings" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Upgrade virtual machine compatibility" "Virtual machine".Interaction."Guest operating system management by VIX API" "Virtual machine".Interaction."Power off" "Virtual machine".Interaction."Power on" "Virtual machine".Interaction.Reset "Virtual machine"."Edit Inventory"."Create new" "Virtual machine"."Edit Inventory"."Create from existing" "Virtual machine"."Edit Inventory"."Remove" "Virtual machine".Provisioning."Clone virtual machine" "Virtual machine".Provisioning."Mark as template" "Virtual machine".Provisioning."Deploy template" vSphere vCenter Datacenter If the installation program creates the virtual machine folder "vSphere Tagging"."Assign or Unassign vSphere Tag on Object" Resource."Assign virtual machine to resource pool" VApp.Import "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Add existing disk" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Add new disk" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Add or remove device" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Advanced configuration" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Set annotation" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Change CPU count" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Extend virtual disk" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Acquire disk lease" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Modify device settings" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Change Memory" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Remove disk" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration".Rename "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Reset guest information" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Change resource" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Change Settings" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Upgrade virtual machine compatibility" "Virtual machine".Interaction."Guest operating system management by VIX API" "Virtual machine".Interaction."Power off" "Virtual machine".Interaction."Power on" "Virtual machine".Interaction.Reset "Virtual machine"."Edit Inventory"."Create new" "Virtual machine"."Edit Inventory"."Create from existing" "Virtual machine"."Edit Inventory"."Remove" "Virtual machine".Provisioning."Clone virtual machine" "Virtual machine".Provisioning."Deploy template" "Virtual machine".Provisioning."Mark as template" Folder."Create folder" Folder."Delete folder" Additionally, the user requires some ReadOnly permissions, and some of the roles require permission to propogate the permissions to child objects. These settings vary depending on whether or not you install the cluster into an existing folder. Example 18.3. Required permissions and propagation settings vSphere object Folder type Propagate to children Permissions required vSphere vCenter Always False Listed required privileges vSphere vCenter Datacenter Existing folder False ReadOnly permission Installation program creates the folder True Listed required privileges vSphere vCenter Cluster Always True Listed required privileges vSphere vCenter Datastore Always False Listed required privileges vSphere Switch Always False ReadOnly permission vSphere Port Group Always False Listed required privileges vSphere vCenter Virtual Machine Folder Existing folder True Listed required privileges For more information about creating an account with only the required privileges, see vSphere Permissions and User Management Tasks in the vSphere documentation. Using OpenShift Container Platform with vMotion If you intend on using vMotion in your vSphere environment, consider the following before installing a OpenShift Container Platform cluster. OpenShift Container Platform generally supports compute-only vMotion. Using Storage vMotion can cause issues and is not supported. To help ensure the uptime of your compute and control plane nodes, it is recommended that you follow the VMware best practices for vMotion. It is also recommended to use VMware anti-affinity rules to improve the availability of OpenShift Container Platform during maintenance or hardware issues. For more information about vMotion and anti-affinity rules, see the VMware vSphere documentation for vMotion networking requirements and VM anti-affinity rules . If you are using vSphere volumes in your pods, migrating a VM across datastores either manually or through Storage vMotion causes, invalid references within OpenShift Container Platform persistent volume (PV) objects. These references prevent affected pods from starting up and can result in data loss. Similarly, OpenShift Container Platform does not support selective migration of VMDKs across datastores, using datastore clusters for VM provisioning or for dynamic or static provisioning of PVs, or using a datastore that is part of a datastore cluster for dynamic or static provisioning of PVs. Cluster resources When you deploy an OpenShift Container Platform cluster that uses installer-provisioned infrastructure, the installation program must be able to create several resources in your vCenter instance. A standard OpenShift Container Platform installation creates the following vCenter resources: 1 Folder 1 Tag category 1 Tag Virtual machines: 1 template 1 temporary bootstrap node 3 control plane nodes 3 compute machines Although these resources use 856 GB of storage, the bootstrap node is destroyed during the cluster installation process. A minimum of 800 GB of storage is required to use a standard cluster. If you deploy more compute machines, the OpenShift Container Platform cluster will use more storage. Cluster limits Available resources vary between clusters. The number of possible clusters within a vCenter is limited primarily by available storage space and any limitations on the number of required resources. Be sure to consider both limitations to the vCenter resources that the cluster creates and the resources that you require to deploy a cluster, such as IP addresses and networks. Networking requirements You must use DHCP for the network and ensure that the DHCP server is configured to provide persistent IP addresses to the cluster machines. You must configure the default gateway to use the DHCP server. All nodes must be in the same VLAN. You cannot scale the cluster using a second VLAN as a Day 2 operation. Additionally, you must create the following networking resources before you install the OpenShift Container Platform cluster: Note It is recommended that each OpenShift Container Platform node in the cluster must have access to a Network Time Protocol (NTP) server that is discoverable via DHCP. Installation is possible without an NTP server. However, asynchronous server clocks will cause errors, which NTP server prevents. Required IP Addresses An installer-provisioned vSphere installation requires two static IP addresses: The API address is used to access the cluster API. The Ingress address is used for cluster ingress traffic. You must provide these IP addresses to the installation program when you install the OpenShift Container Platform cluster. DNS records You must create DNS records for two static IP addresses in the appropriate DNS server for the vCenter instance that hosts your OpenShift Container Platform cluster. In each record, <cluster_name> is the cluster name and <base_domain> is the cluster base domain that you specify when you install the cluster. A complete DNS record takes the form: <component>.<cluster_name>.<base_domain>. . Table 18.8. Required DNS records Component Record Description API VIP api.<cluster_name>.<base_domain>. This DNS A/AAAA or CNAME record must point to the load balancer for the control plane machines. This record must be resolvable by both clients external to the cluster and from all the nodes within the cluster. Ingress VIP *.apps.<cluster_name>.<base_domain>. A wildcard DNS A/AAAA or CNAME record that points to the load balancer that targets the machines that run the Ingress router pods, which are the worker nodes by default. This record must be resolvable by both clients external to the cluster and from all the nodes within the cluster. 18.2.7. Generating a key pair for cluster node SSH access During an OpenShift Container Platform installation, you can provide an SSH public key to the installation program. The key is passed to the Red Hat Enterprise Linux CoreOS (RHCOS) nodes through their Ignition config files and is used to authenticate SSH access to the nodes. The key is added to the ~/.ssh/authorized_keys list for the core user on each node, which enables password-less authentication. After the key is passed to the nodes, you can use the key pair to SSH in to the RHCOS nodes as the user core . To access the nodes through SSH, the private key identity must be managed by SSH for your local user. If you want to SSH in to your cluster nodes to perform installation debugging or disaster recovery, you must provide the SSH public key during the installation process. The ./openshift-install gather command also requires the SSH public key to be in place on the cluster nodes. Important Do not skip this procedure in production environments, where disaster recovery and debugging is required. Note You must use a local key, not one that you configured with platform-specific approaches such as AWS key pairs . Procedure If you do not have an existing SSH key pair on your local machine to use for authentication onto your cluster nodes, create one. For example, on a computer that uses a Linux operating system, run the following command: USD ssh-keygen -t ed25519 -N '' -f <path>/<file_name> 1 1 Specify the path and file name, such as ~/.ssh/id_ed25519 , of the new SSH key. If you have an existing key pair, ensure your public key is in the your ~/.ssh directory. Note If you plan to install an OpenShift Container Platform cluster that uses FIPS Validated / Modules in Process cryptographic libraries on the x86_64 architecture, do not create a key that uses the ed25519 algorithm. Instead, create a key that uses the rsa or ecdsa algorithm. View the public SSH key: USD cat <path>/<file_name>.pub For example, run the following to view the ~/.ssh/id_ed25519.pub public key: USD cat ~/.ssh/id_ed25519.pub Add the SSH private key identity to the SSH agent for your local user, if it has not already been added. SSH agent management of the key is required for password-less SSH authentication onto your cluster nodes, or if you want to use the ./openshift-install gather command. Note On some distributions, default SSH private key identities such as ~/.ssh/id_rsa and ~/.ssh/id_dsa are managed automatically. If the ssh-agent process is not already running for your local user, start it as a background task: USD eval "USD(ssh-agent -s)" Example output Agent pid 31874 Note If your cluster is in FIPS mode, only use FIPS-compliant algorithms to generate the SSH key. The key must be either RSA or ECDSA. Add your SSH private key to the ssh-agent : USD ssh-add <path>/<file_name> 1 1 Specify the path and file name for your SSH private key, such as ~/.ssh/id_ed25519 Example output Identity added: /home/<you>/<path>/<file_name> (<computer_name>) steps When you install OpenShift Container Platform, provide the SSH public key to the installation program. 18.2.8. Obtaining the installation program Before you install OpenShift Container Platform, download the installation file on a local computer. Prerequisites You have a computer that runs Linux or macOS, with 500 MB of local disk space Procedure Access the Infrastructure Provider page on the OpenShift Cluster Manager site. If you have a Red Hat account, log in with your credentials. If you do not, create an account. Select your infrastructure provider. Navigate to the page for your installation type, download the installation program for your operating system, and place the file in the directory where you will store the installation configuration files. Important The installation program creates several files on the computer that you use to install your cluster. You must keep the installation program and the files that the installation program creates after you finish installing the cluster. Both files are required to delete the cluster. Important Deleting the files created by the installation program does not remove your cluster, even if the cluster failed during installation. To remove your cluster, complete the OpenShift Container Platform uninstallation procedures for your specific cloud provider. Extract the installation program. For example, on a computer that uses a Linux operating system, run the following command: USD tar -xvf openshift-install-linux.tar.gz Download your installation pull secret from the Red Hat OpenShift Cluster Manager . This pull secret allows you to authenticate with the services that are provided by the included authorities, including Quay.io, which serves the container images for OpenShift Container Platform components. 18.2.9. Adding vCenter root CA certificates to your system trust Because the installation program requires access to your vCenter's API, you must add your vCenter's trusted root CA certificates to your system trust before you install an OpenShift Container Platform cluster. Procedure From the vCenter home page, download the vCenter's root CA certificates. Click Download trusted root CA certificates in the vSphere Web Services SDK section. The <vCenter>/certs/download.zip file downloads. Extract the compressed file that contains the vCenter root CA certificates. The contents of the compressed file resemble the following file structure: Add the files for your operating system to the system trust. For example, on a Fedora operating system, run the following command: # cp certs/lin/* /etc/pki/ca-trust/source/anchors Update your system trust. For example, on a Fedora operating system, run the following command: # update-ca-trust extract 18.2.10. Deploying the cluster You can install OpenShift Container Platform on a compatible cloud platform. Important You can run the create cluster command of the installation program only once, during initial installation. Prerequisites Configure an account with the cloud platform that hosts your cluster. Obtain the OpenShift Container Platform installation program and the pull secret for your cluster. Procedure Change to the directory that contains the installation program and initialize the cluster deployment: USD ./openshift-install create cluster --dir <installation_directory> \ 1 --log-level=info 2 1 For <installation_directory> , specify the directory name to store the files that the installation program creates. 2 To view different installation details, specify warn , debug , or error instead of info . Important Specify an empty directory. Some installation assets, like bootstrap X.509 certificates have short expiration intervals, so you must not reuse an installation directory. If you want to reuse individual files from another cluster installation, you can copy them into your directory. However, the file names for the installation assets might change between releases. Use caution when copying installation files from an earlier OpenShift Container Platform version. Provide values at the prompts: Optional: Select an SSH key to use to access your cluster machines. Note For production OpenShift Container Platform clusters on which you want to perform installation debugging or disaster recovery, specify an SSH key that your ssh-agent process uses. Select vsphere as the platform to target. Specify the name of your vCenter instance. Specify the user name and password for the vCenter account that has the required permissions to create the cluster. The installation program connects to your vCenter instance. Select the datacenter in your vCenter instance to connect to. Select the default vCenter datastore to use. Note Datastore and cluster names cannot exceed 60 characters; therefore, ensure the combined string length does not exceed the 60 character limit. Select the vCenter cluster to install the OpenShift Container Platform cluster in. The installation program uses the root resource pool of the vSphere cluster as the default resource pool. Select the network in the vCenter instance that contains the virtual IP addresses and DNS records that you configured. Enter the virtual IP address that you configured for control plane API access. Enter the virtual IP address that you configured for cluster ingress. Enter the base domain. This base domain must be the same one that you used in the DNS records that you configured. Enter a descriptive name for your cluster. The cluster name must be the same one that you used in the DNS records that you configured. Note Datastore and cluster names cannot exceed 60 characters; therefore, ensure the combined string length does not exceed the 60 character limit. Paste the pull secret from the Red Hat OpenShift Cluster Manager . Important Use the openshift-install command from the bastion hosted in the VMC environment. Note If the cloud provider account that you configured on your host does not have sufficient permissions to deploy the cluster, the installation process stops, and the missing permissions are displayed. When the cluster deployment completes, directions for accessing your cluster, including a link to its web console and credentials for the kubeadmin user, display in your terminal. Example output ... INFO Install complete! INFO To access the cluster as the system:admin user when using 'oc', run 'export KUBECONFIG=/home/myuser/install_dir/auth/kubeconfig' INFO Access the OpenShift web-console here: https://console-openshift-console.apps.mycluster.example.com INFO Login to the console with user: "kubeadmin", and password: "4vYBz-Ee6gm-ymBZj-Wt5AL" INFO Time elapsed: 36m22s Note The cluster access and credential information also outputs to <installation_directory>/.openshift_install.log when an installation succeeds. Important The Ignition config files that the installation program generates contain certificates that expire after 24 hours, which are then renewed at that time. If the cluster is shut down before renewing the certificates and the cluster is later restarted after the 24 hours have elapsed, the cluster automatically recovers the expired certificates. The exception is that you must manually approve the pending node-bootstrapper certificate signing requests (CSRs) to recover kubelet certificates. See the documentation for Recovering from expired control plane certificates for more information. It is recommended that you use Ignition config files within 12 hours after they are generated because the 24-hour certificate rotates from 16 to 22 hours after the cluster is installed. By using the Ignition config files within 12 hours, you can avoid installation failure if the certificate update runs during installation. Important You must not delete the installation program or the files that the installation program creates. Both are required to delete the cluster. 18.2.11. Installing the OpenShift CLI by downloading the binary You can install the OpenShift CLI ( oc ) to interact with OpenShift Container Platform from a command-line interface. You can install oc on Linux, Windows, or macOS. Important If you installed an earlier version of oc , you cannot use it to complete all of the commands in OpenShift Container Platform 4.9. Download and install the new version of oc . Installing the OpenShift CLI on Linux You can install the OpenShift CLI ( oc ) binary on Linux by using the following procedure. Procedure Navigate to the OpenShift Container Platform downloads page on the Red Hat Customer Portal. Select the appropriate version in the Version drop-down menu. Click Download Now to the OpenShift v4.9 Linux Client entry and save the file. Unpack the archive: USD tar xvf <file> Place the oc binary in a directory that is on your PATH . To check your PATH , execute the following command: USD echo USDPATH After you install the OpenShift CLI, it is available using the oc command: USD oc <command> Installing the OpenShift CLI on Windows You can install the OpenShift CLI ( oc ) binary on Windows by using the following procedure. Procedure Navigate to the OpenShift Container Platform downloads page on the Red Hat Customer Portal. Select the appropriate version in the Version drop-down menu. Click Download Now to the OpenShift v4.9 Windows Client entry and save the file. Unzip the archive with a ZIP program. Move the oc binary to a directory that is on your PATH . To check your PATH , open the command prompt and execute the following command: C:\> path After you install the OpenShift CLI, it is available using the oc command: C:\> oc <command> Installing the OpenShift CLI on macOS You can install the OpenShift CLI ( oc ) binary on macOS by using the following procedure. Procedure Navigate to the OpenShift Container Platform downloads page on the Red Hat Customer Portal. Select the appropriate version in the Version drop-down menu. Click Download Now to the OpenShift v4.9 MacOSX Client entry and save the file. Unpack and unzip the archive. Move the oc binary to a directory on your PATH. To check your PATH , open a terminal and execute the following command: USD echo USDPATH After you install the OpenShift CLI, it is available using the oc command: USD oc <command> 18.2.12. Logging in to the cluster by using the CLI You can log in to your cluster as a default system user by exporting the cluster kubeconfig file. The kubeconfig file contains information about the cluster that is used by the CLI to connect a client to the correct cluster and API server. The file is specific to a cluster and is created during OpenShift Container Platform installation. Prerequisites You deployed an OpenShift Container Platform cluster. You installed the oc CLI. Procedure Export the kubeadmin credentials: USD export KUBECONFIG=<installation_directory>/auth/kubeconfig 1 1 For <installation_directory> , specify the path to the directory that you stored the installation files in. Verify you can run oc commands successfully using the exported configuration: USD oc whoami Example output system:admin 18.2.13. Creating registry storage After you install the cluster, you must create storage for the registry Operator. 18.2.13.1. Image registry removed during installation On platforms that do not provide shareable object storage, the OpenShift Image Registry Operator bootstraps itself as Removed . This allows openshift-installer to complete installations on these platform types. After installation, you must edit the Image Registry Operator configuration to switch the managementState from Removed to Managed . Note The Prometheus console provides an ImageRegistryRemoved alert, for example: "Image Registry has been removed. ImageStreamTags , BuildConfigs and DeploymentConfigs which reference ImageStreamTags may not work as expected. Please configure storage and update the config to Managed state by editing configs.imageregistry.operator.openshift.io." 18.2.13.2. Image registry storage configuration The Image Registry Operator is not initially available for platforms that do not provide default storage. After installation, you must configure your registry to use storage so that the Registry Operator is made available. Instructions are shown for configuring a persistent volume, which is required for production clusters. Where applicable, instructions are shown for configuring an empty directory as the storage location, which is available for only non-production clusters. Additional instructions are provided for allowing the image registry to use block storage types by using the Recreate rollout strategy during upgrades. 18.2.13.2.1. Configuring registry storage for VMware vSphere As a cluster administrator, following installation you must configure your registry to use storage. Prerequisites Cluster administrator permissions. A cluster on VMware vSphere. Persistent storage provisioned for your cluster, such as Red Hat OpenShift Container Storage. Important OpenShift Container Platform supports ReadWriteOnce access for image registry storage when you have only one replica. ReadWriteOnce access also requires that the registry uses the Recreate rollout strategy. To deploy an image registry that supports high availability with two or more replicas, ReadWriteMany access is required. Must have "100Gi" capacity. Important Testing shows issues with using the NFS server on RHEL as storage backend for core services. This includes the OpenShift Container Registry and Quay, Prometheus for monitoring storage, and Elasticsearch for logging storage. Therefore, using RHEL NFS to back PVs used by core services is not recommended. Other NFS implementations on the marketplace might not have these issues. Contact the individual NFS implementation vendor for more information on any testing that was possibly completed against these OpenShift Container Platform core components. Procedure To configure your registry to use storage, change the spec.storage.pvc in the configs.imageregistry/cluster resource. Note When using shared storage, review your security settings to prevent outside access. Verify that you do not have a registry pod: USD oc get pod -n openshift-image-registry -l docker-registry=default Example output No resourses found in openshift-image-registry namespace Note If you do have a registry pod in your output, you do not need to continue with this procedure. Check the registry configuration: USD oc edit configs.imageregistry.operator.openshift.io Example output storage: pvc: claim: 1 1 Leave the claim field blank to allow the automatic creation of an image-registry-storage persistent volume claim (PVC). The PVC is generated based on the default storage class. However, be aware that the default storage class might provide ReadWriteOnce (RWO) volumes, such as a RADOS Block Device (RBD), which can cause issues when replicating to more than one replica. Check the clusteroperator status: USD oc get clusteroperator image-registry Example output NAME VERSION AVAILABLE PROGRESSING DEGRADED SINCE MESSAGE image-registry 4.7 True False False 6h50m 18.2.13.2.2. Configuring block registry storage for VMware vSphere To allow the image registry to use block storage types such as vSphere Virtual Machine Disk (VMDK) during upgrades as a cluster administrator, you can use the Recreate rollout strategy. Important Block storage volumes are supported but not recommended for use with image registry on production clusters. An installation where the registry is configured on block storage is not highly available because the registry cannot have more than one replica. Procedure To set the image registry storage as a block storage type, patch the registry so that it uses the Recreate rollout strategy and runs with only 1 replica: USD oc patch config.imageregistry.operator.openshift.io/cluster --type=merge -p '{"spec":{"rolloutStrategy":"Recreate","replicas":1}}' Provision the PV for the block storage device, and create a PVC for that volume. The requested block volume uses the ReadWriteOnce (RWO) access mode. Create a pvc.yaml file with the following contents to define a VMware vSphere PersistentVolumeClaim object: kind: PersistentVolumeClaim apiVersion: v1 metadata: name: image-registry-storage 1 namespace: openshift-image-registry 2 spec: accessModes: - ReadWriteOnce 3 resources: requests: storage: 100Gi 4 1 A unique name that represents the PersistentVolumeClaim object. 2 The namespace for the PersistentVolumeClaim object, which is openshift-image-registry . 3 The access mode of the persistent volume claim. With ReadWriteOnce , the volume can be mounted with read and write permissions by a single node. 4 The size of the persistent volume claim. Create the PersistentVolumeClaim object from the file: USD oc create -f pvc.yaml -n openshift-image-registry Edit the registry configuration so that it references the correct PVC: USD oc edit config.imageregistry.operator.openshift.io -o yaml Example output storage: pvc: claim: 1 1 Creating a custom PVC allows you to leave the claim field blank for the default automatic creation of an image-registry-storage PVC. For instructions about configuring registry storage so that it references the correct PVC, see Configuring the registry for vSphere . 18.2.14. Backing up VMware vSphere volumes OpenShift Container Platform provisions new volumes as independent persistent disks to freely attach and detach the volume on any node in the cluster. As a consequence, it is not possible to back up volumes that use snapshots, or to restore volumes from snapshots. See Snapshot Limitations for more information. Procedure To create a backup of persistent volumes: Stop the application that is using the persistent volume. Clone the persistent volume. Restart the application. Create a backup of the cloned volume. Delete the cloned volume. 18.2.15. Steal clock accounting By default, the installation program provisions the cluster's virtual machines without enabling the steal clock accounting parameter ( stealclock.enabled ). Enabling steal clock accounting can help with troubleshooting cluster issues. After the cluster is deployed, use the vSphere Client to enable this parameter on each of the virtual machines. For more information, see this Red Hat knowledge base article . 18.2.16. Telemetry access for OpenShift Container Platform In OpenShift Container Platform 4.9, the Telemetry service, which runs by default to provide metrics about cluster health and the success of updates, requires internet access. If your cluster is connected to the internet, Telemetry runs automatically, and your cluster is registered to OpenShift Cluster Manager . After you confirm that your OpenShift Cluster Manager inventory is correct, either maintained automatically by Telemetry or manually by using OpenShift Cluster Manager, use subscription watch to track your OpenShift Container Platform subscriptions at the account or multi-cluster level. Additional resources See About remote health monitoring for more information about the Telemetry service 18.2.17. steps Customize your cluster . If necessary, you can opt out of remote health reporting . Set up your registry and configure registry storage . Optional: View the events from the vSphere Problem Detector Operator to determine if the cluster has permission or storage configuration issues. 18.3. Installing a cluster on VMC with customizations In OpenShift Container Platform version 4.9, you can install a cluster on your VMware vSphere instance using installer-provisioned infrastructure by deploying it to VMware Cloud (VMC) on AWS . Once you configure your VMC environment for OpenShift Container Platform deployment, you use the OpenShift Container Platform installation program from the bastion management host, co-located in the VMC environment. The installation program and control plane automates the process of deploying and managing the resources needed for the OpenShift Container Platform cluster. To customize the OpenShift Container Platform installation, you modify parameters in the install-config.yaml file before you install the cluster. Note OpenShift Container Platform supports deploying a cluster to a single VMware vCenter only. Deploying a cluster with machines/machine sets on multiple vCenters is not supported. 18.3.1. Setting up VMC for vSphere You can install OpenShift Container Platform on VMware Cloud (VMC) on AWS hosted vSphere clusters to enable applications to be deployed and managed both on-premise and off-premise, across the hybrid cloud. You must configure several options in your VMC environment prior to installing OpenShift Container Platform on VMware vSphere. Ensure your VMC environment has the following prerequisites: Create a non-exclusive, DHCP-enabled, NSX-T network segment and subnet. Other virtual machines (VMs) can be hosted on the subnet, but at least eight IP addresses must be available for the OpenShift Container Platform deployment. Allocate two IP addresses, outside the DHCP range, and configure them with reverse DNS records. A DNS record for api.<cluster_name>.<base_domain> pointing to the allocated IP address. A DNS record for *.apps.<cluster_name>.<base_domain> pointing to the allocated IP address. Configure the following firewall rules: An ANY:ANY firewall rule between the OpenShift Container Platform compute network and the internet. This is used by nodes and applications to download container images. An ANY:ANY firewall rule between the installation host and the software-defined data center (SDDC) management network on port 443. This allows you to upload the Red Hat Enterprise Linux CoreOS (RHCOS) OVA during deployment. An HTTPS firewall rule between the OpenShift Container Platform compute network and vCenter. This connection allows OpenShift Container Platform to communicate with vCenter for provisioning and managing nodes, persistent volume claims (PVCs), and other resources. You must have the following information to deploy OpenShift Container Platform: The OpenShift Container Platform cluster name, such as vmc-prod-1 . The base DNS name, such as companyname.com . If not using the default, the pod network CIDR and services network CIDR must be identified, which are set by default to 10.128.0.0/14 and 172.30.0.0/16 , respectively. These CIDRs are used for pod-to-pod and pod-to-service communication and are not accessible externally; however, they must not overlap with existing subnets in your organization. The following vCenter information: vCenter hostname, username, and password Datacenter name, such as SDDC-Datacenter Cluster name, such as Cluster-1 Network name Datastore name, such as WorkloadDatastore Note It is recommended to move your vSphere cluster to the VMC Compute-ResourcePool resource pool after your cluster installation is finished. A Linux-based host deployed to VMC as a bastion. The bastion host can be Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) or any another Linux-based host; it must have internet connectivity and the ability to upload an OVA to the ESXi hosts. Download and install the OpenShift CLI tools to the bastion host. The openshift-install installation program The OpenShift CLI ( oc ) tool Note You cannot use the VMware NSX Container Plugin for Kubernetes (NCP), and NSX is not used as the OpenShift SDN. The version of NSX currently available with VMC is incompatible with the version of NCP certified with OpenShift Container Platform. However, the NSX DHCP service is used for virtual machine IP management with the full-stack automated OpenShift Container Platform deployment and with nodes provisioned, either manually or automatically, by the Machine API integration with vSphere. Additionally, NSX firewall rules are created to enable access with the OpenShift Container Platform cluster and between the bastion host and the VMC vSphere hosts. 18.3.1.1. VMC Sizer tool VMware Cloud on AWS is built on top of AWS bare metal infrastructure; this is the same bare metal infrastructure which runs AWS native services. When a VMware cloud on AWS software-defined data center (SDDC) is deployed, you consume these physical server nodes and run the VMware ESXi hypervisor in a single tenant fashion. This means the physical infrastructure is not accessible to anyone else using VMC. It is important to consider how many physical hosts you will need to host your virtual infrastructure. To determine this, VMware provides the VMC on AWS Sizer . With this tool, you can define the resources you intend to host on VMC: Types of workloads Total number of virtual machines Specification information such as: Storage requirements vCPUs vRAM Overcommit ratios With these details, the sizer tool can generate a report, based on VMware best practices, and recommend your cluster configuration and the number of hosts you will need. 18.3.2. vSphere prerequisites You reviewed details about the OpenShift Container Platform installation and update processes. You read the documentation on selecting a cluster installation method and preparing it for users . You provisioned block registry storage . For more information on persistent storage, see Understanding persistent storage . If you use a firewall, you configured it to allow the sites that your cluster requires access to. Note Be sure to also review this site list if you are configuring a proxy. 18.3.3. Internet access for OpenShift Container Platform In OpenShift Container Platform 4.9, you require access to the internet to install your cluster. You must have internet access to: Access OpenShift Cluster Manager to download the installation program and perform subscription management. If the cluster has internet access and you do not disable Telemetry, that service automatically entitles your cluster. Access Quay.io to obtain the packages that are required to install your cluster. Obtain the packages that are required to perform cluster updates. Important If your cluster cannot have direct internet access, you can perform a restricted network installation on some types of infrastructure that you provision. During that process, you download the required content and use it to populate a mirror registry with the installation packages. With some installation types, the environment that you install your cluster in will not require internet access. Before you update the cluster, you update the content of the mirror registry. 18.3.4. VMware vSphere infrastructure requirements You must install the OpenShift Container Platform cluster on a VMware vSphere version 6 or 7 instance that meets the requirements for the components that you use. Table 18.9. Version requirements for vSphere virtual environments Virtual environment product Required version VM hardware version 13 or later vSphere ESXi hosts 6.5 or later vCenter host 6.5 or later Important Installing a cluster on VMware vSphere version 6.7U2 or earlier and virtual hardware version 13 is now deprecated. These versions are still fully supported, but support will be removed in a future version of OpenShift Container Platform. Hardware version 15 is now the default for vSphere virtual machines in OpenShift Container Platform. To update the hardware version for your vSphere nodes, see the "Updating hardware on nodes running in vSphere" article. Table 18.10. Minimum supported vSphere version for VMware components Component Minimum supported versions Description Hypervisor vSphere 6.5 and later with HW version 13 This version is the minimum version that Red Hat Enterprise Linux CoreOS (RHCOS) supports. See the Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8 supported hypervisors list . Storage with in-tree drivers vSphere 6.5 and later This plugin creates vSphere storage by using the in-tree storage drivers for vSphere included in OpenShift Container Platform. If you use a vSphere version 6.5 instance, consider upgrading to 6.7U3 or 7.0 before you install OpenShift Container Platform. Important You must ensure that the time on your ESXi hosts is synchronized before you install OpenShift Container Platform. See Edit Time Configuration for a Host in the VMware documentation. 18.3.5. Network connectivity requirements You must configure the network connectivity between machines to allow OpenShift Container Platform cluster components to communicate. Review the following details about the required network ports. Table 18.11. Ports used for all-machine to all-machine communications Protocol Port Description ICMP N/A Network reachability tests TCP 1936 Metrics 9000 - 9999 Host level services, including the node exporter on ports 9100 - 9101 and the Cluster Version Operator on port 9099 . 10250 - 10259 The default ports that Kubernetes reserves 10256 openshift-sdn UDP 4789 virtual extensible LAN (VXLAN) 6081 Geneve 9000 - 9999 Host level services, including the node exporter on ports 9100 - 9101 . 500 IPsec IKE packets 4500 IPsec NAT-T packets TCP/UDP 30000 - 32767 Kubernetes node port ESP N/A IPsec Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) Table 18.12. Ports used for all-machine to control plane communications Protocol Port Description TCP 6443 Kubernetes API Table 18.13. Ports used for control plane machine to control plane machine communications Protocol Port Description TCP 2379 - 2380 etcd server and peer ports Additional resources To update the hardware version for your vSphere nodes, see Updating hardware on nodes running in vSphere . 18.3.6. vCenter requirements Before you install an OpenShift Container Platform cluster on your vCenter that uses infrastructure that the installer provisions, you must prepare your environment. Required vCenter account privileges To install an OpenShift Container Platform cluster in a vCenter, the installation program requires access to an account with privileges to read and create the required resources. Using an account that has global administrative privileges is the simplest way to access all of the necessary permissions. If you cannot use an account with global administrative privileges, you must create roles to grant the privileges necessary for OpenShift Container Platform cluster installation. While most of the privileges are always required, some are required only if you plan for the installation program to provision a folder to contain the OpenShift Container Platform cluster on your vCenter instance, which is the default behavior. You must create or amend vSphere roles for the specified objects to grant the required privileges. An additional role is required if the installation program is to create a vSphere virtual machine folder. Example 18.4. Roles and privileges required for installation in vSphere API vSphere object for role When required Required privileges in vSphere API vSphere vCenter Always Cns.Searchable InventoryService.Tagging.AttachTag InventoryService.Tagging.CreateCategory InventoryService.Tagging.CreateTag InventoryService.Tagging.DeleteCategory InventoryService.Tagging.DeleteTag InventoryService.Tagging.EditCategory InventoryService.Tagging.EditTag Sessions.ValidateSession StorageProfile.Update StorageProfile.View vSphere vCenter Cluster Always Host.Config.Storage Resource.AssignVMToPool VApp.AssignResourcePool VApp.Import VirtualMachine.Config.AddNewDisk vSphere Datastore Always Datastore.AllocateSpace Datastore.Browse Datastore.FileManagement InventoryService.Tagging.ObjectAttachable vSphere Port Group Always Network.Assign Virtual Machine Folder Always InventoryService.Tagging.ObjectAttachable Resource.AssignVMToPool VApp.Import VirtualMachine.Config.AddExistingDisk VirtualMachine.Config.AddNewDisk VirtualMachine.Config.AddRemoveDevice VirtualMachine.Config.AdvancedConfig VirtualMachine.Config.Annotation VirtualMachine.Config.CPUCount VirtualMachine.Config.DiskExtend VirtualMachine.Config.DiskLease VirtualMachine.Config.EditDevice VirtualMachine.Config.Memory VirtualMachine.Config.RemoveDisk VirtualMachine.Config.Rename VirtualMachine.Config.ResetGuestInfo VirtualMachine.Config.Resource VirtualMachine.Config.Settings VirtualMachine.Config.UpgradeVirtualHardware VirtualMachine.Interact.GuestControl VirtualMachine.Interact.PowerOff VirtualMachine.Interact.PowerOn VirtualMachine.Interact.Reset VirtualMachine.Inventory.Create VirtualMachine.Inventory.CreateFromExisting VirtualMachine.Inventory.Delete VirtualMachine.Provisioning.Clone VirtualMachine.Provisioning.MarkAsTemplate VirtualMachine.Provisioning.DeployTemplate vSphere vCenter Datacenter If the installation program creates the virtual machine folder InventoryService.Tagging.ObjectAttachable Resource.AssignVMToPool VApp.Import VirtualMachine.Config.AddExistingDisk VirtualMachine.Config.AddNewDisk VirtualMachine.Config.AddRemoveDevice VirtualMachine.Config.AdvancedConfig VirtualMachine.Config.Annotation VirtualMachine.Config.CPUCount VirtualMachine.Config.DiskExtend VirtualMachine.Config.DiskLease VirtualMachine.Config.EditDevice VirtualMachine.Config.Memory VirtualMachine.Config.RemoveDisk VirtualMachine.Config.Rename VirtualMachine.Config.ResetGuestInfo VirtualMachine.Config.Resource VirtualMachine.Config.Settings VirtualMachine.Config.UpgradeVirtualHardware VirtualMachine.Interact.GuestControl VirtualMachine.Interact.PowerOff VirtualMachine.Interact.PowerOn VirtualMachine.Interact.Reset VirtualMachine.Inventory.Create VirtualMachine.Inventory.CreateFromExisting VirtualMachine.Inventory.Delete VirtualMachine.Provisioning.Clone VirtualMachine.Provisioning.DeployTemplate VirtualMachine.Provisioning.MarkAsTemplate Folder.Create Folder.Delete Example 18.5. Roles and privileges required for installation in vCenter graphical user interface (GUI) vSphere object for role When required Required privileges in vCenter GUI vSphere vCenter Always Cns.Searchable "vSphere Tagging"."Assign or Unassign vSphere Tag" "vSphere Tagging"."Create vSphere Tag Category" "vSphere Tagging"."Create vSphere Tag" vSphere Tagging"."Delete vSphere Tag Category" "vSphere Tagging"."Delete vSphere Tag" "vSphere Tagging"."Edit vSphere Tag Category" "vSphere Tagging"."Edit vSphere Tag" Sessions."Validate session" "Profile-driven storage"."Profile-driven storage update" "Profile-driven storage"."Profile-driven storage view" vSphere vCenter Cluster If VMs will be created in the cluster root Host.Configuration."Storage partition configuration" Resource."Assign virtual machine to resource pool" VApp."Assign resource pool" VApp.Import "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Add new disk" vSphere vCenter Resource Pool If an existing resource pool is provided Host.Configuration."Storage partition configuration" Resource."Assign virtual machine to resource pool" VApp."Assign resource pool" VApp.Import "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Add new disk" vSphere Datastore Always Datastore."Allocate space" Datastore."Browse datastore" Datastore."Low level file operations" "vSphere Tagging"."Assign or Unassign vSphere Tag on Object" vSphere Port Group Always Network."Assign network" Virtual Machine Folder Always "vSphere Tagging"."Assign or Unassign vSphere Tag on Object" Resource."Assign virtual machine to resource pool" VApp.Import "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Add existing disk" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Add new disk" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Add or remove device" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Advanced configuration" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Set annotation" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Change CPU count" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Extend virtual disk" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Acquire disk lease" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Modify device settings" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Change Memory" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Remove disk" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration".Rename "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Reset guest information" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Change resource" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Change Settings" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Upgrade virtual machine compatibility" "Virtual machine".Interaction."Guest operating system management by VIX API" "Virtual machine".Interaction."Power off" "Virtual machine".Interaction."Power on" "Virtual machine".Interaction.Reset "Virtual machine"."Edit Inventory"."Create new" "Virtual machine"."Edit Inventory"."Create from existing" "Virtual machine"."Edit Inventory"."Remove" "Virtual machine".Provisioning."Clone virtual machine" "Virtual machine".Provisioning."Mark as template" "Virtual machine".Provisioning."Deploy template" vSphere vCenter Datacenter If the installation program creates the virtual machine folder "vSphere Tagging"."Assign or Unassign vSphere Tag on Object" Resource."Assign virtual machine to resource pool" VApp.Import "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Add existing disk" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Add new disk" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Add or remove device" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Advanced configuration" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Set annotation" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Change CPU count" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Extend virtual disk" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Acquire disk lease" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Modify device settings" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Change Memory" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Remove disk" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration".Rename "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Reset guest information" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Change resource" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Change Settings" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Upgrade virtual machine compatibility" "Virtual machine".Interaction."Guest operating system management by VIX API" "Virtual machine".Interaction."Power off" "Virtual machine".Interaction."Power on" "Virtual machine".Interaction.Reset "Virtual machine"."Edit Inventory"."Create new" "Virtual machine"."Edit Inventory"."Create from existing" "Virtual machine"."Edit Inventory"."Remove" "Virtual machine".Provisioning."Clone virtual machine" "Virtual machine".Provisioning."Deploy template" "Virtual machine".Provisioning."Mark as template" Folder."Create folder" Folder."Delete folder" Additionally, the user requires some ReadOnly permissions, and some of the roles require permission to propogate the permissions to child objects. These settings vary depending on whether or not you install the cluster into an existing folder. Example 18.6. Required permissions and propagation settings vSphere object Folder type Propagate to children Permissions required vSphere vCenter Always False Listed required privileges vSphere vCenter Datacenter Existing folder False ReadOnly permission Installation program creates the folder True Listed required privileges vSphere vCenter Cluster Always True Listed required privileges vSphere vCenter Datastore Always False Listed required privileges vSphere Switch Always False ReadOnly permission vSphere Port Group Always False Listed required privileges vSphere vCenter Virtual Machine Folder Existing folder True Listed required privileges For more information about creating an account with only the required privileges, see vSphere Permissions and User Management Tasks in the vSphere documentation. Using OpenShift Container Platform with vMotion If you intend on using vMotion in your vSphere environment, consider the following before installing a OpenShift Container Platform cluster. OpenShift Container Platform generally supports compute-only vMotion. Using Storage vMotion can cause issues and is not supported. To help ensure the uptime of your compute and control plane nodes, it is recommended that you follow the VMware best practices for vMotion. It is also recommended to use VMware anti-affinity rules to improve the availability of OpenShift Container Platform during maintenance or hardware issues. For more information about vMotion and anti-affinity rules, see the VMware vSphere documentation for vMotion networking requirements and VM anti-affinity rules . If you are using vSphere volumes in your pods, migrating a VM across datastores either manually or through Storage vMotion causes, invalid references within OpenShift Container Platform persistent volume (PV) objects. These references prevent affected pods from starting up and can result in data loss. Similarly, OpenShift Container Platform does not support selective migration of VMDKs across datastores, using datastore clusters for VM provisioning or for dynamic or static provisioning of PVs, or using a datastore that is part of a datastore cluster for dynamic or static provisioning of PVs. Cluster resources When you deploy an OpenShift Container Platform cluster that uses installer-provisioned infrastructure, the installation program must be able to create several resources in your vCenter instance. A standard OpenShift Container Platform installation creates the following vCenter resources: 1 Folder 1 Tag category 1 Tag Virtual machines: 1 template 1 temporary bootstrap node 3 control plane nodes 3 compute machines Although these resources use 856 GB of storage, the bootstrap node is destroyed during the cluster installation process. A minimum of 800 GB of storage is required to use a standard cluster. If you deploy more compute machines, the OpenShift Container Platform cluster will use more storage. Cluster limits Available resources vary between clusters. The number of possible clusters within a vCenter is limited primarily by available storage space and any limitations on the number of required resources. Be sure to consider both limitations to the vCenter resources that the cluster creates and the resources that you require to deploy a cluster, such as IP addresses and networks. Networking requirements You must use DHCP for the network and ensure that the DHCP server is configured to provide persistent IP addresses to the cluster machines. You must configure the default gateway to use the DHCP server. All nodes must be in the same VLAN. You cannot scale the cluster using a second VLAN as a Day 2 operation. Additionally, you must create the following networking resources before you install the OpenShift Container Platform cluster: Note It is recommended that each OpenShift Container Platform node in the cluster must have access to a Network Time Protocol (NTP) server that is discoverable via DHCP. Installation is possible without an NTP server. However, asynchronous server clocks will cause errors, which NTP server prevents. Required IP Addresses An installer-provisioned vSphere installation requires two static IP addresses: The API address is used to access the cluster API. The Ingress address is used for cluster ingress traffic. You must provide these IP addresses to the installation program when you install the OpenShift Container Platform cluster. DNS records You must create DNS records for two static IP addresses in the appropriate DNS server for the vCenter instance that hosts your OpenShift Container Platform cluster. In each record, <cluster_name> is the cluster name and <base_domain> is the cluster base domain that you specify when you install the cluster. A complete DNS record takes the form: <component>.<cluster_name>.<base_domain>. . Table 18.14. Required DNS records Component Record Description API VIP api.<cluster_name>.<base_domain>. This DNS A/AAAA or CNAME record must point to the load balancer for the control plane machines. This record must be resolvable by both clients external to the cluster and from all the nodes within the cluster. Ingress VIP *.apps.<cluster_name>.<base_domain>. A wildcard DNS A/AAAA or CNAME record that points to the load balancer that targets the machines that run the Ingress router pods, which are the worker nodes by default. This record must be resolvable by both clients external to the cluster and from all the nodes within the cluster. 18.3.7. Generating a key pair for cluster node SSH access During an OpenShift Container Platform installation, you can provide an SSH public key to the installation program. The key is passed to the Red Hat Enterprise Linux CoreOS (RHCOS) nodes through their Ignition config files and is used to authenticate SSH access to the nodes. The key is added to the ~/.ssh/authorized_keys list for the core user on each node, which enables password-less authentication. After the key is passed to the nodes, you can use the key pair to SSH in to the RHCOS nodes as the user core . To access the nodes through SSH, the private key identity must be managed by SSH for your local user. If you want to SSH in to your cluster nodes to perform installation debugging or disaster recovery, you must provide the SSH public key during the installation process. The ./openshift-install gather command also requires the SSH public key to be in place on the cluster nodes. Important Do not skip this procedure in production environments, where disaster recovery and debugging is required. Note You must use a local key, not one that you configured with platform-specific approaches such as AWS key pairs . Procedure If you do not have an existing SSH key pair on your local machine to use for authentication onto your cluster nodes, create one. For example, on a computer that uses a Linux operating system, run the following command: USD ssh-keygen -t ed25519 -N '' -f <path>/<file_name> 1 1 Specify the path and file name, such as ~/.ssh/id_ed25519 , of the new SSH key. If you have an existing key pair, ensure your public key is in the your ~/.ssh directory. Note If you plan to install an OpenShift Container Platform cluster that uses FIPS Validated / Modules in Process cryptographic libraries on the x86_64 architecture, do not create a key that uses the ed25519 algorithm. Instead, create a key that uses the rsa or ecdsa algorithm. View the public SSH key: USD cat <path>/<file_name>.pub For example, run the following to view the ~/.ssh/id_ed25519.pub public key: USD cat ~/.ssh/id_ed25519.pub Add the SSH private key identity to the SSH agent for your local user, if it has not already been added. SSH agent management of the key is required for password-less SSH authentication onto your cluster nodes, or if you want to use the ./openshift-install gather command. Note On some distributions, default SSH private key identities such as ~/.ssh/id_rsa and ~/.ssh/id_dsa are managed automatically. If the ssh-agent process is not already running for your local user, start it as a background task: USD eval "USD(ssh-agent -s)" Example output Agent pid 31874 Note If your cluster is in FIPS mode, only use FIPS-compliant algorithms to generate the SSH key. The key must be either RSA or ECDSA. Add your SSH private key to the ssh-agent : USD ssh-add <path>/<file_name> 1 1 Specify the path and file name for your SSH private key, such as ~/.ssh/id_ed25519 Example output Identity added: /home/<you>/<path>/<file_name> (<computer_name>) steps When you install OpenShift Container Platform, provide the SSH public key to the installation program. 18.3.8. Obtaining the installation program Before you install OpenShift Container Platform, download the installation file on a local computer. Prerequisites You have a computer that runs Linux or macOS, with 500 MB of local disk space Procedure Access the Infrastructure Provider page on the OpenShift Cluster Manager site. If you have a Red Hat account, log in with your credentials. If you do not, create an account. Select your infrastructure provider. Navigate to the page for your installation type, download the installation program for your operating system, and place the file in the directory where you will store the installation configuration files. Important The installation program creates several files on the computer that you use to install your cluster. You must keep the installation program and the files that the installation program creates after you finish installing the cluster. Both files are required to delete the cluster. Important Deleting the files created by the installation program does not remove your cluster, even if the cluster failed during installation. To remove your cluster, complete the OpenShift Container Platform uninstallation procedures for your specific cloud provider. Extract the installation program. For example, on a computer that uses a Linux operating system, run the following command: USD tar -xvf openshift-install-linux.tar.gz Download your installation pull secret from the Red Hat OpenShift Cluster Manager . This pull secret allows you to authenticate with the services that are provided by the included authorities, including Quay.io, which serves the container images for OpenShift Container Platform components. 18.3.9. Adding vCenter root CA certificates to your system trust Because the installation program requires access to your vCenter's API, you must add your vCenter's trusted root CA certificates to your system trust before you install an OpenShift Container Platform cluster. Procedure From the vCenter home page, download the vCenter's root CA certificates. Click Download trusted root CA certificates in the vSphere Web Services SDK section. The <vCenter>/certs/download.zip file downloads. Extract the compressed file that contains the vCenter root CA certificates. The contents of the compressed file resemble the following file structure: Add the files for your operating system to the system trust. For example, on a Fedora operating system, run the following command: # cp certs/lin/* /etc/pki/ca-trust/source/anchors Update your system trust. For example, on a Fedora operating system, run the following command: # update-ca-trust extract 18.3.10. Creating the installation configuration file You can customize the OpenShift Container Platform cluster you install on VMware vSphere. Prerequisites Obtain the OpenShift Container Platform installation program and the pull secret for your cluster. Obtain service principal permissions at the subscription level. Procedure Create the install-config.yaml file. Change to the directory that contains the installation program and run the following command: USD ./openshift-install create install-config --dir <installation_directory> 1 1 For <installation_directory> , specify the directory name to store the files that the installation program creates. Important Specify an empty directory. Some installation assets, like bootstrap X.509 certificates have short expiration intervals, so you must not reuse an installation directory. If you want to reuse individual files from another cluster installation, you can copy them into your directory. However, the file names for the installation assets might change between releases. Use caution when copying installation files from an earlier OpenShift Container Platform version. At the prompts, provide the configuration details for your cloud: Optional: Select an SSH key to use to access your cluster machines. Note For production OpenShift Container Platform clusters on which you want to perform installation debugging or disaster recovery, specify an SSH key that your ssh-agent process uses. Select vsphere as the platform to target. Specify the name of your vCenter instance. Specify the user name and password for the vCenter account that has the required permissions to create the cluster. The installation program connects to your vCenter instance. Select the datacenter in your vCenter instance to connect to. Select the default vCenter datastore to use. Select the vCenter cluster to install the OpenShift Container Platform cluster in. The installation program uses the root resource pool of the vSphere cluster as the default resource pool. Select the network in the vCenter instance that contains the virtual IP addresses and DNS records that you configured. Enter the virtual IP address that you configured for control plane API access. Enter the virtual IP address that you configured for cluster ingress. Enter the base domain. This base domain must be the same one that you used in the DNS records that you configured. Enter a descriptive name for your cluster. The cluster name must be the same one that you used in the DNS records that you configured. Paste the pull secret from the Red Hat OpenShift Cluster Manager . Modify the install-config.yaml file. You can find more information about the available parameters in the "Installation configuration parameters" section. Back up the install-config.yaml file so that you can use it to install multiple clusters. Important The install-config.yaml file is consumed during the installation process. If you want to reuse the file, you must back it up now. 18.3.10.1. Installation configuration parameters Before you deploy an OpenShift Container Platform cluster, you provide parameter values to describe your account on the cloud platform that hosts your cluster and optionally customize your cluster's platform. When you create the install-config.yaml installation configuration file, you provide values for the required parameters through the command line. If you customize your cluster, you can modify the install-config.yaml file to provide more details about the platform. Note After installation, you cannot modify these parameters in the install-config.yaml file. Important The openshift-install command does not validate field names for parameters. If an incorrect name is specified, the related file or object is not created, and no error is reported. Ensure that the field names for any parameters that are specified are correct. 18.3.10.1.1. Required configuration parameters Required installation configuration parameters are described in the following table: Table 18.15. Required parameters Parameter Description Values apiVersion The API version for the install-config.yaml content. The current version is v1 . The installer may also support older API versions. String baseDomain The base domain of your cloud provider. The base domain is used to create routes to your OpenShift Container Platform cluster components. The full DNS name for your cluster is a combination of the baseDomain and metadata.name parameter values that uses the <metadata.name>.<baseDomain> format. A fully-qualified domain or subdomain name, such as example.com . metadata Kubernetes resource ObjectMeta , from which only the name parameter is consumed. Object metadata.name The name of the cluster. DNS records for the cluster are all subdomains of {{.metadata.name}}.{{.baseDomain}} . String of lowercase letters and hyphens ( - ), such as dev . platform The configuration for the specific platform upon which to perform the installation: aws , baremetal , azure , gcp , openstack , ovirt , vsphere , or {} . For additional information about platform.<platform> parameters, consult the table for your specific platform that follows. Object pullSecret Get a pull secret from the Red Hat OpenShift Cluster Manager to authenticate downloading container images for OpenShift Container Platform components from services such as Quay.io. { "auths":{ "cloud.openshift.com":{ "auth":"b3Blb=", "email":"you@example.com" }, "quay.io":{ "auth":"b3Blb=", "email":"you@example.com" } } } 18.3.10.1.2. Network configuration parameters You can customize your installation configuration based on the requirements of your existing network infrastructure. For example, you can expand the IP address block for the cluster network or provide different IP address blocks than the defaults. Only IPv4 addresses are supported. Table 18.16. Network parameters Parameter Description Values networking The configuration for the cluster network. Object Note You cannot modify parameters specified by the networking object after installation. networking.networkType The cluster network provider Container Network Interface (CNI) plugin to install. Either OpenShiftSDN or OVNKubernetes . OpenShiftSDN is a CNI provider for all-Linux networks. OVNKubernetes is a CNI provider for Linux networks and hybrid networks that contain both Linux and Windows servers. The default value is OpenShiftSDN . networking.clusterNetwork The IP address blocks for pods. The default value is 10.128.0.0/14 with a host prefix of /23 . If you specify multiple IP address blocks, the blocks must not overlap. An array of objects. For example: networking: clusterNetwork: - cidr: 10.128.0.0/14 hostPrefix: 23 networking.clusterNetwork.cidr Required if you use networking.clusterNetwork . An IP address block. An IPv4 network. An IP address block in Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) notation. The prefix length for an IPv4 block is between 0 and 32 . networking.clusterNetwork.hostPrefix The subnet prefix length to assign to each individual node. For example, if hostPrefix is set to 23 then each node is assigned a /23 subnet out of the given cidr . A hostPrefix value of 23 provides 510 (2^(32 - 23) - 2) pod IP addresses. A subnet prefix. The default value is 23 . networking.serviceNetwork The IP address block for services. The default value is 172.30.0.0/16 . The OpenShift SDN and OVN-Kubernetes network providers support only a single IP address block for the service network. An array with an IP address block in CIDR format. For example: networking: serviceNetwork: - 172.30.0.0/16 networking.machineNetwork The IP address blocks for machines. If you specify multiple IP address blocks, the blocks must not overlap. An array of objects. For example: networking: machineNetwork: - cidr: 10.0.0.0/16 networking.machineNetwork.cidr Required if you use networking.machineNetwork . An IP address block. The default value is 10.0.0.0/16 for all platforms other than libvirt. For libvirt, the default value is 192.168.126.0/24 . An IP network block in CIDR notation. For example, 10.0.0.0/16 . Note Set the networking.machineNetwork to match the CIDR that the preferred NIC resides in. 18.3.10.1.3. Optional configuration parameters Optional installation configuration parameters are described in the following table: Table 18.17. Optional parameters Parameter Description Values additionalTrustBundle A PEM-encoded X.509 certificate bundle that is added to the nodes' trusted certificate store. This trust bundle may also be used when a proxy has been configured. String compute The configuration for the machines that comprise the compute nodes. Array of MachinePool objects. compute.architecture Determines the instruction set architecture of the machines in the pool. Currently, heteregeneous clusters are not supported, so all pools must specify the same architecture. Valid values are amd64 (the default). String compute.hyperthreading Whether to enable or disable simultaneous multithreading, or hyperthreading , on compute machines. By default, simultaneous multithreading is enabled to increase the performance of your machines' cores. Important If you disable simultaneous multithreading, ensure that your capacity planning accounts for the dramatically decreased machine performance. Enabled or Disabled compute.name Required if you use compute . The name of the machine pool. worker compute.platform Required if you use compute . Use this parameter to specify the cloud provider to host the worker machines. This parameter value must match the controlPlane.platform parameter value. aws , azure , gcp , openstack , ovirt , vsphere , or {} compute.replicas The number of compute machines, which are also known as worker machines, to provision. A positive integer greater than or equal to 2 . The default value is 3 . controlPlane The configuration for the machines that comprise the control plane. Array of MachinePool objects. controlPlane.architecture Determines the instruction set architecture of the machines in the pool. Currently, heterogeneous clusters are not supported, so all pools must specify the same architecture. Valid values are amd64 (the default). String controlPlane.hyperthreading Whether to enable or disable simultaneous multithreading, or hyperthreading , on control plane machines. By default, simultaneous multithreading is enabled to increase the performance of your machines' cores. Important If you disable simultaneous multithreading, ensure that your capacity planning accounts for the dramatically decreased machine performance. Enabled or Disabled controlPlane.name Required if you use controlPlane . The name of the machine pool. master controlPlane.platform Required if you use controlPlane . Use this parameter to specify the cloud provider that hosts the control plane machines. This parameter value must match the compute.platform parameter value. aws , azure , gcp , openstack , ovirt , vsphere , or {} controlPlane.replicas The number of control plane machines to provision. The only supported value is 3 , which is the default value. credentialsMode The Cloud Credential Operator (CCO) mode. If no mode is specified, the CCO dynamically tries to determine the capabilities of the provided credentials, with a preference for mint mode on the platforms where multiple modes are supported. Note Not all CCO modes are supported for all cloud providers. For more information on CCO modes, see the Cloud Credential Operator entry in the Cluster Operators reference content. Note If your AWS account has service control policies (SCP) enabled, you must configure the credentialsMode parameter to Mint , Passthrough or Manual . Mint , Passthrough , Manual or an empty string ( "" ). fips Enable or disable FIPS mode. The default is false (disabled). If FIPS mode is enabled, the Red Hat Enterprise Linux CoreOS (RHCOS) machines that OpenShift Container Platform runs on bypass the default Kubernetes cryptography suite and use the cryptography modules that are provided with RHCOS instead. Important The use of FIPS Validated / Modules in Process cryptographic libraries is only supported on OpenShift Container Platform deployments on the x86_64 architecture. Note If you are using Azure File storage, you cannot enable FIPS mode. false or true imageContentSources Sources and repositories for the release-image content. Array of objects. Includes a source and, optionally, mirrors , as described in the following rows of this table. imageContentSources.source Required if you use imageContentSources . Specify the repository that users refer to, for example, in image pull specifications. String imageContentSources.mirrors Specify one or more repositories that may also contain the same images. Array of strings publish How to publish or expose the user-facing endpoints of your cluster, such as the Kubernetes API, OpenShift routes. Internal or External . The default value is External . Setting this field to Internal is not supported on non-cloud platforms. sshKey The SSH key or keys to authenticate access your cluster machines. Note For production OpenShift Container Platform clusters on which you want to perform installation debugging or disaster recovery, specify an SSH key that your ssh-agent process uses. One or more keys. For example: 18.3.10.1.4. Additional VMware vSphere configuration parameters Additional VMware vSphere configuration parameters are described in the following table: Table 18.18. Additional VMware vSphere cluster parameters Parameter Description Values platform.vsphere.vCenter The fully-qualified hostname or IP address of the vCenter server. String platform.vsphere.username The user name to use to connect to the vCenter instance with. This user must have at least the roles and privileges that are required for static or dynamic persistent volume provisioning in vSphere. String platform.vsphere.password The password for the vCenter user name. String platform.vsphere.datacenter The name of the datacenter to use in the vCenter instance. String platform.vsphere.defaultDatastore The name of the default datastore to use for provisioning volumes. String platform.vsphere.folder Optional . The absolute path of an existing folder where the installation program creates the virtual machines. If you do not provide this value, the installation program creates a folder that is named with the infrastructure ID in the datacenter virtual machine folder. String, for example, /<datacenter_name>/vm/<folder_name>/<subfolder_name> . platform.vsphere.network The network in the vCenter instance that contains the virtual IP addresses and DNS records that you configured. String platform.vsphere.cluster The vCenter cluster to install the OpenShift Container Platform cluster in. String platform.vsphere.apiVIP The virtual IP (VIP) address that you configured for control plane API access. An IP address, for example 128.0.0.1 . platform.vsphere.ingressVIP The virtual IP (VIP) address that you configured for cluster ingress. An IP address, for example 128.0.0.1 . 18.3.10.1.5. Optional VMware vSphere machine pool configuration parameters Optional VMware vSphere machine pool configuration parameters are described in the following table: Table 18.19. Optional VMware vSphere machine pool parameters Parameter Description Values platform.vsphere.clusterOSImage The location from which the installer downloads the RHCOS image. You must set this parameter to perform an installation in a restricted network. An HTTP or HTTPS URL, optionally with a SHA-256 checksum. For example, https://mirror.openshift.com/images/rhcos-<version>-vmware.<architecture>.ova . platform.vsphere.osDisk.diskSizeGB The size of the disk in gigabytes. Integer platform.vsphere.cpus The total number of virtual processor cores to assign a virtual machine. The value of platform.vsphere.cpus must be a multiple of platform.vsphere.coresPerSocket value. Integer platform.vsphere.coresPerSocket The number of cores per socket in a virtual machine. The number of virtual sockets on the virtual machine is platform.vsphere.cpus / platform.vsphere.coresPerSocket . The default value for control plane nodes and worker nodes is 4 and 2 , respectively. Integer platform.vsphere.memoryMB The size of a virtual machine's memory in megabytes. Integer 18.3.10.2. Sample install-config.yaml file for an installer-provisioned VMware vSphere cluster You can customize the install-config.yaml file to specify more details about your OpenShift Container Platform cluster's platform or modify the values of the required parameters. apiVersion: v1 baseDomain: example.com 1 compute: 2 - hyperthreading: Enabled 3 name: worker replicas: 3 platform: vsphere: 4 cpus: 2 coresPerSocket: 2 memoryMB: 8192 osDisk: diskSizeGB: 120 controlPlane: 5 hyperthreading: Enabled 6 name: master replicas: 3 platform: vsphere: 7 cpus: 4 coresPerSocket: 2 memoryMB: 16384 osDisk: diskSizeGB: 120 metadata: name: cluster 8 platform: vsphere: vcenter: your.vcenter.server username: username password: password datacenter: datacenter defaultDatastore: datastore folder: folder network: VM_Network cluster: vsphere_cluster_name 9 apiVIP: api_vip ingressVIP: ingress_vip fips: false pullSecret: '{"auths": ...}' sshKey: 'ssh-ed25519 AAAA...' 1 The base domain of the cluster. All DNS records must be sub-domains of this base and include the cluster name. 2 5 The controlPlane section is a single mapping, but the compute section is a sequence of mappings. To meet the requirements of the different data structures, the first line of the compute section must begin with a hyphen, - , and the first line of the controlPlane section must not. Only one control plane pool is used. 3 6 Whether to enable or disable simultaneous multithreading, or hyperthreading . By default, simultaneous multithreading is enabled to increase the performance of your machines' cores. You can disable it by setting the parameter value to Disabled . If you disable simultaneous multithreading in some cluster machines, you must disable it in all cluster machines. Important If you disable simultaneous multithreading, ensure that your capacity planning accounts for the dramatically decreased machine performance. Your machines must use at least 8 CPUs and 32 GB of RAM if you disable simultaneous multithreading. 4 7 Optional: Provide additional configuration for the machine pool parameters for the compute and control plane machines. 8 The cluster name that you specified in your DNS records. 9 The vSphere cluster to install the OpenShift Container Platform cluster in. The installation program uses the root resource pool of the vSphere cluster as the default resource pool. 18.3.10.3. Configuring the cluster-wide proxy during installation Production environments can deny direct access to the internet and instead have an HTTP or HTTPS proxy available. You can configure a new OpenShift Container Platform cluster to use a proxy by configuring the proxy settings in the install-config.yaml file. Prerequisites You have an existing install-config.yaml file. You reviewed the sites that your cluster requires access to and determined whether any of them need to bypass the proxy. By default, all cluster egress traffic is proxied, including calls to hosting cloud provider APIs. You added sites to the Proxy object's spec.noProxy field to bypass the proxy if necessary. Note The Proxy object status.noProxy field is populated with the values of the networking.machineNetwork[].cidr , networking.clusterNetwork[].cidr , and networking.serviceNetwork[] fields from your installation configuration. For installations on Amazon Web Services (AWS), Google Cloud Platform (GCP), Microsoft Azure, and Red Hat OpenStack Platform (RHOSP), the Proxy object status.noProxy field is also populated with the instance metadata endpoint ( 169.254.169.254 ). Procedure Edit your install-config.yaml file and add the proxy settings. For example: apiVersion: v1 baseDomain: my.domain.com proxy: httpProxy: http://<username>:<pswd>@<ip>:<port> 1 httpsProxy: https://<username>:<pswd>@<ip>:<port> 2 noProxy: example.com 3 additionalTrustBundle: | 4 -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE----- <MY_TRUSTED_CA_CERT> -----END CERTIFICATE----- ... 1 A proxy URL to use for creating HTTP connections outside the cluster. The URL scheme must be http . 2 A proxy URL to use for creating HTTPS connections outside the cluster. 3 A comma-separated list of destination domain names, IP addresses, or other network CIDRs to exclude from proxying. Preface a domain with . to match subdomains only. For example, .y.com matches x.y.com , but not y.com . Use * to bypass the proxy for all destinations. You must include vCenter's IP address and the IP range that you use for its machines. 4 If provided, the installation program generates a config map that is named user-ca-bundle in the openshift-config namespace to hold the additional CA certificates. If you provide additionalTrustBundle and at least one proxy setting, the Proxy object is configured to reference the user-ca-bundle config map in the trustedCA field. The Cluster Network Operator then creates a trusted-ca-bundle config map that merges the contents specified for the trustedCA parameter with the RHCOS trust bundle. The additionalTrustBundle field is required unless the proxy's identity certificate is signed by an authority from the RHCOS trust bundle. Note The installation program does not support the proxy readinessEndpoints field. Save the file and reference it when installing OpenShift Container Platform. The installation program creates a cluster-wide proxy that is named cluster that uses the proxy settings in the provided install-config.yaml file. If no proxy settings are provided, a cluster Proxy object is still created, but it will have a nil spec . Note Only the Proxy object named cluster is supported, and no additional proxies can be created. 18.3.11. Deploying the cluster You can install OpenShift Container Platform on a compatible cloud platform. Important You can run the create cluster command of the installation program only once, during initial installation. Prerequisites Configure an account with the cloud platform that hosts your cluster. Obtain the OpenShift Container Platform installation program and the pull secret for your cluster. Procedure Change to the directory that contains the installation program and initialize the cluster deployment: USD ./openshift-install create cluster --dir <installation_directory> \ 1 --log-level=info 2 1 For <installation_directory> , specify the location of your customized ./install-config.yaml file. 2 To view different installation details, specify warn , debug , or error instead of info . Important Use the openshift-install command from the bastion hosted in the VMC environment. Note If the cloud provider account that you configured on your host does not have sufficient permissions to deploy the cluster, the installation process stops, and the missing permissions are displayed. When the cluster deployment completes, directions for accessing your cluster, including a link to its web console and credentials for the kubeadmin user, display in your terminal. Example output ... INFO Install complete! INFO To access the cluster as the system:admin user when using 'oc', run 'export KUBECONFIG=/home/myuser/install_dir/auth/kubeconfig' INFO Access the OpenShift web-console here: https://console-openshift-console.apps.mycluster.example.com INFO Login to the console with user: "kubeadmin", and password: "4vYBz-Ee6gm-ymBZj-Wt5AL" INFO Time elapsed: 36m22s Note The cluster access and credential information also outputs to <installation_directory>/.openshift_install.log when an installation succeeds. Important The Ignition config files that the installation program generates contain certificates that expire after 24 hours, which are then renewed at that time. If the cluster is shut down before renewing the certificates and the cluster is later restarted after the 24 hours have elapsed, the cluster automatically recovers the expired certificates. The exception is that you must manually approve the pending node-bootstrapper certificate signing requests (CSRs) to recover kubelet certificates. See the documentation for Recovering from expired control plane certificates for more information. It is recommended that you use Ignition config files within 12 hours after they are generated because the 24-hour certificate rotates from 16 to 22 hours after the cluster is installed. By using the Ignition config files within 12 hours, you can avoid installation failure if the certificate update runs during installation. Important You must not delete the installation program or the files that the installation program creates. Both are required to delete the cluster. 18.3.12. Installing the OpenShift CLI by downloading the binary You can install the OpenShift CLI ( oc ) to interact with OpenShift Container Platform from a command-line interface. You can install oc on Linux, Windows, or macOS. Important If you installed an earlier version of oc , you cannot use it to complete all of the commands in OpenShift Container Platform 4.9. Download and install the new version of oc . Installing the OpenShift CLI on Linux You can install the OpenShift CLI ( oc ) binary on Linux by using the following procedure. Procedure Navigate to the OpenShift Container Platform downloads page on the Red Hat Customer Portal. Select the appropriate version in the Version drop-down menu. Click Download Now to the OpenShift v4.9 Linux Client entry and save the file. Unpack the archive: USD tar xvf <file> Place the oc binary in a directory that is on your PATH . To check your PATH , execute the following command: USD echo USDPATH After you install the OpenShift CLI, it is available using the oc command: USD oc <command> Installing the OpenShift CLI on Windows You can install the OpenShift CLI ( oc ) binary on Windows by using the following procedure. Procedure Navigate to the OpenShift Container Platform downloads page on the Red Hat Customer Portal. Select the appropriate version in the Version drop-down menu. Click Download Now to the OpenShift v4.9 Windows Client entry and save the file. Unzip the archive with a ZIP program. Move the oc binary to a directory that is on your PATH . To check your PATH , open the command prompt and execute the following command: C:\> path After you install the OpenShift CLI, it is available using the oc command: C:\> oc <command> Installing the OpenShift CLI on macOS You can install the OpenShift CLI ( oc ) binary on macOS by using the following procedure. Procedure Navigate to the OpenShift Container Platform downloads page on the Red Hat Customer Portal. Select the appropriate version in the Version drop-down menu. Click Download Now to the OpenShift v4.9 MacOSX Client entry and save the file. Unpack and unzip the archive. Move the oc binary to a directory on your PATH. To check your PATH , open a terminal and execute the following command: USD echo USDPATH After you install the OpenShift CLI, it is available using the oc command: USD oc <command> 18.3.13. Logging in to the cluster by using the CLI You can log in to your cluster as a default system user by exporting the cluster kubeconfig file. The kubeconfig file contains information about the cluster that is used by the CLI to connect a client to the correct cluster and API server. The file is specific to a cluster and is created during OpenShift Container Platform installation. Prerequisites You deployed an OpenShift Container Platform cluster. You installed the oc CLI. Procedure Export the kubeadmin credentials: USD export KUBECONFIG=<installation_directory>/auth/kubeconfig 1 1 For <installation_directory> , specify the path to the directory that you stored the installation files in. Verify you can run oc commands successfully using the exported configuration: USD oc whoami Example output system:admin 18.3.14. Creating registry storage After you install the cluster, you must create storage for the Registry Operator. 18.3.14.1. Image registry removed during installation On platforms that do not provide shareable object storage, the OpenShift Image Registry Operator bootstraps itself as Removed . This allows openshift-installer to complete installations on these platform types. After installation, you must edit the Image Registry Operator configuration to switch the managementState from Removed to Managed . Note The Prometheus console provides an ImageRegistryRemoved alert, for example: "Image Registry has been removed. ImageStreamTags , BuildConfigs and DeploymentConfigs which reference ImageStreamTags may not work as expected. Please configure storage and update the config to Managed state by editing configs.imageregistry.operator.openshift.io." 18.3.14.2. Image registry storage configuration The Image Registry Operator is not initially available for platforms that do not provide default storage. After installation, you must configure your registry to use storage so that the Registry Operator is made available. Instructions are shown for configuring a persistent volume, which is required for production clusters. Where applicable, instructions are shown for configuring an empty directory as the storage location, which is available for only non-production clusters. Additional instructions are provided for allowing the image registry to use block storage types by using the Recreate rollout strategy during upgrades. 18.3.14.2.1. Configuring registry storage for VMware vSphere As a cluster administrator, following installation you must configure your registry to use storage. Prerequisites Cluster administrator permissions. A cluster on VMware vSphere. Persistent storage provisioned for your cluster, such as Red Hat OpenShift Container Storage. Important OpenShift Container Platform supports ReadWriteOnce access for image registry storage when you have only one replica. ReadWriteOnce access also requires that the registry uses the Recreate rollout strategy. To deploy an image registry that supports high availability with two or more replicas, ReadWriteMany access is required. Must have "100Gi" capacity. Important Testing shows issues with using the NFS server on RHEL as storage backend for core services. This includes the OpenShift Container Registry and Quay, Prometheus for monitoring storage, and Elasticsearch for logging storage. Therefore, using RHEL NFS to back PVs used by core services is not recommended. Other NFS implementations on the marketplace might not have these issues. Contact the individual NFS implementation vendor for more information on any testing that was possibly completed against these OpenShift Container Platform core components. Procedure To configure your registry to use storage, change the spec.storage.pvc in the configs.imageregistry/cluster resource. Note When using shared storage, review your security settings to prevent outside access. Verify that you do not have a registry pod: USD oc get pod -n openshift-image-registry -l docker-registry=default Example output No resourses found in openshift-image-registry namespace Note If you do have a registry pod in your output, you do not need to continue with this procedure. Check the registry configuration: USD oc edit configs.imageregistry.operator.openshift.io Example output storage: pvc: claim: 1 1 Leave the claim field blank to allow the automatic creation of an image-registry-storage persistent volume claim (PVC). The PVC is generated based on the default storage class. However, be aware that the default storage class might provide ReadWriteOnce (RWO) volumes, such as a RADOS Block Device (RBD), which can cause issues when replicating to more than one replica. Check the clusteroperator status: USD oc get clusteroperator image-registry Example output NAME VERSION AVAILABLE PROGRESSING DEGRADED SINCE MESSAGE image-registry 4.7 True False False 6h50m 18.3.14.2.2. Configuring block registry storage for VMware vSphere To allow the image registry to use block storage types such as vSphere Virtual Machine Disk (VMDK) during upgrades as a cluster administrator, you can use the Recreate rollout strategy. Important Block storage volumes are supported but not recommended for use with image registry on production clusters. An installation where the registry is configured on block storage is not highly available because the registry cannot have more than one replica. Procedure To set the image registry storage as a block storage type, patch the registry so that it uses the Recreate rollout strategy and runs with only 1 replica: USD oc patch config.imageregistry.operator.openshift.io/cluster --type=merge -p '{"spec":{"rolloutStrategy":"Recreate","replicas":1}}' Provision the PV for the block storage device, and create a PVC for that volume. The requested block volume uses the ReadWriteOnce (RWO) access mode. Create a pvc.yaml file with the following contents to define a VMware vSphere PersistentVolumeClaim object: kind: PersistentVolumeClaim apiVersion: v1 metadata: name: image-registry-storage 1 namespace: openshift-image-registry 2 spec: accessModes: - ReadWriteOnce 3 resources: requests: storage: 100Gi 4 1 A unique name that represents the PersistentVolumeClaim object. 2 The namespace for the PersistentVolumeClaim object, which is openshift-image-registry . 3 The access mode of the persistent volume claim. With ReadWriteOnce , the volume can be mounted with read and write permissions by a single node. 4 The size of the persistent volume claim. Create the PersistentVolumeClaim object from the file: USD oc create -f pvc.yaml -n openshift-image-registry Edit the registry configuration so that it references the correct PVC: USD oc edit config.imageregistry.operator.openshift.io -o yaml Example output storage: pvc: claim: 1 1 Creating a custom PVC allows you to leave the claim field blank for the default automatic creation of an image-registry-storage PVC. For instructions about configuring registry storage so that it references the correct PVC, see Configuring the registry for vSphere . 18.3.15. Backing up VMware vSphere volumes OpenShift Container Platform provisions new volumes as independent persistent disks to freely attach and detach the volume on any node in the cluster. As a consequence, it is not possible to back up volumes that use snapshots, or to restore volumes from snapshots. See Snapshot Limitations for more information. Procedure To create a backup of persistent volumes: Stop the application that is using the persistent volume. Clone the persistent volume. Restart the application. Create a backup of the cloned volume. Delete the cloned volume. 18.3.16. Steal clock accounting By default, the installation program provisions the cluster's virtual machines without enabling the steal clock accounting parameter ( stealclock.enabled ). Enabling steal clock accounting can help with troubleshooting cluster issues. After the cluster is deployed, use the vSphere Client to enable this parameter on each of the virtual machines. For more information, see this Red Hat knowledge base article . 18.3.17. Telemetry access for OpenShift Container Platform In OpenShift Container Platform 4.9, the Telemetry service, which runs by default to provide metrics about cluster health and the success of updates, requires internet access. If your cluster is connected to the internet, Telemetry runs automatically, and your cluster is registered to OpenShift Cluster Manager . After you confirm that your OpenShift Cluster Manager inventory is correct, either maintained automatically by Telemetry or manually by using OpenShift Cluster Manager, use subscription watch to track your OpenShift Container Platform subscriptions at the account or multi-cluster level. Additional resources See About remote health monitoring for more information about the Telemetry service 18.3.18. steps Customize your cluster . If necessary, you can opt out of remote health reporting . Set up your registry and configure registry storage . Optional: View the events from the vSphere Problem Detector Operator to determine if the cluster has permission or storage configuration issues. 18.4. Installing a cluster on VMC with network customizations In OpenShift Container Platform version 4.9, you can install a cluster on your VMware vSphere instance using installer-provisioned infrastructure with customized network configuration options by deploying it to VMware Cloud (VMC) on AWS . Once you configure your VMC environment for OpenShift Container Platform deployment, you use the OpenShift Container Platform installation program from the bastion management host, co-located in the VMC environment. The installation program and control plane automates the process of deploying and managing the resources needed for the OpenShift Container Platform cluster. By customizing your OpenShift Container Platform network configuration, your cluster can coexist with existing IP address allocations in your environment and integrate with existing VXLAN configurations. To customize the installation, you modify parameters in the install-config.yaml file before you install the cluster. You must set most of the network configuration parameters during installation, and you can modify only kubeProxy configuration parameters in a running cluster. Note OpenShift Container Platform supports deploying a cluster to a single VMware vCenter only. Deploying a cluster with machines/machine sets on multiple vCenters is not supported. 18.4.1. Setting up VMC for vSphere You can install OpenShift Container Platform on VMware Cloud (VMC) on AWS hosted vSphere clusters to enable applications to be deployed and managed both on-premise and off-premise, across the hybrid cloud. You must configure several options in your VMC environment prior to installing OpenShift Container Platform on VMware vSphere. Ensure your VMC environment has the following prerequisites: Create a non-exclusive, DHCP-enabled, NSX-T network segment and subnet. Other virtual machines (VMs) can be hosted on the subnet, but at least eight IP addresses must be available for the OpenShift Container Platform deployment. Allocate two IP addresses, outside the DHCP range, and configure them with reverse DNS records. A DNS record for api.<cluster_name>.<base_domain> pointing to the allocated IP address. A DNS record for *.apps.<cluster_name>.<base_domain> pointing to the allocated IP address. Configure the following firewall rules: An ANY:ANY firewall rule between the OpenShift Container Platform compute network and the internet. This is used by nodes and applications to download container images. An ANY:ANY firewall rule between the installation host and the software-defined data center (SDDC) management network on port 443. This allows you to upload the Red Hat Enterprise Linux CoreOS (RHCOS) OVA during deployment. An HTTPS firewall rule between the OpenShift Container Platform compute network and vCenter. This connection allows OpenShift Container Platform to communicate with vCenter for provisioning and managing nodes, persistent volume claims (PVCs), and other resources. You must have the following information to deploy OpenShift Container Platform: The OpenShift Container Platform cluster name, such as vmc-prod-1 . The base DNS name, such as companyname.com . If not using the default, the pod network CIDR and services network CIDR must be identified, which are set by default to 10.128.0.0/14 and 172.30.0.0/16 , respectively. These CIDRs are used for pod-to-pod and pod-to-service communication and are not accessible externally; however, they must not overlap with existing subnets in your organization. The following vCenter information: vCenter hostname, username, and password Datacenter name, such as SDDC-Datacenter Cluster name, such as Cluster-1 Network name Datastore name, such as WorkloadDatastore Note It is recommended to move your vSphere cluster to the VMC Compute-ResourcePool resource pool after your cluster installation is finished. A Linux-based host deployed to VMC as a bastion. The bastion host can be Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) or any another Linux-based host; it must have internet connectivity and the ability to upload an OVA to the ESXi hosts. Download and install the OpenShift CLI tools to the bastion host. The openshift-install installation program The OpenShift CLI ( oc ) tool Note You cannot use the VMware NSX Container Plugin for Kubernetes (NCP), and NSX is not used as the OpenShift SDN. The version of NSX currently available with VMC is incompatible with the version of NCP certified with OpenShift Container Platform. However, the NSX DHCP service is used for virtual machine IP management with the full-stack automated OpenShift Container Platform deployment and with nodes provisioned, either manually or automatically, by the Machine API integration with vSphere. Additionally, NSX firewall rules are created to enable access with the OpenShift Container Platform cluster and between the bastion host and the VMC vSphere hosts. 18.4.1.1. VMC Sizer tool VMware Cloud on AWS is built on top of AWS bare metal infrastructure; this is the same bare metal infrastructure which runs AWS native services. When a VMware cloud on AWS software-defined data center (SDDC) is deployed, you consume these physical server nodes and run the VMware ESXi hypervisor in a single tenant fashion. This means the physical infrastructure is not accessible to anyone else using VMC. It is important to consider how many physical hosts you will need to host your virtual infrastructure. To determine this, VMware provides the VMC on AWS Sizer . With this tool, you can define the resources you intend to host on VMC: Types of workloads Total number of virtual machines Specification information such as: Storage requirements vCPUs vRAM Overcommit ratios With these details, the sizer tool can generate a report, based on VMware best practices, and recommend your cluster configuration and the number of hosts you will need. 18.4.2. vSphere prerequisites You reviewed details about the OpenShift Container Platform installation and update processes. You read the documentation on selecting a cluster installation method and preparing it for users . You provisioned block registry storage . For more information on persistent storage, see Understanding persistent storage . If you use a firewall, you configured it to allow the sites that your cluster requires access to. Note Be sure to also review this site list if you are configuring a proxy. 18.4.3. Internet access for OpenShift Container Platform In OpenShift Container Platform 4.9, you require access to the internet to install your cluster. You must have internet access to: Access OpenShift Cluster Manager to download the installation program and perform subscription management. If the cluster has internet access and you do not disable Telemetry, that service automatically entitles your cluster. Access Quay.io to obtain the packages that are required to install your cluster. Obtain the packages that are required to perform cluster updates. Important If your cluster cannot have direct internet access, you can perform a restricted network installation on some types of infrastructure that you provision. During that process, you download the required content and use it to populate a mirror registry with the installation packages. With some installation types, the environment that you install your cluster in will not require internet access. Before you update the cluster, you update the content of the mirror registry. 18.4.4. VMware vSphere infrastructure requirements You must install the OpenShift Container Platform cluster on a VMware vSphere version 6 or 7 instance that meets the requirements for the components that you use. Table 18.20. Version requirements for vSphere virtual environments Virtual environment product Required version VM hardware version 13 or later vSphere ESXi hosts 6.5 or later vCenter host 6.5 or later Important Installing a cluster on VMware vSphere version 6.7U2 or earlier and virtual hardware version 13 is now deprecated. These versions are still fully supported, but support will be removed in a future version of OpenShift Container Platform. Hardware version 15 is now the default for vSphere virtual machines in OpenShift Container Platform. To update the hardware version for your vSphere nodes, see the "Updating hardware on nodes running in vSphere" article. Table 18.21. Minimum supported vSphere version for VMware components Component Minimum supported versions Description Hypervisor vSphere 6.5 and later with HW version 13 This version is the minimum version that Red Hat Enterprise Linux CoreOS (RHCOS) supports. See the Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8 supported hypervisors list . Storage with in-tree drivers vSphere 6.5 and later This plugin creates vSphere storage by using the in-tree storage drivers for vSphere included in OpenShift Container Platform. If you use a vSphere version 6.5 instance, consider upgrading to 6.7U3 or 7.0 before you install OpenShift Container Platform. Important You must ensure that the time on your ESXi hosts is synchronized before you install OpenShift Container Platform. See Edit Time Configuration for a Host in the VMware documentation. 18.4.5. Network connectivity requirements You must configure the network connectivity between machines to allow OpenShift Container Platform cluster components to communicate. Review the following details about the required network ports. Table 18.22. Ports used for all-machine to all-machine communications Protocol Port Description ICMP N/A Network reachability tests TCP 1936 Metrics 9000 - 9999 Host level services, including the node exporter on ports 9100 - 9101 and the Cluster Version Operator on port 9099 . 10250 - 10259 The default ports that Kubernetes reserves 10256 openshift-sdn UDP 4789 virtual extensible LAN (VXLAN) 6081 Geneve 9000 - 9999 Host level services, including the node exporter on ports 9100 - 9101 . 500 IPsec IKE packets 4500 IPsec NAT-T packets TCP/UDP 30000 - 32767 Kubernetes node port ESP N/A IPsec Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) Table 18.23. Ports used for all-machine to control plane communications Protocol Port Description TCP 6443 Kubernetes API Table 18.24. Ports used for control plane machine to control plane machine communications Protocol Port Description TCP 2379 - 2380 etcd server and peer ports Additional resources To update the hardware version for your vSphere nodes, see Updating hardware on nodes running in vSphere . 18.4.6. vCenter requirements Before you install an OpenShift Container Platform cluster on your vCenter that uses infrastructure that the installer provisions, you must prepare your environment. Required vCenter account privileges To install an OpenShift Container Platform cluster in a vCenter, the installation program requires access to an account with privileges to read and create the required resources. Using an account that has global administrative privileges is the simplest way to access all of the necessary permissions. If you cannot use an account with global administrative privileges, you must create roles to grant the privileges necessary for OpenShift Container Platform cluster installation. While most of the privileges are always required, some are required only if you plan for the installation program to provision a folder to contain the OpenShift Container Platform cluster on your vCenter instance, which is the default behavior. You must create or amend vSphere roles for the specified objects to grant the required privileges. An additional role is required if the installation program is to create a vSphere virtual machine folder. Example 18.7. Roles and privileges required for installation in vSphere API vSphere object for role When required Required privileges in vSphere API vSphere vCenter Always Cns.Searchable InventoryService.Tagging.AttachTag InventoryService.Tagging.CreateCategory InventoryService.Tagging.CreateTag InventoryService.Tagging.DeleteCategory InventoryService.Tagging.DeleteTag InventoryService.Tagging.EditCategory InventoryService.Tagging.EditTag Sessions.ValidateSession StorageProfile.Update StorageProfile.View vSphere vCenter Cluster Always Host.Config.Storage Resource.AssignVMToPool VApp.AssignResourcePool VApp.Import VirtualMachine.Config.AddNewDisk vSphere Datastore Always Datastore.AllocateSpace Datastore.Browse Datastore.FileManagement InventoryService.Tagging.ObjectAttachable vSphere Port Group Always Network.Assign Virtual Machine Folder Always InventoryService.Tagging.ObjectAttachable Resource.AssignVMToPool VApp.Import VirtualMachine.Config.AddExistingDisk VirtualMachine.Config.AddNewDisk VirtualMachine.Config.AddRemoveDevice VirtualMachine.Config.AdvancedConfig VirtualMachine.Config.Annotation VirtualMachine.Config.CPUCount VirtualMachine.Config.DiskExtend VirtualMachine.Config.DiskLease VirtualMachine.Config.EditDevice VirtualMachine.Config.Memory VirtualMachine.Config.RemoveDisk VirtualMachine.Config.Rename VirtualMachine.Config.ResetGuestInfo VirtualMachine.Config.Resource VirtualMachine.Config.Settings VirtualMachine.Config.UpgradeVirtualHardware VirtualMachine.Interact.GuestControl VirtualMachine.Interact.PowerOff VirtualMachine.Interact.PowerOn VirtualMachine.Interact.Reset VirtualMachine.Inventory.Create VirtualMachine.Inventory.CreateFromExisting VirtualMachine.Inventory.Delete VirtualMachine.Provisioning.Clone VirtualMachine.Provisioning.MarkAsTemplate VirtualMachine.Provisioning.DeployTemplate vSphere vCenter Datacenter If the installation program creates the virtual machine folder InventoryService.Tagging.ObjectAttachable Resource.AssignVMToPool VApp.Import VirtualMachine.Config.AddExistingDisk VirtualMachine.Config.AddNewDisk VirtualMachine.Config.AddRemoveDevice VirtualMachine.Config.AdvancedConfig VirtualMachine.Config.Annotation VirtualMachine.Config.CPUCount VirtualMachine.Config.DiskExtend VirtualMachine.Config.DiskLease VirtualMachine.Config.EditDevice VirtualMachine.Config.Memory VirtualMachine.Config.RemoveDisk VirtualMachine.Config.Rename VirtualMachine.Config.ResetGuestInfo VirtualMachine.Config.Resource VirtualMachine.Config.Settings VirtualMachine.Config.UpgradeVirtualHardware VirtualMachine.Interact.GuestControl VirtualMachine.Interact.PowerOff VirtualMachine.Interact.PowerOn VirtualMachine.Interact.Reset VirtualMachine.Inventory.Create VirtualMachine.Inventory.CreateFromExisting VirtualMachine.Inventory.Delete VirtualMachine.Provisioning.Clone VirtualMachine.Provisioning.DeployTemplate VirtualMachine.Provisioning.MarkAsTemplate Folder.Create Folder.Delete Example 18.8. Roles and privileges required for installation in vCenter graphical user interface (GUI) vSphere object for role When required Required privileges in vCenter GUI vSphere vCenter Always Cns.Searchable "vSphere Tagging"."Assign or Unassign vSphere Tag" "vSphere Tagging"."Create vSphere Tag Category" "vSphere Tagging"."Create vSphere Tag" vSphere Tagging"."Delete vSphere Tag Category" "vSphere Tagging"."Delete vSphere Tag" "vSphere Tagging"."Edit vSphere Tag Category" "vSphere Tagging"."Edit vSphere Tag" Sessions."Validate session" "Profile-driven storage"."Profile-driven storage update" "Profile-driven storage"."Profile-driven storage view" vSphere vCenter Cluster If VMs will be created in the cluster root Host.Configuration."Storage partition configuration" Resource."Assign virtual machine to resource pool" VApp."Assign resource pool" VApp.Import "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Add new disk" vSphere vCenter Resource Pool If an existing resource pool is provided Host.Configuration."Storage partition configuration" Resource."Assign virtual machine to resource pool" VApp."Assign resource pool" VApp.Import "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Add new disk" vSphere Datastore Always Datastore."Allocate space" Datastore."Browse datastore" Datastore."Low level file operations" "vSphere Tagging"."Assign or Unassign vSphere Tag on Object" vSphere Port Group Always Network."Assign network" Virtual Machine Folder Always "vSphere Tagging"."Assign or Unassign vSphere Tag on Object" Resource."Assign virtual machine to resource pool" VApp.Import "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Add existing disk" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Add new disk" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Add or remove device" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Advanced configuration" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Set annotation" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Change CPU count" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Extend virtual disk" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Acquire disk lease" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Modify device settings" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Change Memory" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Remove disk" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration".Rename "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Reset guest information" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Change resource" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Change Settings" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Upgrade virtual machine compatibility" "Virtual machine".Interaction."Guest operating system management by VIX API" "Virtual machine".Interaction."Power off" "Virtual machine".Interaction."Power on" "Virtual machine".Interaction.Reset "Virtual machine"."Edit Inventory"."Create new" "Virtual machine"."Edit Inventory"."Create from existing" "Virtual machine"."Edit Inventory"."Remove" "Virtual machine".Provisioning."Clone virtual machine" "Virtual machine".Provisioning."Mark as template" "Virtual machine".Provisioning."Deploy template" vSphere vCenter Datacenter If the installation program creates the virtual machine folder "vSphere Tagging"."Assign or Unassign vSphere Tag on Object" Resource."Assign virtual machine to resource pool" VApp.Import "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Add existing disk" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Add new disk" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Add or remove device" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Advanced configuration" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Set annotation" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Change CPU count" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Extend virtual disk" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Acquire disk lease" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Modify device settings" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Change Memory" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Remove disk" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration".Rename "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Reset guest information" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Change resource" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Change Settings" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Upgrade virtual machine compatibility" "Virtual machine".Interaction."Guest operating system management by VIX API" "Virtual machine".Interaction."Power off" "Virtual machine".Interaction."Power on" "Virtual machine".Interaction.Reset "Virtual machine"."Edit Inventory"."Create new" "Virtual machine"."Edit Inventory"."Create from existing" "Virtual machine"."Edit Inventory"."Remove" "Virtual machine".Provisioning."Clone virtual machine" "Virtual machine".Provisioning."Deploy template" "Virtual machine".Provisioning."Mark as template" Folder."Create folder" Folder."Delete folder" Additionally, the user requires some ReadOnly permissions, and some of the roles require permission to propogate the permissions to child objects. These settings vary depending on whether or not you install the cluster into an existing folder. Example 18.9. Required permissions and propagation settings vSphere object Folder type Propagate to children Permissions required vSphere vCenter Always False Listed required privileges vSphere vCenter Datacenter Existing folder False ReadOnly permission Installation program creates the folder True Listed required privileges vSphere vCenter Cluster Always True Listed required privileges vSphere vCenter Datastore Always False Listed required privileges vSphere Switch Always False ReadOnly permission vSphere Port Group Always False Listed required privileges vSphere vCenter Virtual Machine Folder Existing folder True Listed required privileges For more information about creating an account with only the required privileges, see vSphere Permissions and User Management Tasks in the vSphere documentation. Using OpenShift Container Platform with vMotion If you intend on using vMotion in your vSphere environment, consider the following before installing a OpenShift Container Platform cluster. OpenShift Container Platform generally supports compute-only vMotion. Using Storage vMotion can cause issues and is not supported. To help ensure the uptime of your compute and control plane nodes, it is recommended that you follow the VMware best practices for vMotion. It is also recommended to use VMware anti-affinity rules to improve the availability of OpenShift Container Platform during maintenance or hardware issues. For more information about vMotion and anti-affinity rules, see the VMware vSphere documentation for vMotion networking requirements and VM anti-affinity rules . If you are using vSphere volumes in your pods, migrating a VM across datastores either manually or through Storage vMotion causes, invalid references within OpenShift Container Platform persistent volume (PV) objects. These references prevent affected pods from starting up and can result in data loss. Similarly, OpenShift Container Platform does not support selective migration of VMDKs across datastores, using datastore clusters for VM provisioning or for dynamic or static provisioning of PVs, or using a datastore that is part of a datastore cluster for dynamic or static provisioning of PVs. Cluster resources When you deploy an OpenShift Container Platform cluster that uses installer-provisioned infrastructure, the installation program must be able to create several resources in your vCenter instance. A standard OpenShift Container Platform installation creates the following vCenter resources: 1 Folder 1 Tag category 1 Tag Virtual machines: 1 template 1 temporary bootstrap node 3 control plane nodes 3 compute machines Although these resources use 856 GB of storage, the bootstrap node is destroyed during the cluster installation process. A minimum of 800 GB of storage is required to use a standard cluster. If you deploy more compute machines, the OpenShift Container Platform cluster will use more storage. Cluster limits Available resources vary between clusters. The number of possible clusters within a vCenter is limited primarily by available storage space and any limitations on the number of required resources. Be sure to consider both limitations to the vCenter resources that the cluster creates and the resources that you require to deploy a cluster, such as IP addresses and networks. Networking requirements You must use DHCP for the network and ensure that the DHCP server is configured to provide persistent IP addresses to the cluster machines. You must configure the default gateway to use the DHCP server. All nodes must be in the same VLAN. You cannot scale the cluster using a second VLAN as a Day 2 operation. Additionally, you must create the following networking resources before you install the OpenShift Container Platform cluster: Note It is recommended that each OpenShift Container Platform node in the cluster must have access to a Network Time Protocol (NTP) server that is discoverable via DHCP. Installation is possible without an NTP server. However, asynchronous server clocks will cause errors, which NTP server prevents. Required IP Addresses An installer-provisioned vSphere installation requires two static IP addresses: The API address is used to access the cluster API. The Ingress address is used for cluster ingress traffic. You must provide these IP addresses to the installation program when you install the OpenShift Container Platform cluster. DNS records You must create DNS records for two static IP addresses in the appropriate DNS server for the vCenter instance that hosts your OpenShift Container Platform cluster. In each record, <cluster_name> is the cluster name and <base_domain> is the cluster base domain that you specify when you install the cluster. A complete DNS record takes the form: <component>.<cluster_name>.<base_domain>. . Table 18.25. Required DNS records Component Record Description API VIP api.<cluster_name>.<base_domain>. This DNS A/AAAA or CNAME record must point to the load balancer for the control plane machines. This record must be resolvable by both clients external to the cluster and from all the nodes within the cluster. Ingress VIP *.apps.<cluster_name>.<base_domain>. A wildcard DNS A/AAAA or CNAME record that points to the load balancer that targets the machines that run the Ingress router pods, which are the worker nodes by default. This record must be resolvable by both clients external to the cluster and from all the nodes within the cluster. 18.4.7. Generating a key pair for cluster node SSH access During an OpenShift Container Platform installation, you can provide an SSH public key to the installation program. The key is passed to the Red Hat Enterprise Linux CoreOS (RHCOS) nodes through their Ignition config files and is used to authenticate SSH access to the nodes. The key is added to the ~/.ssh/authorized_keys list for the core user on each node, which enables password-less authentication. After the key is passed to the nodes, you can use the key pair to SSH in to the RHCOS nodes as the user core . To access the nodes through SSH, the private key identity must be managed by SSH for your local user. If you want to SSH in to your cluster nodes to perform installation debugging or disaster recovery, you must provide the SSH public key during the installation process. The ./openshift-install gather command also requires the SSH public key to be in place on the cluster nodes. Important Do not skip this procedure in production environments, where disaster recovery and debugging is required. Note You must use a local key, not one that you configured with platform-specific approaches such as AWS key pairs . Procedure If you do not have an existing SSH key pair on your local machine to use for authentication onto your cluster nodes, create one. For example, on a computer that uses a Linux operating system, run the following command: USD ssh-keygen -t ed25519 -N '' -f <path>/<file_name> 1 1 Specify the path and file name, such as ~/.ssh/id_ed25519 , of the new SSH key. If you have an existing key pair, ensure your public key is in the your ~/.ssh directory. Note If you plan to install an OpenShift Container Platform cluster that uses FIPS Validated / Modules in Process cryptographic libraries on the x86_64 architecture, do not create a key that uses the ed25519 algorithm. Instead, create a key that uses the rsa or ecdsa algorithm. View the public SSH key: USD cat <path>/<file_name>.pub For example, run the following to view the ~/.ssh/id_ed25519.pub public key: USD cat ~/.ssh/id_ed25519.pub Add the SSH private key identity to the SSH agent for your local user, if it has not already been added. SSH agent management of the key is required for password-less SSH authentication onto your cluster nodes, or if you want to use the ./openshift-install gather command. Note On some distributions, default SSH private key identities such as ~/.ssh/id_rsa and ~/.ssh/id_dsa are managed automatically. If the ssh-agent process is not already running for your local user, start it as a background task: USD eval "USD(ssh-agent -s)" Example output Agent pid 31874 Note If your cluster is in FIPS mode, only use FIPS-compliant algorithms to generate the SSH key. The key must be either RSA or ECDSA. Add your SSH private key to the ssh-agent : USD ssh-add <path>/<file_name> 1 1 Specify the path and file name for your SSH private key, such as ~/.ssh/id_ed25519 Example output Identity added: /home/<you>/<path>/<file_name> (<computer_name>) steps When you install OpenShift Container Platform, provide the SSH public key to the installation program. 18.4.8. Obtaining the installation program Before you install OpenShift Container Platform, download the installation file on a local computer. Prerequisites You have a computer that runs Linux or macOS, with 500 MB of local disk space Procedure Access the Infrastructure Provider page on the OpenShift Cluster Manager site. If you have a Red Hat account, log in with your credentials. If you do not, create an account. Select your infrastructure provider. Navigate to the page for your installation type, download the installation program for your operating system, and place the file in the directory where you will store the installation configuration files. Important The installation program creates several files on the computer that you use to install your cluster. You must keep the installation program and the files that the installation program creates after you finish installing the cluster. Both files are required to delete the cluster. Important Deleting the files created by the installation program does not remove your cluster, even if the cluster failed during installation. To remove your cluster, complete the OpenShift Container Platform uninstallation procedures for your specific cloud provider. Extract the installation program. For example, on a computer that uses a Linux operating system, run the following command: USD tar -xvf openshift-install-linux.tar.gz Download your installation pull secret from the Red Hat OpenShift Cluster Manager . This pull secret allows you to authenticate with the services that are provided by the included authorities, including Quay.io, which serves the container images for OpenShift Container Platform components. 18.4.9. Adding vCenter root CA certificates to your system trust Because the installation program requires access to your vCenter's API, you must add your vCenter's trusted root CA certificates to your system trust before you install an OpenShift Container Platform cluster. Procedure From the vCenter home page, download the vCenter's root CA certificates. Click Download trusted root CA certificates in the vSphere Web Services SDK section. The <vCenter>/certs/download.zip file downloads. Extract the compressed file that contains the vCenter root CA certificates. The contents of the compressed file resemble the following file structure: Add the files for your operating system to the system trust. For example, on a Fedora operating system, run the following command: # cp certs/lin/* /etc/pki/ca-trust/source/anchors Update your system trust. For example, on a Fedora operating system, run the following command: # update-ca-trust extract 18.4.10. Creating the installation configuration file You can customize the OpenShift Container Platform cluster you install on VMware vSphere. Prerequisites Obtain the OpenShift Container Platform installation program and the pull secret for your cluster. Obtain service principal permissions at the subscription level. Procedure Create the install-config.yaml file. Change to the directory that contains the installation program and run the following command: USD ./openshift-install create install-config --dir <installation_directory> 1 1 For <installation_directory> , specify the directory name to store the files that the installation program creates. Important Specify an empty directory. Some installation assets, like bootstrap X.509 certificates have short expiration intervals, so you must not reuse an installation directory. If you want to reuse individual files from another cluster installation, you can copy them into your directory. However, the file names for the installation assets might change between releases. Use caution when copying installation files from an earlier OpenShift Container Platform version. At the prompts, provide the configuration details for your cloud: Optional: Select an SSH key to use to access your cluster machines. Note For production OpenShift Container Platform clusters on which you want to perform installation debugging or disaster recovery, specify an SSH key that your ssh-agent process uses. Select vsphere as the platform to target. Specify the name of your vCenter instance. Specify the user name and password for the vCenter account that has the required permissions to create the cluster. The installation program connects to your vCenter instance. Select the datacenter in your vCenter instance to connect to. Select the default vCenter datastore to use. Select the vCenter cluster to install the OpenShift Container Platform cluster in. The installation program uses the root resource pool of the vSphere cluster as the default resource pool. Select the network in the vCenter instance that contains the virtual IP addresses and DNS records that you configured. Enter the virtual IP address that you configured for control plane API access. Enter the virtual IP address that you configured for cluster ingress. Enter the base domain. This base domain must be the same one that you used in the DNS records that you configured. Enter a descriptive name for your cluster. The cluster name must be the same one that you used in the DNS records that you configured. Paste the pull secret from the Red Hat OpenShift Cluster Manager . Modify the install-config.yaml file. You can find more information about the available parameters in the "Installation configuration parameters" section. Back up the install-config.yaml file so that you can use it to install multiple clusters. Important The install-config.yaml file is consumed during the installation process. If you want to reuse the file, you must back it up now. 18.4.10.1. Installation configuration parameters Before you deploy an OpenShift Container Platform cluster, you provide parameter values to describe your account on the cloud platform that hosts your cluster and optionally customize your cluster's platform. When you create the install-config.yaml installation configuration file, you provide values for the required parameters through the command line. If you customize your cluster, you can modify the install-config.yaml file to provide more details about the platform. Note After installation, you cannot modify these parameters in the install-config.yaml file. Important The openshift-install command does not validate field names for parameters. If an incorrect name is specified, the related file or object is not created, and no error is reported. Ensure that the field names for any parameters that are specified are correct. 18.4.10.1.1. Required configuration parameters Required installation configuration parameters are described in the following table: Table 18.26. Required parameters Parameter Description Values apiVersion The API version for the install-config.yaml content. The current version is v1 . The installer may also support older API versions. String baseDomain The base domain of your cloud provider. The base domain is used to create routes to your OpenShift Container Platform cluster components. The full DNS name for your cluster is a combination of the baseDomain and metadata.name parameter values that uses the <metadata.name>.<baseDomain> format. A fully-qualified domain or subdomain name, such as example.com . metadata Kubernetes resource ObjectMeta , from which only the name parameter is consumed. Object metadata.name The name of the cluster. DNS records for the cluster are all subdomains of {{.metadata.name}}.{{.baseDomain}} . String of lowercase letters and hyphens ( - ), such as dev . platform The configuration for the specific platform upon which to perform the installation: aws , baremetal , azure , gcp , openstack , ovirt , vsphere , or {} . For additional information about platform.<platform> parameters, consult the table for your specific platform that follows. Object pullSecret Get a pull secret from the Red Hat OpenShift Cluster Manager to authenticate downloading container images for OpenShift Container Platform components from services such as Quay.io. { "auths":{ "cloud.openshift.com":{ "auth":"b3Blb=", "email":"you@example.com" }, "quay.io":{ "auth":"b3Blb=", "email":"you@example.com" } } } 18.4.10.1.2. Network configuration parameters You can customize your installation configuration based on the requirements of your existing network infrastructure. For example, you can expand the IP address block for the cluster network or provide different IP address blocks than the defaults. Only IPv4 addresses are supported. Table 18.27. Network parameters Parameter Description Values networking The configuration for the cluster network. Object Note You cannot modify parameters specified by the networking object after installation. networking.networkType The cluster network provider Container Network Interface (CNI) plugin to install. Either OpenShiftSDN or OVNKubernetes . OpenShiftSDN is a CNI provider for all-Linux networks. OVNKubernetes is a CNI provider for Linux networks and hybrid networks that contain both Linux and Windows servers. The default value is OpenShiftSDN . networking.clusterNetwork The IP address blocks for pods. The default value is 10.128.0.0/14 with a host prefix of /23 . If you specify multiple IP address blocks, the blocks must not overlap. An array of objects. For example: networking: clusterNetwork: - cidr: 10.128.0.0/14 hostPrefix: 23 networking.clusterNetwork.cidr Required if you use networking.clusterNetwork . An IP address block. An IPv4 network. An IP address block in Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) notation. The prefix length for an IPv4 block is between 0 and 32 . networking.clusterNetwork.hostPrefix The subnet prefix length to assign to each individual node. For example, if hostPrefix is set to 23 then each node is assigned a /23 subnet out of the given cidr . A hostPrefix value of 23 provides 510 (2^(32 - 23) - 2) pod IP addresses. A subnet prefix. The default value is 23 . networking.serviceNetwork The IP address block for services. The default value is 172.30.0.0/16 . The OpenShift SDN and OVN-Kubernetes network providers support only a single IP address block for the service network. An array with an IP address block in CIDR format. For example: networking: serviceNetwork: - 172.30.0.0/16 networking.machineNetwork The IP address blocks for machines. If you specify multiple IP address blocks, the blocks must not overlap. An array of objects. For example: networking: machineNetwork: - cidr: 10.0.0.0/16 networking.machineNetwork.cidr Required if you use networking.machineNetwork . An IP address block. The default value is 10.0.0.0/16 for all platforms other than libvirt. For libvirt, the default value is 192.168.126.0/24 . An IP network block in CIDR notation. For example, 10.0.0.0/16 . Note Set the networking.machineNetwork to match the CIDR that the preferred NIC resides in. 18.4.10.1.3. Optional configuration parameters Optional installation configuration parameters are described in the following table: Table 18.28. Optional parameters Parameter Description Values additionalTrustBundle A PEM-encoded X.509 certificate bundle that is added to the nodes' trusted certificate store. This trust bundle may also be used when a proxy has been configured. String compute The configuration for the machines that comprise the compute nodes. Array of MachinePool objects. compute.architecture Determines the instruction set architecture of the machines in the pool. Currently, heteregeneous clusters are not supported, so all pools must specify the same architecture. Valid values are amd64 (the default). String compute.hyperthreading Whether to enable or disable simultaneous multithreading, or hyperthreading , on compute machines. By default, simultaneous multithreading is enabled to increase the performance of your machines' cores. Important If you disable simultaneous multithreading, ensure that your capacity planning accounts for the dramatically decreased machine performance. Enabled or Disabled compute.name Required if you use compute . The name of the machine pool. worker compute.platform Required if you use compute . Use this parameter to specify the cloud provider to host the worker machines. This parameter value must match the controlPlane.platform parameter value. aws , azure , gcp , openstack , ovirt , vsphere , or {} compute.replicas The number of compute machines, which are also known as worker machines, to provision. A positive integer greater than or equal to 2 . The default value is 3 . controlPlane The configuration for the machines that comprise the control plane. Array of MachinePool objects. controlPlane.architecture Determines the instruction set architecture of the machines in the pool. Currently, heterogeneous clusters are not supported, so all pools must specify the same architecture. Valid values are amd64 (the default). String controlPlane.hyperthreading Whether to enable or disable simultaneous multithreading, or hyperthreading , on control plane machines. By default, simultaneous multithreading is enabled to increase the performance of your machines' cores. Important If you disable simultaneous multithreading, ensure that your capacity planning accounts for the dramatically decreased machine performance. Enabled or Disabled controlPlane.name Required if you use controlPlane . The name of the machine pool. master controlPlane.platform Required if you use controlPlane . Use this parameter to specify the cloud provider that hosts the control plane machines. This parameter value must match the compute.platform parameter value. aws , azure , gcp , openstack , ovirt , vsphere , or {} controlPlane.replicas The number of control plane machines to provision. The only supported value is 3 , which is the default value. credentialsMode The Cloud Credential Operator (CCO) mode. If no mode is specified, the CCO dynamically tries to determine the capabilities of the provided credentials, with a preference for mint mode on the platforms where multiple modes are supported. Note Not all CCO modes are supported for all cloud providers. For more information on CCO modes, see the Cloud Credential Operator entry in the Cluster Operators reference content. Note If your AWS account has service control policies (SCP) enabled, you must configure the credentialsMode parameter to Mint , Passthrough or Manual . Mint , Passthrough , Manual or an empty string ( "" ). fips Enable or disable FIPS mode. The default is false (disabled). If FIPS mode is enabled, the Red Hat Enterprise Linux CoreOS (RHCOS) machines that OpenShift Container Platform runs on bypass the default Kubernetes cryptography suite and use the cryptography modules that are provided with RHCOS instead. Important The use of FIPS Validated / Modules in Process cryptographic libraries is only supported on OpenShift Container Platform deployments on the x86_64 architecture. Note If you are using Azure File storage, you cannot enable FIPS mode. false or true imageContentSources Sources and repositories for the release-image content. Array of objects. Includes a source and, optionally, mirrors , as described in the following rows of this table. imageContentSources.source Required if you use imageContentSources . Specify the repository that users refer to, for example, in image pull specifications. String imageContentSources.mirrors Specify one or more repositories that may also contain the same images. Array of strings publish How to publish or expose the user-facing endpoints of your cluster, such as the Kubernetes API, OpenShift routes. Internal or External . The default value is External . Setting this field to Internal is not supported on non-cloud platforms. sshKey The SSH key or keys to authenticate access your cluster machines. Note For production OpenShift Container Platform clusters on which you want to perform installation debugging or disaster recovery, specify an SSH key that your ssh-agent process uses. One or more keys. For example: 18.4.10.1.4. Additional VMware vSphere configuration parameters Additional VMware vSphere configuration parameters are described in the following table: Table 18.29. Additional VMware vSphere cluster parameters Parameter Description Values platform.vsphere.vCenter The fully-qualified hostname or IP address of the vCenter server. String platform.vsphere.username The user name to use to connect to the vCenter instance with. This user must have at least the roles and privileges that are required for static or dynamic persistent volume provisioning in vSphere. String platform.vsphere.password The password for the vCenter user name. String platform.vsphere.datacenter The name of the datacenter to use in the vCenter instance. String platform.vsphere.defaultDatastore The name of the default datastore to use for provisioning volumes. String platform.vsphere.folder Optional . The absolute path of an existing folder where the installation program creates the virtual machines. If you do not provide this value, the installation program creates a folder that is named with the infrastructure ID in the datacenter virtual machine folder. String, for example, /<datacenter_name>/vm/<folder_name>/<subfolder_name> . platform.vsphere.network The network in the vCenter instance that contains the virtual IP addresses and DNS records that you configured. String platform.vsphere.cluster The vCenter cluster to install the OpenShift Container Platform cluster in. String platform.vsphere.apiVIP The virtual IP (VIP) address that you configured for control plane API access. An IP address, for example 128.0.0.1 . platform.vsphere.ingressVIP The virtual IP (VIP) address that you configured for cluster ingress. An IP address, for example 128.0.0.1 . 18.4.10.1.5. Optional VMware vSphere machine pool configuration parameters Optional VMware vSphere machine pool configuration parameters are described in the following table: Table 18.30. Optional VMware vSphere machine pool parameters Parameter Description Values platform.vsphere.clusterOSImage The location from which the installer downloads the RHCOS image. You must set this parameter to perform an installation in a restricted network. An HTTP or HTTPS URL, optionally with a SHA-256 checksum. For example, https://mirror.openshift.com/images/rhcos-<version>-vmware.<architecture>.ova . platform.vsphere.osDisk.diskSizeGB The size of the disk in gigabytes. Integer platform.vsphere.cpus The total number of virtual processor cores to assign a virtual machine. The value of platform.vsphere.cpus must be a multiple of platform.vsphere.coresPerSocket value. Integer platform.vsphere.coresPerSocket The number of cores per socket in a virtual machine. The number of virtual sockets on the virtual machine is platform.vsphere.cpus / platform.vsphere.coresPerSocket . The default value for control plane nodes and worker nodes is 4 and 2 , respectively. Integer platform.vsphere.memoryMB The size of a virtual machine's memory in megabytes. Integer 18.4.10.2. Sample install-config.yaml file for an installer-provisioned VMware vSphere cluster You can customize the install-config.yaml file to specify more details about your OpenShift Container Platform cluster's platform or modify the values of the required parameters. apiVersion: v1 baseDomain: example.com 1 compute: 2 - hyperthreading: Enabled 3 name: worker replicas: 3 platform: vsphere: 4 cpus: 2 coresPerSocket: 2 memoryMB: 8192 osDisk: diskSizeGB: 120 controlPlane: 5 hyperthreading: Enabled 6 name: master replicas: 3 platform: vsphere: 7 cpus: 4 coresPerSocket: 2 memoryMB: 16384 osDisk: diskSizeGB: 120 metadata: name: cluster 8 networking: clusterNetwork: - cidr: 10.128.0.0/14 hostPrefix: 23 machineNetwork: - cidr: 10.0.0.0/16 networkType: OpenShiftSDN serviceNetwork: - 172.30.0.0/16 platform: vsphere: vcenter: your.vcenter.server username: username password: password datacenter: datacenter defaultDatastore: datastore folder: folder network: VM_Network cluster: vsphere_cluster_name 9 apiVIP: api_vip ingressVIP: ingress_vip fips: false pullSecret: '{"auths": ...}' sshKey: 'ssh-ed25519 AAAA...' 1 The base domain of the cluster. All DNS records must be sub-domains of this base and include the cluster name. 2 5 The controlPlane section is a single mapping, but the compute section is a sequence of mappings. To meet the requirements of the different data structures, the first line of the compute section must begin with a hyphen, - , and the first line of the controlPlane section must not. Only one control plane pool is used. 3 6 Whether to enable or disable simultaneous multithreading, or hyperthreading . By default, simultaneous multithreading is enabled to increase the performance of your machines' cores. You can disable it by setting the parameter value to Disabled . If you disable simultaneous multithreading in some cluster machines, you must disable it in all cluster machines. Important If you disable simultaneous multithreading, ensure that your capacity planning accounts for the dramatically decreased machine performance. Your machines must use at least 8 CPUs and 32 GB of RAM if you disable simultaneous multithreading. 4 7 Optional: Provide additional configuration for the machine pool parameters for the compute and control plane machines. 8 The cluster name that you specified in your DNS records. 9 The vSphere cluster to install the OpenShift Container Platform cluster in. The installation program uses the root resource pool of the vSphere cluster as the default resource pool. 18.4.10.3. Configuring the cluster-wide proxy during installation Production environments can deny direct access to the internet and instead have an HTTP or HTTPS proxy available. You can configure a new OpenShift Container Platform cluster to use a proxy by configuring the proxy settings in the install-config.yaml file. Prerequisites You have an existing install-config.yaml file. You reviewed the sites that your cluster requires access to and determined whether any of them need to bypass the proxy. By default, all cluster egress traffic is proxied, including calls to hosting cloud provider APIs. You added sites to the Proxy object's spec.noProxy field to bypass the proxy if necessary. Note The Proxy object status.noProxy field is populated with the values of the networking.machineNetwork[].cidr , networking.clusterNetwork[].cidr , and networking.serviceNetwork[] fields from your installation configuration. For installations on Amazon Web Services (AWS), Google Cloud Platform (GCP), Microsoft Azure, and Red Hat OpenStack Platform (RHOSP), the Proxy object status.noProxy field is also populated with the instance metadata endpoint ( 169.254.169.254 ). Procedure Edit your install-config.yaml file and add the proxy settings. For example: apiVersion: v1 baseDomain: my.domain.com proxy: httpProxy: http://<username>:<pswd>@<ip>:<port> 1 httpsProxy: https://<username>:<pswd>@<ip>:<port> 2 noProxy: example.com 3 additionalTrustBundle: | 4 -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE----- <MY_TRUSTED_CA_CERT> -----END CERTIFICATE----- ... 1 A proxy URL to use for creating HTTP connections outside the cluster. The URL scheme must be http . 2 A proxy URL to use for creating HTTPS connections outside the cluster. 3 A comma-separated list of destination domain names, IP addresses, or other network CIDRs to exclude from proxying. Preface a domain with . to match subdomains only. For example, .y.com matches x.y.com , but not y.com . Use * to bypass the proxy for all destinations. You must include vCenter's IP address and the IP range that you use for its machines. 4 If provided, the installation program generates a config map that is named user-ca-bundle in the openshift-config namespace to hold the additional CA certificates. If you provide additionalTrustBundle and at least one proxy setting, the Proxy object is configured to reference the user-ca-bundle config map in the trustedCA field. The Cluster Network Operator then creates a trusted-ca-bundle config map that merges the contents specified for the trustedCA parameter with the RHCOS trust bundle. The additionalTrustBundle field is required unless the proxy's identity certificate is signed by an authority from the RHCOS trust bundle. Note The installation program does not support the proxy readinessEndpoints field. Save the file and reference it when installing OpenShift Container Platform. The installation program creates a cluster-wide proxy that is named cluster that uses the proxy settings in the provided install-config.yaml file. If no proxy settings are provided, a cluster Proxy object is still created, but it will have a nil spec . Note Only the Proxy object named cluster is supported, and no additional proxies can be created. 18.4.11. Network configuration phases There are two phases prior to OpenShift Container Platform installation where you can customize the network configuration. Phase 1 You can customize the following network-related fields in the install-config.yaml file before you create the manifest files: networking.networkType networking.clusterNetwork networking.serviceNetwork networking.machineNetwork For more information on these fields, refer to Installation configuration parameters . Note Set the networking.machineNetwork to match the CIDR that the preferred NIC resides in. Phase 2 After creating the manifest files by running openshift-install create manifests , you can define a customized Cluster Network Operator manifest with only the fields you want to modify. You can use the manifest to specify advanced network configuration. You cannot override the values specified in phase 1 in the install-config.yaml file during phase 2. However, you can further customize the cluster network provider during phase 2. 18.4.12. Specifying advanced network configuration You can use advanced network configuration for your cluster network provider to integrate your cluster into your existing network environment. You can specify advanced network configuration only before you install the cluster. Important Customizing your network configuration by modifying the OpenShift Container Platform manifest files created by the installation program is not supported. Applying a manifest file that you create, as in the following procedure, is supported. Prerequisites You have created the install-config.yaml file and completed any modifications to it. Procedure Change to the directory that contains the installation program and create the manifests: USD ./openshift-install create manifests --dir <installation_directory> 1 1 <installation_directory> specifies the name of the directory that contains the install-config.yaml file for your cluster. Create a stub manifest file for the advanced network configuration that is named cluster-network-03-config.yml in the <installation_directory>/manifests/ directory: apiVersion: operator.openshift.io/v1 kind: Network metadata: name: cluster spec: Specify the advanced network configuration for your cluster in the cluster-network-03-config.yml file, such as in the following examples: Specify a different VXLAN port for the OpenShift SDN network provider apiVersion: operator.openshift.io/v1 kind: Network metadata: name: cluster spec: defaultNetwork: openshiftSDNConfig: vxlanPort: 4800 Enable IPsec for the OVN-Kubernetes network provider apiVersion: operator.openshift.io/v1 kind: Network metadata: name: cluster spec: defaultNetwork: ovnKubernetesConfig: ipsecConfig: {} Optional: Back up the manifests/cluster-network-03-config.yml file. The installation program consumes the manifests/ directory when you create the Ignition config files. 18.4.13. Cluster Network Operator configuration The configuration for the cluster network is specified as part of the Cluster Network Operator (CNO) configuration and stored in a custom resource (CR) object that is named cluster . The CR specifies the fields for the Network API in the operator.openshift.io API group. The CNO configuration inherits the following fields during cluster installation from the Network API in the Network.config.openshift.io API group and these fields cannot be changed: clusterNetwork IP address pools from which pod IP addresses are allocated. serviceNetwork IP address pool for services. defaultNetwork.type Cluster network provider, such as OpenShift SDN or OVN-Kubernetes. You can specify the cluster network provider configuration for your cluster by setting the fields for the defaultNetwork object in the CNO object named cluster . 18.4.13.1. Cluster Network Operator configuration object The fields for the Cluster Network Operator (CNO) are described in the following table: Table 18.31. Cluster Network Operator configuration object Field Type Description metadata.name string The name of the CNO object. This name is always cluster . spec.clusterNetwork array A list specifying the blocks of IP addresses from which pod IP addresses are allocated and the subnet prefix length assigned to each individual node in the cluster. For example: spec: clusterNetwork: - cidr: 10.128.0.0/19 hostPrefix: 23 - cidr: 10.128.32.0/19 hostPrefix: 23 You can customize this field only in the install-config.yaml file before you create the manifests. The value is read-only in the manifest file. spec.serviceNetwork array A block of IP addresses for services. The OpenShift SDN and OVN-Kubernetes Container Network Interface (CNI) network providers support only a single IP address block for the service network. For example: spec: serviceNetwork: - 172.30.0.0/14 You can customize this field only in the install-config.yaml file before you create the manifests. The value is read-only in the manifest file. spec.defaultNetwork object Configures the Container Network Interface (CNI) cluster network provider for the cluster network. spec.kubeProxyConfig object The fields for this object specify the kube-proxy configuration. If you are using the OVN-Kubernetes cluster network provider, the kube-proxy configuration has no effect. defaultNetwork object configuration The values for the defaultNetwork object are defined in the following table: Table 18.32. defaultNetwork object Field Type Description type string Either OpenShiftSDN or OVNKubernetes . The cluster network provider is selected during installation. This value cannot be changed after cluster installation. Note OpenShift Container Platform uses the OpenShift SDN Container Network Interface (CNI) cluster network provider by default. openshiftSDNConfig object This object is only valid for the OpenShift SDN cluster network provider. ovnKubernetesConfig object This object is only valid for the OVN-Kubernetes cluster network provider. Configuration for the OpenShift SDN CNI cluster network provider The following table describes the configuration fields for the OpenShift SDN Container Network Interface (CNI) cluster network provider. Table 18.33. openshiftSDNConfig object Field Type Description mode string Configures the network isolation mode for OpenShift SDN. The default value is NetworkPolicy . The values Multitenant and Subnet are available for backwards compatibility with OpenShift Container Platform 3.x but are not recommended. This value cannot be changed after cluster installation. mtu integer The maximum transmission unit (MTU) for the VXLAN overlay network. This is detected automatically based on the MTU of the primary network interface. You do not normally need to override the detected MTU. If the auto-detected value is not what you expect it to be, confirm that the MTU on the primary network interface on your nodes is correct. You cannot use this option to change the MTU value of the primary network interface on the nodes. If your cluster requires different MTU values for different nodes, you must set this value to 50 less than the lowest MTU value in your cluster. For example, if some nodes in your cluster have an MTU of 9001 , and some have an MTU of 1500 , you must set this value to 1450 . This value cannot be changed after cluster installation. vxlanPort integer The port to use for all VXLAN packets. The default value is 4789 . This value cannot be changed after cluster installation. If you are running in a virtualized environment with existing nodes that are part of another VXLAN network, then you might be required to change this. For example, when running an OpenShift SDN overlay on top of VMware NSX-T, you must select an alternate port for the VXLAN, because both SDNs use the same default VXLAN port number. On Amazon Web Services (AWS), you can select an alternate port for the VXLAN between port 9000 and port 9999 . Example OpenShift SDN configuration defaultNetwork: type: OpenShiftSDN openshiftSDNConfig: mode: NetworkPolicy mtu: 1450 vxlanPort: 4789 Configuration for the OVN-Kubernetes CNI cluster network provider The following table describes the configuration fields for the OVN-Kubernetes CNI cluster network provider. Table 18.34. ovnKubernetesConfig object Field Type Description mtu integer The maximum transmission unit (MTU) for the Geneve (Generic Network Virtualization Encapsulation) overlay network. This is detected automatically based on the MTU of the primary network interface. You do not normally need to override the detected MTU. If the auto-detected value is not what you expect it to be, confirm that the MTU on the primary network interface on your nodes is correct. You cannot use this option to change the MTU value of the primary network interface on the nodes. If your cluster requires different MTU values for different nodes, you must set this value to 100 less than the lowest MTU value in your cluster. For example, if some nodes in your cluster have an MTU of 9001 , and some have an MTU of 1500 , you must set this value to 1400 . This value cannot be changed after cluster installation. genevePort integer The port to use for all Geneve packets. The default value is 6081 . This value cannot be changed after cluster installation. ipsecConfig object Specify an empty object to enable IPsec encryption. This value cannot be changed after cluster installation. policyAuditConfig object Specify a configuration object for customizing network policy audit logging. If unset, the defaults audit log settings are used. Table 18.35. policyAuditConfig object Field Type Description rateLimit integer The maximum number of messages to generate every second per node. The default value is 20 messages per second. maxFileSize integer The maximum size for the audit log in bytes. The default value is 50000000 or 50 MB. destination string One of the following additional audit log targets: libc The libc syslog() function of the journald process on the host. udp:<host>:<port> A syslog server. Replace <host>:<port> with the host and port of the syslog server. unix:<file> A Unix Domain Socket file specified by <file> . null Do not send the audit logs to any additional target. syslogFacility string The syslog facility, such as kern , as defined by RFC5424. The default value is local0 . Example OVN-Kubernetes configuration defaultNetwork: type: OVNKubernetes ovnKubernetesConfig: mtu: 1400 genevePort: 6081 ipsecConfig: {} kubeProxyConfig object configuration The values for the kubeProxyConfig object are defined in the following table: Table 18.36. kubeProxyConfig object Field Type Description iptablesSyncPeriod string The refresh period for iptables rules. The default value is 30s . Valid suffixes include s , m , and h and are described in the Go time package documentation. Note Because of performance improvements introduced in OpenShift Container Platform 4.3 and greater, adjusting the iptablesSyncPeriod parameter is no longer necessary. proxyArguments.iptables-min-sync-period array The minimum duration before refreshing iptables rules. This field ensures that the refresh does not happen too frequently. Valid suffixes include s , m , and h and are described in the Go time package . The default value is: kubeProxyConfig: proxyArguments: iptables-min-sync-period: - 0s 18.4.14. Deploying the cluster You can install OpenShift Container Platform on a compatible cloud platform. Important You can run the create cluster command of the installation program only once, during initial installation. Prerequisites Configure an account with the cloud platform that hosts your cluster. Obtain the OpenShift Container Platform installation program and the pull secret for your cluster. Procedure Change to the directory that contains the installation program and initialize the cluster deployment: USD ./openshift-install create cluster --dir <installation_directory> \ 1 --log-level=info 2 1 For <installation_directory> , specify the location of your customized ./install-config.yaml file. 2 To view different installation details, specify warn , debug , or error instead of info . Important Use the openshift-install command from the bastion hosted in the VMC environment. Note If the cloud provider account that you configured on your host does not have sufficient permissions to deploy the cluster, the installation process stops, and the missing permissions are displayed. When the cluster deployment completes, directions for accessing your cluster, including a link to its web console and credentials for the kubeadmin user, display in your terminal. Example output ... INFO Install complete! INFO To access the cluster as the system:admin user when using 'oc', run 'export KUBECONFIG=/home/myuser/install_dir/auth/kubeconfig' INFO Access the OpenShift web-console here: https://console-openshift-console.apps.mycluster.example.com INFO Login to the console with user: "kubeadmin", and password: "4vYBz-Ee6gm-ymBZj-Wt5AL" INFO Time elapsed: 36m22s Note The cluster access and credential information also outputs to <installation_directory>/.openshift_install.log when an installation succeeds. Important The Ignition config files that the installation program generates contain certificates that expire after 24 hours, which are then renewed at that time. If the cluster is shut down before renewing the certificates and the cluster is later restarted after the 24 hours have elapsed, the cluster automatically recovers the expired certificates. The exception is that you must manually approve the pending node-bootstrapper certificate signing requests (CSRs) to recover kubelet certificates. See the documentation for Recovering from expired control plane certificates for more information. It is recommended that you use Ignition config files within 12 hours after they are generated because the 24-hour certificate rotates from 16 to 22 hours after the cluster is installed. By using the Ignition config files within 12 hours, you can avoid installation failure if the certificate update runs during installation. Important You must not delete the installation program or the files that the installation program creates. Both are required to delete the cluster. 18.4.15. Installing the OpenShift CLI by downloading the binary You can install the OpenShift CLI ( oc ) to interact with OpenShift Container Platform from a command-line interface. You can install oc on Linux, Windows, or macOS. Important If you installed an earlier version of oc , you cannot use it to complete all of the commands in OpenShift Container Platform 4.9. Download and install the new version of oc . Installing the OpenShift CLI on Linux You can install the OpenShift CLI ( oc ) binary on Linux by using the following procedure. Procedure Navigate to the OpenShift Container Platform downloads page on the Red Hat Customer Portal. Select the appropriate version in the Version drop-down menu. Click Download Now to the OpenShift v4.9 Linux Client entry and save the file. Unpack the archive: USD tar xvf <file> Place the oc binary in a directory that is on your PATH . To check your PATH , execute the following command: USD echo USDPATH After you install the OpenShift CLI, it is available using the oc command: USD oc <command> Installing the OpenShift CLI on Windows You can install the OpenShift CLI ( oc ) binary on Windows by using the following procedure. Procedure Navigate to the OpenShift Container Platform downloads page on the Red Hat Customer Portal. Select the appropriate version in the Version drop-down menu. Click Download Now to the OpenShift v4.9 Windows Client entry and save the file. Unzip the archive with a ZIP program. Move the oc binary to a directory that is on your PATH . To check your PATH , open the command prompt and execute the following command: C:\> path After you install the OpenShift CLI, it is available using the oc command: C:\> oc <command> Installing the OpenShift CLI on macOS You can install the OpenShift CLI ( oc ) binary on macOS by using the following procedure. Procedure Navigate to the OpenShift Container Platform downloads page on the Red Hat Customer Portal. Select the appropriate version in the Version drop-down menu. Click Download Now to the OpenShift v4.9 MacOSX Client entry and save the file. Unpack and unzip the archive. Move the oc binary to a directory on your PATH. To check your PATH , open a terminal and execute the following command: USD echo USDPATH After you install the OpenShift CLI, it is available using the oc command: USD oc <command> 18.4.16. Logging in to the cluster by using the CLI You can log in to your cluster as a default system user by exporting the cluster kubeconfig file. The kubeconfig file contains information about the cluster that is used by the CLI to connect a client to the correct cluster and API server. The file is specific to a cluster and is created during OpenShift Container Platform installation. Prerequisites You deployed an OpenShift Container Platform cluster. You installed the oc CLI. Procedure Export the kubeadmin credentials: USD export KUBECONFIG=<installation_directory>/auth/kubeconfig 1 1 For <installation_directory> , specify the path to the directory that you stored the installation files in. Verify you can run oc commands successfully using the exported configuration: USD oc whoami Example output system:admin 18.4.17. Creating registry storage After you install the cluster, you must create storage for the registry Operator. 18.4.17.1. Image registry removed during installation On platforms that do not provide shareable object storage, the OpenShift Image Registry Operator bootstraps itself as Removed . This allows openshift-installer to complete installations on these platform types. After installation, you must edit the Image Registry Operator configuration to switch the managementState from Removed to Managed . Note The Prometheus console provides an ImageRegistryRemoved alert, for example: "Image Registry has been removed. ImageStreamTags , BuildConfigs and DeploymentConfigs which reference ImageStreamTags may not work as expected. Please configure storage and update the config to Managed state by editing configs.imageregistry.operator.openshift.io." 18.4.17.2. Image registry storage configuration The Image Registry Operator is not initially available for platforms that do not provide default storage. After installation, you must configure your registry to use storage so that the Registry Operator is made available. Instructions are shown for configuring a persistent volume, which is required for production clusters. Where applicable, instructions are shown for configuring an empty directory as the storage location, which is available for only non-production clusters. Additional instructions are provided for allowing the image registry to use block storage types by using the Recreate rollout strategy during upgrades. 18.4.17.2.1. Configuring registry storage for VMware vSphere As a cluster administrator, following installation you must configure your registry to use storage. Prerequisites Cluster administrator permissions. A cluster on VMware vSphere. Persistent storage provisioned for your cluster, such as Red Hat OpenShift Container Storage. Important OpenShift Container Platform supports ReadWriteOnce access for image registry storage when you have only one replica. ReadWriteOnce access also requires that the registry uses the Recreate rollout strategy. To deploy an image registry that supports high availability with two or more replicas, ReadWriteMany access is required. Must have "100Gi" capacity. Important Testing shows issues with using the NFS server on RHEL as storage backend for core services. This includes the OpenShift Container Registry and Quay, Prometheus for monitoring storage, and Elasticsearch for logging storage. Therefore, using RHEL NFS to back PVs used by core services is not recommended. Other NFS implementations on the marketplace might not have these issues. Contact the individual NFS implementation vendor for more information on any testing that was possibly completed against these OpenShift Container Platform core components. Procedure To configure your registry to use storage, change the spec.storage.pvc in the configs.imageregistry/cluster resource. Note When using shared storage, review your security settings to prevent outside access. Verify that you do not have a registry pod: USD oc get pod -n openshift-image-registry -l docker-registry=default Example output No resourses found in openshift-image-registry namespace Note If you do have a registry pod in your output, you do not need to continue with this procedure. Check the registry configuration: USD oc edit configs.imageregistry.operator.openshift.io Example output storage: pvc: claim: 1 1 Leave the claim field blank to allow the automatic creation of an image-registry-storage persistent volume claim (PVC). The PVC is generated based on the default storage class. However, be aware that the default storage class might provide ReadWriteOnce (RWO) volumes, such as a RADOS Block Device (RBD), which can cause issues when replicating to more than one replica. Check the clusteroperator status: USD oc get clusteroperator image-registry Example output NAME VERSION AVAILABLE PROGRESSING DEGRADED SINCE MESSAGE image-registry 4.7 True False False 6h50m 18.4.17.2.2. Configuring block registry storage for VMware vSphere To allow the image registry to use block storage types such as vSphere Virtual Machine Disk (VMDK) during upgrades as a cluster administrator, you can use the Recreate rollout strategy. Important Block storage volumes are supported but not recommended for use with image registry on production clusters. An installation where the registry is configured on block storage is not highly available because the registry cannot have more than one replica. Procedure To set the image registry storage as a block storage type, patch the registry so that it uses the Recreate rollout strategy and runs with only 1 replica: USD oc patch config.imageregistry.operator.openshift.io/cluster --type=merge -p '{"spec":{"rolloutStrategy":"Recreate","replicas":1}}' Provision the PV for the block storage device, and create a PVC for that volume. The requested block volume uses the ReadWriteOnce (RWO) access mode. Create a pvc.yaml file with the following contents to define a VMware vSphere PersistentVolumeClaim object: kind: PersistentVolumeClaim apiVersion: v1 metadata: name: image-registry-storage 1 namespace: openshift-image-registry 2 spec: accessModes: - ReadWriteOnce 3 resources: requests: storage: 100Gi 4 1 A unique name that represents the PersistentVolumeClaim object. 2 The namespace for the PersistentVolumeClaim object, which is openshift-image-registry . 3 The access mode of the persistent volume claim. With ReadWriteOnce , the volume can be mounted with read and write permissions by a single node. 4 The size of the persistent volume claim. Create the PersistentVolumeClaim object from the file: USD oc create -f pvc.yaml -n openshift-image-registry Edit the registry configuration so that it references the correct PVC: USD oc edit config.imageregistry.operator.openshift.io -o yaml Example output storage: pvc: claim: 1 1 Creating a custom PVC allows you to leave the claim field blank for the default automatic creation of an image-registry-storage PVC. For instructions about configuring registry storage so that it references the correct PVC, see Configuring the registry for vSphere . 18.4.18. Backing up VMware vSphere volumes OpenShift Container Platform provisions new volumes as independent persistent disks to freely attach and detach the volume on any node in the cluster. As a consequence, it is not possible to back up volumes that use snapshots, or to restore volumes from snapshots. See Snapshot Limitations for more information. Procedure To create a backup of persistent volumes: Stop the application that is using the persistent volume. Clone the persistent volume. Restart the application. Create a backup of the cloned volume. Delete the cloned volume. 18.4.19. Steal clock accounting By default, the installation program provisions the cluster's virtual machines without enabling the steal clock accounting parameter ( stealclock.enabled ). Enabling steal clock accounting can help with troubleshooting cluster issues. After the cluster is deployed, use the vSphere Client to enable this parameter on each of the virtual machines. For more information, see this Red Hat knowledge base article . 18.4.20. Telemetry access for OpenShift Container Platform In OpenShift Container Platform 4.9, the Telemetry service, which runs by default to provide metrics about cluster health and the success of updates, requires internet access. If your cluster is connected to the internet, Telemetry runs automatically, and your cluster is registered to OpenShift Cluster Manager . After you confirm that your OpenShift Cluster Manager inventory is correct, either maintained automatically by Telemetry or manually by using OpenShift Cluster Manager, use subscription watch to track your OpenShift Container Platform subscriptions at the account or multi-cluster level. Additional resources See About remote health monitoring for more information about the Telemetry service 18.4.21. steps Customize your cluster . If necessary, you can opt out of remote health reporting . Set up your registry and configure registry storage . Optional: View the events from the vSphere Problem Detector Operator to determine if the cluster has permission or storage configuration issues. 18.5. Installing a cluster on VMC in a restricted network In OpenShift Container Platform version 4.9, you can install a cluster on VMware vSphere infrastructure in a restricted network by deploying it to VMware Cloud (VMC) on AWS . Once you configure your VMC environment for OpenShift Container Platform deployment, you use the OpenShift Container Platform installation program from the bastion management host, co-located in the VMC environment. The installation program and control plane automates the process of deploying and managing the resources needed for the OpenShift Container Platform cluster. Note OpenShift Container Platform supports deploying a cluster to a single VMware vCenter only. Deploying a cluster with machines/machine sets on multiple vCenters is not supported. 18.5.1. Setting up VMC for vSphere You can install OpenShift Container Platform on VMware Cloud (VMC) on AWS hosted vSphere clusters to enable applications to be deployed and managed both on-premise and off-premise, across the hybrid cloud. You must configure several options in your VMC environment prior to installing OpenShift Container Platform on VMware vSphere. Ensure your VMC environment has the following prerequisites: Create a non-exclusive, DHCP-enabled, NSX-T network segment and subnet. Other virtual machines (VMs) can be hosted on the subnet, but at least eight IP addresses must be available for the OpenShift Container Platform deployment. Allocate two IP addresses, outside the DHCP range, and configure them with reverse DNS records. A DNS record for api.<cluster_name>.<base_domain> pointing to the allocated IP address. A DNS record for *.apps.<cluster_name>.<base_domain> pointing to the allocated IP address. Configure the following firewall rules: An ANY:ANY firewall rule between the installation host and the software-defined data center (SDDC) management network on port 443. This allows you to upload the Red Hat Enterprise Linux CoreOS (RHCOS) OVA during deployment. An HTTPS firewall rule between the OpenShift Container Platform compute network and vCenter. This connection allows OpenShift Container Platform to communicate with vCenter for provisioning and managing nodes, persistent volume claims (PVCs), and other resources. You must have the following information to deploy OpenShift Container Platform: The OpenShift Container Platform cluster name, such as vmc-prod-1 . The base DNS name, such as companyname.com . If not using the default, the pod network CIDR and services network CIDR must be identified, which are set by default to 10.128.0.0/14 and 172.30.0.0/16 , respectively. These CIDRs are used for pod-to-pod and pod-to-service communication and are not accessible externally; however, they must not overlap with existing subnets in your organization. The following vCenter information: vCenter hostname, username, and password Datacenter name, such as SDDC-Datacenter Cluster name, such as Cluster-1 Network name Datastore name, such as WorkloadDatastore Note It is recommended to move your vSphere cluster to the VMC Compute-ResourcePool resource pool after your cluster installation is finished. A Linux-based host deployed to VMC as a bastion. The bastion host can be Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) or any another Linux-based host; it must have internet connectivity and the ability to upload an OVA to the ESXi hosts. Download and install the OpenShift CLI tools to the bastion host. The openshift-install installation program The OpenShift CLI ( oc ) tool Note You cannot use the VMware NSX Container Plugin for Kubernetes (NCP), and NSX is not used as the OpenShift SDN. The version of NSX currently available with VMC is incompatible with the version of NCP certified with OpenShift Container Platform. However, the NSX DHCP service is used for virtual machine IP management with the full-stack automated OpenShift Container Platform deployment and with nodes provisioned, either manually or automatically, by the Machine API integration with vSphere. Additionally, NSX firewall rules are created to enable access with the OpenShift Container Platform cluster and between the bastion host and the VMC vSphere hosts. 18.5.1.1. VMC Sizer tool VMware Cloud on AWS is built on top of AWS bare metal infrastructure; this is the same bare metal infrastructure which runs AWS native services. When a VMware cloud on AWS software-defined data center (SDDC) is deployed, you consume these physical server nodes and run the VMware ESXi hypervisor in a single tenant fashion. This means the physical infrastructure is not accessible to anyone else using VMC. It is important to consider how many physical hosts you will need to host your virtual infrastructure. To determine this, VMware provides the VMC on AWS Sizer . With this tool, you can define the resources you intend to host on VMC: Types of workloads Total number of virtual machines Specification information such as: Storage requirements vCPUs vRAM Overcommit ratios With these details, the sizer tool can generate a report, based on VMware best practices, and recommend your cluster configuration and the number of hosts you will need. 18.5.2. vSphere prerequisites You reviewed details about the OpenShift Container Platform installation and update processes. You read the documentation on selecting a cluster installation method and preparing it for users . You created a registry on your mirror host and obtained the imageContentSources data for your version of OpenShift Container Platform. Important Because the installation media is on the mirror host, you can use that computer to complete all installation steps. You provisioned block registry storage . For more information on persistent storage, see Understanding persistent storage . If you use a firewall and plan to use the Telemetry service, you configured the firewall to allow the sites that your cluster requires access to. Note If you are configuring a proxy, be sure to also review this site list. 18.5.3. About installations in restricted networks In OpenShift Container Platform 4.9, you can perform an installation that does not require an active connection to the internet to obtain software components. Restricted network installations can be completed using installer-provisioned infrastructure or user-provisioned infrastructure, depending on the cloud platform to which you are installing the cluster. If you choose to perform a restricted network installation on a cloud platform, you still require access to its cloud APIs. Some cloud functions, like Amazon Web Service's Route 53 DNS and IAM services, require internet access. Depending on your network, you might require less internet access for an installation on bare metal hardware or on VMware vSphere. To complete a restricted network installation, you must create a registry that mirrors the contents of the OpenShift Container Platform registry and contains the installation media. You can create this registry on a mirror host, which can access both the internet and your closed network, or by using other methods that meet your restrictions. 18.5.3.1. Additional limits Clusters in restricted networks have the following additional limitations and restrictions: The ClusterVersion status includes an Unable to retrieve available updates error. By default, you cannot use the contents of the Developer Catalog because you cannot access the required image stream tags. 18.5.4. Internet access for OpenShift Container Platform In OpenShift Container Platform 4.9, you require access to the internet to obtain the images that are necessary to install your cluster. You must have internet access to: Access OpenShift Cluster Manager to download the installation program and perform subscription management. If the cluster has internet access and you do not disable Telemetry, that service automatically entitles your cluster. Access Quay.io to obtain the packages that are required to install your cluster. Obtain the packages that are required to perform cluster updates. Important If your cluster cannot have direct internet access, you can perform a restricted network installation on some types of infrastructure that you provision. During that process, you download the required content and use it to populate a mirror registry with the installation packages. With some installation types, the environment that you install your cluster in will not require internet access. Before you update the cluster, you update the content of the mirror registry. 18.5.5. VMware vSphere infrastructure requirements You must install the OpenShift Container Platform cluster on a VMware vSphere version 6 or 7 instance that meets the requirements for the components that you use. Table 18.37. Version requirements for vSphere virtual environments Virtual environment product Required version VM hardware version 13 or later vSphere ESXi hosts 6.5 or later vCenter host 6.5 or later Important Installing a cluster on VMware vSphere version 6.7U2 or earlier and virtual hardware version 13 is now deprecated. These versions are still fully supported, but support will be removed in a future version of OpenShift Container Platform. Hardware version 15 is now the default for vSphere virtual machines in OpenShift Container Platform. To update the hardware version for your vSphere nodes, see the "Updating hardware on nodes running in vSphere" article. Table 18.38. Minimum supported vSphere version for VMware components Component Minimum supported versions Description Hypervisor vSphere 6.5 and later with HW version 13 This version is the minimum version that Red Hat Enterprise Linux CoreOS (RHCOS) supports. See the Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8 supported hypervisors list . Storage with in-tree drivers vSphere 6.5 and later This plugin creates vSphere storage by using the in-tree storage drivers for vSphere included in OpenShift Container Platform. If you use a vSphere version 6.5 instance, consider upgrading to 6.7U3 or 7.0 before you install OpenShift Container Platform. Important You must ensure that the time on your ESXi hosts is synchronized before you install OpenShift Container Platform. See Edit Time Configuration for a Host in the VMware documentation. 18.5.6. Network connectivity requirements You must configure the network connectivity between machines to allow OpenShift Container Platform cluster components to communicate. Review the following details about the required network ports. Table 18.39. Ports used for all-machine to all-machine communications Protocol Port Description ICMP N/A Network reachability tests TCP 1936 Metrics 9000 - 9999 Host level services, including the node exporter on ports 9100 - 9101 and the Cluster Version Operator on port 9099 . 10250 - 10259 The default ports that Kubernetes reserves 10256 openshift-sdn UDP 4789 virtual extensible LAN (VXLAN) 6081 Geneve 9000 - 9999 Host level services, including the node exporter on ports 9100 - 9101 . 500 IPsec IKE packets 4500 IPsec NAT-T packets TCP/UDP 30000 - 32767 Kubernetes node port ESP N/A IPsec Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) Table 18.40. Ports used for all-machine to control plane communications Protocol Port Description TCP 6443 Kubernetes API Table 18.41. Ports used for control plane machine to control plane machine communications Protocol Port Description TCP 2379 - 2380 etcd server and peer ports Additional resources To update the hardware version for your vSphere nodes, see Updating hardware on nodes running in vSphere . 18.5.7. vCenter requirements Before you install an OpenShift Container Platform cluster on your vCenter that uses infrastructure that the installer provisions, you must prepare your environment. Required vCenter account privileges To install an OpenShift Container Platform cluster in a vCenter, the installation program requires access to an account with privileges to read and create the required resources. Using an account that has global administrative privileges is the simplest way to access all of the necessary permissions. If you cannot use an account with global administrative privileges, you must create roles to grant the privileges necessary for OpenShift Container Platform cluster installation. While most of the privileges are always required, some are required only if you plan for the installation program to provision a folder to contain the OpenShift Container Platform cluster on your vCenter instance, which is the default behavior. You must create or amend vSphere roles for the specified objects to grant the required privileges. An additional role is required if the installation program is to create a vSphere virtual machine folder. Example 18.10. Roles and privileges required for installation in vSphere API vSphere object for role When required Required privileges in vSphere API vSphere vCenter Always Cns.Searchable InventoryService.Tagging.AttachTag InventoryService.Tagging.CreateCategory InventoryService.Tagging.CreateTag InventoryService.Tagging.DeleteCategory InventoryService.Tagging.DeleteTag InventoryService.Tagging.EditCategory InventoryService.Tagging.EditTag Sessions.ValidateSession StorageProfile.Update StorageProfile.View vSphere vCenter Cluster Always Host.Config.Storage Resource.AssignVMToPool VApp.AssignResourcePool VApp.Import VirtualMachine.Config.AddNewDisk vSphere Datastore Always Datastore.AllocateSpace Datastore.Browse Datastore.FileManagement InventoryService.Tagging.ObjectAttachable vSphere Port Group Always Network.Assign Virtual Machine Folder Always InventoryService.Tagging.ObjectAttachable Resource.AssignVMToPool VApp.Import VirtualMachine.Config.AddExistingDisk VirtualMachine.Config.AddNewDisk VirtualMachine.Config.AddRemoveDevice VirtualMachine.Config.AdvancedConfig VirtualMachine.Config.Annotation VirtualMachine.Config.CPUCount VirtualMachine.Config.DiskExtend VirtualMachine.Config.DiskLease VirtualMachine.Config.EditDevice VirtualMachine.Config.Memory VirtualMachine.Config.RemoveDisk VirtualMachine.Config.Rename VirtualMachine.Config.ResetGuestInfo VirtualMachine.Config.Resource VirtualMachine.Config.Settings VirtualMachine.Config.UpgradeVirtualHardware VirtualMachine.Interact.GuestControl VirtualMachine.Interact.PowerOff VirtualMachine.Interact.PowerOn VirtualMachine.Interact.Reset VirtualMachine.Inventory.Create VirtualMachine.Inventory.CreateFromExisting VirtualMachine.Inventory.Delete VirtualMachine.Provisioning.Clone VirtualMachine.Provisioning.MarkAsTemplate VirtualMachine.Provisioning.DeployTemplate vSphere vCenter Datacenter If the installation program creates the virtual machine folder InventoryService.Tagging.ObjectAttachable Resource.AssignVMToPool VApp.Import VirtualMachine.Config.AddExistingDisk VirtualMachine.Config.AddNewDisk VirtualMachine.Config.AddRemoveDevice VirtualMachine.Config.AdvancedConfig VirtualMachine.Config.Annotation VirtualMachine.Config.CPUCount VirtualMachine.Config.DiskExtend VirtualMachine.Config.DiskLease VirtualMachine.Config.EditDevice VirtualMachine.Config.Memory VirtualMachine.Config.RemoveDisk VirtualMachine.Config.Rename VirtualMachine.Config.ResetGuestInfo VirtualMachine.Config.Resource VirtualMachine.Config.Settings VirtualMachine.Config.UpgradeVirtualHardware VirtualMachine.Interact.GuestControl VirtualMachine.Interact.PowerOff VirtualMachine.Interact.PowerOn VirtualMachine.Interact.Reset VirtualMachine.Inventory.Create VirtualMachine.Inventory.CreateFromExisting VirtualMachine.Inventory.Delete VirtualMachine.Provisioning.Clone VirtualMachine.Provisioning.DeployTemplate VirtualMachine.Provisioning.MarkAsTemplate Folder.Create Folder.Delete Example 18.11. Roles and privileges required for installation in vCenter graphical user interface (GUI) vSphere object for role When required Required privileges in vCenter GUI vSphere vCenter Always Cns.Searchable "vSphere Tagging"."Assign or Unassign vSphere Tag" "vSphere Tagging"."Create vSphere Tag Category" "vSphere Tagging"."Create vSphere Tag" vSphere Tagging"."Delete vSphere Tag Category" "vSphere Tagging"."Delete vSphere Tag" "vSphere Tagging"."Edit vSphere Tag Category" "vSphere Tagging"."Edit vSphere Tag" Sessions."Validate session" "Profile-driven storage"."Profile-driven storage update" "Profile-driven storage"."Profile-driven storage view" vSphere vCenter Cluster If VMs will be created in the cluster root Host.Configuration."Storage partition configuration" Resource."Assign virtual machine to resource pool" VApp."Assign resource pool" VApp.Import "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Add new disk" vSphere vCenter Resource Pool If an existing resource pool is provided Host.Configuration."Storage partition configuration" Resource."Assign virtual machine to resource pool" VApp."Assign resource pool" VApp.Import "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Add new disk" vSphere Datastore Always Datastore."Allocate space" Datastore."Browse datastore" Datastore."Low level file operations" "vSphere Tagging"."Assign or Unassign vSphere Tag on Object" vSphere Port Group Always Network."Assign network" Virtual Machine Folder Always "vSphere Tagging"."Assign or Unassign vSphere Tag on Object" Resource."Assign virtual machine to resource pool" VApp.Import "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Add existing disk" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Add new disk" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Add or remove device" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Advanced configuration" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Set annotation" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Change CPU count" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Extend virtual disk" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Acquire disk lease" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Modify device settings" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Change Memory" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Remove disk" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration".Rename "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Reset guest information" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Change resource" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Change Settings" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Upgrade virtual machine compatibility" "Virtual machine".Interaction."Guest operating system management by VIX API" "Virtual machine".Interaction."Power off" "Virtual machine".Interaction."Power on" "Virtual machine".Interaction.Reset "Virtual machine"."Edit Inventory"."Create new" "Virtual machine"."Edit Inventory"."Create from existing" "Virtual machine"."Edit Inventory"."Remove" "Virtual machine".Provisioning."Clone virtual machine" "Virtual machine".Provisioning."Mark as template" "Virtual machine".Provisioning."Deploy template" vSphere vCenter Datacenter If the installation program creates the virtual machine folder "vSphere Tagging"."Assign or Unassign vSphere Tag on Object" Resource."Assign virtual machine to resource pool" VApp.Import "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Add existing disk" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Add new disk" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Add or remove device" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Advanced configuration" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Set annotation" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Change CPU count" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Extend virtual disk" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Acquire disk lease" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Modify device settings" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Change Memory" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Remove disk" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration".Rename "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Reset guest information" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Change resource" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Change Settings" "Virtual machine"."Change Configuration"."Upgrade virtual machine compatibility" "Virtual machine".Interaction."Guest operating system management by VIX API" "Virtual machine".Interaction."Power off" "Virtual machine".Interaction."Power on" "Virtual machine".Interaction.Reset "Virtual machine"."Edit Inventory"."Create new" "Virtual machine"."Edit Inventory"."Create from existing" "Virtual machine"."Edit Inventory"."Remove" "Virtual machine".Provisioning."Clone virtual machine" "Virtual machine".Provisioning."Deploy template" "Virtual machine".Provisioning."Mark as template" Folder."Create folder" Folder."Delete folder" Additionally, the user requires some ReadOnly permissions, and some of the roles require permission to propogate the permissions to child objects. These settings vary depending on whether or not you install the cluster into an existing folder. Example 18.12. Required permissions and propagation settings vSphere object Folder type Propagate to children Permissions required vSphere vCenter Always False Listed required privileges vSphere vCenter Datacenter Existing folder False ReadOnly permission Installation program creates the folder True Listed required privileges vSphere vCenter Cluster Always True Listed required privileges vSphere vCenter Datastore Always False Listed required privileges vSphere Switch Always False ReadOnly permission vSphere Port Group Always False Listed required privileges vSphere vCenter Virtual Machine Folder Existing folder True Listed required privileges For more information about creating an account with only the required privileges, see vSphere Permissions and User Management Tasks in the vSphere documentation. Using OpenShift Container Platform with vMotion If you intend on using vMotion in your vSphere environment, consider the following before installing a OpenShift Container Platform cluster. OpenShift Container Platform generally supports compute-only vMotion. Using Storage vMotion can cause issues and is not supported. To help ensure the uptime of your compute and control plane nodes, it is recommended that you follow the VMware best practices for vMotion. It is also recommended to use VMware anti-affinity rules to improve the availability of OpenShift Container Platform during maintenance or hardware issues. For more information about vMotion and anti-affinity rules, see the VMware vSphere documentation for vMotion networking requirements and VM anti-affinity rules . If you are using vSphere volumes in your pods, migrating a VM across datastores either manually or through Storage vMotion causes, invalid references within OpenShift Container Platform persistent volume (PV) objects. These references prevent affected pods from starting up and can result in data loss. Similarly, OpenShift Container Platform does not support selective migration of VMDKs across datastores, using datastore clusters for VM provisioning or for dynamic or static provisioning of PVs, or using a datastore that is part of a datastore cluster for dynamic or static provisioning of PVs. Cluster resources When you deploy an OpenShift Container Platform cluster that uses installer-provisioned infrastructure, the installation program must be able to create several resources in your vCenter instance. A standard OpenShift Container Platform installation creates the following vCenter resources: 1 Folder 1 Tag category 1 Tag Virtual machines: 1 template 1 temporary bootstrap node 3 control plane nodes 3 compute machines Although these resources use 856 GB of storage, the bootstrap node is destroyed during the cluster installation process. A minimum of 800 GB of storage is required to use a standard cluster. If you deploy more compute machines, the OpenShift Container Platform cluster will use more storage. Cluster limits Available resources vary between clusters. The number of possible clusters within a vCenter is limited primarily by available storage space and any limitations on the number of required resources. Be sure to consider both limitations to the vCenter resources that the cluster creates and the resources that you require to deploy a cluster, such as IP addresses and networks. Networking requirements You must use DHCP for the network and ensure that the DHCP server is configured to provide persistent IP addresses to the cluster machines. You must configure the default gateway to use the DHCP server. All nodes must be in the same VLAN. You cannot scale the cluster using a second VLAN as a Day 2 operation. The VM in your restricted network must have access to vCenter so that it can provision and manage nodes, persistent volume claims (PVCs), and other resources. Additionally, you must create the following networking resources before you install the OpenShift Container Platform cluster: Note It is recommended that each OpenShift Container Platform node in the cluster must have access to a Network Time Protocol (NTP) server that is discoverable via DHCP. Installation is possible without an NTP server. However, asynchronous server clocks will cause errors, which NTP server prevents. Required IP Addresses An installer-provisioned vSphere installation requires two static IP addresses: The API address is used to access the cluster API. The Ingress address is used for cluster ingress traffic. You must provide these IP addresses to the installation program when you install the OpenShift Container Platform cluster. DNS records You must create DNS records for two static IP addresses in the appropriate DNS server for the vCenter instance that hosts your OpenShift Container Platform cluster. In each record, <cluster_name> is the cluster name and <base_domain> is the cluster base domain that you specify when you install the cluster. A complete DNS record takes the form: <component>.<cluster_name>.<base_domain>. . Table 18.42. Required DNS records Component Record Description API VIP api.<cluster_name>.<base_domain>. This DNS A/AAAA or CNAME record must point to the load balancer for the control plane machines. This record must be resolvable by both clients external to the cluster and from all the nodes within the cluster. Ingress VIP *.apps.<cluster_name>.<base_domain>. A wildcard DNS A/AAAA or CNAME record that points to the load balancer that targets the machines that run the Ingress router pods, which are the worker nodes by default. This record must be resolvable by both clients external to the cluster and from all the nodes within the cluster. 18.5.8. Generating a key pair for cluster node SSH access During an OpenShift Container Platform installation, you can provide an SSH public key to the installation program. The key is passed to the Red Hat Enterprise Linux CoreOS (RHCOS) nodes through their Ignition config files and is used to authenticate SSH access to the nodes. The key is added to the ~/.ssh/authorized_keys list for the core user on each node, which enables password-less authentication. After the key is passed to the nodes, you can use the key pair to SSH in to the RHCOS nodes as the user core . To access the nodes through SSH, the private key identity must be managed by SSH for your local user. If you want to SSH in to your cluster nodes to perform installation debugging or disaster recovery, you must provide the SSH public key during the installation process. The ./openshift-install gather command also requires the SSH public key to be in place on the cluster nodes. Important Do not skip this procedure in production environments, where disaster recovery and debugging is required. Note You must use a local key, not one that you configured with platform-specific approaches such as AWS key pairs . Procedure If you do not have an existing SSH key pair on your local machine to use for authentication onto your cluster nodes, create one. For example, on a computer that uses a Linux operating system, run the following command: USD ssh-keygen -t ed25519 -N '' -f <path>/<file_name> 1 1 Specify the path and file name, such as ~/.ssh/id_ed25519 , of the new SSH key. If you have an existing key pair, ensure your public key is in the your ~/.ssh directory. Note If you plan to install an OpenShift Container Platform cluster that uses FIPS Validated / Modules in Process cryptographic libraries on the x86_64 architecture, do not create a key that uses the ed25519 algorithm. Instead, create a key that uses the rsa or ecdsa algorithm. View the public SSH key: USD cat <path>/<file_name>.pub For example, run the following to view the ~/.ssh/id_ed25519.pub public key: USD cat ~/.ssh/id_ed25519.pub Add the SSH private key identity to the SSH agent for your local user, if it has not already been added. SSH agent management of the key is required for password-less SSH authentication onto your cluster nodes, or if you want to use the ./openshift-install gather command. Note On some distributions, default SSH private key identities such as ~/.ssh/id_rsa and ~/.ssh/id_dsa are managed automatically. If the ssh-agent process is not already running for your local user, start it as a background task: USD eval "USD(ssh-agent -s)" Example output Agent pid 31874 Note If your cluster is in FIPS mode, only use FIPS-compliant algorithms to generate the SSH key. The key must be either RSA or ECDSA. Add your SSH private key to the ssh-agent : USD ssh-add <path>/<file_name> 1 1 Specify the path and file name for your SSH private key, such as ~/.ssh/id_ed25519 Example output Identity added: /home/<you>/<path>/<file_name> (<computer_name>) steps When you install OpenShift Container Platform, provide the SSH public key to the installation program. 18.5.9. Adding vCenter root CA certificates to your system trust Because the installation program requires access to your vCenter's API, you must add your vCenter's trusted root CA certificates to your system trust before you install an OpenShift Container Platform cluster. Procedure From the vCenter home page, download the vCenter's root CA certificates. Click Download trusted root CA certificates in the vSphere Web Services SDK section. The <vCenter>/certs/download.zip file downloads. Extract the compressed file that contains the vCenter root CA certificates. The contents of the compressed file resemble the following file structure: Add the files for your operating system to the system trust. For example, on a Fedora operating system, run the following command: # cp certs/lin/* /etc/pki/ca-trust/source/anchors Update your system trust. For example, on a Fedora operating system, run the following command: # update-ca-trust extract 18.5.10. Creating the RHCOS image for restricted network installations Download the Red Hat Enterprise Linux CoreOS (RHCOS) image to install OpenShift Container Platform on a restricted network VMware vSphere environment. Prerequisites Obtain the OpenShift Container Platform installation program. For a restricted network installation, the program is on your mirror registry host. Procedure Log in to the Red Hat Customer Portal's Product Downloads page . Under Version , select the most recent release of OpenShift Container Platform 4.9 for RHEL 8. Important The RHCOS images might not change with every release of OpenShift Container Platform. You must download images with the highest version that is less than or equal to the OpenShift Container Platform version that you install. Use the image versions that match your OpenShift Container Platform version if they are available. Download the Red Hat Enterprise Linux CoreOS (RHCOS) - vSphere image. Upload the image you downloaded to a location that is accessible from the bastion server. The image is now available for a restricted installation. Note the image name or location for use in OpenShift Container Platform deployment. 18.5.11. Creating the installation configuration file You can customize the OpenShift Container Platform cluster you install on VMware vSphere. Prerequisites Obtain the OpenShift Container Platform installation program and the pull secret for your cluster. For a restricted network installation, these files are on your mirror host. Have the imageContentSources values that were generated during mirror registry creation. Obtain the contents of the certificate for your mirror registry. Retrieve a Red Hat Enterprise Linux CoreOS (RHCOS) image and upload it to an accessible location. Obtain service principal permissions at the subscription level. Procedure Create the install-config.yaml file. Change to the directory that contains the installation program and run the following command: USD ./openshift-install create install-config --dir <installation_directory> 1 1 For <installation_directory> , specify the directory name to store the files that the installation program creates. Important Specify an empty directory. Some installation assets, like bootstrap X.509 certificates have short expiration intervals, so you must not reuse an installation directory. If you want to reuse individual files from another cluster installation, you can copy them into your directory. However, the file names for the installation assets might change between releases. Use caution when copying installation files from an earlier OpenShift Container Platform version. At the prompts, provide the configuration details for your cloud: Optional: Select an SSH key to use to access your cluster machines. Note For production OpenShift Container Platform clusters on which you want to perform installation debugging or disaster recovery, specify an SSH key that your ssh-agent process uses. Select vsphere as the platform to target. Specify the name of your vCenter instance. Specify the user name and password for the vCenter account that has the required permissions to create the cluster. The installation program connects to your vCenter instance. Select the datacenter in your vCenter instance to connect to. Select the default vCenter datastore to use. Select the vCenter cluster to install the OpenShift Container Platform cluster in. The installation program uses the root resource pool of the vSphere cluster as the default resource pool. Select the network in the vCenter instance that contains the virtual IP addresses and DNS records that you configured. Enter the virtual IP address that you configured for control plane API access. Enter the virtual IP address that you configured for cluster ingress. Enter the base domain. This base domain must be the same one that you used in the DNS records that you configured. Enter a descriptive name for your cluster. The cluster name must be the same one that you used in the DNS records that you configured. Paste the pull secret from the Red Hat OpenShift Cluster Manager . In the install-config.yaml file, set the value of platform.vsphere.clusterOSImage to the image location or name. For example: platform: vsphere: clusterOSImage: http://mirror.example.com/images/rhcos-43.81.201912131630.0-vmware.x86_64.ova?sha256=ffebbd68e8a1f2a245ca19522c16c86f67f9ac8e4e0c1f0a812b068b16f7265d Edit the install-config.yaml file to provide the additional information that is required for an installation in a restricted network. Update the pullSecret value to contain the authentication information for your registry: pullSecret: '{"auths":{"<mirror_host_name>:5000": {"auth": "<credentials>","email": "you@example.com"}}}' For <mirror_host_name> , specify the registry domain name that you specified in the certificate for your mirror registry, and for <credentials> , specify the base64-encoded user name and password for your mirror registry. Add the additionalTrustBundle parameter and value. additionalTrustBundle: | -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE----- ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ -----END CERTIFICATE----- The value must be the contents of the certificate file that you used for your mirror registry, which can be an existing, trusted certificate authority or the self-signed certificate that you generated for the mirror registry. Add the image content resources, which look like this excerpt: imageContentSources: - mirrors: - <mirror_host_name>:5000/<repo_name>/release source: quay.io/openshift-release-dev/ocp-release - mirrors: - <mirror_host_name>:5000/<repo_name>/release source: registry.redhat.io/ocp/release To complete these values, use the imageContentSources that you recorded during mirror registry creation. Make any other modifications to the install-config.yaml file that you require. You can find more information about the available parameters in the Installation configuration parameters section. Back up the install-config.yaml file so that you can use it to install multiple clusters. Important The install-config.yaml file is consumed during the installation process. If you want to reuse the file, you must back it up now. 18.5.11.1. Installation configuration parameters Before you deploy an OpenShift Container Platform cluster, you provide parameter values to describe your account on the cloud platform that hosts your cluster and optionally customize your cluster's platform. When you create the install-config.yaml installation configuration file, you provide values for the required parameters through the command line. If you customize your cluster, you can modify the install-config.yaml file to provide more details about the platform. Note After installation, you cannot modify these parameters in the install-config.yaml file. Important The openshift-install command does not validate field names for parameters. If an incorrect name is specified, the related file or object is not created, and no error is reported. Ensure that the field names for any parameters that are specified are correct. 18.5.11.1.1. Required configuration parameters Required installation configuration parameters are described in the following table: Table 18.43. Required parameters Parameter Description Values apiVersion The API version for the install-config.yaml content. The current version is v1 . The installer may also support older API versions. String baseDomain The base domain of your cloud provider. The base domain is used to create routes to your OpenShift Container Platform cluster components. The full DNS name for your cluster is a combination of the baseDomain and metadata.name parameter values that uses the <metadata.name>.<baseDomain> format. A fully-qualified domain or subdomain name, such as example.com . metadata Kubernetes resource ObjectMeta , from which only the name parameter is consumed. Object metadata.name The name of the cluster. DNS records for the cluster are all subdomains of {{.metadata.name}}.{{.baseDomain}} . String of lowercase letters and hyphens ( - ), such as dev . platform The configuration for the specific platform upon which to perform the installation: aws , baremetal , azure , gcp , openstack , ovirt , vsphere , or {} . For additional information about platform.<platform> parameters, consult the table for your specific platform that follows. Object pullSecret Get a pull secret from the Red Hat OpenShift Cluster Manager to authenticate downloading container images for OpenShift Container Platform components from services such as Quay.io. { "auths":{ "cloud.openshift.com":{ "auth":"b3Blb=", "email":"you@example.com" }, "quay.io":{ "auth":"b3Blb=", "email":"you@example.com" } } } 18.5.11.1.2. Network configuration parameters You can customize your installation configuration based on the requirements of your existing network infrastructure. For example, you can expand the IP address block for the cluster network or provide different IP address blocks than the defaults. Only IPv4 addresses are supported. Table 18.44. Network parameters Parameter Description Values networking The configuration for the cluster network. Object Note You cannot modify parameters specified by the networking object after installation. networking.networkType The cluster network provider Container Network Interface (CNI) plugin to install. Either OpenShiftSDN or OVNKubernetes . OpenShiftSDN is a CNI provider for all-Linux networks. OVNKubernetes is a CNI provider for Linux networks and hybrid networks that contain both Linux and Windows servers. The default value is OpenShiftSDN . networking.clusterNetwork The IP address blocks for pods. The default value is 10.128.0.0/14 with a host prefix of /23 . If you specify multiple IP address blocks, the blocks must not overlap. An array of objects. For example: networking: clusterNetwork: - cidr: 10.128.0.0/14 hostPrefix: 23 networking.clusterNetwork.cidr Required if you use networking.clusterNetwork . An IP address block. An IPv4 network. An IP address block in Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) notation. The prefix length for an IPv4 block is between 0 and 32 . networking.clusterNetwork.hostPrefix The subnet prefix length to assign to each individual node. For example, if hostPrefix is set to 23 then each node is assigned a /23 subnet out of the given cidr . A hostPrefix value of 23 provides 510 (2^(32 - 23) - 2) pod IP addresses. A subnet prefix. The default value is 23 . networking.serviceNetwork The IP address block for services. The default value is 172.30.0.0/16 . The OpenShift SDN and OVN-Kubernetes network providers support only a single IP address block for the service network. An array with an IP address block in CIDR format. For example: networking: serviceNetwork: - 172.30.0.0/16 networking.machineNetwork The IP address blocks for machines. If you specify multiple IP address blocks, the blocks must not overlap. An array of objects. For example: networking: machineNetwork: - cidr: 10.0.0.0/16 networking.machineNetwork.cidr Required if you use networking.machineNetwork . An IP address block. The default value is 10.0.0.0/16 for all platforms other than libvirt. For libvirt, the default value is 192.168.126.0/24 . An IP network block in CIDR notation. For example, 10.0.0.0/16 . Note Set the networking.machineNetwork to match the CIDR that the preferred NIC resides in. 18.5.11.1.3. Optional configuration parameters Optional installation configuration parameters are described in the following table: Table 18.45. Optional parameters Parameter Description Values additionalTrustBundle A PEM-encoded X.509 certificate bundle that is added to the nodes' trusted certificate store. This trust bundle may also be used when a proxy has been configured. String compute The configuration for the machines that comprise the compute nodes. Array of MachinePool objects. compute.architecture Determines the instruction set architecture of the machines in the pool. Currently, heteregeneous clusters are not supported, so all pools must specify the same architecture. Valid values are amd64 (the default). String compute.hyperthreading Whether to enable or disable simultaneous multithreading, or hyperthreading , on compute machines. By default, simultaneous multithreading is enabled to increase the performance of your machines' cores. Important If you disable simultaneous multithreading, ensure that your capacity planning accounts for the dramatically decreased machine performance. Enabled or Disabled compute.name Required if you use compute . The name of the machine pool. worker compute.platform Required if you use compute . Use this parameter to specify the cloud provider to host the worker machines. This parameter value must match the controlPlane.platform parameter value. aws , azure , gcp , openstack , ovirt , vsphere , or {} compute.replicas The number of compute machines, which are also known as worker machines, to provision. A positive integer greater than or equal to 2 . The default value is 3 . controlPlane The configuration for the machines that comprise the control plane. Array of MachinePool objects. controlPlane.architecture Determines the instruction set architecture of the machines in the pool. Currently, heterogeneous clusters are not supported, so all pools must specify the same architecture. Valid values are amd64 (the default). String controlPlane.hyperthreading Whether to enable or disable simultaneous multithreading, or hyperthreading , on control plane machines. By default, simultaneous multithreading is enabled to increase the performance of your machines' cores. Important If you disable simultaneous multithreading, ensure that your capacity planning accounts for the dramatically decreased machine performance. Enabled or Disabled controlPlane.name Required if you use controlPlane . The name of the machine pool. master controlPlane.platform Required if you use controlPlane . Use this parameter to specify the cloud provider that hosts the control plane machines. This parameter value must match the compute.platform parameter value. aws , azure , gcp , openstack , ovirt , vsphere , or {} controlPlane.replicas The number of control plane machines to provision. The only supported value is 3 , which is the default value. credentialsMode The Cloud Credential Operator (CCO) mode. If no mode is specified, the CCO dynamically tries to determine the capabilities of the provided credentials, with a preference for mint mode on the platforms where multiple modes are supported. Note Not all CCO modes are supported for all cloud providers. For more information on CCO modes, see the Cloud Credential Operator entry in the Cluster Operators reference content. Note If your AWS account has service control policies (SCP) enabled, you must configure the credentialsMode parameter to Mint , Passthrough or Manual . Mint , Passthrough , Manual or an empty string ( "" ). fips Enable or disable FIPS mode. The default is false (disabled). If FIPS mode is enabled, the Red Hat Enterprise Linux CoreOS (RHCOS) machines that OpenShift Container Platform runs on bypass the default Kubernetes cryptography suite and use the cryptography modules that are provided with RHCOS instead. Important The use of FIPS Validated / Modules in Process cryptographic libraries is only supported on OpenShift Container Platform deployments on the x86_64 architecture. Note If you are using Azure File storage, you cannot enable FIPS mode. false or true imageContentSources Sources and repositories for the release-image content. Array of objects. Includes a source and, optionally, mirrors , as described in the following rows of this table. imageContentSources.source Required if you use imageContentSources . Specify the repository that users refer to, for example, in image pull specifications. String imageContentSources.mirrors Specify one or more repositories that may also contain the same images. Array of strings publish How to publish or expose the user-facing endpoints of your cluster, such as the Kubernetes API, OpenShift routes. Internal or External . The default value is External . Setting this field to Internal is not supported on non-cloud platforms. sshKey The SSH key or keys to authenticate access your cluster machines. Note For production OpenShift Container Platform clusters on which you want to perform installation debugging or disaster recovery, specify an SSH key that your ssh-agent process uses. One or more keys. For example: 18.5.11.1.4. Additional VMware vSphere configuration parameters Additional VMware vSphere configuration parameters are described in the following table: Table 18.46. Additional VMware vSphere cluster parameters Parameter Description Values platform.vsphere.vCenter The fully-qualified hostname or IP address of the vCenter server. String platform.vsphere.username The user name to use to connect to the vCenter instance with. This user must have at least the roles and privileges that are required for static or dynamic persistent volume provisioning in vSphere. String platform.vsphere.password The password for the vCenter user name. String platform.vsphere.datacenter The name of the datacenter to use in the vCenter instance. String platform.vsphere.defaultDatastore The name of the default datastore to use for provisioning volumes. String platform.vsphere.folder Optional . The absolute path of an existing folder where the installation program creates the virtual machines. If you do not provide this value, the installation program creates a folder that is named with the infrastructure ID in the datacenter virtual machine folder. String, for example, /<datacenter_name>/vm/<folder_name>/<subfolder_name> . platform.vsphere.network The network in the vCenter instance that contains the virtual IP addresses and DNS records that you configured. String platform.vsphere.cluster The vCenter cluster to install the OpenShift Container Platform cluster in. String platform.vsphere.apiVIP The virtual IP (VIP) address that you configured for control plane API access. An IP address, for example 128.0.0.1 . platform.vsphere.ingressVIP The virtual IP (VIP) address that you configured for cluster ingress. An IP address, for example 128.0.0.1 . 18.5.11.1.5. Optional VMware vSphere machine pool configuration parameters Optional VMware vSphere machine pool configuration parameters are described in the following table: Table 18.47. Optional VMware vSphere machine pool parameters Parameter Description Values platform.vsphere.clusterOSImage The location from which the installer downloads the RHCOS image. You must set this parameter to perform an installation in a restricted network. An HTTP or HTTPS URL, optionally with a SHA-256 checksum. For example, https://mirror.openshift.com/images/rhcos-<version>-vmware.<architecture>.ova . platform.vsphere.osDisk.diskSizeGB The size of the disk in gigabytes. Integer platform.vsphere.cpus The total number of virtual processor cores to assign a virtual machine. The value of platform.vsphere.cpus must be a multiple of platform.vsphere.coresPerSocket value. Integer platform.vsphere.coresPerSocket The number of cores per socket in a virtual machine. The number of virtual sockets on the virtual machine is platform.vsphere.cpus / platform.vsphere.coresPerSocket . The default value for control plane nodes and worker nodes is 4 and 2 , respectively. Integer platform.vsphere.memoryMB The size of a virtual machine's memory in megabytes. Integer 18.5.11.2. Sample install-config.yaml file for an installer-provisioned VMware vSphere cluster You can customize the install-config.yaml file to specify more details about your OpenShift Container Platform cluster's platform or modify the values of the required parameters. apiVersion: v1 baseDomain: example.com 1 compute: 2 - hyperthreading: Enabled 3 name: worker replicas: 3 platform: vsphere: 4 cpus: 2 coresPerSocket: 2 memoryMB: 8192 osDisk: diskSizeGB: 120 controlPlane: 5 hyperthreading: Enabled 6 name: master replicas: 3 platform: vsphere: 7 cpus: 4 coresPerSocket: 2 memoryMB: 16384 osDisk: diskSizeGB: 120 metadata: name: cluster 8 platform: vsphere: vcenter: your.vcenter.server username: username password: password datacenter: datacenter defaultDatastore: datastore folder: folder network: VM_Network cluster: vsphere_cluster_name 9 apiVIP: api_vip ingressVIP: ingress_vip clusterOSImage: http://mirror.example.com/images/rhcos-48.83.202103221318-0-vmware.x86_64.ova 10 fips: false pullSecret: '{"auths":{"<local_registry>": {"auth": "<credentials>","email": "you@example.com"}}}' 11 sshKey: 'ssh-ed25519 AAAA...' additionalTrustBundle: | 12 -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE----- ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ -----END CERTIFICATE----- imageContentSources: 13 - mirrors: - <local_registry>/<local_repository_name>/release source: quay.io/openshift-release-dev/ocp-release - mirrors: - <local_registry>/<local_repository_name>/release source: quay.io/openshift-release-dev/ocp-v4.0-art-dev 1 The base domain of the cluster. All DNS records must be sub-domains of this base and include the cluster name. 2 5 The controlPlane section is a single mapping, but the compute section is a sequence of mappings. To meet the requirements of the different data structures, the first line of the compute section must begin with a hyphen, - , and the first line of the controlPlane section must not. Only one control plane pool is used. 3 6 Whether to enable or disable simultaneous multithreading, or hyperthreading . By default, simultaneous multithreading is enabled to increase the performance of your machines' cores. You can disable it by setting the parameter value to Disabled . If you disable simultaneous multithreading in some cluster machines, you must disable it in all cluster machines. Important If you disable simultaneous multithreading, ensure that your capacity planning accounts for the dramatically decreased machine performance. Your machines must use at least 8 CPUs and 32 GB of RAM if you disable simultaneous multithreading. 4 7 Optional: Provide additional configuration for the machine pool parameters for the compute and control plane machines. 8 The cluster name that you specified in your DNS records. 9 The vSphere cluster to install the OpenShift Container Platform cluster in. The installation program uses the root resource pool of the vSphere cluster as the default resource pool. 10 The location of the Red Hat Enterprise Linux CoreOS (RHCOS) image that is accessible from the bastion server. 11 For <local_registry> , specify the registry domain name, and optionally the port, that your mirror registry uses to serve content. For example registry.example.com or registry.example.com:5000 . For <credentials> , specify the base64-encoded user name and password for your mirror registry. 12 Provide the contents of the certificate file that you used for your mirror registry. 13 Provide the imageContentSources section from the output of the command to mirror the repository. 18.5.11.3. Configuring the cluster-wide proxy during installation Production environments can deny direct access to the internet and instead have an HTTP or HTTPS proxy available. You can configure a new OpenShift Container Platform cluster to use a proxy by configuring the proxy settings in the install-config.yaml file. Prerequisites You have an existing install-config.yaml file. You reviewed the sites that your cluster requires access to and determined whether any of them need to bypass the proxy. By default, all cluster egress traffic is proxied, including calls to hosting cloud provider APIs. You added sites to the Proxy object's spec.noProxy field to bypass the proxy if necessary. Note The Proxy object status.noProxy field is populated with the values of the networking.machineNetwork[].cidr , networking.clusterNetwork[].cidr , and networking.serviceNetwork[] fields from your installation configuration. For installations on Amazon Web Services (AWS), Google Cloud Platform (GCP), Microsoft Azure, and Red Hat OpenStack Platform (RHOSP), the Proxy object status.noProxy field is also populated with the instance metadata endpoint ( 169.254.169.254 ). Procedure Edit your install-config.yaml file and add the proxy settings. For example: apiVersion: v1 baseDomain: my.domain.com proxy: httpProxy: http://<username>:<pswd>@<ip>:<port> 1 httpsProxy: https://<username>:<pswd>@<ip>:<port> 2 noProxy: example.com 3 additionalTrustBundle: | 4 -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE----- <MY_TRUSTED_CA_CERT> -----END CERTIFICATE----- ... 1 A proxy URL to use for creating HTTP connections outside the cluster. The URL scheme must be http . 2 A proxy URL to use for creating HTTPS connections outside the cluster. 3 A comma-separated list of destination domain names, IP addresses, or other network CIDRs to exclude from proxying. Preface a domain with . to match subdomains only. For example, .y.com matches x.y.com , but not y.com . Use * to bypass the proxy for all destinations. You must include vCenter's IP address and the IP range that you use for its machines. 4 If provided, the installation program generates a config map that is named user-ca-bundle in the openshift-config namespace to hold the additional CA certificates. If you provide additionalTrustBundle and at least one proxy setting, the Proxy object is configured to reference the user-ca-bundle config map in the trustedCA field. The Cluster Network Operator then creates a trusted-ca-bundle config map that merges the contents specified for the trustedCA parameter with the RHCOS trust bundle. The additionalTrustBundle field is required unless the proxy's identity certificate is signed by an authority from the RHCOS trust bundle. Note The installation program does not support the proxy readinessEndpoints field. Save the file and reference it when installing OpenShift Container Platform. The installation program creates a cluster-wide proxy that is named cluster that uses the proxy settings in the provided install-config.yaml file. If no proxy settings are provided, a cluster Proxy object is still created, but it will have a nil spec . Note Only the Proxy object named cluster is supported, and no additional proxies can be created. 18.5.12. Deploying the cluster You can install OpenShift Container Platform on a compatible cloud platform. Important You can run the create cluster command of the installation program only once, during initial installation. Prerequisites Configure an account with the cloud platform that hosts your cluster. Obtain the OpenShift Container Platform installation program and the pull secret for your cluster. Procedure Change to the directory that contains the installation program and initialize the cluster deployment: USD ./openshift-install create cluster --dir <installation_directory> \ 1 --log-level=info 2 1 For <installation_directory> , specify the location of your customized ./install-config.yaml file. 2 To view different installation details, specify warn , debug , or error instead of info . Important Use the openshift-install command from the bastion hosted in the VMC environment. Note If the cloud provider account that you configured on your host does not have sufficient permissions to deploy the cluster, the installation process stops, and the missing permissions are displayed. When the cluster deployment completes, directions for accessing your cluster, including a link to its web console and credentials for the kubeadmin user, display in your terminal. Example output ... INFO Install complete! INFO To access the cluster as the system:admin user when using 'oc', run 'export KUBECONFIG=/home/myuser/install_dir/auth/kubeconfig' INFO Access the OpenShift web-console here: https://console-openshift-console.apps.mycluster.example.com INFO Login to the console with user: "kubeadmin", and password: "4vYBz-Ee6gm-ymBZj-Wt5AL" INFO Time elapsed: 36m22s Note The cluster access and credential information also outputs to <installation_directory>/.openshift_install.log when an installation succeeds. Important The Ignition config files that the installation program generates contain certificates that expire after 24 hours, which are then renewed at that time. If the cluster is shut down before renewing the certificates and the cluster is later restarted after the 24 hours have elapsed, the cluster automatically recovers the expired certificates. The exception is that you must manually approve the pending node-bootstrapper certificate signing requests (CSRs) to recover kubelet certificates. See the documentation for Recovering from expired control plane certificates for more information. It is recommended that you use Ignition config files within 12 hours after they are generated because the 24-hour certificate rotates from 16 to 22 hours after the cluster is installed. By using the Ignition config files within 12 hours, you can avoid installation failure if the certificate update runs during installation. Important You must not delete the installation program or the files that the installation program creates. Both are required to delete the cluster. 18.5.13. Installing the OpenShift CLI by downloading the binary You can install the OpenShift CLI ( oc ) to interact with OpenShift Container Platform from a command-line interface. You can install oc on Linux, Windows, or macOS. Important If you installed an earlier version of oc , you cannot use it to complete all of the commands in OpenShift Container Platform 4.9. Download and install the new version of oc . Installing the OpenShift CLI on Linux You can install the OpenShift CLI ( oc ) binary on Linux by using the following procedure. Procedure Navigate to the OpenShift Container Platform downloads page on the Red Hat Customer Portal. Select the appropriate version in the Version drop-down menu. Click Download Now to the OpenShift v4.9 Linux Client entry and save the file. Unpack the archive: USD tar xvf <file> Place the oc binary in a directory that is on your PATH . To check your PATH , execute the following command: USD echo USDPATH After you install the OpenShift CLI, it is available using the oc command: USD oc <command> Installing the OpenShift CLI on Windows You can install the OpenShift CLI ( oc ) binary on Windows by using the following procedure. Procedure Navigate to the OpenShift Container Platform downloads page on the Red Hat Customer Portal. Select the appropriate version in the Version drop-down menu. Click Download Now to the OpenShift v4.9 Windows Client entry and save the file. Unzip the archive with a ZIP program. Move the oc binary to a directory that is on your PATH . To check your PATH , open the command prompt and execute the following command: C:\> path After you install the OpenShift CLI, it is available using the oc command: C:\> oc <command> Installing the OpenShift CLI on macOS You can install the OpenShift CLI ( oc ) binary on macOS by using the following procedure. Procedure Navigate to the OpenShift Container Platform downloads page on the Red Hat Customer Portal. Select the appropriate version in the Version drop-down menu. Click Download Now to the OpenShift v4.9 MacOSX Client entry and save the file. Unpack and unzip the archive. Move the oc binary to a directory on your PATH. To check your PATH , open a terminal and execute the following command: USD echo USDPATH After you install the OpenShift CLI, it is available using the oc command: USD oc <command> 18.5.14. Logging in to the cluster by using the CLI You can log in to your cluster as a default system user by exporting the cluster kubeconfig file. The kubeconfig file contains information about the cluster that is used by the CLI to connect a client to the correct cluster and API server. The file is specific to a cluster and is created during OpenShift Container Platform installation. Prerequisites You deployed an OpenShift Container Platform cluster. You installed the oc CLI. Procedure Export the kubeadmin credentials: USD export KUBECONFIG=<installation_directory>/auth/kubeconfig 1 1 For <installation_directory> , specify the path to the directory that you stored the installation files in. Verify you can run oc commands successfully using the exported configuration: USD oc whoami Example output system:admin 18.5.15. Disabling the default OperatorHub sources Operator catalogs that source content provided by Red Hat and community projects are configured for OperatorHub by default during an OpenShift Container Platform installation. In a restricted network environment, you must disable the default catalogs as a cluster administrator. Procedure Disable the sources for the default catalogs by adding disableAllDefaultSources: true to the OperatorHub object: USD oc patch OperatorHub cluster --type json \ -p '[{"op": "add", "path": "/spec/disableAllDefaultSources", "value": true}]' Tip Alternatively, you can use the web console to manage catalog sources. From the Administration Cluster Settings Configuration OperatorHub page, click the Sources tab, where you can create, delete, disable, and enable individual sources. 18.5.16. Creating registry storage After you install the cluster, you must create storage for the Registry Operator. 18.5.16.1. Image registry removed during installation On platforms that do not provide shareable object storage, the OpenShift Image Registry Operator bootstraps itself as Removed . This allows openshift-installer to complete installations on these platform types. After installation, you must edit the Image Registry Operator configuration to switch the managementState from Removed to Managed . Note The Prometheus console provides an ImageRegistryRemoved alert, for example: "Image Registry has been removed. ImageStreamTags , BuildConfigs and DeploymentConfigs which reference ImageStreamTags may not work as expected. Please configure storage and update the config to Managed state by editing configs.imageregistry.operator.openshift.io." 18.5.16.2. Image registry storage configuration The Image Registry Operator is not initially available for platforms that do not provide default storage. After installation, you must configure your registry to use storage so that the Registry Operator is made available. Instructions are shown for configuring a persistent volume, which is required for production clusters. Where applicable, instructions are shown for configuring an empty directory as the storage location, which is available for only non-production clusters. Additional instructions are provided for allowing the image registry to use block storage types by using the Recreate rollout strategy during upgrades. 18.5.16.2.1. Configuring registry storage for VMware vSphere As a cluster administrator, following installation you must configure your registry to use storage. Prerequisites Cluster administrator permissions. A cluster on VMware vSphere. Persistent storage provisioned for your cluster, such as Red Hat OpenShift Container Storage. Important OpenShift Container Platform supports ReadWriteOnce access for image registry storage when you have only one replica. ReadWriteOnce access also requires that the registry uses the Recreate rollout strategy. To deploy an image registry that supports high availability with two or more replicas, ReadWriteMany access is required. Must have "100Gi" capacity. Important Testing shows issues with using the NFS server on RHEL as storage backend for core services. This includes the OpenShift Container Registry and Quay, Prometheus for monitoring storage, and Elasticsearch for logging storage. Therefore, using RHEL NFS to back PVs used by core services is not recommended. Other NFS implementations on the marketplace might not have these issues. Contact the individual NFS implementation vendor for more information on any testing that was possibly completed against these OpenShift Container Platform core components. Procedure To configure your registry to use storage, change the spec.storage.pvc in the configs.imageregistry/cluster resource. Note When using shared storage, review your security settings to prevent outside access. Verify that you do not have a registry pod: USD oc get pod -n openshift-image-registry -l docker-registry=default Example output No resourses found in openshift-image-registry namespace Note If you do have a registry pod in your output, you do not need to continue with this procedure. Check the registry configuration: USD oc edit configs.imageregistry.operator.openshift.io Example output storage: pvc: claim: 1 1 Leave the claim field blank to allow the automatic creation of an image-registry-storage persistent volume claim (PVC). The PVC is generated based on the default storage class. However, be aware that the default storage class might provide ReadWriteOnce (RWO) volumes, such as a RADOS Block Device (RBD), which can cause issues when replicating to more than one replica. Check the clusteroperator status: USD oc get clusteroperator image-registry Example output NAME VERSION AVAILABLE PROGRESSING DEGRADED SINCE MESSAGE image-registry 4.7 True False False 6h50m 18.5.17. Steal clock accounting By default, the installation program provisions the cluster's virtual machines without enabling the steal clock accounting parameter ( stealclock.enabled ). Enabling steal clock accounting can help with troubleshooting cluster issues. After the cluster is deployed, use the vSphere Client to enable this parameter on each of the virtual machines. For more information, see this Red Hat knowledge base article . 18.5.18. Telemetry access for OpenShift Container Platform In OpenShift Container Platform 4.9, the Telemetry service, which runs by default to provide metrics about cluster health and the success of updates, requires internet access. If your cluster is connected to the internet, Telemetry runs automatically, and your cluster is registered to OpenShift Cluster Manager . After you confirm that your OpenShift Cluster Manager inventory is correct, either maintained automatically by Telemetry or manually by using OpenShift Cluster Manager, use subscription watch to track your OpenShift Container Platform subscriptions at the account or multi-cluster level. Additional resources See About remote health monitoring for more information about the Telemetry service 18.5.19. steps Customize your cluster . Configure image streams for the Cluster Samples Operator and the must-gather tool. Learn how to use Operator Lifecycle Manager (OLM) on restricted networks . If necessary, you can opt out of remote health reporting . Set up your registry and configure registry storage . 18.6. Installing a cluster on VMC with user-provisioned infrastructure In OpenShift Container Platform version 4.9, you can install a cluster on VMware vSphere infrastructure that you provision by deploying it to VMware Cloud (VMC) on AWS . Once you configure your VMC environment for OpenShift Container Platform deployment, you use the OpenShift Container Platform installation program from the bastion management host, co-located in the VMC environment. The installation program and control plane automates the process of deploying and managing the resources needed for the OpenShift Container Platform cluster. Note OpenShift Container Platform supports deploying a cluster to a single VMware vCenter only. Deploying a cluster with machines/machine sets on multiple vCenters is not supported. 18.6.1. Setting up VMC for vSphere You can install OpenShift Container Platform on VMware Cloud (VMC) on AWS hosted vSphere clusters to enable applications to be deployed and managed both on-premise and off-premise, across the hybrid cloud. You must configure several options in your VMC environment prior to installing OpenShift Container Platform on VMware vSphere. Ensure your VMC environment has the following prerequisites: Create a non-exclusive, DHCP-enabled, NSX-T network segment and subnet. Other virtual machines (VMs) can be hosted on the subnet, but at least eight IP addresses must be available for the OpenShift Container Platform deployment. Configure the following firewall rules: An ANY:ANY firewall rule between the OpenShift Container Platform compute network and the internet. This is used by nodes and applications to download container images. An ANY:ANY firewall rule between the installation host and the software-defined data center (SDDC) management network on port 443. This allows you to upload the Red Hat Enterprise Linux CoreOS (RHCOS) OVA during deployment. An HTTPS firewall rule between the OpenShift Container Platform compute network and vCenter. This connection allows OpenShift Container Platform to communicate with vCenter for provisioning and managing nodes, persistent volume claims (PVCs), and other resources. You must have the following information to deploy OpenShift Container Platform: The OpenShift Container Platform cluster name, such as vmc-prod-1 . The base DNS name, such as companyname.com . If not using the default, the pod network CIDR and services network CIDR must be identified, which are set by default to 10.128.0.0/14 and 172.30.0.0/16 , respectively. These CIDRs are used for pod-to-pod and pod-to-service communication and are not accessible externally; however, they must not overlap with existing subnets in your organization. The following vCenter information: vCenter hostname, username, and password Datacenter name, such as SDDC-Datacenter Cluster name, such as Cluster-1 Network name Datastore name, such as WorkloadDatastore Note It is recommended to move your vSphere cluster to the VMC Compute-ResourcePool resource pool after your cluster installation is finished. A Linux-based host deployed to VMC as a bastion. The bastion host can be Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) or any another Linux-based host; it must have internet connectivity and the ability to upload an OVA to the ESXi hosts. Download and install the OpenShift CLI tools to the bastion host. The openshift-install installation program The OpenShift CLI ( oc ) tool Note You cannot use the VMware NSX Container Plugin for Kubernetes (NCP), and NSX is not used as the OpenShift SDN. The version of NSX currently available with VMC is incompatible with the version of NCP certified with OpenShift Container Platform. However, the NSX DHCP service is used for virtual machine IP management with the full-stack automated OpenShift Container Platform deployment and with nodes provisioned, either manually or automatically, by the Machine API integration with vSphere. Additionally, NSX firewall rules are created to enable access with the OpenShift Container Platform cluster and between the bastion host and the VMC vSphere hosts. 18.6.1.1. VMC Sizer tool VMware Cloud on AWS is built on top of AWS bare metal infrastructure; this is the same bare metal infrastructure which runs AWS native services. When a VMware cloud on AWS software-defined data center (SDDC) is deployed, you consume these physical server nodes and run the VMware ESXi hypervisor in a single tenant fashion. This means the physical infrastructure is not accessible to anyone else using VMC. It is important to consider how many physical hosts you will need to host your virtual infrastructure. To determine this, VMware provides the VMC on AWS Sizer . With this tool, you can define the resources you intend to host on VMC: Types of workloads Total number of virtual machines Specification information such as: Storage requirements vCPUs vRAM Overcommit ratios With these details, the sizer tool can generate a report, based on VMware best practices, and recommend your cluster configuration and the number of hosts you will need. 18.6.2. vSphere prerequisites You reviewed details about the OpenShift Container Platform installation and update processes. You read the documentation on selecting a cluster installation method and preparing it for users . You provisioned block registry storage . For more information on persistent storage, see Understanding persistent storage . If you use a firewall, you configured it to allow the sites that your cluster requires access to. Note Be sure to also review this site list if you are configuring a proxy. 18.6.3. Internet access for OpenShift Container Platform In OpenShift Container Platform 4.9, you require access to the internet to install your cluster. You must have internet access to: Access OpenShift Cluster Manager to download the installation program and perform subscription management. If the cluster has internet access and you do not disable Telemetry, that service automatically entitles your cluster. Access Quay.io to obtain the packages that are required to install your cluster. Obtain the packages that are required to perform cluster updates. Important If your cluster cannot have direct internet access, you can perform a restricted network installation on some types of infrastructure that you provision. During that process, you download the required content and use it to populate a mirror registry with the installation packages. With some installation types, the environment that you install your cluster in will not require internet access. Before you update the cluster, you update the content of the mirror registry. 18.6.4. VMware vSphere infrastructure requirements You must install the OpenShift Container Platform cluster on a VMware vSphere version 6 or 7 instance that meets the requirements for the components that you use. Table 18.48. Version requirements for vSphere virtual environments Virtual environment product Required version VM hardware version 13 or later vSphere ESXi hosts 6.5 or later vCenter host 6.5 or later Important Installing a cluster on VMware vSphere version 6.7U2 or earlier and virtual hardware version 13 is now deprecated. These versions are still fully supported, but support will be removed in a future version of OpenShift Container Platform. Hardware version 15 is now the default for vSphere virtual machines in OpenShift Container Platform. To update the hardware version for your vSphere nodes, see the "Updating hardware on nodes running in vSphere" article. Table 18.49. Minimum supported vSphere version for VMware components Component Minimum supported versions Description Hypervisor vSphere 6.5 and later with HW version 13 This version is the minimum version that Red Hat Enterprise Linux CoreOS (RHCOS) supports. See the Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8 supported hypervisors list . Storage with in-tree drivers vSphere 6.5 and later This plugin creates vSphere storage by using the in-tree storage drivers for vSphere included in OpenShift Container Platform. If you use a vSphere version 6.5 instance, consider upgrading to 6.7U3 or 7.0 before you install OpenShift Container Platform. Important You must ensure that the time on your ESXi hosts is synchronized before you install OpenShift Container Platform. See Edit Time Configuration for a Host in the VMware documentation. Additional resources To update the hardware version for your vSphere nodes, see Updating hardware on nodes running in vSphere . 18.6.5. Requirements for a cluster with user-provisioned infrastructure For a cluster that contains user-provisioned infrastructure, you must deploy all of the required machines. This section describes the requirements for deploying OpenShift Container Platform on user-provisioned infrastructure. 18.6.5.1. Required machines for cluster installation The smallest OpenShift Container Platform clusters require the following hosts: Table 18.50. Minimum required hosts Hosts Description One temporary bootstrap machine The cluster requires the bootstrap machine to deploy the OpenShift Container Platform cluster on the three control plane machines. You can remove the bootstrap machine after you install the cluster. Three control plane machines The control plane machines run the Kubernetes and OpenShift Container Platform services that form the control plane. At least two compute machines, which are also known as worker machines. The workloads requested by OpenShift Container Platform users run on the compute machines. Important To maintain high availability of your cluster, use separate physical hosts for these cluster machines. The bootstrap and control plane machines must use Red Hat Enterprise Linux CoreOS (RHCOS) as the operating system. However, the compute machines can choose between Red Hat Enterprise Linux CoreOS (RHCOS), Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) 7.9, or RHEL 8.4. Note that RHCOS is based on Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) 8 and inherits all of its hardware certifications and requirements. See Red Hat Enterprise Linux technology capabilities and limits . 18.6.5.2. Minimum resource requirements for cluster installation Each cluster machine must meet the following minimum requirements: Table 18.51. Minimum resource requirements Machine Operating System vCPU [1] Virtual RAM Storage IOPS [2] Bootstrap RHCOS 4 16 GB 100 GB 300 Control plane RHCOS 4 16 GB 100 GB 300 Compute RHCOS, RHEL 7.9, or RHEL 8.4 [3] 2 8 GB 100 GB 300 One vCPU is equivalent to one physical core when simultaneous multithreading (SMT), or hyperthreading, is not enabled. When enabled, use the following formula to calculate the corresponding ratio: (threads per core x cores) x sockets = vCPUs. OpenShift Container Platform and Kubernetes are sensitive to disk performance, and faster storage is recommended, particularly for etcd on the control plane nodes which require a 10 ms p99 fsync duration. Note that on many cloud platforms, storage size and IOPS scale together, so you might need to over-allocate storage volume to obtain sufficient performance. As with all user-provisioned installations, if you choose to use RHEL compute machines in your cluster, you take responsibility for all operating system life cycle management and maintenance, including performing system updates, applying patches, and completing all other required tasks. Use of RHEL 7 compute machines is deprecated and planned for removal in a future release of OpenShift Container Platform 4. 18.6.5.3. Certificate signing requests management Because your cluster has limited access to automatic machine management when you use infrastructure that you provision, you must provide a mechanism for approving cluster certificate signing requests (CSRs) after installation. The kube-controller-manager only approves the kubelet client CSRs. The machine-approver cannot guarantee the validity of a serving certificate that is requested by using kubelet credentials because it cannot confirm that the correct machine issued the request. You must determine and implement a method of verifying the validity of the kubelet serving certificate requests and approving them. 18.6.5.4. Networking requirements for user-provisioned infrastructure All the Red Hat Enterprise Linux CoreOS (RHCOS) machines require networking to be configured in initramfs during boot to fetch their Ignition config files. During the initial boot, the machines require an IP address configuration that is set either through a DHCP server or statically by providing the required boot options. After a network connection is established, the machines download their Ignition config files from an HTTP or HTTPS server. The Ignition config files are then used to set the exact state of each machine. The Machine Config Operator completes more changes to the machines, such as the application of new certificates or keys, after installation. It is recommended to use a DHCP server for long-term management of the cluster machines. Ensure that the DHCP server is configured to provide persistent IP addresses, DNS server information, and hostnames to the cluster machines. Note If a DHCP service is not available for your user-provisioned infrastructure, you can instead provide the IP networking configuration and the address of the DNS server to the nodes at RHCOS install time. These can be passed as boot arguments if you are installing from an ISO image. See the Installing RHCOS and starting the OpenShift Container Platform bootstrap process section for more information about static IP provisioning and advanced networking options. The Kubernetes API server must be able to resolve the node names of the cluster machines. If the API servers and worker nodes are in different zones, you can configure a default DNS search zone to allow the API server to resolve the node names. Another supported approach is to always refer to hosts by their fully-qualified domain names in both the node objects and all DNS requests. 18.6.5.4.1. Setting the cluster node hostnames through DHCP On Red Hat Enterprise Linux CoreOS (RHCOS) machines, the hostname is set through NetworkManager. By default, the machines obtain their hostname through DHCP. If the hostname is not provided by DHCP, set statically through kernel arguments, or another method, it is obtained through a reverse DNS lookup. Reverse DNS lookup occurs after the network has been initialized on a node and can take time to resolve. Other system services can start prior to this and detect the hostname as localhost or similar. You can avoid this by using DHCP to provide the hostname for each cluster node. Additionally, setting the hostnames through DHCP can bypass any manual DNS record name configuration errors in environments that have a DNS split-horizon implementation. 18.6.5.4.2. Network connectivity requirements You must configure the network connectivity between machines to allow OpenShift Container Platform cluster components to communicate. Each machine must be able to resolve the hostnames of all other machines in the cluster. This section provides details about the ports that are required. Important In connected OpenShift Container Platform environments, all nodes are required to have internet access to pull images for platform containers and provide telemetry data to Red Hat. Table 18.52. Ports used for all-machine to all-machine communications Protocol Port Description ICMP N/A Network reachability tests TCP 1936 Metrics 9000 - 9999 Host level services, including the node exporter on ports 9100 - 9101 and the Cluster Version Operator on port 9099 . 10250 - 10259 The default ports that Kubernetes reserves 10256 openshift-sdn UDP 4789 VXLAN and Geneve 6081 VXLAN and Geneve 9000 - 9999 Host level services, including the node exporter on ports 9100 - 9101 . 500 IPsec IKE packets 4500 IPsec NAT-T packets TCP/UDP 30000 - 32767 Kubernetes node port ESP N/A IPsec Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) Table 18.53. Ports used for all-machine to control plane communications Protocol Port Description TCP 6443 Kubernetes API Table 18.54. Ports used for control plane machine to control plane machine communications Protocol Port Description TCP 2379 - 2380 etcd server and peer ports NTP configuration for user-provisioned infrastructure OpenShift Container Platform clusters are configured to use a public Network Time Protocol (NTP) server by default. If you want to use a local enterprise NTP server, or if your cluster is being deployed in a disconnected network, you can configure the cluster to use a specific time server. For more information, see the documentation for Configuring chrony time service . If a DHCP server provides NTP server information, the chrony time service on the Red Hat Enterprise Linux CoreOS (RHCOS) machines read the information and can sync the clock with the NTP servers. 18.6.5.5. User-provisioned DNS requirements In OpenShift Container Platform deployments, DNS name resolution is required for the following components: The Kubernetes API The OpenShift Container Platform application wildcard The bootstrap, control plane, and compute machines Reverse DNS resolution is also required for the Kubernetes API, the bootstrap machine, the control plane machines, and the compute machines. DNS A/AAAA or CNAME records are used for name resolution and PTR records are used for reverse name resolution. The reverse records are important because Red Hat Enterprise Linux CoreOS (RHCOS) uses the reverse records to set the hostnames for all the nodes, unless the hostnames are provided by DHCP. Additionally, the reverse records are used to generate the certificate signing requests (CSR) that OpenShift Container Platform needs to operate. Note It is recommended to use a DHCP server to provide the hostnames to each cluster node. See the DHCP recommendations for user-provisioned infrastructure section for more information. The following DNS records are required for a user-provisioned OpenShift Container Platform cluster and they must be in place before installation. In each record, <cluster_name> is the cluster name and <base_domain> is the base domain that you specify in the install-config.yaml file. A complete DNS record takes the form: <component>.<cluster_name>.<base_domain>. . Table 18.55. Required DNS records Component Record Description Kubernetes API api.<cluster_name>.<base_domain>. A DNS A/AAAA or CNAME record, and a DNS PTR record, to identify the API load balancer. These records must be resolvable by both clients external to the cluster and from all the nodes within the cluster. api-int.<cluster_name>.<base_domain>. A DNS A/AAAA or CNAME record, and a DNS PTR record, to internally identify the API load balancer. These records must be resolvable from all the nodes within the cluster. Important The API server must be able to resolve the worker nodes by the hostnames that are recorded in Kubernetes. If the API server cannot resolve the node names, then proxied API calls can fail, and you cannot retrieve logs from pods. Routes *.apps.<cluster_name>.<base_domain>. A wildcard DNS A/AAAA or CNAME record that refers to the application ingress load balancer. The application ingress load balancer targets the machines that run the Ingress Controller pods. The Ingress Controller pods run on the compute machines by default. These records must be resolvable by both clients external to the cluster and from all the nodes within the cluster. For example, console-openshift-console.apps.<cluster_name>.<base_domain> is used as a wildcard route to the OpenShift Container Platform console. Bootstrap machine bootstrap.<cluster_name>.<base_domain>. A DNS A/AAAA or CNAME record, and a DNS PTR record, to identify the bootstrap machine. These records must be resolvable by the nodes within the cluster. Control plane machines <master><n>.<cluster_name>.<base_domain>. DNS A/AAAA or CNAME records and DNS PTR records to identify each machine for the control plane nodes. These records must be resolvable by the nodes within the cluster. Compute machines <worker><n>.<cluster_name>.<base_domain>. DNS A/AAAA or CNAME records and DNS PTR records to identify each machine for the worker nodes. These records must be resolvable by the nodes within the cluster. Note In OpenShift Container Platform 4.4 and later, you do not need to specify etcd host and SRV records in your DNS configuration. Tip You can use the dig command to verify name and reverse name resolution. See the section on Validating DNS resolution for user-provisioned infrastructure for detailed validation steps. 18.6.5.5.1. Example DNS configuration for user-provisioned clusters This section provides A and PTR record configuration samples that meet the DNS requirements for deploying OpenShift Container Platform on user-provisioned infrastructure. The samples are not meant to provide advice for choosing one DNS solution over another. In the examples, the cluster name is ocp4 and the base domain is example.com . Example DNS A record configuration for a user-provisioned cluster The following example is a BIND zone file that shows sample A records for name resolution in a user-provisioned cluster. Example 18.13. Sample DNS zone database USDTTL 1W @ IN SOA ns1.example.com. root ( 2019070700 ; serial 3H ; refresh (3 hours) 30M ; retry (30 minutes) 2W ; expiry (2 weeks) 1W ) ; minimum (1 week) IN NS ns1.example.com. IN MX 10 smtp.example.com. ; ; ns1.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.5 smtp.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.5 ; helper.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.5 helper.ocp4.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.5 ; api.ocp4.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.5 1 api-int.ocp4.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.5 2 ; *.apps.ocp4.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.5 3 ; bootstrap.ocp4.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.96 4 ; master0.ocp4.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.97 5 master1.ocp4.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.98 6 master2.ocp4.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.99 7 ; worker0.ocp4.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.11 8 worker1.ocp4.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.7 9 ; ;EOF 1 Provides name resolution for the Kubernetes API. The record refers to the IP address of the API load balancer. 2 Provides name resolution for the Kubernetes API. The record refers to the IP address of the API load balancer and is used for internal cluster communications. 3 Provides name resolution for the wildcard routes. The record refers to the IP address of the application ingress load balancer. The application ingress load balancer targets the machines that run the Ingress Controller pods. The Ingress Controller pods run on the compute machines by default. Note In the example, the same load balancer is used for the Kubernetes API and application ingress traffic. In production scenarios, you can deploy the API and application ingress load balancers separately so that you can scale the load balancer infrastructure for each in isolation. 4 Provides name resolution for the bootstrap machine. 5 6 7 Provides name resolution for the control plane machines. 8 9 Provides name resolution for the compute machines. Example DNS PTR record configuration for a user-provisioned cluster The following example BIND zone file shows sample PTR records for reverse name resolution in a user-provisioned cluster. Example 18.14. Sample DNS zone database for reverse records USDTTL 1W @ IN SOA ns1.example.com. root ( 2019070700 ; serial 3H ; refresh (3 hours) 30M ; retry (30 minutes) 2W ; expiry (2 weeks) 1W ) ; minimum (1 week) IN NS ns1.example.com. ; 5.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. IN PTR api.ocp4.example.com. 1 5.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. IN PTR api-int.ocp4.example.com. 2 ; 96.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. IN PTR bootstrap.ocp4.example.com. 3 ; 97.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. IN PTR master0.ocp4.example.com. 4 98.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. IN PTR master1.ocp4.example.com. 5 99.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. IN PTR master2.ocp4.example.com. 6 ; 11.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. IN PTR worker0.ocp4.example.com. 7 7.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. IN PTR worker1.ocp4.example.com. 8 ; ;EOF 1 Provides reverse DNS resolution for the Kubernetes API. The PTR record refers to the record name of the API load balancer. 2 Provides reverse DNS resolution for the Kubernetes API. The PTR record refers to the record name of the API load balancer and is used for internal cluster communications. 3 Provides reverse DNS resolution for the bootstrap machine. 4 5 6 Provides reverse DNS resolution for the control plane machines. 7 8 Provides reverse DNS resolution for the compute machines. Note A PTR record is not required for the OpenShift Container Platform application wildcard. 18.6.5.6. Load balancing requirements for user-provisioned infrastructure Before you install OpenShift Container Platform, you must provision the API and application ingress load balancing infrastructure. In production scenarios, you can deploy the API and application ingress load balancers separately so that you can scale the load balancer infrastructure for each in isolation. Note If you want to deploy the API and application ingress load balancers with a Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) instance, you must purchase the RHEL subscription separately. The load balancing infrastructure must meet the following requirements: API load balancer : Provides a common endpoint for users, both human and machine, to interact with and configure the platform. Configure the following conditions: Layer 4 load balancing only. This can be referred to as Raw TCP, SSL Passthrough, or SSL Bridge mode. If you use SSL Bridge mode, you must enable Server Name Indication (SNI) for the API routes. A stateless load balancing algorithm. The options vary based on the load balancer implementation. Note Session persistence is not required for the API load balancer to function properly. Configure the following ports on both the front and back of the load balancers: Table 18.56. API load balancer Port Back-end machines (pool members) Internal External Description 6443 Bootstrap and control plane. You remove the bootstrap machine from the load balancer after the bootstrap machine initializes the cluster control plane. You must configure the /readyz endpoint for the API server health check probe. X X Kubernetes API server 22623 Bootstrap and control plane. You remove the bootstrap machine from the load balancer after the bootstrap machine initializes the cluster control plane. X Machine config server Note The load balancer must be configured to take a maximum of 30 seconds from the time the API server turns off the /readyz endpoint to the removal of the API server instance from the pool. Within the time frame after /readyz returns an error or becomes healthy, the endpoint must have been removed or added. Probing every 5 or 10 seconds, with two successful requests to become healthy and three to become unhealthy, are well-tested values. Application ingress load balancer : Provides an ingress point for application traffic flowing in from outside the cluster. Configure the following conditions: Layer 4 load balancing only. This can be referred to as Raw TCP, SSL Passthrough, or SSL Bridge mode. If you use SSL Bridge mode, you must enable Server Name Indication (SNI) for the ingress routes. A connection-based or session-based persistence is recommended, based on the options available and types of applications that will be hosted on the platform. Tip If the true IP address of the client can be seen by the application ingress load balancer, enabling source IP-based session persistence can improve performance for applications that use end-to-end TLS encryption. Configure the following ports on both the front and back of the load balancers: Table 18.57. Application ingress load balancer Port Back-end machines (pool members) Internal External Description 443 The machines that run the Ingress Controller pods, compute, or worker, by default. X X HTTPS traffic 80 The machines that run the Ingress Controller pods, compute, or worker, by default. X X HTTP traffic 1936 The worker nodes that run the Ingress Controller pods, by default. You must configure the /healthz/ready endpoint for the ingress health check probe. X X HTTP traffic Note If you are deploying a three-node cluster with zero compute nodes, the Ingress Controller pods run on the control plane nodes. In three-node cluster deployments, you must configure your application ingress load balancer to route HTTP and HTTPS traffic to the control plane nodes. Note A working configuration for the Ingress router is required for an OpenShift Container Platform cluster. You must configure the Ingress router after the control plane initializes. 18.6.5.6.1. Example load balancer configuration for user-provisioned clusters This section provides an example API and application ingress load balancer configuration that meets the load balancing requirements for user-provisioned clusters. The sample is an /etc/haproxy/haproxy.cfg configuration for an HAProxy load balancer. The example is not meant to provide advice for choosing one load balancing solution over another. Note In the example, the same load balancer is used for the Kubernetes API and application ingress traffic. In production scenarios you can deploy the API and application ingress load balancers separately so that you can scale the load balancer infrastructure for each in isolation. Example 18.15. Sample API and application ingress load balancer configuration global log 127.0.0.1 local2 pidfile /var/run/haproxy.pid maxconn 4000 daemon defaults mode http log global option dontlognull option http-server-close option redispatch retries 3 timeout http-request 10s timeout queue 1m timeout connect 10s timeout client 1m timeout server 1m timeout http-keep-alive 10s timeout check 10s maxconn 3000 frontend stats bind *:1936 mode http log global maxconn 10 stats enable stats hide-version stats refresh 30s stats show-node stats show-desc Stats for ocp4 cluster 1 stats auth admin:ocp4 stats uri /stats listen api-server-6443 2 bind *:6443 mode tcp server bootstrap bootstrap.ocp4.example.com:6443 check inter 1s backup 3 server master0 master0.ocp4.example.com:6443 check inter 1s server master1 master1.ocp4.example.com:6443 check inter 1s server master2 master2.ocp4.example.com:6443 check inter 1s listen machine-config-server-22623 4 bind *:22623 mode tcp server bootstrap bootstrap.ocp4.example.com:22623 check inter 1s backup 5 server master0 master0.ocp4.example.com:22623 check inter 1s server master1 master1.ocp4.example.com:22623 check inter 1s server master2 master2.ocp4.example.com:22623 check inter 1s listen ingress-router-443 6 bind *:443 mode tcp balance source server worker0 worker0.ocp4.example.com:443 check inter 1s server worker1 worker1.ocp4.example.com:443 check inter 1s listen ingress-router-80 7 bind *:80 mode tcp balance source server worker0 worker0.ocp4.example.com:80 check inter 1s server worker1 worker1.ocp4.example.com:80 check inter 1s 1 In the example, the cluster name is ocp4 . 2 Port 6443 handles the Kubernetes API traffic and points to the control plane machines. 3 5 The bootstrap entries must be in place before the OpenShift Container Platform cluster installation and they must be removed after the bootstrap process is complete. 4 Port 22623 handles the machine config server traffic and points to the control plane machines. 6 Port 443 handles the HTTPS traffic and points to the machines that run the Ingress Controller pods. The Ingress Controller pods run on the compute machines by default. 7 Port 80 handles the HTTP traffic and points to the machines that run the Ingress Controller pods. The Ingress Controller pods run on the compute machines by default. Note If you are deploying a three-node cluster with zero compute nodes, the Ingress Controller pods run on the control plane nodes. In three-node cluster deployments, you must configure your application ingress load balancer to route HTTP and HTTPS traffic to the control plane nodes. Tip If you are using HAProxy as a load balancer, you can check that the haproxy process is listening on ports 6443 , 22623 , 443 , and 80 by running netstat -nltupe on the HAProxy node. Note If you are using HAProxy as a load balancer and SELinux is set to enforcing , you must ensure that the HAProxy service can bind to the configured TCP port by running setsebool -P haproxy_connect_any=1 . 18.6.6. Preparing the user-provisioned infrastructure Before you install OpenShift Container Platform on user-provisioned infrastructure, you must prepare the underlying infrastructure. This section provides details about the high-level steps required to set up your cluster infrastructure in preparation for an OpenShift Container Platform installation. This includes configuring IP networking and network connectivity for your cluster nodes, enabling the required ports through your firewall, and setting up the required DNS and load balancing infrastructure. After preparation, your cluster infrastructure must meet the requirements outlined in the Requirements for a cluster with user-provisioned infrastructure section. Prerequisites You have reviewed the OpenShift Container Platform 4.x Tested Integrations page. You have reviewed the infrastructure requirements detailed in the Requirements for a cluster with user-provisioned infrastructure section. Procedure If you are using DHCP to provide the IP networking configuration to your cluster nodes, configure your DHCP service. Add persistent IP addresses for the nodes to your DHCP server configuration. In your configuration, match the MAC address of the relevant network interface to the intended IP address for each node. When you use DHCP to configure IP addressing for the cluster machines, the machines also obtain the DNS server information through DHCP. Define the persistent DNS server address that is used by the cluster nodes through your DHCP server configuration. Note If you are not using a DHCP service, you must provide the IP networking configuration and the address of the DNS server to the nodes at RHCOS install time. These can be passed as boot arguments if you are installing from an ISO image. See the Installing RHCOS and starting the OpenShift Container Platform bootstrap process section for more information about static IP provisioning and advanced networking options. Define the hostnames of your cluster nodes in your DHCP server configuration. See the Setting the cluster node hostnames through DHCP section for details about hostname considerations. Note If you are not using a DHCP service, the cluster nodes obtain their hostname through a reverse DNS lookup. Ensure that your network infrastructure provides the required network connectivity between the cluster components. See the Networking requirements for user-provisioned infrastructure section for details about the requirements. Configure your firewall to enable the ports required for the OpenShift Container Platform cluster components to communicate. See Networking requirements for user-provisioned infrastructure section for details about the ports that are required. Setup the required DNS infrastructure for your cluster. Configure DNS name resolution for the Kubernetes API, the application wildcard, the bootstrap machine, the control plane machines, and the compute machines. Configure reverse DNS resolution for the Kubernetes API, the bootstrap machine, the control plane machines, and the compute machines. See the User-provisioned DNS requirements section for more information about the OpenShift Container Platform DNS requirements. Validate your DNS configuration. From your installation node, run DNS lookups against the record names of the Kubernetes API, the wildcard routes, and the cluster nodes. Validate that the IP addresses in the responses correspond to the correct components. From your installation node, run reverse DNS lookups against the IP addresses of the load balancer and the cluster nodes. Validate that the record names in the responses correspond to the correct components. See the Validating DNS resolution for user-provisioned infrastructure section for detailed DNS validation steps. Provision the required API and application ingress load balancing infrastructure. See the Load balancing requirements for user-provisioned infrastructure section for more information about the requirements. Note Some load balancing solutions require the DNS name resolution for the cluster nodes to be in place before the load balancing is initialized. 18.6.7. Validating DNS resolution for user-provisioned infrastructure You can validate your DNS configuration before installing OpenShift Container Platform on user-provisioned infrastructure. Important The validation steps detailed in this section must succeed before you install your cluster. Prerequisites You have configured the required DNS records for your user-provisioned infrastructure. Procedure From your installation node, run DNS lookups against the record names of the Kubernetes API, the wildcard routes, and the cluster nodes. Validate that the IP addresses contained in the responses correspond to the correct components. Perform a lookup against the Kubernetes API record name. Check that the result points to the IP address of the API load balancer: USD dig +noall +answer @<nameserver_ip> api.<cluster_name>.<base_domain> 1 1 Replace <nameserver_ip> with the IP address of the nameserver, <cluster_name> with your cluster name, and <base_domain> with your base domain name. Example output api.ocp4.example.com. 0 IN A 192.168.1.5 Perform a lookup against the Kubernetes internal API record name. Check that the result points to the IP address of the API load balancer: USD dig +noall +answer @<nameserver_ip> api-int.<cluster_name>.<base_domain> Example output api-int.ocp4.example.com. 0 IN A 192.168.1.5 Test an example *.apps.<cluster_name>.<base_domain> DNS wildcard lookup. All of the application wildcard lookups must resolve to the IP address of the application ingress load balancer: USD dig +noall +answer @<nameserver_ip> random.apps.<cluster_name>.<base_domain> Example output random.apps.ocp4.example.com. 0 IN A 192.168.1.5 Note In the example outputs, the same load balancer is used for the Kubernetes API and application ingress traffic. In production scenarios, you can deploy the API and application ingress load balancers separately so that you can scale the load balancer infrastructure for each in isolation. You can replace random with another wildcard value. For example, you can query the route to the OpenShift Container Platform console: USD dig +noall +answer @<nameserver_ip> console-openshift-console.apps.<cluster_name>.<base_domain> Example output console-openshift-console.apps.ocp4.example.com. 0 IN A 192.168.1.5 Run a lookup against the bootstrap DNS record name. Check that the result points to the IP address of the bootstrap node: USD dig +noall +answer @<nameserver_ip> bootstrap.<cluster_name>.<base_domain> Example output bootstrap.ocp4.example.com. 0 IN A 192.168.1.96 Use this method to perform lookups against the DNS record names for the control plane and compute nodes. Check that the results correspond to the IP addresses of each node. From your installation node, run reverse DNS lookups against the IP addresses of the load balancer and the cluster nodes. Validate that the record names contained in the responses correspond to the correct components. Perform a reverse lookup against the IP address of the API load balancer. Check that the response includes the record names for the Kubernetes API and the Kubernetes internal API: USD dig +noall +answer @<nameserver_ip> -x 192.168.1.5 Example output 5.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. 0 IN PTR api-int.ocp4.example.com. 1 5.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. 0 IN PTR api.ocp4.example.com. 2 1 Provides the record name for the Kubernetes internal API. 2 Provides the record name for the Kubernetes API. Note A PTR record is not required for the OpenShift Container Platform application wildcard. No validation step is needed for reverse DNS resolution against the IP address of the application ingress load balancer. Perform a reverse lookup against the IP address of the bootstrap node. Check that the result points to the DNS record name of the bootstrap node: USD dig +noall +answer @<nameserver_ip> -x 192.168.1.96 Example output 96.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. 0 IN PTR bootstrap.ocp4.example.com. Use this method to perform reverse lookups against the IP addresses for the control plane and compute nodes. Check that the results correspond to the DNS record names of each node. 18.6.8. Generating a key pair for cluster node SSH access During an OpenShift Container Platform installation, you can provide an SSH public key to the installation program. The key is passed to the Red Hat Enterprise Linux CoreOS (RHCOS) nodes through their Ignition config files and is used to authenticate SSH access to the nodes. The key is added to the ~/.ssh/authorized_keys list for the core user on each node, which enables password-less authentication. After the key is passed to the nodes, you can use the key pair to SSH in to the RHCOS nodes as the user core . To access the nodes through SSH, the private key identity must be managed by SSH for your local user. If you want to SSH in to your cluster nodes to perform installation debugging or disaster recovery, you must provide the SSH public key during the installation process. The ./openshift-install gather command also requires the SSH public key to be in place on the cluster nodes. Important Do not skip this procedure in production environments, where disaster recovery and debugging is required. Note You must use a local key, not one that you configured with platform-specific approaches such as AWS key pairs . Procedure If you do not have an existing SSH key pair on your local machine to use for authentication onto your cluster nodes, create one. For example, on a computer that uses a Linux operating system, run the following command: USD ssh-keygen -t ed25519 -N '' -f <path>/<file_name> 1 1 Specify the path and file name, such as ~/.ssh/id_ed25519 , of the new SSH key. If you have an existing key pair, ensure your public key is in the your ~/.ssh directory. Note If you plan to install an OpenShift Container Platform cluster that uses FIPS Validated / Modules in Process cryptographic libraries on the x86_64 architecture, do not create a key that uses the ed25519 algorithm. Instead, create a key that uses the rsa or ecdsa algorithm. View the public SSH key: USD cat <path>/<file_name>.pub For example, run the following to view the ~/.ssh/id_ed25519.pub public key: USD cat ~/.ssh/id_ed25519.pub Add the SSH private key identity to the SSH agent for your local user, if it has not already been added. SSH agent management of the key is required for password-less SSH authentication onto your cluster nodes, or if you want to use the ./openshift-install gather command. Note On some distributions, default SSH private key identities such as ~/.ssh/id_rsa and ~/.ssh/id_dsa are managed automatically. If the ssh-agent process is not already running for your local user, start it as a background task: USD eval "USD(ssh-agent -s)" Example output Agent pid 31874 Note If your cluster is in FIPS mode, only use FIPS-compliant algorithms to generate the SSH key. The key must be either RSA or ECDSA. Add your SSH private key to the ssh-agent : USD ssh-add <path>/<file_name> 1 1 Specify the path and file name for your SSH private key, such as ~/.ssh/id_ed25519 Example output Identity added: /home/<you>/<path>/<file_name> (<computer_name>) steps When you install OpenShift Container Platform, provide the SSH public key to the installation program. If you install a cluster on infrastructure that you provision, you must provide the key to the installation program. 18.6.9. Obtaining the installation program Before you install OpenShift Container Platform, download the installation file on a local computer. Prerequisites You have a computer that runs Linux or macOS, with 500 MB of local disk space Procedure Access the Infrastructure Provider page on the OpenShift Cluster Manager site. If you have a Red Hat account, log in with your credentials. If you do not, create an account. Select your infrastructure provider. Navigate to the page for your installation type, download the installation program for your operating system, and place the file in the directory where you will store the installation configuration files. Important The installation program creates several files on the computer that you use to install your cluster. You must keep the installation program and the files that the installation program creates after you finish installing the cluster. Both files are required to delete the cluster. Important Deleting the files created by the installation program does not remove your cluster, even if the cluster failed during installation. To remove your cluster, complete the OpenShift Container Platform uninstallation procedures for your specific cloud provider. Extract the installation program. For example, on a computer that uses a Linux operating system, run the following command: USD tar -xvf openshift-install-linux.tar.gz Download your installation pull secret from the Red Hat OpenShift Cluster Manager . This pull secret allows you to authenticate with the services that are provided by the included authorities, including Quay.io, which serves the container images for OpenShift Container Platform components. 18.6.10. Manually creating the installation configuration file For user-provisioned installations of OpenShift Container Platform, you manually generate your installation configuration file. Prerequisites You have an SSH public key on your local machine to provide to the installation program. The key will be used for SSH authentication onto your cluster nodes for debugging and disaster recovery. You have obtained the OpenShift Container Platform installation program and the pull secret for your cluster. Procedure Create an installation directory to store your required installation assets in: USD mkdir <installation_directory> Important You must create a directory. Some installation assets, like bootstrap X.509 certificates have short expiration intervals, so you must not reuse an installation directory. If you want to reuse individual files from another cluster installation, you can copy them into your directory. However, the file names for the installation assets might change between releases. Use caution when copying installation files from an earlier OpenShift Container Platform version. Customize the sample install-config.yaml file template that is provided and save it in the <installation_directory> . Note You must name this configuration file install-config.yaml . Note For some platform types, you can alternatively run ./openshift-install create install-config --dir <installation_directory> to generate an install-config.yaml file. You can provide details about your cluster configuration at the prompts. Back up the install-config.yaml file so that you can use it to install multiple clusters. Important The install-config.yaml file is consumed during the step of the installation process. You must back it up now. 18.6.10.1. Sample install-config.yaml file for VMware vSphere You can customize the install-config.yaml file to specify more details about your OpenShift Container Platform cluster's platform or modify the values of the required parameters. apiVersion: v1 baseDomain: example.com 1 compute: - hyperthreading: Enabled 2 3 name: worker replicas: 0 4 controlPlane: hyperthreading: Enabled 5 6 name: master replicas: 3 7 metadata: name: test 8 platform: vsphere: vcenter: your.vcenter.server 9 username: username 10 password: password 11 datacenter: datacenter 12 defaultDatastore: datastore 13 folder: "/<datacenter_name>/vm/<folder_name>/<subfolder_name>" 14 fips: false 15 pullSecret: '{"auths": ...}' 16 sshKey: 'ssh-ed25519 AAAA...' 17 1 The base domain of the cluster. All DNS records must be sub-domains of this base and include the cluster name. 2 5 The controlPlane section is a single mapping, but the compute section is a sequence of mappings. To meet the requirements of the different data structures, the first line of the compute section must begin with a hyphen, - , and the first line of the controlPlane section must not. Although both sections currently define a single machine pool, it is possible that future versions of OpenShift Container Platform will support defining multiple compute pools during installation. Only one control plane pool is used. 3 6 Whether to enable or disable simultaneous multithreading, or hyperthreading . By default, simultaneous multithreading is enabled to increase the performance of your machines' cores. You can disable it by setting the parameter value to Disabled . If you disable simultaneous multithreading in some cluster machines, you must disable it in all cluster machines. Important If you disable simultaneous multithreading, ensure that your capacity planning accounts for the dramatically decreased machine performance. Your machines must use at least 8 CPUs and 32 GB of RAM if you disable simultaneous multithreading. 4 You must set the value of the replicas parameter to 0 . This parameter controls the number of workers that the cluster creates and manages for you, which are functions that the cluster does not perform when you use user-provisioned infrastructure. You must manually deploy worker machines for the cluster to use before you finish installing OpenShift Container Platform. 7 The number of control plane machines that you add to the cluster. Because the cluster uses this values as the number of etcd endpoints in the cluster, the value must match the number of control plane machines that you deploy. 8 The cluster name that you specified in your DNS records. 9 The fully-qualified hostname or IP address of the vCenter server. 10 The name of the user for accessing the server. This user must have at least the roles and privileges that are required for static or dynamic persistent volume provisioning in vSphere. 11 The password associated with the vSphere user. 12 The vSphere datacenter. 13 The default vSphere datastore to use. 14 Optional: For installer-provisioned infrastructure, the absolute path of an existing folder where the installation program creates the virtual machines, for example, /<datacenter_name>/vm/<folder_name>/<subfolder_name> . If you do not provide this value, the installation program creates a top-level folder in the datacenter virtual machine folder that is named with the infrastructure ID. If you are providing the infrastructure for the cluster, omit this parameter. 15 Whether to enable or disable FIPS mode. By default, FIPS mode is not enabled. If FIPS mode is enabled, the Red Hat Enterprise Linux CoreOS (RHCOS) machines that OpenShift Container Platform runs on bypass the default Kubernetes cryptography suite and use the cryptography modules that are provided with RHCOS instead. Important The use of FIPS Validated / Modules in Process cryptographic libraries is only supported on OpenShift Container Platform deployments on the x86_64 architecture. 16 The pull secret that you obtained from OpenShift Cluster Manager . This pull secret allows you to authenticate with the services that are provided by the included authorities, including Quay.io, which serves the container images for OpenShift Container Platform components. 17 The public portion of the default SSH key for the core user in Red Hat Enterprise Linux CoreOS (RHCOS). 18.6.10.2. Configuring the cluster-wide proxy during installation Production environments can deny direct access to the internet and instead have an HTTP or HTTPS proxy available. You can configure a new OpenShift Container Platform cluster to use a proxy by configuring the proxy settings in the install-config.yaml file. Prerequisites You have an existing install-config.yaml file. You reviewed the sites that your cluster requires access to and determined whether any of them need to bypass the proxy. By default, all cluster egress traffic is proxied, including calls to hosting cloud provider APIs. You added sites to the Proxy object's spec.noProxy field to bypass the proxy if necessary. Note The Proxy object status.noProxy field is populated with the values of the networking.machineNetwork[].cidr , networking.clusterNetwork[].cidr , and networking.serviceNetwork[] fields from your installation configuration. For installations on Amazon Web Services (AWS), Google Cloud Platform (GCP), Microsoft Azure, and Red Hat OpenStack Platform (RHOSP), the Proxy object status.noProxy field is also populated with the instance metadata endpoint ( 169.254.169.254 ). Procedure Edit your install-config.yaml file and add the proxy settings. For example: apiVersion: v1 baseDomain: my.domain.com proxy: httpProxy: http://<username>:<pswd>@<ip>:<port> 1 httpsProxy: https://<username>:<pswd>@<ip>:<port> 2 noProxy: example.com 3 additionalTrustBundle: | 4 -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE----- <MY_TRUSTED_CA_CERT> -----END CERTIFICATE----- ... 1 A proxy URL to use for creating HTTP connections outside the cluster. The URL scheme must be http . 2 A proxy URL to use for creating HTTPS connections outside the cluster. 3 A comma-separated list of destination domain names, IP addresses, or other network CIDRs to exclude from proxying. Preface a domain with . to match subdomains only. For example, .y.com matches x.y.com , but not y.com . Use * to bypass the proxy for all destinations. You must include vCenter's IP address and the IP range that you use for its machines. 4 If provided, the installation program generates a config map that is named user-ca-bundle in the openshift-config namespace to hold the additional CA certificates. If you provide additionalTrustBundle and at least one proxy setting, the Proxy object is configured to reference the user-ca-bundle config map in the trustedCA field. The Cluster Network Operator then creates a trusted-ca-bundle config map that merges the contents specified for the trustedCA parameter with the RHCOS trust bundle. The additionalTrustBundle field is required unless the proxy's identity certificate is signed by an authority from the RHCOS trust bundle. Note The installation program does not support the proxy readinessEndpoints field. Save the file and reference it when installing OpenShift Container Platform. The installation program creates a cluster-wide proxy that is named cluster that uses the proxy settings in the provided install-config.yaml file. If no proxy settings are provided, a cluster Proxy object is still created, but it will have a nil spec . Note Only the Proxy object named cluster is supported, and no additional proxies can be created. 18.6.11. Creating the Kubernetes manifest and Ignition config files Because you must modify some cluster definition files and manually start the cluster machines, you must generate the Kubernetes manifest and Ignition config files that the cluster needs to configure the machines. The installation configuration file transforms into the Kubernetes manifests. The manifests wrap into the Ignition configuration files, which are later used to configure the cluster machines. Important The Ignition config files that the OpenShift Container Platform installation program generates contain certificates that expire after 24 hours, which are then renewed at that time. If the cluster is shut down before renewing the certificates and the cluster is later restarted after the 24 hours have elapsed, the cluster automatically recovers the expired certificates. The exception is that you must manually approve the pending node-bootstrapper certificate signing requests (CSRs) to recover kubelet certificates. See the documentation for Recovering from expired control plane certificates for more information. It is recommended that you use Ignition config files within 12 hours after they are generated because the 24-hour certificate rotates from 16 to 22 hours after the cluster is installed. By using the Ignition config files within 12 hours, you can avoid installation failure if the certificate update runs during installation. Prerequisites You obtained the OpenShift Container Platform installation program. You created the install-config.yaml installation configuration file. Procedure Change to the directory that contains the OpenShift Container Platform installation program and generate the Kubernetes manifests for the cluster: USD ./openshift-install create manifests --dir <installation_directory> 1 1 For <installation_directory> , specify the installation directory that contains the install-config.yaml file you created. Remove the Kubernetes manifest files that define the control plane machines and compute machine sets: USD rm -f openshift/99_openshift-cluster-api_master-machines-*.yaml openshift/99_openshift-cluster-api_worker-machineset-*.yaml Because you create and manage these resources yourself, you do not have to initialize them. You can preserve the machine set files to create compute machines by using the machine API, but you must update references to them to match your environment. Check that the mastersSchedulable parameter in the <installation_directory>/manifests/cluster-scheduler-02-config.yml Kubernetes manifest file is set to false . This setting prevents pods from being scheduled on the control plane machines: Open the <installation_directory>/manifests/cluster-scheduler-02-config.yml file. Locate the mastersSchedulable parameter and ensure that it is set to false . Save and exit the file. To create the Ignition configuration files, run the following command from the directory that contains the installation program: USD ./openshift-install create ignition-configs --dir <installation_directory> 1 1 For <installation_directory> , specify the same installation directory. Ignition config files are created for the bootstrap, control plane, and compute nodes in the installation directory. The kubeadmin-password and kubeconfig files are created in the ./<installation_directory>/auth directory: 18.6.12. Extracting the infrastructure name The Ignition config files contain a unique cluster identifier that you can use to uniquely identify your cluster in VMware Cloud on AWS. If you plan to use the cluster identifier as the name of your virtual machine folder, you must extract it. Prerequisites You obtained the OpenShift Container Platform installation program and the pull secret for your cluster. You generated the Ignition config files for your cluster. You installed the jq package. Procedure To extract and view the infrastructure name from the Ignition config file metadata, run the following command: USD jq -r .infraID <installation_directory>/metadata.json 1 1 For <installation_directory> , specify the path to the directory that you stored the installation files in. Example output openshift-vw9j6 1 1 The output of this command is your cluster name and a random string. 18.6.13. Installing RHCOS and starting the OpenShift Container Platform bootstrap process To install OpenShift Container Platform on user-provisioned infrastructure on VMware vSphere, you must install Red Hat Enterprise Linux CoreOS (RHCOS) on vSphere hosts. When you install RHCOS, you must provide the Ignition config file that was generated by the OpenShift Container Platform installation program for the type of machine you are installing. If you have configured suitable networking, DNS, and load balancing infrastructure, the OpenShift Container Platform bootstrap process begins automatically after the RHCOS machines have rebooted. Prerequisites You have obtained the Ignition config files for your cluster. You have access to an HTTP server that you can access from your computer and that the machines that you create can access. You have created a vSphere cluster . Procedure Upload the bootstrap Ignition config file, which is named <installation_directory>/bootstrap.ign , that the installation program created to your HTTP server. Note the URL of this file. Save the following secondary Ignition config file for your bootstrap node to your computer as <installation_directory>/merge-bootstrap.ign : { "ignition": { "config": { "merge": [ { "source": "<bootstrap_ignition_config_url>", 1 "verification": {} } ] }, "timeouts": {}, "version": "3.2.0" }, "networkd": {}, "passwd": {}, "storage": {}, "systemd": {} } 1 Specify the URL of the bootstrap Ignition config file that you hosted. When you create the virtual machine (VM) for the bootstrap machine, you use this Ignition config file. Locate the following Ignition config files that the installation program created: <installation_directory>/master.ign <installation_directory>/worker.ign <installation_directory>/merge-bootstrap.ign Convert the Ignition config files to Base64 encoding. Later in this procedure, you must add these files to the extra configuration parameter guestinfo.ignition.config.data in your VM. For example, if you use a Linux operating system, you can use the base64 command to encode the files. USD base64 -w0 <installation_directory>/master.ign > <installation_directory>/master.64 USD base64 -w0 <installation_directory>/worker.ign > <installation_directory>/worker.64 USD base64 -w0 <installation_directory>/merge-bootstrap.ign > <installation_directory>/merge-bootstrap.64 Important If you plan to add more compute machines to your cluster after you finish installation, do not delete these files. Obtain the RHCOS OVA image. Images are available from the RHCOS image mirror page. Important The RHCOS images might not change with every release of OpenShift Container Platform. You must download an image with the highest version that is less than or equal to the OpenShift Container Platform version that you install. Use the image version that matches your OpenShift Container Platform version if it is available. The filename contains the OpenShift Container Platform version number in the format rhcos-vmware.<architecture>.ova . In the vSphere Client, create a folder in your datacenter to store your VMs. Click the VMs and Templates view. Right-click the name of your datacenter. Click New Folder New VM and Template Folder . In the window that is displayed, enter the folder name. If you did not specify an existing folder in the install-config.yaml file, then create a folder with the same name as the infrastructure ID. You use this folder name so vCenter dynamically provisions storage in the appropriate location for its Workspace configuration. In the vSphere Client, create a template for the OVA image and then clone the template as needed. Note In the following steps, you create a template and then clone the template for all of your cluster machines. You then provide the location for the Ignition config file for that cloned machine type when you provision the VMs. From the Hosts and Clusters tab, right-click your cluster name and select Deploy OVF Template . On the Select an OVF tab, specify the name of the RHCOS OVA file that you downloaded. On the Select a name and folder tab, set a Virtual machine name for your template, such as Template-RHCOS . Click the name of your vSphere cluster and select the folder you created in the step. On the Select a compute resource tab, click the name of your vSphere cluster. On the Select storage tab, configure the storage options for your VM. Select Thin Provision or Thick Provision , based on your storage preferences. Select the datastore that you specified in your install-config.yaml file. On the Select network tab, specify the network that you configured for the cluster, if available. When creating the OVF template, do not specify values on the Customize template tab or configure the template any further. Important Do not start the original VM template. The VM template must remain off and must be cloned for new RHCOS machines. Starting the VM template configures the VM template as a VM on the platform, which prevents it from being used as a template that machine sets can apply configurations to. Optional: Update the configured virtual hardware version in the VM template, if necessary. Follow Upgrading a virtual machine to the latest hardware version in the VMware documentation for more information. Important It is recommended that you update the hardware version of the VM template to version 15 before creating VMs from it, if necessary. Using hardware version 13 for your cluster nodes running on vSphere is now deprecated. If your imported template defaults to hardware version 13, you must ensure that your ESXi host is on 6.7U3 or later before upgrading the VM template to hardware version 15. If your vSphere version is less than 6.7U3, you can skip this upgrade step; however, a future version of OpenShift Container Platform is scheduled to remove support for hardware version 13 and vSphere versions less than 6.7U3. After the template deploys, deploy a VM for a machine in the cluster. Right-click the template name and click Clone Clone to Virtual Machine . On the Select a name and folder tab, specify a name for the VM. You might include the machine type in the name, such as control-plane-0 or compute-1 . On the Select a name and folder tab, select the name of the folder that you created for the cluster. On the Select a compute resource tab, select the name of a host in your datacenter. Optional: On the Select storage tab, customize the storage options. On the Select clone options , select Customize this virtual machine's hardware . On the Customize hardware tab, click VM Options Advanced . Optional: Override default DHCP networking in vSphere. To enable static IP networking: Set your static IP configuration: USD export IPCFG="ip=<ip>::<gateway>:<netmask>:<hostname>:<iface>:none nameserver=srv1 [nameserver=srv2 [nameserver=srv3 [...]]]" Example command USD export IPCFG="ip=192.168.100.101::192.168.100.254:255.255.255.0:::none nameserver=8.8.8.8" Set the guestinfo.afterburn.initrd.network-kargs property before booting a VM from an OVA in vSphere: USD govc vm.change -vm "<vm_name>" -e "guestinfo.afterburn.initrd.network-kargs=USD{IPCFG}" Optional: In the event of cluster performance issues, from the Latency Sensitivity list, select High . Ensure that your VM's CPU and memory reservation have the following values: Memory reservation value must be equal to its configured memory size. CPU reservation value must be at least the number of low latency virtual CPUs multiplied by the measured physical CPU speed. Click Edit Configuration , and on the Configuration Parameters window, search the list of available parameters for steal clock accounting ( stealclock.enable ). If it is available, set its value to TRUE . Enabling steal clock accounting can help with troubleshooting cluster issues. Click Add Configuration Params . Define the following parameter names and values: guestinfo.ignition.config.data : Locate the base-64 encoded files that you created previously in this procedure, and paste the contents of the base64-encoded Ignition config file for this machine type. guestinfo.ignition.config.data.encoding : Specify base64 . disk.EnableUUID : Specify TRUE . stealclock.enable : If this parameter was not defined, add it and specify TRUE . In the Virtual Hardware panel of the Customize hardware tab, modify the specified values as required. Ensure that the amount of RAM, CPU, and disk storage meets the minimum requirements for the machine type. Complete the configuration and power on the VM. Create the rest of the machines for your cluster by following the preceding steps for each machine. Important You must create the bootstrap and control plane machines at this time. Because some pods are deployed on compute machines by default, also create at least two compute machines before you install the cluster. 18.6.14. Adding more compute machines to a cluster in vSphere You can add more compute machines to a user-provisioned OpenShift Container Platform cluster on VMware vSphere. Prerequisites Obtain the base64-encoded Ignition file for your compute machines. You have access to the vSphere template that you created for your cluster. Procedure After the template deploys, deploy a VM for a machine in the cluster. Right-click the template's name and click Clone Clone to Virtual Machine . On the Select a name and folder tab, specify a name for the VM. You might include the machine type in the name, such as compute-1 . On the Select a name and folder tab, select the name of the folder that you created for the cluster. On the Select a compute resource tab, select the name of a host in your datacenter. Optional: On the Select storage tab, customize the storage options. On the Select clone options , select Customize this virtual machine's hardware . On the Customize hardware tab, click VM Options Advanced . From the Latency Sensitivity list, select High . Click Edit Configuration , and on the Configuration Parameters window, click Add Configuration Params . Define the following parameter names and values: guestinfo.ignition.config.data : Paste the contents of the base64-encoded compute Ignition config file for this machine type. guestinfo.ignition.config.data.encoding : Specify base64 . disk.EnableUUID : Specify TRUE . In the Virtual Hardware panel of the Customize hardware tab, modify the specified values as required. Ensure that the amount of RAM, CPU, and disk storage meets the minimum requirements for the machine type. Also, make sure to select the correct network under Add network adapter if there are multiple networks available. Complete the configuration and power on the VM. Continue to create more compute machines for your cluster. 18.6.15. Disk partitioning In most cases, data partitions are originally created by installing RHCOS, rather than by installing another operating system. In such cases, the OpenShift Container Platform installer should be allowed to configure your disk partitions. However, there are two cases where you might want to intervene to override the default partitioning when installing an OpenShift Container Platform node: Create separate partitions: For greenfield installations on an empty disk, you might want to add separate storage to a partition. This is officially supported for making /var or a subdirectory of /var , such as /var/lib/etcd , a separate partition, but not both. Important For disk sizes larger than 100GB, and especially disk sizes larger than 1TB, create a separate /var partition. See "Creating a separate /var partition" and this Red Hat Knowledgebase article for more information. Important Kubernetes supports only two file system partitions. If you add more than one partition to the original configuration, Kubernetes cannot monitor all of them. Retain existing partitions: For a brownfield installation where you are reinstalling OpenShift Container Platform on an existing node and want to retain data partitions installed from your operating system, there are both boot arguments and options to coreos-installer that allow you to retain existing data partitions. Creating a separate /var partition In general, disk partitioning for OpenShift Container Platform should be left to the installer. However, there are cases where you might want to create separate partitions in a part of the filesystem that you expect to grow. OpenShift Container Platform supports the addition of a single partition to attach storage to either the /var partition or a subdirectory of /var . For example: /var/lib/containers : Holds container-related content that can grow as more images and containers are added to a system. /var/lib/etcd : Holds data that you might want to keep separate for purposes such as performance optimization of etcd storage. /var : Holds data that you might want to keep separate for purposes such as auditing. Important For disk sizes larger than 100GB, and especially larger than 1TB, create a separate /var partition. Storing the contents of a /var directory separately makes it easier to grow storage for those areas as needed and reinstall OpenShift Container Platform at a later date and keep that data intact. With this method, you will not have to pull all your containers again, nor will you have to copy massive log files when you update systems. Because /var must be in place before a fresh installation of Red Hat Enterprise Linux CoreOS (RHCOS), the following procedure sets up the separate /var partition by creating a machine config manifest that is inserted during the openshift-install preparation phases of an OpenShift Container Platform installation. Procedure Create a directory to hold the OpenShift Container Platform installation files: USD mkdir USDHOME/clusterconfig Run openshift-install to create a set of files in the manifest and openshift subdirectories. Answer the system questions as you are prompted: USD openshift-install create manifests --dir USDHOME/clusterconfig ? SSH Public Key ... USD ls USDHOME/clusterconfig/openshift/ 99_kubeadmin-password-secret.yaml 99_openshift-cluster-api_master-machines-0.yaml 99_openshift-cluster-api_master-machines-1.yaml 99_openshift-cluster-api_master-machines-2.yaml ... Create a Butane config that configures the additional partition. For example, name the file USDHOME/clusterconfig/98-var-partition.bu , change the disk device name to the name of the storage device on the worker systems, and set the storage size as appropriate. This example places the /var directory on a separate partition: variant: openshift version: 4.9.0 metadata: labels: machineconfiguration.openshift.io/role: worker name: 98-var-partition storage: disks: - device: /dev/<device_name> 1 partitions: - label: var start_mib: <partition_start_offset> 2 size_mib: <partition_size> 3 filesystems: - device: /dev/disk/by-partlabel/var path: /var format: xfs mount_options: [defaults, prjquota] 4 with_mount_unit: true 1 The storage device name of the disk that you want to partition. 2 When adding a data partition to the boot disk, a minimum value of 25000 mebibytes is recommended. The root file system is automatically resized to fill all available space up to the specified offset. If no value is specified, or if the specified value is smaller than the recommended minimum, the resulting root file system will be too small, and future reinstalls of RHCOS might overwrite the beginning of the data partition. 3 The size of the data partition in mebibytes. 4 The prjquota mount option must be enabled for filesystems used for container storage. Note When creating a separate /var partition, you cannot use different instance types for worker nodes, if the different instance types do not have the same device name. Create a manifest from the Butane config and save it to the clusterconfig/openshift directory. For example, run the following command: USD butane USDHOME/clusterconfig/98-var-partition.bu -o USDHOME/clusterconfig/openshift/98-var-partition.yaml Run openshift-install again to create Ignition configs from a set of files in the manifest and openshift subdirectories: USD openshift-install create ignition-configs --dir USDHOME/clusterconfig USD ls USDHOME/clusterconfig/ auth bootstrap.ign master.ign metadata.json worker.ign Now you can use the Ignition config files as input to the vSphere installation procedures to install Red Hat Enterprise Linux CoreOS (RHCOS) systems. 18.6.16. Updating the bootloader using bootupd To update the bootloader by using bootupd , you must either install bootupd on RHCOS machines manually or provide a machine config with the enabled systemd unit. Unlike grubby or other bootloader tools, bootupd does not manage kernel space configuration such as passing kernel arguments. After you have installed bootupd , you can manage it remotely from the OpenShift Container Platform cluster. Note It is recommended that you use bootupd only on bare metal or virtualized hypervisor installations, such as for protection against the BootHole vulnerability. Manual install method You can manually install bootupd by using the bootctl command-line tool. Inspect the system status: # bootupctl status Example output Component EFI Installed: grub2-efi-x64-1:2.04-31.fc33.x86_64,shim-x64-15-8.x86_64 Update: At latest version RHCOS images created without bootupd installed on them require an explicit adoption phase. If the system status is Adoptable , perform the adoption: # bootupctl adopt-and-update Example output Updated: grub2-efi-x64-1:2.04-31.fc33.x86_64,shim-x64-15-8.x86_64 If an update is available, apply the update so that the changes take effect on the reboot: # bootupctl update Example output Updated: grub2-efi-x64-1:2.04-31.fc33.x86_64,shim-x64-15-8.x86_64 Machine config method Another way to enable bootupd is by providing a machine config. Provide a machine config file with the enabled systemd unit, as shown in the following example: Example output variant: rhcos version: 1.1.0 systemd: units: - name: custom-bootupd-auto.service enabled: true contents: | [Unit] Description=Bootupd automatic update [Service] ExecStart=/usr/bin/bootupctl update RemainAfterExit=yes [Install] WantedBy=multi-user.target 18.6.17. Installing the OpenShift CLI by downloading the binary You can install the OpenShift CLI ( oc ) to interact with OpenShift Container Platform from a command-line interface. You can install oc on Linux, Windows, or macOS. Important If you installed an earlier version of oc , you cannot use it to complete all of the commands in OpenShift Container Platform 4.9. Download and install the new version of oc . Installing the OpenShift CLI on Linux You can install the OpenShift CLI ( oc ) binary on Linux by using the following procedure. Procedure Navigate to the OpenShift Container Platform downloads page on the Red Hat Customer Portal. Select the appropriate version in the Version drop-down menu. Click Download Now to the OpenShift v4.9 Linux Client entry and save the file. Unpack the archive: USD tar xvf <file> Place the oc binary in a directory that is on your PATH . To check your PATH , execute the following command: USD echo USDPATH After you install the OpenShift CLI, it is available using the oc command: USD oc <command> Installing the OpenShift CLI on Windows You can install the OpenShift CLI ( oc ) binary on Windows by using the following procedure. Procedure Navigate to the OpenShift Container Platform downloads page on the Red Hat Customer Portal. Select the appropriate version in the Version drop-down menu. Click Download Now to the OpenShift v4.9 Windows Client entry and save the file. Unzip the archive with a ZIP program. Move the oc binary to a directory that is on your PATH . To check your PATH , open the command prompt and execute the following command: C:\> path After you install the OpenShift CLI, it is available using the oc command: C:\> oc <command> Installing the OpenShift CLI on macOS You can install the OpenShift CLI ( oc ) binary on macOS by using the following procedure. Procedure Navigate to the OpenShift Container Platform downloads page on the Red Hat Customer Portal. Select the appropriate version in the Version drop-down menu. Click Download Now to the OpenShift v4.9 MacOSX Client entry and save the file. Unpack and unzip the archive. Move the oc binary to a directory on your PATH. To check your PATH , open a terminal and execute the following command: USD echo USDPATH After you install the OpenShift CLI, it is available using the oc command: USD oc <command> 18.6.18. Waiting for the bootstrap process to complete The OpenShift Container Platform bootstrap process begins after the cluster nodes first boot into the persistent RHCOS environment that has been installed to disk. The configuration information provided through the Ignition config files is used to initialize the bootstrap process and install OpenShift Container Platform on the machines. You must wait for the bootstrap process to complete. Prerequisites You have created the Ignition config files for your cluster. You have configured suitable network, DNS and load balancing infrastructure. You have obtained the installation program and generated the Ignition config files for your cluster. You installed RHCOS on your cluster machines and provided the Ignition config files that the OpenShift Container Platform installation program generated. Your machines have direct internet access or have an HTTP or HTTPS proxy available. Procedure Monitor the bootstrap process: USD ./openshift-install --dir <installation_directory> wait-for bootstrap-complete \ 1 --log-level=info 2 1 For <installation_directory> , specify the path to the directory that you stored the installation files in. 2 To view different installation details, specify warn , debug , or error instead of info . Example output INFO Waiting up to 30m0s for the Kubernetes API at https://api.test.example.com:6443... INFO API v1.22.1 up INFO Waiting up to 30m0s for bootstrapping to complete... INFO It is now safe to remove the bootstrap resources The command succeeds when the Kubernetes API server signals that it has been bootstrapped on the control plane machines. After bootstrap process is complete, remove the bootstrap machine from the load balancer. Important You must remove the bootstrap machine from the load balancer at this point. You can also remove or reformat the bootstrap machine itself. 18.6.19. Logging in to the cluster by using the CLI You can log in to your cluster as a default system user by exporting the cluster kubeconfig file. The kubeconfig file contains information about the cluster that is used by the CLI to connect a client to the correct cluster and API server. The file is specific to a cluster and is created during OpenShift Container Platform installation. Prerequisites You deployed an OpenShift Container Platform cluster. You installed the oc CLI. Procedure Export the kubeadmin credentials: USD export KUBECONFIG=<installation_directory>/auth/kubeconfig 1 1 For <installation_directory> , specify the path to the directory that you stored the installation files in. Verify you can run oc commands successfully using the exported configuration: USD oc whoami Example output system:admin 18.6.20. Approving the certificate signing requests for your machines When you add machines to a cluster, two pending certificate signing requests (CSRs) are generated for each machine that you added. You must confirm that these CSRs are approved or, if necessary, approve them yourself. The client requests must be approved first, followed by the server requests. Prerequisites You added machines to your cluster. Procedure Confirm that the cluster recognizes the machines: USD oc get nodes Example output NAME STATUS ROLES AGE VERSION master-0 Ready master 63m v1.22.1 master-1 Ready master 63m v1.22.1 master-2 Ready master 64m v1.22.1 The output lists all of the machines that you created. Note The preceding output might not include the compute nodes, also known as worker nodes, until some CSRs are approved. Review the pending CSRs and ensure that you see the client requests with the Pending or Approved status for each machine that you added to the cluster: USD oc get csr Example output NAME AGE REQUESTOR CONDITION csr-8b2br 15m system:serviceaccount:openshift-machine-config-operator:node-bootstrapper Pending csr-8vnps 15m system:serviceaccount:openshift-machine-config-operator:node-bootstrapper Pending ... In this example, two machines are joining the cluster. You might see more approved CSRs in the list. If the CSRs were not approved, after all of the pending CSRs for the machines you added are in Pending status, approve the CSRs for your cluster machines: Note Because the CSRs rotate automatically, approve your CSRs within an hour of adding the machines to the cluster. If you do not approve them within an hour, the certificates will rotate, and more than two certificates will be present for each node. You must approve all of these certificates. After the client CSR is approved, the Kubelet creates a secondary CSR for the serving certificate, which requires manual approval. Then, subsequent serving certificate renewal requests are automatically approved by the machine-approver if the Kubelet requests a new certificate with identical parameters. Note For clusters running on platforms that are not machine API enabled, such as bare metal and other user-provisioned infrastructure, you must implement a method of automatically approving the kubelet serving certificate requests (CSRs). If a request is not approved, then the oc exec , oc rsh , and oc logs commands cannot succeed, because a serving certificate is required when the API server connects to the kubelet. Any operation that contacts the Kubelet endpoint requires this certificate approval to be in place. The method must watch for new CSRs, confirm that the CSR was submitted by the node-bootstrapper service account in the system:node or system:admin groups, and confirm the identity of the node. To approve them individually, run the following command for each valid CSR: USD oc adm certificate approve <csr_name> 1 1 <csr_name> is the name of a CSR from the list of current CSRs. To approve all pending CSRs, run the following command: USD oc get csr -o go-template='{{range .items}}{{if not .status}}{{.metadata.name}}{{"\n"}}{{end}}{{end}}' | xargs --no-run-if-empty oc adm certificate approve Note Some Operators might not become available until some CSRs are approved. Now that your client requests are approved, you must review the server requests for each machine that you added to the cluster: USD oc get csr Example output NAME AGE REQUESTOR CONDITION csr-bfd72 5m26s system:node:ip-10-0-50-126.us-east-2.compute.internal Pending csr-c57lv 5m26s system:node:ip-10-0-95-157.us-east-2.compute.internal Pending ... If the remaining CSRs are not approved, and are in the Pending status, approve the CSRs for your cluster machines: To approve them individually, run the following command for each valid CSR: USD oc adm certificate approve <csr_name> 1 1 <csr_name> is the name of a CSR from the list of current CSRs. To approve all pending CSRs, run the following command: USD oc get csr -o go-template='{{range .items}}{{if not .status}}{{.metadata.name}}{{"\n"}}{{end}}{{end}}' | xargs oc adm certificate approve After all client and server CSRs have been approved, the machines have the Ready status. Verify this by running the following command: USD oc get nodes Example output NAME STATUS ROLES AGE VERSION master-0 Ready master 73m v1.22.1 master-1 Ready master 73m v1.22.1 master-2 Ready master 74m v1.22.1 worker-0 Ready worker 11m v1.22.1 worker-1 Ready worker 11m v1.22.1 Note It can take a few minutes after approval of the server CSRs for the machines to transition to the Ready status. Additional information For more information on CSRs, see Certificate Signing Requests . 18.6.21. Initial Operator configuration After the control plane initializes, you must immediately configure some Operators so that they all become available. Prerequisites Your control plane has initialized. Procedure Watch the cluster components come online: USD watch -n5 oc get clusteroperators Example output NAME VERSION AVAILABLE PROGRESSING DEGRADED SINCE authentication 4.9.0 True False False 19m baremetal 4.9.0 True False False 37m cloud-credential 4.9.0 True False False 40m cluster-autoscaler 4.9.0 True False False 37m config-operator 4.9.0 True False False 38m console 4.9.0 True False False 26m csi-snapshot-controller 4.9.0 True False False 37m dns 4.9.0 True False False 37m etcd 4.9.0 True False False 36m image-registry 4.9.0 True False False 31m ingress 4.9.0 True False False 30m insights 4.9.0 True False False 31m kube-apiserver 4.9.0 True False False 26m kube-controller-manager 4.9.0 True False False 36m kube-scheduler 4.9.0 True False False 36m kube-storage-version-migrator 4.9.0 True False False 37m machine-api 4.9.0 True False False 29m machine-approver 4.9.0 True False False 37m machine-config 4.9.0 True False False 36m marketplace 4.9.0 True False False 37m monitoring 4.9.0 True False False 29m network 4.9.0 True False False 38m node-tuning 4.9.0 True False False 37m openshift-apiserver 4.9.0 True False False 32m openshift-controller-manager 4.9.0 True False False 30m openshift-samples 4.9.0 True False False 32m operator-lifecycle-manager 4.9.0 True False False 37m operator-lifecycle-manager-catalog 4.9.0 True False False 37m operator-lifecycle-manager-packageserver 4.9.0 True False False 32m service-ca 4.9.0 True False False 38m storage 4.9.0 True False False 37m Configure the Operators that are not available. 18.6.21.1. Image registry removed during installation On platforms that do not provide shareable object storage, the OpenShift Image Registry Operator bootstraps itself as Removed . This allows openshift-installer to complete installations on these platform types. After installation, you must edit the Image Registry Operator configuration to switch the managementState from Removed to Managed . Note The Prometheus console provides an ImageRegistryRemoved alert, for example: "Image Registry has been removed. ImageStreamTags , BuildConfigs and DeploymentConfigs which reference ImageStreamTags may not work as expected. Please configure storage and update the config to Managed state by editing configs.imageregistry.operator.openshift.io." 18.6.21.2. Image registry storage configuration The Image Registry Operator is not initially available for platforms that do not provide default storage. After installation, you must configure your registry to use storage so that the Registry Operator is made available. Instructions are shown for configuring a persistent volume, which is required for production clusters. Where applicable, instructions are shown for configuring an empty directory as the storage location, which is available for only non-production clusters. Additional instructions are provided for allowing the image registry to use block storage types by using the Recreate rollout strategy during upgrades. 18.6.21.2.1. Configuring registry storage for VMware vSphere As a cluster administrator, following installation you must configure your registry to use storage. Prerequisites Cluster administrator permissions. A cluster on VMware vSphere. Persistent storage provisioned for your cluster, such as Red Hat OpenShift Container Storage. Important OpenShift Container Platform supports ReadWriteOnce access for image registry storage when you have only one replica. ReadWriteOnce access also requires that the registry uses the Recreate rollout strategy. To deploy an image registry that supports high availability with two or more replicas, ReadWriteMany access is required. Must have "100Gi" capacity. Important Testing shows issues with using the NFS server on RHEL as storage backend for core services. This includes the OpenShift Container Registry and Quay, Prometheus for monitoring storage, and Elasticsearch for logging storage. Therefore, using RHEL NFS to back PVs used by core services is not recommended. Other NFS implementations on the marketplace might not have these issues. Contact the individual NFS implementation vendor for more information on any testing that was possibly completed against these OpenShift Container Platform core components. Procedure To configure your registry to use storage, change the spec.storage.pvc in the configs.imageregistry/cluster resource. Note When using shared storage, review your security settings to prevent outside access. Verify that you do not have a registry pod: USD oc get pod -n openshift-image-registry -l docker-registry=default Example output No resourses found in openshift-image-registry namespace Note If you do have a registry pod in your output, you do not need to continue with this procedure. Check the registry configuration: USD oc edit configs.imageregistry.operator.openshift.io Example output storage: pvc: claim: 1 1 Leave the claim field blank to allow the automatic creation of an image-registry-storage persistent volume claim (PVC). The PVC is generated based on the default storage class. However, be aware that the default storage class might provide ReadWriteOnce (RWO) volumes, such as a RADOS Block Device (RBD), which can cause issues when replicating to more than one replica. Check the clusteroperator status: USD oc get clusteroperator image-registry Example output NAME VERSION AVAILABLE PROGRESSING DEGRADED SINCE MESSAGE image-registry 4.7 True False False 6h50m 18.6.21.2.2. Configuring storage for the image registry in non-production clusters You must configure storage for the Image Registry Operator. For non-production clusters, you can set the image registry to an empty directory. If you do so, all images are lost if you restart the registry. Procedure To set the image registry storage to an empty directory: USD oc patch configs.imageregistry.operator.openshift.io cluster --type merge --patch '{"spec":{"storage":{"emptyDir":{}}}}' Warning Configure this option for only non-production clusters. If you run this command before the Image Registry Operator initializes its components, the oc patch command fails with the following error: Error from server (NotFound): configs.imageregistry.operator.openshift.io "cluster" not found Wait a few minutes and run the command again. 18.6.21.2.3. Configuring block registry storage for VMware vSphere To allow the image registry to use block storage types such as vSphere Virtual Machine Disk (VMDK) during upgrades as a cluster administrator, you can use the Recreate rollout strategy. Important Block storage volumes are supported but not recommended for use with image registry on production clusters. An installation where the registry is configured on block storage is not highly available because the registry cannot have more than one replica. Procedure To set the image registry storage as a block storage type, patch the registry so that it uses the Recreate rollout strategy and runs with only 1 replica: USD oc patch config.imageregistry.operator.openshift.io/cluster --type=merge -p '{"spec":{"rolloutStrategy":"Recreate","replicas":1}}' Provision the PV for the block storage device, and create a PVC for that volume. The requested block volume uses the ReadWriteOnce (RWO) access mode. Create a pvc.yaml file with the following contents to define a VMware vSphere PersistentVolumeClaim object: kind: PersistentVolumeClaim apiVersion: v1 metadata: name: image-registry-storage 1 namespace: openshift-image-registry 2 spec: accessModes: - ReadWriteOnce 3 resources: requests: storage: 100Gi 4 1 A unique name that represents the PersistentVolumeClaim object. 2 The namespace for the PersistentVolumeClaim object, which is openshift-image-registry . 3 The access mode of the persistent volume claim. With ReadWriteOnce , the volume can be mounted with read and write permissions by a single node. 4 The size of the persistent volume claim. Create the PersistentVolumeClaim object from the file: USD oc create -f pvc.yaml -n openshift-image-registry Edit the registry configuration so that it references the correct PVC: USD oc edit config.imageregistry.operator.openshift.io -o yaml Example output storage: pvc: claim: 1 1 Creating a custom PVC allows you to leave the claim field blank for the default automatic creation of an image-registry-storage PVC. For instructions about configuring registry storage so that it references the correct PVC, see Configuring the registry for vSphere . 18.6.22. Completing installation on user-provisioned infrastructure After you complete the Operator configuration, you can finish installing the cluster on infrastructure that you provide. Prerequisites Your control plane has initialized. You have completed the initial Operator configuration. Procedure Confirm that all the cluster components are online with the following command: USD watch -n5 oc get clusteroperators Example output NAME VERSION AVAILABLE PROGRESSING DEGRADED SINCE authentication 4.9.0 True False False 19m baremetal 4.9.0 True False False 37m cloud-credential 4.9.0 True False False 40m cluster-autoscaler 4.9.0 True False False 37m config-operator 4.9.0 True False False 38m console 4.9.0 True False False 26m csi-snapshot-controller 4.9.0 True False False 37m dns 4.9.0 True False False 37m etcd 4.9.0 True False False 36m image-registry 4.9.0 True False False 31m ingress 4.9.0 True False False 30m insights 4.9.0 True False False 31m kube-apiserver 4.9.0 True False False 26m kube-controller-manager 4.9.0 True False False 36m kube-scheduler 4.9.0 True False False 36m kube-storage-version-migrator 4.9.0 True False False 37m machine-api 4.9.0 True False False 29m machine-approver 4.9.0 True False False 37m machine-config 4.9.0 True False False 36m marketplace 4.9.0 True False False 37m monitoring 4.9.0 True False False 29m network 4.9.0 True False False 38m node-tuning 4.9.0 True False False 37m openshift-apiserver 4.9.0 True False False 32m openshift-controller-manager 4.9.0 True False False 30m openshift-samples 4.9.0 True False False 32m operator-lifecycle-manager 4.9.0 True False False 37m operator-lifecycle-manager-catalog 4.9.0 True False False 37m operator-lifecycle-manager-packageserver 4.9.0 True False False 32m service-ca 4.9.0 True False False 38m storage 4.9.0 True False False 37m Alternatively, the following command notifies you when all of the clusters are available. It also retrieves and displays credentials: USD ./openshift-install --dir <installation_directory> wait-for install-complete 1 1 For <installation_directory> , specify the path to the directory that you stored the installation files in. Example output INFO Waiting up to 30m0s for the cluster to initialize... The command succeeds when the Cluster Version Operator finishes deploying the OpenShift Container Platform cluster from Kubernetes API server. Important The Ignition config files that the installation program generates contain certificates that expire after 24 hours, which are then renewed at that time. If the cluster is shut down before renewing the certificates and the cluster is later restarted after the 24 hours have elapsed, the cluster automatically recovers the expired certificates. The exception is that you must manually approve the pending node-bootstrapper certificate signing requests (CSRs) to recover kubelet certificates. See the documentation for Recovering from expired control plane certificates for more information. It is recommended that you use Ignition config files within 12 hours after they are generated because the 24-hour certificate rotates from 16 to 22 hours after the cluster is installed. By using the Ignition config files within 12 hours, you can avoid installation failure if the certificate update runs during installation. Confirm that the Kubernetes API server is communicating with the pods. To view a list of all pods, use the following command: USD oc get pods --all-namespaces Example output NAMESPACE NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE openshift-apiserver-operator openshift-apiserver-operator-85cb746d55-zqhs8 1/1 Running 1 9m openshift-apiserver apiserver-67b9g 1/1 Running 0 3m openshift-apiserver apiserver-ljcmx 1/1 Running 0 1m openshift-apiserver apiserver-z25h4 1/1 Running 0 2m openshift-authentication-operator authentication-operator-69d5d8bf84-vh2n8 1/1 Running 0 5m ... View the logs for a pod that is listed in the output of the command by using the following command: USD oc logs <pod_name> -n <namespace> 1 1 Specify the pod name and namespace, as shown in the output of the command. If the pod logs display, the Kubernetes API server can communicate with the cluster machines. For an installation with Fibre Channel Protocol (FCP), additional steps are required to enable multipathing. Do not enable multipathing during installation. See "Enabling multipathing with kernel arguments on RHCOS" in the Post-installation machine configuration tasks documentation for more information. You can add extra compute machines after the cluster installation is completed by following Adding compute machines to vSphere . 18.6.23. Backing up VMware vSphere volumes OpenShift Container Platform provisions new volumes as independent persistent disks to freely attach and detach the volume on any node in the cluster. As a consequence, it is not possible to back up volumes that use snapshots, or to restore volumes from snapshots. See Snapshot Limitations for more information. Procedure To create a backup of persistent volumes: Stop the application that is using the persistent volume. Clone the persistent volume. Restart the application. Create a backup of the cloned volume. Delete the cloned volume. 18.6.24. Telemetry access for OpenShift Container Platform In OpenShift Container Platform 4.9, the Telemetry service, which runs by default to provide metrics about cluster health and the success of updates, requires internet access. If your cluster is connected to the internet, Telemetry runs automatically, and your cluster is registered to OpenShift Cluster Manager . After you confirm that your OpenShift Cluster Manager inventory is correct, either maintained automatically by Telemetry or manually by using OpenShift Cluster Manager, use subscription watch to track your OpenShift Container Platform subscriptions at the account or multi-cluster level. Additional resources See About remote health monitoring for more information about the Telemetry service 18.6.25. steps Customize your cluster . If necessary, you can opt out of remote health reporting . Set up your registry and configure registry storage . Optional: View the events from the vSphere Problem Detector Operator to determine if the cluster has permission or storage configuration issues. 18.7. Installing a cluster on VMC with user-provisioned infrastructure and network customizations In OpenShift Container Platform version 4.9, you can install a cluster on your VMware vSphere instance using infrastructure you provision with customized network configuration options by deploying it to VMware Cloud (VMC) on AWS . Once you configure your VMC environment for OpenShift Container Platform deployment, you use the OpenShift Container Platform installation program from the bastion management host, co-located in the VMC environment. The installation program and control plane automates the process of deploying and managing the resources needed for the OpenShift Container Platform cluster. By customizing your network configuration, your cluster can coexist with existing IP address allocations in your environment and integrate with existing VXLAN configurations. You must set most of the network configuration parameters during installation, and you can modify only kubeProxy configuration parameters in a running cluster. Note OpenShift Container Platform supports deploying a cluster to a single VMware vCenter only. Deploying a cluster with machines/machine sets on multiple vCenters is not supported. 18.7.1. Setting up VMC for vSphere You can install OpenShift Container Platform on VMware Cloud (VMC) on AWS hosted vSphere clusters to enable applications to be deployed and managed both on-premise and off-premise, across the hybrid cloud. You must configure several options in your VMC environment prior to installing OpenShift Container Platform on VMware vSphere. Ensure your VMC environment has the following prerequisites: Create a non-exclusive, DHCP-enabled, NSX-T network segment and subnet. Other virtual machines (VMs) can be hosted on the subnet, but at least eight IP addresses must be available for the OpenShift Container Platform deployment. Configure the following firewall rules: An ANY:ANY firewall rule between the OpenShift Container Platform compute network and the internet. This is used by nodes and applications to download container images. An ANY:ANY firewall rule between the installation host and the software-defined data center (SDDC) management network on port 443. This allows you to upload the Red Hat Enterprise Linux CoreOS (RHCOS) OVA during deployment. An HTTPS firewall rule between the OpenShift Container Platform compute network and vCenter. This connection allows OpenShift Container Platform to communicate with vCenter for provisioning and managing nodes, persistent volume claims (PVCs), and other resources. You must have the following information to deploy OpenShift Container Platform: The OpenShift Container Platform cluster name, such as vmc-prod-1 . The base DNS name, such as companyname.com . If not using the default, the pod network CIDR and services network CIDR must be identified, which are set by default to 10.128.0.0/14 and 172.30.0.0/16 , respectively. These CIDRs are used for pod-to-pod and pod-to-service communication and are not accessible externally; however, they must not overlap with existing subnets in your organization. The following vCenter information: vCenter hostname, username, and password Datacenter name, such as SDDC-Datacenter Cluster name, such as Cluster-1 Network name Datastore name, such as WorkloadDatastore Note It is recommended to move your vSphere cluster to the VMC Compute-ResourcePool resource pool after your cluster installation is finished. A Linux-based host deployed to VMC as a bastion. The bastion host can be Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) or any another Linux-based host; it must have internet connectivity and the ability to upload an OVA to the ESXi hosts. Download and install the OpenShift CLI tools to the bastion host. The openshift-install installation program The OpenShift CLI ( oc ) tool Note You cannot use the VMware NSX Container Plugin for Kubernetes (NCP), and NSX is not used as the OpenShift SDN. The version of NSX currently available with VMC is incompatible with the version of NCP certified with OpenShift Container Platform. However, the NSX DHCP service is used for virtual machine IP management with the full-stack automated OpenShift Container Platform deployment and with nodes provisioned, either manually or automatically, by the Machine API integration with vSphere. Additionally, NSX firewall rules are created to enable access with the OpenShift Container Platform cluster and between the bastion host and the VMC vSphere hosts. 18.7.1.1. VMC Sizer tool VMware Cloud on AWS is built on top of AWS bare metal infrastructure; this is the same bare metal infrastructure which runs AWS native services. When a VMware cloud on AWS software-defined data center (SDDC) is deployed, you consume these physical server nodes and run the VMware ESXi hypervisor in a single tenant fashion. This means the physical infrastructure is not accessible to anyone else using VMC. It is important to consider how many physical hosts you will need to host your virtual infrastructure. To determine this, VMware provides the VMC on AWS Sizer . With this tool, you can define the resources you intend to host on VMC: Types of workloads Total number of virtual machines Specification information such as: Storage requirements vCPUs vRAM Overcommit ratios With these details, the sizer tool can generate a report, based on VMware best practices, and recommend your cluster configuration and the number of hosts you will need. 18.7.2. vSphere prerequisites You reviewed details about the OpenShift Container Platform installation and update processes. You read the documentation on selecting a cluster installation method and preparing it for users . You provisioned block registry storage . For more information on persistent storage, see Understanding persistent storage . If you use a firewall, you configured it to allow the sites that your cluster requires access to. 18.7.3. Internet access for OpenShift Container Platform In OpenShift Container Platform 4.9, you require access to the internet to install your cluster. You must have internet access to: Access OpenShift Cluster Manager to download the installation program and perform subscription management. If the cluster has internet access and you do not disable Telemetry, that service automatically entitles your cluster. Access Quay.io to obtain the packages that are required to install your cluster. Obtain the packages that are required to perform cluster updates. Important If your cluster cannot have direct internet access, you can perform a restricted network installation on some types of infrastructure that you provision. During that process, you download the required content and use it to populate a mirror registry with the installation packages. With some installation types, the environment that you install your cluster in will not require internet access. Before you update the cluster, you update the content of the mirror registry. 18.7.4. VMware vSphere infrastructure requirements You must install the OpenShift Container Platform cluster on a VMware vSphere version 6 or 7 instance that meets the requirements for the components that you use. Table 18.58. Version requirements for vSphere virtual environments Virtual environment product Required version VM hardware version 13 or later vSphere ESXi hosts 6.5 or later vCenter host 6.5 or later Important Installing a cluster on VMware vSphere version 6.7U2 or earlier and virtual hardware version 13 is now deprecated. These versions are still fully supported, but support will be removed in a future version of OpenShift Container Platform. Hardware version 15 is now the default for vSphere virtual machines in OpenShift Container Platform. To update the hardware version for your vSphere nodes, see the "Updating hardware on nodes running in vSphere" article. Table 18.59. Minimum supported vSphere version for VMware components Component Minimum supported versions Description Hypervisor vSphere 6.5 and later with HW version 13 This version is the minimum version that Red Hat Enterprise Linux CoreOS (RHCOS) supports. See the Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8 supported hypervisors list . Storage with in-tree drivers vSphere 6.5 and later This plugin creates vSphere storage by using the in-tree storage drivers for vSphere included in OpenShift Container Platform. If you use a vSphere version 6.5 instance, consider upgrading to 6.7U3 or 7.0 before you install OpenShift Container Platform. Important You must ensure that the time on your ESXi hosts is synchronized before you install OpenShift Container Platform. See Edit Time Configuration for a Host in the VMware documentation. Additional resources To update the hardware version for your vSphere nodes, see Updating hardware on nodes running in vSphere . 18.7.5. Requirements for a cluster with user-provisioned infrastructure For a cluster that contains user-provisioned infrastructure, you must deploy all of the required machines. This section describes the requirements for deploying OpenShift Container Platform on user-provisioned infrastructure. 18.7.5.1. Required machines for cluster installation The smallest OpenShift Container Platform clusters require the following hosts: Table 18.60. Minimum required hosts Hosts Description One temporary bootstrap machine The cluster requires the bootstrap machine to deploy the OpenShift Container Platform cluster on the three control plane machines. You can remove the bootstrap machine after you install the cluster. Three control plane machines The control plane machines run the Kubernetes and OpenShift Container Platform services that form the control plane. At least two compute machines, which are also known as worker machines. The workloads requested by OpenShift Container Platform users run on the compute machines. Important To maintain high availability of your cluster, use separate physical hosts for these cluster machines. The bootstrap and control plane machines must use Red Hat Enterprise Linux CoreOS (RHCOS) as the operating system. However, the compute machines can choose between Red Hat Enterprise Linux CoreOS (RHCOS), Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) 7.9, or RHEL 8.4. Note that RHCOS is based on Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) 8 and inherits all of its hardware certifications and requirements. See Red Hat Enterprise Linux technology capabilities and limits . 18.7.5.2. Minimum resource requirements for cluster installation Each cluster machine must meet the following minimum requirements: Table 18.61. Minimum resource requirements Machine Operating System vCPU [1] Virtual RAM Storage IOPS [2] Bootstrap RHCOS 4 16 GB 100 GB 300 Control plane RHCOS 4 16 GB 100 GB 300 Compute RHCOS, RHEL 7.9, or RHEL 8.4 [3] 2 8 GB 100 GB 300 One vCPU is equivalent to one physical core when simultaneous multithreading (SMT), or hyperthreading, is not enabled. When enabled, use the following formula to calculate the corresponding ratio: (threads per core x cores) x sockets = vCPUs. OpenShift Container Platform and Kubernetes are sensitive to disk performance, and faster storage is recommended, particularly for etcd on the control plane nodes which require a 10 ms p99 fsync duration. Note that on many cloud platforms, storage size and IOPS scale together, so you might need to over-allocate storage volume to obtain sufficient performance. As with all user-provisioned installations, if you choose to use RHEL compute machines in your cluster, you take responsibility for all operating system life cycle management and maintenance, including performing system updates, applying patches, and completing all other required tasks. Use of RHEL 7 compute machines is deprecated and planned for removal in a future release of OpenShift Container Platform 4. 18.7.5.3. Certificate signing requests management Because your cluster has limited access to automatic machine management when you use infrastructure that you provision, you must provide a mechanism for approving cluster certificate signing requests (CSRs) after installation. The kube-controller-manager only approves the kubelet client CSRs. The machine-approver cannot guarantee the validity of a serving certificate that is requested by using kubelet credentials because it cannot confirm that the correct machine issued the request. You must determine and implement a method of verifying the validity of the kubelet serving certificate requests and approving them. 18.7.5.4. Networking requirements for user-provisioned infrastructure All the Red Hat Enterprise Linux CoreOS (RHCOS) machines require networking to be configured in initramfs during boot to fetch their Ignition config files. During the initial boot, the machines require an IP address configuration that is set either through a DHCP server or statically by providing the required boot options. After a network connection is established, the machines download their Ignition config files from an HTTP or HTTPS server. The Ignition config files are then used to set the exact state of each machine. The Machine Config Operator completes more changes to the machines, such as the application of new certificates or keys, after installation. It is recommended to use a DHCP server for long-term management of the cluster machines. Ensure that the DHCP server is configured to provide persistent IP addresses, DNS server information, and hostnames to the cluster machines. Note If a DHCP service is not available for your user-provisioned infrastructure, you can instead provide the IP networking configuration and the address of the DNS server to the nodes at RHCOS install time. These can be passed as boot arguments if you are installing from an ISO image. See the Installing RHCOS and starting the OpenShift Container Platform bootstrap process section for more information about static IP provisioning and advanced networking options. The Kubernetes API server must be able to resolve the node names of the cluster machines. If the API servers and worker nodes are in different zones, you can configure a default DNS search zone to allow the API server to resolve the node names. Another supported approach is to always refer to hosts by their fully-qualified domain names in both the node objects and all DNS requests. 18.7.5.4.1. Setting the cluster node hostnames through DHCP On Red Hat Enterprise Linux CoreOS (RHCOS) machines, the hostname is set through NetworkManager. By default, the machines obtain their hostname through DHCP. If the hostname is not provided by DHCP, set statically through kernel arguments, or another method, it is obtained through a reverse DNS lookup. Reverse DNS lookup occurs after the network has been initialized on a node and can take time to resolve. Other system services can start prior to this and detect the hostname as localhost or similar. You can avoid this by using DHCP to provide the hostname for each cluster node. Additionally, setting the hostnames through DHCP can bypass any manual DNS record name configuration errors in environments that have a DNS split-horizon implementation. 18.7.5.4.2. Network connectivity requirements You must configure the network connectivity between machines to allow OpenShift Container Platform cluster components to communicate. Each machine must be able to resolve the hostnames of all other machines in the cluster. This section provides details about the ports that are required. Important In connected OpenShift Container Platform environments, all nodes are required to have internet access to pull images for platform containers and provide telemetry data to Red Hat. Table 18.62. Ports used for all-machine to all-machine communications Protocol Port Description ICMP N/A Network reachability tests TCP 1936 Metrics 9000 - 9999 Host level services, including the node exporter on ports 9100 - 9101 and the Cluster Version Operator on port 9099 . 10250 - 10259 The default ports that Kubernetes reserves 10256 openshift-sdn UDP 4789 VXLAN and Geneve 6081 VXLAN and Geneve 9000 - 9999 Host level services, including the node exporter on ports 9100 - 9101 . 500 IPsec IKE packets 4500 IPsec NAT-T packets TCP/UDP 30000 - 32767 Kubernetes node port ESP N/A IPsec Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) Table 18.63. Ports used for all-machine to control plane communications Protocol Port Description TCP 6443 Kubernetes API Table 18.64. Ports used for control plane machine to control plane machine communications Protocol Port Description TCP 2379 - 2380 etcd server and peer ports NTP configuration for user-provisioned infrastructure OpenShift Container Platform clusters are configured to use a public Network Time Protocol (NTP) server by default. If you want to use a local enterprise NTP server, or if your cluster is being deployed in a disconnected network, you can configure the cluster to use a specific time server. For more information, see the documentation for Configuring chrony time service . If a DHCP server provides NTP server information, the chrony time service on the Red Hat Enterprise Linux CoreOS (RHCOS) machines read the information and can sync the clock with the NTP servers. 18.7.5.5. User-provisioned DNS requirements In OpenShift Container Platform deployments, DNS name resolution is required for the following components: The Kubernetes API The OpenShift Container Platform application wildcard The bootstrap, control plane, and compute machines Reverse DNS resolution is also required for the Kubernetes API, the bootstrap machine, the control plane machines, and the compute machines. DNS A/AAAA or CNAME records are used for name resolution and PTR records are used for reverse name resolution. The reverse records are important because Red Hat Enterprise Linux CoreOS (RHCOS) uses the reverse records to set the hostnames for all the nodes, unless the hostnames are provided by DHCP. Additionally, the reverse records are used to generate the certificate signing requests (CSR) that OpenShift Container Platform needs to operate. Note It is recommended to use a DHCP server to provide the hostnames to each cluster node. See the DHCP recommendations for user-provisioned infrastructure section for more information. The following DNS records are required for a user-provisioned OpenShift Container Platform cluster and they must be in place before installation. In each record, <cluster_name> is the cluster name and <base_domain> is the base domain that you specify in the install-config.yaml file. A complete DNS record takes the form: <component>.<cluster_name>.<base_domain>. . Table 18.65. Required DNS records Component Record Description Kubernetes API api.<cluster_name>.<base_domain>. A DNS A/AAAA or CNAME record, and a DNS PTR record, to identify the API load balancer. These records must be resolvable by both clients external to the cluster and from all the nodes within the cluster. api-int.<cluster_name>.<base_domain>. A DNS A/AAAA or CNAME record, and a DNS PTR record, to internally identify the API load balancer. These records must be resolvable from all the nodes within the cluster. Important The API server must be able to resolve the worker nodes by the hostnames that are recorded in Kubernetes. If the API server cannot resolve the node names, then proxied API calls can fail, and you cannot retrieve logs from pods. Routes *.apps.<cluster_name>.<base_domain>. A wildcard DNS A/AAAA or CNAME record that refers to the application ingress load balancer. The application ingress load balancer targets the machines that run the Ingress Controller pods. The Ingress Controller pods run on the compute machines by default. These records must be resolvable by both clients external to the cluster and from all the nodes within the cluster. For example, console-openshift-console.apps.<cluster_name>.<base_domain> is used as a wildcard route to the OpenShift Container Platform console. Bootstrap machine bootstrap.<cluster_name>.<base_domain>. A DNS A/AAAA or CNAME record, and a DNS PTR record, to identify the bootstrap machine. These records must be resolvable by the nodes within the cluster. Control plane machines <master><n>.<cluster_name>.<base_domain>. DNS A/AAAA or CNAME records and DNS PTR records to identify each machine for the control plane nodes. These records must be resolvable by the nodes within the cluster. Compute machines <worker><n>.<cluster_name>.<base_domain>. DNS A/AAAA or CNAME records and DNS PTR records to identify each machine for the worker nodes. These records must be resolvable by the nodes within the cluster. Note In OpenShift Container Platform 4.4 and later, you do not need to specify etcd host and SRV records in your DNS configuration. Tip You can use the dig command to verify name and reverse name resolution. See the section on Validating DNS resolution for user-provisioned infrastructure for detailed validation steps. 18.7.5.5.1. Example DNS configuration for user-provisioned clusters This section provides A and PTR record configuration samples that meet the DNS requirements for deploying OpenShift Container Platform on user-provisioned infrastructure. The samples are not meant to provide advice for choosing one DNS solution over another. In the examples, the cluster name is ocp4 and the base domain is example.com . Example DNS A record configuration for a user-provisioned cluster The following example is a BIND zone file that shows sample A records for name resolution in a user-provisioned cluster. Example 18.16. Sample DNS zone database USDTTL 1W @ IN SOA ns1.example.com. root ( 2019070700 ; serial 3H ; refresh (3 hours) 30M ; retry (30 minutes) 2W ; expiry (2 weeks) 1W ) ; minimum (1 week) IN NS ns1.example.com. IN MX 10 smtp.example.com. ; ; ns1.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.5 smtp.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.5 ; helper.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.5 helper.ocp4.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.5 ; api.ocp4.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.5 1 api-int.ocp4.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.5 2 ; *.apps.ocp4.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.5 3 ; bootstrap.ocp4.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.96 4 ; master0.ocp4.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.97 5 master1.ocp4.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.98 6 master2.ocp4.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.99 7 ; worker0.ocp4.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.11 8 worker1.ocp4.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.7 9 ; ;EOF 1 Provides name resolution for the Kubernetes API. The record refers to the IP address of the API load balancer. 2 Provides name resolution for the Kubernetes API. The record refers to the IP address of the API load balancer and is used for internal cluster communications. 3 Provides name resolution for the wildcard routes. The record refers to the IP address of the application ingress load balancer. The application ingress load balancer targets the machines that run the Ingress Controller pods. The Ingress Controller pods run on the compute machines by default. Note In the example, the same load balancer is used for the Kubernetes API and application ingress traffic. In production scenarios, you can deploy the API and application ingress load balancers separately so that you can scale the load balancer infrastructure for each in isolation. 4 Provides name resolution for the bootstrap machine. 5 6 7 Provides name resolution for the control plane machines. 8 9 Provides name resolution for the compute machines. Example DNS PTR record configuration for a user-provisioned cluster The following example BIND zone file shows sample PTR records for reverse name resolution in a user-provisioned cluster. Example 18.17. Sample DNS zone database for reverse records USDTTL 1W @ IN SOA ns1.example.com. root ( 2019070700 ; serial 3H ; refresh (3 hours) 30M ; retry (30 minutes) 2W ; expiry (2 weeks) 1W ) ; minimum (1 week) IN NS ns1.example.com. ; 5.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. IN PTR api.ocp4.example.com. 1 5.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. IN PTR api-int.ocp4.example.com. 2 ; 96.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. IN PTR bootstrap.ocp4.example.com. 3 ; 97.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. IN PTR master0.ocp4.example.com. 4 98.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. IN PTR master1.ocp4.example.com. 5 99.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. IN PTR master2.ocp4.example.com. 6 ; 11.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. IN PTR worker0.ocp4.example.com. 7 7.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. IN PTR worker1.ocp4.example.com. 8 ; ;EOF 1 Provides reverse DNS resolution for the Kubernetes API. The PTR record refers to the record name of the API load balancer. 2 Provides reverse DNS resolution for the Kubernetes API. The PTR record refers to the record name of the API load balancer and is used for internal cluster communications. 3 Provides reverse DNS resolution for the bootstrap machine. 4 5 6 Provides reverse DNS resolution for the control plane machines. 7 8 Provides reverse DNS resolution for the compute machines. Note A PTR record is not required for the OpenShift Container Platform application wildcard. 18.7.5.6. Load balancing requirements for user-provisioned infrastructure Before you install OpenShift Container Platform, you must provision the API and application ingress load balancing infrastructure. In production scenarios, you can deploy the API and application ingress load balancers separately so that you can scale the load balancer infrastructure for each in isolation. Note If you want to deploy the API and application ingress load balancers with a Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) instance, you must purchase the RHEL subscription separately. The load balancing infrastructure must meet the following requirements: API load balancer : Provides a common endpoint for users, both human and machine, to interact with and configure the platform. Configure the following conditions: Layer 4 load balancing only. This can be referred to as Raw TCP, SSL Passthrough, or SSL Bridge mode. If you use SSL Bridge mode, you must enable Server Name Indication (SNI) for the API routes. A stateless load balancing algorithm. The options vary based on the load balancer implementation. Note Session persistence is not required for the API load balancer to function properly. Configure the following ports on both the front and back of the load balancers: Table 18.66. API load balancer Port Back-end machines (pool members) Internal External Description 6443 Bootstrap and control plane. You remove the bootstrap machine from the load balancer after the bootstrap machine initializes the cluster control plane. You must configure the /readyz endpoint for the API server health check probe. X X Kubernetes API server 22623 Bootstrap and control plane. You remove the bootstrap machine from the load balancer after the bootstrap machine initializes the cluster control plane. X Machine config server Note The load balancer must be configured to take a maximum of 30 seconds from the time the API server turns off the /readyz endpoint to the removal of the API server instance from the pool. Within the time frame after /readyz returns an error or becomes healthy, the endpoint must have been removed or added. Probing every 5 or 10 seconds, with two successful requests to become healthy and three to become unhealthy, are well-tested values. Application ingress load balancer : Provides an ingress point for application traffic flowing in from outside the cluster. Configure the following conditions: Layer 4 load balancing only. This can be referred to as Raw TCP, SSL Passthrough, or SSL Bridge mode. If you use SSL Bridge mode, you must enable Server Name Indication (SNI) for the ingress routes. A connection-based or session-based persistence is recommended, based on the options available and types of applications that will be hosted on the platform. Tip If the true IP address of the client can be seen by the application ingress load balancer, enabling source IP-based session persistence can improve performance for applications that use end-to-end TLS encryption. Configure the following ports on both the front and back of the load balancers: Table 18.67. Application ingress load balancer Port Back-end machines (pool members) Internal External Description 443 The machines that run the Ingress Controller pods, compute, or worker, by default. X X HTTPS traffic 80 The machines that run the Ingress Controller pods, compute, or worker, by default. X X HTTP traffic 1936 The worker nodes that run the Ingress Controller pods, by default. You must configure the /healthz/ready endpoint for the ingress health check probe. X X HTTP traffic Note If you are deploying a three-node cluster with zero compute nodes, the Ingress Controller pods run on the control plane nodes. In three-node cluster deployments, you must configure your application ingress load balancer to route HTTP and HTTPS traffic to the control plane nodes. Note A working configuration for the Ingress router is required for an OpenShift Container Platform cluster. You must configure the Ingress router after the control plane initializes. 18.7.5.6.1. Example load balancer configuration for user-provisioned clusters This section provides an example API and application ingress load balancer configuration that meets the load balancing requirements for user-provisioned clusters. The sample is an /etc/haproxy/haproxy.cfg configuration for an HAProxy load balancer. The example is not meant to provide advice for choosing one load balancing solution over another. Note In the example, the same load balancer is used for the Kubernetes API and application ingress traffic. In production scenarios you can deploy the API and application ingress load balancers separately so that you can scale the load balancer infrastructure for each in isolation. Example 18.18. Sample API and application ingress load balancer configuration global log 127.0.0.1 local2 pidfile /var/run/haproxy.pid maxconn 4000 daemon defaults mode http log global option dontlognull option http-server-close option redispatch retries 3 timeout http-request 10s timeout queue 1m timeout connect 10s timeout client 1m timeout server 1m timeout http-keep-alive 10s timeout check 10s maxconn 3000 frontend stats bind *:1936 mode http log global maxconn 10 stats enable stats hide-version stats refresh 30s stats show-node stats show-desc Stats for ocp4 cluster 1 stats auth admin:ocp4 stats uri /stats listen api-server-6443 2 bind *:6443 mode tcp server bootstrap bootstrap.ocp4.example.com:6443 check inter 1s backup 3 server master0 master0.ocp4.example.com:6443 check inter 1s server master1 master1.ocp4.example.com:6443 check inter 1s server master2 master2.ocp4.example.com:6443 check inter 1s listen machine-config-server-22623 4 bind *:22623 mode tcp server bootstrap bootstrap.ocp4.example.com:22623 check inter 1s backup 5 server master0 master0.ocp4.example.com:22623 check inter 1s server master1 master1.ocp4.example.com:22623 check inter 1s server master2 master2.ocp4.example.com:22623 check inter 1s listen ingress-router-443 6 bind *:443 mode tcp balance source server worker0 worker0.ocp4.example.com:443 check inter 1s server worker1 worker1.ocp4.example.com:443 check inter 1s listen ingress-router-80 7 bind *:80 mode tcp balance source server worker0 worker0.ocp4.example.com:80 check inter 1s server worker1 worker1.ocp4.example.com:80 check inter 1s 1 In the example, the cluster name is ocp4 . 2 Port 6443 handles the Kubernetes API traffic and points to the control plane machines. 3 5 The bootstrap entries must be in place before the OpenShift Container Platform cluster installation and they must be removed after the bootstrap process is complete. 4 Port 22623 handles the machine config server traffic and points to the control plane machines. 6 Port 443 handles the HTTPS traffic and points to the machines that run the Ingress Controller pods. The Ingress Controller pods run on the compute machines by default. 7 Port 80 handles the HTTP traffic and points to the machines that run the Ingress Controller pods. The Ingress Controller pods run on the compute machines by default. Note If you are deploying a three-node cluster with zero compute nodes, the Ingress Controller pods run on the control plane nodes. In three-node cluster deployments, you must configure your application ingress load balancer to route HTTP and HTTPS traffic to the control plane nodes. Tip If you are using HAProxy as a load balancer, you can check that the haproxy process is listening on ports 6443 , 22623 , 443 , and 80 by running netstat -nltupe on the HAProxy node. Note If you are using HAProxy as a load balancer and SELinux is set to enforcing , you must ensure that the HAProxy service can bind to the configured TCP port by running setsebool -P haproxy_connect_any=1 . 18.7.6. Preparing the user-provisioned infrastructure Before you install OpenShift Container Platform on user-provisioned infrastructure, you must prepare the underlying infrastructure. This section provides details about the high-level steps required to set up your cluster infrastructure in preparation for an OpenShift Container Platform installation. This includes configuring IP networking and network connectivity for your cluster nodes, enabling the required ports through your firewall, and setting up the required DNS and load balancing infrastructure. After preparation, your cluster infrastructure must meet the requirements outlined in the Requirements for a cluster with user-provisioned infrastructure section. Prerequisites You have reviewed the OpenShift Container Platform 4.x Tested Integrations page. You have reviewed the infrastructure requirements detailed in the Requirements for a cluster with user-provisioned infrastructure section. Procedure If you are using DHCP to provide the IP networking configuration to your cluster nodes, configure your DHCP service. Add persistent IP addresses for the nodes to your DHCP server configuration. In your configuration, match the MAC address of the relevant network interface to the intended IP address for each node. When you use DHCP to configure IP addressing for the cluster machines, the machines also obtain the DNS server information through DHCP. Define the persistent DNS server address that is used by the cluster nodes through your DHCP server configuration. Note If you are not using a DHCP service, you must provide the IP networking configuration and the address of the DNS server to the nodes at RHCOS install time. These can be passed as boot arguments if you are installing from an ISO image. See the Installing RHCOS and starting the OpenShift Container Platform bootstrap process section for more information about static IP provisioning and advanced networking options. Define the hostnames of your cluster nodes in your DHCP server configuration. See the Setting the cluster node hostnames through DHCP section for details about hostname considerations. Note If you are not using a DHCP service, the cluster nodes obtain their hostname through a reverse DNS lookup. Ensure that your network infrastructure provides the required network connectivity between the cluster components. See the Networking requirements for user-provisioned infrastructure section for details about the requirements. Configure your firewall to enable the ports required for the OpenShift Container Platform cluster components to communicate. See Networking requirements for user-provisioned infrastructure section for details about the ports that are required. Setup the required DNS infrastructure for your cluster. Configure DNS name resolution for the Kubernetes API, the application wildcard, the bootstrap machine, the control plane machines, and the compute machines. Configure reverse DNS resolution for the Kubernetes API, the bootstrap machine, the control plane machines, and the compute machines. See the User-provisioned DNS requirements section for more information about the OpenShift Container Platform DNS requirements. Validate your DNS configuration. From your installation node, run DNS lookups against the record names of the Kubernetes API, the wildcard routes, and the cluster nodes. Validate that the IP addresses in the responses correspond to the correct components. From your installation node, run reverse DNS lookups against the IP addresses of the load balancer and the cluster nodes. Validate that the record names in the responses correspond to the correct components. See the Validating DNS resolution for user-provisioned infrastructure section for detailed DNS validation steps. Provision the required API and application ingress load balancing infrastructure. See the Load balancing requirements for user-provisioned infrastructure section for more information about the requirements. Note Some load balancing solutions require the DNS name resolution for the cluster nodes to be in place before the load balancing is initialized. 18.7.7. Validating DNS resolution for user-provisioned infrastructure You can validate your DNS configuration before installing OpenShift Container Platform on user-provisioned infrastructure. Important The validation steps detailed in this section must succeed before you install your cluster. Prerequisites You have configured the required DNS records for your user-provisioned infrastructure. Procedure From your installation node, run DNS lookups against the record names of the Kubernetes API, the wildcard routes, and the cluster nodes. Validate that the IP addresses contained in the responses correspond to the correct components. Perform a lookup against the Kubernetes API record name. Check that the result points to the IP address of the API load balancer: USD dig +noall +answer @<nameserver_ip> api.<cluster_name>.<base_domain> 1 1 Replace <nameserver_ip> with the IP address of the nameserver, <cluster_name> with your cluster name, and <base_domain> with your base domain name. Example output api.ocp4.example.com. 0 IN A 192.168.1.5 Perform a lookup against the Kubernetes internal API record name. Check that the result points to the IP address of the API load balancer: USD dig +noall +answer @<nameserver_ip> api-int.<cluster_name>.<base_domain> Example output api-int.ocp4.example.com. 0 IN A 192.168.1.5 Test an example *.apps.<cluster_name>.<base_domain> DNS wildcard lookup. All of the application wildcard lookups must resolve to the IP address of the application ingress load balancer: USD dig +noall +answer @<nameserver_ip> random.apps.<cluster_name>.<base_domain> Example output random.apps.ocp4.example.com. 0 IN A 192.168.1.5 Note In the example outputs, the same load balancer is used for the Kubernetes API and application ingress traffic. In production scenarios, you can deploy the API and application ingress load balancers separately so that you can scale the load balancer infrastructure for each in isolation. You can replace random with another wildcard value. For example, you can query the route to the OpenShift Container Platform console: USD dig +noall +answer @<nameserver_ip> console-openshift-console.apps.<cluster_name>.<base_domain> Example output console-openshift-console.apps.ocp4.example.com. 0 IN A 192.168.1.5 Run a lookup against the bootstrap DNS record name. Check that the result points to the IP address of the bootstrap node: USD dig +noall +answer @<nameserver_ip> bootstrap.<cluster_name>.<base_domain> Example output bootstrap.ocp4.example.com. 0 IN A 192.168.1.96 Use this method to perform lookups against the DNS record names for the control plane and compute nodes. Check that the results correspond to the IP addresses of each node. From your installation node, run reverse DNS lookups against the IP addresses of the load balancer and the cluster nodes. Validate that the record names contained in the responses correspond to the correct components. Perform a reverse lookup against the IP address of the API load balancer. Check that the response includes the record names for the Kubernetes API and the Kubernetes internal API: USD dig +noall +answer @<nameserver_ip> -x 192.168.1.5 Example output 5.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. 0 IN PTR api-int.ocp4.example.com. 1 5.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. 0 IN PTR api.ocp4.example.com. 2 1 Provides the record name for the Kubernetes internal API. 2 Provides the record name for the Kubernetes API. Note A PTR record is not required for the OpenShift Container Platform application wildcard. No validation step is needed for reverse DNS resolution against the IP address of the application ingress load balancer. Perform a reverse lookup against the IP address of the bootstrap node. Check that the result points to the DNS record name of the bootstrap node: USD dig +noall +answer @<nameserver_ip> -x 192.168.1.96 Example output 96.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. 0 IN PTR bootstrap.ocp4.example.com. Use this method to perform reverse lookups against the IP addresses for the control plane and compute nodes. Check that the results correspond to the DNS record names of each node. 18.7.8. Generating a key pair for cluster node SSH access During an OpenShift Container Platform installation, you can provide an SSH public key to the installation program. The key is passed to the Red Hat Enterprise Linux CoreOS (RHCOS) nodes through their Ignition config files and is used to authenticate SSH access to the nodes. The key is added to the ~/.ssh/authorized_keys list for the core user on each node, which enables password-less authentication. After the key is passed to the nodes, you can use the key pair to SSH in to the RHCOS nodes as the user core . To access the nodes through SSH, the private key identity must be managed by SSH for your local user. If you want to SSH in to your cluster nodes to perform installation debugging or disaster recovery, you must provide the SSH public key during the installation process. The ./openshift-install gather command also requires the SSH public key to be in place on the cluster nodes. Important Do not skip this procedure in production environments, where disaster recovery and debugging is required. Note You must use a local key, not one that you configured with platform-specific approaches such as AWS key pairs . Procedure If you do not have an existing SSH key pair on your local machine to use for authentication onto your cluster nodes, create one. For example, on a computer that uses a Linux operating system, run the following command: USD ssh-keygen -t ed25519 -N '' -f <path>/<file_name> 1 1 Specify the path and file name, such as ~/.ssh/id_ed25519 , of the new SSH key. If you have an existing key pair, ensure your public key is in the your ~/.ssh directory. Note If you plan to install an OpenShift Container Platform cluster that uses FIPS Validated / Modules in Process cryptographic libraries on the x86_64 architecture, do not create a key that uses the ed25519 algorithm. Instead, create a key that uses the rsa or ecdsa algorithm. View the public SSH key: USD cat <path>/<file_name>.pub For example, run the following to view the ~/.ssh/id_ed25519.pub public key: USD cat ~/.ssh/id_ed25519.pub Add the SSH private key identity to the SSH agent for your local user, if it has not already been added. SSH agent management of the key is required for password-less SSH authentication onto your cluster nodes, or if you want to use the ./openshift-install gather command. Note On some distributions, default SSH private key identities such as ~/.ssh/id_rsa and ~/.ssh/id_dsa are managed automatically. If the ssh-agent process is not already running for your local user, start it as a background task: USD eval "USD(ssh-agent -s)" Example output Agent pid 31874 Note If your cluster is in FIPS mode, only use FIPS-compliant algorithms to generate the SSH key. The key must be either RSA or ECDSA. Add your SSH private key to the ssh-agent : USD ssh-add <path>/<file_name> 1 1 Specify the path and file name for your SSH private key, such as ~/.ssh/id_ed25519 Example output Identity added: /home/<you>/<path>/<file_name> (<computer_name>) steps When you install OpenShift Container Platform, provide the SSH public key to the installation program. 18.7.9. Obtaining the installation program Before you install OpenShift Container Platform, download the installation file on a local computer. Prerequisites You have a computer that runs Linux or macOS, with 500 MB of local disk space Procedure Access the Infrastructure Provider page on the OpenShift Cluster Manager site. If you have a Red Hat account, log in with your credentials. If you do not, create an account. Select your infrastructure provider. Navigate to the page for your installation type, download the installation program for your operating system, and place the file in the directory where you will store the installation configuration files. Important The installation program creates several files on the computer that you use to install your cluster. You must keep the installation program and the files that the installation program creates after you finish installing the cluster. Both files are required to delete the cluster. Important Deleting the files created by the installation program does not remove your cluster, even if the cluster failed during installation. To remove your cluster, complete the OpenShift Container Platform uninstallation procedures for your specific cloud provider. Extract the installation program. For example, on a computer that uses a Linux operating system, run the following command: USD tar -xvf openshift-install-linux.tar.gz Download your installation pull secret from the Red Hat OpenShift Cluster Manager . This pull secret allows you to authenticate with the services that are provided by the included authorities, including Quay.io, which serves the container images for OpenShift Container Platform components. 18.7.10. Manually creating the installation configuration file For user-provisioned installations of OpenShift Container Platform, you manually generate your installation configuration file. Prerequisites You have an SSH public key on your local machine to provide to the installation program. The key will be used for SSH authentication onto your cluster nodes for debugging and disaster recovery. You have obtained the OpenShift Container Platform installation program and the pull secret for your cluster. Procedure Create an installation directory to store your required installation assets in: USD mkdir <installation_directory> Important You must create a directory. Some installation assets, like bootstrap X.509 certificates have short expiration intervals, so you must not reuse an installation directory. If you want to reuse individual files from another cluster installation, you can copy them into your directory. However, the file names for the installation assets might change between releases. Use caution when copying installation files from an earlier OpenShift Container Platform version. Customize the sample install-config.yaml file template that is provided and save it in the <installation_directory> . Note You must name this configuration file install-config.yaml . Note For some platform types, you can alternatively run ./openshift-install create install-config --dir <installation_directory> to generate an install-config.yaml file. You can provide details about your cluster configuration at the prompts. Back up the install-config.yaml file so that you can use it to install multiple clusters. Important The install-config.yaml file is consumed during the step of the installation process. You must back it up now. 18.7.10.1. Sample install-config.yaml file for VMware vSphere You can customize the install-config.yaml file to specify more details about your OpenShift Container Platform cluster's platform or modify the values of the required parameters. apiVersion: v1 baseDomain: example.com 1 compute: - hyperthreading: Enabled 2 3 name: worker replicas: 0 4 controlPlane: hyperthreading: Enabled 5 6 name: master replicas: 3 7 metadata: name: test 8 platform: vsphere: vcenter: your.vcenter.server 9 username: username 10 password: password 11 datacenter: datacenter 12 defaultDatastore: datastore 13 folder: "/<datacenter_name>/vm/<folder_name>/<subfolder_name>" 14 fips: false 15 pullSecret: '{"auths": ...}' 16 sshKey: 'ssh-ed25519 AAAA...' 17 1 The base domain of the cluster. All DNS records must be sub-domains of this base and include the cluster name. 2 5 The controlPlane section is a single mapping, but the compute section is a sequence of mappings. To meet the requirements of the different data structures, the first line of the compute section must begin with a hyphen, - , and the first line of the controlPlane section must not. Although both sections currently define a single machine pool, it is possible that future versions of OpenShift Container Platform will support defining multiple compute pools during installation. Only one control plane pool is used. 3 6 Whether to enable or disable simultaneous multithreading, or hyperthreading . By default, simultaneous multithreading is enabled to increase the performance of your machines' cores. You can disable it by setting the parameter value to Disabled . If you disable simultaneous multithreading in some cluster machines, you must disable it in all cluster machines. Important If you disable simultaneous multithreading, ensure that your capacity planning accounts for the dramatically decreased machine performance. Your machines must use at least 8 CPUs and 32 GB of RAM if you disable simultaneous multithreading. 4 You must set the value of the replicas parameter to 0 . This parameter controls the number of workers that the cluster creates and manages for you, which are functions that the cluster does not perform when you use user-provisioned infrastructure. You must manually deploy worker machines for the cluster to use before you finish installing OpenShift Container Platform. 7 The number of control plane machines that you add to the cluster. Because the cluster uses this values as the number of etcd endpoints in the cluster, the value must match the number of control plane machines that you deploy. 8 The cluster name that you specified in your DNS records. 9 The fully-qualified hostname or IP address of the vCenter server. 10 The name of the user for accessing the server. This user must have at least the roles and privileges that are required for static or dynamic persistent volume provisioning in vSphere. 11 The password associated with the vSphere user. 12 The vSphere datacenter. 13 The default vSphere datastore to use. 14 Optional: For installer-provisioned infrastructure, the absolute path of an existing folder where the installation program creates the virtual machines, for example, /<datacenter_name>/vm/<folder_name>/<subfolder_name> . If you do not provide this value, the installation program creates a top-level folder in the datacenter virtual machine folder that is named with the infrastructure ID. If you are providing the infrastructure for the cluster, omit this parameter. 15 Whether to enable or disable FIPS mode. By default, FIPS mode is not enabled. If FIPS mode is enabled, the Red Hat Enterprise Linux CoreOS (RHCOS) machines that OpenShift Container Platform runs on bypass the default Kubernetes cryptography suite and use the cryptography modules that are provided with RHCOS instead. Important The use of FIPS Validated / Modules in Process cryptographic libraries is only supported on OpenShift Container Platform deployments on the x86_64 architecture. 16 The pull secret that you obtained from OpenShift Cluster Manager . This pull secret allows you to authenticate with the services that are provided by the included authorities, including Quay.io, which serves the container images for OpenShift Container Platform components. 17 The public portion of the default SSH key for the core user in Red Hat Enterprise Linux CoreOS (RHCOS). 18.7.10.2. Configuring the cluster-wide proxy during installation Production environments can deny direct access to the internet and instead have an HTTP or HTTPS proxy available. You can configure a new OpenShift Container Platform cluster to use a proxy by configuring the proxy settings in the install-config.yaml file. Prerequisites You have an existing install-config.yaml file. You reviewed the sites that your cluster requires access to and determined whether any of them need to bypass the proxy. By default, all cluster egress traffic is proxied, including calls to hosting cloud provider APIs. You added sites to the Proxy object's spec.noProxy field to bypass the proxy if necessary. Note The Proxy object status.noProxy field is populated with the values of the networking.machineNetwork[].cidr , networking.clusterNetwork[].cidr , and networking.serviceNetwork[] fields from your installation configuration. For installations on Amazon Web Services (AWS), Google Cloud Platform (GCP), Microsoft Azure, and Red Hat OpenStack Platform (RHOSP), the Proxy object status.noProxy field is also populated with the instance metadata endpoint ( 169.254.169.254 ). Procedure Edit your install-config.yaml file and add the proxy settings. For example: apiVersion: v1 baseDomain: my.domain.com proxy: httpProxy: http://<username>:<pswd>@<ip>:<port> 1 httpsProxy: https://<username>:<pswd>@<ip>:<port> 2 noProxy: example.com 3 additionalTrustBundle: | 4 -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE----- <MY_TRUSTED_CA_CERT> -----END CERTIFICATE----- ... 1 A proxy URL to use for creating HTTP connections outside the cluster. The URL scheme must be http . 2 A proxy URL to use for creating HTTPS connections outside the cluster. 3 A comma-separated list of destination domain names, IP addresses, or other network CIDRs to exclude from proxying. Preface a domain with . to match subdomains only. For example, .y.com matches x.y.com , but not y.com . Use * to bypass the proxy for all destinations. You must include vCenter's IP address and the IP range that you use for its machines. 4 If provided, the installation program generates a config map that is named user-ca-bundle in the openshift-config namespace to hold the additional CA certificates. If you provide additionalTrustBundle and at least one proxy setting, the Proxy object is configured to reference the user-ca-bundle config map in the trustedCA field. The Cluster Network Operator then creates a trusted-ca-bundle config map that merges the contents specified for the trustedCA parameter with the RHCOS trust bundle. The additionalTrustBundle field is required unless the proxy's identity certificate is signed by an authority from the RHCOS trust bundle. Note The installation program does not support the proxy readinessEndpoints field. Save the file and reference it when installing OpenShift Container Platform. The installation program creates a cluster-wide proxy that is named cluster that uses the proxy settings in the provided install-config.yaml file. If no proxy settings are provided, a cluster Proxy object is still created, but it will have a nil spec . Note Only the Proxy object named cluster is supported, and no additional proxies can be created. 18.7.11. Specifying advanced network configuration You can use advanced network configuration for your cluster network provider to integrate your cluster into your existing network environment. You can specify advanced network configuration only before you install the cluster. Important Customizing your network configuration by modifying the OpenShift Container Platform manifest files created by the installation program is not supported. Applying a manifest file that you create, as in the following procedure, is supported. Prerequisites You have created the install-config.yaml file and completed any modifications to it. Procedure Change to the directory that contains the installation program and create the manifests: USD ./openshift-install create manifests --dir <installation_directory> 1 1 <installation_directory> specifies the name of the directory that contains the install-config.yaml file for your cluster. Create a stub manifest file for the advanced network configuration that is named cluster-network-03-config.yml in the <installation_directory>/manifests/ directory: apiVersion: operator.openshift.io/v1 kind: Network metadata: name: cluster spec: Specify the advanced network configuration for your cluster in the cluster-network-03-config.yml file, such as in the following examples: Specify a different VXLAN port for the OpenShift SDN network provider apiVersion: operator.openshift.io/v1 kind: Network metadata: name: cluster spec: defaultNetwork: openshiftSDNConfig: vxlanPort: 4800 Enable IPsec for the OVN-Kubernetes network provider apiVersion: operator.openshift.io/v1 kind: Network metadata: name: cluster spec: defaultNetwork: ovnKubernetesConfig: ipsecConfig: {} Optional: Back up the manifests/cluster-network-03-config.yml file. The installation program consumes the manifests/ directory when you create the Ignition config files. Remove the Kubernetes manifest files that define the control plane machines and compute machineSets: USD rm -f openshift/99_openshift-cluster-api_master-machines-*.yaml openshift/99_openshift-cluster-api_worker-machineset-*.yaml Because you create and manage these resources yourself, you do not have to initialize them. You can preserve the MachineSet files to create compute machines by using the machine API, but you must update references to them to match your environment. 18.7.12. Cluster Network Operator configuration The configuration for the cluster network is specified as part of the Cluster Network Operator (CNO) configuration and stored in a custom resource (CR) object that is named cluster . The CR specifies the fields for the Network API in the operator.openshift.io API group. The CNO configuration inherits the following fields during cluster installation from the Network API in the Network.config.openshift.io API group and these fields cannot be changed: clusterNetwork IP address pools from which pod IP addresses are allocated. serviceNetwork IP address pool for services. defaultNetwork.type Cluster network provider, such as OpenShift SDN or OVN-Kubernetes. You can specify the cluster network provider configuration for your cluster by setting the fields for the defaultNetwork object in the CNO object named cluster . 18.7.12.1. Cluster Network Operator configuration object The fields for the Cluster Network Operator (CNO) are described in the following table: Table 18.68. Cluster Network Operator configuration object Field Type Description metadata.name string The name of the CNO object. This name is always cluster . spec.clusterNetwork array A list specifying the blocks of IP addresses from which pod IP addresses are allocated and the subnet prefix length assigned to each individual node in the cluster. For example: spec: clusterNetwork: - cidr: 10.128.0.0/19 hostPrefix: 23 - cidr: 10.128.32.0/19 hostPrefix: 23 You can customize this field only in the install-config.yaml file before you create the manifests. The value is read-only in the manifest file. spec.serviceNetwork array A block of IP addresses for services. The OpenShift SDN and OVN-Kubernetes Container Network Interface (CNI) network providers support only a single IP address block for the service network. For example: spec: serviceNetwork: - 172.30.0.0/14 You can customize this field only in the install-config.yaml file before you create the manifests. The value is read-only in the manifest file. spec.defaultNetwork object Configures the Container Network Interface (CNI) cluster network provider for the cluster network. spec.kubeProxyConfig object The fields for this object specify the kube-proxy configuration. If you are using the OVN-Kubernetes cluster network provider, the kube-proxy configuration has no effect. defaultNetwork object configuration The values for the defaultNetwork object are defined in the following table: Table 18.69. defaultNetwork object Field Type Description type string Either OpenShiftSDN or OVNKubernetes . The cluster network provider is selected during installation. This value cannot be changed after cluster installation. Note OpenShift Container Platform uses the OpenShift SDN Container Network Interface (CNI) cluster network provider by default. openshiftSDNConfig object This object is only valid for the OpenShift SDN cluster network provider. ovnKubernetesConfig object This object is only valid for the OVN-Kubernetes cluster network provider. Configuration for the OpenShift SDN CNI cluster network provider The following table describes the configuration fields for the OpenShift SDN Container Network Interface (CNI) cluster network provider. Table 18.70. openshiftSDNConfig object Field Type Description mode string Configures the network isolation mode for OpenShift SDN. The default value is NetworkPolicy . The values Multitenant and Subnet are available for backwards compatibility with OpenShift Container Platform 3.x but are not recommended. This value cannot be changed after cluster installation. mtu integer The maximum transmission unit (MTU) for the VXLAN overlay network. This is detected automatically based on the MTU of the primary network interface. You do not normally need to override the detected MTU. If the auto-detected value is not what you expect it to be, confirm that the MTU on the primary network interface on your nodes is correct. You cannot use this option to change the MTU value of the primary network interface on the nodes. If your cluster requires different MTU values for different nodes, you must set this value to 50 less than the lowest MTU value in your cluster. For example, if some nodes in your cluster have an MTU of 9001 , and some have an MTU of 1500 , you must set this value to 1450 . This value cannot be changed after cluster installation. vxlanPort integer The port to use for all VXLAN packets. The default value is 4789 . This value cannot be changed after cluster installation. If you are running in a virtualized environment with existing nodes that are part of another VXLAN network, then you might be required to change this. For example, when running an OpenShift SDN overlay on top of VMware NSX-T, you must select an alternate port for the VXLAN, because both SDNs use the same default VXLAN port number. On Amazon Web Services (AWS), you can select an alternate port for the VXLAN between port 9000 and port 9999 . Example OpenShift SDN configuration defaultNetwork: type: OpenShiftSDN openshiftSDNConfig: mode: NetworkPolicy mtu: 1450 vxlanPort: 4789 Configuration for the OVN-Kubernetes CNI cluster network provider The following table describes the configuration fields for the OVN-Kubernetes CNI cluster network provider. Table 18.71. ovnKubernetesConfig object Field Type Description mtu integer The maximum transmission unit (MTU) for the Geneve (Generic Network Virtualization Encapsulation) overlay network. This is detected automatically based on the MTU of the primary network interface. You do not normally need to override the detected MTU. If the auto-detected value is not what you expect it to be, confirm that the MTU on the primary network interface on your nodes is correct. You cannot use this option to change the MTU value of the primary network interface on the nodes. If your cluster requires different MTU values for different nodes, you must set this value to 100 less than the lowest MTU value in your cluster. For example, if some nodes in your cluster have an MTU of 9001 , and some have an MTU of 1500 , you must set this value to 1400 . This value cannot be changed after cluster installation. genevePort integer The port to use for all Geneve packets. The default value is 6081 . This value cannot be changed after cluster installation. ipsecConfig object Specify an empty object to enable IPsec encryption. This value cannot be changed after cluster installation. policyAuditConfig object Specify a configuration object for customizing network policy audit logging. If unset, the defaults audit log settings are used. Table 18.72. policyAuditConfig object Field Type Description rateLimit integer The maximum number of messages to generate every second per node. The default value is 20 messages per second. maxFileSize integer The maximum size for the audit log in bytes. The default value is 50000000 or 50 MB. destination string One of the following additional audit log targets: libc The libc syslog() function of the journald process on the host. udp:<host>:<port> A syslog server. Replace <host>:<port> with the host and port of the syslog server. unix:<file> A Unix Domain Socket file specified by <file> . null Do not send the audit logs to any additional target. syslogFacility string The syslog facility, such as kern , as defined by RFC5424. The default value is local0 . Example OVN-Kubernetes configuration defaultNetwork: type: OVNKubernetes ovnKubernetesConfig: mtu: 1400 genevePort: 6081 ipsecConfig: {} kubeProxyConfig object configuration The values for the kubeProxyConfig object are defined in the following table: Table 18.73. kubeProxyConfig object Field Type Description iptablesSyncPeriod string The refresh period for iptables rules. The default value is 30s . Valid suffixes include s , m , and h and are described in the Go time package documentation. Note Because of performance improvements introduced in OpenShift Container Platform 4.3 and greater, adjusting the iptablesSyncPeriod parameter is no longer necessary. proxyArguments.iptables-min-sync-period array The minimum duration before refreshing iptables rules. This field ensures that the refresh does not happen too frequently. Valid suffixes include s , m , and h and are described in the Go time package . The default value is: kubeProxyConfig: proxyArguments: iptables-min-sync-period: - 0s 18.7.13. Creating the Ignition config files Because you must manually start the cluster machines, you must generate the Ignition config files that the cluster needs to make its machines. Important The Ignition config files that the installation program generates contain certificates that expire after 24 hours, which are then renewed at that time. If the cluster is shut down before renewing the certificates and the cluster is later restarted after the 24 hours have elapsed, the cluster automatically recovers the expired certificates. The exception is that you must manually approve the pending node-bootstrapper certificate signing requests (CSRs) to recover kubelet certificates. See the documentation for Recovering from expired control plane certificates for more information. It is recommended that you use Ignition config files within 12 hours after they are generated because the 24-hour certificate rotates from 16 to 22 hours after the cluster is installed. By using the Ignition config files within 12 hours, you can avoid installation failure if the certificate update runs during installation. Prerequisites Obtain the OpenShift Container Platform installation program and the pull secret for your cluster. For a restricted network installation, these files are on your mirror host. Procedure Obtain the Ignition config files: USD ./openshift-install create ignition-configs --dir <installation_directory> 1 1 For <installation_directory> , specify the directory name to store the files that the installation program creates. Important If you created an install-config.yaml file, specify the directory that contains it. Otherwise, specify an empty directory. Some installation assets, like bootstrap X.509 certificates have short expiration intervals, so you must not reuse an installation directory. If you want to reuse individual files from another cluster installation, you can copy them into your directory. However, the file names for the installation assets might change between releases. Use caution when copying installation files from an earlier OpenShift Container Platform version. The following files are generated in the directory: 18.7.14. Extracting the infrastructure name The Ignition config files contain a unique cluster identifier that you can use to uniquely identify your cluster in VMware Cloud on AWS. If you plan to use the cluster identifier as the name of your virtual machine folder, you must extract it. Prerequisites You obtained the OpenShift Container Platform installation program and the pull secret for your cluster. You generated the Ignition config files for your cluster. You installed the jq package. Procedure To extract and view the infrastructure name from the Ignition config file metadata, run the following command: USD jq -r .infraID <installation_directory>/metadata.json 1 1 For <installation_directory> , specify the path to the directory that you stored the installation files in. Example output openshift-vw9j6 1 1 The output of this command is your cluster name and a random string. 18.7.15. Installing RHCOS and starting the OpenShift Container Platform bootstrap process To install OpenShift Container Platform on user-provisioned infrastructure on VMware vSphere, you must install Red Hat Enterprise Linux CoreOS (RHCOS) on vSphere hosts. When you install RHCOS, you must provide the Ignition config file that was generated by the OpenShift Container Platform installation program for the type of machine you are installing. If you have configured suitable networking, DNS, and load balancing infrastructure, the OpenShift Container Platform bootstrap process begins automatically after the RHCOS machines have rebooted. Prerequisites You have obtained the Ignition config files for your cluster. You have access to an HTTP server that you can access from your computer and that the machines that you create can access. You have created a vSphere cluster . Procedure Upload the bootstrap Ignition config file, which is named <installation_directory>/bootstrap.ign , that the installation program created to your HTTP server. Note the URL of this file. Save the following secondary Ignition config file for your bootstrap node to your computer as <installation_directory>/merge-bootstrap.ign : { "ignition": { "config": { "merge": [ { "source": "<bootstrap_ignition_config_url>", 1 "verification": {} } ] }, "timeouts": {}, "version": "3.2.0" }, "networkd": {}, "passwd": {}, "storage": {}, "systemd": {} } 1 Specify the URL of the bootstrap Ignition config file that you hosted. When you create the virtual machine (VM) for the bootstrap machine, you use this Ignition config file. Locate the following Ignition config files that the installation program created: <installation_directory>/master.ign <installation_directory>/worker.ign <installation_directory>/merge-bootstrap.ign Convert the Ignition config files to Base64 encoding. Later in this procedure, you must add these files to the extra configuration parameter guestinfo.ignition.config.data in your VM. For example, if you use a Linux operating system, you can use the base64 command to encode the files. USD base64 -w0 <installation_directory>/master.ign > <installation_directory>/master.64 USD base64 -w0 <installation_directory>/worker.ign > <installation_directory>/worker.64 USD base64 -w0 <installation_directory>/merge-bootstrap.ign > <installation_directory>/merge-bootstrap.64 Important If you plan to add more compute machines to your cluster after you finish installation, do not delete these files. Obtain the RHCOS OVA image. Images are available from the RHCOS image mirror page. Important The RHCOS images might not change with every release of OpenShift Container Platform. You must download an image with the highest version that is less than or equal to the OpenShift Container Platform version that you install. Use the image version that matches your OpenShift Container Platform version if it is available. The filename contains the OpenShift Container Platform version number in the format rhcos-vmware.<architecture>.ova . In the vSphere Client, create a folder in your datacenter to store your VMs. Click the VMs and Templates view. Right-click the name of your datacenter. Click New Folder New VM and Template Folder . In the window that is displayed, enter the folder name. If you did not specify an existing folder in the install-config.yaml file, then create a folder with the same name as the infrastructure ID. You use this folder name so vCenter dynamically provisions storage in the appropriate location for its Workspace configuration. In the vSphere Client, create a template for the OVA image and then clone the template as needed. Note In the following steps, you create a template and then clone the template for all of your cluster machines. You then provide the location for the Ignition config file for that cloned machine type when you provision the VMs. From the Hosts and Clusters tab, right-click your cluster name and select Deploy OVF Template . On the Select an OVF tab, specify the name of the RHCOS OVA file that you downloaded. On the Select a name and folder tab, set a Virtual machine name for your template, such as Template-RHCOS . Click the name of your vSphere cluster and select the folder you created in the step. On the Select a compute resource tab, click the name of your vSphere cluster. On the Select storage tab, configure the storage options for your VM. Select Thin Provision or Thick Provision , based on your storage preferences. Select the datastore that you specified in your install-config.yaml file. On the Select network tab, specify the network that you configured for the cluster, if available. When creating the OVF template, do not specify values on the Customize template tab or configure the template any further. Important Do not start the original VM template. The VM template must remain off and must be cloned for new RHCOS machines. Starting the VM template configures the VM template as a VM on the platform, which prevents it from being used as a template that machine sets can apply configurations to. Optional: Update the configured virtual hardware version in the VM template, if necessary. Follow Upgrading a virtual machine to the latest hardware version in the VMware documentation for more information. Important It is recommended that you update the hardware version of the VM template to version 15 before creating VMs from it, if necessary. Using hardware version 13 for your cluster nodes running on vSphere is now deprecated. If your imported template defaults to hardware version 13, you must ensure that your ESXi host is on 6.7U3 or later before upgrading the VM template to hardware version 15. If your vSphere version is less than 6.7U3, you can skip this upgrade step; however, a future version of OpenShift Container Platform is scheduled to remove support for hardware version 13 and vSphere versions less than 6.7U3. After the template deploys, deploy a VM for a machine in the cluster. Right-click the template name and click Clone Clone to Virtual Machine . On the Select a name and folder tab, specify a name for the VM. You might include the machine type in the name, such as control-plane-0 or compute-1 . On the Select a name and folder tab, select the name of the folder that you created for the cluster. On the Select a compute resource tab, select the name of a host in your datacenter. Optional: On the Select storage tab, customize the storage options. On the Select clone options , select Customize this virtual machine's hardware . On the Customize hardware tab, click VM Options Advanced . Optional: Override default DHCP networking in vSphere. To enable static IP networking: Set your static IP configuration: USD export IPCFG="ip=<ip>::<gateway>:<netmask>:<hostname>:<iface>:none nameserver=srv1 [nameserver=srv2 [nameserver=srv3 [...]]]" Example command USD export IPCFG="ip=192.168.100.101::192.168.100.254:255.255.255.0:::none nameserver=8.8.8.8" Set the guestinfo.afterburn.initrd.network-kargs property before booting a VM from an OVA in vSphere: USD govc vm.change -vm "<vm_name>" -e "guestinfo.afterburn.initrd.network-kargs=USD{IPCFG}" Optional: In the event of cluster performance issues, from the Latency Sensitivity list, select High . Ensure that your VM's CPU and memory reservation have the following values: Memory reservation value must be equal to its configured memory size. CPU reservation value must be at least the number of low latency virtual CPUs multiplied by the measured physical CPU speed. Click Edit Configuration , and on the Configuration Parameters window, search the list of available parameters for steal clock accounting ( stealclock.enable ). If it is available, set its value to TRUE . Enabling steal clock accounting can help with troubleshooting cluster issues. Click Add Configuration Params . Define the following parameter names and values: guestinfo.ignition.config.data : Locate the base-64 encoded files that you created previously in this procedure, and paste the contents of the base64-encoded Ignition config file for this machine type. guestinfo.ignition.config.data.encoding : Specify base64 . disk.EnableUUID : Specify TRUE . stealclock.enable : If this parameter was not defined, add it and specify TRUE . In the Virtual Hardware panel of the Customize hardware tab, modify the specified values as required. Ensure that the amount of RAM, CPU, and disk storage meets the minimum requirements for the machine type. Complete the configuration and power on the VM. Create the rest of the machines for your cluster by following the preceding steps for each machine. Important You must create the bootstrap and control plane machines at this time. Because some pods are deployed on compute machines by default, also create at least two compute machines before you install the cluster. 18.7.16. Adding more compute machines to a cluster in vSphere You can add more compute machines to a user-provisioned OpenShift Container Platform cluster on VMware vSphere. Prerequisites Obtain the base64-encoded Ignition file for your compute machines. You have access to the vSphere template that you created for your cluster. Procedure After the template deploys, deploy a VM for a machine in the cluster. Right-click the template's name and click Clone Clone to Virtual Machine . On the Select a name and folder tab, specify a name for the VM. You might include the machine type in the name, such as compute-1 . On the Select a name and folder tab, select the name of the folder that you created for the cluster. On the Select a compute resource tab, select the name of a host in your datacenter. Optional: On the Select storage tab, customize the storage options. On the Select clone options , select Customize this virtual machine's hardware . On the Customize hardware tab, click VM Options Advanced . From the Latency Sensitivity list, select High . Click Edit Configuration , and on the Configuration Parameters window, click Add Configuration Params . Define the following parameter names and values: guestinfo.ignition.config.data : Paste the contents of the base64-encoded compute Ignition config file for this machine type. guestinfo.ignition.config.data.encoding : Specify base64 . disk.EnableUUID : Specify TRUE . In the Virtual Hardware panel of the Customize hardware tab, modify the specified values as required. Ensure that the amount of RAM, CPU, and disk storage meets the minimum requirements for the machine type. Also, make sure to select the correct network under Add network adapter if there are multiple networks available. Complete the configuration and power on the VM. Continue to create more compute machines for your cluster. 18.7.17. Disk partitioning In most cases, data partitions are originally created by installing RHCOS, rather than by installing another operating system. In such cases, the OpenShift Container Platform installer should be allowed to configure your disk partitions. However, there are two cases where you might want to intervene to override the default partitioning when installing an OpenShift Container Platform node: Create separate partitions: For greenfield installations on an empty disk, you might want to add separate storage to a partition. This is officially supported for making /var or a subdirectory of /var , such as /var/lib/etcd , a separate partition, but not both. Important For disk sizes larger than 100GB, and especially disk sizes larger than 1TB, create a separate /var partition. See "Creating a separate /var partition" and this Red Hat Knowledgebase article for more information. Important Kubernetes supports only two file system partitions. If you add more than one partition to the original configuration, Kubernetes cannot monitor all of them. Retain existing partitions: For a brownfield installation where you are reinstalling OpenShift Container Platform on an existing node and want to retain data partitions installed from your operating system, there are both boot arguments and options to coreos-installer that allow you to retain existing data partitions. Creating a separate /var partition In general, disk partitioning for OpenShift Container Platform should be left to the installer. However, there are cases where you might want to create separate partitions in a part of the filesystem that you expect to grow. OpenShift Container Platform supports the addition of a single partition to attach storage to either the /var partition or a subdirectory of /var . For example: /var/lib/containers : Holds container-related content that can grow as more images and containers are added to a system. /var/lib/etcd : Holds data that you might want to keep separate for purposes such as performance optimization of etcd storage. /var : Holds data that you might want to keep separate for purposes such as auditing. Important For disk sizes larger than 100GB, and especially larger than 1TB, create a separate /var partition. Storing the contents of a /var directory separately makes it easier to grow storage for those areas as needed and reinstall OpenShift Container Platform at a later date and keep that data intact. With this method, you will not have to pull all your containers again, nor will you have to copy massive log files when you update systems. Because /var must be in place before a fresh installation of Red Hat Enterprise Linux CoreOS (RHCOS), the following procedure sets up the separate /var partition by creating a machine config manifest that is inserted during the openshift-install preparation phases of an OpenShift Container Platform installation. Procedure Create a directory to hold the OpenShift Container Platform installation files: USD mkdir USDHOME/clusterconfig Run openshift-install to create a set of files in the manifest and openshift subdirectories. Answer the system questions as you are prompted: USD openshift-install create manifests --dir USDHOME/clusterconfig ? SSH Public Key ... USD ls USDHOME/clusterconfig/openshift/ 99_kubeadmin-password-secret.yaml 99_openshift-cluster-api_master-machines-0.yaml 99_openshift-cluster-api_master-machines-1.yaml 99_openshift-cluster-api_master-machines-2.yaml ... Create a Butane config that configures the additional partition. For example, name the file USDHOME/clusterconfig/98-var-partition.bu , change the disk device name to the name of the storage device on the worker systems, and set the storage size as appropriate. This example places the /var directory on a separate partition: variant: openshift version: 4.9.0 metadata: labels: machineconfiguration.openshift.io/role: worker name: 98-var-partition storage: disks: - device: /dev/<device_name> 1 partitions: - label: var start_mib: <partition_start_offset> 2 size_mib: <partition_size> 3 filesystems: - device: /dev/disk/by-partlabel/var path: /var format: xfs mount_options: [defaults, prjquota] 4 with_mount_unit: true 1 The storage device name of the disk that you want to partition. 2 When adding a data partition to the boot disk, a minimum value of 25000 mebibytes is recommended. The root file system is automatically resized to fill all available space up to the specified offset. If no value is specified, or if the specified value is smaller than the recommended minimum, the resulting root file system will be too small, and future reinstalls of RHCOS might overwrite the beginning of the data partition. 3 The size of the data partition in mebibytes. 4 The prjquota mount option must be enabled for filesystems used for container storage. Note When creating a separate /var partition, you cannot use different instance types for worker nodes, if the different instance types do not have the same device name. Create a manifest from the Butane config and save it to the clusterconfig/openshift directory. For example, run the following command: USD butane USDHOME/clusterconfig/98-var-partition.bu -o USDHOME/clusterconfig/openshift/98-var-partition.yaml Run openshift-install again to create Ignition configs from a set of files in the manifest and openshift subdirectories: USD openshift-install create ignition-configs --dir USDHOME/clusterconfig USD ls USDHOME/clusterconfig/ auth bootstrap.ign master.ign metadata.json worker.ign Now you can use the Ignition config files as input to the vSphere installation procedures to install Red Hat Enterprise Linux CoreOS (RHCOS) systems. 18.7.18. Updating the bootloader using bootupd To update the bootloader by using bootupd , you must either install bootupd on RHCOS machines manually or provide a machine config with the enabled systemd unit. Unlike grubby or other bootloader tools, bootupd does not manage kernel space configuration such as passing kernel arguments. After you have installed bootupd , you can manage it remotely from the OpenShift Container Platform cluster. Note It is recommended that you use bootupd only on bare metal or virtualized hypervisor installations, such as for protection against the BootHole vulnerability. Manual install method You can manually install bootupd by using the bootctl command-line tool. Inspect the system status: # bootupctl status Example output Component EFI Installed: grub2-efi-x64-1:2.04-31.fc33.x86_64,shim-x64-15-8.x86_64 Update: At latest version RHCOS images created without bootupd installed on them require an explicit adoption phase. If the system status is Adoptable , perform the adoption: # bootupctl adopt-and-update Example output Updated: grub2-efi-x64-1:2.04-31.fc33.x86_64,shim-x64-15-8.x86_64 If an update is available, apply the update so that the changes take effect on the reboot: # bootupctl update Example output Updated: grub2-efi-x64-1:2.04-31.fc33.x86_64,shim-x64-15-8.x86_64 Machine config method Another way to enable bootupd is by providing a machine config. Provide a machine config file with the enabled systemd unit, as shown in the following example: Example output variant: rhcos version: 1.1.0 systemd: units: - name: custom-bootupd-auto.service enabled: true contents: | [Unit] Description=Bootupd automatic update [Service] ExecStart=/usr/bin/bootupctl update RemainAfterExit=yes [Install] WantedBy=multi-user.target 18.7.19. Waiting for the bootstrap process to complete The OpenShift Container Platform bootstrap process begins after the cluster nodes first boot into the persistent RHCOS environment that has been installed to disk. The configuration information provided through the Ignition config files is used to initialize the bootstrap process and install OpenShift Container Platform on the machines. You must wait for the bootstrap process to complete. Prerequisites You have created the Ignition config files for your cluster. You have configured suitable network, DNS and load balancing infrastructure. You have obtained the installation program and generated the Ignition config files for your cluster. You installed RHCOS on your cluster machines and provided the Ignition config files that the OpenShift Container Platform installation program generated. Your machines have direct internet access or have an HTTP or HTTPS proxy available. Procedure Monitor the bootstrap process: USD ./openshift-install --dir <installation_directory> wait-for bootstrap-complete \ 1 --log-level=info 2 1 For <installation_directory> , specify the path to the directory that you stored the installation files in. 2 To view different installation details, specify warn , debug , or error instead of info . Example output INFO Waiting up to 30m0s for the Kubernetes API at https://api.test.example.com:6443... INFO API v1.22.1 up INFO Waiting up to 30m0s for bootstrapping to complete... INFO It is now safe to remove the bootstrap resources The command succeeds when the Kubernetes API server signals that it has been bootstrapped on the control plane machines. After bootstrap process is complete, remove the bootstrap machine from the load balancer. Important You must remove the bootstrap machine from the load balancer at this point. You can also remove or reformat the bootstrap machine itself. 18.7.20. Logging in to the cluster by using the CLI You can log in to your cluster as a default system user by exporting the cluster kubeconfig file. The kubeconfig file contains information about the cluster that is used by the CLI to connect a client to the correct cluster and API server. The file is specific to a cluster and is created during OpenShift Container Platform installation. Prerequisites You deployed an OpenShift Container Platform cluster. You installed the oc CLI. Procedure Export the kubeadmin credentials: USD export KUBECONFIG=<installation_directory>/auth/kubeconfig 1 1 For <installation_directory> , specify the path to the directory that you stored the installation files in. Verify you can run oc commands successfully using the exported configuration: USD oc whoami Example output system:admin 18.7.21. Approving the certificate signing requests for your machines When you add machines to a cluster, two pending certificate signing requests (CSRs) are generated for each machine that you added. You must confirm that these CSRs are approved or, if necessary, approve them yourself. The client requests must be approved first, followed by the server requests. Prerequisites You added machines to your cluster. Procedure Confirm that the cluster recognizes the machines: USD oc get nodes Example output NAME STATUS ROLES AGE VERSION master-0 Ready master 63m v1.22.1 master-1 Ready master 63m v1.22.1 master-2 Ready master 64m v1.22.1 The output lists all of the machines that you created. Note The preceding output might not include the compute nodes, also known as worker nodes, until some CSRs are approved. Review the pending CSRs and ensure that you see the client requests with the Pending or Approved status for each machine that you added to the cluster: USD oc get csr Example output NAME AGE REQUESTOR CONDITION csr-8b2br 15m system:serviceaccount:openshift-machine-config-operator:node-bootstrapper Pending csr-8vnps 15m system:serviceaccount:openshift-machine-config-operator:node-bootstrapper Pending ... In this example, two machines are joining the cluster. You might see more approved CSRs in the list. If the CSRs were not approved, after all of the pending CSRs for the machines you added are in Pending status, approve the CSRs for your cluster machines: Note Because the CSRs rotate automatically, approve your CSRs within an hour of adding the machines to the cluster. If you do not approve them within an hour, the certificates will rotate, and more than two certificates will be present for each node. You must approve all of these certificates. After the client CSR is approved, the Kubelet creates a secondary CSR for the serving certificate, which requires manual approval. Then, subsequent serving certificate renewal requests are automatically approved by the machine-approver if the Kubelet requests a new certificate with identical parameters. Note For clusters running on platforms that are not machine API enabled, such as bare metal and other user-provisioned infrastructure, you must implement a method of automatically approving the kubelet serving certificate requests (CSRs). If a request is not approved, then the oc exec , oc rsh , and oc logs commands cannot succeed, because a serving certificate is required when the API server connects to the kubelet. Any operation that contacts the Kubelet endpoint requires this certificate approval to be in place. The method must watch for new CSRs, confirm that the CSR was submitted by the node-bootstrapper service account in the system:node or system:admin groups, and confirm the identity of the node. To approve them individually, run the following command for each valid CSR: USD oc adm certificate approve <csr_name> 1 1 <csr_name> is the name of a CSR from the list of current CSRs. To approve all pending CSRs, run the following command: USD oc get csr -o go-template='{{range .items}}{{if not .status}}{{.metadata.name}}{{"\n"}}{{end}}{{end}}' | xargs --no-run-if-empty oc adm certificate approve Note Some Operators might not become available until some CSRs are approved. Now that your client requests are approved, you must review the server requests for each machine that you added to the cluster: USD oc get csr Example output NAME AGE REQUESTOR CONDITION csr-bfd72 5m26s system:node:ip-10-0-50-126.us-east-2.compute.internal Pending csr-c57lv 5m26s system:node:ip-10-0-95-157.us-east-2.compute.internal Pending ... If the remaining CSRs are not approved, and are in the Pending status, approve the CSRs for your cluster machines: To approve them individually, run the following command for each valid CSR: USD oc adm certificate approve <csr_name> 1 1 <csr_name> is the name of a CSR from the list of current CSRs. To approve all pending CSRs, run the following command: USD oc get csr -o go-template='{{range .items}}{{if not .status}}{{.metadata.name}}{{"\n"}}{{end}}{{end}}' | xargs oc adm certificate approve After all client and server CSRs have been approved, the machines have the Ready status. Verify this by running the following command: USD oc get nodes Example output NAME STATUS ROLES AGE VERSION master-0 Ready master 73m v1.22.1 master-1 Ready master 73m v1.22.1 master-2 Ready master 74m v1.22.1 worker-0 Ready worker 11m v1.22.1 worker-1 Ready worker 11m v1.22.1 Note It can take a few minutes after approval of the server CSRs for the machines to transition to the Ready status. Additional information For more information on CSRs, see Certificate Signing Requests . 18.7.22. Initial Operator configuration After the control plane initializes, you must immediately configure some Operators so that they all become available. Prerequisites Your control plane has initialized. Procedure Watch the cluster components come online: USD watch -n5 oc get clusteroperators Example output NAME VERSION AVAILABLE PROGRESSING DEGRADED SINCE authentication 4.9.0 True False False 19m baremetal 4.9.0 True False False 37m cloud-credential 4.9.0 True False False 40m cluster-autoscaler 4.9.0 True False False 37m config-operator 4.9.0 True False False 38m console 4.9.0 True False False 26m csi-snapshot-controller 4.9.0 True False False 37m dns 4.9.0 True False False 37m etcd 4.9.0 True False False 36m image-registry 4.9.0 True False False 31m ingress 4.9.0 True False False 30m insights 4.9.0 True False False 31m kube-apiserver 4.9.0 True False False 26m kube-controller-manager 4.9.0 True False False 36m kube-scheduler 4.9.0 True False False 36m kube-storage-version-migrator 4.9.0 True False False 37m machine-api 4.9.0 True False False 29m machine-approver 4.9.0 True False False 37m machine-config 4.9.0 True False False 36m marketplace 4.9.0 True False False 37m monitoring 4.9.0 True False False 29m network 4.9.0 True False False 38m node-tuning 4.9.0 True False False 37m openshift-apiserver 4.9.0 True False False 32m openshift-controller-manager 4.9.0 True False False 30m openshift-samples 4.9.0 True False False 32m operator-lifecycle-manager 4.9.0 True False False 37m operator-lifecycle-manager-catalog 4.9.0 True False False 37m operator-lifecycle-manager-packageserver 4.9.0 True False False 32m service-ca 4.9.0 True False False 38m storage 4.9.0 True False False 37m Configure the Operators that are not available. 18.7.22.1. Image registry removed during installation On platforms that do not provide shareable object storage, the OpenShift Image Registry Operator bootstraps itself as Removed . This allows openshift-installer to complete installations on these platform types. After installation, you must edit the Image Registry Operator configuration to switch the managementState from Removed to Managed . Note The Prometheus console provides an ImageRegistryRemoved alert, for example: "Image Registry has been removed. ImageStreamTags , BuildConfigs and DeploymentConfigs which reference ImageStreamTags may not work as expected. Please configure storage and update the config to Managed state by editing configs.imageregistry.operator.openshift.io." 18.7.22.2. Image registry storage configuration The Image Registry Operator is not initially available for platforms that do not provide default storage. After installation, you must configure your registry to use storage so that the Registry Operator is made available. Instructions are shown for configuring a persistent volume, which is required for production clusters. Where applicable, instructions are shown for configuring an empty directory as the storage location, which is available for only non-production clusters. Additional instructions are provided for allowing the image registry to use block storage types by using the Recreate rollout strategy during upgrades. 18.7.22.2.1. Configuring block registry storage for VMware vSphere To allow the image registry to use block storage types such as vSphere Virtual Machine Disk (VMDK) during upgrades as a cluster administrator, you can use the Recreate rollout strategy. Important Block storage volumes are supported but not recommended for use with image registry on production clusters. An installation where the registry is configured on block storage is not highly available because the registry cannot have more than one replica. Procedure To set the image registry storage as a block storage type, patch the registry so that it uses the Recreate rollout strategy and runs with only 1 replica: USD oc patch config.imageregistry.operator.openshift.io/cluster --type=merge -p '{"spec":{"rolloutStrategy":"Recreate","replicas":1}}' Provision the PV for the block storage device, and create a PVC for that volume. The requested block volume uses the ReadWriteOnce (RWO) access mode. Create a pvc.yaml file with the following contents to define a VMware vSphere PersistentVolumeClaim object: kind: PersistentVolumeClaim apiVersion: v1 metadata: name: image-registry-storage 1 namespace: openshift-image-registry 2 spec: accessModes: - ReadWriteOnce 3 resources: requests: storage: 100Gi 4 1 A unique name that represents the PersistentVolumeClaim object. 2 The namespace for the PersistentVolumeClaim object, which is openshift-image-registry . 3 The access mode of the persistent volume claim. With ReadWriteOnce , the volume can be mounted with read and write permissions by a single node. 4 The size of the persistent volume claim. Create the PersistentVolumeClaim object from the file: USD oc create -f pvc.yaml -n openshift-image-registry Edit the registry configuration so that it references the correct PVC: USD oc edit config.imageregistry.operator.openshift.io -o yaml Example output storage: pvc: claim: 1 1 Creating a custom PVC allows you to leave the claim field blank for the default automatic creation of an image-registry-storage PVC. For instructions about configuring registry storage so that it references the correct PVC, see Configuring the registry for vSphere . 18.7.23. Completing installation on user-provisioned infrastructure After you complete the Operator configuration, you can finish installing the cluster on infrastructure that you provide. Prerequisites Your control plane has initialized. You have completed the initial Operator configuration. Procedure Confirm that all the cluster components are online with the following command: USD watch -n5 oc get clusteroperators Example output NAME VERSION AVAILABLE PROGRESSING DEGRADED SINCE authentication 4.9.0 True False False 19m baremetal 4.9.0 True False False 37m cloud-credential 4.9.0 True False False 40m cluster-autoscaler 4.9.0 True False False 37m config-operator 4.9.0 True False False 38m console 4.9.0 True False False 26m csi-snapshot-controller 4.9.0 True False False 37m dns 4.9.0 True False False 37m etcd 4.9.0 True False False 36m image-registry 4.9.0 True False False 31m ingress 4.9.0 True False False 30m insights 4.9.0 True False False 31m kube-apiserver 4.9.0 True False False 26m kube-controller-manager 4.9.0 True False False 36m kube-scheduler 4.9.0 True False False 36m kube-storage-version-migrator 4.9.0 True False False 37m machine-api 4.9.0 True False False 29m machine-approver 4.9.0 True False False 37m machine-config 4.9.0 True False False 36m marketplace 4.9.0 True False False 37m monitoring 4.9.0 True False False 29m network 4.9.0 True False False 38m node-tuning 4.9.0 True False False 37m openshift-apiserver 4.9.0 True False False 32m openshift-controller-manager 4.9.0 True False False 30m openshift-samples 4.9.0 True False False 32m operator-lifecycle-manager 4.9.0 True False False 37m operator-lifecycle-manager-catalog 4.9.0 True False False 37m operator-lifecycle-manager-packageserver 4.9.0 True False False 32m service-ca 4.9.0 True False False 38m storage 4.9.0 True False False 37m Alternatively, the following command notifies you when all of the clusters are available. It also retrieves and displays credentials: USD ./openshift-install --dir <installation_directory> wait-for install-complete 1 1 For <installation_directory> , specify the path to the directory that you stored the installation files in. Example output INFO Waiting up to 30m0s for the cluster to initialize... The command succeeds when the Cluster Version Operator finishes deploying the OpenShift Container Platform cluster from Kubernetes API server. Important The Ignition config files that the installation program generates contain certificates that expire after 24 hours, which are then renewed at that time. If the cluster is shut down before renewing the certificates and the cluster is later restarted after the 24 hours have elapsed, the cluster automatically recovers the expired certificates. The exception is that you must manually approve the pending node-bootstrapper certificate signing requests (CSRs) to recover kubelet certificates. See the documentation for Recovering from expired control plane certificates for more information. It is recommended that you use Ignition config files within 12 hours after they are generated because the 24-hour certificate rotates from 16 to 22 hours after the cluster is installed. By using the Ignition config files within 12 hours, you can avoid installation failure if the certificate update runs during installation. Confirm that the Kubernetes API server is communicating with the pods. To view a list of all pods, use the following command: USD oc get pods --all-namespaces Example output NAMESPACE NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE openshift-apiserver-operator openshift-apiserver-operator-85cb746d55-zqhs8 1/1 Running 1 9m openshift-apiserver apiserver-67b9g 1/1 Running 0 3m openshift-apiserver apiserver-ljcmx 1/1 Running 0 1m openshift-apiserver apiserver-z25h4 1/1 Running 0 2m openshift-authentication-operator authentication-operator-69d5d8bf84-vh2n8 1/1 Running 0 5m ... View the logs for a pod that is listed in the output of the command by using the following command: USD oc logs <pod_name> -n <namespace> 1 1 Specify the pod name and namespace, as shown in the output of the command. If the pod logs display, the Kubernetes API server can communicate with the cluster machines. For an installation with Fibre Channel Protocol (FCP), additional steps are required to enable multipathing. Do not enable multipathing during installation. See "Enabling multipathing with kernel arguments on RHCOS" in the Post-installation machine configuration tasks documentation for more information. You can add extra compute machines after the cluster installation is completed by following Adding compute machines to vSphere . 18.7.24. Backing up VMware vSphere volumes OpenShift Container Platform provisions new volumes as independent persistent disks to freely attach and detach the volume on any node in the cluster. As a consequence, it is not possible to back up volumes that use snapshots, or to restore volumes from snapshots. See Snapshot Limitations for more information. Procedure To create a backup of persistent volumes: Stop the application that is using the persistent volume. Clone the persistent volume. Restart the application. Create a backup of the cloned volume. Delete the cloned volume. 18.7.25. Telemetry access for OpenShift Container Platform In OpenShift Container Platform 4.9, the Telemetry service, which runs by default to provide metrics about cluster health and the success of updates, requires internet access. If your cluster is connected to the internet, Telemetry runs automatically, and your cluster is registered to OpenShift Cluster Manager . After you confirm that your OpenShift Cluster Manager inventory is correct, either maintained automatically by Telemetry or manually by using OpenShift Cluster Manager, use subscription watch to track your OpenShift Container Platform subscriptions at the account or multi-cluster level. Additional resources See About remote health monitoring for more information about the Telemetry service 18.7.26. steps Customize your cluster . If necessary, you can opt out of remote health reporting . Set up your registry and configure registry storage . Optional: View the events from the vSphere Problem Detector Operator to determine if the cluster has permission or storage configuration issues. 18.8. Installing a cluster on VMC in a restricted network with user-provisioned infrastructure In OpenShift Container Platform version 4.9, you can install a cluster on VMware vSphere infrastructure that you provision in a restricted network by deploying it to VMware Cloud (VMC) on AWS . Once you configure your VMC environment for OpenShift Container Platform deployment, you use the OpenShift Container Platform installation program from the bastion management host, co-located in the VMC environment. The installation program and control plane automates the process of deploying and managing the resources needed for the OpenShift Container Platform cluster. Note OpenShift Container Platform supports deploying a cluster to a single VMware vCenter only. Deploying a cluster with machines/machine sets on multiple vCenters is not supported. 18.8.1. Setting up VMC for vSphere You can install OpenShift Container Platform on VMware Cloud (VMC) on AWS hosted vSphere clusters to enable applications to be deployed and managed both on-premise and off-premise, across the hybrid cloud. You must configure several options in your VMC environment prior to installing OpenShift Container Platform on VMware vSphere. Ensure your VMC environment has the following prerequisites: Create a non-exclusive, DHCP-enabled, NSX-T network segment and subnet. Other virtual machines (VMs) can be hosted on the subnet, but at least eight IP addresses must be available for the OpenShift Container Platform deployment. Configure the following firewall rules: An ANY:ANY firewall rule between the installation host and the software-defined data center (SDDC) management network on port 443. This allows you to upload the Red Hat Enterprise Linux CoreOS (RHCOS) OVA during deployment. An HTTPS firewall rule between the OpenShift Container Platform compute network and vCenter. This connection allows OpenShift Container Platform to communicate with vCenter for provisioning and managing nodes, persistent volume claims (PVCs), and other resources. You must have the following information to deploy OpenShift Container Platform: The OpenShift Container Platform cluster name, such as vmc-prod-1 . The base DNS name, such as companyname.com . If not using the default, the pod network CIDR and services network CIDR must be identified, which are set by default to 10.128.0.0/14 and 172.30.0.0/16 , respectively. These CIDRs are used for pod-to-pod and pod-to-service communication and are not accessible externally; however, they must not overlap with existing subnets in your organization. The following vCenter information: vCenter hostname, username, and password Datacenter name, such as SDDC-Datacenter Cluster name, such as Cluster-1 Network name Datastore name, such as WorkloadDatastore Note It is recommended to move your vSphere cluster to the VMC Compute-ResourcePool resource pool after your cluster installation is finished. A Linux-based host deployed to VMC as a bastion. The bastion host can be Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) or any another Linux-based host; it must have internet connectivity and the ability to upload an OVA to the ESXi hosts. Download and install the OpenShift CLI tools to the bastion host. The openshift-install installation program The OpenShift CLI ( oc ) tool Note You cannot use the VMware NSX Container Plugin for Kubernetes (NCP), and NSX is not used as the OpenShift SDN. The version of NSX currently available with VMC is incompatible with the version of NCP certified with OpenShift Container Platform. However, the NSX DHCP service is used for virtual machine IP management with the full-stack automated OpenShift Container Platform deployment and with nodes provisioned, either manually or automatically, by the Machine API integration with vSphere. Additionally, NSX firewall rules are created to enable access with the OpenShift Container Platform cluster and between the bastion host and the VMC vSphere hosts. 18.8.1.1. VMC Sizer tool VMware Cloud on AWS is built on top of AWS bare metal infrastructure; this is the same bare metal infrastructure which runs AWS native services. When a VMware cloud on AWS software-defined data center (SDDC) is deployed, you consume these physical server nodes and run the VMware ESXi hypervisor in a single tenant fashion. This means the physical infrastructure is not accessible to anyone else using VMC. It is important to consider how many physical hosts you will need to host your virtual infrastructure. To determine this, VMware provides the VMC on AWS Sizer . With this tool, you can define the resources you intend to host on VMC: Types of workloads Total number of virtual machines Specification information such as: Storage requirements vCPUs vRAM Overcommit ratios With these details, the sizer tool can generate a report, based on VMware best practices, and recommend your cluster configuration and the number of hosts you will need. 18.8.2. vSphere prerequisites You reviewed details about the OpenShift Container Platform installation and update processes. You read the documentation on selecting a cluster installation method and preparing it for users . You created a registry on your mirror host and obtain the imageContentSources data for your version of OpenShift Container Platform. Important Because the installation media is on the mirror host, you can use that computer to complete all installation steps. You provisioned block registry storage . For more information on persistent storage, see Understanding persistent storage . If you use a firewall and plan to use the Telemetry service, you configured the firewall to allow the sites that your cluster requires access to. Note Be sure to also review this site list if you are configuring a proxy. 18.8.3. About installations in restricted networks In OpenShift Container Platform 4.9, you can perform an installation that does not require an active connection to the internet to obtain software components. Restricted network installations can be completed using installer-provisioned infrastructure or user-provisioned infrastructure, depending on the cloud platform to which you are installing the cluster. If you choose to perform a restricted network installation on a cloud platform, you still require access to its cloud APIs. Some cloud functions, like Amazon Web Service's Route 53 DNS and IAM services, require internet access. Depending on your network, you might require less internet access for an installation on bare metal hardware or on VMware vSphere. To complete a restricted network installation, you must create a registry that mirrors the contents of the OpenShift Container Platform registry and contains the installation media. You can create this registry on a mirror host, which can access both the internet and your closed network, or by using other methods that meet your restrictions. Important Because of the complexity of the configuration for user-provisioned installations, consider completing a standard user-provisioned infrastructure installation before you attempt a restricted network installation using user-provisioned infrastructure. Completing this test installation might make it easier to isolate and troubleshoot any issues that might arise during your installation in a restricted network. 18.8.3.1. Additional limits Clusters in restricted networks have the following additional limitations and restrictions: The ClusterVersion status includes an Unable to retrieve available updates error. By default, you cannot use the contents of the Developer Catalog because you cannot access the required image stream tags. 18.8.4. Internet access for OpenShift Container Platform In OpenShift Container Platform 4.9, you require access to the internet to obtain the images that are necessary to install your cluster. You must have internet access to: Access OpenShift Cluster Manager to download the installation program and perform subscription management. If the cluster has internet access and you do not disable Telemetry, that service automatically entitles your cluster. Access Quay.io to obtain the packages that are required to install your cluster. Obtain the packages that are required to perform cluster updates. Important If your cluster cannot have direct internet access, you can perform a restricted network installation on some types of infrastructure that you provision. During that process, you download the required content and use it to populate a mirror registry with the installation packages. With some installation types, the environment that you install your cluster in will not require internet access. Before you update the cluster, you update the content of the mirror registry. 18.8.5. VMware vSphere infrastructure requirements You must install the OpenShift Container Platform cluster on a VMware vSphere version 6 or 7 instance that meets the requirements for the components that you use. Table 18.74. Version requirements for vSphere virtual environments Virtual environment product Required version VM hardware version 13 or later vSphere ESXi hosts 6.5 or later vCenter host 6.5 or later Important Installing a cluster on VMware vSphere version 6.7U2 or earlier and virtual hardware version 13 is now deprecated. These versions are still fully supported, but support will be removed in a future version of OpenShift Container Platform. Hardware version 15 is now the default for vSphere virtual machines in OpenShift Container Platform. To update the hardware version for your vSphere nodes, see the "Updating hardware on nodes running in vSphere" article. Table 18.75. Minimum supported vSphere version for VMware components Component Minimum supported versions Description Hypervisor vSphere 6.5 and later with HW version 13 This version is the minimum version that Red Hat Enterprise Linux CoreOS (RHCOS) supports. See the Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8 supported hypervisors list . Storage with in-tree drivers vSphere 6.5 and later This plugin creates vSphere storage by using the in-tree storage drivers for vSphere included in OpenShift Container Platform. If you use a vSphere version 6.5 instance, consider upgrading to 6.7U3 or 7.0 before you install OpenShift Container Platform. Important You must ensure that the time on your ESXi hosts is synchronized before you install OpenShift Container Platform. See Edit Time Configuration for a Host in the VMware documentation. Additional resources To update the hardware version for your vSphere nodes, see Updating hardware on nodes running in vSphere . 18.8.6. Requirements for a cluster with user-provisioned infrastructure For a cluster that contains user-provisioned infrastructure, you must deploy all of the required machines. This section describes the requirements for deploying OpenShift Container Platform on user-provisioned infrastructure. 18.8.6.1. Required machines for cluster installation The smallest OpenShift Container Platform clusters require the following hosts: Table 18.76. Minimum required hosts Hosts Description One temporary bootstrap machine The cluster requires the bootstrap machine to deploy the OpenShift Container Platform cluster on the three control plane machines. You can remove the bootstrap machine after you install the cluster. Three control plane machines The control plane machines run the Kubernetes and OpenShift Container Platform services that form the control plane. At least two compute machines, which are also known as worker machines. The workloads requested by OpenShift Container Platform users run on the compute machines. Important To maintain high availability of your cluster, use separate physical hosts for these cluster machines. The bootstrap and control plane machines must use Red Hat Enterprise Linux CoreOS (RHCOS) as the operating system. However, the compute machines can choose between Red Hat Enterprise Linux CoreOS (RHCOS), Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) 7.9, or RHEL 8.4. Note that RHCOS is based on Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) 8 and inherits all of its hardware certifications and requirements. See Red Hat Enterprise Linux technology capabilities and limits . 18.8.6.2. Minimum resource requirements for cluster installation Each cluster machine must meet the following minimum requirements: Table 18.77. Minimum resource requirements Machine Operating System vCPU [1] Virtual RAM Storage IOPS [2] Bootstrap RHCOS 4 16 GB 100 GB 300 Control plane RHCOS 4 16 GB 100 GB 300 Compute RHCOS, RHEL 7.9, or RHEL 8.4 [3] 2 8 GB 100 GB 300 One vCPU is equivalent to one physical core when simultaneous multithreading (SMT), or hyperthreading, is not enabled. When enabled, use the following formula to calculate the corresponding ratio: (threads per core x cores) x sockets = vCPUs. OpenShift Container Platform and Kubernetes are sensitive to disk performance, and faster storage is recommended, particularly for etcd on the control plane nodes which require a 10 ms p99 fsync duration. Note that on many cloud platforms, storage size and IOPS scale together, so you might need to over-allocate storage volume to obtain sufficient performance. As with all user-provisioned installations, if you choose to use RHEL compute machines in your cluster, you take responsibility for all operating system life cycle management and maintenance, including performing system updates, applying patches, and completing all other required tasks. Use of RHEL 7 compute machines is deprecated and planned for removal in a future release of OpenShift Container Platform 4. 18.8.6.3. Certificate signing requests management Because your cluster has limited access to automatic machine management when you use infrastructure that you provision, you must provide a mechanism for approving cluster certificate signing requests (CSRs) after installation. The kube-controller-manager only approves the kubelet client CSRs. The machine-approver cannot guarantee the validity of a serving certificate that is requested by using kubelet credentials because it cannot confirm that the correct machine issued the request. You must determine and implement a method of verifying the validity of the kubelet serving certificate requests and approving them. 18.8.6.4. Networking requirements for user-provisioned infrastructure All the Red Hat Enterprise Linux CoreOS (RHCOS) machines require networking to be configured in initramfs during boot to fetch their Ignition config files. During the initial boot, the machines require an IP address configuration that is set either through a DHCP server or statically by providing the required boot options. After a network connection is established, the machines download their Ignition config files from an HTTP or HTTPS server. The Ignition config files are then used to set the exact state of each machine. The Machine Config Operator completes more changes to the machines, such as the application of new certificates or keys, after installation. It is recommended to use a DHCP server for long-term management of the cluster machines. Ensure that the DHCP server is configured to provide persistent IP addresses, DNS server information, and hostnames to the cluster machines. Note If a DHCP service is not available for your user-provisioned infrastructure, you can instead provide the IP networking configuration and the address of the DNS server to the nodes at RHCOS install time. These can be passed as boot arguments if you are installing from an ISO image. See the Installing RHCOS and starting the OpenShift Container Platform bootstrap process section for more information about static IP provisioning and advanced networking options. The Kubernetes API server must be able to resolve the node names of the cluster machines. If the API servers and worker nodes are in different zones, you can configure a default DNS search zone to allow the API server to resolve the node names. Another supported approach is to always refer to hosts by their fully-qualified domain names in both the node objects and all DNS requests. 18.8.6.4.1. Setting the cluster node hostnames through DHCP On Red Hat Enterprise Linux CoreOS (RHCOS) machines, the hostname is set through NetworkManager. By default, the machines obtain their hostname through DHCP. If the hostname is not provided by DHCP, set statically through kernel arguments, or another method, it is obtained through a reverse DNS lookup. Reverse DNS lookup occurs after the network has been initialized on a node and can take time to resolve. Other system services can start prior to this and detect the hostname as localhost or similar. You can avoid this by using DHCP to provide the hostname for each cluster node. Additionally, setting the hostnames through DHCP can bypass any manual DNS record name configuration errors in environments that have a DNS split-horizon implementation. 18.8.6.4.2. Network connectivity requirements You must configure the network connectivity between machines to allow OpenShift Container Platform cluster components to communicate. Each machine must be able to resolve the hostnames of all other machines in the cluster. This section provides details about the ports that are required. Important In connected OpenShift Container Platform environments, all nodes are required to have internet access to pull images for platform containers and provide telemetry data to Red Hat. Table 18.78. Ports used for all-machine to all-machine communications Protocol Port Description ICMP N/A Network reachability tests TCP 1936 Metrics 9000 - 9999 Host level services, including the node exporter on ports 9100 - 9101 and the Cluster Version Operator on port 9099 . 10250 - 10259 The default ports that Kubernetes reserves 10256 openshift-sdn UDP 4789 VXLAN and Geneve 6081 VXLAN and Geneve 9000 - 9999 Host level services, including the node exporter on ports 9100 - 9101 . 500 IPsec IKE packets 4500 IPsec NAT-T packets TCP/UDP 30000 - 32767 Kubernetes node port ESP N/A IPsec Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) Table 18.79. Ports used for all-machine to control plane communications Protocol Port Description TCP 6443 Kubernetes API Table 18.80. Ports used for control plane machine to control plane machine communications Protocol Port Description TCP 2379 - 2380 etcd server and peer ports NTP configuration for user-provisioned infrastructure OpenShift Container Platform clusters are configured to use a public Network Time Protocol (NTP) server by default. If you want to use a local enterprise NTP server, or if your cluster is being deployed in a disconnected network, you can configure the cluster to use a specific time server. For more information, see the documentation for Configuring chrony time service . If a DHCP server provides NTP server information, the chrony time service on the Red Hat Enterprise Linux CoreOS (RHCOS) machines read the information and can sync the clock with the NTP servers. 18.8.6.5. User-provisioned DNS requirements In OpenShift Container Platform deployments, DNS name resolution is required for the following components: The Kubernetes API The OpenShift Container Platform application wildcard The bootstrap, control plane, and compute machines Reverse DNS resolution is also required for the Kubernetes API, the bootstrap machine, the control plane machines, and the compute machines. DNS A/AAAA or CNAME records are used for name resolution and PTR records are used for reverse name resolution. The reverse records are important because Red Hat Enterprise Linux CoreOS (RHCOS) uses the reverse records to set the hostnames for all the nodes, unless the hostnames are provided by DHCP. Additionally, the reverse records are used to generate the certificate signing requests (CSR) that OpenShift Container Platform needs to operate. Note It is recommended to use a DHCP server to provide the hostnames to each cluster node. See the DHCP recommendations for user-provisioned infrastructure section for more information. The following DNS records are required for a user-provisioned OpenShift Container Platform cluster and they must be in place before installation. In each record, <cluster_name> is the cluster name and <base_domain> is the base domain that you specify in the install-config.yaml file. A complete DNS record takes the form: <component>.<cluster_name>.<base_domain>. . Table 18.81. Required DNS records Component Record Description Kubernetes API api.<cluster_name>.<base_domain>. A DNS A/AAAA or CNAME record, and a DNS PTR record, to identify the API load balancer. These records must be resolvable by both clients external to the cluster and from all the nodes within the cluster. api-int.<cluster_name>.<base_domain>. A DNS A/AAAA or CNAME record, and a DNS PTR record, to internally identify the API load balancer. These records must be resolvable from all the nodes within the cluster. Important The API server must be able to resolve the worker nodes by the hostnames that are recorded in Kubernetes. If the API server cannot resolve the node names, then proxied API calls can fail, and you cannot retrieve logs from pods. Routes *.apps.<cluster_name>.<base_domain>. A wildcard DNS A/AAAA or CNAME record that refers to the application ingress load balancer. The application ingress load balancer targets the machines that run the Ingress Controller pods. The Ingress Controller pods run on the compute machines by default. These records must be resolvable by both clients external to the cluster and from all the nodes within the cluster. For example, console-openshift-console.apps.<cluster_name>.<base_domain> is used as a wildcard route to the OpenShift Container Platform console. Bootstrap machine bootstrap.<cluster_name>.<base_domain>. A DNS A/AAAA or CNAME record, and a DNS PTR record, to identify the bootstrap machine. These records must be resolvable by the nodes within the cluster. Control plane machines <master><n>.<cluster_name>.<base_domain>. DNS A/AAAA or CNAME records and DNS PTR records to identify each machine for the control plane nodes. These records must be resolvable by the nodes within the cluster. Compute machines <worker><n>.<cluster_name>.<base_domain>. DNS A/AAAA or CNAME records and DNS PTR records to identify each machine for the worker nodes. These records must be resolvable by the nodes within the cluster. Note In OpenShift Container Platform 4.4 and later, you do not need to specify etcd host and SRV records in your DNS configuration. Tip You can use the dig command to verify name and reverse name resolution. See the section on Validating DNS resolution for user-provisioned infrastructure for detailed validation steps. 18.8.6.5.1. Example DNS configuration for user-provisioned clusters This section provides A and PTR record configuration samples that meet the DNS requirements for deploying OpenShift Container Platform on user-provisioned infrastructure. The samples are not meant to provide advice for choosing one DNS solution over another. In the examples, the cluster name is ocp4 and the base domain is example.com . Example DNS A record configuration for a user-provisioned cluster The following example is a BIND zone file that shows sample A records for name resolution in a user-provisioned cluster. Example 18.19. Sample DNS zone database USDTTL 1W @ IN SOA ns1.example.com. root ( 2019070700 ; serial 3H ; refresh (3 hours) 30M ; retry (30 minutes) 2W ; expiry (2 weeks) 1W ) ; minimum (1 week) IN NS ns1.example.com. IN MX 10 smtp.example.com. ; ; ns1.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.5 smtp.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.5 ; helper.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.5 helper.ocp4.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.5 ; api.ocp4.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.5 1 api-int.ocp4.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.5 2 ; *.apps.ocp4.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.5 3 ; bootstrap.ocp4.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.96 4 ; master0.ocp4.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.97 5 master1.ocp4.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.98 6 master2.ocp4.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.99 7 ; worker0.ocp4.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.11 8 worker1.ocp4.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.7 9 ; ;EOF 1 Provides name resolution for the Kubernetes API. The record refers to the IP address of the API load balancer. 2 Provides name resolution for the Kubernetes API. The record refers to the IP address of the API load balancer and is used for internal cluster communications. 3 Provides name resolution for the wildcard routes. The record refers to the IP address of the application ingress load balancer. The application ingress load balancer targets the machines that run the Ingress Controller pods. The Ingress Controller pods run on the compute machines by default. Note In the example, the same load balancer is used for the Kubernetes API and application ingress traffic. In production scenarios, you can deploy the API and application ingress load balancers separately so that you can scale the load balancer infrastructure for each in isolation. 4 Provides name resolution for the bootstrap machine. 5 6 7 Provides name resolution for the control plane machines. 8 9 Provides name resolution for the compute machines. Example DNS PTR record configuration for a user-provisioned cluster The following example BIND zone file shows sample PTR records for reverse name resolution in a user-provisioned cluster. Example 18.20. Sample DNS zone database for reverse records USDTTL 1W @ IN SOA ns1.example.com. root ( 2019070700 ; serial 3H ; refresh (3 hours) 30M ; retry (30 minutes) 2W ; expiry (2 weeks) 1W ) ; minimum (1 week) IN NS ns1.example.com. ; 5.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. IN PTR api.ocp4.example.com. 1 5.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. IN PTR api-int.ocp4.example.com. 2 ; 96.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. IN PTR bootstrap.ocp4.example.com. 3 ; 97.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. IN PTR master0.ocp4.example.com. 4 98.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. IN PTR master1.ocp4.example.com. 5 99.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. IN PTR master2.ocp4.example.com. 6 ; 11.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. IN PTR worker0.ocp4.example.com. 7 7.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. IN PTR worker1.ocp4.example.com. 8 ; ;EOF 1 Provides reverse DNS resolution for the Kubernetes API. The PTR record refers to the record name of the API load balancer. 2 Provides reverse DNS resolution for the Kubernetes API. The PTR record refers to the record name of the API load balancer and is used for internal cluster communications. 3 Provides reverse DNS resolution for the bootstrap machine. 4 5 6 Provides reverse DNS resolution for the control plane machines. 7 8 Provides reverse DNS resolution for the compute machines. Note A PTR record is not required for the OpenShift Container Platform application wildcard. 18.8.6.6. Load balancing requirements for user-provisioned infrastructure Before you install OpenShift Container Platform, you must provision the API and application ingress load balancing infrastructure. In production scenarios, you can deploy the API and application ingress load balancers separately so that you can scale the load balancer infrastructure for each in isolation. Note If you want to deploy the API and application ingress load balancers with a Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) instance, you must purchase the RHEL subscription separately. The load balancing infrastructure must meet the following requirements: API load balancer : Provides a common endpoint for users, both human and machine, to interact with and configure the platform. Configure the following conditions: Layer 4 load balancing only. This can be referred to as Raw TCP, SSL Passthrough, or SSL Bridge mode. If you use SSL Bridge mode, you must enable Server Name Indication (SNI) for the API routes. A stateless load balancing algorithm. The options vary based on the load balancer implementation. Note Session persistence is not required for the API load balancer to function properly. Configure the following ports on both the front and back of the load balancers: Table 18.82. API load balancer Port Back-end machines (pool members) Internal External Description 6443 Bootstrap and control plane. You remove the bootstrap machine from the load balancer after the bootstrap machine initializes the cluster control plane. You must configure the /readyz endpoint for the API server health check probe. X X Kubernetes API server 22623 Bootstrap and control plane. You remove the bootstrap machine from the load balancer after the bootstrap machine initializes the cluster control plane. X Machine config server Note The load balancer must be configured to take a maximum of 30 seconds from the time the API server turns off the /readyz endpoint to the removal of the API server instance from the pool. Within the time frame after /readyz returns an error or becomes healthy, the endpoint must have been removed or added. Probing every 5 or 10 seconds, with two successful requests to become healthy and three to become unhealthy, are well-tested values. Application ingress load balancer : Provides an ingress point for application traffic flowing in from outside the cluster. Configure the following conditions: Layer 4 load balancing only. This can be referred to as Raw TCP, SSL Passthrough, or SSL Bridge mode. If you use SSL Bridge mode, you must enable Server Name Indication (SNI) for the ingress routes. A connection-based or session-based persistence is recommended, based on the options available and types of applications that will be hosted on the platform. Tip If the true IP address of the client can be seen by the application ingress load balancer, enabling source IP-based session persistence can improve performance for applications that use end-to-end TLS encryption. Configure the following ports on both the front and back of the load balancers: Table 18.83. Application ingress load balancer Port Back-end machines (pool members) Internal External Description 443 The machines that run the Ingress Controller pods, compute, or worker, by default. X X HTTPS traffic 80 The machines that run the Ingress Controller pods, compute, or worker, by default. X X HTTP traffic 1936 The worker nodes that run the Ingress Controller pods, by default. You must configure the /healthz/ready endpoint for the ingress health check probe. X X HTTP traffic Note If you are deploying a three-node cluster with zero compute nodes, the Ingress Controller pods run on the control plane nodes. In three-node cluster deployments, you must configure your application ingress load balancer to route HTTP and HTTPS traffic to the control plane nodes. Note A working configuration for the Ingress router is required for an OpenShift Container Platform cluster. You must configure the Ingress router after the control plane initializes. 18.8.6.6.1. Example load balancer configuration for user-provisioned clusters This section provides an example API and application ingress load balancer configuration that meets the load balancing requirements for user-provisioned clusters. The sample is an /etc/haproxy/haproxy.cfg configuration for an HAProxy load balancer. The example is not meant to provide advice for choosing one load balancing solution over another. Note In the example, the same load balancer is used for the Kubernetes API and application ingress traffic. In production scenarios you can deploy the API and application ingress load balancers separately so that you can scale the load balancer infrastructure for each in isolation. Example 18.21. Sample API and application ingress load balancer configuration global log 127.0.0.1 local2 pidfile /var/run/haproxy.pid maxconn 4000 daemon defaults mode http log global option dontlognull option http-server-close option redispatch retries 3 timeout http-request 10s timeout queue 1m timeout connect 10s timeout client 1m timeout server 1m timeout http-keep-alive 10s timeout check 10s maxconn 3000 frontend stats bind *:1936 mode http log global maxconn 10 stats enable stats hide-version stats refresh 30s stats show-node stats show-desc Stats for ocp4 cluster 1 stats auth admin:ocp4 stats uri /stats listen api-server-6443 2 bind *:6443 mode tcp server bootstrap bootstrap.ocp4.example.com:6443 check inter 1s backup 3 server master0 master0.ocp4.example.com:6443 check inter 1s server master1 master1.ocp4.example.com:6443 check inter 1s server master2 master2.ocp4.example.com:6443 check inter 1s listen machine-config-server-22623 4 bind *:22623 mode tcp server bootstrap bootstrap.ocp4.example.com:22623 check inter 1s backup 5 server master0 master0.ocp4.example.com:22623 check inter 1s server master1 master1.ocp4.example.com:22623 check inter 1s server master2 master2.ocp4.example.com:22623 check inter 1s listen ingress-router-443 6 bind *:443 mode tcp balance source server worker0 worker0.ocp4.example.com:443 check inter 1s server worker1 worker1.ocp4.example.com:443 check inter 1s listen ingress-router-80 7 bind *:80 mode tcp balance source server worker0 worker0.ocp4.example.com:80 check inter 1s server worker1 worker1.ocp4.example.com:80 check inter 1s 1 In the example, the cluster name is ocp4 . 2 Port 6443 handles the Kubernetes API traffic and points to the control plane machines. 3 5 The bootstrap entries must be in place before the OpenShift Container Platform cluster installation and they must be removed after the bootstrap process is complete. 4 Port 22623 handles the machine config server traffic and points to the control plane machines. 6 Port 443 handles the HTTPS traffic and points to the machines that run the Ingress Controller pods. The Ingress Controller pods run on the compute machines by default. 7 Port 80 handles the HTTP traffic and points to the machines that run the Ingress Controller pods. The Ingress Controller pods run on the compute machines by default. Note If you are deploying a three-node cluster with zero compute nodes, the Ingress Controller pods run on the control plane nodes. In three-node cluster deployments, you must configure your application ingress load balancer to route HTTP and HTTPS traffic to the control plane nodes. Tip If you are using HAProxy as a load balancer, you can check that the haproxy process is listening on ports 6443 , 22623 , 443 , and 80 by running netstat -nltupe on the HAProxy node. Note If you are using HAProxy as a load balancer and SELinux is set to enforcing , you must ensure that the HAProxy service can bind to the configured TCP port by running setsebool -P haproxy_connect_any=1 . 18.8.7. Preparing the user-provisioned infrastructure Before you install OpenShift Container Platform on user-provisioned infrastructure, you must prepare the underlying infrastructure. This section provides details about the high-level steps required to set up your cluster infrastructure in preparation for an OpenShift Container Platform installation. This includes configuring IP networking and network connectivity for your cluster nodes, enabling the required ports through your firewall, and setting up the required DNS and load balancing infrastructure. After preparation, your cluster infrastructure must meet the requirements outlined in the Requirements for a cluster with user-provisioned infrastructure section. Prerequisites You have reviewed the OpenShift Container Platform 4.x Tested Integrations page. You have reviewed the infrastructure requirements detailed in the Requirements for a cluster with user-provisioned infrastructure section. Procedure If you are using DHCP to provide the IP networking configuration to your cluster nodes, configure your DHCP service. Add persistent IP addresses for the nodes to your DHCP server configuration. In your configuration, match the MAC address of the relevant network interface to the intended IP address for each node. When you use DHCP to configure IP addressing for the cluster machines, the machines also obtain the DNS server information through DHCP. Define the persistent DNS server address that is used by the cluster nodes through your DHCP server configuration. Note If you are not using a DHCP service, you must provide the IP networking configuration and the address of the DNS server to the nodes at RHCOS install time. These can be passed as boot arguments if you are installing from an ISO image. See the Installing RHCOS and starting the OpenShift Container Platform bootstrap process section for more information about static IP provisioning and advanced networking options. Define the hostnames of your cluster nodes in your DHCP server configuration. See the Setting the cluster node hostnames through DHCP section for details about hostname considerations. Note If you are not using a DHCP service, the cluster nodes obtain their hostname through a reverse DNS lookup. Ensure that your network infrastructure provides the required network connectivity between the cluster components. See the Networking requirements for user-provisioned infrastructure section for details about the requirements. Configure your firewall to enable the ports required for the OpenShift Container Platform cluster components to communicate. See Networking requirements for user-provisioned infrastructure section for details about the ports that are required. Setup the required DNS infrastructure for your cluster. Configure DNS name resolution for the Kubernetes API, the application wildcard, the bootstrap machine, the control plane machines, and the compute machines. Configure reverse DNS resolution for the Kubernetes API, the bootstrap machine, the control plane machines, and the compute machines. See the User-provisioned DNS requirements section for more information about the OpenShift Container Platform DNS requirements. Validate your DNS configuration. From your installation node, run DNS lookups against the record names of the Kubernetes API, the wildcard routes, and the cluster nodes. Validate that the IP addresses in the responses correspond to the correct components. From your installation node, run reverse DNS lookups against the IP addresses of the load balancer and the cluster nodes. Validate that the record names in the responses correspond to the correct components. See the Validating DNS resolution for user-provisioned infrastructure section for detailed DNS validation steps. Provision the required API and application ingress load balancing infrastructure. See the Load balancing requirements for user-provisioned infrastructure section for more information about the requirements. Note Some load balancing solutions require the DNS name resolution for the cluster nodes to be in place before the load balancing is initialized. 18.8.8. Validating DNS resolution for user-provisioned infrastructure You can validate your DNS configuration before installing OpenShift Container Platform on user-provisioned infrastructure. Important The validation steps detailed in this section must succeed before you install your cluster. Prerequisites You have configured the required DNS records for your user-provisioned infrastructure. Procedure From your installation node, run DNS lookups against the record names of the Kubernetes API, the wildcard routes, and the cluster nodes. Validate that the IP addresses contained in the responses correspond to the correct components. Perform a lookup against the Kubernetes API record name. Check that the result points to the IP address of the API load balancer: USD dig +noall +answer @<nameserver_ip> api.<cluster_name>.<base_domain> 1 1 Replace <nameserver_ip> with the IP address of the nameserver, <cluster_name> with your cluster name, and <base_domain> with your base domain name. Example output api.ocp4.example.com. 0 IN A 192.168.1.5 Perform a lookup against the Kubernetes internal API record name. Check that the result points to the IP address of the API load balancer: USD dig +noall +answer @<nameserver_ip> api-int.<cluster_name>.<base_domain> Example output api-int.ocp4.example.com. 0 IN A 192.168.1.5 Test an example *.apps.<cluster_name>.<base_domain> DNS wildcard lookup. All of the application wildcard lookups must resolve to the IP address of the application ingress load balancer: USD dig +noall +answer @<nameserver_ip> random.apps.<cluster_name>.<base_domain> Example output random.apps.ocp4.example.com. 0 IN A 192.168.1.5 Note In the example outputs, the same load balancer is used for the Kubernetes API and application ingress traffic. In production scenarios, you can deploy the API and application ingress load balancers separately so that you can scale the load balancer infrastructure for each in isolation. You can replace random with another wildcard value. For example, you can query the route to the OpenShift Container Platform console: USD dig +noall +answer @<nameserver_ip> console-openshift-console.apps.<cluster_name>.<base_domain> Example output console-openshift-console.apps.ocp4.example.com. 0 IN A 192.168.1.5 Run a lookup against the bootstrap DNS record name. Check that the result points to the IP address of the bootstrap node: USD dig +noall +answer @<nameserver_ip> bootstrap.<cluster_name>.<base_domain> Example output bootstrap.ocp4.example.com. 0 IN A 192.168.1.96 Use this method to perform lookups against the DNS record names for the control plane and compute nodes. Check that the results correspond to the IP addresses of each node. From your installation node, run reverse DNS lookups against the IP addresses of the load balancer and the cluster nodes. Validate that the record names contained in the responses correspond to the correct components. Perform a reverse lookup against the IP address of the API load balancer. Check that the response includes the record names for the Kubernetes API and the Kubernetes internal API: USD dig +noall +answer @<nameserver_ip> -x 192.168.1.5 Example output 5.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. 0 IN PTR api-int.ocp4.example.com. 1 5.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. 0 IN PTR api.ocp4.example.com. 2 1 Provides the record name for the Kubernetes internal API. 2 Provides the record name for the Kubernetes API. Note A PTR record is not required for the OpenShift Container Platform application wildcard. No validation step is needed for reverse DNS resolution against the IP address of the application ingress load balancer. Perform a reverse lookup against the IP address of the bootstrap node. Check that the result points to the DNS record name of the bootstrap node: USD dig +noall +answer @<nameserver_ip> -x 192.168.1.96 Example output 96.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. 0 IN PTR bootstrap.ocp4.example.com. Use this method to perform reverse lookups against the IP addresses for the control plane and compute nodes. Check that the results correspond to the DNS record names of each node. 18.8.9. Generating a key pair for cluster node SSH access During an OpenShift Container Platform installation, you can provide an SSH public key to the installation program. The key is passed to the Red Hat Enterprise Linux CoreOS (RHCOS) nodes through their Ignition config files and is used to authenticate SSH access to the nodes. The key is added to the ~/.ssh/authorized_keys list for the core user on each node, which enables password-less authentication. After the key is passed to the nodes, you can use the key pair to SSH in to the RHCOS nodes as the user core . To access the nodes through SSH, the private key identity must be managed by SSH for your local user. If you want to SSH in to your cluster nodes to perform installation debugging or disaster recovery, you must provide the SSH public key during the installation process. The ./openshift-install gather command also requires the SSH public key to be in place on the cluster nodes. Important Do not skip this procedure in production environments, where disaster recovery and debugging is required. Note You must use a local key, not one that you configured with platform-specific approaches such as AWS key pairs . Procedure If you do not have an existing SSH key pair on your local machine to use for authentication onto your cluster nodes, create one. For example, on a computer that uses a Linux operating system, run the following command: USD ssh-keygen -t ed25519 -N '' -f <path>/<file_name> 1 1 Specify the path and file name, such as ~/.ssh/id_ed25519 , of the new SSH key. If you have an existing key pair, ensure your public key is in the your ~/.ssh directory. Note If you plan to install an OpenShift Container Platform cluster that uses FIPS Validated / Modules in Process cryptographic libraries on the x86_64 architecture, do not create a key that uses the ed25519 algorithm. Instead, create a key that uses the rsa or ecdsa algorithm. View the public SSH key: USD cat <path>/<file_name>.pub For example, run the following to view the ~/.ssh/id_ed25519.pub public key: USD cat ~/.ssh/id_ed25519.pub Add the SSH private key identity to the SSH agent for your local user, if it has not already been added. SSH agent management of the key is required for password-less SSH authentication onto your cluster nodes, or if you want to use the ./openshift-install gather command. Note On some distributions, default SSH private key identities such as ~/.ssh/id_rsa and ~/.ssh/id_dsa are managed automatically. If the ssh-agent process is not already running for your local user, start it as a background task: USD eval "USD(ssh-agent -s)" Example output Agent pid 31874 Note If your cluster is in FIPS mode, only use FIPS-compliant algorithms to generate the SSH key. The key must be either RSA or ECDSA. Add your SSH private key to the ssh-agent : USD ssh-add <path>/<file_name> 1 1 Specify the path and file name for your SSH private key, such as ~/.ssh/id_ed25519 Example output Identity added: /home/<you>/<path>/<file_name> (<computer_name>) steps When you install OpenShift Container Platform, provide the SSH public key to the installation program. If you install a cluster on infrastructure that you provision, you must provide the key to the installation program. 18.8.10. Manually creating the installation configuration file For user-provisioned installations of OpenShift Container Platform, you manually generate your installation configuration file. Prerequisites You have an SSH public key on your local machine to provide to the installation program. The key will be used for SSH authentication onto your cluster nodes for debugging and disaster recovery. You have obtained the OpenShift Container Platform installation program and the pull secret for your cluster. Obtain the imageContentSources section from the output of the command to mirror the repository. Obtain the contents of the certificate for your mirror registry. Procedure Create an installation directory to store your required installation assets in: USD mkdir <installation_directory> Important You must create a directory. Some installation assets, like bootstrap X.509 certificates have short expiration intervals, so you must not reuse an installation directory. If you want to reuse individual files from another cluster installation, you can copy them into your directory. However, the file names for the installation assets might change between releases. Use caution when copying installation files from an earlier OpenShift Container Platform version. Customize the sample install-config.yaml file template that is provided and save it in the <installation_directory> . Note You must name this configuration file install-config.yaml . Unless you use a registry that RHCOS trusts by default, such as docker.io , you must provide the contents of the certificate for your mirror repository in the additionalTrustBundle section. In most cases, you must provide the certificate for your mirror. You must include the imageContentSources section from the output of the command to mirror the repository. Note For some platform types, you can alternatively run ./openshift-install create install-config --dir <installation_directory> to generate an install-config.yaml file. You can provide details about your cluster configuration at the prompts. Back up the install-config.yaml file so that you can use it to install multiple clusters. Important The install-config.yaml file is consumed during the step of the installation process. You must back it up now. 18.8.10.1. Sample install-config.yaml file for VMware vSphere You can customize the install-config.yaml file to specify more details about your OpenShift Container Platform cluster's platform or modify the values of the required parameters. apiVersion: v1 baseDomain: example.com 1 compute: - hyperthreading: Enabled 2 3 name: worker replicas: 0 4 controlPlane: hyperthreading: Enabled 5 6 name: master replicas: 3 7 metadata: name: test 8 platform: vsphere: vcenter: your.vcenter.server 9 username: username 10 password: password 11 datacenter: datacenter 12 defaultDatastore: datastore 13 folder: "/<datacenter_name>/vm/<folder_name>/<subfolder_name>" 14 fips: false 15 pullSecret: '{"auths":{"<local_registry>": {"auth": "<credentials>","email": "you@example.com"}}}' 16 sshKey: 'ssh-ed25519 AAAA...' 17 additionalTrustBundle: | 18 -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE----- ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ -----END CERTIFICATE----- imageContentSources: 19 - mirrors: - <local_registry>/<local_repository_name>/release source: quay.io/openshift-release-dev/ocp-release - mirrors: - <local_registry>/<local_repository_name>/release source: quay.io/openshift-release-dev/ocp-v4.0-art-dev 1 The base domain of the cluster. All DNS records must be sub-domains of this base and include the cluster name. 2 5 The controlPlane section is a single mapping, but the compute section is a sequence of mappings. To meet the requirements of the different data structures, the first line of the compute section must begin with a hyphen, - , and the first line of the controlPlane section must not. Although both sections currently define a single machine pool, it is possible that future versions of OpenShift Container Platform will support defining multiple compute pools during installation. Only one control plane pool is used. 3 6 Whether to enable or disable simultaneous multithreading, or hyperthreading . By default, simultaneous multithreading is enabled to increase the performance of your machines' cores. You can disable it by setting the parameter value to Disabled . If you disable simultaneous multithreading in some cluster machines, you must disable it in all cluster machines. Important If you disable simultaneous multithreading, ensure that your capacity planning accounts for the dramatically decreased machine performance. Your machines must use at least 8 CPUs and 32 GB of RAM if you disable simultaneous multithreading. 4 You must set the value of the replicas parameter to 0 . This parameter controls the number of workers that the cluster creates and manages for you, which are functions that the cluster does not perform when you use user-provisioned infrastructure. You must manually deploy worker machines for the cluster to use before you finish installing OpenShift Container Platform. 7 The number of control plane machines that you add to the cluster. Because the cluster uses this values as the number of etcd endpoints in the cluster, the value must match the number of control plane machines that you deploy. 8 The cluster name that you specified in your DNS records. 9 The fully-qualified hostname or IP address of the vCenter server. 10 The name of the user for accessing the server. This user must have at least the roles and privileges that are required for static or dynamic persistent volume provisioning in vSphere. 11 The password associated with the vSphere user. 12 The vSphere datacenter. 13 The default vSphere datastore to use. 14 Optional: For installer-provisioned infrastructure, the absolute path of an existing folder where the installation program creates the virtual machines, for example, /<datacenter_name>/vm/<folder_name>/<subfolder_name> . If you do not provide this value, the installation program creates a top-level folder in the datacenter virtual machine folder that is named with the infrastructure ID. If you are providing the infrastructure for the cluster, omit this parameter. 15 Whether to enable or disable FIPS mode. By default, FIPS mode is not enabled. If FIPS mode is enabled, the Red Hat Enterprise Linux CoreOS (RHCOS) machines that OpenShift Container Platform runs on bypass the default Kubernetes cryptography suite and use the cryptography modules that are provided with RHCOS instead. Important The use of FIPS Validated / Modules in Process cryptographic libraries is only supported on OpenShift Container Platform deployments on the x86_64 architecture. 16 For <local_registry> , specify the registry domain name, and optionally the port, that your mirror registry uses to serve content. For example registry.example.com or registry.example.com:5000 . For <credentials> , specify the base64-encoded user name and password for your mirror registry. 17 The public portion of the default SSH key for the core user in Red Hat Enterprise Linux CoreOS (RHCOS). Note For production OpenShift Container Platform clusters on which you want to perform installation debugging or disaster recovery, specify an SSH key that your ssh-agent process uses. 18 Provide the contents of the certificate file that you used for your mirror registry. 19 Provide the imageContentSources section from the output of the command to mirror the repository. 18.8.10.2. Configuring the cluster-wide proxy during installation Production environments can deny direct access to the internet and instead have an HTTP or HTTPS proxy available. You can configure a new OpenShift Container Platform cluster to use a proxy by configuring the proxy settings in the install-config.yaml file. Prerequisites You have an existing install-config.yaml file. You reviewed the sites that your cluster requires access to and determined whether any of them need to bypass the proxy. By default, all cluster egress traffic is proxied, including calls to hosting cloud provider APIs. You added sites to the Proxy object's spec.noProxy field to bypass the proxy if necessary. Note The Proxy object status.noProxy field is populated with the values of the networking.machineNetwork[].cidr , networking.clusterNetwork[].cidr , and networking.serviceNetwork[] fields from your installation configuration. For installations on Amazon Web Services (AWS), Google Cloud Platform (GCP), Microsoft Azure, and Red Hat OpenStack Platform (RHOSP), the Proxy object status.noProxy field is also populated with the instance metadata endpoint ( 169.254.169.254 ). Procedure Edit your install-config.yaml file and add the proxy settings. For example: apiVersion: v1 baseDomain: my.domain.com proxy: httpProxy: http://<username>:<pswd>@<ip>:<port> 1 httpsProxy: https://<username>:<pswd>@<ip>:<port> 2 noProxy: example.com 3 additionalTrustBundle: | 4 -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE----- <MY_TRUSTED_CA_CERT> -----END CERTIFICATE----- ... 1 A proxy URL to use for creating HTTP connections outside the cluster. The URL scheme must be http . 2 A proxy URL to use for creating HTTPS connections outside the cluster. 3 A comma-separated list of destination domain names, IP addresses, or other network CIDRs to exclude from proxying. Preface a domain with . to match subdomains only. For example, .y.com matches x.y.com , but not y.com . Use * to bypass the proxy for all destinations. You must include vCenter's IP address and the IP range that you use for its machines. 4 If provided, the installation program generates a config map that is named user-ca-bundle in the openshift-config namespace to hold the additional CA certificates. If you provide additionalTrustBundle and at least one proxy setting, the Proxy object is configured to reference the user-ca-bundle config map in the trustedCA field. The Cluster Network Operator then creates a trusted-ca-bundle config map that merges the contents specified for the trustedCA parameter with the RHCOS trust bundle. The additionalTrustBundle field is required unless the proxy's identity certificate is signed by an authority from the RHCOS trust bundle. Note The installation program does not support the proxy readinessEndpoints field. Save the file and reference it when installing OpenShift Container Platform. The installation program creates a cluster-wide proxy that is named cluster that uses the proxy settings in the provided install-config.yaml file. If no proxy settings are provided, a cluster Proxy object is still created, but it will have a nil spec . Note Only the Proxy object named cluster is supported, and no additional proxies can be created. 18.8.11. Creating the Kubernetes manifest and Ignition config files Because you must modify some cluster definition files and manually start the cluster machines, you must generate the Kubernetes manifest and Ignition config files that the cluster needs to configure the machines. The installation configuration file transforms into the Kubernetes manifests. The manifests wrap into the Ignition configuration files, which are later used to configure the cluster machines. Important The Ignition config files that the OpenShift Container Platform installation program generates contain certificates that expire after 24 hours, which are then renewed at that time. If the cluster is shut down before renewing the certificates and the cluster is later restarted after the 24 hours have elapsed, the cluster automatically recovers the expired certificates. The exception is that you must manually approve the pending node-bootstrapper certificate signing requests (CSRs) to recover kubelet certificates. See the documentation for Recovering from expired control plane certificates for more information. It is recommended that you use Ignition config files within 12 hours after they are generated because the 24-hour certificate rotates from 16 to 22 hours after the cluster is installed. By using the Ignition config files within 12 hours, you can avoid installation failure if the certificate update runs during installation. Prerequisites You obtained the OpenShift Container Platform installation program. For a restricted network installation, these files are on your mirror host. You created the install-config.yaml installation configuration file. Procedure Change to the directory that contains the OpenShift Container Platform installation program and generate the Kubernetes manifests for the cluster: USD ./openshift-install create manifests --dir <installation_directory> 1 1 For <installation_directory> , specify the installation directory that contains the install-config.yaml file you created. Remove the Kubernetes manifest files that define the control plane machines and compute machine sets: USD rm -f openshift/99_openshift-cluster-api_master-machines-*.yaml openshift/99_openshift-cluster-api_worker-machineset-*.yaml Because you create and manage these resources yourself, you do not have to initialize them. You can preserve the machine set files to create compute machines by using the machine API, but you must update references to them to match your environment. Check that the mastersSchedulable parameter in the <installation_directory>/manifests/cluster-scheduler-02-config.yml Kubernetes manifest file is set to false . This setting prevents pods from being scheduled on the control plane machines: Open the <installation_directory>/manifests/cluster-scheduler-02-config.yml file. Locate the mastersSchedulable parameter and ensure that it is set to false . Save and exit the file. To create the Ignition configuration files, run the following command from the directory that contains the installation program: USD ./openshift-install create ignition-configs --dir <installation_directory> 1 1 For <installation_directory> , specify the same installation directory. Ignition config files are created for the bootstrap, control plane, and compute nodes in the installation directory. The kubeadmin-password and kubeconfig files are created in the ./<installation_directory>/auth directory: 18.8.12. Extracting the infrastructure name The Ignition config files contain a unique cluster identifier that you can use to uniquely identify your cluster in VMware Cloud on AWS. If you plan to use the cluster identifier as the name of your virtual machine folder, you must extract it. Prerequisites You obtained the OpenShift Container Platform installation program and the pull secret for your cluster. You generated the Ignition config files for your cluster. You installed the jq package. Procedure To extract and view the infrastructure name from the Ignition config file metadata, run the following command: USD jq -r .infraID <installation_directory>/metadata.json 1 1 For <installation_directory> , specify the path to the directory that you stored the installation files in. Example output openshift-vw9j6 1 1 The output of this command is your cluster name and a random string. 18.8.13. Installing RHCOS and starting the OpenShift Container Platform bootstrap process To install OpenShift Container Platform on user-provisioned infrastructure on VMware vSphere, you must install Red Hat Enterprise Linux CoreOS (RHCOS) on vSphere hosts. When you install RHCOS, you must provide the Ignition config file that was generated by the OpenShift Container Platform installation program for the type of machine you are installing. If you have configured suitable networking, DNS, and load balancing infrastructure, the OpenShift Container Platform bootstrap process begins automatically after the RHCOS machines have rebooted. Prerequisites You have obtained the Ignition config files for your cluster. You have access to an HTTP server that you can access from your computer and that the machines that you create can access. You have created a vSphere cluster . Procedure Upload the bootstrap Ignition config file, which is named <installation_directory>/bootstrap.ign , that the installation program created to your HTTP server. Note the URL of this file. Save the following secondary Ignition config file for your bootstrap node to your computer as <installation_directory>/merge-bootstrap.ign : { "ignition": { "config": { "merge": [ { "source": "<bootstrap_ignition_config_url>", 1 "verification": {} } ] }, "timeouts": {}, "version": "3.2.0" }, "networkd": {}, "passwd": {}, "storage": {}, "systemd": {} } 1 Specify the URL of the bootstrap Ignition config file that you hosted. When you create the virtual machine (VM) for the bootstrap machine, you use this Ignition config file. Locate the following Ignition config files that the installation program created: <installation_directory>/master.ign <installation_directory>/worker.ign <installation_directory>/merge-bootstrap.ign Convert the Ignition config files to Base64 encoding. Later in this procedure, you must add these files to the extra configuration parameter guestinfo.ignition.config.data in your VM. For example, if you use a Linux operating system, you can use the base64 command to encode the files. USD base64 -w0 <installation_directory>/master.ign > <installation_directory>/master.64 USD base64 -w0 <installation_directory>/worker.ign > <installation_directory>/worker.64 USD base64 -w0 <installation_directory>/merge-bootstrap.ign > <installation_directory>/merge-bootstrap.64 Important If you plan to add more compute machines to your cluster after you finish installation, do not delete these files. Obtain the RHCOS OVA image. Images are available from the RHCOS image mirror page. Important The RHCOS images might not change with every release of OpenShift Container Platform. You must download an image with the highest version that is less than or equal to the OpenShift Container Platform version that you install. Use the image version that matches your OpenShift Container Platform version if it is available. The filename contains the OpenShift Container Platform version number in the format rhcos-vmware.<architecture>.ova . In the vSphere Client, create a folder in your datacenter to store your VMs. Click the VMs and Templates view. Right-click the name of your datacenter. Click New Folder New VM and Template Folder . In the window that is displayed, enter the folder name. If you did not specify an existing folder in the install-config.yaml file, then create a folder with the same name as the infrastructure ID. You use this folder name so vCenter dynamically provisions storage in the appropriate location for its Workspace configuration. In the vSphere Client, create a template for the OVA image and then clone the template as needed. Note In the following steps, you create a template and then clone the template for all of your cluster machines. You then provide the location for the Ignition config file for that cloned machine type when you provision the VMs. From the Hosts and Clusters tab, right-click your cluster name and select Deploy OVF Template . On the Select an OVF tab, specify the name of the RHCOS OVA file that you downloaded. On the Select a name and folder tab, set a Virtual machine name for your template, such as Template-RHCOS . Click the name of your vSphere cluster and select the folder you created in the step. On the Select a compute resource tab, click the name of your vSphere cluster. On the Select storage tab, configure the storage options for your VM. Select Thin Provision or Thick Provision , based on your storage preferences. Select the datastore that you specified in your install-config.yaml file. On the Select network tab, specify the network that you configured for the cluster, if available. When creating the OVF template, do not specify values on the Customize template tab or configure the template any further. Important Do not start the original VM template. The VM template must remain off and must be cloned for new RHCOS machines. Starting the VM template configures the VM template as a VM on the platform, which prevents it from being used as a template that machine sets can apply configurations to. Optional: Update the configured virtual hardware version in the VM template, if necessary. Follow Upgrading a virtual machine to the latest hardware version in the VMware documentation for more information. Important It is recommended that you update the hardware version of the VM template to version 15 before creating VMs from it, if necessary. Using hardware version 13 for your cluster nodes running on vSphere is now deprecated. If your imported template defaults to hardware version 13, you must ensure that your ESXi host is on 6.7U3 or later before upgrading the VM template to hardware version 15. If your vSphere version is less than 6.7U3, you can skip this upgrade step; however, a future version of OpenShift Container Platform is scheduled to remove support for hardware version 13 and vSphere versions less than 6.7U3. After the template deploys, deploy a VM for a machine in the cluster. Right-click the template name and click Clone Clone to Virtual Machine . On the Select a name and folder tab, specify a name for the VM. You might include the machine type in the name, such as control-plane-0 or compute-1 . On the Select a name and folder tab, select the name of the folder that you created for the cluster. On the Select a compute resource tab, select the name of a host in your datacenter. Optional: On the Select storage tab, customize the storage options. On the Select clone options , select Customize this virtual machine's hardware . On the Customize hardware tab, click VM Options Advanced . Optional: Override default DHCP networking in vSphere. To enable static IP networking: Set your static IP configuration: USD export IPCFG="ip=<ip>::<gateway>:<netmask>:<hostname>:<iface>:none nameserver=srv1 [nameserver=srv2 [nameserver=srv3 [...]]]" Example command USD export IPCFG="ip=192.168.100.101::192.168.100.254:255.255.255.0:::none nameserver=8.8.8.8" Set the guestinfo.afterburn.initrd.network-kargs property before booting a VM from an OVA in vSphere: USD govc vm.change -vm "<vm_name>" -e "guestinfo.afterburn.initrd.network-kargs=USD{IPCFG}" Optional: In the event of cluster performance issues, from the Latency Sensitivity list, select High . Ensure that your VM's CPU and memory reservation have the following values: Memory reservation value must be equal to its configured memory size. CPU reservation value must be at least the number of low latency virtual CPUs multiplied by the measured physical CPU speed. Click Edit Configuration , and on the Configuration Parameters window, search the list of available parameters for steal clock accounting ( stealclock.enable ). If it is available, set its value to TRUE . Enabling steal clock accounting can help with troubleshooting cluster issues. Click Add Configuration Params . Define the following parameter names and values: guestinfo.ignition.config.data : Locate the base-64 encoded files that you created previously in this procedure, and paste the contents of the base64-encoded Ignition config file for this machine type. guestinfo.ignition.config.data.encoding : Specify base64 . disk.EnableUUID : Specify TRUE . stealclock.enable : If this parameter was not defined, add it and specify TRUE . In the Virtual Hardware panel of the Customize hardware tab, modify the specified values as required. Ensure that the amount of RAM, CPU, and disk storage meets the minimum requirements for the machine type. Complete the configuration and power on the VM. Create the rest of the machines for your cluster by following the preceding steps for each machine. Important You must create the bootstrap and control plane machines at this time. Because some pods are deployed on compute machines by default, also create at least two compute machines before you install the cluster. 18.8.14. Adding more compute machines to a cluster in vSphere You can add more compute machines to a user-provisioned OpenShift Container Platform cluster on VMware vSphere. Prerequisites Obtain the base64-encoded Ignition file for your compute machines. You have access to the vSphere template that you created for your cluster. Procedure After the template deploys, deploy a VM for a machine in the cluster. Right-click the template's name and click Clone Clone to Virtual Machine . On the Select a name and folder tab, specify a name for the VM. You might include the machine type in the name, such as compute-1 . On the Select a name and folder tab, select the name of the folder that you created for the cluster. On the Select a compute resource tab, select the name of a host in your datacenter. Optional: On the Select storage tab, customize the storage options. On the Select clone options , select Customize this virtual machine's hardware . On the Customize hardware tab, click VM Options Advanced . From the Latency Sensitivity list, select High . Click Edit Configuration , and on the Configuration Parameters window, click Add Configuration Params . Define the following parameter names and values: guestinfo.ignition.config.data : Paste the contents of the base64-encoded compute Ignition config file for this machine type. guestinfo.ignition.config.data.encoding : Specify base64 . disk.EnableUUID : Specify TRUE . In the Virtual Hardware panel of the Customize hardware tab, modify the specified values as required. Ensure that the amount of RAM, CPU, and disk storage meets the minimum requirements for the machine type. Also, make sure to select the correct network under Add network adapter if there are multiple networks available. Complete the configuration and power on the VM. Continue to create more compute machines for your cluster. 18.8.15. Disk partitioning In most cases, data partitions are originally created by installing RHCOS, rather than by installing another operating system. In such cases, the OpenShift Container Platform installer should be allowed to configure your disk partitions. However, there are two cases where you might want to intervene to override the default partitioning when installing an OpenShift Container Platform node: Create separate partitions: For greenfield installations on an empty disk, you might want to add separate storage to a partition. This is officially supported for making /var or a subdirectory of /var , such as /var/lib/etcd , a separate partition, but not both. Important For disk sizes larger than 100GB, and especially disk sizes larger than 1TB, create a separate /var partition. See "Creating a separate /var partition" and this Red Hat Knowledgebase article for more information. Important Kubernetes supports only two file system partitions. If you add more than one partition to the original configuration, Kubernetes cannot monitor all of them. Retain existing partitions: For a brownfield installation where you are reinstalling OpenShift Container Platform on an existing node and want to retain data partitions installed from your operating system, there are both boot arguments and options to coreos-installer that allow you to retain existing data partitions. Creating a separate /var partition In general, disk partitioning for OpenShift Container Platform should be left to the installer. However, there are cases where you might want to create separate partitions in a part of the filesystem that you expect to grow. OpenShift Container Platform supports the addition of a single partition to attach storage to either the /var partition or a subdirectory of /var . For example: /var/lib/containers : Holds container-related content that can grow as more images and containers are added to a system. /var/lib/etcd : Holds data that you might want to keep separate for purposes such as performance optimization of etcd storage. /var : Holds data that you might want to keep separate for purposes such as auditing. Important For disk sizes larger than 100GB, and especially larger than 1TB, create a separate /var partition. Storing the contents of a /var directory separately makes it easier to grow storage for those areas as needed and reinstall OpenShift Container Platform at a later date and keep that data intact. With this method, you will not have to pull all your containers again, nor will you have to copy massive log files when you update systems. Because /var must be in place before a fresh installation of Red Hat Enterprise Linux CoreOS (RHCOS), the following procedure sets up the separate /var partition by creating a machine config manifest that is inserted during the openshift-install preparation phases of an OpenShift Container Platform installation. Procedure Create a directory to hold the OpenShift Container Platform installation files: USD mkdir USDHOME/clusterconfig Run openshift-install to create a set of files in the manifest and openshift subdirectories. Answer the system questions as you are prompted: USD openshift-install create manifests --dir USDHOME/clusterconfig ? SSH Public Key ... USD ls USDHOME/clusterconfig/openshift/ 99_kubeadmin-password-secret.yaml 99_openshift-cluster-api_master-machines-0.yaml 99_openshift-cluster-api_master-machines-1.yaml 99_openshift-cluster-api_master-machines-2.yaml ... Create a Butane config that configures the additional partition. For example, name the file USDHOME/clusterconfig/98-var-partition.bu , change the disk device name to the name of the storage device on the worker systems, and set the storage size as appropriate. This example places the /var directory on a separate partition: variant: openshift version: 4.9.0 metadata: labels: machineconfiguration.openshift.io/role: worker name: 98-var-partition storage: disks: - device: /dev/<device_name> 1 partitions: - label: var start_mib: <partition_start_offset> 2 size_mib: <partition_size> 3 filesystems: - device: /dev/disk/by-partlabel/var path: /var format: xfs mount_options: [defaults, prjquota] 4 with_mount_unit: true 1 The storage device name of the disk that you want to partition. 2 When adding a data partition to the boot disk, a minimum value of 25000 mebibytes is recommended. The root file system is automatically resized to fill all available space up to the specified offset. If no value is specified, or if the specified value is smaller than the recommended minimum, the resulting root file system will be too small, and future reinstalls of RHCOS might overwrite the beginning of the data partition. 3 The size of the data partition in mebibytes. 4 The prjquota mount option must be enabled for filesystems used for container storage. Note When creating a separate /var partition, you cannot use different instance types for worker nodes, if the different instance types do not have the same device name. Create a manifest from the Butane config and save it to the clusterconfig/openshift directory. For example, run the following command: USD butane USDHOME/clusterconfig/98-var-partition.bu -o USDHOME/clusterconfig/openshift/98-var-partition.yaml Run openshift-install again to create Ignition configs from a set of files in the manifest and openshift subdirectories: USD openshift-install create ignition-configs --dir USDHOME/clusterconfig USD ls USDHOME/clusterconfig/ auth bootstrap.ign master.ign metadata.json worker.ign Now you can use the Ignition config files as input to the vSphere installation procedures to install Red Hat Enterprise Linux CoreOS (RHCOS) systems. 18.8.16. Updating the bootloader using bootupd To update the bootloader by using bootupd , you must either install bootupd on RHCOS machines manually or provide a machine config with the enabled systemd unit. Unlike grubby or other bootloader tools, bootupd does not manage kernel space configuration such as passing kernel arguments. After you have installed bootupd , you can manage it remotely from the OpenShift Container Platform cluster. Note It is recommended that you use bootupd only on bare metal or virtualized hypervisor installations, such as for protection against the BootHole vulnerability. Manual install method You can manually install bootupd by using the bootctl command-line tool. Inspect the system status: # bootupctl status Example output Component EFI Installed: grub2-efi-x64-1:2.04-31.fc33.x86_64,shim-x64-15-8.x86_64 Update: At latest version RHCOS images created without bootupd installed on them require an explicit adoption phase. If the system status is Adoptable , perform the adoption: # bootupctl adopt-and-update Example output Updated: grub2-efi-x64-1:2.04-31.fc33.x86_64,shim-x64-15-8.x86_64 If an update is available, apply the update so that the changes take effect on the reboot: # bootupctl update Example output Updated: grub2-efi-x64-1:2.04-31.fc33.x86_64,shim-x64-15-8.x86_64 Machine config method Another way to enable bootupd is by providing a machine config. Provide a machine config file with the enabled systemd unit, as shown in the following example: Example output variant: rhcos version: 1.1.0 systemd: units: - name: custom-bootupd-auto.service enabled: true contents: | [Unit] Description=Bootupd automatic update [Service] ExecStart=/usr/bin/bootupctl update RemainAfterExit=yes [Install] WantedBy=multi-user.target 18.8.17. Waiting for the bootstrap process to complete The OpenShift Container Platform bootstrap process begins after the cluster nodes first boot into the persistent RHCOS environment that has been installed to disk. The configuration information provided through the Ignition config files is used to initialize the bootstrap process and install OpenShift Container Platform on the machines. You must wait for the bootstrap process to complete. Prerequisites You have created the Ignition config files for your cluster. You have configured suitable network, DNS and load balancing infrastructure. You have obtained the installation program and generated the Ignition config files for your cluster. You installed RHCOS on your cluster machines and provided the Ignition config files that the OpenShift Container Platform installation program generated. Procedure Monitor the bootstrap process: USD ./openshift-install --dir <installation_directory> wait-for bootstrap-complete \ 1 --log-level=info 2 1 For <installation_directory> , specify the path to the directory that you stored the installation files in. 2 To view different installation details, specify warn , debug , or error instead of info . Example output INFO Waiting up to 30m0s for the Kubernetes API at https://api.test.example.com:6443... INFO API v1.22.1 up INFO Waiting up to 30m0s for bootstrapping to complete... INFO It is now safe to remove the bootstrap resources The command succeeds when the Kubernetes API server signals that it has been bootstrapped on the control plane machines. After bootstrap process is complete, remove the bootstrap machine from the load balancer. Important You must remove the bootstrap machine from the load balancer at this point. You can also remove or reformat the bootstrap machine itself. 18.8.18. Logging in to the cluster by using the CLI You can log in to your cluster as a default system user by exporting the cluster kubeconfig file. The kubeconfig file contains information about the cluster that is used by the CLI to connect a client to the correct cluster and API server. The file is specific to a cluster and is created during OpenShift Container Platform installation. Prerequisites You deployed an OpenShift Container Platform cluster. You installed the oc CLI. Procedure Export the kubeadmin credentials: USD export KUBECONFIG=<installation_directory>/auth/kubeconfig 1 1 For <installation_directory> , specify the path to the directory that you stored the installation files in. Verify you can run oc commands successfully using the exported configuration: USD oc whoami Example output system:admin 18.8.19. Approving the certificate signing requests for your machines When you add machines to a cluster, two pending certificate signing requests (CSRs) are generated for each machine that you added. You must confirm that these CSRs are approved or, if necessary, approve them yourself. The client requests must be approved first, followed by the server requests. Prerequisites You added machines to your cluster. Procedure Confirm that the cluster recognizes the machines: USD oc get nodes Example output NAME STATUS ROLES AGE VERSION master-0 Ready master 63m v1.22.1 master-1 Ready master 63m v1.22.1 master-2 Ready master 64m v1.22.1 The output lists all of the machines that you created. Note The preceding output might not include the compute nodes, also known as worker nodes, until some CSRs are approved. Review the pending CSRs and ensure that you see the client requests with the Pending or Approved status for each machine that you added to the cluster: USD oc get csr Example output NAME AGE REQUESTOR CONDITION csr-8b2br 15m system:serviceaccount:openshift-machine-config-operator:node-bootstrapper Pending csr-8vnps 15m system:serviceaccount:openshift-machine-config-operator:node-bootstrapper Pending ... In this example, two machines are joining the cluster. You might see more approved CSRs in the list. If the CSRs were not approved, after all of the pending CSRs for the machines you added are in Pending status, approve the CSRs for your cluster machines: Note Because the CSRs rotate automatically, approve your CSRs within an hour of adding the machines to the cluster. If you do not approve them within an hour, the certificates will rotate, and more than two certificates will be present for each node. You must approve all of these certificates. After the client CSR is approved, the Kubelet creates a secondary CSR for the serving certificate, which requires manual approval. Then, subsequent serving certificate renewal requests are automatically approved by the machine-approver if the Kubelet requests a new certificate with identical parameters. Note For clusters running on platforms that are not machine API enabled, such as bare metal and other user-provisioned infrastructure, you must implement a method of automatically approving the kubelet serving certificate requests (CSRs). If a request is not approved, then the oc exec , oc rsh , and oc logs commands cannot succeed, because a serving certificate is required when the API server connects to the kubelet. Any operation that contacts the Kubelet endpoint requires this certificate approval to be in place. The method must watch for new CSRs, confirm that the CSR was submitted by the node-bootstrapper service account in the system:node or system:admin groups, and confirm the identity of the node. To approve them individually, run the following command for each valid CSR: USD oc adm certificate approve <csr_name> 1 1 <csr_name> is the name of a CSR from the list of current CSRs. To approve all pending CSRs, run the following command: USD oc get csr -o go-template='{{range .items}}{{if not .status}}{{.metadata.name}}{{"\n"}}{{end}}{{end}}' | xargs --no-run-if-empty oc adm certificate approve Note Some Operators might not become available until some CSRs are approved. Now that your client requests are approved, you must review the server requests for each machine that you added to the cluster: USD oc get csr Example output NAME AGE REQUESTOR CONDITION csr-bfd72 5m26s system:node:ip-10-0-50-126.us-east-2.compute.internal Pending csr-c57lv 5m26s system:node:ip-10-0-95-157.us-east-2.compute.internal Pending ... If the remaining CSRs are not approved, and are in the Pending status, approve the CSRs for your cluster machines: To approve them individually, run the following command for each valid CSR: USD oc adm certificate approve <csr_name> 1 1 <csr_name> is the name of a CSR from the list of current CSRs. To approve all pending CSRs, run the following command: USD oc get csr -o go-template='{{range .items}}{{if not .status}}{{.metadata.name}}{{"\n"}}{{end}}{{end}}' | xargs oc adm certificate approve After all client and server CSRs have been approved, the machines have the Ready status. Verify this by running the following command: USD oc get nodes Example output NAME STATUS ROLES AGE VERSION master-0 Ready master 73m v1.22.1 master-1 Ready master 73m v1.22.1 master-2 Ready master 74m v1.22.1 worker-0 Ready worker 11m v1.22.1 worker-1 Ready worker 11m v1.22.1 Note It can take a few minutes after approval of the server CSRs for the machines to transition to the Ready status. Additional information For more information on CSRs, see Certificate Signing Requests . 18.8.20. Initial Operator configuration After the control plane initializes, you must immediately configure some Operators so that they all become available. Prerequisites Your control plane has initialized. Procedure Watch the cluster components come online: USD watch -n5 oc get clusteroperators Example output NAME VERSION AVAILABLE PROGRESSING DEGRADED SINCE authentication 4.9.0 True False False 19m baremetal 4.9.0 True False False 37m cloud-credential 4.9.0 True False False 40m cluster-autoscaler 4.9.0 True False False 37m config-operator 4.9.0 True False False 38m console 4.9.0 True False False 26m csi-snapshot-controller 4.9.0 True False False 37m dns 4.9.0 True False False 37m etcd 4.9.0 True False False 36m image-registry 4.9.0 True False False 31m ingress 4.9.0 True False False 30m insights 4.9.0 True False False 31m kube-apiserver 4.9.0 True False False 26m kube-controller-manager 4.9.0 True False False 36m kube-scheduler 4.9.0 True False False 36m kube-storage-version-migrator 4.9.0 True False False 37m machine-api 4.9.0 True False False 29m machine-approver 4.9.0 True False False 37m machine-config 4.9.0 True False False 36m marketplace 4.9.0 True False False 37m monitoring 4.9.0 True False False 29m network 4.9.0 True False False 38m node-tuning 4.9.0 True False False 37m openshift-apiserver 4.9.0 True False False 32m openshift-controller-manager 4.9.0 True False False 30m openshift-samples 4.9.0 True False False 32m operator-lifecycle-manager 4.9.0 True False False 37m operator-lifecycle-manager-catalog 4.9.0 True False False 37m operator-lifecycle-manager-packageserver 4.9.0 True False False 32m service-ca 4.9.0 True False False 38m storage 4.9.0 True False False 37m Configure the Operators that are not available. 18.8.20.1. Disabling the default OperatorHub sources Operator catalogs that source content provided by Red Hat and community projects are configured for OperatorHub by default during an OpenShift Container Platform installation. In a restricted network environment, you must disable the default catalogs as a cluster administrator. Procedure Disable the sources for the default catalogs by adding disableAllDefaultSources: true to the OperatorHub object: USD oc patch OperatorHub cluster --type json \ -p '[{"op": "add", "path": "/spec/disableAllDefaultSources", "value": true}]' Tip Alternatively, you can use the web console to manage catalog sources. From the Administration Cluster Settings Configuration OperatorHub page, click the Sources tab, where you can create, delete, disable, and enable individual sources. 18.8.20.2. Image registry storage configuration The Image Registry Operator is not initially available for platforms that do not provide default storage. After installation, you must configure your registry to use storage so that the Registry Operator is made available. Instructions are shown for configuring a persistent volume, which is required for production clusters. Where applicable, instructions are shown for configuring an empty directory as the storage location, which is available for only non-production clusters. Additional instructions are provided for allowing the image registry to use block storage types by using the Recreate rollout strategy during upgrades. 18.8.20.2.1. Configuring registry storage for VMware vSphere As a cluster administrator, following installation you must configure your registry to use storage. Prerequisites Cluster administrator permissions. A cluster on VMware vSphere. Persistent storage provisioned for your cluster, such as Red Hat OpenShift Container Storage. Important OpenShift Container Platform supports ReadWriteOnce access for image registry storage when you have only one replica. ReadWriteOnce access also requires that the registry uses the Recreate rollout strategy. To deploy an image registry that supports high availability with two or more replicas, ReadWriteMany access is required. Must have "100Gi" capacity. Important Testing shows issues with using the NFS server on RHEL as storage backend for core services. This includes the OpenShift Container Registry and Quay, Prometheus for monitoring storage, and Elasticsearch for logging storage. Therefore, using RHEL NFS to back PVs used by core services is not recommended. Other NFS implementations on the marketplace might not have these issues. Contact the individual NFS implementation vendor for more information on any testing that was possibly completed against these OpenShift Container Platform core components. Procedure To configure your registry to use storage, change the spec.storage.pvc in the configs.imageregistry/cluster resource. Note When using shared storage, review your security settings to prevent outside access. Verify that you do not have a registry pod: USD oc get pod -n openshift-image-registry -l docker-registry=default Example output No resourses found in openshift-image-registry namespace Note If you do have a registry pod in your output, you do not need to continue with this procedure. Check the registry configuration: USD oc edit configs.imageregistry.operator.openshift.io Example output storage: pvc: claim: 1 1 Leave the claim field blank to allow the automatic creation of an image-registry-storage persistent volume claim (PVC). The PVC is generated based on the default storage class. However, be aware that the default storage class might provide ReadWriteOnce (RWO) volumes, such as a RADOS Block Device (RBD), which can cause issues when replicating to more than one replica. Check the clusteroperator status: USD oc get clusteroperator image-registry Example output NAME VERSION AVAILABLE PROGRESSING DEGRADED SINCE MESSAGE image-registry 4.7 True False False 6h50m 18.8.20.2.2. Configuring storage for the image registry in non-production clusters You must configure storage for the Image Registry Operator. For non-production clusters, you can set the image registry to an empty directory. If you do so, all images are lost if you restart the registry. Procedure To set the image registry storage to an empty directory: USD oc patch configs.imageregistry.operator.openshift.io cluster --type merge --patch '{"spec":{"storage":{"emptyDir":{}}}}' Warning Configure this option for only non-production clusters. If you run this command before the Image Registry Operator initializes its components, the oc patch command fails with the following error: Error from server (NotFound): configs.imageregistry.operator.openshift.io "cluster" not found Wait a few minutes and run the command again. 18.8.20.2.3. Configuring block registry storage for VMware vSphere To allow the image registry to use block storage types such as vSphere Virtual Machine Disk (VMDK) during upgrades as a cluster administrator, you can use the Recreate rollout strategy. Important Block storage volumes are supported but not recommended for use with image registry on production clusters. An installation where the registry is configured on block storage is not highly available because the registry cannot have more than one replica. Procedure To set the image registry storage as a block storage type, patch the registry so that it uses the Recreate rollout strategy and runs with only 1 replica: USD oc patch config.imageregistry.operator.openshift.io/cluster --type=merge -p '{"spec":{"rolloutStrategy":"Recreate","replicas":1}}' Provision the PV for the block storage device, and create a PVC for that volume. The requested block volume uses the ReadWriteOnce (RWO) access mode. Create a pvc.yaml file with the following contents to define a VMware vSphere PersistentVolumeClaim object: kind: PersistentVolumeClaim apiVersion: v1 metadata: name: image-registry-storage 1 namespace: openshift-image-registry 2 spec: accessModes: - ReadWriteOnce 3 resources: requests: storage: 100Gi 4 1 A unique name that represents the PersistentVolumeClaim object. 2 The namespace for the PersistentVolumeClaim object, which is openshift-image-registry . 3 The access mode of the persistent volume claim. With ReadWriteOnce , the volume can be mounted with read and write permissions by a single node. 4 The size of the persistent volume claim. Create the PersistentVolumeClaim object from the file: USD oc create -f pvc.yaml -n openshift-image-registry Edit the registry configuration so that it references the correct PVC: USD oc edit config.imageregistry.operator.openshift.io -o yaml Example output storage: pvc: claim: 1 1 Creating a custom PVC allows you to leave the claim field blank for the default automatic creation of an image-registry-storage PVC. For instructions about configuring registry storage so that it references the correct PVC, see Configuring registry storage for VMware vSphere . 18.8.21. Completing installation on user-provisioned infrastructure After you complete the Operator configuration, you can finish installing the cluster on infrastructure that you provide. Prerequisites Your control plane has initialized. You have completed the initial Operator configuration. Procedure Confirm that all the cluster components are online with the following command: USD watch -n5 oc get clusteroperators Example output NAME VERSION AVAILABLE PROGRESSING DEGRADED SINCE authentication 4.9.0 True False False 19m baremetal 4.9.0 True False False 37m cloud-credential 4.9.0 True False False 40m cluster-autoscaler 4.9.0 True False False 37m config-operator 4.9.0 True False False 38m console 4.9.0 True False False 26m csi-snapshot-controller 4.9.0 True False False 37m dns 4.9.0 True False False 37m etcd 4.9.0 True False False 36m image-registry 4.9.0 True False False 31m ingress 4.9.0 True False False 30m insights 4.9.0 True False False 31m kube-apiserver 4.9.0 True False False 26m kube-controller-manager 4.9.0 True False False 36m kube-scheduler 4.9.0 True False False 36m kube-storage-version-migrator 4.9.0 True False False 37m machine-api 4.9.0 True False False 29m machine-approver 4.9.0 True False False 37m machine-config 4.9.0 True False False 36m marketplace 4.9.0 True False False 37m monitoring 4.9.0 True False False 29m network 4.9.0 True False False 38m node-tuning 4.9.0 True False False 37m openshift-apiserver 4.9.0 True False False 32m openshift-controller-manager 4.9.0 True False False 30m openshift-samples 4.9.0 True False False 32m operator-lifecycle-manager 4.9.0 True False False 37m operator-lifecycle-manager-catalog 4.9.0 True False False 37m operator-lifecycle-manager-packageserver 4.9.0 True False False 32m service-ca 4.9.0 True False False 38m storage 4.9.0 True False False 37m Alternatively, the following command notifies you when all of the clusters are available. It also retrieves and displays credentials: USD ./openshift-install --dir <installation_directory> wait-for install-complete 1 1 For <installation_directory> , specify the path to the directory that you stored the installation files in. Example output INFO Waiting up to 30m0s for the cluster to initialize... The command succeeds when the Cluster Version Operator finishes deploying the OpenShift Container Platform cluster from Kubernetes API server. Important The Ignition config files that the installation program generates contain certificates that expire after 24 hours, which are then renewed at that time. If the cluster is shut down before renewing the certificates and the cluster is later restarted after the 24 hours have elapsed, the cluster automatically recovers the expired certificates. The exception is that you must manually approve the pending node-bootstrapper certificate signing requests (CSRs) to recover kubelet certificates. See the documentation for Recovering from expired control plane certificates for more information. It is recommended that you use Ignition config files within 12 hours after they are generated because the 24-hour certificate rotates from 16 to 22 hours after the cluster is installed. By using the Ignition config files within 12 hours, you can avoid installation failure if the certificate update runs during installation. Confirm that the Kubernetes API server is communicating with the pods. To view a list of all pods, use the following command: USD oc get pods --all-namespaces Example output NAMESPACE NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE openshift-apiserver-operator openshift-apiserver-operator-85cb746d55-zqhs8 1/1 Running 1 9m openshift-apiserver apiserver-67b9g 1/1 Running 0 3m openshift-apiserver apiserver-ljcmx 1/1 Running 0 1m openshift-apiserver apiserver-z25h4 1/1 Running 0 2m openshift-authentication-operator authentication-operator-69d5d8bf84-vh2n8 1/1 Running 0 5m ... View the logs for a pod that is listed in the output of the command by using the following command: USD oc logs <pod_name> -n <namespace> 1 1 Specify the pod name and namespace, as shown in the output of the command. If the pod logs display, the Kubernetes API server can communicate with the cluster machines. For an installation with Fibre Channel Protocol (FCP), additional steps are required to enable multipathing. Do not enable multipathing during installation. See "Enabling multipathing with kernel arguments on RHCOS" in the Post-installation machine configuration tasks documentation for more information. Register your cluster on the Cluster registration page. You can add extra compute machines after the cluster installation is completed by following Adding compute machines to vSphere . 18.8.22. Backing up VMware vSphere volumes OpenShift Container Platform provisions new volumes as independent persistent disks to freely attach and detach the volume on any node in the cluster. As a consequence, it is not possible to back up volumes that use snapshots, or to restore volumes from snapshots. See Snapshot Limitations for more information. Procedure To create a backup of persistent volumes: Stop the application that is using the persistent volume. Clone the persistent volume. Restart the application. Create a backup of the cloned volume. Delete the cloned volume. 18.8.23. Telemetry access for OpenShift Container Platform In OpenShift Container Platform 4.9, the Telemetry service, which runs by default to provide metrics about cluster health and the success of updates, requires internet access. If your cluster is connected to the internet, Telemetry runs automatically, and your cluster is registered to OpenShift Cluster Manager . After you confirm that your OpenShift Cluster Manager inventory is correct, either maintained automatically by Telemetry or manually by using OpenShift Cluster Manager, use subscription watch to track your OpenShift Container Platform subscriptions at the account or multi-cluster level. Additional resources See About remote health monitoring for more information about the Telemetry service 18.8.24. steps Customize your cluster . Configure image streams for the Cluster Samples Operator and the must-gather tool. Learn how to use Operator Lifecycle Manager (OLM) on restricted networks . If the mirror registry that you used to install your cluster has a trusted CA, add it to the cluster by configuring additional trust stores . If necessary, you can opt out of remote health reporting . Optional: View the events from the vSphere Problem Detector Operator to determine if the cluster has permission or storage configuration issues. 18.9. Uninstalling a cluster on VMC You can remove a cluster installed on VMware vSphere infrastructure that you deployed to VMware Cloud (VMC) on AWS by using installer-provisioned infrastructure. 18.9.1. Removing a cluster that uses installer-provisioned infrastructure You can remove a cluster that uses installer-provisioned infrastructure from your cloud. Note After uninstallation, check your cloud provider for any resources not removed properly, especially with User Provisioned Infrastructure (UPI) clusters. There might be resources that the installer did not create or that the installer is unable to access. Prerequisites Have a copy of the installation program that you used to deploy the cluster. Have the files that the installation program generated when you created your cluster. Procedure From the directory that contains the installation program on the computer that you used to install the cluster, run the following command: USD ./openshift-install destroy cluster \ --dir <installation_directory> --log-level info 1 2 1 For <installation_directory> , specify the path to the directory that you stored the installation files in. 2 To view different details, specify warn , debug , or error instead of info . Note You must specify the directory that contains the cluster definition files for your cluster. The installation program requires the metadata.json file in this directory to delete the cluster. Optional: Delete the <installation_directory> directory and the OpenShift Container Platform installation program.

Commands:
ssh-keygen -t ed25519 -N '' -f <path>/<file_name> 1
cat <path>/<file_name>.pub
cat ~/.ssh/id_ed25519.pub
eval "USD(ssh-agent -s)"
Agent pid 31874
ssh-add <path>/<file_name> 1
Identity added: /home/<you>/<path>/<file_name> (<computer_name>)
tar -xvf openshift-install-linux.tar.gz
certs ├── lin │ ├── 108f4d17.0 │ ├── 108f4d17.r1 │ ├── 7e757f6a.0 │ ├── 8e4f8471.0 │ └── 8e4f8471.r0 ├── mac │ ├── 108f4d17.0 │ ├── 108f4d17.r1 │ ├── 7e757f6a.0 │ ├── 8e4f8471.0 │ └── 8e4f8471.r0 └── win ├── 108f4d17.0.crt ├── 108f4d17.r1.crl ├── 7e757f6a.0.crt ├── 8e4f8471.0.crt └── 8e4f8471.r0.crl 3 directories, 15 files
cp certs/lin/* /etc/pki/ca-trust/source/anchors
update-ca-trust extract
./openshift-install create cluster --dir <installation_directory> \ 1 --log-level=info 2
INFO Install complete! INFO To access the cluster as the system:admin user when using 'oc', run 'export KUBECONFIG=/home/myuser/install_dir/auth/kubeconfig' INFO Access the OpenShift web-console here: https://console-openshift-console.apps.mycluster.example.com INFO Login to the console with user: "kubeadmin", and password: "4vYBz-Ee6gm-ymBZj-Wt5AL" INFO Time elapsed: 36m22s
tar xvf <file>
echo USDPATH
oc <command>
C:\> path
C:\> oc <command>
echo USDPATH
oc <command>
export KUBECONFIG=<installation_directory>/auth/kubeconfig 1
oc whoami
system:admin
oc get pod -n openshift-image-registry -l docker-registry=default
No resourses found in openshift-image-registry namespace
oc edit configs.imageregistry.operator.openshift.io
storage: pvc: claim: 1
oc get clusteroperator image-registry
NAME VERSION AVAILABLE PROGRESSING DEGRADED SINCE MESSAGE image-registry 4.7 True False False 6h50m
oc patch config.imageregistry.operator.openshift.io/cluster --type=merge -p '{"spec":{"rolloutStrategy":"Recreate","replicas":1}}'
kind: PersistentVolumeClaim apiVersion: v1 metadata: name: image-registry-storage 1 namespace: openshift-image-registry 2 spec: accessModes: - ReadWriteOnce 3 resources: requests: storage: 100Gi 4
oc create -f pvc.yaml -n openshift-image-registry
oc edit config.imageregistry.operator.openshift.io -o yaml
storage: pvc: claim: 1
ssh-keygen -t ed25519 -N '' -f <path>/<file_name> 1
cat <path>/<file_name>.pub
cat ~/.ssh/id_ed25519.pub
eval "USD(ssh-agent -s)"
Agent pid 31874
ssh-add <path>/<file_name> 1
Identity added: /home/<you>/<path>/<file_name> (<computer_name>)
tar -xvf openshift-install-linux.tar.gz
certs ├── lin │ ├── 108f4d17.0 │ ├── 108f4d17.r1 │ ├── 7e757f6a.0 │ ├── 8e4f8471.0 │ └── 8e4f8471.r0 ├── mac │ ├── 108f4d17.0 │ ├── 108f4d17.r1 │ ├── 7e757f6a.0 │ ├── 8e4f8471.0 │ └── 8e4f8471.r0 └── win ├── 108f4d17.0.crt ├── 108f4d17.r1.crl ├── 7e757f6a.0.crt ├── 8e4f8471.0.crt └── 8e4f8471.r0.crl 3 directories, 15 files
cp certs/lin/* /etc/pki/ca-trust/source/anchors
update-ca-trust extract
./openshift-install create install-config --dir <installation_directory> 1
{ "auths":{ "cloud.openshift.com":{ "auth":"b3Blb=", "email":"you@example.com" }, "quay.io":{ "auth":"b3Blb=", "email":"you@example.com" } } }
networking: clusterNetwork: - cidr: 10.128.0.0/14 hostPrefix: 23
networking: serviceNetwork: - 172.30.0.0/16
networking: machineNetwork: - cidr: 10.0.0.0/16
sshKey: <key1> <key2> <key3>
apiVersion: v1 baseDomain: example.com 1 compute: 2 - hyperthreading: Enabled 3 name: worker replicas: 3 platform: vsphere: 4 cpus: 2 coresPerSocket: 2 memoryMB: 8192 osDisk: diskSizeGB: 120 controlPlane: 5 hyperthreading: Enabled 6 name: master replicas: 3 platform: vsphere: 7 cpus: 4 coresPerSocket: 2 memoryMB: 16384 osDisk: diskSizeGB: 120 metadata: name: cluster 8 platform: vsphere: vcenter: your.vcenter.server username: username password: password datacenter: datacenter defaultDatastore: datastore folder: folder network: VM_Network cluster: vsphere_cluster_name 9 apiVIP: api_vip ingressVIP: ingress_vip fips: false pullSecret: '{"auths": ...}' sshKey: 'ssh-ed25519 AAAA...'
apiVersion: v1 baseDomain: my.domain.com proxy: httpProxy: http://<username>:<pswd>@<ip>:<port> 1 httpsProxy: https://<username>:<pswd>@<ip>:<port> 2 noProxy: example.com 3 additionalTrustBundle: | 4 -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE----- <MY_TRUSTED_CA_CERT> -----END CERTIFICATE-----
./openshift-install create cluster --dir <installation_directory> \ 1 --log-level=info 2
INFO Install complete! INFO To access the cluster as the system:admin user when using 'oc', run 'export KUBECONFIG=/home/myuser/install_dir/auth/kubeconfig' INFO Access the OpenShift web-console here: https://console-openshift-console.apps.mycluster.example.com INFO Login to the console with user: "kubeadmin", and password: "4vYBz-Ee6gm-ymBZj-Wt5AL" INFO Time elapsed: 36m22s
tar xvf <file>
echo USDPATH
oc <command>
C:\> path
C:\> oc <command>
echo USDPATH
oc <command>
export KUBECONFIG=<installation_directory>/auth/kubeconfig 1
oc whoami
system:admin
oc get pod -n openshift-image-registry -l docker-registry=default
No resourses found in openshift-image-registry namespace
oc edit configs.imageregistry.operator.openshift.io
storage: pvc: claim: 1
oc get clusteroperator image-registry
NAME VERSION AVAILABLE PROGRESSING DEGRADED SINCE MESSAGE image-registry 4.7 True False False 6h50m
oc patch config.imageregistry.operator.openshift.io/cluster --type=merge -p '{"spec":{"rolloutStrategy":"Recreate","replicas":1}}'
kind: PersistentVolumeClaim apiVersion: v1 metadata: name: image-registry-storage 1 namespace: openshift-image-registry 2 spec: accessModes: - ReadWriteOnce 3 resources: requests: storage: 100Gi 4
oc create -f pvc.yaml -n openshift-image-registry
oc edit config.imageregistry.operator.openshift.io -o yaml
storage: pvc: claim: 1
ssh-keygen -t ed25519 -N '' -f <path>/<file_name> 1
cat <path>/<file_name>.pub
cat ~/.ssh/id_ed25519.pub
eval "USD(ssh-agent -s)"
Agent pid 31874
ssh-add <path>/<file_name> 1
Identity added: /home/<you>/<path>/<file_name> (<computer_name>)
tar -xvf openshift-install-linux.tar.gz
certs ├── lin │ ├── 108f4d17.0 │ ├── 108f4d17.r1 │ ├── 7e757f6a.0 │ ├── 8e4f8471.0 │ └── 8e4f8471.r0 ├── mac │ ├── 108f4d17.0 │ ├── 108f4d17.r1 │ ├── 7e757f6a.0 │ ├── 8e4f8471.0 │ └── 8e4f8471.r0 └── win ├── 108f4d17.0.crt ├── 108f4d17.r1.crl ├── 7e757f6a.0.crt ├── 8e4f8471.0.crt └── 8e4f8471.r0.crl 3 directories, 15 files
cp certs/lin/* /etc/pki/ca-trust/source/anchors
update-ca-trust extract
./openshift-install create install-config --dir <installation_directory> 1
{ "auths":{ "cloud.openshift.com":{ "auth":"b3Blb=", "email":"you@example.com" }, "quay.io":{ "auth":"b3Blb=", "email":"you@example.com" } } }
networking: clusterNetwork: - cidr: 10.128.0.0/14 hostPrefix: 23
networking: serviceNetwork: - 172.30.0.0/16
networking: machineNetwork: - cidr: 10.0.0.0/16
sshKey: <key1> <key2> <key3>
apiVersion: v1 baseDomain: example.com 1 compute: 2 - hyperthreading: Enabled 3 name: worker replicas: 3 platform: vsphere: 4 cpus: 2 coresPerSocket: 2 memoryMB: 8192 osDisk: diskSizeGB: 120 controlPlane: 5 hyperthreading: Enabled 6 name: master replicas: 3 platform: vsphere: 7 cpus: 4 coresPerSocket: 2 memoryMB: 16384 osDisk: diskSizeGB: 120 metadata: name: cluster 8 networking: clusterNetwork: - cidr: 10.128.0.0/14 hostPrefix: 23 machineNetwork: - cidr: 10.0.0.0/16 networkType: OpenShiftSDN serviceNetwork: - 172.30.0.0/16 platform: vsphere: vcenter: your.vcenter.server username: username password: password datacenter: datacenter defaultDatastore: datastore folder: folder network: VM_Network cluster: vsphere_cluster_name 9 apiVIP: api_vip ingressVIP: ingress_vip fips: false pullSecret: '{"auths": ...}' sshKey: 'ssh-ed25519 AAAA...'
apiVersion: v1 baseDomain: my.domain.com proxy: httpProxy: http://<username>:<pswd>@<ip>:<port> 1 httpsProxy: https://<username>:<pswd>@<ip>:<port> 2 noProxy: example.com 3 additionalTrustBundle: | 4 -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE----- <MY_TRUSTED_CA_CERT> -----END CERTIFICATE-----
./openshift-install create manifests --dir <installation_directory> 1
apiVersion: operator.openshift.io/v1 kind: Network metadata: name: cluster spec:
apiVersion: operator.openshift.io/v1 kind: Network metadata: name: cluster spec: defaultNetwork: openshiftSDNConfig: vxlanPort: 4800
apiVersion: operator.openshift.io/v1 kind: Network metadata: name: cluster spec: defaultNetwork: ovnKubernetesConfig: ipsecConfig: {}
spec: clusterNetwork: - cidr: 10.128.0.0/19 hostPrefix: 23 - cidr: 10.128.32.0/19 hostPrefix: 23
spec: serviceNetwork: - 172.30.0.0/14
defaultNetwork: type: OpenShiftSDN openshiftSDNConfig: mode: NetworkPolicy mtu: 1450 vxlanPort: 4789
defaultNetwork: type: OVNKubernetes ovnKubernetesConfig: mtu: 1400 genevePort: 6081 ipsecConfig: {}
kubeProxyConfig: proxyArguments: iptables-min-sync-period: - 0s
./openshift-install create cluster --dir <installation_directory> \ 1 --log-level=info 2
INFO Install complete! INFO To access the cluster as the system:admin user when using 'oc', run 'export KUBECONFIG=/home/myuser/install_dir/auth/kubeconfig' INFO Access the OpenShift web-console here: https://console-openshift-console.apps.mycluster.example.com INFO Login to the console with user: "kubeadmin", and password: "4vYBz-Ee6gm-ymBZj-Wt5AL" INFO Time elapsed: 36m22s
tar xvf <file>
echo USDPATH
oc <command>
C:\> path
C:\> oc <command>
echo USDPATH
oc <command>
export KUBECONFIG=<installation_directory>/auth/kubeconfig 1
oc whoami
system:admin
oc get pod -n openshift-image-registry -l docker-registry=default
No resourses found in openshift-image-registry namespace
oc edit configs.imageregistry.operator.openshift.io
storage: pvc: claim: 1
oc get clusteroperator image-registry
NAME VERSION AVAILABLE PROGRESSING DEGRADED SINCE MESSAGE image-registry 4.7 True False False 6h50m
oc patch config.imageregistry.operator.openshift.io/cluster --type=merge -p '{"spec":{"rolloutStrategy":"Recreate","replicas":1}}'
kind: PersistentVolumeClaim apiVersion: v1 metadata: name: image-registry-storage 1 namespace: openshift-image-registry 2 spec: accessModes: - ReadWriteOnce 3 resources: requests: storage: 100Gi 4
oc create -f pvc.yaml -n openshift-image-registry
oc edit config.imageregistry.operator.openshift.io -o yaml
storage: pvc: claim: 1
ssh-keygen -t ed25519 -N '' -f <path>/<file_name> 1
cat <path>/<file_name>.pub
cat ~/.ssh/id_ed25519.pub
eval "USD(ssh-agent -s)"
Agent pid 31874
ssh-add <path>/<file_name> 1
Identity added: /home/<you>/<path>/<file_name> (<computer_name>)
certs ├── lin │ ├── 108f4d17.0 │ ├── 108f4d17.r1 │ ├── 7e757f6a.0 │ ├── 8e4f8471.0 │ └── 8e4f8471.r0 ├── mac │ ├── 108f4d17.0 │ ├── 108f4d17.r1 │ ├── 7e757f6a.0 │ ├── 8e4f8471.0 │ └── 8e4f8471.r0 └── win ├── 108f4d17.0.crt ├── 108f4d17.r1.crl ├── 7e757f6a.0.crt ├── 8e4f8471.0.crt └── 8e4f8471.r0.crl 3 directories, 15 files
cp certs/lin/* /etc/pki/ca-trust/source/anchors
update-ca-trust extract
./openshift-install create install-config --dir <installation_directory> 1
platform: vsphere: clusterOSImage: http://mirror.example.com/images/rhcos-43.81.201912131630.0-vmware.x86_64.ova?sha256=ffebbd68e8a1f2a245ca19522c16c86f67f9ac8e4e0c1f0a812b068b16f7265d
pullSecret: '{"auths":{"<mirror_host_name>:5000": {"auth": "<credentials>","email": "you@example.com"}}}'
additionalTrustBundle: | -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE----- ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ -----END CERTIFICATE-----
imageContentSources: - mirrors: - <mirror_host_name>:5000/<repo_name>/release source: quay.io/openshift-release-dev/ocp-release - mirrors: - <mirror_host_name>:5000/<repo_name>/release source: registry.redhat.io/ocp/release
{ "auths":{ "cloud.openshift.com":{ "auth":"b3Blb=", "email":"you@example.com" }, "quay.io":{ "auth":"b3Blb=", "email":"you@example.com" } } }
networking: clusterNetwork: - cidr: 10.128.0.0/14 hostPrefix: 23
networking: serviceNetwork: - 172.30.0.0/16
networking: machineNetwork: - cidr: 10.0.0.0/16
sshKey: <key1> <key2> <key3>
apiVersion: v1 baseDomain: example.com 1 compute: 2 - hyperthreading: Enabled 3 name: worker replicas: 3 platform: vsphere: 4 cpus: 2 coresPerSocket: 2 memoryMB: 8192 osDisk: diskSizeGB: 120 controlPlane: 5 hyperthreading: Enabled 6 name: master replicas: 3 platform: vsphere: 7 cpus: 4 coresPerSocket: 2 memoryMB: 16384 osDisk: diskSizeGB: 120 metadata: name: cluster 8 platform: vsphere: vcenter: your.vcenter.server username: username password: password datacenter: datacenter defaultDatastore: datastore folder: folder network: VM_Network cluster: vsphere_cluster_name 9 apiVIP: api_vip ingressVIP: ingress_vip clusterOSImage: http://mirror.example.com/images/rhcos-48.83.202103221318-0-vmware.x86_64.ova 10 fips: false pullSecret: '{"auths":{"<local_registry>": {"auth": "<credentials>","email": "you@example.com"}}}' 11 sshKey: 'ssh-ed25519 AAAA...' additionalTrustBundle: | 12 -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE----- ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ -----END CERTIFICATE----- imageContentSources: 13 - mirrors: - <local_registry>/<local_repository_name>/release source: quay.io/openshift-release-dev/ocp-release - mirrors: - <local_registry>/<local_repository_name>/release source: quay.io/openshift-release-dev/ocp-v4.0-art-dev
apiVersion: v1 baseDomain: my.domain.com proxy: httpProxy: http://<username>:<pswd>@<ip>:<port> 1 httpsProxy: https://<username>:<pswd>@<ip>:<port> 2 noProxy: example.com 3 additionalTrustBundle: | 4 -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE----- <MY_TRUSTED_CA_CERT> -----END CERTIFICATE-----
./openshift-install create cluster --dir <installation_directory> \ 1 --log-level=info 2
INFO Install complete! INFO To access the cluster as the system:admin user when using 'oc', run 'export KUBECONFIG=/home/myuser/install_dir/auth/kubeconfig' INFO Access the OpenShift web-console here: https://console-openshift-console.apps.mycluster.example.com INFO Login to the console with user: "kubeadmin", and password: "4vYBz-Ee6gm-ymBZj-Wt5AL" INFO Time elapsed: 36m22s
tar xvf <file>
echo USDPATH
oc <command>
C:\> path
C:\> oc <command>
echo USDPATH
oc <command>
export KUBECONFIG=<installation_directory>/auth/kubeconfig 1
oc whoami
system:admin
oc patch OperatorHub cluster --type json -p '[{"op": "add", "path": "/spec/disableAllDefaultSources", "value": true}]'
oc get pod -n openshift-image-registry -l docker-registry=default
No resourses found in openshift-image-registry namespace
oc edit configs.imageregistry.operator.openshift.io
storage: pvc: claim: 1
oc get clusteroperator image-registry
NAME VERSION AVAILABLE PROGRESSING DEGRADED SINCE MESSAGE image-registry 4.7 True False False 6h50m
USDTTL 1W @ IN SOA ns1.example.com. root ( 2019070700 ; serial 3H ; refresh (3 hours) 30M ; retry (30 minutes) 2W ; expiry (2 weeks) 1W ) ; minimum (1 week) IN NS ns1.example.com. IN MX 10 smtp.example.com. ; ; ns1.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.5 smtp.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.5 ; helper.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.5 helper.ocp4.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.5 ; api.ocp4.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.5 1 api-int.ocp4.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.5 2 ; *.apps.ocp4.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.5 3 ; bootstrap.ocp4.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.96 4 ; master0.ocp4.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.97 5 master1.ocp4.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.98 6 master2.ocp4.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.99 7 ; worker0.ocp4.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.11 8 worker1.ocp4.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.7 9 ; ;EOF
USDTTL 1W @ IN SOA ns1.example.com. root ( 2019070700 ; serial 3H ; refresh (3 hours) 30M ; retry (30 minutes) 2W ; expiry (2 weeks) 1W ) ; minimum (1 week) IN NS ns1.example.com. ; 5.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. IN PTR api.ocp4.example.com. 1 5.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. IN PTR api-int.ocp4.example.com. 2 ; 96.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. IN PTR bootstrap.ocp4.example.com. 3 ; 97.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. IN PTR master0.ocp4.example.com. 4 98.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. IN PTR master1.ocp4.example.com. 5 99.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. IN PTR master2.ocp4.example.com. 6 ; 11.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. IN PTR worker0.ocp4.example.com. 7 7.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. IN PTR worker1.ocp4.example.com. 8 ; ;EOF
global log 127.0.0.1 local2 pidfile /var/run/haproxy.pid maxconn 4000 daemon defaults mode http log global option dontlognull option http-server-close option redispatch retries 3 timeout http-request 10s timeout queue 1m timeout connect 10s timeout client 1m timeout server 1m timeout http-keep-alive 10s timeout check 10s maxconn 3000 frontend stats bind *:1936 mode http log global maxconn 10 stats enable stats hide-version stats refresh 30s stats show-node stats show-desc Stats for ocp4 cluster 1 stats auth admin:ocp4 stats uri /stats listen api-server-6443 2 bind *:6443 mode tcp server bootstrap bootstrap.ocp4.example.com:6443 check inter 1s backup 3 server master0 master0.ocp4.example.com:6443 check inter 1s server master1 master1.ocp4.example.com:6443 check inter 1s server master2 master2.ocp4.example.com:6443 check inter 1s listen machine-config-server-22623 4 bind *:22623 mode tcp server bootstrap bootstrap.ocp4.example.com:22623 check inter 1s backup 5 server master0 master0.ocp4.example.com:22623 check inter 1s server master1 master1.ocp4.example.com:22623 check inter 1s server master2 master2.ocp4.example.com:22623 check inter 1s listen ingress-router-443 6 bind *:443 mode tcp balance source server worker0 worker0.ocp4.example.com:443 check inter 1s server worker1 worker1.ocp4.example.com:443 check inter 1s listen ingress-router-80 7 bind *:80 mode tcp balance source server worker0 worker0.ocp4.example.com:80 check inter 1s server worker1 worker1.ocp4.example.com:80 check inter 1s
dig +noall +answer @<nameserver_ip> api.<cluster_name>.<base_domain> 1
api.ocp4.example.com. 0 IN A 192.168.1.5
dig +noall +answer @<nameserver_ip> api-int.<cluster_name>.<base_domain>
api-int.ocp4.example.com. 0 IN A 192.168.1.5
dig +noall +answer @<nameserver_ip> random.apps.<cluster_name>.<base_domain>
random.apps.ocp4.example.com. 0 IN A 192.168.1.5
dig +noall +answer @<nameserver_ip> console-openshift-console.apps.<cluster_name>.<base_domain>
console-openshift-console.apps.ocp4.example.com. 0 IN A 192.168.1.5
dig +noall +answer @<nameserver_ip> bootstrap.<cluster_name>.<base_domain>
bootstrap.ocp4.example.com. 0 IN A 192.168.1.96
dig +noall +answer @<nameserver_ip> -x 192.168.1.5
5.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. 0 IN PTR api-int.ocp4.example.com. 1 5.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. 0 IN PTR api.ocp4.example.com. 2
dig +noall +answer @<nameserver_ip> -x 192.168.1.96
96.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. 0 IN PTR bootstrap.ocp4.example.com.
ssh-keygen -t ed25519 -N '' -f <path>/<file_name> 1
cat <path>/<file_name>.pub
cat ~/.ssh/id_ed25519.pub
eval "USD(ssh-agent -s)"
Agent pid 31874
ssh-add <path>/<file_name> 1
Identity added: /home/<you>/<path>/<file_name> (<computer_name>)
tar -xvf openshift-install-linux.tar.gz
mkdir <installation_directory>
apiVersion: v1 baseDomain: example.com 1 compute: - hyperthreading: Enabled 2 3 name: worker replicas: 0 4 controlPlane: hyperthreading: Enabled 5 6 name: master replicas: 3 7 metadata: name: test 8 platform: vsphere: vcenter: your.vcenter.server 9 username: username 10 password: password 11 datacenter: datacenter 12 defaultDatastore: datastore 13 folder: "/<datacenter_name>/vm/<folder_name>/<subfolder_name>" 14 fips: false 15 pullSecret: '{"auths": ...}' 16 sshKey: 'ssh-ed25519 AAAA...' 17
apiVersion: v1 baseDomain: my.domain.com proxy: httpProxy: http://<username>:<pswd>@<ip>:<port> 1 httpsProxy: https://<username>:<pswd>@<ip>:<port> 2 noProxy: example.com 3 additionalTrustBundle: | 4 -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE----- <MY_TRUSTED_CA_CERT> -----END CERTIFICATE-----
./openshift-install create manifests --dir <installation_directory> 1
rm -f openshift/99_openshift-cluster-api_master-machines-*.yaml openshift/99_openshift-cluster-api_worker-machineset-*.yaml
./openshift-install create ignition-configs --dir <installation_directory> 1
. ├── auth │ ├── kubeadmin-password │ └── kubeconfig ├── bootstrap.ign ├── master.ign ├── metadata.json └── worker.ign
jq -r .infraID <installation_directory>/metadata.json 1
openshift-vw9j6 1
{ "ignition": { "config": { "merge": [ { "source": "<bootstrap_ignition_config_url>", 1 "verification": {} } ] }, "timeouts": {}, "version": "3.2.0" }, "networkd": {}, "passwd": {}, "storage": {}, "systemd": {} }
base64 -w0 <installation_directory>/master.ign > <installation_directory>/master.64
base64 -w0 <installation_directory>/worker.ign > <installation_directory>/worker.64
base64 -w0 <installation_directory>/merge-bootstrap.ign > <installation_directory>/merge-bootstrap.64
export IPCFG="ip=<ip>::<gateway>:<netmask>:<hostname>:<iface>:none nameserver=srv1 [nameserver=srv2 [nameserver=srv3 [...]]]"
export IPCFG="ip=192.168.100.101::192.168.100.254:255.255.255.0:::none nameserver=8.8.8.8"
govc vm.change -vm "<vm_name>" -e "guestinfo.afterburn.initrd.network-kargs=USD{IPCFG}"
mkdir USDHOME/clusterconfig
openshift-install create manifests --dir USDHOME/clusterconfig ? SSH Public Key ls USDHOME/clusterconfig/openshift/ 99_kubeadmin-password-secret.yaml 99_openshift-cluster-api_master-machines-0.yaml 99_openshift-cluster-api_master-machines-1.yaml 99_openshift-cluster-api_master-machines-2.yaml
variant: openshift version: 4.9.0 metadata: labels: machineconfiguration.openshift.io/role: worker name: 98-var-partition storage: disks: - device: /dev/<device_name> 1 partitions: - label: var start_mib: <partition_start_offset> 2 size_mib: <partition_size> 3 filesystems: - device: /dev/disk/by-partlabel/var path: /var format: xfs mount_options: [defaults, prjquota] 4 with_mount_unit: true
butane USDHOME/clusterconfig/98-var-partition.bu -o USDHOME/clusterconfig/openshift/98-var-partition.yaml
openshift-install create ignition-configs --dir USDHOME/clusterconfig ls USDHOME/clusterconfig/ auth bootstrap.ign master.ign metadata.json worker.ign
# bootupctl status
Component EFI Installed: grub2-efi-x64-1:2.04-31.fc33.x86_64,shim-x64-15-8.x86_64 Update: At latest version
# bootupctl adopt-and-update
Updated: grub2-efi-x64-1:2.04-31.fc33.x86_64,shim-x64-15-8.x86_64
# bootupctl update
Updated: grub2-efi-x64-1:2.04-31.fc33.x86_64,shim-x64-15-8.x86_64
variant: rhcos version: 1.1.0 systemd: units: - name: custom-bootupd-auto.service enabled: true contents: | [Unit] Description=Bootupd automatic update [Service] ExecStart=/usr/bin/bootupctl update RemainAfterExit=yes [Install] WantedBy=multi-user.target
tar xvf <file>
echo USDPATH
oc <command>
C:\> path
C:\> oc <command>
echo USDPATH
oc <command>
./openshift-install --dir <installation_directory> wait-for bootstrap-complete \ 1 --log-level=info 2
INFO Waiting up to 30m0s for the Kubernetes API at https://api.test.example.com:6443 INFO API v1.22.1 up INFO Waiting up to 30m0s for bootstrapping to complete INFO It is now safe to remove the bootstrap resources
export KUBECONFIG=<installation_directory>/auth/kubeconfig 1
oc whoami
system:admin
oc get nodes
NAME STATUS ROLES AGE VERSION master-0 Ready master 63m v1.22.1 master-1 Ready master 63m v1.22.1 master-2 Ready master 64m v1.22.1
oc get csr
NAME AGE REQUESTOR CONDITION csr-8b2br 15m system:serviceaccount:openshift-machine-config-operator:node-bootstrapper Pending csr-8vnps 15m system:serviceaccount:openshift-machine-config-operator:node-bootstrapper Pending
oc adm certificate approve <csr_name> 1
oc get csr -o go-template='{{range .items}}{{if not .status}}{{.metadata.name}}{{"\n"}}{{end}}{{end}}' | xargs --no-run-if-empty oc adm certificate approve
oc get csr
NAME AGE REQUESTOR CONDITION csr-bfd72 5m26s system:node:ip-10-0-50-126.us-east-2.compute.internal Pending csr-c57lv 5m26s system:node:ip-10-0-95-157.us-east-2.compute.internal Pending
oc adm certificate approve <csr_name> 1
oc get csr -o go-template='{{range .items}}{{if not .status}}{{.metadata.name}}{{"\n"}}{{end}}{{end}}' | xargs oc adm certificate approve
oc get nodes
NAME STATUS ROLES AGE VERSION master-0 Ready master 73m v1.22.1 master-1 Ready master 73m v1.22.1 master-2 Ready master 74m v1.22.1 worker-0 Ready worker 11m v1.22.1 worker-1 Ready worker 11m v1.22.1
watch -n5 oc get clusteroperators
NAME VERSION AVAILABLE PROGRESSING DEGRADED SINCE authentication 4.9.0 True False False 19m baremetal 4.9.0 True False False 37m cloud-credential 4.9.0 True False False 40m cluster-autoscaler 4.9.0 True False False 37m config-operator 4.9.0 True False False 38m console 4.9.0 True False False 26m csi-snapshot-controller 4.9.0 True False False 37m dns 4.9.0 True False False 37m etcd 4.9.0 True False False 36m image-registry 4.9.0 True False False 31m ingress 4.9.0 True False False 30m insights 4.9.0 True False False 31m kube-apiserver 4.9.0 True False False 26m kube-controller-manager 4.9.0 True False False 36m kube-scheduler 4.9.0 True False False 36m kube-storage-version-migrator 4.9.0 True False False 37m machine-api 4.9.0 True False False 29m machine-approver 4.9.0 True False False 37m machine-config 4.9.0 True False False 36m marketplace 4.9.0 True False False 37m monitoring 4.9.0 True False False 29m network 4.9.0 True False False 38m node-tuning 4.9.0 True False False 37m openshift-apiserver 4.9.0 True False False 32m openshift-controller-manager 4.9.0 True False False 30m openshift-samples 4.9.0 True False False 32m operator-lifecycle-manager 4.9.0 True False False 37m operator-lifecycle-manager-catalog 4.9.0 True False False 37m operator-lifecycle-manager-packageserver 4.9.0 True False False 32m service-ca 4.9.0 True False False 38m storage 4.9.0 True False False 37m
oc get pod -n openshift-image-registry -l docker-registry=default
No resourses found in openshift-image-registry namespace
oc edit configs.imageregistry.operator.openshift.io
storage: pvc: claim: 1
oc get clusteroperator image-registry
NAME VERSION AVAILABLE PROGRESSING DEGRADED SINCE MESSAGE image-registry 4.7 True False False 6h50m
oc patch configs.imageregistry.operator.openshift.io cluster --type merge --patch '{"spec":{"storage":{"emptyDir":{}}}}'
Error from server (NotFound): configs.imageregistry.operator.openshift.io "cluster" not found
oc patch config.imageregistry.operator.openshift.io/cluster --type=merge -p '{"spec":{"rolloutStrategy":"Recreate","replicas":1}}'
kind: PersistentVolumeClaim apiVersion: v1 metadata: name: image-registry-storage 1 namespace: openshift-image-registry 2 spec: accessModes: - ReadWriteOnce 3 resources: requests: storage: 100Gi 4
oc create -f pvc.yaml -n openshift-image-registry
oc edit config.imageregistry.operator.openshift.io -o yaml
storage: pvc: claim: 1
watch -n5 oc get clusteroperators
NAME VERSION AVAILABLE PROGRESSING DEGRADED SINCE authentication 4.9.0 True False False 19m baremetal 4.9.0 True False False 37m cloud-credential 4.9.0 True False False 40m cluster-autoscaler 4.9.0 True False False 37m config-operator 4.9.0 True False False 38m console 4.9.0 True False False 26m csi-snapshot-controller 4.9.0 True False False 37m dns 4.9.0 True False False 37m etcd 4.9.0 True False False 36m image-registry 4.9.0 True False False 31m ingress 4.9.0 True False False 30m insights 4.9.0 True False False 31m kube-apiserver 4.9.0 True False False 26m kube-controller-manager 4.9.0 True False False 36m kube-scheduler 4.9.0 True False False 36m kube-storage-version-migrator 4.9.0 True False False 37m machine-api 4.9.0 True False False 29m machine-approver 4.9.0 True False False 37m machine-config 4.9.0 True False False 36m marketplace 4.9.0 True False False 37m monitoring 4.9.0 True False False 29m network 4.9.0 True False False 38m node-tuning 4.9.0 True False False 37m openshift-apiserver 4.9.0 True False False 32m openshift-controller-manager 4.9.0 True False False 30m openshift-samples 4.9.0 True False False 32m operator-lifecycle-manager 4.9.0 True False False 37m operator-lifecycle-manager-catalog 4.9.0 True False False 37m operator-lifecycle-manager-packageserver 4.9.0 True False False 32m service-ca 4.9.0 True False False 38m storage 4.9.0 True False False 37m
./openshift-install --dir <installation_directory> wait-for install-complete 1
INFO Waiting up to 30m0s for the cluster to initialize
oc get pods --all-namespaces
NAMESPACE NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE openshift-apiserver-operator openshift-apiserver-operator-85cb746d55-zqhs8 1/1 Running 1 9m openshift-apiserver apiserver-67b9g 1/1 Running 0 3m openshift-apiserver apiserver-ljcmx 1/1 Running 0 1m openshift-apiserver apiserver-z25h4 1/1 Running 0 2m openshift-authentication-operator authentication-operator-69d5d8bf84-vh2n8 1/1 Running 0 5m
oc logs <pod_name> -n <namespace> 1
USDTTL 1W @ IN SOA ns1.example.com. root ( 2019070700 ; serial 3H ; refresh (3 hours) 30M ; retry (30 minutes) 2W ; expiry (2 weeks) 1W ) ; minimum (1 week) IN NS ns1.example.com. IN MX 10 smtp.example.com. ; ; ns1.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.5 smtp.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.5 ; helper.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.5 helper.ocp4.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.5 ; api.ocp4.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.5 1 api-int.ocp4.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.5 2 ; *.apps.ocp4.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.5 3 ; bootstrap.ocp4.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.96 4 ; master0.ocp4.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.97 5 master1.ocp4.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.98 6 master2.ocp4.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.99 7 ; worker0.ocp4.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.11 8 worker1.ocp4.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.7 9 ; ;EOF
USDTTL 1W @ IN SOA ns1.example.com. root ( 2019070700 ; serial 3H ; refresh (3 hours) 30M ; retry (30 minutes) 2W ; expiry (2 weeks) 1W ) ; minimum (1 week) IN NS ns1.example.com. ; 5.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. IN PTR api.ocp4.example.com. 1 5.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. IN PTR api-int.ocp4.example.com. 2 ; 96.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. IN PTR bootstrap.ocp4.example.com. 3 ; 97.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. IN PTR master0.ocp4.example.com. 4 98.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. IN PTR master1.ocp4.example.com. 5 99.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. IN PTR master2.ocp4.example.com. 6 ; 11.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. IN PTR worker0.ocp4.example.com. 7 7.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. IN PTR worker1.ocp4.example.com. 8 ; ;EOF
global log 127.0.0.1 local2 pidfile /var/run/haproxy.pid maxconn 4000 daemon defaults mode http log global option dontlognull option http-server-close option redispatch retries 3 timeout http-request 10s timeout queue 1m timeout connect 10s timeout client 1m timeout server 1m timeout http-keep-alive 10s timeout check 10s maxconn 3000 frontend stats bind *:1936 mode http log global maxconn 10 stats enable stats hide-version stats refresh 30s stats show-node stats show-desc Stats for ocp4 cluster 1 stats auth admin:ocp4 stats uri /stats listen api-server-6443 2 bind *:6443 mode tcp server bootstrap bootstrap.ocp4.example.com:6443 check inter 1s backup 3 server master0 master0.ocp4.example.com:6443 check inter 1s server master1 master1.ocp4.example.com:6443 check inter 1s server master2 master2.ocp4.example.com:6443 check inter 1s listen machine-config-server-22623 4 bind *:22623 mode tcp server bootstrap bootstrap.ocp4.example.com:22623 check inter 1s backup 5 server master0 master0.ocp4.example.com:22623 check inter 1s server master1 master1.ocp4.example.com:22623 check inter 1s server master2 master2.ocp4.example.com:22623 check inter 1s listen ingress-router-443 6 bind *:443 mode tcp balance source server worker0 worker0.ocp4.example.com:443 check inter 1s server worker1 worker1.ocp4.example.com:443 check inter 1s listen ingress-router-80 7 bind *:80 mode tcp balance source server worker0 worker0.ocp4.example.com:80 check inter 1s server worker1 worker1.ocp4.example.com:80 check inter 1s
dig +noall +answer @<nameserver_ip> api.<cluster_name>.<base_domain> 1
api.ocp4.example.com. 0 IN A 192.168.1.5
dig +noall +answer @<nameserver_ip> api-int.<cluster_name>.<base_domain>
api-int.ocp4.example.com. 0 IN A 192.168.1.5
dig +noall +answer @<nameserver_ip> random.apps.<cluster_name>.<base_domain>
random.apps.ocp4.example.com. 0 IN A 192.168.1.5
dig +noall +answer @<nameserver_ip> console-openshift-console.apps.<cluster_name>.<base_domain>
console-openshift-console.apps.ocp4.example.com. 0 IN A 192.168.1.5
dig +noall +answer @<nameserver_ip> bootstrap.<cluster_name>.<base_domain>
bootstrap.ocp4.example.com. 0 IN A 192.168.1.96
dig +noall +answer @<nameserver_ip> -x 192.168.1.5
5.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. 0 IN PTR api-int.ocp4.example.com. 1 5.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. 0 IN PTR api.ocp4.example.com. 2
dig +noall +answer @<nameserver_ip> -x 192.168.1.96
96.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. 0 IN PTR bootstrap.ocp4.example.com.
ssh-keygen -t ed25519 -N '' -f <path>/<file_name> 1
cat <path>/<file_name>.pub
cat ~/.ssh/id_ed25519.pub
eval "USD(ssh-agent -s)"
Agent pid 31874
ssh-add <path>/<file_name> 1
Identity added: /home/<you>/<path>/<file_name> (<computer_name>)
tar -xvf openshift-install-linux.tar.gz
mkdir <installation_directory>
apiVersion: v1 baseDomain: example.com 1 compute: - hyperthreading: Enabled 2 3 name: worker replicas: 0 4 controlPlane: hyperthreading: Enabled 5 6 name: master replicas: 3 7 metadata: name: test 8 platform: vsphere: vcenter: your.vcenter.server 9 username: username 10 password: password 11 datacenter: datacenter 12 defaultDatastore: datastore 13 folder: "/<datacenter_name>/vm/<folder_name>/<subfolder_name>" 14 fips: false 15 pullSecret: '{"auths": ...}' 16 sshKey: 'ssh-ed25519 AAAA...' 17
apiVersion: v1 baseDomain: my.domain.com proxy: httpProxy: http://<username>:<pswd>@<ip>:<port> 1 httpsProxy: https://<username>:<pswd>@<ip>:<port> 2 noProxy: example.com 3 additionalTrustBundle: | 4 -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE----- <MY_TRUSTED_CA_CERT> -----END CERTIFICATE-----
./openshift-install create manifests --dir <installation_directory> 1
apiVersion: operator.openshift.io/v1 kind: Network metadata: name: cluster spec:
apiVersion: operator.openshift.io/v1 kind: Network metadata: name: cluster spec: defaultNetwork: openshiftSDNConfig: vxlanPort: 4800
apiVersion: operator.openshift.io/v1 kind: Network metadata: name: cluster spec: defaultNetwork: ovnKubernetesConfig: ipsecConfig: {}
rm -f openshift/99_openshift-cluster-api_master-machines-*.yaml openshift/99_openshift-cluster-api_worker-machineset-*.yaml
spec: clusterNetwork: - cidr: 10.128.0.0/19 hostPrefix: 23 - cidr: 10.128.32.0/19 hostPrefix: 23
spec: serviceNetwork: - 172.30.0.0/14
defaultNetwork: type: OpenShiftSDN openshiftSDNConfig: mode: NetworkPolicy mtu: 1450 vxlanPort: 4789
defaultNetwork: type: OVNKubernetes ovnKubernetesConfig: mtu: 1400 genevePort: 6081 ipsecConfig: {}
kubeProxyConfig: proxyArguments: iptables-min-sync-period: - 0s
./openshift-install create ignition-configs --dir <installation_directory> 1
. ├── auth │ ├── kubeadmin-password │ └── kubeconfig ├── bootstrap.ign ├── master.ign ├── metadata.json └── worker.ign
jq -r .infraID <installation_directory>/metadata.json 1
openshift-vw9j6 1
{ "ignition": { "config": { "merge": [ { "source": "<bootstrap_ignition_config_url>", 1 "verification": {} } ] }, "timeouts": {}, "version": "3.2.0" }, "networkd": {}, "passwd": {}, "storage": {}, "systemd": {} }
base64 -w0 <installation_directory>/master.ign > <installation_directory>/master.64
base64 -w0 <installation_directory>/worker.ign > <installation_directory>/worker.64
base64 -w0 <installation_directory>/merge-bootstrap.ign > <installation_directory>/merge-bootstrap.64
export IPCFG="ip=<ip>::<gateway>:<netmask>:<hostname>:<iface>:none nameserver=srv1 [nameserver=srv2 [nameserver=srv3 [...]]]"
export IPCFG="ip=192.168.100.101::192.168.100.254:255.255.255.0:::none nameserver=8.8.8.8"
govc vm.change -vm "<vm_name>" -e "guestinfo.afterburn.initrd.network-kargs=USD{IPCFG}"
mkdir USDHOME/clusterconfig
openshift-install create manifests --dir USDHOME/clusterconfig ? SSH Public Key ls USDHOME/clusterconfig/openshift/ 99_kubeadmin-password-secret.yaml 99_openshift-cluster-api_master-machines-0.yaml 99_openshift-cluster-api_master-machines-1.yaml 99_openshift-cluster-api_master-machines-2.yaml
variant: openshift version: 4.9.0 metadata: labels: machineconfiguration.openshift.io/role: worker name: 98-var-partition storage: disks: - device: /dev/<device_name> 1 partitions: - label: var start_mib: <partition_start_offset> 2 size_mib: <partition_size> 3 filesystems: - device: /dev/disk/by-partlabel/var path: /var format: xfs mount_options: [defaults, prjquota] 4 with_mount_unit: true
butane USDHOME/clusterconfig/98-var-partition.bu -o USDHOME/clusterconfig/openshift/98-var-partition.yaml
openshift-install create ignition-configs --dir USDHOME/clusterconfig ls USDHOME/clusterconfig/ auth bootstrap.ign master.ign metadata.json worker.ign
# bootupctl status
Component EFI Installed: grub2-efi-x64-1:2.04-31.fc33.x86_64,shim-x64-15-8.x86_64 Update: At latest version
# bootupctl adopt-and-update
Updated: grub2-efi-x64-1:2.04-31.fc33.x86_64,shim-x64-15-8.x86_64
# bootupctl update
Updated: grub2-efi-x64-1:2.04-31.fc33.x86_64,shim-x64-15-8.x86_64
variant: rhcos version: 1.1.0 systemd: units: - name: custom-bootupd-auto.service enabled: true contents: | [Unit] Description=Bootupd automatic update [Service] ExecStart=/usr/bin/bootupctl update RemainAfterExit=yes [Install] WantedBy=multi-user.target
./openshift-install --dir <installation_directory> wait-for bootstrap-complete \ 1 --log-level=info 2
INFO Waiting up to 30m0s for the Kubernetes API at https://api.test.example.com:6443 INFO API v1.22.1 up INFO Waiting up to 30m0s for bootstrapping to complete INFO It is now safe to remove the bootstrap resources
export KUBECONFIG=<installation_directory>/auth/kubeconfig 1
oc whoami
system:admin
oc get nodes
NAME STATUS ROLES AGE VERSION master-0 Ready master 63m v1.22.1 master-1 Ready master 63m v1.22.1 master-2 Ready master 64m v1.22.1
oc get csr
NAME AGE REQUESTOR CONDITION csr-8b2br 15m system:serviceaccount:openshift-machine-config-operator:node-bootstrapper Pending csr-8vnps 15m system:serviceaccount:openshift-machine-config-operator:node-bootstrapper Pending
oc adm certificate approve <csr_name> 1
oc get csr -o go-template='{{range .items}}{{if not .status}}{{.metadata.name}}{{"\n"}}{{end}}{{end}}' | xargs --no-run-if-empty oc adm certificate approve
oc get csr
NAME AGE REQUESTOR CONDITION csr-bfd72 5m26s system:node:ip-10-0-50-126.us-east-2.compute.internal Pending csr-c57lv 5m26s system:node:ip-10-0-95-157.us-east-2.compute.internal Pending
oc adm certificate approve <csr_name> 1
oc get csr -o go-template='{{range .items}}{{if not .status}}{{.metadata.name}}{{"\n"}}{{end}}{{end}}' | xargs oc adm certificate approve
oc get nodes
NAME STATUS ROLES AGE VERSION master-0 Ready master 73m v1.22.1 master-1 Ready master 73m v1.22.1 master-2 Ready master 74m v1.22.1 worker-0 Ready worker 11m v1.22.1 worker-1 Ready worker 11m v1.22.1
watch -n5 oc get clusteroperators
NAME VERSION AVAILABLE PROGRESSING DEGRADED SINCE authentication 4.9.0 True False False 19m baremetal 4.9.0 True False False 37m cloud-credential 4.9.0 True False False 40m cluster-autoscaler 4.9.0 True False False 37m config-operator 4.9.0 True False False 38m console 4.9.0 True False False 26m csi-snapshot-controller 4.9.0 True False False 37m dns 4.9.0 True False False 37m etcd 4.9.0 True False False 36m image-registry 4.9.0 True False False 31m ingress 4.9.0 True False False 30m insights 4.9.0 True False False 31m kube-apiserver 4.9.0 True False False 26m kube-controller-manager 4.9.0 True False False 36m kube-scheduler 4.9.0 True False False 36m kube-storage-version-migrator 4.9.0 True False False 37m machine-api 4.9.0 True False False 29m machine-approver 4.9.0 True False False 37m machine-config 4.9.0 True False False 36m marketplace 4.9.0 True False False 37m monitoring 4.9.0 True False False 29m network 4.9.0 True False False 38m node-tuning 4.9.0 True False False 37m openshift-apiserver 4.9.0 True False False 32m openshift-controller-manager 4.9.0 True False False 30m openshift-samples 4.9.0 True False False 32m operator-lifecycle-manager 4.9.0 True False False 37m operator-lifecycle-manager-catalog 4.9.0 True False False 37m operator-lifecycle-manager-packageserver 4.9.0 True False False 32m service-ca 4.9.0 True False False 38m storage 4.9.0 True False False 37m
oc patch config.imageregistry.operator.openshift.io/cluster --type=merge -p '{"spec":{"rolloutStrategy":"Recreate","replicas":1}}'
kind: PersistentVolumeClaim apiVersion: v1 metadata: name: image-registry-storage 1 namespace: openshift-image-registry 2 spec: accessModes: - ReadWriteOnce 3 resources: requests: storage: 100Gi 4
oc create -f pvc.yaml -n openshift-image-registry
oc edit config.imageregistry.operator.openshift.io -o yaml
storage: pvc: claim: 1
watch -n5 oc get clusteroperators
NAME VERSION AVAILABLE PROGRESSING DEGRADED SINCE authentication 4.9.0 True False False 19m baremetal 4.9.0 True False False 37m cloud-credential 4.9.0 True False False 40m cluster-autoscaler 4.9.0 True False False 37m config-operator 4.9.0 True False False 38m console 4.9.0 True False False 26m csi-snapshot-controller 4.9.0 True False False 37m dns 4.9.0 True False False 37m etcd 4.9.0 True False False 36m image-registry 4.9.0 True False False 31m ingress 4.9.0 True False False 30m insights 4.9.0 True False False 31m kube-apiserver 4.9.0 True False False 26m kube-controller-manager 4.9.0 True False False 36m kube-scheduler 4.9.0 True False False 36m kube-storage-version-migrator 4.9.0 True False False 37m machine-api 4.9.0 True False False 29m machine-approver 4.9.0 True False False 37m machine-config 4.9.0 True False False 36m marketplace 4.9.0 True False False 37m monitoring 4.9.0 True False False 29m network 4.9.0 True False False 38m node-tuning 4.9.0 True False False 37m openshift-apiserver 4.9.0 True False False 32m openshift-controller-manager 4.9.0 True False False 30m openshift-samples 4.9.0 True False False 32m operator-lifecycle-manager 4.9.0 True False False 37m operator-lifecycle-manager-catalog 4.9.0 True False False 37m operator-lifecycle-manager-packageserver 4.9.0 True False False 32m service-ca 4.9.0 True False False 38m storage 4.9.0 True False False 37m
./openshift-install --dir <installation_directory> wait-for install-complete 1
INFO Waiting up to 30m0s for the cluster to initialize
oc get pods --all-namespaces
NAMESPACE NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE openshift-apiserver-operator openshift-apiserver-operator-85cb746d55-zqhs8 1/1 Running 1 9m openshift-apiserver apiserver-67b9g 1/1 Running 0 3m openshift-apiserver apiserver-ljcmx 1/1 Running 0 1m openshift-apiserver apiserver-z25h4 1/1 Running 0 2m openshift-authentication-operator authentication-operator-69d5d8bf84-vh2n8 1/1 Running 0 5m
oc logs <pod_name> -n <namespace> 1
USDTTL 1W @ IN SOA ns1.example.com. root ( 2019070700 ; serial 3H ; refresh (3 hours) 30M ; retry (30 minutes) 2W ; expiry (2 weeks) 1W ) ; minimum (1 week) IN NS ns1.example.com. IN MX 10 smtp.example.com. ; ; ns1.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.5 smtp.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.5 ; helper.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.5 helper.ocp4.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.5 ; api.ocp4.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.5 1 api-int.ocp4.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.5 2 ; *.apps.ocp4.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.5 3 ; bootstrap.ocp4.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.96 4 ; master0.ocp4.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.97 5 master1.ocp4.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.98 6 master2.ocp4.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.99 7 ; worker0.ocp4.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.11 8 worker1.ocp4.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.7 9 ; ;EOF
USDTTL 1W @ IN SOA ns1.example.com. root ( 2019070700 ; serial 3H ; refresh (3 hours) 30M ; retry (30 minutes) 2W ; expiry (2 weeks) 1W ) ; minimum (1 week) IN NS ns1.example.com. ; 5.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. IN PTR api.ocp4.example.com. 1 5.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. IN PTR api-int.ocp4.example.com. 2 ; 96.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. IN PTR bootstrap.ocp4.example.com. 3 ; 97.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. IN PTR master0.ocp4.example.com. 4 98.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. IN PTR master1.ocp4.example.com. 5 99.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. IN PTR master2.ocp4.example.com. 6 ; 11.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. IN PTR worker0.ocp4.example.com. 7 7.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. IN PTR worker1.ocp4.example.com. 8 ; ;EOF
global log 127.0.0.1 local2 pidfile /var/run/haproxy.pid maxconn 4000 daemon defaults mode http log global option dontlognull option http-server-close option redispatch retries 3 timeout http-request 10s timeout queue 1m timeout connect 10s timeout client 1m timeout server 1m timeout http-keep-alive 10s timeout check 10s maxconn 3000 frontend stats bind *:1936 mode http log global maxconn 10 stats enable stats hide-version stats refresh 30s stats show-node stats show-desc Stats for ocp4 cluster 1 stats auth admin:ocp4 stats uri /stats listen api-server-6443 2 bind *:6443 mode tcp server bootstrap bootstrap.ocp4.example.com:6443 check inter 1s backup 3 server master0 master0.ocp4.example.com:6443 check inter 1s server master1 master1.ocp4.example.com:6443 check inter 1s server master2 master2.ocp4.example.com:6443 check inter 1s listen machine-config-server-22623 4 bind *:22623 mode tcp server bootstrap bootstrap.ocp4.example.com:22623 check inter 1s backup 5 server master0 master0.ocp4.example.com:22623 check inter 1s server master1 master1.ocp4.example.com:22623 check inter 1s server master2 master2.ocp4.example.com:22623 check inter 1s listen ingress-router-443 6 bind *:443 mode tcp balance source server worker0 worker0.ocp4.example.com:443 check inter 1s server worker1 worker1.ocp4.example.com:443 check inter 1s listen ingress-router-80 7 bind *:80 mode tcp balance source server worker0 worker0.ocp4.example.com:80 check inter 1s server worker1 worker1.ocp4.example.com:80 check inter 1s
dig +noall +answer @<nameserver_ip> api.<cluster_name>.<base_domain> 1
api.ocp4.example.com. 0 IN A 192.168.1.5
dig +noall +answer @<nameserver_ip> api-int.<cluster_name>.<base_domain>
api-int.ocp4.example.com. 0 IN A 192.168.1.5
dig +noall +answer @<nameserver_ip> random.apps.<cluster_name>.<base_domain>
random.apps.ocp4.example.com. 0 IN A 192.168.1.5
dig +noall +answer @<nameserver_ip> console-openshift-console.apps.<cluster_name>.<base_domain>
console-openshift-console.apps.ocp4.example.com. 0 IN A 192.168.1.5
dig +noall +answer @<nameserver_ip> bootstrap.<cluster_name>.<base_domain>
bootstrap.ocp4.example.com. 0 IN A 192.168.1.96
dig +noall +answer @<nameserver_ip> -x 192.168.1.5
5.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. 0 IN PTR api-int.ocp4.example.com. 1 5.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. 0 IN PTR api.ocp4.example.com. 2
dig +noall +answer @<nameserver_ip> -x 192.168.1.96
96.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. 0 IN PTR bootstrap.ocp4.example.com.
ssh-keygen -t ed25519 -N '' -f <path>/<file_name> 1
cat <path>/<file_name>.pub
cat ~/.ssh/id_ed25519.pub
eval "USD(ssh-agent -s)"
Agent pid 31874
ssh-add <path>/<file_name> 1
Identity added: /home/<you>/<path>/<file_name> (<computer_name>)
mkdir <installation_directory>
apiVersion: v1 baseDomain: example.com 1 compute: - hyperthreading: Enabled 2 3 name: worker replicas: 0 4 controlPlane: hyperthreading: Enabled 5 6 name: master replicas: 3 7 metadata: name: test 8 platform: vsphere: vcenter: your.vcenter.server 9 username: username 10 password: password 11 datacenter: datacenter 12 defaultDatastore: datastore 13 folder: "/<datacenter_name>/vm/<folder_name>/<subfolder_name>" 14 fips: false 15 pullSecret: '{"auths":{"<local_registry>": {"auth": "<credentials>","email": "you@example.com"}}}' 16 sshKey: 'ssh-ed25519 AAAA...' 17 additionalTrustBundle: | 18 -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE----- ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ -----END CERTIFICATE----- imageContentSources: 19 - mirrors: - <local_registry>/<local_repository_name>/release source: quay.io/openshift-release-dev/ocp-release - mirrors: - <local_registry>/<local_repository_name>/release source: quay.io/openshift-release-dev/ocp-v4.0-art-dev
apiVersion: v1 baseDomain: my.domain.com proxy: httpProxy: http://<username>:<pswd>@<ip>:<port> 1 httpsProxy: https://<username>:<pswd>@<ip>:<port> 2 noProxy: example.com 3 additionalTrustBundle: | 4 -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE----- <MY_TRUSTED_CA_CERT> -----END CERTIFICATE-----
./openshift-install create manifests --dir <installation_directory> 1
rm -f openshift/99_openshift-cluster-api_master-machines-*.yaml openshift/99_openshift-cluster-api_worker-machineset-*.yaml
./openshift-install create ignition-configs --dir <installation_directory> 1
. ├── auth │ ├── kubeadmin-password │ └── kubeconfig ├── bootstrap.ign ├── master.ign ├── metadata.json └── worker.ign
jq -r .infraID <installation_directory>/metadata.json 1
openshift-vw9j6 1
{ "ignition": { "config": { "merge": [ { "source": "<bootstrap_ignition_config_url>", 1 "verification": {} } ] }, "timeouts": {}, "version": "3.2.0" }, "networkd": {}, "passwd": {}, "storage": {}, "systemd": {} }
base64 -w0 <installation_directory>/master.ign > <installation_directory>/master.64
base64 -w0 <installation_directory>/worker.ign > <installation_directory>/worker.64
base64 -w0 <installation_directory>/merge-bootstrap.ign > <installation_directory>/merge-bootstrap.64
export IPCFG="ip=<ip>::<gateway>:<netmask>:<hostname>:<iface>:none nameserver=srv1 [nameserver=srv2 [nameserver=srv3 [...]]]"
export IPCFG="ip=192.168.100.101::192.168.100.254:255.255.255.0:::none nameserver=8.8.8.8"
govc vm.change -vm "<vm_name>" -e "guestinfo.afterburn.initrd.network-kargs=USD{IPCFG}"
mkdir USDHOME/clusterconfig
openshift-install create manifests --dir USDHOME/clusterconfig ? SSH Public Key ls USDHOME/clusterconfig/openshift/ 99_kubeadmin-password-secret.yaml 99_openshift-cluster-api_master-machines-0.yaml 99_openshift-cluster-api_master-machines-1.yaml 99_openshift-cluster-api_master-machines-2.yaml
variant: openshift version: 4.9.0 metadata: labels: machineconfiguration.openshift.io/role: worker name: 98-var-partition storage: disks: - device: /dev/<device_name> 1 partitions: - label: var start_mib: <partition_start_offset> 2 size_mib: <partition_size> 3 filesystems: - device: /dev/disk/by-partlabel/var path: /var format: xfs mount_options: [defaults, prjquota] 4 with_mount_unit: true
butane USDHOME/clusterconfig/98-var-partition.bu -o USDHOME/clusterconfig/openshift/98-var-partition.yaml
openshift-install create ignition-configs --dir USDHOME/clusterconfig ls USDHOME/clusterconfig/ auth bootstrap.ign master.ign metadata.json worker.ign
# bootupctl status
Component EFI Installed: grub2-efi-x64-1:2.04-31.fc33.x86_64,shim-x64-15-8.x86_64 Update: At latest version
# bootupctl adopt-and-update
Updated: grub2-efi-x64-1:2.04-31.fc33.x86_64,shim-x64-15-8.x86_64
# bootupctl update
Updated: grub2-efi-x64-1:2.04-31.fc33.x86_64,shim-x64-15-8.x86_64
variant: rhcos version: 1.1.0 systemd: units: - name: custom-bootupd-auto.service enabled: true contents: | [Unit] Description=Bootupd automatic update [Service] ExecStart=/usr/bin/bootupctl update RemainAfterExit=yes [Install] WantedBy=multi-user.target
./openshift-install --dir <installation_directory> wait-for bootstrap-complete \ 1 --log-level=info 2
INFO Waiting up to 30m0s for the Kubernetes API at https://api.test.example.com:6443 INFO API v1.22.1 up INFO Waiting up to 30m0s for bootstrapping to complete INFO It is now safe to remove the bootstrap resources
export KUBECONFIG=<installation_directory>/auth/kubeconfig 1
oc whoami
system:admin
oc get nodes
NAME STATUS ROLES AGE VERSION master-0 Ready master 63m v1.22.1 master-1 Ready master 63m v1.22.1 master-2 Ready master 64m v1.22.1
oc get csr
NAME AGE REQUESTOR CONDITION csr-8b2br 15m system:serviceaccount:openshift-machine-config-operator:node-bootstrapper Pending csr-8vnps 15m system:serviceaccount:openshift-machine-config-operator:node-bootstrapper Pending
oc adm certificate approve <csr_name> 1
oc get csr -o go-template='{{range .items}}{{if not .status}}{{.metadata.name}}{{"\n"}}{{end}}{{end}}' | xargs --no-run-if-empty oc adm certificate approve
oc get csr
NAME AGE REQUESTOR CONDITION csr-bfd72 5m26s system:node:ip-10-0-50-126.us-east-2.compute.internal Pending csr-c57lv 5m26s system:node:ip-10-0-95-157.us-east-2.compute.internal Pending
oc adm certificate approve <csr_name> 1
oc get csr -o go-template='{{range .items}}{{if not .status}}{{.metadata.name}}{{"\n"}}{{end}}{{end}}' | xargs oc adm certificate approve
oc get nodes
NAME STATUS ROLES AGE VERSION master-0 Ready master 73m v1.22.1 master-1 Ready master 73m v1.22.1 master-2 Ready master 74m v1.22.1 worker-0 Ready worker 11m v1.22.1 worker-1 Ready worker 11m v1.22.1
watch -n5 oc get clusteroperators
NAME VERSION AVAILABLE PROGRESSING DEGRADED SINCE authentication 4.9.0 True False False 19m baremetal 4.9.0 True False False 37m cloud-credential 4.9.0 True False False 40m cluster-autoscaler 4.9.0 True False False 37m config-operator 4.9.0 True False False 38m console 4.9.0 True False False 26m csi-snapshot-controller 4.9.0 True False False 37m dns 4.9.0 True False False 37m etcd 4.9.0 True False False 36m image-registry 4.9.0 True False False 31m ingress 4.9.0 True False False 30m insights 4.9.0 True False False 31m kube-apiserver 4.9.0 True False False 26m kube-controller-manager 4.9.0 True False False 36m kube-scheduler 4.9.0 True False False 36m kube-storage-version-migrator 4.9.0 True False False 37m machine-api 4.9.0 True False False 29m machine-approver 4.9.0 True False False 37m machine-config 4.9.0 True False False 36m marketplace 4.9.0 True False False 37m monitoring 4.9.0 True False False 29m network 4.9.0 True False False 38m node-tuning 4.9.0 True False False 37m openshift-apiserver 4.9.0 True False False 32m openshift-controller-manager 4.9.0 True False False 30m openshift-samples 4.9.0 True False False 32m operator-lifecycle-manager 4.9.0 True False False 37m operator-lifecycle-manager-catalog 4.9.0 True False False 37m operator-lifecycle-manager-packageserver 4.9.0 True False False 32m service-ca 4.9.0 True False False 38m storage 4.9.0 True False False 37m
oc patch OperatorHub cluster --type json -p '[{"op": "add", "path": "/spec/disableAllDefaultSources", "value": true}]'
oc get pod -n openshift-image-registry -l docker-registry=default
No resourses found in openshift-image-registry namespace
oc edit configs.imageregistry.operator.openshift.io
storage: pvc: claim: 1
oc get clusteroperator image-registry
NAME VERSION AVAILABLE PROGRESSING DEGRADED SINCE MESSAGE image-registry 4.7 True False False 6h50m
oc patch configs.imageregistry.operator.openshift.io cluster --type merge --patch '{"spec":{"storage":{"emptyDir":{}}}}'
Error from server (NotFound): configs.imageregistry.operator.openshift.io "cluster" not found
oc patch config.imageregistry.operator.openshift.io/cluster --type=merge -p '{"spec":{"rolloutStrategy":"Recreate","replicas":1}}'
kind: PersistentVolumeClaim apiVersion: v1 metadata: name: image-registry-storage 1 namespace: openshift-image-registry 2 spec: accessModes: - ReadWriteOnce 3 resources: requests: storage: 100Gi 4
oc create -f pvc.yaml -n openshift-image-registry
oc edit config.imageregistry.operator.openshift.io -o yaml
storage: pvc: claim: 1
watch -n5 oc get clusteroperators
NAME VERSION AVAILABLE PROGRESSING DEGRADED SINCE authentication 4.9.0 True False False 19m baremetal 4.9.0 True False False 37m cloud-credential 4.9.0 True False False 40m cluster-autoscaler 4.9.0 True False False 37m config-operator 4.9.0 True False False 38m console 4.9.0 True False False 26m csi-snapshot-controller 4.9.0 True False False 37m dns 4.9.0 True False False 37m etcd 4.9.0 True False False 36m image-registry 4.9.0 True False False 31m ingress 4.9.0 True False False 30m insights 4.9.0 True False False 31m kube-apiserver 4.9.0 True False False 26m kube-controller-manager 4.9.0 True False False 36m kube-scheduler 4.9.0 True False False 36m kube-storage-version-migrator 4.9.0 True False False 37m machine-api 4.9.0 True False False 29m machine-approver 4.9.0 True False False 37m machine-config 4.9.0 True False False 36m marketplace 4.9.0 True False False 37m monitoring 4.9.0 True False False 29m network 4.9.0 True False False 38m node-tuning 4.9.0 True False False 37m openshift-apiserver 4.9.0 True False False 32m openshift-controller-manager 4.9.0 True False False 30m openshift-samples 4.9.0 True False False 32m operator-lifecycle-manager 4.9.0 True False False 37m operator-lifecycle-manager-catalog 4.9.0 True False False 37m operator-lifecycle-manager-packageserver 4.9.0 True False False 32m service-ca 4.9.0 True False False 38m storage 4.9.0 True False False 37m
./openshift-install --dir <installation_directory> wait-for install-complete 1
INFO Waiting up to 30m0s for the cluster to initialize
oc get pods --all-namespaces
NAMESPACE NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE openshift-apiserver-operator openshift-apiserver-operator-85cb746d55-zqhs8 1/1 Running 1 9m openshift-apiserver apiserver-67b9g 1/1 Running 0 3m openshift-apiserver apiserver-ljcmx 1/1 Running 0 1m openshift-apiserver apiserver-z25h4 1/1 Running 0 2m openshift-authentication-operator authentication-operator-69d5d8bf84-vh2n8 1/1 Running 0 5m
oc logs <pod_name> -n <namespace> 1
./openshift-install destroy cluster --dir <installation_directory> --log-level info 1 2