Chapter 4. Using quotas and limit ranges A resource quota, defined by a ResourceQuota object, provides constraints that limit aggregate resource consumption per project. It can limit the quantity of objects that can be created in a project by type, as well as the total amount of compute resources and storage that may be consumed by resources in that project. Using quotas and limit ranges, cluster administrators can set constraints to limit the number of objects or amount of compute resources that are used in your project. This helps cluster administrators better manage and allocate resources across all projects, and ensure that no projects are using more than is appropriate for the cluster size. Important Quotas are set by cluster administrators and are scoped to a given project. OpenShift Container Platform project owners can change quotas for their project, but not limit ranges. OpenShift Container Platform users cannot modify quotas or limit ranges. The following sections help you understand how to check on your quota and limit range settings, what sorts of things they can constrain, and how you can request or limit compute resources in your own pods and containers. 4.1. Resources managed by quota A resource quota, defined by a ResourceQuota object, provides constraints that limit aggregate resource consumption per project. It can limit the quantity of objects that can be created in a project by type, as well as the total amount of compute resources and storage that may be consumed by resources in that project. The following describes the set of compute resources and object types that may be managed by a quota. Note A pod is in a terminal state if status.phase is Failed or Succeeded . Table 4.1. Compute resources managed by quota Resource Name Description cpu The sum of CPU requests across all pods in a non-terminal state cannot exceed this value. cpu and requests.cpu are the same value and can be used interchangeably. memory The sum of memory requests across all pods in a non-terminal state cannot exceed this value. memory and requests.memory are the same value and can be used interchangeably. ephemeral-storage The sum of local ephemeral storage requests across all pods in a non-terminal state cannot exceed this value. ephemeral-storage and requests.ephemeral-storage are the same value and can be used interchangeably. This resource is available only if you enabled the ephemeral storage technology preview. This feature is disabled by default. requests.cpu The sum of CPU requests across all pods in a non-terminal state cannot exceed this value. cpu and requests.cpu are the same value and can be used interchangeably. requests.memory The sum of memory requests across all pods in a non-terminal state cannot exceed this value. memory and requests.memory are the same value and can be used interchangeably. requests.ephemeral-storage The sum of ephemeral storage requests across all pods in a non-terminal state cannot exceed this value. ephemeral-storage and requests.ephemeral-storage are the same value and can be used interchangeably. This resource is available only if you enabled the ephemeral storage technology preview. This feature is disabled by default. limits.cpu The sum of CPU limits across all pods in a non-terminal state cannot exceed this value. limits.memory The sum of memory limits across all pods in a non-terminal state cannot exceed this value. limits.ephemeral-storage The sum of ephemeral storage limits across all pods in a non-terminal state cannot exceed this value. This resource is available only if you enabled the ephemeral storage technology preview. This feature is disabled by default. Table 4.2. Storage resources managed by quota Resource Name Description requests.storage The sum of storage requests across all persistent volume claims in any state cannot exceed this value. persistentvolumeclaims The total number of persistent volume claims that can exist in the project. <storage-class-name>.storageclass.storage.k8s.io/requests.storage The sum of storage requests across all persistent volume claims in any state that have a matching storage class, cannot exceed this value. <storage-class-name>.storageclass.storage.k8s.io/persistentvolumeclaims The total number of persistent volume claims with a matching storage class that can exist in the project. Table 4.3. Object counts managed by quota Resource Name Description pods The total number of pods in a non-terminal state that can exist in the project. replicationcontrollers The total number of replication controllers that can exist in the project. resourcequotas The total number of resource quotas that can exist in the project. services The total number of services that can exist in the project. secrets The total number of secrets that can exist in the project. configmaps The total number of ConfigMap objects that can exist in the project. persistentvolumeclaims The total number of persistent volume claims that can exist in the project. openshift.io/imagestreams The total number of image streams that can exist in the project. You can configure an object count quota for these standard namespaced resource types using the count/<resource>.<group> syntax. USD oc create quota <name> --hard=count/<resource>.<group>=<quota> 1 1 1 <resource> is the name of the resource, and <group> is the API group, if applicable. Use the kubectl api-resources command for a list of resources and their associated API groups. 4.1.1. Setting resource quota for extended resources Overcommitment of resources is not allowed for extended resources, so you must specify requests and limits for the same extended resource in a quota. Currently, only quota items with the prefix requests. are allowed for extended resources. The following is an example scenario of how to set resource quota for the GPU resource nvidia.com/gpu . Procedure To determine how many GPUs are available on a node in your cluster, use the following command: USD oc describe node ip-172-31-27-209.us-west-2.compute.internal | egrep 'Capacity|Allocatable|gpu' Example output openshift.com/gpu-accelerator=true Capacity: nvidia.com/gpu: 2 Allocatable: nvidia.com/gpu: 2 nvidia.com/gpu: 0 0 In this example, 2 GPUs are available. Use this command to set a quota in the namespace nvidia . In this example, the quota is 1 : USD cat gpu-quota.yaml Example output apiVersion: v1 kind: ResourceQuota metadata: name: gpu-quota namespace: nvidia spec: hard: requests.nvidia.com/gpu: 1 Create the quota with the following command: USD oc create -f gpu-quota.yaml Example output resourcequota/gpu-quota created Verify that the namespace has the correct quota set using the following command: USD oc describe quota gpu-quota -n nvidia Example output Name: gpu-quota Namespace: nvidia Resource Used Hard -------- ---- ---- requests.nvidia.com/gpu 0 1 Run a pod that asks for a single GPU with the following command: USD oc create pod gpu-pod.yaml Example output apiVersion: v1 kind: Pod metadata: generateName: gpu-pod-s46h7 namespace: nvidia spec: restartPolicy: OnFailure containers: - name: rhel7-gpu-pod image: rhel7 env: - name: NVIDIA_VISIBLE_DEVICES value: all - name: NVIDIA_DRIVER_CAPABILITIES value: "compute,utility" - name: NVIDIA_REQUIRE_CUDA value: "cuda>=5.0" command: ["sleep"] args: ["infinity"] resources: limits: nvidia.com/gpu: 1 Verify that the pod is running bwith the following command: USD oc get pods Example output NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE gpu-pod-s46h7 1/1 Running 0 1m Verify that the quota Used counter is correct by running the following command: USD oc describe quota gpu-quota -n nvidia Example output Name: gpu-quota Namespace: nvidia Resource Used Hard -------- ---- ---- requests.nvidia.com/gpu 1 1 Using the following command, attempt to create a second GPU pod in the nvidia namespace. This is technically available on the node because it has 2 GPUs: USD oc create -f gpu-pod.yaml Example output Error from server (Forbidden): error when creating "gpu-pod.yaml": pods "gpu-pod-f7z2w" is forbidden: exceeded quota: gpu-quota, requested: requests.nvidia.com/gpu=1, used: requests.nvidia.com/gpu=1, limited: requests.nvidia.com/gpu=1 This Forbidden error message occurs because you have a quota of 1 GPU and this pod tried to allocate a second GPU, which exceeds its quota. 4.1.2. Quota scopes Each quota can have an associated set of scopes . A quota only measures usage for a resource if it matches the intersection of enumerated scopes. Adding a scope to a quota restricts the set of resources to which that quota can apply. Specifying a resource outside of the allowed set results in a validation error. Scope Description Terminating Match pods where spec.activeDeadlineSeconds >= 0 . NotTerminating Match pods where spec.activeDeadlineSeconds is nil . BestEffort Match pods that have best effort quality of service for either cpu or memory . otBestEffort Match pods that do not have best effort quality of service for cpu and memory . A BestEffort scope restricts a quota to limiting the following resources: pods A Terminating , NotTerminating , and NotBestEffort scope restricts a quota to tracking the following resources: pods memory requests.memory limits.memory cpu requests.cpu limits.cpu ephemeral-storage requests.ephemeral-storage limits.ephemeral-storage Note Ephemeral storage requests and limits apply only if you enabled the ephemeral storage technology preview. This feature is disabled by default. Additional resources See Resources managed by quotas for more on compute resources. See Quality of Service Classes for more on committing compute resources. 4.2. Admin quota usage 4.2.1. Quota enforcement After a resource quota for a project is first created, the project restricts the ability to create any new resources that can violate a quota constraint until it has calculated updated usage statistics. After a quota is created and usage statistics are updated, the project accepts the creation of new content. When you create or modify resources, your quota usage is incremented immediately upon the request to create or modify the resource. When you delete a resource, your quota use is decremented during the full recalculation of quota statistics for the project. A configurable amount of time determines how long it takes to reduce quota usage statistics to their current observed system value. If project modifications exceed a quota usage limit, the server denies the action, and an appropriate error message is returned to the user explaining the quota constraint violated, and what their currently observed usage stats are in the system. 4.2.2. Requests compared to limits When allocating compute resources by quota, each container can specify a request and a limit value each for CPU, memory, and ephemeral storage. Quotas can restrict any of these values. If the quota has a value specified for requests.cpu or requests.memory , then it requires that every incoming container make an explicit request for those resources. If the quota has a value specified for limits.cpu or limits.memory , then it requires that every incoming container specify an explicit limit for those resources. 4.2.3. Sample resource quota definitions Example core-object-counts.yaml apiVersion: v1 kind: ResourceQuota metadata: name: core-object-counts spec: hard: configmaps: "10" 1 persistentvolumeclaims: "4" 2 replicationcontrollers: "20" 3 secrets: "10" 4 services: "10" 5 1 The total number of ConfigMap objects that can exist in the project. 2 The total number of persistent volume claims (PVCs) that can exist in the project. 3 The total number of replication controllers that can exist in the project. 4 The total number of secrets that can exist in the project. 5 The total number of services that can exist in the project. Example openshift-object-counts.yaml apiVersion: v1 kind: ResourceQuota metadata: name: openshift-object-counts spec: hard: openshift.io/imagestreams: "10" 1 1 The total number of image streams that can exist in the project. Example compute-resources.yaml apiVersion: v1 kind: ResourceQuota metadata: name: compute-resources spec: hard: pods: "4" 1 requests.cpu: "1" 2 requests.memory: 1Gi 3 requests.ephemeral-storage: 2Gi 4 limits.cpu: "2" 5 limits.memory: 2Gi 6 limits.ephemeral-storage: 4Gi 7 1 The total number of pods in a non-terminal state that can exist in the project. 2 Across all pods in a non-terminal state, the sum of CPU requests cannot exceed 1 core. 3 Across all pods in a non-terminal state, the sum of memory requests cannot exceed 1Gi. 4 Across all pods in a non-terminal state, the sum of ephemeral storage requests cannot exceed 2Gi. 5 Across all pods in a non-terminal state, the sum of CPU limits cannot exceed 2 cores. 6 Across all pods in a non-terminal state, the sum of memory limits cannot exceed 2Gi. 7 Across all pods in a non-terminal state, the sum of ephemeral storage limits cannot exceed 4Gi. Example besteffort.yaml apiVersion: v1 kind: ResourceQuota metadata: name: besteffort spec: hard: pods: "1" 1 scopes: - BestEffort 2 1 The total number of pods in a non-terminal state with BestEffort quality of service that can exist in the project. 2 Restricts the quota to only matching pods that have BestEffort quality of service for either memory or CPU. Example compute-resources-long-running.yaml apiVersion: v1 kind: ResourceQuota metadata: name: compute-resources-long-running spec: hard: pods: "4" 1 limits.cpu: "4" 2 limits.memory: "2Gi" 3 limits.ephemeral-storage: "4Gi" 4 scopes: - NotTerminating 5 1 The total number of pods in a non-terminal state. 2 Across all pods in a non-terminal state, the sum of CPU limits cannot exceed this value. 3 Across all pods in a non-terminal state, the sum of memory limits cannot exceed this value. 4 Across all pods in a non-terminal state, the sum of ephemeral storage limits cannot exceed this value. 5 Restricts the quota to only matching pods where spec.activeDeadlineSeconds is set to nil . Build pods will fall under NotTerminating unless the RestartNever policy is applied. Example compute-resources-time-bound.yaml apiVersion: v1 kind: ResourceQuota metadata: name: compute-resources-time-bound spec: hard: pods: "2" 1 limits.cpu: "1" 2 limits.memory: "1Gi" 3 limits.ephemeral-storage: "1Gi" 4 scopes: - Terminating 5 1 The total number of pods in a non-terminal state. 2 Across all pods in a non-terminal state, the sum of CPU limits cannot exceed this value. 3 Across all pods in a non-terminal state, the sum of memory limits cannot exceed this value. 4 Across all pods in a non-terminal state, the sum of ephemeral storage limits cannot exceed this value. 5 Restricts the quota to only matching pods where spec.activeDeadlineSeconds >=0 . For example, this quota would charge for build pods, but not long running pods such as a web server or database. Example storage-consumption.yaml apiVersion: v1 kind: ResourceQuota metadata: name: storage-consumption spec: hard: persistentvolumeclaims: "10" 1 requests.storage: "50Gi" 2 gold.storageclass.storage.k8s.io/requests.storage: "10Gi" 3 silver.storageclass.storage.k8s.io/requests.storage: "20Gi" 4 silver.storageclass.storage.k8s.io/persistentvolumeclaims: "5" 5 bronze.storageclass.storage.k8s.io/requests.storage: "0" 6 bronze.storageclass.storage.k8s.io/persistentvolumeclaims: "0" 7 1 The total number of persistent volume claims in a project 2 Across all persistent volume claims in a project, the sum of storage requested cannot exceed this value. 3 Across all persistent volume claims in a project, the sum of storage requested in the gold storage class cannot exceed this value. 4 Across all persistent volume claims in a project, the sum of storage requested in the silver storage class cannot exceed this value. 5 Across all persistent volume claims in a project, the total number of claims in the silver storage class cannot exceed this value. 6 Across all persistent volume claims in a project, the sum of storage requested in the bronze storage class cannot exceed this value. When this is set to 0 , it means bronze storage class cannot request storage. 7 Across all persistent volume claims in a project, the sum of storage requested in the bronze storage class cannot exceed this value. When this is set to 0 , it means bronze storage class cannot create claims. 4.2.4. Creating a quota To create a quota, first define the quota in a file. Then use that file to apply it to a project. See the Additional resources section for a link describing this. USD oc create -f <resource_quota_definition> [-n <project_name>] Here is an example using the core-object-counts.yaml resource quota definition and the demoproject project name: USD oc create -f core-object-counts.yaml -n demoproject 4.2.5. Creating object count quotas You can create an object count quota for all OpenShift Container Platform standard namespaced resource types, such as BuildConfig , and DeploymentConfig . An object quota count places a defined quota on all standard namespaced resource types. When using a resource quota, an object is charged against the quota if it exists in server storage. These types of quotas are useful to protect against exhaustion of storage resources. To configure an object count quota for a resource, run the following command: USD oc create quota <name> --hard=count/<resource>.<group>=<quota>,count/<resource>.<group>=<quota> Example showing object count quota: USD oc create quota test --hard=count/deployments.extensions=2,count/replicasets.extensions=4,count/pods=3,count/secrets=4 resourcequota "test" created USD oc describe quota test Name: test Namespace: quota Resource Used Hard -------- ---- ---- count/deployments.extensions 0 2 count/pods 0 3 count/replicasets.extensions 0 4 count/secrets 0 4 This example limits the listed resources to the hard limit in each project in the cluster. 4.2.6. Viewing a quota You can view usage statistics related to any hard limits defined in a project's quota by navigating in the web console to the project's Quota page. You can also use the CLI to view quota details: First, get the list of quotas defined in the project. For example, for a project called demoproject : USD oc get quota -n demoproject NAME AGE besteffort 11m compute-resources 2m core-object-counts 29m Describe the quota you are interested in, for example the core-object-counts quota: USD oc describe quota core-object-counts -n demoproject Name: core-object-counts Namespace: demoproject Resource Used Hard -------- ---- ---- configmaps 3 10 persistentvolumeclaims 0 4 replicationcontrollers 3 20 secrets 9 10 services 2 10 4.2.7. Configuring quota synchronization period When a set of resources are deleted, the synchronization time frame of resources is determined by the resource-quota-sync-period setting in the /etc/origin/master/master-config.yaml file. Before quota usage is restored, a user can encounter problems when attempting to reuse the resources. You can change the resource-quota-sync-period setting to have the set of resources regenerate in the needed amount of time (in seconds) for the resources to be once again available: Example resource-quota-sync-period setting kubernetesMasterConfig: apiLevels: - v1beta3 - v1 apiServerArguments: null controllerArguments: resource-quota-sync-period: - "10s" After making any changes, restart the controller services to apply them. USD master-restart api USD master-restart controllers Adjusting the regeneration time can be helpful for creating resources and determining resource usage when automation is used. Note The resource-quota-sync-period setting balances system performance. Reducing the sync period can result in a heavy load on the controller. 4.2.8. Explicit quota to consume a resource If a resource is not managed by quota, a user has no restriction on the amount of resource that can be consumed. For example, if there is no quota on storage related to the gold storage class, the amount of gold storage a project can create is unbounded. For high-cost compute or storage resources, administrators can require an explicit quota be granted to consume a resource. For example, if a project was not explicitly given quota for storage related to the gold storage class, users of that project would not be able to create any storage of that type. In order to require explicit quota to consume a particular resource, the following stanza should be added to the master-config.yaml. admissionConfig: pluginConfig: ResourceQuota: configuration: apiVersion: resourcequota.admission.k8s.io/v1alpha1 kind: Configuration limitedResources: - resource: persistentvolumeclaims 1 matchContains: - gold.storageclass.storage.k8s.io/requests.storage 2 1 The group or resource to whose consumption is limited by default. 2 The name of the resource tracked by quota associated with the group/resource to limit by default. In the above example, the quota system intercepts every operation that creates or updates a PersistentVolumeClaim . It checks what resources controlled by quota would be consumed. If there is no covering quota for those resources in the project, the request is denied. In this example, if a user creates a PersistentVolumeClaim that uses storage associated with the gold storage class and there is no matching quota in the project, the request is denied. Additional resources For examples of how to create the file needed to set quotas, see Resources managed by quotas . A description of how to allocate compute resources managed by quota . For information on managing limits and quota on project resources, see Working with projects . If a quota has been defined for your project, see Understanding deployments for considerations in cluster configurations. 4.3. Setting limit ranges A limit range, defined by a LimitRange object, defines compute resource constraints at the pod, container, image, image stream, and persistent volume claim level. The limit range specifies the amount of resources that a pod, container, image, image stream, or persistent volume claim can consume. All requests to create and modify resources are evaluated against each LimitRange object in the project. If the resource violates any of the enumerated constraints, the resource is rejected. If the resource does not set an explicit value, and if the constraint supports a default value, the default value is applied to the resource. For CPU and memory limits, if you specify a maximum value but do not specify a minimum limit, the resource can consume more CPU and memory resources than the maximum value. Core limit range object definition apiVersion: "v1" kind: "LimitRange" metadata: name: "core-resource-limits" 1 spec: limits: - type: "Pod" max: cpu: "2" 2 memory: "1Gi" 3 min: cpu: "200m" 4 memory: "6Mi" 5 - type: "Container" max: cpu: "2" 6 memory: "1Gi" 7 min: cpu: "100m" 8 memory: "4Mi" 9 default: cpu: "300m" 10 memory: "200Mi" 11 defaultRequest: cpu: "200m" 12 memory: "100Mi" 13 maxLimitRequestRatio: cpu: "10" 14 1 The name of the limit range object. 2 The maximum amount of CPU that a pod can request on a node across all containers. 3 The maximum amount of memory that a pod can request on a node across all containers. 4 The minimum amount of CPU that a pod can request on a node across all containers. If you do not set a min value or you set min to 0 , the result is no limit and the pod can consume more than the max CPU value. 5 The minimum amount of memory that a pod can request on a node across all containers. If you do not set a min value or you set min to 0 , the result is no limit and the pod can consume more than the max memory value. 6 The maximum amount of CPU that a single container in a pod can request. 7 The maximum amount of memory that a single container in a pod can request. 8 The minimum amount of CPU that a single container in a pod can request. If you do not set a min value or you set min to 0 , the result is no limit and the pod can consume more than the max CPU value. 9 The minimum amount of memory that a single container in a pod can request. If you do not set a min value or you set min to 0 , the result is no limit and the pod can consume more than the max memory value. 10 The default CPU limit for a container if you do not specify a limit in the pod specification. 11 The default memory limit for a container if you do not specify a limit in the pod specification. 12 The default CPU request for a container if you do not specify a request in the pod specification. 13 The default memory request for a container if you do not specify a request in the pod specification. 14 The maximum limit-to-request ratio for a container. OpenShift Container Platform Limit range object definition apiVersion: "v1" kind: "LimitRange" metadata: name: "openshift-resource-limits" spec: limits: - type: openshift.io/Image max: storage: 1Gi 1 - type: openshift.io/ImageStream max: openshift.io/image-tags: 20 2 openshift.io/images: 30 3 - type: "Pod" max: cpu: "2" 4 memory: "1Gi" 5 ephemeral-storage: "1Gi" 6 min: cpu: "1" 7 memory: "1Gi" 8 1 The maximum size of an image that can be pushed to an internal registry. 2 The maximum number of unique image tags as defined in the specification for the image stream. 3 The maximum number of unique image references as defined in the specification for the image stream status. 4 The maximum amount of CPU that a pod can request on a node across all containers. 5 The maximum amount of memory that a pod can request on a node across all containers. 6 The maximum amount of ephemeral storage that a pod can request on a node across all containers. 7 The minimum amount of CPU that a pod can request on a node across all containers. See the Supported Constraints table for important information. 8 The minimum amount of memory that a pod can request on a node across all containers. If you do not set a min value or you set min to 0 , the result` is no limit and the pod can consume more than the max memory value. You can specify both core and OpenShift Container Platform resources in one limit range object. 4.3.1. Container limits Supported Resources: CPU Memory Supported Constraints Per container, the following must hold true if specified: Container Constraint Behavior Min Min[<resource>] less than or equal to container.resources.requests[<resource>] (required) less than or equal to container/resources.limits[<resource>] (optional) If the configuration defines a min CPU, the request value must be greater than the CPU value. If you do not set a min value or you set min to 0 , the result is no limit and the pod can consume more of the resource than the max value. Max container.resources.limits[<resource>] (required) less than or equal to Max[<resource>] If the configuration defines a max CPU, you do not need to define a CPU request value. However, you must set a limit that satisfies the maximum CPU constraint that is specified in the limit range. MaxLimitRequestRatio MaxLimitRequestRatio[<resource>] less than or equal to ( container.resources.limits[<resource>] / container.resources.requests[<resource>] ) If the limit range defines a maxLimitRequestRatio constraint, any new containers must have both a request and a limit value. Additionally, OpenShift Container Platform calculates a limit-to-request ratio by dividing the limit by the request . The result should be an integer greater than 1. For example, if a container has cpu: 500 in the limit value, and cpu: 100 in the request value, the limit-to-request ratio for cpu is 5 . This ratio must be less than or equal to the maxLimitRequestRatio . Supported Defaults: Default[<resource>] Defaults container.resources.limit[<resource>] to specified value if none. Default Requests[<resource>] Defaults container.resources.requests[<resource>] to specified value if none. 4.3.2. Pod limits Supported Resources: CPU Memory Supported Constraints: Across all containers in a pod, the following must hold true: Table 4.4. Pod Constraint Enforced Behavior Min Min[<resource>] less than or equal to container.resources.requests[<resource>] (required) less than or equal to container.resources.limits[<resource>] . If you do not set a min value or you set min to 0 , the result is no limit and the pod can consume more of the resource than the max value. Max container.resources.limits[<resource>] (required) less than or equal to Max[<resource>] . MaxLimitRequestRatio MaxLimitRequestRatio[<resource>] less than or equal to ( container.resources.limits[<resource>] / container.resources.requests[<resource>] ). 4.3.3. Image limits Supported Resources: Storage Resource type name: openshift.io/Image Per image, the following must hold true if specified: Table 4.5. Image Constraint Behavior Max image.dockerimagemetadata.size less than or equal to Max[<resource>] Note To prevent blobs that exceed the limit from being uploaded to the registry, the registry must be configured to enforce quota. The REGISTRY_MIDDLEWARE_REPOSITORY_OPENSHIFT_ENFORCEQUOTA environment variable must be set to true . By default, the environment variable is set to true for new deployments. 4.3.4. Image stream limits Supported Resources: openshift.io/image-tags openshift.io/images Resource type name: openshift.io/ImageStream Per image stream, the following must hold true if specified: Table 4.6. ImageStream Constraint Behavior Max[openshift.io/image-tags] length( uniqueimagetags( imagestream.spec.tags ) ) less than or equal to Max[openshift.io/image-tags] uniqueimagetags returns unique references to images of given spec tags. Max[openshift.io/images] length( uniqueimages( imagestream.status.tags ) ) less than or equal to Max[openshift.io/images] uniqueimages returns unique image names found in status tags. The name is equal to the digest for the image. 4.3.5. Counting of image references The openshift.io/image-tags resource represents unique stream limits. Possible references are an ImageStreamTag , an ImageStreamImage , or a DockerImage . Tags can be created by using the oc tag and oc import-image commands or by using image streams. No distinction is made between internal and external references. However, each unique reference that is tagged in an image stream specification is counted just once. It does not restrict pushes to an internal container image registry in any way, but is useful for tag restriction. The openshift.io/images resource represents unique image names that are recorded in image stream status. It helps to restrict several images that can be pushed to the internal registry. Internal and external references are not distinguished. 4.3.6. PersistentVolumeClaim limits Supported Resources: Storage Supported Constraints: Across all persistent volume claims in a project, the following must hold true: Table 4.7. Pod Constraint Enforced Behavior Min Min[<resource>] <= claim.spec.resources.requests[<resource>] (required) Max claim.spec.resources.requests[<resource>] (required) <= Max[<resource>] Limit Range Object Definition { "apiVersion": "v1", "kind": "LimitRange", "metadata": { "name": "pvcs" 1 }, "spec": { "limits": [{ "type": "PersistentVolumeClaim", "min": { "storage": "2Gi" 2 }, "max": { "storage": "50Gi" 3 } } ] } } 1 The name of the limit range object. 2 The minimum amount of storage that can be requested in a persistent volume claim. 3 The maximum amount of storage that can be requested in a persistent volume claim. Additional resources For information on stream limits, see managing images streams . For information on stream limits . For more information on compute resource constraints . For more information on how CPU and memory are measured, see Recommended control plane practices . You can specify limits and requests for ephemeral storage. For more information on this feature, see Understanding ephemeral storage . 4.4. Limit range operations 4.4.1. Creating a limit range Shown here is an example procedure to follow for creating a limit range. Procedure Create the object: USD oc create -f <limit_range_file> -n <project> 4.4.2. View the limit You can view any limit ranges that are defined in a project by navigating in the web console to the Quota page for the project. You can also use the CLI to view limit range details by performing the following steps: Procedure Get the list of limit range objects that are defined in the project. For example, a project called demoproject : USD oc get limits -n demoproject Example Output NAME AGE resource-limits 6d Describe the limit range. For example, for a limit range called resource-limits : USD oc describe limits resource-limits -n demoproject Example Output Name: resource-limits Namespace: demoproject Type Resource Min Max Default Request Default Limit Max Limit/Request Ratio ---- -------- --- --- --------------- ------------- ----------------------- Pod cpu 200m 2 - - - Pod memory 6Mi 1Gi - - - Container cpu 100m 2 200m 300m 10 Container memory 4Mi 1Gi 100Mi 200Mi - openshift.io/Image storage - 1Gi - - - openshift.io/ImageStream openshift.io/image - 12 - - - openshift.io/ImageStream openshift.io/image-tags - 10 - - - 4.4.3. Deleting a limit range To remove a limit range, run the following command: + USD oc delete limits <limit_name> S Additional resources For information about enforcing different limits on the number of projects that your users can create, managing limits, and quota on project resources, see Resource quotas per projects .

Commands:
oc create quota <name> --hard=count/<resource>.<group>=<quota> 1
oc describe node ip-172-31-27-209.us-west-2.compute.internal | egrep 'Capacity|Allocatable|gpu'
openshift.com/gpu-accelerator=true Capacity: nvidia.com/gpu: 2 Allocatable: nvidia.com/gpu: 2 nvidia.com/gpu: 0 0
cat gpu-quota.yaml
apiVersion: v1 kind: ResourceQuota metadata: name: gpu-quota namespace: nvidia spec: hard: requests.nvidia.com/gpu: 1
oc create -f gpu-quota.yaml
resourcequota/gpu-quota created
oc describe quota gpu-quota -n nvidia
Name: gpu-quota Namespace: nvidia Resource Used Hard -------- ---- ---- requests.nvidia.com/gpu 0 1
oc create pod gpu-pod.yaml
apiVersion: v1 kind: Pod metadata: generateName: gpu-pod-s46h7 namespace: nvidia spec: restartPolicy: OnFailure containers: - name: rhel7-gpu-pod image: rhel7 env: - name: NVIDIA_VISIBLE_DEVICES value: all - name: NVIDIA_DRIVER_CAPABILITIES value: "compute,utility" - name: NVIDIA_REQUIRE_CUDA value: "cuda>=5.0" command: ["sleep"] args: ["infinity"] resources: limits: nvidia.com/gpu: 1
oc get pods
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE gpu-pod-s46h7 1/1 Running 0 1m
oc describe quota gpu-quota -n nvidia
Name: gpu-quota Namespace: nvidia Resource Used Hard -------- ---- ---- requests.nvidia.com/gpu 1 1
oc create -f gpu-pod.yaml
Error from server (Forbidden): error when creating "gpu-pod.yaml": pods "gpu-pod-f7z2w" is forbidden: exceeded quota: gpu-quota, requested: requests.nvidia.com/gpu=1, used: requests.nvidia.com/gpu=1, limited: requests.nvidia.com/gpu=1
apiVersion: v1 kind: ResourceQuota metadata: name: core-object-counts spec: hard: configmaps: "10" 1 persistentvolumeclaims: "4" 2 replicationcontrollers: "20" 3 secrets: "10" 4 services: "10" 5
apiVersion: v1 kind: ResourceQuota metadata: name: openshift-object-counts spec: hard: openshift.io/imagestreams: "10" 1
apiVersion: v1 kind: ResourceQuota metadata: name: compute-resources spec: hard: pods: "4" 1 requests.cpu: "1" 2 requests.memory: 1Gi 3 requests.ephemeral-storage: 2Gi 4 limits.cpu: "2" 5 limits.memory: 2Gi 6 limits.ephemeral-storage: 4Gi 7
apiVersion: v1 kind: ResourceQuota metadata: name: besteffort spec: hard: pods: "1" 1 scopes: - BestEffort 2
apiVersion: v1 kind: ResourceQuota metadata: name: compute-resources-long-running spec: hard: pods: "4" 1 limits.cpu: "4" 2 limits.memory: "2Gi" 3 limits.ephemeral-storage: "4Gi" 4 scopes: - NotTerminating 5
apiVersion: v1 kind: ResourceQuota metadata: name: compute-resources-time-bound spec: hard: pods: "2" 1 limits.cpu: "1" 2 limits.memory: "1Gi" 3 limits.ephemeral-storage: "1Gi" 4 scopes: - Terminating 5
apiVersion: v1 kind: ResourceQuota metadata: name: storage-consumption spec: hard: persistentvolumeclaims: "10" 1 requests.storage: "50Gi" 2 gold.storageclass.storage.k8s.io/requests.storage: "10Gi" 3 silver.storageclass.storage.k8s.io/requests.storage: "20Gi" 4 silver.storageclass.storage.k8s.io/persistentvolumeclaims: "5" 5 bronze.storageclass.storage.k8s.io/requests.storage: "0" 6 bronze.storageclass.storage.k8s.io/persistentvolumeclaims: "0" 7
oc create -f <resource_quota_definition> [-n <project_name>]
oc create -f core-object-counts.yaml -n demoproject
oc create quota <name> --hard=count/<resource>.<group>=<quota>,count/<resource>.<group>=<quota>
oc create quota test --hard=count/deployments.extensions=2,count/replicasets.extensions=4,count/pods=3,count/secrets=4 resourcequota "test" created oc describe quota test Name: test Namespace: quota Resource Used Hard -------- ---- ---- count/deployments.extensions 0 2 count/pods 0 3 count/replicasets.extensions 0 4 count/secrets 0 4
oc get quota -n demoproject NAME AGE besteffort 11m compute-resources 2m core-object-counts 29m
oc describe quota core-object-counts -n demoproject Name: core-object-counts Namespace: demoproject Resource Used Hard -------- ---- ---- configmaps 3 10 persistentvolumeclaims 0 4 replicationcontrollers 3 20 secrets 9 10 services 2 10
kubernetesMasterConfig: apiLevels: - v1beta3 - v1 apiServerArguments: null controllerArguments: resource-quota-sync-period: - "10s"
master-restart api master-restart controllers
admissionConfig: pluginConfig: ResourceQuota: configuration: apiVersion: resourcequota.admission.k8s.io/v1alpha1 kind: Configuration limitedResources: - resource: persistentvolumeclaims 1 matchContains: - gold.storageclass.storage.k8s.io/requests.storage 2
apiVersion: "v1" kind: "LimitRange" metadata: name: "core-resource-limits" 1 spec: limits: - type: "Pod" max: cpu: "2" 2 memory: "1Gi" 3 min: cpu: "200m" 4 memory: "6Mi" 5 - type: "Container" max: cpu: "2" 6 memory: "1Gi" 7 min: cpu: "100m" 8 memory: "4Mi" 9 default: cpu: "300m" 10 memory: "200Mi" 11 defaultRequest: cpu: "200m" 12 memory: "100Mi" 13 maxLimitRequestRatio: cpu: "10" 14
apiVersion: "v1" kind: "LimitRange" metadata: name: "openshift-resource-limits" spec: limits: - type: openshift.io/Image max: storage: 1Gi 1 - type: openshift.io/ImageStream max: openshift.io/image-tags: 20 2 openshift.io/images: 30 3 - type: "Pod" max: cpu: "2" 4 memory: "1Gi" 5 ephemeral-storage: "1Gi" 6 min: cpu: "1" 7 memory: "1Gi" 8
{ "apiVersion": "v1", "kind": "LimitRange", "metadata": { "name": "pvcs" 1 }, "spec": { "limits": [{ "type": "PersistentVolumeClaim", "min": { "storage": "2Gi" 2 }, "max": { "storage": "50Gi" 3 } } ] } }
oc create -f <limit_range_file> -n <project>
oc get limits -n demoproject
NAME AGE resource-limits 6d
oc describe limits resource-limits -n demoproject
Name: resource-limits Namespace: demoproject Type Resource Min Max Default Request Default Limit Max Limit/Request Ratio ---- -------- --- --- --------------- ------------- ----------------------- Pod cpu 200m 2 - - - Pod memory 6Mi 1Gi - - - Container cpu 100m 2 200m 300m 10 Container memory 4Mi 1Gi 100Mi 200Mi - openshift.io/Image storage - 1Gi - - - openshift.io/ImageStream openshift.io/image - 12 - - - openshift.io/ImageStream openshift.io/image-tags - 10 - - -
oc delete limits <limit_name>