4.7. Using OpenSSL OpenSSL is a library that provides cryptographic protocols to applications. The openssl command line utility enables using the cryptographic functions from the shell. It includes an interactive mode. The openssl command line utility has a number of pseudo-commands to provide information on the commands that the version of openssl installed on the system supports. The pseudo-commands list-standard-commands , list-message-digest-commands , and list-cipher-commands output a list of all standard commands, message digest commands, or cipher commands, respectively, that are available in the present openssl utility. The pseudo-commands list-cipher-algorithms and list-message-digest-algorithms list all cipher and message digest names. The pseudo-command list-public-key-algorithms lists all supported public key algorithms. For example, to list the supported public key algorithms, issue the following command: The pseudo-command no- command-name tests whether a command-name of the specified name is available. Intended for use in shell scripts. See man openssl (1) for more information. 4.7.1. Creating and Managing Encryption Keys With OpenSSL , public keys are derived from the corresponding private key. Therefore the first step, once having decided on the algorithm, is to generate the private key. In these examples the private key is referred to as privkey.pem . For example, to create an RSA private key using default parameters, issue the following command: The RSA algorithm supports the following options: rsa_keygen_bits:numbits - The number of bits in the generated key. If not specified 1024 is used. rsa_keygen_pubexp:value - The RSA public exponent value. This can be a large decimal value, or a hexadecimal value if preceded by 0x . The default value is 65537 . For example, to create a 2048 bit RSA private key using 3 as the public exponent, issue the following command: To encrypt the private key as it is output using 128 bit AES and the passphrase " hello " , issue the following command: See man genpkey (1) for more information on generating private keys. 4.7.2. Generating Certificates To generate a certificate using OpenSSL , it is necessary to have a private key available. In these examples the private key is referred to as privkey.pem . If you have not yet generated a private key, see Section 4.7.1, "Creating and Managing Encryption Keys" To have a certificate signed by a certificate authority ( CA ), it is necessary to generate a certificate and then send it to a CA for signing. This is referred to as a certificate signing request. See Section 4.7.2.1, "Creating a Certificate Signing Request" for more information. The alternative is to create a self-signed certificate. See Section 4.7.2.2, "Creating a Self-signed Certificate" for more information. 4.7.2.1. Creating a Certificate Signing Request To create a certificate for submission to a CA, issue a command in the following format: This will create an X.509 certificate called cert.csr encoded in the default privacy-enhanced electronic mail ( PEM ) format. The name PEM is derived from " Privacy Enhancement for Internet Electronic Mail " described in RFC 1424 . To generate a certificate file in the alternative DER format, use the -outform DER command option. After issuing the above command, you will be prompted for information about you and the organization in order to create a distinguished name ( DN ) for the certificate. You will need the following information: The two letter country code for your country The full name of your state or province City or Town The name of your organization The name of the unit within your organization Your name or the host name of the system Your email address The req (1) man page describes the PKCS# 10 certificate request and generating utility. Default settings used in the certificate creating process are contained within the /etc/pki/tls/openssl.cnf file. See man openssl.cnf(5) for more information. 4.7.2.2. Creating a Self-signed Certificate To generate a self-signed certificate, valid for 366 days, issue a command in the following format: 4.7.2.3. Creating a Certificate Using a Makefile The /etc/pki/tls/certs/ directory contains a Makefile which can be used to create certificates using the make command. To view the usage instructions, issue a command as follows: Alternatively, change to the directory and issue the make command as follows: See the make (1) man page for more information. 4.7.3. Verifying Certificates A certificate signed by a CA is referred to as a trusted certificate. A self-signed certificate is therefore an untrusted certificate. The verify utility uses the same SSL and S/MIME functions to verify a certificate as is used by OpenSSL in normal operation. If an error is found it is reported and then an attempt is made to continue testing in order to report any other errors. To verify multiple individual X.509 certificates in PEM format, issue a command in the following format: To verify a certificate chain the leaf certificate must be in cert.pem and the intermediate certificates which you do not trust must be directly concatenated in untrusted.pem . The trusted root CA certificate must be either among the default CA listed in /etc/pki/tls/certs/ca-bundle.crt or in a cacert.pem file. Then, to verify the chain, issue a command in the following format: See man verify (1) for more information. Important Verification of signatures using the MD5 hash algorithm is disabled in Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 due to insufficient strength of this algorithm. Always use strong algorithms such as SHA256. 4.7.4. Encrypting and Decrypting a File For encrypting (and decrypting) files with OpenSSL , either the pkeyutl or enc built-in commands can be used. With pkeyutl , RSA keys are used to perform the encrypting and decrypting, whereas with enc , symmetric algorithms are used. Using RSA Keys To encrypt a file called plaintext , issue a command as follows: The default format for keys and certificates is PEM. If required, use the -keyform DER option to specify the DER key format. To specify a cryptographic engine, use the -engine option as follows: Where id is the ID of the cryptographic engine. To check the availability of an engine, issue the following command: To sign a data file called plaintext , issue a command as follows: To verify a signed data file and to extract the data, issue a command as follows: To verify the signature, for example using a DSA key, issue a command as follows: The pkeyutl (1) manual page describes the public key algorithm utility. Using Symmetric Algorithms To list available symmetric encryption algorithms, execute the enc command with an unsupported option, such as -l : To specify an algorithm, use its name as an option. For example, to use the aes-128-cbc algorithm, use the following syntax: openssl enc -aes-128-cbc To encrypt a file called plaintext using the aes-128-cbc algorithm, enter the following command: To decrypt the file obtained in the example, use the -d option as in the following example: Important The enc command does not properly support AEAD ciphers, and the ecb mode is not considered secure. For best results, do not use other modes than cbc , cfb , ofb , or ctr . 4.7.5. Generating Message Digests The dgst command produces the message digest of a supplied file or files in hexadecimal form. The command can also be used for digital signing and verification. The message digest command takes the following form: openssl dgst algorithm -out filename -sign private-key Where algorithm is one of md5|md4|md2|sha1|sha|mdc2|ripemd160|dss1 . At time of writing, the SHA1 algorithm is preferred. If you need to sign or verify using DSA, then the dss1 option must be used together with a file containing random data specified by the -rand option. To produce a message digest in the default Hex format using the sha1 algorithm, issue the following command: To digitally sign the digest, using a private key privekey.pem , issue the following command: See man dgst (1) for more information. 4.7.6. Generating Password Hashes The passwd command computes the hash of a password. To compute the hash of a password on the command line, issue a command as follows: The -crypt algorithm is used by default. To compute the hash of a password from standard input, using the MD5 based BSD algorithm 1 , issue a command as follows: The -apr1 option specifies the Apache variant of the BSD algorithm. Note Use the openssl passwd -1 password command only with FIPS mode disabled. Otherwise, the command does not work. To compute the hash of a password stored in a file, and using a salt xx , issue a command as follows: The password is sent to standard output and there is no -out option to specify an output file. The -table will generate a table of password hashes with their corresponding clear text password. See man sslpasswd (1) for more information and examples. 4.7.7. Generating Random Data To generate a file containing random data, using a seed file, issue the following command: Multiple files for seeding the random data process can be specified using the colon, : , as a list separator. See man rand (1) for more information. 4.7.8. Benchmarking Your System To test the computational speed of a system for a given algorithm, issue a command in the following format: where algorithm is one of the supported algorithms you intended to use. To list the available algorithms, type openssl speed and then press tab. 4.7.9. Configuring OpenSSL OpenSSL has a configuration file /etc/pki/tls/openssl.cnf , referred to as the master configuration file, which is read by the OpenSSL library. It is also possible to have individual configuration files for each application. The configuration file contains a number of sections with section names as follows: [ section_name ] . Note the first part of the file, up until the first [ section_name ] , is referred to as the default section. When OpenSSL is searching for names in the configuration file the named sections are searched first. All OpenSSL commands use the master OpenSSL configuration file unless an option is used in the command to specify an alternative configuration file. The configuration file is explained in detail in the config(5) man page. Two RFCs explain the contents of a certificate file. They are: Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation List (CRL) Profile Updates to the Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation List (CRL) Profile

Commands:
~]USD openssl list-public-key-algorithms
~]USD openssl genpkey -algorithm RSA -out privkey.pem
~]USD openssl genpkey -algorithm RSA -out privkey.pem -pkeyopt rsa_keygen_bits:2048 \ -pkeyopt rsa_keygen_pubexp:3
~]USD openssl genpkey -algorithm RSA -out privkey.pem -aes-128-cbc -pass pass:hello
~]USD openssl req -new -key privkey.pem -out cert.csr
~]USD openssl req -new -x509 -key privkey.pem -out selfcert.pem -days 366
~]USD make -f /etc/pki/tls/certs/Makefile
~]USD cd /etc/pki/tls/certs/ ~]USD make
~]USD openssl verify cert1.pem cert2.pem
~]USD openssl verify -untrusted untrusted.pem -CAfile cacert.pem cert.pem
~]USD openssl pkeyutl -in plaintext -out cyphertext -inkey privkey.pem
~]USD openssl pkeyutl -in plaintext -out cyphertext -inkey privkey.pem -engine id
~]USD openssl engine -t
~]USD openssl pkeyutl -sign -in plaintext -out sigtext -inkey privkey.pem
~]USD openssl pkeyutl -verifyrecover -in sig -inkey key.pem
~]USD openssl pkeyutl -verify -in file -sigfile sig -inkey key.pem
~]USD openssl enc -l
~]USD openssl enc -aes-128-cbc -in plaintext -out plaintext.aes-128-cbc
~]USD openssl enc -aes-128-cbc -d -in plaintext.aes-128-cbc -out plaintext
~]USD openssl dgst sha1 -out digest-file
~]USD openssl dgst sha1 -out digest-file -sign privkey.pem
~]USD openssl passwd password
~]USD openssl passwd - 1 password
~]USD openssl passwd -salt xx -in password-file
~]USD openssl rand -out rand-file -rand seed-file
~]USD openssl speed algorithm