Chapter 5. Using Container Storage Interface (CSI) 5.1. Configuring CSI volumes The Container Storage Interface (CSI) allows OpenShift Container Platform to consume storage from storage back ends that implement the CSI interface as persistent storage. Note OpenShift Container Platform 4.16 supports version 1.6.0 of the CSI specification . 5.1.1. CSI architecture CSI drivers are typically shipped as container images. These containers are not aware of OpenShift Container Platform where they run. To use CSI-compatible storage back end in OpenShift Container Platform, the cluster administrator must deploy several components that serve as a bridge between OpenShift Container Platform and the storage driver. The following diagram provides a high-level overview about the components running in pods in the OpenShift Container Platform cluster. It is possible to run multiple CSI drivers for different storage back ends. Each driver needs its own external controllers deployment and daemon set with the driver and CSI registrar. 5.1.1.1. External CSI controllers External CSI controllers is a deployment that deploys one or more pods with five containers: The snapshotter container watches VolumeSnapshot and VolumeSnapshotContent objects and is responsible for the creation and deletion of VolumeSnapshotContent object. The resizer container is a sidecar container that watches for PersistentVolumeClaim updates and triggers ControllerExpandVolume operations against a CSI endpoint if you request more storage on PersistentVolumeClaim object. An external CSI attacher container translates attach and detach calls from OpenShift Container Platform to respective ControllerPublish and ControllerUnpublish calls to the CSI driver. An external CSI provisioner container that translates provision and delete calls from OpenShift Container Platform to respective CreateVolume and DeleteVolume calls to the CSI driver. A CSI driver container. The CSI attacher and CSI provisioner containers communicate with the CSI driver container using UNIX Domain Sockets, ensuring that no CSI communication leaves the pod. The CSI driver is not accessible from outside of the pod. Note The attach , detach , provision , and delete operations typically require the CSI driver to use credentials to the storage backend. Run the CSI controller pods on infrastructure nodes so the credentials are never leaked to user processes, even in the event of a catastrophic security breach on a compute node. Note The external attacher must also run for CSI drivers that do not support third-party attach or detach operations. The external attacher will not issue any ControllerPublish or ControllerUnpublish operations to the CSI driver. However, it still must run to implement the necessary OpenShift Container Platform attachment API. 5.1.1.2. CSI driver daemon set The CSI driver daemon set runs a pod on every node that allows OpenShift Container Platform to mount storage provided by the CSI driver to the node and use it in user workloads (pods) as persistent volumes (PVs). The pod with the CSI driver installed contains the following containers: A CSI driver registrar, which registers the CSI driver into the openshift-node service running on the node. The openshift-node process running on the node then directly connects with the CSI driver using the UNIX Domain Socket available on the node. A CSI driver. The CSI driver deployed on the node should have as few credentials to the storage back end as possible. OpenShift Container Platform will only use the node plugin set of CSI calls such as NodePublish / NodeUnpublish and NodeStage / NodeUnstage , if these calls are implemented. 5.1.2. CSI drivers supported by OpenShift Container Platform OpenShift Container Platform installs certain CSI drivers by default, giving users storage options that are not possible with in-tree volume plugins. To create CSI-provisioned persistent volumes that mount to these supported storage assets, OpenShift Container Platform installs the necessary CSI driver Operator, the CSI driver, and the required storage class by default. For more details about the default namespace of the Operator and driver, see the documentation for the specific CSI Driver Operator. Important The AWS EFS and GCP Filestore CSI drivers are not installed by default, and must be installed manually. For instructions on installing the AWS EFS CSI driver, see Setting up AWS Elastic File Service CSI Driver Operator . For instructions on installing the GCP Filestore CSI driver, see Google Compute Platform Filestore CSI Driver Operator . The following table describes the CSI drivers that are installed with OpenShift Container Platform supported by OpenShift Container Platform and which CSI features they support, such as volume snapshots and resize. Important If your CSI driver is not listed in the following table, you must follow the installation instructions provided by your CSI storage vendor to use their supported CSI features. Table 5.1. Supported CSI drivers and features in OpenShift Container Platform CSI driver CSI volume snapshots CSI cloning CSI resize Inline ephemeral volumes AWS EBS ✅ ✅ AWS EFS Google Compute Platform (GCP) persistent disk (PD) ✅ ✅ ✅ GCP Filestore ✅ ✅ IBM Power(R) Virtual Server Block ✅ IBM Cloud(R) Block ✅ [3] ✅ [3] LVM Storage ✅ ✅ ✅ Microsoft Azure Disk ✅ ✅ ✅ Microsoft Azure Stack Hub ✅ ✅ ✅ Microsoft Azure File ✅ [4] ✅ ✅ OpenStack Cinder ✅ ✅ ✅ OpenShift Data Foundation ✅ ✅ ✅ OpenStack Manila ✅ Shared Resource ✅ CIFS/SMB ✅ VMware vSphere ✅ [1] ✅ [2] 1. Requires vSphere version 7.0 Update 3 or later for both vCenter Server and ESXi. Does not support fileshare volumes. 2. Offline volume expansion: minimum required vSphere version is 6.7 Update 3 P06 Online volume expansion: minimum required vSphere version is 7.0 Update 2. 3. Does not support offline snapshots or resize. Volume must be attached to a running pod. 4. Azure File cloning does not supports NFS protocol. It supports the azurefile-csi storage class, which uses SMB protocol. Azure File cloning is a Technology Preview feature: Important Azure File CSI cloning is a Technology Preview feature only. Technology Preview features are not supported with Red Hat production service level agreements (SLAs) and might not be functionally complete. Red Hat does not recommend using them in production. These features provide early access to upcoming product features, enabling customers to test functionality and provide feedback during the development process. For more information about the support scope of Red Hat Technology Preview features, see Technology Preview Features Support Scope . 5.1.3. Dynamic provisioning Dynamic provisioning of persistent storage depends on the capabilities of the CSI driver and underlying storage back end. The provider of the CSI driver should document how to create a storage class in OpenShift Container Platform and the parameters available for configuration. The created storage class can be configured to enable dynamic provisioning. Procedure Create a default storage class that ensures all PVCs that do not require any special storage class are provisioned by the installed CSI driver. # oc create -f - << EOF apiVersion: storage.k8s.io/v1 kind: StorageClass metadata: name: <storage-class> 1 annotations: storageclass.kubernetes.io/is-default-class: "true" provisioner: <provisioner-name> 2 parameters: EOF 1 The name of the storage class that will be created. 2 The name of the CSI driver that has been installed. 5.1.4. Example using the CSI driver The following example installs a default MySQL template without any changes to the template. Prerequisites The CSI driver has been deployed. A storage class has been created for dynamic provisioning. Procedure Create the MySQL template: # oc new-app mysql-persistent Example output --> Deploying template "openshift/mysql-persistent" to project default ... # oc get pvc Example output NAME STATUS VOLUME CAPACITY ACCESS MODES STORAGECLASS AGE mysql Bound kubernetes-dynamic-pv-3271ffcb4e1811e8 1Gi RWO cinder 3s 5.1.5. Volume populators Volume populators use the datasource field in a persistent volume claim (PVC) spec to create pre-populated volumes. Volume population is currently enabled, and supported as a Technology Preview feature. However, OpenShift Container Platform does not ship with any volume populators. Important Volume populators is a Technology Preview feature only. Technology Preview features are not supported with Red Hat production service level agreements (SLAs) and might not be functionally complete. Red Hat does not recommend using them in production. These features provide early access to upcoming product features, enabling customers to test functionality and provide feedback during the development process. For more information about the support scope of Red Hat Technology Preview features, see Technology Preview Features Support Scope . For more information about volume populators, see Kubernetes volume populators . 5.2. CSI inline ephemeral volumes Container Storage Interface (CSI) inline ephemeral volumes allow you to define a Pod spec that creates inline ephemeral volumes when a pod is deployed and delete them when a pod is destroyed. This feature is only available with supported Container Storage Interface (CSI) drivers: Shared Resource CSI driver Azure File CSI driver Secrets Store CSI driver 5.2.1. Overview of CSI inline ephemeral volumes Traditionally, volumes that are backed by Container Storage Interface (CSI) drivers can only be used with a PersistentVolume and PersistentVolumeClaim object combination. This feature allows you to specify CSI volumes directly in the Pod specification, rather than in a PersistentVolume object. Inline volumes are ephemeral and do not persist across pod restarts. 5.2.1.1. Support limitations By default, OpenShift Container Platform supports CSI inline ephemeral volumes with these limitations: Support is only available for CSI drivers. In-tree and FlexVolumes are not supported. The Shared Resource CSI Driver supports using inline ephemeral volumes only to access Secrets or ConfigMaps across multiple namespaces as a Technology Preview feature. Community or storage vendors provide other CSI drivers that support these volumes. Follow the installation instructions provided by the CSI driver provider. CSI drivers might not have implemented the inline volume functionality, including Ephemeral capacity. For details, see the CSI driver documentation. Important Shared Resource CSI Driver is a Technology Preview feature only. Technology Preview features are not supported with Red Hat production service level agreements (SLAs) and might not be functionally complete. Red Hat does not recommend using them in production. These features provide early access to upcoming product features, enabling customers to test functionality and provide feedback during the development process. For more information about the support scope of Red Hat Technology Preview features, see Technology Preview Features Support Scope . 5.2.2. CSI Volume Admission plugin The Container Storage Interface (CSI) Volume Admission plugin allows you to restrict the use of an individual CSI driver capable of provisioning CSI ephemeral volumes on pod admission. Administrators can add a csi-ephemeral-volume-profile label, and this label is then inspected by the Admission plugin and used in enforcement, warning, and audit decisions. 5.2.2.1. Overview To use the CSI Volume Admission plugin, administrators add the security.openshift.io/csi-ephemeral-volume-profile label to a CSIDriver object, which declares the CSI driver's effective pod security profile when it is used to provide CSI ephemeral volumes, as shown in the following example: kind: CSIDriver metadata: name: csi.mydriver.company.org labels: security.openshift.io/csi-ephemeral-volume-profile: restricted 1 1 CSI driver object YAML file with the csi-ephemeral-volume-profile label set to "restricted" This "effective profile" communicates that a pod can use the CSI driver to mount CSI ephemeral volumes when the pod's namespace is governed by a pod security standard. The CSI Volume Admission plugin inspects pod volumes when pods are created; existing pods that use CSI volumes are not affected. If a pod uses a container storage interface (CSI) volume, the plugin looks up the CSIDriver object and inspects the csi-ephemeral-volume-profile label, and then use the label's value in its enforcement, warning, and audit decisions. 5.2.2.2. Pod security profile enforcement When a CSI driver has the csi-ephemeral-volume-profile label, pods using the CSI driver to mount CSI ephemeral volumes must run in a namespace that enforces a pod security standard of equal or greater permission. If the namespace enforces a more restrictive standard, the CSI Volume Admission plugin denies admission. The following table describes the enforcement behavior for different pod security profiles for given label values. Table 5.2. Pod security profile enforcement Pod security profile Driver label: restricted Driver label: baseline Driver label: privileged Restricted Allowed Denied Denied Baseline Allowed Allowed Denied Privileged Allowed Allowed Allowed 5.2.2.3. Pod security profile warning The CSI Volume Admission plugin can warn you if the CSI driver's effective profile is more permissive than the pod security warning profile for the pod namespace. The following table shows when a warning occurs for different pod security profiles for given label values. Table 5.3. Pod security profile warning Pod security profile Driver label: restricted Driver label: baseline Driver label: privileged Restricted No warning Warning Warning Baseline No warning No warning Warning Privileged No warning No warning No warning 5.2.2.4. Pod security profile audit The CSI Volume Admission plugin can apply audit annotations to the pod if the CSI driver's effective profile is more permissive than the pod security audit profile for the pod namespace. The following table shows the audit annotation applied for different pod security profiles for given label values. Table 5.4. Pod security profile audit Pod security profile Driver label: restricted Driver label: baseline Driver label: privileged Restricted No audit Audit Audit Baseline No audit No audit Audit Privileged No audit No audit No audit 5.2.2.5. Default behavior for the CSI Volume Admission plugin If the referenced CSI driver for a CSI ephemeral volume does not have the csi-ephemeral-volume-profile label, the CSI Volume Admission plugin considers the driver to have the privileged profile for enforcement, warning, and audit behaviors. Likewise, if the pod's namespace does not have the pod security admission label set, the Admission plugin assumes the restricted profile is allowed for enforcement, warning, and audit decisions. Therefore, if no labels are set, CSI ephemeral volumes using that CSI driver are only usable in privileged namespaces by default. The CSI drivers that ship with OpenShift Container Platform and support ephemeral volumes have a reasonable default set for the csi-ephemeral-volume-profile label: Shared Resource CSI driver: restricted Azure File CSI driver: privileged An admin can change the default value of the label if desired. 5.2.3. Embedding a CSI inline ephemeral volume in the pod specification You can embed a CSI inline ephemeral volume in the Pod specification in OpenShift Container Platform. At runtime, nested inline volumes follow the ephemeral lifecycle of their associated pods so that the CSI driver handles all phases of volume operations as pods are created and destroyed. Procedure Create the Pod object definition and save it to a file. Embed the CSI inline ephemeral volume in the file. my-csi-app.yaml kind: Pod apiVersion: v1 metadata: name: my-csi-app spec: containers: - name: my-frontend image: busybox volumeMounts: - mountPath: "/data" name: my-csi-inline-vol command: [ "sleep", "1000000" ] volumes: 1 - name: my-csi-inline-vol csi: driver: inline.storage.kubernetes.io volumeAttributes: foo: bar 1 The name of the volume that is used by pods. Create the object definition file that you saved in the step. USD oc create -f my-csi-app.yaml 5.2.4. Additional resources Pod Security Standards 5.3. Shared Resource CSI Driver Operator As a cluster administrator, you can use the Shared Resource CSI Driver in OpenShift Container Platform to provision inline ephemeral volumes that contain the contents of Secret or ConfigMap objects. This way, pods and other Kubernetes types that expose volume mounts, and OpenShift Container Platform Builds can securely use the contents of those objects across potentially any namespace in the cluster. To accomplish this, there are currently two types of shared resources: a SharedSecret custom resource for Secret objects, and a SharedConfigMap custom resource for ConfigMap objects. Important The Shared Resource CSI Driver is a Technology Preview feature only. Technology Preview features are not supported with Red Hat production service level agreements (SLAs) and might not be functionally complete. Red Hat does not recommend using them in production. These features provide early access to upcoming product features, enabling customers to test functionality and provide feedback during the development process. For more information about the support scope of Red Hat Technology Preview features, see Technology Preview Features Support Scope . Note To enable the Shared Resource CSI Driver, you must enable features using feature gates . 5.3.1. About CSI Storage vendors have traditionally provided storage drivers as part of Kubernetes. With the implementation of the Container Storage Interface (CSI), third-party providers can instead deliver storage plugins using a standard interface without ever having to change the core Kubernetes code. CSI Operators give OpenShift Container Platform users storage options, such as volume snapshots, that are not possible with in-tree volume plugins. 5.3.2. Sharing secrets across namespaces To share a secret across namespaces in a cluster, you create a SharedSecret custom resource (CR) instance for the Secret object that you want to share. Prerequisites You must have permission to perform the following actions: Create instances of the sharedsecrets.sharedresource.openshift.io custom resource definition (CRD) at a cluster-scoped level. Manage roles and role bindings across the namespaces in the cluster to control which users can get, list, and watch those instances. Manage roles and role bindings to control whether the service account specified by a pod can mount a Container Storage Interface (CSI) volume that references the SharedSecret CR instance you want to use. Access the namespaces that contain the Secrets you want to share. Procedure Create a SharedSecret CR instance for the Secret object you want to share across namespaces in the cluster: USD oc apply -f - <<EOF apiVersion: sharedresource.openshift.io/v1alpha1 kind: SharedSecret metadata: name: my-share spec: secretRef: name: <name of secret> namespace: <namespace of secret> EOF 5.3.3. Using a SharedSecret instance in a pod To access a SharedSecret custom resource (CR) instance from a pod, you grant a given service account RBAC permissions to use that SharedSecret CR instance. Prerequisites You have created a SharedSecret CR instance for the secret you want to share across namespaces in the cluster. You must have permission to perform the following actions Discover which SharedSecret CR instances are available by entering the oc get sharedsecrets command and getting a non-empty list back. Determine if the service account your pod specifies is allowed to use the given SharedSecret CR instance. That is, you can run oc adm policy who-can use <identifier of specific SharedSecret> to see if the service account in your namespace is listed. Determine if the service account your pod specifies is allowed to use csi volumes, or if you, as the requesting user who created the pod directly, are allowed to use csi volumes. See "Understanding and managing pod security admission" for details. Note If neither of the last two prerequisites in this list are met, create, or ask someone to create, the necessary role-based access control (RBAC) so that you can discover SharedSecret CR instances and enable service accounts to use SharedSecret CR instances. Procedure Grant a given service account RBAC permissions to use the SharedSecret CR instance in its pod by using oc apply with YAML content: Note Currently, kubectl and oc have hard-coded special case logic restricting the use verb to roles centered around pod security. Therefore, you cannot use oc create role ... to create the role needed for consuming SharedSecret CR instances. USD oc apply -f - <<EOF apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1 kind: Role metadata: name: shared-resource-my-share namespace: my-namespace rules: - apiGroups: - sharedresource.openshift.io resources: - sharedsecrets resourceNames: - my-share verbs: - use EOF Create the RoleBinding associated with the role by using the oc command: USD oc create rolebinding shared-resource-my-share --role=shared-resource-my-share --serviceaccount=my-namespace:builder Access the SharedSecret CR instance from a pod: USD oc apply -f - <<EOF kind: Pod apiVersion: v1 metadata: name: my-app namespace: my-namespace spec: serviceAccountName: default # containers omitted .... Follow standard use of 'volumeMounts' for referencing your shared resource volume volumes: - name: my-csi-volume csi: readOnly: true driver: csi.sharedresource.openshift.io volumeAttributes: sharedSecret: my-share EOF 5.3.4. Sharing a config map across namespaces To share a config map across namespaces in a cluster, you create a SharedConfigMap custom resource (CR) instance for that config map. Prerequisites You must have permission to perform the following actions: Create instances of the sharedconfigmaps.sharedresource.openshift.io custom resource definition (CRD) at a cluster-scoped level. Manage roles and role bindings across the namespaces in the cluster to control which users can get, list, and watch those instances. Manage roles and role bindings across the namespaces in the cluster to control which service accounts in pods that mount your Container Storage Interface (CSI) volume can use those instances. Access the namespaces that contain the Secrets you want to share. Procedure Create a SharedConfigMap CR instance for the config map that you want to share across namespaces in the cluster: USD oc apply -f - <<EOF apiVersion: sharedresource.openshift.io/v1alpha1 kind: SharedConfigMap metadata: name: my-share spec: configMapRef: name: <name of configmap> namespace: <namespace of configmap> EOF 5.3.5. Using a SharedConfigMap instance in a pod steps To access a SharedConfigMap custom resource (CR) instance from a pod, you grant a given service account RBAC permissions to use that SharedConfigMap CR instance. Prerequisites You have created a SharedConfigMap CR instance for the config map that you want to share across namespaces in the cluster. You must have permission to perform the following actions: Discover which SharedConfigMap CR instances are available by entering the oc get sharedconfigmaps command and getting a non-empty list back. Determine if the service account your pod specifies is allowed to use the given SharedSecret CR instance. That is, you can run oc adm policy who-can use <identifier of specific SharedSecret> to see if the service account in your namespace is listed. Determine if the service account your pod specifies is allowed to use csi volumes, or if you, as the requesting user who created the pod directly, are allowed to use csi volumes. See "Understanding and managing pod security admission" for details. Note If neither of the last two prerequisites in this list are met, create, or ask someone to create, the necessary role-based access control (RBAC) so that you can discover SharedConfigMap CR instances and enable service accounts to use SharedConfigMap CR instances. Procedure Grant a given service account RBAC permissions to use the SharedConfigMap CR instance in its pod by using oc apply with YAML content. Note Currently, kubectl and oc have hard-coded special case logic restricting the use verb to roles centered around pod security. Therefore, you cannot use oc create role ... to create the role needed for consuming a SharedConfigMap CR instance. USD oc apply -f - <<EOF apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1 kind: Role metadata: name: shared-resource-my-share namespace: my-namespace rules: - apiGroups: - sharedresource.openshift.io resources: - sharedconfigmaps resourceNames: - my-share verbs: - use EOF Create the RoleBinding associated with the role by using the oc command: oc create rolebinding shared-resource-my-share --role=shared-resource-my-share --serviceaccount=my-namespace:builder Access the SharedConfigMap CR instance from a pod: USD oc apply -f - <<EOF kind: Pod apiVersion: v1 metadata: name: my-app namespace: my-namespace spec: serviceAccountName: default # containers omitted .... Follow standard use of 'volumeMounts' for referencing your shared resource volume volumes: - name: my-csi-volume csi: readOnly: true driver: csi.sharedresource.openshift.io volumeAttributes: sharedConfigMap: my-share EOF 5.3.6. Additional support limitations for the Shared Resource CSI Driver The Shared Resource CSI Driver has the following noteworthy limitations: The driver is subject to the limitations of Container Storage Interface (CSI) inline ephemeral volumes. The value of the readOnly field must be true . On Pod creation, a validating admission webhook rejects the pod creation if readOnly is false . If for some reason the validating admission webhook cannot be contacted, on volume provisioning during pod startup, the driver returns an error to the kubelet. Requiring readOnly is true is in keeping with proposed best practices for the upstream Kubernetes CSI Driver to apply SELinux labels to associated volumes. The driver ignores the FSType field because it only supports tmpfs volumes. The driver ignores the NodePublishSecretRef field. Instead, it uses SubjectAccessReviews with the use verb to evaluate whether a pod can obtain a volume that contains SharedSecret or SharedConfigMap custom resource (CR) instances. You cannot create SharedSecret or SharedConfigMap custom resource (CR) instances whose names start with openshift . 5.3.7. Additional details about VolumeAttributes on shared resource pod volumes The following attributes affect shared resource pod volumes in various ways: The refreshResource attribute in the volumeAttributes properties. The refreshResources attribute in the Shared Resource CSI Driver configuration. The sharedSecret and sharedConfigMap attributes in the volumeAttributes properties. 5.3.7.1. The refreshResource attribute The Shared Resource CSI Driver honors the refreshResource attribute in volumeAttributes properties of the volume. This attribute controls whether updates to the contents of the underlying Secret or ConfigMap object are copied to the volume after the volume is initially provisioned as part of pod startup. The default value of refreshResource is true , which means that the contents are updated. Important If the Shared Resource CSI Driver configuration has disabled the refreshing of both the shared SharedSecret and SharedConfigMap custom resource (CR) instances, then the refreshResource attribute in the volumeAttribute properties has no effect. The intent of this attribute is to disable refresh for specific volume mounts when refresh is generally allowed. 5.3.7.2. The refreshResources attribute You can use a global switch to enable or disable refreshing of shared resources. This switch is the refreshResources attribute in the csi-driver-shared-resource-config config map for the Shared Resource CSI Driver, which you can find in the openshift-cluster-csi-drivers namespace. If you set this refreshResources attribute to false , none of the Secret or ConfigMap object-related content stored in the volume is updated after the initial provisioning of the volume. Important Using this Shared Resource CSI Driver configuration to disable refreshing affects all the cluster's volume mounts that use the Shared Resource CSI Driver, regardless of the refreshResource attribute in the volumeAttributes properties of any of those volumes. 5.3.7.3. Validation of volumeAttributes before provisioning a shared resource volume for a pod In the volumeAttributes of a single volume, you must set either a sharedSecret or a sharedConfigMap attribute to the value of a SharedSecret or a SharedConfigMap CS instance. Otherwise, when the volume is provisioned during pod startup, a validation checks the volumeAttributes of that volume and returns an error to the kubelet under the following conditions: Both sharedSecret and sharedConfigMap attributes have specified values. Neither sharedSecret nor sharedConfigMap attributes have specified values. The value of the sharedSecret or sharedConfigMap attribute does not correspond to the name of a SharedSecret or SharedConfigMap CR instance on the cluster. 5.3.8. Integration between shared resources, Insights Operator, and OpenShift Container Platform Builds Integration between shared resources, Insights Operator, and OpenShift Container Platform Builds makes using Red Hat subscriptions (RHEL entitlements) easier in OpenShift Container Platform Builds. Previously, in OpenShift Container Platform 4.9.x and earlier, you manually imported your credentials and copied them to each project or namespace where you were running builds. Now, in OpenShift Container Platform 4.10 and later, OpenShift Container Platform Builds can use Red Hat subscriptions (RHEL entitlements) by referencing shared resources and the simple content access feature provided by Insights Operator: The simple content access feature imports your subscription credentials to a well-known Secret object. See the links in the following "Additional resources" section. The cluster administrator creates a SharedSecret custom resource (CR) instance around that Secret object and grants permission to particular projects or namespaces. In particular, the cluster administrator gives the builder service account permission to use that SharedSecret CR instance. Builds that run within those projects or namespaces can mount a CSI Volume that references the SharedSecret CR instance and its entitled RHEL content. Additional resources Importing simple content access certificates with Insights Operator Adding subscription entitlements as a build secret 5.4. CSI volume snapshots This document describes how to use volume snapshots with supported Container Storage Interface (CSI) drivers to help protect against data loss in OpenShift Container Platform. Familiarity with persistent volumes is suggested. 5.4.1. Overview of CSI volume snapshots A snapshot represents the state of the storage volume in a cluster at a particular point in time. Volume snapshots can be used to provision a new volume. OpenShift Container Platform supports Container Storage Interface (CSI) volume snapshots by default. However, a specific CSI driver is required. With CSI volume snapshots, a cluster administrator can: Deploy a third-party CSI driver that supports snapshots. Create a new persistent volume claim (PVC) from an existing volume snapshot. Take a snapshot of an existing PVC. Restore a snapshot as a different PVC. Delete an existing volume snapshot. With CSI volume snapshots, an app developer can: Use volume snapshots as building blocks for developing application- or cluster-level storage backup solutions. Rapidly rollback to a development version. Use storage more efficiently by not having to make a full copy each time. Be aware of the following when using volume snapshots: Support is only available for CSI drivers. In-tree and FlexVolumes are not supported. OpenShift Container Platform only ships with select CSI drivers. For CSI drivers that are not provided by an OpenShift Container Platform Driver Operator, it is recommended to use the CSI drivers provided by community or storage vendors . Follow the installation instructions furnished by the CSI driver provider. CSI drivers may or may not have implemented the volume snapshot functionality. CSI drivers that have provided support for volume snapshots will likely use the csi-external-snapshotter sidecar. See documentation provided by the CSI driver for details. 5.4.2. CSI snapshot controller and sidecar OpenShift Container Platform provides a snapshot controller that is deployed into the control plane. In addition, your CSI driver vendor provides the CSI snapshot sidecar as a helper container that is installed during the CSI driver installation. The CSI snapshot controller and sidecar provide volume snapshotting through the OpenShift Container Platform API. These external components run in the cluster. The external controller is deployed by the CSI Snapshot Controller Operator. 5.4.2.1. External controller The CSI snapshot controller binds VolumeSnapshot and VolumeSnapshotContent objects. The controller manages dynamic provisioning by creating and deleting VolumeSnapshotContent objects. 5.4.2.2. External sidecar Your CSI driver vendor provides the csi-external-snapshotter sidecar. This is a separate helper container that is deployed with the CSI driver. The sidecar manages snapshots by triggering CreateSnapshot and DeleteSnapshot operations. Follow the installation instructions provided by your vendor. 5.4.3. About the CSI Snapshot Controller Operator The CSI Snapshot Controller Operator runs in the openshift-cluster-storage-operator namespace. It is installed by the Cluster Version Operator (CVO) in all clusters by default. The CSI Snapshot Controller Operator installs the CSI snapshot controller, which runs in the openshift-cluster-storage-operator namespace. 5.4.3.1. Volume snapshot CRDs During OpenShift Container Platform installation, the CSI Snapshot Controller Operator creates the following snapshot custom resource definitions (CRDs) in the snapshot.storage.k8s.io/v1 API group: VolumeSnapshotContent A snapshot taken of a volume in the cluster that has been provisioned by a cluster administrator. Similar to the PersistentVolume object, the VolumeSnapshotContent CRD is a cluster resource that points to a real snapshot in the storage back end. For manually pre-provisioned snapshots, a cluster administrator creates a number of VolumeSnapshotContent CRDs. These carry the details of the real volume snapshot in the storage system. The VolumeSnapshotContent CRD is not namespaced and is for use by a cluster administrator. VolumeSnapshot Similar to the PersistentVolumeClaim object, the VolumeSnapshot CRD defines a developer request for a snapshot. The CSI Snapshot Controller Operator runs the CSI snapshot controller, which handles the binding of a VolumeSnapshot CRD with an appropriate VolumeSnapshotContent CRD. The binding is a one-to-one mapping. The VolumeSnapshot CRD is namespaced. A developer uses the CRD as a distinct request for a snapshot. VolumeSnapshotClass Allows a cluster administrator to specify different attributes belonging to a VolumeSnapshot object. These attributes may differ among snapshots taken of the same volume on the storage system, in which case they would not be expressed by using the same storage class of a persistent volume claim. The VolumeSnapshotClass CRD defines the parameters for the csi-external-snapshotter sidecar to use when creating a snapshot. This allows the storage back end to know what kind of snapshot to dynamically create if multiple options are supported. Dynamically provisioned snapshots use the VolumeSnapshotClass CRD to specify storage-provider-specific parameters to use when creating a snapshot. The VolumeSnapshotContentClass CRD is not namespaced and is for use by a cluster administrator to enable global configuration options for their storage back end. 5.4.4. Volume snapshot provisioning There are two ways to provision snapshots: dynamically and manually. 5.4.4.1. Dynamic provisioning Instead of using a preexisting snapshot, you can request that a snapshot be taken dynamically from a persistent volume claim. Parameters are specified using a VolumeSnapshotClass CRD. 5.4.4.2. Manual provisioning As a cluster administrator, you can manually pre-provision a number of VolumeSnapshotContent objects. These carry the real volume snapshot details available to cluster users. 5.4.5. Creating a volume snapshot When you create a VolumeSnapshot object, OpenShift Container Platform creates a volume snapshot. Prerequisites Logged in to a running OpenShift Container Platform cluster. A PVC created using a CSI driver that supports VolumeSnapshot objects. A storage class to provision the storage back end. No pods are using the persistent volume claim (PVC) that you want to take a snapshot of. Warning Creating a volume snapshot of a PVC that is in use by a pod can cause unwritten data and cached data to be excluded from the snapshot. To ensure that all data is written to the disk, delete the pod that is using the PVC before creating the snapshot. Procedure To dynamically create a volume snapshot: Create a file with the VolumeSnapshotClass object described by the following YAML: volumesnapshotclass.yaml apiVersion: snapshot.storage.k8s.io/v1 kind: VolumeSnapshotClass metadata: name: csi-hostpath-snap driver: hostpath.csi.k8s.io 1 deletionPolicy: Delete 1 The name of the CSI driver that is used to create snapshots of this VolumeSnapshotClass object. The name must be the same as the Provisioner field of the storage class that is responsible for the PVC that is being snapshotted. Note Depending on the driver that you used to configure persistent storage, additional parameters might be required. You can also use an existing VolumeSnapshotClass object. Create the object you saved in the step by entering the following command: USD oc create -f volumesnapshotclass.yaml Create a VolumeSnapshot object: volumesnapshot-dynamic.yaml apiVersion: snapshot.storage.k8s.io/v1 kind: VolumeSnapshot metadata: name: mysnap spec: volumeSnapshotClassName: csi-hostpath-snap 1 source: persistentVolumeClaimName: myclaim 2 1 The request for a particular class by the volume snapshot. If the volumeSnapshotClassName setting is absent and there is a default volume snapshot class, a snapshot is created with the default volume snapshot class name. But if the field is absent and no default volume snapshot class exists, then no snapshot is created. 2 The name of the PersistentVolumeClaim object bound to a persistent volume. This defines what you want to create a snapshot of. Required for dynamically provisioning a snapshot. Create the object you saved in the step by entering the following command: USD oc create -f volumesnapshot-dynamic.yaml To manually provision a snapshot: Provide a value for the volumeSnapshotContentName parameter as the source for the snapshot, in addition to defining volume snapshot class as shown above. volumesnapshot-manual.yaml apiVersion: snapshot.storage.k8s.io/v1 kind: VolumeSnapshot metadata: name: snapshot-demo spec: source: volumeSnapshotContentName: mycontent 1 1 The volumeSnapshotContentName parameter is required for pre-provisioned snapshots. Create the object you saved in the step by entering the following command: USD oc create -f volumesnapshot-manual.yaml Verification After the snapshot has been created in the cluster, additional details about the snapshot are available. To display details about the volume snapshot that was created, enter the following command: USD oc describe volumesnapshot mysnap The following example displays details about the mysnap volume snapshot: volumesnapshot.yaml apiVersion: snapshot.storage.k8s.io/v1 kind: VolumeSnapshot metadata: name: mysnap spec: source: persistentVolumeClaimName: myclaim volumeSnapshotClassName: csi-hostpath-snap status: boundVolumeSnapshotContentName: snapcontent-1af4989e-a365-4286-96f8-d5dcd65d78d6 1 creationTime: "2020-01-29T12:24:30Z" 2 readyToUse: true 3 restoreSize: 500Mi 1 The pointer to the actual storage content that was created by the controller. 2 The time when the snapshot was created. The snapshot contains the volume content that was available at this indicated time. 3 If the value is set to true , the snapshot can be used to restore as a new PVC. If the value is set to false , the snapshot was created. However, the storage back end needs to perform additional tasks to make the snapshot usable so that it can be restored as a new volume. For example, Amazon Elastic Block Store data might be moved to a different, less expensive location, which can take several minutes. To verify that the volume snapshot was created, enter the following command: USD oc get volumesnapshotcontent The pointer to the actual content is displayed. If the boundVolumeSnapshotContentName field is populated, a VolumeSnapshotContent object exists and the snapshot was created. To verify that the snapshot is ready, confirm that the VolumeSnapshot object has readyToUse: true . 5.4.6. Deleting a volume snapshot You can configure how OpenShift Container Platform deletes volume snapshots. Procedure Specify the deletion policy that you require in the VolumeSnapshotClass object, as shown in the following example: volumesnapshotclass.yaml apiVersion: snapshot.storage.k8s.io/v1 kind: VolumeSnapshotClass metadata: name: csi-hostpath-snap driver: hostpath.csi.k8s.io deletionPolicy: Delete 1 1 When deleting the volume snapshot, if the Delete value is set, the underlying snapshot is deleted along with the VolumeSnapshotContent object. If the Retain value is set, both the underlying snapshot and VolumeSnapshotContent object remain. If the Retain value is set and the VolumeSnapshot object is deleted without deleting the corresponding VolumeSnapshotContent object, the content remains. The snapshot itself is also retained in the storage back end. Delete the volume snapshot by entering the following command: USD oc delete volumesnapshot <volumesnapshot_name> Example output volumesnapshot.snapshot.storage.k8s.io "mysnapshot" deleted If the deletion policy is set to Retain , delete the volume snapshot content by entering the following command: USD oc delete volumesnapshotcontent <volumesnapshotcontent_name> Optional: If the VolumeSnapshot object is not successfully deleted, enter the following command to remove any finalizers for the leftover resource so that the delete operation can continue: Important Only remove the finalizers if you are confident that there are no existing references from either persistent volume claims or volume snapshot contents to the VolumeSnapshot object. Even with the --force option, the delete operation does not delete snapshot objects until all finalizers are removed. USD oc patch -n USDPROJECT volumesnapshot/USDNAME --type=merge -p '{"metadata": {"finalizers":null}}' Example output volumesnapshotclass.snapshot.storage.k8s.io "csi-ocs-rbd-snapclass" deleted The finalizers are removed and the volume snapshot is deleted. 5.4.7. Restoring a volume snapshot The VolumeSnapshot CRD content can be used to restore the existing volume to a state. After your VolumeSnapshot CRD is bound and the readyToUse value is set to true , you can use that resource to provision a new volume that is pre-populated with data from the snapshot. Prerequisites Logged in to a running OpenShift Container Platform cluster. A persistent volume claim (PVC) created using a Container Storage Interface (CSI) driver that supports volume snapshots. A storage class to provision the storage back end. A volume snapshot has been created and is ready to use. Procedure Specify a VolumeSnapshot data source on a PVC as shown in the following: pvc-restore.yaml apiVersion: v1 kind: PersistentVolumeClaim metadata: name: myclaim-restore spec: storageClassName: csi-hostpath-sc dataSource: name: mysnap 1 kind: VolumeSnapshot 2 apiGroup: snapshot.storage.k8s.io 3 accessModes: - ReadWriteOnce resources: requests: storage: 1Gi 1 Name of the VolumeSnapshot object representing the snapshot to use as source. 2 Must be set to the VolumeSnapshot value. 3 Must be set to the snapshot.storage.k8s.io value. Create a PVC by entering the following command: USD oc create -f pvc-restore.yaml Verify that the restored PVC has been created by entering the following command: USD oc get pvc A new PVC such as myclaim-restore is displayed. 5.4.8. Changing the maximum number of snapshots for vSphere The default maximum number of snapshots per volume in vSphere Container Storage Interface (CSI) is 3. You can change the maximum number up to 32 per volume. However, be aware that increasing the snapshot maximum involves a performance trade off, so for better performance use only 2 to 3 snapshots per volume. For more VMware snapshot performance recommendations, see Additional resources . Prerequisites Access to the cluster with administrator rights. Procedure Check the current config map by the running the following command: USD oc -n openshift-cluster-csi-drivers get cm/vsphere-csi-config -o yaml Example output apiVersion: v1 data: cloud.conf: |+ # Labels with topology values are added dynamically via operator [Global] cluster-id = vsphere-01-cwv8p [VirtualCenter "vcenter.openshift.com"] insecure-flag = true datacenters = DEVQEdatacenter migration-datastore-url = ds:///vmfs/volumes/vsan:527320283a8c3163-2faa6dc5949a3a28/ kind: ConfigMap metadata: creationTimestamp: "2024-03-06T09:46:40Z" name: vsphere-csi-config namespace: openshift-cluster-csi-drivers resourceVersion: "126687" In this example, the global maximum number of snapshots is not configured, so the default value of 3 is applied. Change the snapshot limit by running the following command: Set global snapshot limit: USD oc patch clustercsidriver/csi.vsphere.vmware.com --type=merge -p '{"spec":{"driverConfig":{"vSphere":{"globalMaxSnapshotsPerBlockVolume": 10}}}}' clustercsidriver.operator.openshift.io/csi.vsphere.vmware.com patched In this example, the global limit is being changed to 10 ( globalMaxSnapshotsPerBlockVolume set to 10). Set Virtual Volume snapshot limit: This parameter sets the limit on the Virtual Volumes datastore only. The Virtual Volume maximum snapshot limit overrides the global constraint if set, but defaults to the global limit if it is not set. USD oc patch clustercsidriver/csi.vsphere.vmware.com --type=merge -p '{"spec":{"driverConfig":{"vSphere":{"granularMaxSnapshotsPerBlockVolumeInVVOL": 5}}}}' clustercsidriver.operator.openshift.io/csi.vsphere.vmware.com patched In this example, the Virtual Volume limit is being changed to 5 ( granularMaxSnapshotsPerBlockVolumeInVVOL set to 5). Set vSAN snapshot limit: This parameter sets the limit on the vSAN datastore only. The vSAN maximum snapshot limit overrides the global constraint if set, but defaults to the global limit if it is not set. You can set a maximum value of 32 under vSAN ESA setup. USD oc patch clustercsidriver/csi.vsphere.vmware.com --type=merge -p '{"spec":{"driverConfig":{"vSphere":{"granularMaxSnapshotsPerBlockVolumeInVSAN": 7}}}}' clustercsidriver.operator.openshift.io/csi.vsphere.vmware.com patched In this example, the vSAN limit is being changed to 7 ( granularMaxSnapshotsPerBlockVolumeInVSAN set to 7). Verification Verify that any changes you made are reflected in the config map by running the following command: USD oc -n openshift-cluster-csi-drivers get cm/vsphere-csi-config -o yaml Example output apiVersion: v1 data: cloud.conf: |+ # Labels with topology values are added dynamically via operator [Global] cluster-id = vsphere-01-cwv8p [VirtualCenter "vcenter.openshift.com"] insecure-flag = true datacenters = DEVQEdatacenter migration-datastore-url = ds:///vmfs/volumes/vsan:527320283a8c3163-2faa6dc5949a3a28/ [Snapshot] global-max-snapshots-per-block-volume = 10 1 kind: ConfigMap metadata: creationTimestamp: "2024-03-06T09:46:40Z" name: vsphere-csi-config namespace: openshift-cluster-csi-drivers resourceVersion: "127118" uid: f6968303-81d8-4048-99c1-d8211363d0fa 1 global-max-snapshots-per-block-volume is now set to 10. 5.4.9. Additional resources Best practices for using VMware snapshots in the vSphere environment 5.5. CSI volume cloning Volume cloning duplicates an existing persistent volume to help protect against data loss in OpenShift Container Platform. This feature is only available with supported Container Storage Interface (CSI) drivers. You should be familiar with persistent volumes before you provision a CSI volume clone. 5.5.1. Overview of CSI volume cloning A Container Storage Interface (CSI) volume clone is a duplicate of an existing persistent volume at a particular point in time. Volume cloning is similar to volume snapshots, although it is more efficient. For example, a cluster administrator can duplicate a cluster volume by creating another instance of the existing cluster volume. Cloning creates an exact duplicate of the specified volume on the back-end device, rather than creating a new empty volume. After dynamic provisioning, you can use a volume clone just as you would use any standard volume. No new API objects are required for cloning. The existing dataSource field in the PersistentVolumeClaim object is expanded so that it can accept the name of an existing PersistentVolumeClaim in the same namespace. 5.5.1.1. Support limitations By default, OpenShift Container Platform supports CSI volume cloning with these limitations: The destination persistent volume claim (PVC) must exist in the same namespace as the source PVC. Cloning is supported with a different Storage Class. Destination volume can be the same for a different storage class as the source. You can use the default storage class and omit storageClassName in the spec . Support is only available for CSI drivers. In-tree and FlexVolumes are not supported. CSI drivers might not have implemented the volume cloning functionality. For details, see the CSI driver documentation. 5.5.2. Provisioning a CSI volume clone When you create a cloned persistent volume claim (PVC) API object, you trigger the provisioning of a CSI volume clone. The clone pre-populates with the contents of another PVC, adhering to the same rules as any other persistent volume. The one exception is that you must add a dataSource that references an existing PVC in the same namespace. Prerequisites You are logged in to a running OpenShift Container Platform cluster. Your PVC is created using a CSI driver that supports volume cloning. Your storage back end is configured for dynamic provisioning. Cloning support is not available for static provisioners. Procedure To clone a PVC from an existing PVC: Create and save a file with the PersistentVolumeClaim object described by the following YAML: pvc-clone.yaml apiVersion: v1 kind: PersistentVolumeClaim metadata: name: pvc-1-clone namespace: mynamespace spec: storageClassName: csi-cloning 1 accessModes: - ReadWriteOnce resources: requests: storage: 5Gi dataSource: kind: PersistentVolumeClaim name: pvc-1 1 The name of the storage class that provisions the storage back end. The default storage class can be used and storageClassName can be omitted in the spec. Create the object you saved in the step by running the following command: USD oc create -f pvc-clone.yaml A new PVC pvc-1-clone is created. Verify that the volume clone was created and is ready by running the following command: USD oc get pvc pvc-1-clone The pvc-1-clone shows that it is Bound . You are now ready to use the newly cloned PVC to configure a pod. Create and save a file with the Pod object described by the YAML. For example: kind: Pod apiVersion: v1 metadata: name: mypod spec: containers: - name: myfrontend image: dockerfile/nginx volumeMounts: - mountPath: "/var/www/html" name: mypd volumes: - name: mypd persistentVolumeClaim: claimName: pvc-1-clone 1 1 The cloned PVC created during the CSI volume cloning operation. The created Pod object is now ready to consume, clone, snapshot, or delete your cloned PVC independently of its original dataSource PVC. 5.6. Managing the default storage class 5.6.1. Overview Managing the default storage class allows you to accomplish several different objectives: Enforcing static provisioning by disabling dynamic provisioning. When you have other preferred storage classes, preventing the storage operator from re-creating the initial default storage class. Renaming, or otherwise changing, the default storage class To accomplish these objectives, you change the setting for the spec.storageClassState field in the ClusterCSIDriver object. The possible settings for this field are: Managed : (Default) The Container Storage Interface (CSI) operator is actively managing its default storage class, so that most manual changes made by a cluster administrator to the default storage class are removed, and the default storage class is continuously re-created if you attempt to manually delete it. Unmanaged : You can modify the default storage class. The CSI operator is not actively managing storage classes, so that it is not reconciling the default storage class it creates automatically. Removed : The CSI operators deletes the default storage class. Managing the default storage classes is supported by the following Container Storage Interface (CSI) driver operators: Amazon Web Services (AWS) Elastic Block Storage (EBS) Azure Disk Azure File Google Cloud Platform (GCP) Persistent Disk (PD) IBM(R) VPC Block OpenStack Cinder VMware vSphere 5.6.2. Managing the default storage class using the web console Prerequisites Access to the OpenShift Container Platform web console. Access to the cluster with cluster-admin privileges. Procedure To manage the default storage class using the web console: Log in to the web console. Click Administration > CustomResourceDefinitions . On the CustomResourceDefinitions page, type clustercsidriver to find the ClusterCSIDriver object. Click ClusterCSIDriver , and then click the Instances tab. Click the name of the desired instance, and then click the YAML tab. Add the spec.storageClassState field with a value of Managed , Unmanaged , or Removed . Example ... spec: driverConfig: driverType: '' logLevel: Normal managementState: Managed observedConfig: null operatorLogLevel: Normal storageClassState: Unmanaged 1 ... 1 spec.storageClassState field set to "Unmanaged" Click Save . 5.6.3. Managing the default storage class using the CLI Prerequisites Access to the cluster with cluster-admin privileges. Procedure To manage the storage class using the CLI, run the following command: oc patch clustercsidriver USDDRIVERNAME --type=merge -p "{\"spec\":{\"storageClassState\":\"USD{STATE}\"}}" 1 1 Where USD{STATE} is "Removed" or "Managed" or "Unmanaged". Where USDDRIVERNAME is the provisioner name. You can find the provisioner name by running the command oc get sc . 5.6.4. Absent or multiple default storage classes 5.6.4.1. Multiple default storage classes Multiple default storage classes can occur if you mark a non-default storage class as default and do not unset the existing default storage class, or you create a default storage class when a default storage class is already present. With multiple default storage classes present, any persistent volume claim (PVC) requesting the default storage class ( pvc.spec.storageClassName =nil) gets the most recently created default storage class, regardless of the default status of that storage class, and the administrator receives an alert in the alerts dashboard that there are multiple default storage classes, MultipleDefaultStorageClasses . 5.6.4.2. Absent default storage class There are two possible scenarios where PVCs can attempt to use a non-existent default storage class: An administrator removes the default storage class or marks it as non-default, and then a user creates a PVC requesting the default storage class. During installation, the installer creates a PVC requesting the default storage class, which has not yet been created. In the preceding scenarios, PVCs remain in the pending state indefinitely. To resolve this situation, create a default storage class or declare one of the existing storage classes as the default. As soon as the default storage class is created or declared, the PVCs get the new default storage class. If possible, the PVCs eventually bind to statically or dynamically provisioned PVs as usual, and move out of the pending state. 5.6.5. Changing the default storage class Use the following procedure to change the default storage class. For example, if you have two defined storage classes, gp3 and standard , and you want to change the default storage class from gp3 to standard . Prerequisites Access to the cluster with cluster-admin privileges. Procedure To change the default storage class: List the storage classes: USD oc get storageclass Example output NAME TYPE gp3 (default) kubernetes.io/aws-ebs 1 standard kubernetes.io/aws-ebs 1 (default) indicates the default storage class. Make the desired storage class the default. For the desired storage class, set the storageclass.kubernetes.io/is-default-class annotation to true by running the following command: USD oc patch storageclass standard -p '{"metadata": {"annotations": {"storageclass.kubernetes.io/is-default-class": "true"}}}' Note You can have multiple default storage classes for a short time. However, you should ensure that only one default storage class exists eventually. With multiple default storage classes present, any persistent volume claim (PVC) requesting the default storage class ( pvc.spec.storageClassName =nil) gets the most recently created default storage class, regardless of the default status of that storage class, and the administrator receives an alert in the alerts dashboard that there are multiple default storage classes, MultipleDefaultStorageClasses . Remove the default storage class setting from the old default storage class. For the old default storage class, change the value of the storageclass.kubernetes.io/is-default-class annotation to false by running the following command: USD oc patch storageclass gp3 -p '{"metadata": {"annotations": {"storageclass.kubernetes.io/is-default-class": "false"}}}' Verify the changes: USD oc get storageclass Example output NAME TYPE gp3 kubernetes.io/aws-ebs standard (default) kubernetes.io/aws-ebs 5.7. CSI automatic migration In-tree storage drivers that are traditionally shipped with OpenShift Container Platform are being deprecated and replaced by their equivalent Container Storage Interface (CSI) drivers. OpenShift Container Platform provides automatic migration for in-tree volume plugins to their equivalent CSI drivers. 5.7.1. Overview This feature automatically migrates volumes that were provisioned using in-tree storage plugins to their counterpart Container Storage Interface (CSI) drivers. This process does not perform any data migration; OpenShift Container Platform only translates the persistent volume object in memory. As a result, the translated persistent volume object is not stored on disk, nor is its contents changed. CSI automatic migration should be seamless. This feature does not change how you use all existing API objects: for example, PersistentVolumes , PersistentVolumeClaims , and StorageClasses . The following in-tree to CSI drivers are automatically migrated: Azure Disk OpenStack Cinder Amazon Web Services (AWS) Elastic Block Storage (EBS) Google Compute Engine Persistent Disk (GCP PD) Azure File VMware vSphere CSI migration for these volume types is considered generally available (GA), and requires no manual intervention. CSI automatic migration of in-tree persistent volumes (PVs) or persistent volume claims (PVCs) does not enable any new CSI driver features, such as snapshots or expansion, if the original in-tree storage plugin did not support it. 5.7.2. Storage class implications For new OpenShift Container Platform 4.13, and later, installations, the default storage class is the CSI storage class. All volumes provisioned using this storage class are CSI persistent volumes (PVs). For clusters upgraded from 4.12, and earlier, to 4.13, and later, the CSI storage class is created, and is set as the default if no default storage class was set prior to the upgrade. In the very unlikely case that there is a storage class with the same name, the existing storage class remains unchanged. Any existing in-tree storage classes remain, and might be necessary for certain features, such as volume expansion to work for existing in-tree PVs. While storage class referencing to the in-tree storage plugin will continue working, we recommend that you switch the default storage class to the CSI storage class. To change the default storage class, see Changing the default storage class . 5.8. AWS Elastic Block Store CSI Driver Operator 5.8.1. Overview OpenShift Container Platform is capable of provisioning persistent volumes (PVs) using the AWS EBS CSI driver . Familiarity with persistent storage and configuring CSI volumes is recommended when working with a Container Storage Interface (CSI) Operator and driver. To create CSI-provisioned PVs that mount to AWS EBS storage assets, OpenShift Container Platform installs the AWS EBS CSI Driver Operator (a Red Hat operator) and the AWS EBS CSI driver by default in the openshift-cluster-csi-drivers namespace. The AWS EBS CSI Driver Operator provides a StorageClass by default that you can use to create PVCs. You can disable this default storage class if desired (see Managing the default storage class ). You also have the option to create the AWS EBS StorageClass as described in Persistent storage using Amazon Elastic Block Store . The AWS EBS CSI driver enables you to create and mount AWS EBS PVs. Note If you installed the AWS EBS CSI Operator and driver on an OpenShift Container Platform 4.5 cluster, you must uninstall the 4.5 Operator and driver before you update to OpenShift Container Platform 4.16. 5.8.2. About CSI Storage vendors have traditionally provided storage drivers as part of Kubernetes. With the implementation of the Container Storage Interface (CSI), third-party providers can instead deliver storage plugins using a standard interface without ever having to change the core Kubernetes code. CSI Operators give OpenShift Container Platform users storage options, such as volume snapshots, that are not possible with in-tree volume plugins. Important OpenShift Container Platform defaults to using the CSI plugin to provision Amazon Elastic Block Store (Amazon EBS) storage. For information about dynamically provisioning AWS EBS persistent volumes in OpenShift Container Platform, see Persistent storage using Amazon Elastic Block Store . 5.8.3. User-managed encryption The user-managed encryption feature allows you to provide keys during installation that encrypt OpenShift Container Platform node root volumes, and enables all managed storage classes to use these keys to encrypt provisioned storage volumes. You must specify the custom key in the platform.<cloud_type>.defaultMachinePlatform field in the install-config YAML file. This features supports the following storage types: Amazon Web Services (AWS) Elastic Block storage (EBS) Microsoft Azure Disk storage Google Cloud Platform (GCP) persistent disk (PD) storage IBM Virtual Private Cloud (VPC) Block storage Note If there is no encrypted key defined in the storage class, only set encrypted: "true" in the storage class. The AWS EBS CSI driver uses the AWS managed alias/aws/ebs, which is created by Amazon EBS automatically in each region by default to encrypt provisioned storage volumes. In addition, the managed storage classes all have the encrypted: "true" setting. For information about installing with user-managed encryption for Amazon EBS, see Installation configuration parameters . Additional resources Persistent storage using Amazon Elastic Block Store Configuring CSI volumes 5.9. AWS Elastic File Service CSI Driver Operator 5.9.1. Overview OpenShift Container Platform is capable of provisioning persistent volumes (PVs) using the Container Storage Interface (CSI) driver for AWS Elastic File Service (EFS). Familiarity with persistent storage and configuring CSI volumes is recommended when working with a CSI Operator and driver. After installing the AWS EFS CSI Driver Operator, OpenShift Container Platform installs the AWS EFS CSI Operator and the AWS EFS CSI driver by default in the openshift-cluster-csi-drivers namespace. This allows the AWS EFS CSI Driver Operator to create CSI-provisioned PVs that mount to AWS EFS assets. The AWS EFS CSI Driver Operator , after being installed, does not create a storage class by default to use to create persistent volume claims (PVCs). However, you can manually create the AWS EFS StorageClass . The AWS EFS CSI Driver Operator supports dynamic volume provisioning by allowing storage volumes to be created on-demand. This eliminates the need for cluster administrators to pre-provision storage. The AWS EFS CSI driver enables you to create and mount AWS EFS PVs. Note AWS EFS only supports regional volumes, not zonal volumes. 5.9.2. About CSI Storage vendors have traditionally provided storage drivers as part of Kubernetes. With the implementation of the Container Storage Interface (CSI), third-party providers can instead deliver storage plugins using a standard interface without ever having to change the core Kubernetes code. CSI Operators give OpenShift Container Platform users storage options, such as volume snapshots, that are not possible with in-tree volume plugins. 5.9.3. Setting up the AWS EFS CSI Driver Operator If you are using AWS EFS with AWS Secure Token Service (STS), obtain a role Amazon Resource Name (ARN) for STS. This is required for installing the AWS EFS CSI Driver Operator. Install the AWS EFS CSI Driver Operator. Install the AWS EFS CSI Driver. 5.9.3.1. Obtaining a role Amazon Resource Name for Security Token Service This procedure explains how to obtain a role Amazon Resource Name (ARN) to configure the AWS EFS CSI Driver Operator with OpenShift Container Platform on AWS Security Token Service (STS). Important Perform this procedure before you install the AWS EFS CSI Driver Operator (see Installing the AWS EFS CSI Driver Operator procedure). Prerequisites Access to the cluster as a user with the cluster-admin role. AWS account credentials Procedure You can obtain the ARN role in multiple ways. The following procedure shows one method that uses the same concept and CCO utility ( ccoctl ) binary tool as cluster installation. To obtain a role ARN for configuring AWS EFS CSI Driver Operator using STS: Extract the ccoctl from the OpenShift Container Platform release image, which you used to install the cluster with STS. For more information, see "Configuring the Cloud Credential Operator utility". Create and save an EFS CredentialsRequest YAML file, such as shown in the following example, and then place it in the credrequests directory: Example apiVersion: cloudcredential.openshift.io/v1 kind: CredentialsRequest metadata: name: openshift-aws-efs-csi-driver namespace: openshift-cloud-credential-operator spec: providerSpec: apiVersion: cloudcredential.openshift.io/v1 kind: AWSProviderSpec statementEntries: - action: - elasticfilesystem:* effect: Allow resource: '*' secretRef: name: aws-efs-cloud-credentials namespace: openshift-cluster-csi-drivers serviceAccountNames: - aws-efs-csi-driver-operator - aws-efs-csi-driver-controller-sa Run the ccoctl tool to generate a new IAM role in AWS, and create a YAML file for it in the local file system ( <path_to_ccoctl_output_dir>/manifests/openshift-cluster-csi-drivers-aws-efs-cloud-credentials-credentials.yaml ). USD ccoctl aws create-iam-roles --name=<name> --region=<aws_region> --credentials-requests-dir=<path_to_directory_with_list_of_credentials_requests>/credrequests --identity-provider-arn=arn:aws:iam::<aws_account_id>:oidc-provider/<name>-oidc.s3.<aws_region>.amazonaws.com name=<name> is the name used to tag any cloud resources that are created for tracking. region=<aws_region> is the AWS region where cloud resources are created. dir=<path_to_directory_with_list_of_credentials_requests>/credrequests is the directory containing the EFS CredentialsRequest file in step. <aws_account_id> is the AWS account ID. Example USD ccoctl aws create-iam-roles --name my-aws-efs --credentials-requests-dir credrequests --identity-provider-arn arn:aws:iam::123456789012:oidc-provider/my-aws-efs-oidc.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com Example output 2022/03/21 06:24:44 Role arn:aws:iam::123456789012:role/my-aws-efs -openshift-cluster-csi-drivers-aws-efs-cloud- created 2022/03/21 06:24:44 Saved credentials configuration to: /manifests/openshift-cluster-csi-drivers-aws-efs-cloud-credentials-credentials.yaml 2022/03/21 06:24:45 Updated Role policy for Role my-aws-efs-openshift-cluster-csi-drivers-aws-efs-cloud- Copy the role ARN from the first line of the Example output in the preceding step. The role ARN is between "Role" and "created". In this example, the role ARN is "arn:aws:iam::123456789012:role/my-aws-efs -openshift-cluster-csi-drivers-aws-efs-cloud". You will need the role ARN when you install the AWS EFS CSI Driver Operator. steps Install the AWS EFS CSI Driver Operator . Additional resources Installing the AWS EFS CSI Driver Operator Configuring the Cloud Credential Operator utility Installing the AWS EFS CSI Driver 5.9.3.2. Installing the AWS EFS CSI Driver Operator The AWS EFS CSI Driver Operator (a Red Hat Operator) is not installed in OpenShift Container Platform by default. Use the following procedure to install and configure the AWS EFS CSI Driver Operator in your cluster. Prerequisites Access to the OpenShift Container Platform web console. Procedure To install the AWS EFS CSI Driver Operator from the web console: Log in to the web console. Install the AWS EFS CSI Operator: Click Operators OperatorHub . Locate the AWS EFS CSI Operator by typing AWS EFS CSI in the filter box. Click the AWS EFS CSI Driver Operator button. Important Be sure to select the AWS EFS CSI Driver Operator and not the AWS EFS Operator . The AWS EFS Operator is a community Operator and is not supported by Red Hat. On the AWS EFS CSI Driver Operator page, click Install . On the Install Operator page, ensure that: If you are using AWS EFS with AWS Secure Token Service (STS), in the role ARN field, enter the ARN role copied from the last step of the Obtaining a role Amazon Resource Name for Security Token Service procedure. All namespaces on the cluster (default) is selected. Installed Namespace is set to openshift-cluster-csi-drivers . Click Install . After the installation finishes, the AWS EFS CSI Operator is listed in the Installed Operators section of the web console. steps Install the AWS EFS CSI Driver . 5.9.3.3. Installing the AWS EFS CSI Driver After installing the AWS EFS CSI Driver Operator (a Red Hat operator), you install the AWS EFS CSI driver . Prerequisites Access to the OpenShift Container Platform web console. Procedure Click Administration CustomResourceDefinitions ClusterCSIDriver . On the Instances tab, click Create ClusterCSIDriver . Use the following YAML file: apiVersion: operator.openshift.io/v1 kind: ClusterCSIDriver metadata: name: efs.csi.aws.com spec: managementState: Managed Click Create . Wait for the following Conditions to change to a "True" status: AWSEFSDriverNodeServiceControllerAvailable AWSEFSDriverControllerServiceControllerAvailable 5.9.4. Creating the AWS EFS storage class Storage classes are used to differentiate and delineate storage levels and usages. By defining a storage class, users can obtain dynamically provisioned persistent volumes. The AWS EFS CSI Driver Operator (a Red Hat operator) , after being installed, does not create a storage class by default. However, you can manually create the AWS EFS storage class. 5.9.4.1. Creating the AWS EFS storage class using the console Procedure In the OpenShift Container Platform console, click Storage StorageClasses . On the StorageClasses page, click Create StorageClass . On the StorageClass page, perform the following steps: Enter a name to reference the storage class. Optional: Enter the description. Select the reclaim policy. Select efs.csi.aws.com from the Provisioner drop-down list. Optional: Set the configuration parameters for the selected provisioner. Click Create . 5.9.4.2. Creating the AWS EFS storage class using the CLI Procedure Create a StorageClass object: kind: StorageClass apiVersion: storage.k8s.io/v1 metadata: name: efs-sc provisioner: efs.csi.aws.com parameters: provisioningMode: efs-ap 1 fileSystemId: fs-a5324911 2 directoryPerms: "700" 3 gidRangeStart: "1000" 4 gidRangeEnd: "2000" 5 basePath: "/dynamic_provisioning" 6 1 provisioningMode must be efs-ap to enable dynamic provisioning. 2 fileSystemId must be the ID of the EFS volume created manually. 3 directoryPerms is the default permission of the root directory of the volume. In this example, the volume is accessible only by the owner. 4 5 gidRangeStart and gidRangeEnd set the range of POSIX Group IDs (GIDs) that are used to set the GID of the AWS access point. If not specified, the default range is 50000-7000000. Each provisioned volume, and thus AWS access point, is assigned a unique GID from this range. 6 basePath is the directory on the EFS volume that is used to create dynamically provisioned volumes. In this case, a PV is provisioned as "/dynamic_provisioning/<random uuid>" on the EFS volume. Only the subdirectory is mounted to pods that use the PV. Note A cluster admin can create several StorageClass objects, each using a different EFS volume. 5.9.5. AWS EFS CSI cross account support Cross account support allows you to have an OpenShift Container Platform cluster in one AWS account and mount your file system in another AWS account using the AWS Elastic File System (EFS) Container Storage Interface (CSI) driver. Note Both the OpenShift Container Platform cluster and EFS file system must be in the same region. Prerequisites Access to an OpenShift Container Platform cluster with administrator rights Two valid AWS accounts Procedure The following procedure demonstrates how to set up: OpenShift Container Platform cluster in AWS account A Mount an AWS EFS file system in account B To use AWS EFS across accounts: Install OpenShift Container Platform cluster with AWS account A and install the EFS CSI Driver Operator. Create an EFS volume in AWS account B: Create a virtual private cloud (VPC) called, for example, "my-efs-vpc" with CIDR, for example, "172.20.0.0/16" and subnet for the AWS EFS volume. On the AWS console, go to https://console.aws.amazon.com/efs . Click Create new filesystem : Create a filesystem named, for example, "my-filesystem". Select the VPC created earlier ("my-efs-vpc"). Accept the default for the remaining settings. Ensure that the volume and Mount Targets have been created: Check https://console.aws.amazon.com/efs#/file-systems . Click your volume, and on the Network tab wait for all Mount Targets to be available (approximately 1-2 minutes). On the Network tab, copy the Security Group ID. You will need it for the step. Configure networking access to the AWS EFS volume on AWS account B: Go to https://console.aws.amazon.com/ec2/v2/home#SecurityGroups . Find the Security Group used by the AWS EFS volume by filtering for the group ID copied earlier. On the Inbound rules tab, click Edit inbound rules , and then add a new rule to allow OpenShift Container Platform nodes to access the AWS EFS volumes (that is, use NFS ports from the cluster): Type : NFS Protocol : TCP Port range : 2049 Source : Custom/IP address range of your OpenShift Container Platform cluster nodes (for example, "10.0.0.0/16") Save the rule. Note If you encounter mounting issues, re-check the port number, IP address range, and verify that the AWS EFS volume uses the expected security group. Create VPC peering between the OpenShift Container Platform cluster VPC in AWS account A and the AWS EFS VPC in AWS account B: Ensure the two VPCs are using different network CIDRs, and after creating the VPC peering, add routes in each VPC to connect the two VPC networks. Create a peering connection called, for example, "my-efs-crossaccount-peering-connection" in account B. For the local VPC ID, use the EFS-located VPC. To peer with the VPC for account A, for the VPC ID use the OpenShift Container Platform cluster VPC ID. Accept the peer connection in AWS account A. Modify the route table of each subnet (EFS-volume used subnets) in AWS account B: On the left pane, under Virtual private cloud , click the down arrow to expand the available options. Under Virtual private cloud , click Route tables" . Click the Routes tab. Under Destination , enter 10.0.0.0/16. Under Target , use the peer connection type point from the created peer connection. Modify the route table of each subnet (OpenShift Container Platform cluster nodes used subnets) in AWS account A: On the left pane, under Virtual private cloud , click the down arrow to expand the available options. Under Virtual private cloud , click Route tables" . Click the Routes tab. Under Destination , enter the CIDR for the VPC in account B, which for this example is 172.20.0.0/16. Under Target , use the peer connection type point from the created peer connection. Create an IAM role, for example, "my-efs-acrossaccount-role" in AWS account B, which has a trust relationship with AWS account A, and add an inline AWS EFS policy with permissions to call "my-efs-acrossaccount-driver-policy". This role is used by the CSI driver's controller service running on the OpenShift Container Platform cluster in AWS account A to determine the mount targets for your file system in AWS account B. # Trust relationships trusted entity trusted account A configuration on my-efs-acrossaccount-role in account B { "Version": "2012-10-17", "Statement": [ { "Effect": "Allow", "Principal": { "AWS": "arn:aws:iam::301721915996:root" }, "Action": "sts:AssumeRole", "Condition": {} } ] } # my-cross-account-assume-policy policy attached to my-efs-acrossaccount-role in account B { "Version": "2012-10-17", "Statement": { "Effect": "Allow", "Action": "sts:AssumeRole", "Resource": "arn:aws:iam::589722580343:role/my-efs-acrossaccount-role" } } # my-efs-acrossaccount-driver-policy attached to my-efs-acrossaccount-role in account B { "Version": "2012-10-17", "Statement": [ { "Sid": "VisualEditor0", "Effect": "Allow", "Action": [ "ec2:DescribeNetworkInterfaces", "ec2:DescribeSubnets" ], "Resource": "*" }, { "Sid": "VisualEditor1", "Effect": "Allow", "Action": [ "elasticfilesystem:DescribeMountTargets", "elasticfilesystem:DeleteAccessPoint", "elasticfilesystem:ClientMount", "elasticfilesystem:DescribeAccessPoints", "elasticfilesystem:ClientWrite", "elasticfilesystem:ClientRootAccess", "elasticfilesystem:DescribeFileSystems", "elasticfilesystem:CreateAccessPoint" ], "Resource": [ "arn:aws:elasticfilesystem:*:589722580343:access-point/*", "arn:aws:elasticfilesystem:*:589722580343:file-system/*" ] } ] } In AWS account A, attach an inline policy to the IAM role of the AWS EFS CSI driver's controller service account with the necessary permissions to perform Security Token Service (STS) assume role on the IAM role created earlier. # my-cross-account-assume-policy policy attached to Openshift cluster efs csi driver user in account A { "Version": "2012-10-17", "Statement": { "Effect": "Allow", "Action": "sts:AssumeRole", "Resource": "arn:aws:iam::589722580343:role/my-efs-acrossaccount-role" } } In AWS account A, attach the AWS-managed policy "AmazonElasticFileSystemClientFullAccess" to OpenShift Container Platform cluster master role. The role name is in the form <clusterID>-master-role (for example, my-0120ef-czjrl-master-role ). Create a Kubernetes secret with awsRoleArn as the key and the role created earlier as the value: USD oc -n openshift-cluster-csi-drivers create secret generic my-efs-cross-account --from-literal=awsRoleArn='arn:aws:iam::589722580343:role/my-efs-acrossaccount-role' Since the driver controller needs to get the cross account role information from the secret, you need to add the secret role binding to the AWS EFS CSI driver controller ServiceAccount (SA): USD oc -n openshift-cluster-csi-drivers create role access-secrets --verb=get,list,watch --resource=secrets USD oc -n openshift-cluster-csi-drivers create rolebinding --role=access-secrets default-to-secrets --serviceaccount=openshift-cluster-csi-drivers:aws-efs-csi-driver-controller-sa Create a filesystem policy for the file system (AWS EFS volume) in account B, which allows AWS account A to perform a mount on it. # EFS volume filesystem policy in account B { "Version": "2012-10-17", "Id": "efs-policy-wizard-8089bf4a-9787-40f0-958e-bc2363012ace", "Statement": [ { "Sid": "efs-statement-bd285549-cfa2-4f8b-861e-c372399fd238", "Effect": "Allow", "Principal": { "AWS": "*" }, "Action": [ "elasticfilesystem:ClientRootAccess", "elasticfilesystem:ClientWrite", "elasticfilesystem:ClientMount" ], "Resource": "arn:aws:elasticfilesystem:us-east-2:589722580343:file-system/fs-091066a9bf9becbd5", "Condition": { "Bool": { "elasticfilesystem:AccessedViaMountTarget": "true" } } }, { "Sid": "efs-statement-03646e39-d80f-4daf-b396-281be1e43bab", "Effect": "Allow", "Principal": { "AWS": "arn:aws:iam::589722580343:role/my-efs-acrossaccount-role" }, "Action": [ "elasticfilesystem:ClientRootAccess", "elasticfilesystem:ClientWrite", "elasticfilesystem:ClientMount" ], "Resource": "arn:aws:elasticfilesystem:us-east-2:589722580343:file-system/fs-091066a9bf9becbd5" } ] } Create an AWS EFS volume storage class using a similar configuration to the following: # The cross account efs volume storageClass kind: StorageClass apiVersion: storage.k8s.io/v1 metadata: name: efs-cross-account-mount-sc provisioner: efs.csi.aws.com mountOptions: - tls parameters: provisioningMode: efs-ap fileSystemId: fs-00f6c3ae6f06388bb directoryPerms: "700" gidRangeStart: "1000" gidRangeEnd: "2000" basePath: "/account-a-data" csi.storage.k8s.io/provisioner-secret-name: my-efs-cross-account csi.storage.k8s.io/provisioner-secret-namespace: openshift-cluster-csi-drivers volumeBindingMode: Immediate 5.9.6. Creating and configuring access to EFS volumes in AWS This procedure explains how to create and configure EFS volumes in AWS so that you can use them in OpenShift Container Platform. Prerequisites AWS account credentials Procedure To create and configure access to an EFS volume in AWS: On the AWS console, open https://console.aws.amazon.com/efs . Click Create file system : Enter a name for the file system. For Virtual Private Cloud (VPC) , select your OpenShift Container Platform's' virtual private cloud (VPC). Accept default settings for all other selections. Wait for the volume and mount targets to finish being fully created: Go to https://console.aws.amazon.com/efs#/file-systems . Click your volume, and on the Network tab wait for all mount targets to become available (~1-2 minutes). On the Network tab, copy the Security Group ID (you will need this in the step). Go to https://console.aws.amazon.com/ec2/v2/home#SecurityGroups , and find the Security Group used by the EFS volume. On the Inbound rules tab, click Edit inbound rules , and then add a new rule with the following settings to allow OpenShift Container Platform nodes to access EFS volumes : Type : NFS Protocol : TCP Port range : 2049 Source : Custom/IP address range of your nodes (for example: "10.0.0.0/16") This step allows OpenShift Container Platform to use NFS ports from the cluster. Save the rule. 5.9.7. Dynamic provisioning for Amazon Elastic File Storage The AWS EFS CSI driver supports a different form of dynamic provisioning than other CSI drivers. It provisions new PVs as subdirectories of a pre-existing EFS volume. The PVs are independent of each other. However, they all share the same EFS volume. When the volume is deleted, all PVs provisioned out of it are deleted too. The EFS CSI driver creates an AWS Access Point for each such subdirectory. Due to AWS AccessPoint limits, you can only dynamically provision 1000 PVs from a single StorageClass /EFS volume. Important Note that PVC.spec.resources is not enforced by EFS. In the example below, you request 5 GiB of space. However, the created PV is limitless and can store any amount of data (like petabytes). A broken application, or even a rogue application, can cause significant expenses when it stores too much data on the volume. Using monitoring of EFS volume sizes in AWS is strongly recommended. Prerequisites You have created Amazon Elastic File Storage (Amazon EFS) volumes. You have created the AWS EFS storage class. Procedure To enable dynamic provisioning: Create a PVC (or StatefulSet or Template) as usual, referring to the StorageClass created previously. apiVersion: v1 kind: PersistentVolumeClaim metadata: name: test spec: storageClassName: efs-sc accessModes: - ReadWriteMany resources: requests: storage: 5Gi If you have problems setting up dynamic provisioning, see AWS EFS troubleshooting . Additional resources Creating and configuring access to AWS EFS volume(s) Creating the AWS EFS storage class 5.9.8. Creating static PVs with Amazon Elastic File Storage It is possible to use an Amazon Elastic File Storage (Amazon EFS) volume as a single PV without any dynamic provisioning. The whole volume is mounted to pods. Prerequisites You have created Amazon EFS volumes. Procedure Create the PV using the following YAML file: apiVersion: v1 kind: PersistentVolume metadata: name: efs-pv spec: capacity: 1 storage: 5Gi volumeMode: Filesystem accessModes: - ReadWriteMany - ReadWriteOnce persistentVolumeReclaimPolicy: Retain csi: driver: efs.csi.aws.com volumeHandle: fs-ae66151a 2 volumeAttributes: encryptInTransit: "false" 3 1 spec.capacity does not have any meaning and is ignored by the CSI driver. It is used only when binding to a PVC. Applications can store any amount of data to the volume. 2 volumeHandle must be the same ID as the EFS volume you created in AWS. If you are providing your own access point, volumeHandle should be <EFS volume ID>::<access point ID> . For example: fs-6e633ada::fsap-081a1d293f0004630 . 3 If desired, you can disable encryption in transit. Encryption is enabled by default. If you have problems setting up static PVs, see AWS EFS troubleshooting . 5.9.9. Amazon Elastic File Storage security The following information is important for Amazon Elastic File Storage (Amazon EFS) security. When using access points, for example, by using dynamic provisioning as described earlier, Amazon automatically replaces GIDs on files with the GID of the access point. In addition, EFS considers the user ID, group ID, and secondary group IDs of the access point when evaluating file system permissions. EFS ignores the NFS client's IDs. For more information about access points, see https://docs.aws.amazon.com/efs/latest/ug/efs-access-points.html . As a consequence, EFS volumes silently ignore FSGroup; OpenShift Container Platform is not able to replace the GIDs of files on the volume with FSGroup. Any pod that can access a mounted EFS access point can access any file on it. Unrelated to this, encryption in transit is enabled by default. For more information, see https://docs.aws.amazon.com/efs/latest/ug/encryption-in-transit.html . 5.9.10. Amazon Elastic File Storage troubleshooting The following information provides guidance on how to troubleshoot issues with Amazon Elastic File Storage (Amazon EFS): The AWS EFS Operator and CSI driver run in namespace openshift-cluster-csi-drivers . To initiate gathering of logs of the AWS EFS Operator and CSI driver, run the following command: USD oc adm must-gather [must-gather ] OUT Using must-gather plugin-in image: quay.io/openshift-release-dev/ocp-v4.0-art-dev@sha256:125f183d13601537ff15b3239df95d47f0a604da2847b561151fedd699f5e3a5 [must-gather ] OUT namespace/openshift-must-gather-xm4wq created [must-gather ] OUT clusterrolebinding.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/must-gather-2bd8x created [must-gather ] OUT pod for plug-in image quay.io/openshift-release-dev/ocp-v4.0-art-dev@sha256:125f183d13601537ff15b3239df95d47f0a604da2847b561151fedd699f5e3a5 created To show AWS EFS Operator errors, view the ClusterCSIDriver status: USD oc get clustercsidriver efs.csi.aws.com -o yaml If a volume cannot be mounted to a pod (as shown in the output of the following command): USD oc describe pod ... Type Reason Age From Message ---- ------ ---- ---- ------- Normal Scheduled 2m13s default-scheduler Successfully assigned default/efs-app to ip-10-0-135-94.ec2.internal Warning FailedMount 13s kubelet MountVolume.SetUp failed for volume "pvc-d7c097e6-67ec-4fae-b968-7e7056796449" : rpc error: code = DeadlineExceeded desc = context deadline exceeded 1 Warning FailedMount 10s kubelet Unable to attach or mount volumes: unmounted volumes=[persistent-storage], unattached volumes=[persistent-storage kube-api-access-9j477]: timed out waiting for the condition 1 Warning message indicating volume not mounted. This error is frequently caused by AWS dropping packets between an OpenShift Container Platform node and Amazon EFS. Check that the following are correct: AWS firewall and Security Groups Networking: port number and IP addresses 5.9.11. Uninstalling the AWS EFS CSI Driver Operator All EFS PVs are inaccessible after uninstalling the AWS EFS CSI Driver Operator (a Red Hat operator). Prerequisites Access to the OpenShift Container Platform web console. Procedure To uninstall the AWS EFS CSI Driver Operator from the web console: Log in to the web console. Stop all applications that use AWS EFS PVs. Delete all AWS EFS PVs: Click Storage PersistentVolumeClaims . Select each PVC that is in use by the AWS EFS CSI Driver Operator, click the drop-down menu on the far right of the PVC, and then click Delete PersistentVolumeClaims . Uninstall the AWS EFS CSI driver : Note Before you can uninstall the Operator, you must remove the CSI driver first. Click Administration CustomResourceDefinitions ClusterCSIDriver . On the Instances tab, for efs.csi.aws.com , on the far left side, click the drop-down menu, and then click Delete ClusterCSIDriver . When prompted, click Delete . Uninstall the AWS EFS CSI Operator: Click Operators Installed Operators . On the Installed Operators page, scroll or type AWS EFS CSI into the Search by name box to find the Operator, and then click it. On the upper, right of the Installed Operators > Operator details page, click Actions Uninstall Operator . When prompted on the Uninstall Operator window, click the Uninstall button to remove the Operator from the namespace. Any applications deployed by the Operator on the cluster need to be cleaned up manually. After uninstalling, the AWS EFS CSI Driver Operator is no longer listed in the Installed Operators section of the web console. Note Before you can destroy a cluster ( openshift-install destroy cluster ), you must delete the EFS volume in AWS. An OpenShift Container Platform cluster cannot be destroyed when there is an EFS volume that uses the cluster's VPC. Amazon does not allow deletion of such a VPC. 5.9.12. Additional resources Configuring CSI volumes 5.10. Azure Disk CSI Driver Operator 5.10.1. Overview OpenShift Container Platform is capable of provisioning persistent volumes (PVs) using the Container Storage Interface (CSI) driver for Microsoft Azure Disk Storage. Familiarity with persistent storage and configuring CSI volumes is recommended when working with a CSI Operator and driver. To create CSI-provisioned PVs that mount to Azure Disk storage assets, OpenShift Container Platform installs the Azure Disk CSI Driver Operator and the Azure Disk CSI driver by default in the openshift-cluster-csi-drivers namespace. The Azure Disk CSI Driver Operator provides a storage class named managed-csi that you can use to create persistent volume claims (PVCs). The Azure Disk CSI Driver Operator supports dynamic volume provisioning by allowing storage volumes to be created on-demand, eliminating the need for cluster administrators to pre-provision storage. You can disable this default storage class if desired (see Managing the default storage class ). The Azure Disk CSI driver enables you to create and mount Azure Disk PVs. 5.10.2. About CSI Storage vendors have traditionally provided storage drivers as part of Kubernetes. With the implementation of the Container Storage Interface (CSI), third-party providers can instead deliver storage plugins using a standard interface without ever having to change the core Kubernetes code. CSI Operators give OpenShift Container Platform users storage options, such as volume snapshots, that are not possible with in-tree volume plugins. Note OpenShift Container Platform provides automatic migration for the Azure Disk in-tree volume plugin to its equivalent CSI driver. For more information, see CSI automatic migration . 5.10.3. Creating a storage class with storage account type Storage classes are used to differentiate and delineate storage levels and usages. By defining a storage class, you can obtain dynamically provisioned persistent volumes. When creating a storage class, you can designate the storage account type. This corresponds to your Azure storage account SKU tier. Valid options are Standard_LRS , Premium_LRS , StandardSSD_LRS , UltraSSD_LRS , Premium_ZRS , StandardSSD_ZRS , and PremiumV2_LRS . For information about finding your Azure SKU tier, see SKU Types . Both ZRS and PremiumV2_LRS have some region limitations. For information about these limitations, see ZRS limitations and Premium_LRS limitations . Prerequisites Access to an OpenShift Container Platform cluster with administrator rights Procedure Use the following steps to create a storage class with a storage account type. Create a storage class designating the storage account type using a YAML file similar to the following: USD oc create -f - << EOF apiVersion: storage.k8s.io/v1 kind: StorageClass metadata: name: <storage-class> 1 provisioner: disk.csi.azure.com parameters: skuName: <storage-class-account-type> 2 reclaimPolicy: Delete volumeBindingMode: WaitForFirstConsumer allowVolumeExpansion: true EOF 1 Storage class name. 2 Storage account type. This corresponds to your Azure storage account SKU tier:`Standard_LRS`, Premium_LRS , StandardSSD_LRS , UltraSSD_LRS , Premium_ZRS , StandardSSD_ZRS , PremiumV2_LRS . Note For PremiumV2_LRS, specify cachingMode: None in storageclass.parameters . Ensure that the storage class was created by listing the storage classes: USD oc get storageclass Example output USD oc get storageclass NAME PROVISIONER RECLAIMPOLICY VOLUMEBINDINGMODE ALLOWVOLUMEEXPANSION AGE azurefile-csi file.csi.azure.com Delete Immediate true 68m managed-csi (default) disk.csi.azure.com Delete WaitForFirstConsumer true 68m sc-prem-zrs disk.csi.azure.com Delete WaitForFirstConsumer true 4m25s 1 1 New storage class with storage account type. 5.10.4. User-managed encryption The user-managed encryption feature allows you to provide keys during installation that encrypt OpenShift Container Platform node root volumes, and enables all managed storage classes to use these keys to encrypt provisioned storage volumes. You must specify the custom key in the platform.<cloud_type>.defaultMachinePlatform field in the install-config YAML file. This features supports the following storage types: Amazon Web Services (AWS) Elastic Block storage (EBS) Microsoft Azure Disk storage Google Cloud Platform (GCP) persistent disk (PD) storage IBM Virtual Private Cloud (VPC) Block storage Note If the OS (root) disk is encrypted, and there is no encrypted key defined in the storage class, Azure Disk CSI driver uses the OS disk encryption key by default to encrypt provisioned storage volumes. For information about installing with user-managed encryption for Azure, see Enabling user-managed encryption for Azure . 5.10.5. Machine sets that deploy machines with ultra disks using PVCs You can create a machine set running on Azure that deploys machines with ultra disks. Ultra disks are high-performance storage that are intended for use with the most demanding data workloads. Both the in-tree plugin and CSI driver support using PVCs to enable ultra disks. You can also deploy machines with ultra disks as data disks without creating a PVC. Additional resources Microsoft Azure ultra disks documentation Machine sets that deploy machines on ultra disks using in-tree PVCs Machine sets that deploy machines on ultra disks as data disks 5.10.5.1. Creating machines with ultra disks by using machine sets You can deploy machines with ultra disks on Azure by editing your machine set YAML file. Prerequisites Have an existing Microsoft Azure cluster. Procedure Copy an existing Azure MachineSet custom resource (CR) and edit it by running the following command: USD oc edit machineset <machine-set-name> where <machine-set-name> is the machine set that you want to provision machines with ultra disks. Add the following lines in the positions indicated: apiVersion: machine.openshift.io/v1beta1 kind: MachineSet spec: template: spec: metadata: labels: disk: ultrassd 1 providerSpec: value: ultraSSDCapability: Enabled 2 1 Specify a label to use to select a node that is created by this machine set. This procedure uses disk.ultrassd for this value. 2 These lines enable the use of ultra disks. Create a machine set using the updated configuration by running the following command: USD oc create -f <machine-set-name>.yaml Create a storage class that contains the following YAML definition: apiVersion: storage.k8s.io/v1 kind: StorageClass metadata: name: ultra-disk-sc 1 parameters: cachingMode: None diskIopsReadWrite: "2000" 2 diskMbpsReadWrite: "320" 3 kind: managed skuname: UltraSSD_LRS provisioner: disk.csi.azure.com 4 reclaimPolicy: Delete volumeBindingMode: WaitForFirstConsumer 5 1 Specify the name of the storage class. This procedure uses ultra-disk-sc for this value. 2 Specify the number of IOPS for the storage class. 3 Specify the throughput in MBps for the storage class. 4 For Azure Kubernetes Service (AKS) version 1.21 or later, use disk.csi.azure.com . For earlier versions of AKS, use kubernetes.io/azure-disk . 5 Optional: Specify this parameter to wait for the creation of the pod that will use the disk. Create a persistent volume claim (PVC) to reference the ultra-disk-sc storage class that contains the following YAML definition: apiVersion: v1 kind: PersistentVolumeClaim metadata: name: ultra-disk 1 spec: accessModes: - ReadWriteOnce storageClassName: ultra-disk-sc 2 resources: requests: storage: 4Gi 3 1 Specify the name of the PVC. This procedure uses ultra-disk for this value. 2 This PVC references the ultra-disk-sc storage class. 3 Specify the size for the storage class. The minimum value is 4Gi . Create a pod that contains the following YAML definition: apiVersion: v1 kind: Pod metadata: name: nginx-ultra spec: nodeSelector: disk: ultrassd 1 containers: - name: nginx-ultra image: alpine:latest command: - "sleep" - "infinity" volumeMounts: - mountPath: "/mnt/azure" name: volume volumes: - name: volume persistentVolumeClaim: claimName: ultra-disk 2 1 Specify the label of the machine set that enables the use of ultra disks. This procedure uses disk.ultrassd for this value. 2 This pod references the ultra-disk PVC. Verification Validate that the machines are created by running the following command: USD oc get machines The machines should be in the Running state. For a machine that is running and has a node attached, validate the partition by running the following command: USD oc debug node/<node-name> -- chroot /host lsblk In this command, oc debug node/<node-name> starts a debugging shell on the node <node-name> and passes a command with -- . The passed command chroot /host provides access to the underlying host OS binaries, and lsblk shows the block devices that are attached to the host OS machine. steps To use an ultra disk from within a pod, create a workload that uses the mount point. Create a YAML file similar to the following example: apiVersion: v1 kind: Pod metadata: name: ssd-benchmark1 spec: containers: - name: ssd-benchmark1 image: nginx ports: - containerPort: 80 name: "http-server" volumeMounts: - name: lun0p1 mountPath: "/tmp" volumes: - name: lun0p1 hostPath: path: /var/lib/lun0p1 type: DirectoryOrCreate nodeSelector: disktype: ultrassd 5.10.5.2. Troubleshooting resources for machine sets that enable ultra disks Use the information in this section to understand and recover from issues you might encounter. 5.10.5.2.1. Unable to mount a persistent volume claim backed by an ultra disk If there is an issue mounting a persistent volume claim backed by an ultra disk, the pod becomes stuck in the ContainerCreating state and an alert is triggered. For example, if the additionalCapabilities.ultraSSDEnabled parameter is not set on the machine that backs the node that hosts the pod, the following error message appears: StorageAccountType UltraSSD_LRS can be used only when additionalCapabilities.ultraSSDEnabled is set. To resolve this issue, describe the pod by running the following command: USD oc -n <stuck_pod_namespace> describe pod <stuck_pod_name> 5.10.6. Additional resources Persistent storage using Azure Disk Configuring CSI volumes 5.11. Azure File CSI Driver Operator 5.11.1. Overview OpenShift Container Platform is capable of provisioning persistent volumes (PVs) by using the Container Storage Interface (CSI) driver for Microsoft Azure File Storage. Familiarity with persistent storage and configuring CSI volumes is recommended when working with a CSI Operator and driver. To create CSI-provisioned PVs that mount to Azure File storage assets, OpenShift Container Platform installs the Azure File CSI Driver Operator and the Azure File CSI driver by default in the openshift-cluster-csi-drivers namespace. The Azure File CSI Driver Operator provides a storage class that is named azurefile-csi that you can use to create persistent volume claims (PVCs). You can disable this default storage class if desired (see Managing the default storage class ). The Azure File CSI driver enables you to create and mount Azure File PVs. The Azure File CSI driver supports dynamic volume provisioning by allowing storage volumes to be created on-demand, eliminating the need for cluster administrators to pre-provision storage. Azure File CSI Driver Operator does not support: Virtual hard disks (VHD) Running on nodes with Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) mode enabled for Server Message Block (SMB) file share. However, Network File System (NFS) does support FIPS mode. For more information about supported features, see Supported CSI drivers and features . 5.11.2. NFS support OpenShift Container Platform 4.14, and later, supports Azure File Container Storage Interface (CSI) Driver Operator with Network File System (NFS) with the following caveats: Creating pods with Azure File NFS volumes that are scheduled to the control plane node causes the mount to be denied. To work around this issue: If your control plane nodes are schedulable, and the pods can run on worker nodes, use nodeSelector or Affinity to schedule the pod in worker nodes. FS Group policy behavior: Important Azure File CSI with NFS does not honor the fsGroupChangePolicy requested by pods. Azure File CSI with NFS applies a default OnRootMismatch FS Group policy regardless of the policy requested by the pod. The Azure File CSI Operator does not automatically create a storage class for NFS. You must create it manually. Use a file similar to the following: apiVersion: storage.k8s.io/v1 kind: StorageClass metadata: name: <storage-class-name> 1 provisioner: file.csi.azure.com 2 parameters: protocol: nfs 3 skuName: Premium_LRS # available values: Premium_LRS, Premium_ZRS mountOptions: - nconnect=4 1 Storage class name. 2 Specifies the Azure File CSI provider. 3 Specifies NFS as the storage backend protocol. 5.11.3. About CSI Storage vendors have traditionally provided storage drivers as part of Kubernetes. With the implementation of the Container Storage Interface (CSI), third-party providers can instead deliver storage plugins using a standard interface without ever having to change the core Kubernetes code. CSI Operators give OpenShift Container Platform users storage options, such as volume snapshots, that are not possible with in-tree volume plugins. Additional resources Persistent storage using Azure File Configuring CSI volumes 5.12. Azure Stack Hub CSI Driver Operator 5.12.1. Overview OpenShift Container Platform is capable of provisioning persistent volumes (PVs) using the Container Storage Interface (CSI) driver for Azure Stack Hub Storage. Azure Stack Hub, which is part of the Azure Stack portfolio, allows you to run apps in an on-premises environment and deliver Azure services in your datacenter. Familiarity with persistent storage and configuring CSI volumes is recommended when working with a CSI Operator and driver. To create CSI-provisioned PVs that mount to Azure Stack Hub storage assets, OpenShift Container Platform installs the Azure Stack Hub CSI Driver Operator and the Azure Stack Hub CSI driver by default in the openshift-cluster-csi-drivers namespace. The Azure Stack Hub CSI Driver Operator provides a storage class ( managed-csi ), with "Standard_LRS" as the default storage account type, that you can use to create persistent volume claims (PVCs). The Azure Stack Hub CSI Driver Operator supports dynamic volume provisioning by allowing storage volumes to be created on-demand, eliminating the need for cluster administrators to pre-provision storage. The Azure Stack Hub CSI driver enables you to create and mount Azure Stack Hub PVs. 5.12.2. About CSI Storage vendors have traditionally provided storage drivers as part of Kubernetes. With the implementation of the Container Storage Interface (CSI), third-party providers can instead deliver storage plugins using a standard interface without ever having to change the core Kubernetes code. CSI Operators give OpenShift Container Platform users storage options, such as volume snapshots, that are not possible with in-tree volume plugins. 5.12.3. Additional resources Configuring CSI volumes 5.13. GCP PD CSI Driver Operator 5.13.1. Overview OpenShift Container Platform can provision persistent volumes (PVs) using the Container Storage Interface (CSI) driver for Google Cloud Platform (GCP) persistent disk (PD) storage. Familiarity with persistent storage and configuring CSI volumes is recommended when working with a Container Storage Interface (CSI) Operator and driver. To create CSI-provisioned persistent volumes (PVs) that mount to GCP PD storage assets, OpenShift Container Platform installs the GCP PD CSI Driver Operator and the GCP PD CSI driver by default in the openshift-cluster-csi-drivers namespace. GCP PD CSI Driver Operator : By default, the Operator provides a storage class that you can use to create PVCs. You can disable this default storage class if desired (see Managing the default storage class ). You also have the option to create the GCP PD storage class as described in Persistent storage using GCE Persistent Disk . GCP PD driver : The driver enables you to create and mount GCP PD PVs. Note OpenShift Container Platform provides automatic migration for the GCE Persistent Disk in-tree volume plugin to its equivalent CSI driver. For more information, see CSI automatic migration . 5.13.2. About CSI Storage vendors have traditionally provided storage drivers as part of Kubernetes. With the implementation of the Container Storage Interface (CSI), third-party providers can instead deliver storage plugins using a standard interface without ever having to change the core Kubernetes code. CSI Operators give OpenShift Container Platform users storage options, such as volume snapshots, that are not possible with in-tree volume plugins. 5.13.3. GCP PD CSI driver storage class parameters The Google Cloud Platform (GCP) persistent disk (PD) Container Storage Interface (CSI) driver uses the CSI external-provisioner sidecar as a controller. This is a separate helper container that is deployed with the CSI driver. The sidecar manages persistent volumes (PVs) by triggering the CreateVolume operation. The GCP PD CSI driver uses the csi.storage.k8s.io/fstype parameter key to support dynamic provisioning. The following table describes all the GCP PD CSI storage class parameters that are supported by OpenShift Container Platform. Table 5.5. CreateVolume Parameters Parameter Values Default Description type pd-ssd , pd-standard , or pd-balanced pd-standard Allows you to choose between standard PVs or solid-state-drive PVs. The driver does not validate the value, thus all the possible values are accepted. replication-type none or regional-pd none Allows you to choose between zonal or regional PVs. disk-encryption-kms-key Fully qualified resource identifier for the key to use to encrypt new disks. Empty string Uses customer-managed encryption keys (CMEK) to encrypt new disks. 5.13.4. Creating a custom-encrypted persistent volume When you create a PersistentVolumeClaim object, OpenShift Container Platform provisions a new persistent volume (PV) and creates a PersistentVolume object. You can add a custom encryption key in Google Cloud Platform (GCP) to protect a PV in your cluster by encrypting the newly created PV. For encryption, the newly attached PV that you create uses customer-managed encryption keys (CMEK) on a cluster by using a new or existing Google Cloud Key Management Service (KMS) key. Prerequisites You are logged in to a running OpenShift Container Platform cluster. You have created a Cloud KMS key ring and key version. For more information about CMEK and Cloud KMS resources, see Using customer-managed encryption keys (CMEK) . Procedure To create a custom-encrypted PV, complete the following steps: Create a storage class with the Cloud KMS key. The following example enables dynamic provisioning of encrypted volumes: apiVersion: storage.k8s.io/v1 kind: StorageClass metadata: name: csi-gce-pd-cmek provisioner: pd.csi.storage.gke.io volumeBindingMode: "WaitForFirstConsumer" allowVolumeExpansion: true parameters: type: pd-standard disk-encryption-kms-key: projects/<key-project-id>/locations/<location>/keyRings/<key-ring>/cryptoKeys/<key> 1 1 This field must be the resource identifier for the key that will be used to encrypt new disks. Values are case-sensitive. For more information about providing key ID values, see Retrieving a resource's ID and Getting a Cloud KMS resource ID . Note You cannot add the disk-encryption-kms-key parameter to an existing storage class. However, you can delete the storage class and recreate it with the same name and a different set of parameters. If you do this, the provisioner of the existing class must be pd.csi.storage.gke.io . Deploy the storage class on your OpenShift Container Platform cluster using the oc command: USD oc describe storageclass csi-gce-pd-cmek Example output Name: csi-gce-pd-cmek IsDefaultClass: No Annotations: None Provisioner: pd.csi.storage.gke.io Parameters: disk-encryption-kms-key=projects/key-project-id/locations/location/keyRings/ring-name/cryptoKeys/key-name,type=pd-standard AllowVolumeExpansion: true MountOptions: none ReclaimPolicy: Delete VolumeBindingMode: WaitForFirstConsumer Events: none Create a file named pvc.yaml that matches the name of your storage class object that you created in the step: kind: PersistentVolumeClaim apiVersion: v1 metadata: name: podpvc spec: accessModes: - ReadWriteOnce storageClassName: csi-gce-pd-cmek resources: requests: storage: 6Gi Note If you marked the new storage class as default, you can omit the storageClassName field. Apply the PVC on your cluster: USD oc apply -f pvc.yaml Get the status of your PVC and verify that it is created and bound to a newly provisioned PV: USD oc get pvc Example output NAME STATUS VOLUME CAPACITY ACCESS MODES STORAGECLASS AGE podpvc Bound pvc-e36abf50-84f3-11e8-8538-42010a800002 10Gi RWO csi-gce-pd-cmek 9s Note If your storage class has the volumeBindingMode field set to WaitForFirstConsumer , you must create a pod to use the PVC before you can verify it. Your CMEK-protected PV is now ready to use with your OpenShift Container Platform cluster. 5.13.5. User-managed encryption The user-managed encryption feature allows you to provide keys during installation that encrypt OpenShift Container Platform node root volumes, and enables all managed storage classes to use these keys to encrypt provisioned storage volumes. You must specify the custom key in the platform.<cloud_type>.defaultMachinePlatform field in the install-config YAML file. This features supports the following storage types: Amazon Web Services (AWS) Elastic Block storage (EBS) Microsoft Azure Disk storage Google Cloud Platform (GCP) persistent disk (PD) storage IBM Virtual Private Cloud (VPC) Block storage For information about installing with user-managed encryption for GCP PD, see Installation configuration parameters . 5.13.6. Additional resources Persistent storage using GCE Persistent Disk Configuring CSI volumes 5.14. Google Compute Platform Filestore CSI Driver Operator 5.14.1. Overview OpenShift Container Platform is capable of provisioning persistent volumes (PVs) using the Container Storage Interface (CSI) driver for Google Compute Platform (GCP) Filestore Storage. Familiarity with persistent storage and configuring CSI volumes is recommended when working with a CSI Operator and driver. To create CSI-provisioned PVs that mount to GCP Filestore Storage assets, you install the GCP Filestore CSI Driver Operator and the GCP Filestore CSI driver in the openshift-cluster-csi-drivers namespace. The GCP Filestore CSI Driver Operator does not provide a storage class by default, but you can create one if needed . The GCP Filestore CSI Driver Operator supports dynamic volume provisioning by allowing storage volumes to be created on demand, eliminating the need for cluster administrators to pre-provision storage. The GCP Filestore CSI driver enables you to create and mount GCP Filestore PVs. 5.14.2. About CSI Storage vendors have traditionally provided storage drivers as part of Kubernetes. With the implementation of the Container Storage Interface (CSI), third-party providers can instead deliver storage plugins using a standard interface without ever having to change the core Kubernetes code. CSI Operators give OpenShift Container Platform users storage options, such as volume snapshots, that are not possible with in-tree volume plugins. 5.14.3. Installing the GCP Filestore CSI Driver Operator The Google Compute Platform (GCP) Filestore Container Storage Interface (CSI) Driver Operator is not installed in OpenShift Container Platform by default. Use the following procedure to install the GCP Filestore CSI Driver Operator in your cluster. Prerequisites Access to the OpenShift Container Platform web console. Procedure To install the GCP Filestore CSI Driver Operator from the web console: Log in to the web console. Enable the Filestore API in the GCE project by running the following command: USD gcloud services enable file.googleapis.com --project <my_gce_project> 1 1 Replace <my_gce_project> with your Google Cloud project. You can also do this using Google Cloud web console. Install the GCP Filestore CSI Operator: Click Operators OperatorHub . Locate the GCP Filestore CSI Operator by typing GCP Filestore in the filter box. Click the GCP Filestore CSI Driver Operator button. On the GCP Filestore CSI Driver Operator page, click Install . On the Install Operator page, ensure that: All namespaces on the cluster (default) is selected. Installed Namespace is set to openshift-cluster-csi-drivers . Click Install . After the installation finishes, the GCP Filestore CSI Operator is listed in the Installed Operators section of the web console. Install the GCP Filestore CSI Driver: Click administration CustomResourceDefinitions ClusterCSIDriver . On the Instances tab, click Create ClusterCSIDriver . Use the following YAML file: apiVersion: operator.openshift.io/v1 kind: ClusterCSIDriver metadata: name: filestore.csi.storage.gke.io spec: managementState: Managed Click Create . Wait for the following Conditions to change to a "true" status: GCPFilestoreDriverCredentialsRequestControllerAvailable GCPFilestoreDriverNodeServiceControllerAvailable GCPFilestoreDriverControllerServiceControllerAvailable Additional resources Enabling an API in your Google Cloud . Enabling an API using the Google Cloud web console . 5.14.4. Creating a storage class for GCP Filestore Storage After installing the Operator, you should create a storage class for dynamic provisioning of Google Compute Platform (GCP) Filestore volumes. Prerequisites You are logged in to the running OpenShift Container Platform cluster. Procedure To create a storage class: Create a storage class using the following example YAML file: Example YAML file kind: StorageClass apiVersion: storage.k8s.io/v1 metadata: name: filestore-csi provisioner: filestore.csi.storage.gke.io parameters: connect-mode: DIRECT_PEERING 1 network: network-name 2 allowVolumeExpansion: true volumeBindingMode: WaitForFirstConsumer 1 For a shared VPC, use the connect-mode parameter set to PRIVATE_SERVICE_ACCESS . For a non-shared VPC, the value is DIRECT_PEERING , which is the default setting. 2 Specify the name of the GCP virtual private cloud (VPC) network where Filestore instances should be created in. Specify the name of the VPC network where Filestore instances should be created in. It is recommended to specify the VPC network that the Filestore instances should be created in. If no VPC network is specified, the Container Storage Interface (CSI) driver tries to create the instances in the default VPC network of the project. On IPI installations, the VPC network name is typically the cluster name with the suffix "-network". However, on UPI installations, the VPC network name can be any value chosen by the user. For a shared VPC ( connect-mode = PRIVATE_SERVICE_ACCESS ), the network needs to be the full VPC name. For example: projects/shared-vpc-name/global/networks/gcp-filestore-network . You can find out the VPC network name by inspecting the MachineSets objects with the following command: USD oc -n openshift-machine-api get machinesets -o yaml | grep "network:" - network: gcp-filestore-network (...) In this example, the VPC network name in this cluster is "gcp-filestore-network". 5.14.5. Destroying clusters and GCP Filestore Typically, if you destroy a cluster, the OpenShift Container Platform installer deletes all of the cloud resources that belong to that cluster. However, when a cluster is destroyed, Google Compute Platform (GCP) Filestore instances are not automatically deleted, so you must manually delete all persistent volume claims (PVCs) that use the Filestore storage class before destroying the cluster. Procedure To delete all GCP Filestore PVCs: List all PVCs that were created using the storage class filestore-csi : USD oc get pvc -o json -A | jq -r '.items[] | select(.spec.storageClassName == "filestore-csi") Delete all of the PVCs listed by the command: USD oc delete <pvc-name> 1 1 Replace <pvc-name> with the name of any PVC that you need to delete. 5.14.6. Additional resources Configuring CSI volumes 5.15. IBM VPC Block CSI Driver Operator 5.15.1. Overview OpenShift Container Platform is capable of provisioning persistent volumes (PVs) using the Container Storage Interface (CSI) driver for IBM(R) Virtual Private Cloud (VPC) Block Storage. Familiarity with persistent storage and configuring CSI volumes is recommended when working with a CSI Operator and driver. To create CSI-provisioned PVs that mount to IBM(R) VPC Block storage assets, OpenShift Container Platform installs the IBM(R) VPC Block CSI Driver Operator and the IBM(R) VPC Block CSI driver by default in the openshift-cluster-csi-drivers namespace. The IBM(R) VPC Block CSI Driver Operator provides three storage classes named ibmc-vpc-block-10iops-tier (default), ibmc-vpc-block-5iops-tier , and ibmc-vpc-block-custom for different tiers that you can use to create persistent volume claims (PVCs). The IBM(R) VPC Block CSI Driver Operator supports dynamic volume provisioning by allowing storage volumes to be created on demand, eliminating the need for cluster administrators to pre-provision storage. You can disable this default storage class if desired (see Managing the default storage class ). The IBM(R) VPC Block CSI driver enables you to create and mount IBM(R) VPC Block PVs. 5.15.2. About CSI Storage vendors have traditionally provided storage drivers as part of Kubernetes. With the implementation of the Container Storage Interface (CSI), third-party providers can instead deliver storage plugins using a standard interface without ever having to change the core Kubernetes code. CSI Operators give OpenShift Container Platform users storage options, such as volume snapshots, that are not possible with in-tree volume plugins. 5.15.3. User-managed encryption The user-managed encryption feature allows you to provide keys during installation that encrypt OpenShift Container Platform node root volumes, and enables all managed storage classes to use these keys to encrypt provisioned storage volumes. You must specify the custom key in the platform.<cloud_type>.defaultMachinePlatform field in the install-config YAML file. This features supports the following storage types: Amazon Web Services (AWS) Elastic Block storage (EBS) Microsoft Azure Disk storage Google Cloud Platform (GCP) persistent disk (PD) storage IBM Virtual Private Cloud (VPC) Block storage For information about installing with user-managed encryption for IBM VPC, see User-managed encryption for IBM Cloud and Preparing to install on IBM Cloud . Additional resources Configuring CSI volumes 5.16. IBM Power Virtual Server Block CSI Driver Operator 5.16.1. Introduction The IBM Power(R) Virtual Server Block CSI Driver is installed through the IBM Power(R) Virtual Server Block CSI Driver Operator and the operator is based on library-go . The OpenShift Container Platform library-go framework is a collection of functions that allows users to build OpenShift operators easily. Most of the functionality of a CSI Driver Operator is already available there. The IBM Power(R) Virtual Server Block CSI Driver Operator is installed by the Cluster Storage Operator. The Cluster Storage Operator installs the IBM Power(R) Virtual Server Block CSI Driver Operator if the platform type is Power Virtual Servers. 5.16.2. Overview OpenShift Container Platform can provision persistent volumes (PVs) by using the Container Storage Interface (CSI) driver for IBM Power(R) Virtual Server Block Storage. Familiarity with persistent storage and configuring CSI volumes is helpful when working with a CSI Operator and driver. To create CSI-provisioned PVs that mount to IBM Power(R) Virtual Server Block storage assets, OpenShift Container Platform installs the IBM Power(R) Virtual Server Block CSI Driver Operator and the IBM Power(R) Virtual Server Block CSI driver by default in the openshift-cluster-csi-drivers namespace. The IBM Power(R) Virtual Server Block CSI Driver Operator provides two storage classes named ibm-powervs-tier1 (default), and ibm-powervs-tier3 for different tiers that you can use to create persistent volume claims (PVCs). The IBM Power(R) Virtual Server Block CSI Driver Operator supports dynamic volume provisioning by allowing storage volumes to be created on demand, eliminating the need for cluster administrators to pre-provision storage. The IBM Power(R) Virtual Server Block CSI driver allows you to create and mount IBM Power(R) Virtual Server Block PVs. 5.16.3. About CSI Storage vendors have traditionally provided storage drivers as part of Kubernetes. With the implementation of the Container Storage Interface (CSI), third-party providers can instead deliver storage plugins using a standard interface without ever having to change the core Kubernetes code. CSI Operators give OpenShift Container Platform users storage options, such as volume snapshots, that are not possible with in-tree volume plugins. Additional resources Configuring CSI volumes 5.17. OpenStack Cinder CSI Driver Operator 5.17.1. Overview OpenShift Container Platform is capable of provisioning persistent volumes (PVs) using the Container Storage Interface (CSI) driver for OpenStack Cinder. Familiarity with persistent storage and configuring CSI volumes is recommended when working with a Container Storage Interface (CSI) Operator and driver. To create CSI-provisioned PVs that mount to OpenStack Cinder storage assets, OpenShift Container Platform installs the OpenStack Cinder CSI Driver Operator and the OpenStack Cinder CSI driver in the openshift-cluster-csi-drivers namespace. The OpenStack Cinder CSI Driver Operator provides a CSI storage class that you can use to create PVCs. You can disable this default storage class if desired (see Managing the default storage class ). The OpenStack Cinder CSI driver enables you to create and mount OpenStack Cinder PVs. Note OpenShift Container Platform provides automatic migration for the Cinder in-tree volume plugin to its equivalent CSI driver. For more information, see CSI automatic migration . 5.17.2. About CSI Storage vendors have traditionally provided storage drivers as part of Kubernetes. With the implementation of the Container Storage Interface (CSI), third-party providers can instead deliver storage plugins using a standard interface without ever having to change the core Kubernetes code. CSI Operators give OpenShift Container Platform users storage options, such as volume snapshots, that are not possible with in-tree volume plugins. Important OpenShift Container Platform defaults to using the CSI plugin to provision Cinder storage. 5.17.3. Making OpenStack Cinder CSI the default storage class The OpenStack Cinder CSI driver uses the cinder.csi.openstack.org parameter key to support dynamic provisioning. To enable OpenStack Cinder CSI provisioning in OpenShift Container Platform, it is recommended that you overwrite the default in-tree storage class with standard-csi . Alternatively, you can create the persistent volume claim (PVC) and specify the storage class as "standard-csi". In OpenShift Container Platform, the default storage class references the in-tree Cinder driver. However, with CSI automatic migration enabled, volumes created using the default storage class actually use the CSI driver. Procedure Use the following steps to apply the standard-csi storage class by overwriting the default in-tree storage class. List the storage class: USD oc get storageclass Example output NAME PROVISIONER RECLAIMPOLICY VOLUMEBINDINGMODE ALLOWVOLUMEEXPANSION AGE standard(default) cinder.csi.openstack.org Delete WaitForFirstConsumer true 46h standard-csi kubernetes.io/cinder Delete WaitForFirstConsumer true 46h Change the value of the annotation storageclass.kubernetes.io/is-default-class to false for the default storage class, as shown in the following example: USD oc patch storageclass standard -p '{"metadata": {"annotations": {"storageclass.kubernetes.io/is-default-class": "false"}}}' Make another storage class the default by adding or modifying the annotation as storageclass.kubernetes.io/is-default-class=true . USD oc patch storageclass standard-csi -p '{"metadata": {"annotations": {"storageclass.kubernetes.io/is-default-class": "true"}}}' Verify that the PVC is now referencing the CSI storage class by default: USD oc get storageclass Example output NAME PROVISIONER RECLAIMPOLICY VOLUMEBINDINGMODE ALLOWVOLUMEEXPANSION AGE standard kubernetes.io/cinder Delete WaitForFirstConsumer true 46h standard-csi(default) cinder.csi.openstack.org Delete WaitForFirstConsumer true 46h Optional: You can define a new PVC without having to specify the storage class: apiVersion: v1 kind: PersistentVolumeClaim metadata: name: cinder-claim spec: accessModes: - ReadWriteOnce resources: requests: storage: 1Gi A PVC that does not specify a specific storage class is automatically provisioned by using the default storage class. Optional: After the new file has been configured, create it in your cluster: USD oc create -f cinder-claim.yaml Additional resources Configuring CSI volumes 5.18. OpenStack Manila CSI Driver Operator 5.18.1. Overview OpenShift Container Platform is capable of provisioning persistent volumes (PVs) using the Container Storage Interface (CSI) driver for the OpenStack Manila shared file system service. Familiarity with persistent storage and configuring CSI volumes is recommended when working with a Container Storage Interface (CSI) Operator and driver. To create CSI-provisioned PVs that mount to Manila storage assets, OpenShift Container Platform installs the Manila CSI Driver Operator and the Manila CSI driver by default on any OpenStack cluster that has the Manila service enabled. The Manila CSI Driver Operator creates the required storage class that is needed to create PVCs for all available Manila share types. The Operator is installed in the openshift-cluster-csi-drivers namespace. The Manila CSI driver enables you to create and mount Manila PVs. The driver is installed in the openshift-manila-csi-driver namespace. 5.18.2. About CSI Storage vendors have traditionally provided storage drivers as part of Kubernetes. With the implementation of the Container Storage Interface (CSI), third-party providers can instead deliver storage plugins using a standard interface without ever having to change the core Kubernetes code. CSI Operators give OpenShift Container Platform users storage options, such as volume snapshots, that are not possible with in-tree volume plugins. 5.18.3. Manila CSI Driver Operator limitations The following limitations apply to the Manila Container Storage Interface (CSI) Driver Operator: Only NFS is supported OpenStack Manila supports many network-attached storage protocols, such as NFS, CIFS, and CEPHFS, and these can be selectively enabled in the OpenStack cloud. The Manila CSI Driver Operator in OpenShift Container Platform only supports using the NFS protocol. If NFS is not available and enabled in the underlying OpenStack cloud, you cannot use the Manila CSI Driver Operator to provision storage for OpenShift Container Platform. Snapshots are not supported if the back end is CephFS-NFS To take snapshots of persistent volumes (PVs) and revert volumes to snapshots, you must ensure that the Manila share type that you are using supports these features. A Red Hat OpenStack administrator must enable support for snapshots ( share type extra-spec snapshot_support ) and for creating shares from snapshots ( share type extra-spec create_share_from_snapshot_support ) in the share type associated with the storage class you intend to use. FSGroups are not supported Since Manila CSI provides shared file systems for access by multiple readers and multiple writers, it does not support the use of FSGroups. This is true even for persistent volumes created with the ReadWriteOnce access mode. It is therefore important not to specify the fsType attribute in any storage class that you manually create for use with Manila CSI Driver. Important In Red Hat OpenStack Platform 16.x and 17.x, the Shared File Systems service (Manila) with CephFS through NFS fully supports serving shares to OpenShift Container Platform through the Manila CSI. However, this solution is not intended for massive scale. Be sure to review important recommendations in CephFS NFS Manila-CSI Workload Recommendations for Red Hat OpenStack Platform . 5.18.4. Dynamically provisioning Manila CSI volumes OpenShift Container Platform installs a storage class for each available Manila share type. The YAML files that are created are completely decoupled from Manila and from its Container Storage Interface (CSI) plugin. As an application developer, you can dynamically provision ReadWriteMany (RWX) storage and deploy pods with applications that safely consume the storage using YAML manifests. You can use the same pod and persistent volume claim (PVC) definitions on-premise that you use with OpenShift Container Platform on AWS, GCP, Azure, and other platforms, with the exception of the storage class reference in the PVC definition. Important By default the access-rule assigned to a volume is set to 0.0.0.0/0. To limit the clients that can mount the persistent volume (PV), create a new storage class with an IP or a subnet mask in the nfs-shareClient storage class parameter. Note Manila service is optional. If the service is not enabled in Red Hat OpenStack Platform (RHOSP), the Manila CSI driver is not installed and the storage classes for Manila are not created. Prerequisites RHOSP is deployed with appropriate Manila share infrastructure so that it can be used to dynamically provision and mount volumes in OpenShift Container Platform. Procedure (UI) To dynamically create a Manila CSI volume using the web console: In the OpenShift Container Platform console, click Storage Persistent Volume Claims . In the persistent volume claims overview, click Create Persistent Volume Claim . Define the required options on the resulting page. Select the appropriate storage class. Enter a unique name for the storage claim. Select the access mode to specify read and write access for the PVC you are creating. Important Use RWX if you want the PV that fulfills this PVC to be mounted to multiple pods on multiple nodes in the cluster. Define the size of the storage claim. Click Create to create the PVC and generate a PV. Procedure (CLI) To dynamically create a Manila CSI volume using the command-line interface (CLI): Create and save a file with the PersistentVolumeClaim object described by the following YAML: pvc-manila.yaml apiVersion: v1 kind: PersistentVolumeClaim metadata: name: pvc-manila spec: accessModes: 1 - ReadWriteMany resources: requests: storage: 10Gi storageClassName: csi-manila-gold 2 1 Use RWX if you want the PV that fulfills this PVC to be mounted to multiple pods on multiple nodes in the cluster. 2 The name of the storage class that provisions the storage back end. Manila storage classes are provisioned by the Operator and have the csi-manila- prefix. Create the object you saved in the step by running the following command: USD oc create -f pvc-manila.yaml A new PVC is created. To verify that the volume was created and is ready, run the following command: USD oc get pvc pvc-manila The pvc-manila shows that it is Bound . You can now use the new PVC to configure a pod. Additional resources Configuring CSI volumes 5.19. Secrets Store CSI driver 5.19.1. Overview Kubernetes secrets are stored with Base64 encoding. etcd provides encryption at rest for these secrets, but when secrets are retrieved, they are decrypted and presented to the user. If role-based access control is not configured properly on your cluster, anyone with API or etcd access can retrieve or modify a secret. Additionally, anyone who is authorized to create a pod in a namespace can use that access to read any secret in that namespace. To store and manage your secrets securely, you can configure the OpenShift Container Platform Secrets Store Container Storage Interface (CSI) Driver Operator to mount secrets from an external secret management system, such as Azure Key Vault, by using a provider plugin. Applications can then use the secret, but the secret does not persist on the system after the application pod is destroyed. The Secrets Store CSI Driver Operator, secrets-store.csi.k8s.io , enables OpenShift Container Platform to mount multiple secrets, keys, and certificates stored in enterprise-grade external secrets stores into pods as a volume. The Secrets Store CSI Driver Operator communicates with the provider using gRPC to fetch the mount contents from the specified external secrets store. After the volume is attached, the data in it is mounted into the container's file system. Secrets store volumes are mounted in-line. For more information about CSI inline volumes, see CSI inline ephemeral volumes . Important The Secrets Store CSI Driver Operator is a Technology Preview feature only. Technology Preview features are not supported with Red Hat production service level agreements (SLAs) and might not be functionally complete. Red Hat does not recommend using them in production. These features provide early access to upcoming product features, enabling customers to test functionality and provide feedback during the development process. For more information about the support scope of Red Hat Technology Preview features, see Technology Preview Features Support Scope . Familiarity with persistent storage and configuring CSI volumes is recommended when working with a CSI driver. 5.19.1.1. Secrets store providers The following secrets store providers are available for use with the Secrets Store CSI Driver Operator: AWS Secrets Manager AWS Systems Manager Parameter Store Azure Key Vault HashiCorp Vault 5.19.2. About CSI Storage vendors have traditionally provided storage drivers as part of Kubernetes. With the implementation of the Container Storage Interface (CSI), third-party providers can instead deliver storage plugins using a standard interface without ever having to change the core Kubernetes code. CSI Operators give OpenShift Container Platform users storage options, such as volume snapshots, that are not possible with in-tree volume plugins. 5.19.3. Installing the Secrets Store CSI driver Prerequisites Access to the OpenShift Container Platform web console. Administrator access to the cluster. Procedure To install the Secrets Store CSI driver: Install the Secrets Store CSI Driver Operator: Log in to the web console. Click Operators OperatorHub . Locate the Secrets Store CSI Driver Operator by typing "Secrets Store CSI" in the filter box. Click the Secrets Store CSI Driver Operator button. On the Secrets Store CSI Driver Operator page, click Install . On the Install Operator page, ensure that: All namespaces on the cluster (default) is selected. Installed Namespace is set to openshift-cluster-csi-drivers . Click Install . After the installation finishes, the Secrets Store CSI Driver Operator is listed in the Installed Operators section of the web console. Create the ClusterCSIDriver instance for the driver ( secrets-store.csi.k8s.io ): Click Administration CustomResourceDefinitions ClusterCSIDriver . On the Instances tab, click Create ClusterCSIDriver . Use the following YAML file: apiVersion: operator.openshift.io/v1 kind: ClusterCSIDriver metadata: name: secrets-store.csi.k8s.io spec: managementState: Managed Click Create . steps Mounting secrets from an external secrets store to a CSI volume 5.19.4. Uninstalling the Secrets Store CSI Driver Operator Prerequisites Access to the OpenShift Container Platform web console. Administrator access to the cluster. Procedure To uninstall the Secrets Store CSI Driver Operator: Stop all application pods that use the secrets-store.csi.k8s.io provider. Remove any third-party provider plug-in for your chosen secret store. Remove the Container Storage Interface (CSI) driver and associated manifests: Click Administration CustomResourceDefinitions ClusterCSIDriver . On the Instances tab, for secrets-store.csi.k8s.io , on the far left side, click the drop-down menu, and then click Delete ClusterCSIDriver . When prompted, click Delete . Verify that the CSI driver pods are no longer running. Uninstall the Secrets Store CSI Driver Operator: Note Before you can uninstall the Operator, you must remove the CSI driver first. Click Operators Installed Operators . On the Installed Operators page, scroll or type "Secrets Store CSI" into the Search by name box to find the Operator, and then click it. On the upper, right of the Installed Operators > Operator details page, click Actions Uninstall Operator . When prompted on the Uninstall Operator window, click the Uninstall button to remove the Operator from the namespace. Any applications deployed by the Operator on the cluster need to be cleaned up manually. After uninstalling, the Secrets Store CSI Driver Operator is no longer listed in the Installed Operators section of the web console. 5.19.5. Additional resources Configuring CSI volumes 5.20. CIFS/SMB CSI Driver Operator OpenShift Container Platform is capable of provisioning persistent volumes (PVs) with a Container Storage Interface (CSI) driver for Common Internet File System (CIFS) dialect/Server Message Block (SMB) protocol. Important CIFS/SMB CSI Driver Operator is a Technology Preview feature only. Technology Preview features are not supported with Red Hat production service level agreements (SLAs) and might not be functionally complete. Red Hat does not recommend using them in production. These features provide early access to upcoming product features, enabling customers to test functionality and provide feedback during the development process. For more information about the support scope of Red Hat Technology Preview features, see Technology Preview Features Support Scope . Familiarity with persistent storage and configuring CSI volumes is recommended when working with a CSI Operator and driver. After installing the CIFS/SMB CSI Driver Operator, OpenShift Container Platform installs corresponding pods for the Operator and driver in the openshift-cluster-csi-drivers namespace by default. This allows the CIFS/SMB CSI Driver to create CSI-provisioned persistent volumes (PVs) that mount to CIFS/SMB shares. The CIFS/SMB CSI Driver Operator , after being installed, does not create a storage class by default to use to create persistent volume claims (PVCs). However, you can manually create the CIFS/SMB StorageClass for dynamic provisioning . The CIFS/SMB CSI Driver Operator supports dynamic volume provisioning by allowing storage volumes to be created on-demand. This eliminates the need for cluster administrators to pre-provision storage. The CIFS/SMB CSI driver enables you to create and mount CIFS/SMB PVs. 5.20.1. About CSI Storage vendors have traditionally provided storage drivers as part of Kubernetes. With the implementation of the Container Storage Interface (CSI), third-party providers can instead deliver storage plugins using a standard interface without ever having to change the core Kubernetes code. CSI Operators give OpenShift Container Platform users storage options, such as volume snapshots, that are not possible with in-tree volume plugins. 5.20.2. Limitations The following limitations apply to the Common Internet File System (CIFS)/Server Message Block (SMB) Container Storage Interface (CSI) Driver Operator: FIPS mode is not supported: When Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS) mode is enabled, the use of md4 and md5 are disabled, which prevents users from using ntlm, ntlmv2, or ntlmssp authentication. Also, signing cannot be used because it uses md5. Any CIFS mount that uses these methods fails when FIPS mode is enabled. Using HTTP proxy configuration to connect to outside of the cluster SMB servers is not supported by the CSI driver. Since CIFS/SMB is a LAN protocol, and though it can be routed to subnets, it is not designed to be extended over the WAN, and does not support HTTP proxy settings. 5.20.3. Installing the CIFS/SMB CSI Driver Operator The CIFS/SMB CSI Driver Operator (a Red Hat Operator) is not installed in OpenShift Container Platform by default. Use the following procedure to install and configure the CIFS/SMB CSI Driver Operator in your cluster. Prerequisites Access to the OpenShift Container Platform web console. Procedure To install the CIFS/SMB CSI Driver Operator from the web console: Log in to the web console. Install the CIFS/SMB CSI Operator: Click Operators OperatorHub . Locate the CIFS/SMB CSI Operator by typing CIFS/SMB CSI in the filter box. Click the CIFS/SMB CSI Driver Operator button. On the CIFS/SMB CSI Driver Operator page, click Install . On the Install Operator page, ensure that: All namespaces on the cluster (default) is selected. Installed Namespace is set to openshift-cluster-csi-drivers . Click Install . After the installation finishes, the CIFS/SMB CSI Operator is listed in the Installed Operators section of the web console. 5.20.4. Installing the CIFS/SMB CSI Driver After installing the CIFS/SMB Container Storage Interface (CSI) Driver Operator, install the CIFS/SMB CSI driver. Prerequisites Access to the OpenShift Container Platform web console. CIFS/SMB CSI Driver Operator installed. Procedure Click Administration CustomResourceDefinitions ClusterCSIDriver . On the Instances tab, click Create ClusterCSIDriver . Use the following YAML file: apiVersion: operator.openshift.io/v1 kind: ClusterCSIDriver metadata: name: smb.csi.k8s.io spec: managementState: Managed Click Create . Wait for the following Conditions to change to a "True" status: SambaDriverControllerServiceControllerAvailable SambaDriverNodeServiceControllerAvailable 5.20.5. Dynamic provisioning You can create a storage class for dynamic provisioning of Common Internet File System (CIFS) dialect/Server Message Block (SMB) protocol volumes. Provisioning volumes creates a subdirectory with the persistent volume (PV) name under source defined in the storage class. Prerequisites CIFS/SMB CSI Driver Operator and driver installed. You are logged in to the running OpenShift Container Platform cluster. You have installed the SMB server and know the following information about the server: Hostname Share name Username and password Procedure To set up dynamic provisioning: Create a Secret for access to the Samba server using the following command with the following example YAML file: USD oc create -f <file_name>.yaml Secret example YAML file apiVersion: v1 kind: Secret metadata: name: smbcreds 1 namespace: samba-server 2 stringData: username: <username> 3 password: <password> 4 1 Name of the Secret for the Samba server. 2 Namespace for the Secret for the Samba server. 3 Username for the Secret for the Samba server. 4 Password for the Secret for the Samba server. Create a storage class by running the following command with the following example YAML file: USD oc create -f <sc_file_name>.yaml 1 1 Name of the storage class YAML file. Storage class example YAML file apiVersion: storage.k8s.io/v1 kind: StorageClass metadata: name: <sc_name> 1 provisioner: smb.csi.k8s.io parameters: source: //<hostname>/<shares> 2 csi.storage.k8s.io/provisioner-secret-name: smbcreds 3 csi.storage.k8s.io/provisioner-secret-namespace: samba-server 4 csi.storage.k8s.io/node-stage-secret-name: smbcreds 5 csi.storage.k8s.io/node-stage-secret-namespace: samba-server 6 reclaimPolicy: Delete volumeBindingMode: Immediate mountOptions: - dir_mode=0777 - file_mode=0777 - uid=1001 - gid=1001 1 The name of the storage class. 2 The Samba server must be installed somewhere and reachable from the cluster with <`hostname>` being the hostname for the Samba server and <shares> the path the server is configured to have among the exported shares. 3 5 Name of the Secret for the Samba server that was set in the step. If the csi.storage.k8s.io/provisioner-secret is provided, a subdirectory is created with the PV name under source . 4 6 Namespace for the Secret for the Samba server that was set in the step. Create a PVC: Create a PVC by running the following command with the following example YAML file: USD oc create -f <pv_file_name>.yaml 1 1 The name of the PVC YAML file. Example PVC YAML file kind: PersistentVolumeClaim apiVersion: v1 metadata: name: <pvc_name> 1 spec: accessModes: - ReadWriteMany resources: requests: storage: <storage_amount> 2 storageClassName: <sc_name> 3 1 The name of the PVC. 2 Storage request amount. 3 The name of the CIFS/SMB storage class that you created in the step. Ensure that the PVC was created and is in the "Bound" status by running the following command: USD oc describe pvc <pvc_name> 1 1 The name of the PVC that you created in the preceding step. Example output Name: pvc-test Namespace: default StorageClass: samba Status: Bound 1 ... 1 PVC is in Bound status. 5.20.6. Static provisioning You can use static provisioning to create a persistent volume (PV) and persistent volume claim (PVC) to consume existing Server Message Block protocol (SMB) shares: Prerequisites Access to the OpenShift Container Platform web console. CIFS/SMB CSI Driver Operator and driver installed. You have installed the SMB server and know the following information about the server: Hostname Share name Username and password Procedure To set up static provisioning: Create a Secret for access to the Samba server using the following command with the following example YAML file: USD oc create -f <file_name>.yaml Secret example YAML file apiVersion: v1 kind: Secret metadata: name: smbcreds 1 namespace: samba-server 2 stringData: username: <username> 3 password: <password> 4 1 Name of the Secret for the Samba server. 2 Namespace for the Secret for the Samba server. 3 Username for the Secret for the Samba server. 4 Password for the Secret for the Samba server. Create a PV by running the following command with the following example YAML file: USD oc create -f <pv_file_name>.yaml 1 1 The name of the PV YAML file. Example PV YAML file apiVersion: v1 kind: PersistentVolume metadata: annotations: pv.kubernetes.io/provisioned-by: smb.csi.k8s.io name: <pv_name> 1 spec: capacity: storage: 100Gi accessModes: - ReadWriteMany persistentVolumeReclaimPolicy: Retain storageClassName: "" mountOptions: - dir_mode=0777 - file_mode=0777 csi: driver: smb.csi.k8s.io volumeHandle: smb-server.default.svc.cluster.local/share# 2 volumeAttributes: source: //<hostname>/<shares> 3 nodeStageSecretRef: name: <secret_name_shares> 4 namespace: <namespace> 5 1 The name of the PV. 2 volumeHandle format: {smb-server-address}#{sub-dir-name}#{share-name}. Ensure that this value is unique for every share in the cluster. 3 The Samba server must be installed somewhere and reachable from the cluster with <hostname> being the hostname for the Samba server and <shares> the path the server is configured to have among the exported shares. 4 The name of the Secret for the shares. 5 The applicable namespace. Create a PVC: Create a PVC by running the following command with the following example YAML file: USD oc create -f <pv_file_name>.yaml 1 1 The name of the PVC YAML file. Example PVC YAML file kind: PersistentVolumeClaim apiVersion: v1 metadata: name: <pvc_name> 1 spec: accessModes: - ReadWriteMany resources: requests: storage: <storage_amount> 2 storageClassName: "" volumeName: <pv_name> 3 1 The name of the PVC. 2 Storage request amount. 3 The name of the PV from the first step. Ensure that the PVC was created and is in the "Bound" status by running the following command: USD oc describe pvc <pvc_name> 1 1 The name of the PVC that you created in the preceding step. Example output Name: pvc-test Namespace: default StorageClass: Status: Bound 1 ... 1 PVC is in Bound status. Create a deployment on Linux by running the following command with the following example YAML file: Note The following deployment is not mandatory for using the PV and PVC created in the steps. It is example of how they can be used. USD oc create -f <deployment_file_name>.yaml 1 1 The name of the deployment YAML file. Example deployment YAML file apiVersion: apps/v1 kind: Deployment metadata: labels: app: nginx name: <deployment_name> 1 spec: replicas: 1 selector: matchLabels: app: nginx template: metadata: labels: app: nginx name: <deployment_name> 2 spec: nodeSelector: "kubernetes.io/os": linux containers: - name: <deployment_name> 3 image: quay.io/centos/centos:stream8 command: - "/bin/bash" - "-c" - set -euo pipefail; while true; do echo USD(date) >> <mount_path>/outfile; sleep 1; done 4 volumeMounts: - name: <vol_mount_name> 5 mountPath: <mount_path> 6 readOnly: false volumes: - name: <vol_mount_name> 7 persistentVolumeClaim: claimName: <pvc_name> 8 strategy: rollingUpdate: maxSurge: 0 maxUnavailable: 1 type: RollingUpdate 1 2 3 The name of the deployment. 4 6 The volume mount path. 5 7 The name of the volume mount. 8 The name of the PVC created in the preceding step. Check the setup by running the df -h command in the container: USD oc exec -it <pod_name> -- df -h 1 1 The name of the pod. Example output Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on ... /dev/sda1 97G 21G 77G 22% /etc/hosts //20.43.191.64/share 97G 21G 77G 22% /mnt/smb ... In this example, there is a /mnt/smb directory mounted as a Common Internet File System (CIFS) filesystem. 5.20.7. Additional resources Configuring CSI volumes 5.21. VMware vSphere CSI Driver Operator 5.21.1. Overview OpenShift Container Platform can provision persistent volumes (PVs) using the Container Storage Interface (CSI) VMware vSphere driver for Virtual Machine Disk (VMDK) volumes. Familiarity with persistent storage and configuring CSI volumes is recommended when working with a CSI Operator and driver. To create CSI-provisioned persistent volumes (PVs) that mount to vSphere storage assets, OpenShift Container Platform installs the vSphere CSI Driver Operator and the vSphere CSI driver by default in the openshift-cluster-csi-drivers namespace. vSphere CSI Driver Operator : The Operator provides a storage class, called thin-csi , that you can use to create persistent volumes claims (PVCs). The vSphere CSI Driver Operator supports dynamic volume provisioning by allowing storage volumes to be created on-demand, eliminating the need for cluster administrators to pre-provision storage. You can disable this default storage class if desired (see Managing the default storage class ). vSphere CSI driver : The driver enables you to create and mount vSphere PVs. In OpenShift Container Platform 4.16, the driver version is 3.1.2. The vSphere CSI driver supports all of the file systems supported by the underlying Red Hat Core operating system release, including XFS and Ext4. For more information about supported file systems, see Overview of available file systems . Note For new installations, OpenShift Container Platform 4.13 and later provides automatic migration for the vSphere in-tree volume plugin to its equivalent CSI driver. Updating to OpenShift Container Platform 4.15 and later also provides automatic migration. For more information about updating and migration, see CSI automatic migration . CSI automatic migration should be seamless. Migration does not change how you use all existing API objects, such as persistent volumes, persistent volume claims, and storage classes. 5.21.2. About CSI Storage vendors have traditionally provided storage drivers as part of Kubernetes. With the implementation of the Container Storage Interface (CSI), third-party providers can instead deliver storage plugins using a standard interface without ever having to change the core Kubernetes code. CSI Operators give OpenShift Container Platform users storage options, such as volume snapshots, that are not possible with in-tree volume plugins. 5.21.3. vSphere CSI limitations The following limitations apply to the vSphere Container Storage Interface (CSI) Driver Operator: The vSphere CSI Driver supports dynamic and static provisioning. However, when using static provisioning in the PV specifications, do not use the key storage.kubernetes.io/csiProvisionerIdentity in csi.volumeAttributes because this key indicates dynamically provisioned PVs. Migrating persistent container volumes between datastores using the vSphere client interface is not supported with OpenShift Container Platform. 5.21.4. vSphere storage policy The vSphere CSI Driver Operator storage class uses vSphere's storage policy. OpenShift Container Platform automatically creates a storage policy that targets datastore configured in cloud configuration: kind: StorageClass apiVersion: storage.k8s.io/v1 metadata: name: thin-csi provisioner: csi.vsphere.vmware.com parameters: StoragePolicyName: "USDopenshift-storage-policy-xxxx" volumeBindingMode: WaitForFirstConsumer allowVolumeExpansion: false reclaimPolicy: Delete 5.21.5. ReadWriteMany vSphere volume support If the underlying vSphere environment supports the vSAN file service, then vSphere Container Storage Interface (CSI) Driver Operator installed by OpenShift Container Platform supports provisioning of ReadWriteMany (RWX) volumes. If vSAN file service is not configured, then ReadWriteOnce (RWO) is the only access mode available. If you do not have vSAN file service configured, and you request RWX, the volume fails to get created and an error is logged. For more information about configuring the vSAN file service in your environment, see vSAN File Service . You can request RWX volumes by making the following persistent volume claim (PVC): kind: PersistentVolumeClaim apiVersion: v1 metadata: name: myclaim spec: resources: requests: storage: 1Gi accessModes: - ReadWriteMany storageClassName: thin-csi Requesting a PVC of the RWX volume type should result in provisioning of persistent volumes (PVs) backed by the vSAN file service. 5.21.6. VMware vSphere CSI Driver Operator requirements To install the vSphere Container Storage Interface (CSI) Driver Operator, the following requirements must be met: VMware vSphere version: 7.0 Update 2 or later, or VMware Cloud Foundation 4.3 or later; 8.0 Update 1 or later, or VMware Cloud Foundation 5.0 or later vCenter version: 7.0 Update 2 or later, or VMware Cloud Foundation 4.3 or later; 8.0 Update 1 or later, or VMware Cloud Foundation 5.0 or later Virtual machines of hardware version 15 or later No third-party vSphere CSI driver already installed in the cluster If a third-party vSphere CSI driver is present in the cluster, OpenShift Container Platform does not overwrite it. The presence of a third-party vSphere CSI driver prevents OpenShift Container Platform from updating to OpenShift Container Platform 4.13 or later. Note The VMware vSphere CSI Driver Operator is supported only on clusters deployed with platform: vsphere in the installation manifest. You can create a custom role for the Container Storage Interface (CSI) driver, the vSphere CSI Driver Operator, and the vSphere Problem Detector Operator. The custom role can include privilege sets that assign a minimum set of permissions to each vSphere object. This means that the CSI driver, the vSphere CSI Driver Operator, and the vSphere Problem Detector Operator can establish a basic interaction with these objects. Important Installing an OpenShift Container Platform cluster in a vCenter is tested against a full list of privileges as described in the "Required vCenter account privileges" section. By adhering to the full list of privileges, you can reduce the possibility of unexpected and unsupported behaviors that might occur when creating a custom role with a set of restricted privileges. To remove a third-party CSI driver, see Removing a third-party vSphere CSI Driver . 5.21.7. Removing a third-party vSphere CSI Driver Operator OpenShift Container Platform 4.10, and later, includes a built-in version of the vSphere Container Storage Interface (CSI) Operator Driver that is supported by Red Hat. If you have installed a vSphere CSI driver provided by the community or another vendor, updates to the major version of OpenShift Container Platform, such as 4.13, or later, might be disabled for your cluster. OpenShift Container Platform 4.12, and later, clusters are still fully supported, and updates to z-stream releases of 4.12, such as 4.12.z, are not blocked, but you must correct this state by removing the third-party vSphere CSI Driver before updates to major version of OpenShift Container Platform can occur. Removing the third-party vSphere CSI driver does not require deletion of associated persistent volume (PV) objects, and no data loss should occur. Note These instructions may not be complete, so consult the vendor or community provider uninstall guide to ensure removal of the driver and components. To uninstall the third-party vSphere CSI Driver: Delete the third-party vSphere CSI Driver (VMware vSphere Container Storage Plugin) Deployment and Daemonset objects. Delete the configmap and secret objects that were installed previously with the third-party vSphere CSI Driver. Delete the third-party vSphere CSI driver CSIDriver object: ~ USD oc delete CSIDriver csi.vsphere.vmware.com csidriver.storage.k8s.io "csi.vsphere.vmware.com" deleted After you have removed the third-party vSphere CSI Driver from the OpenShift Container Platform cluster, installation of Red Hat's vSphere CSI Driver Operator automatically resumes, and any conditions that could block upgrades to OpenShift Container Platform 4.11, or later, are automatically removed. If you had existing vSphere CSI PV objects, their lifecycle is now managed by Red Hat's vSphere CSI Driver Operator. 5.21.8. vSphere persistent disks encryption You can encrypt virtual machines (VMs) and dynamically provisioned persistent volumes (PVs) on OpenShift Container Platform running on top of vSphere. Note OpenShift Container Platform does not support RWX-encrypted PVs. You cannot request RWX PVs out of a storage class that uses an encrypted storage policy. You must encrypt VMs before you can encrypt PVs, which you can do during or after installation. For information about encrypting VMs, see: Requirements for encrypting virtual machines During installation: Step 7 of Installing RHCOS and starting the OpenShift Container Platform bootstrap process Enabling encryption on a vSphere cluster After encrypting VMs, you can configure a storage class that supports dynamic encryption volume provisioning using the vSphere Container Storage Interface (CSI) driver. This can be accomplished in one of two ways using: Datastore URL : This approach is not very flexible, and forces you to use a single datastore. It also does not support topology-aware provisioning. Tag-based placement : Encrypts the provisioned volumes and uses tag-based placement to target specific datastores. 5.21.8.1. Using datastore URL Procedure To encrypt using the datastore URL: Find out the name of the default storage policy in your datastore that supports encryption. This is same policy that was used for encrypting your VMs. Create a storage class that uses this storage policy: kind: StorageClass apiVersion: storage.k8s.io/v1 metadata: name: encryption provisioner: csi.vsphere.vmware.com parameters: storagePolicyName: <storage-policy-name> 1 datastoreurl: "ds:///vmfs/volumes/vsan:522e875627d-b090c96b526bb79c/" 1 Name of default storage policy in your datastore that supports encryption 5.21.8.2. Using tag-based placement Procedure To encrypt using tag-based placement: In vCenter create a category for tagging datastores that will be made available to this storage class. Also, ensure that StoragePod(Datastore clusters) , Datastore , and Folder are selected as Associable Entities for the created category. In vCenter, create a tag that uses the category created earlier. Assign the previously created tag to each datastore that will be made available to the storage class. Make sure that datastores are shared with hosts participating in the OpenShift Container Platform cluster. In vCenter, from the main menu, click Policies and Profiles . On the Policies and Profiles page, in the navigation pane, click VM Storage Policies . Click CREATE . Type a name for the storage policy. Select Enable host based rules and Enable tag based placement rules . In the tab: Select Encryption and Default Encryption Properties . Select the tag category created earlier, and select tag selected. Verify that the policy is selecting matching datastores. Create the storage policy. Create a storage class that uses the storage policy: kind: StorageClass apiVersion: storage.k8s.io/v1 metadata: name: csi-encrypted provisioner: csi.vsphere.vmware.com reclaimPolicy: Delete volumeBindingMode: WaitForFirstConsumer parameters: storagePolicyName: <storage-policy-name> 1 1 Name of the storage policy that you created for encryption 5.21.9. vSphere CSI topology overview OpenShift Container Platform provides the ability to deploy OpenShift Container Platform for vSphere on different zones and regions, which allows you to deploy over multiple compute clusters and data centers, thus helping to avoid a single point of failure. This is accomplished by defining zone and region categories in vCenter, and then assigning these categories to different failure domains, such as a compute cluster, by creating tags for these zone and region categories. After you have created the appropriate categories, and assigned tags to vCenter objects, you can create additional machinesets that create virtual machines (VMs) that are responsible for scheduling pods in those failure domains. The following example defines two failure domains with one region and two zones: Table 5.6. vSphere storage topology with one region and two zones Compute cluster Failure domain Description Compute cluster: ocp1, Data center: Atlanta openshift-region: us-east-1 (tag), openshift-zone: us-east-1a (tag) This defines a failure domain in region us-east-1 with zone us-east-1a. Computer cluster: ocp2, Data center: Atlanta openshift-region: us-east-1 (tag), openshift-zone: us-east-1b (tag) This defines a different failure domain within the same region called us-east-1b. 5.21.9.1. vSphere CSI topology requirements The following guidelines are recommended for vSphere CSI topology: You are strongly recommended to add topology tags to data centers and compute clusters, and not to hosts. vsphere-problem-detector provides alerts if the openshift-region or openshift-zone tags are not defined at the data center or compute cluster level, and each topology tag ( openshift-region or openshift-zone ) should occur only once in the hierarchy. Note Ignoring this recommendation only results in a log warning from the CSI driver and duplicate tags lower in the hierarchy, such as hosts, are ignored; VMware considers this an invalid configuration, and therefore to prevent problems you should not use it. Volume provisioning requests in topology-aware environments attempt to create volumes in datastores accessible to all hosts under a given topology segment. This includes hosts that do not have Kubernetes node VMs running on them. For example, if the vSphere Container Storage Plug-in driver receives a request to provision a volume in zone-a , applied on the data center dc-1 , all hosts under dc-1 must have access to the datastore selected for volume provisioning. The hosts include those that are directly under dc-1 , and those that are a part of clusters inside dc-1 . For additional recommendations, you should read the VMware Guidelines and Best Practices for Deployment with Topology section. 5.21.9.2. Creating vSphere storage topology during installation 5.21.9.2.1. Procedure Specify the topology during installation. See the Configuring regions and zones for a VMware vCenter section. No additional action is necessary and the default storage class that is created by OpenShift Container Platform is topology aware and should allow provisioning of volumes in different failure domains. Additional resources Configuring regions and zones for a VMware vCenter 5.21.9.3. Creating vSphere storage topology postinstallation 5.21.9.3.1. Procedure In the VMware vCenter vSphere client GUI, define appropriate zone and region catagories and tags. While vSphere allows you to create categories with any arbitrary name, OpenShift Container Platform strongly recommends use of openshift-region and openshift-zone names for defining topology categories. For more information about vSphere categories and tags, see the VMware vSphere documentation. In OpenShift Container Platform, create failure domains. See the Specifying multiple regions and zones for your cluster on vSphere section. Create a tag to assign to datastores across failure domains: When an OpenShift Container Platform spans more than one failure domain, the datastore might not be shared across those failure domains, which is where topology-aware provisioning of persistent volumes (PVs) is useful. In vCenter, create a category for tagging the datastores. For example, openshift-zonal-datastore-cat . You can use any other category name, provided the category uniquely is used for tagging datastores participating in OpenShift Container Platform cluster. Also, ensure that StoragePod , Datastore , and Folder are selected as Associable Entities for the created category. In vCenter, create a tag that uses the previously created category. This example uses the tag name openshift-zonal-datastore . Assign the previously created tag (in this example openshift-zonal-datastore ) to each datastore in a failure domain that would be considered for dynamic provisioning. Note You can use any names you like for datastore categories and tags. The names used in this example are provided as recommendations. Ensure that the tags and categories that you define uniquely identify only datastores that are shared with all hosts in the OpenShift Container Platform cluster. As needed, create a storage policy that targets the tag-based datastores in each failure domain: In vCenter, from the main menu, click Policies and Profiles . On the Policies and Profiles page, in the navigation pane, click VM Storage Policies . Click CREATE . Type a name for the storage policy. For the rules, choose Tag Placement rules and select the tag and category that targets the desired datastores (in this example, the openshift-zonal-datastore tag). The datastores are listed in the storage compatibility table. Create a new storage class that uses the new zoned storage policy: Click Storage > StorageClasses . On the StorageClasses page, click Create StorageClass . Type a name for the new storage class in Name . Under Provisioner , select csi.vsphere.vmware.com . Under Additional parameters , for the StoragePolicyName parameter, set Value to the name of the new zoned storage policy that you created earlier. Click Create . Example output kind: StorageClass apiVersion: storage.k8s.io/v1 metadata: name: zoned-sc 1 provisioner: csi.vsphere.vmware.com parameters: StoragePolicyName: zoned-storage-policy 2 reclaimPolicy: Delete allowVolumeExpansion: true volumeBindingMode: WaitForFirstConsumer 1 New topology aware storage class name. 2 Specify zoned storage policy. Note You can also create the storage class by editing the preceding YAML file and running the command oc create -f USDFILE . Additional resources Specifying multiple regions and zones for your cluster on vSphere VMware vSphere tag documentation 5.21.9.4. Creating vSphere storage topology without an infra topology Note OpenShift Container Platform recommends using the infrastructure object for specifying failure domains in a topology aware setup. Specifying failure domains in the infrastructure object and specify topology-categories in the ClusterCSIDriver object at the same time is an unsupported operation. 5.21.9.4.1. Procedure In the VMware vCenter vSphere client GUI, define appropriate zone and region catagories and tags. While vSphere allows you to create categories with any arbitrary name, OpenShift Container Platform strongly recommends use of openshift-region and openshift-zone names for defining topology. For more information about vSphere categories and tags, see the VMware vSphere documentation. To allow the container storage interface (CSI) driver to detect this topology, edit the clusterCSIDriver object YAML file driverConfig section: Specify the openshift-zone and openshift-region categories that you created earlier. Set driverType to vSphere . ~ USD oc edit clustercsidriver csi.vsphere.vmware.com -o yaml Example output apiVersion: operator.openshift.io/v1 kind: ClusterCSIDriver metadata: name: csi.vsphere.vmware.com spec: logLevel: Normal managementState: Managed observedConfig: null operatorLogLevel: Normal unsupportedConfigOverrides: null driverConfig: driverType: vSphere 1 vSphere: topologyCategories: 2 - openshift-zone - openshift-region 1 Ensure that driverType is set to vSphere . 2 openshift-zone and openshift-region categories created earlier in vCenter. Verify that CSINode object has topology keys by running the following commands: ~ USD oc get csinode Example output NAME DRIVERS AGE co8-4s88d-infra-2m5vd 1 27m co8-4s88d-master-0 1 70m co8-4s88d-master-1 1 70m co8-4s88d-master-2 1 70m co8-4s88d-worker-j2hmg 1 47m co8-4s88d-worker-mbb46 1 47m co8-4s88d-worker-zlk7d 1 47m ~ USD oc get csinode co8-4s88d-worker-j2hmg -o yaml Example output ... spec: drivers: - allocatable: count: 59 name: csi-vsphere.vmware.com nodeID: co8-4s88d-worker-j2hmg topologyKeys: 1 - topology.csi.vmware.com/openshift-zone - topology.csi.vmware.com/openshift-region 1 Topology keys from vSphere openshift-zone and openshift-region catagories. Note CSINode objects might take some time to receive updated topology information. After the driver is updated, CSINode objects should have topology keys in them. Create a tag to assign to datastores across failure domains: When an OpenShift Container Platform spans more than one failure domain, the datastore might not be shared across those failure domains, which is where topology-aware provisioning of persistent volumes (PVs) is useful. In vCenter, create a category for tagging the datastores. For example, openshift-zonal-datastore-cat . You can use any other category name, provided the category uniquely is used for tagging datastores participating in OpenShift Container Platform cluster. Also, ensure that StoragePod , Datastore , and Folder are selected as Associable Entities for the created category. In vCenter, create a tag that uses the previously created category. This example uses the tag name openshift-zonal-datastore . Assign the previously created tag (in this example openshift-zonal-datastore ) to each datastore in a failure domain that would be considered for dynamic provisioning. Note You can use any names you like for categories and tags. The names used in this example are provided as recommendations. Ensure that the tags and categories that you define uniquely identify only datastores that are shared with all hosts in the OpenShift Container Platform cluster. Create a storage policy that targets the tag-based datastores in each failure domain: In vCenter, from the main menu, click Policies and Profiles . On the Policies and Profiles page, in the navigation pane, click VM Storage Policies . Click CREATE . Type a name for the storage policy. For the rules, choose Tag Placement rules and select the tag and category that targets the desired datastores (in this example, the openshift-zonal-datastore tag). The datastores are listed in the storage compatibility table. Create a new storage class that uses the new zoned storage policy: Click Storage > StorageClasses . On the StorageClasses page, click Create StorageClass . Type a name for the new storage class in Name . Under Provisioner , select csi.vsphere.vmware.com . Under Additional parameters , for the StoragePolicyName parameter, set Value to the name of the new zoned storage policy that you created earlier. Click Create . Example output kind: StorageClass apiVersion: storage.k8s.io/v1 metadata: name: zoned-sc 1 provisioner: csi.vsphere.vmware.com parameters: StoragePolicyName: zoned-storage-policy 2 reclaimPolicy: Delete allowVolumeExpansion: true volumeBindingMode: WaitForFirstConsumer 1 New topology aware storage class name. 2 Specify zoned storage policy. Note You can also create the storage class by editing the preceding YAML file and running the command oc create -f USDFILE . Additional resources VMware vSphere tag documentation 5.21.9.5. Results Creating persistent volume claims (PVCs) and PVs from the topology aware storage class are truly zonal, and should use the datastore in their respective zone depending on how pods are scheduled: ~ USD oc get pv <pv-name> -o yaml Example output ... nodeAffinity: required: nodeSelectorTerms: - matchExpressions: - key: topology.csi.vmware.com/openshift-zone 1 operator: In values: - <openshift-zone> -key: topology.csi.vmware.com/openshift-region 2 operator: In values: - <openshift-region> ... peristentVolumeclaimPolicy: Delete storageClassName: <zoned-storage-class-name> 3 volumeMode: Filesystem ... 1 2 PV has zoned keys. 3 PV is using the zoned storage class. 5.21.10. Changing the maximum number of snapshots for vSphere The default maximum number of snapshots per volume in vSphere Container Storage Interface (CSI) is 3. You can change the maximum number up to 32 per volume. However, be aware that increasing the snapshot maximum involves a performance trade off, so for better performance use only 2 to 3 snapshots per volume. For more VMware snapshot performance recommendations, see Additional resources . Prerequisites Access to the cluster with administrator rights. Procedure Check the current config map by the running the following command: USD oc -n openshift-cluster-csi-drivers get cm/vsphere-csi-config -o yaml Example output apiVersion: v1 data: cloud.conf: |+ # Labels with topology values are added dynamically via operator [Global] cluster-id = vsphere-01-cwv8p [VirtualCenter "vcenter.openshift.com"] insecure-flag = true datacenters = DEVQEdatacenter migration-datastore-url = ds:///vmfs/volumes/vsan:527320283a8c3163-2faa6dc5949a3a28/ kind: ConfigMap metadata: creationTimestamp: "2024-03-06T09:46:40Z" name: vsphere-csi-config namespace: openshift-cluster-csi-drivers resourceVersion: "126687" In this example, the global maximum number of snapshots is not configured, so the default value of 3 is applied. Change the snapshot limit by running the following command: Set global snapshot limit: USD oc patch clustercsidriver/csi.vsphere.vmware.com --type=merge -p '{"spec":{"driverConfig":{"vSphere":{"globalMaxSnapshotsPerBlockVolume": 10}}}}' clustercsidriver.operator.openshift.io/csi.vsphere.vmware.com patched In this example, the global limit is being changed to 10 ( globalMaxSnapshotsPerBlockVolume set to 10). Set Virtual Volume snapshot limit: This parameter sets the limit on the Virtual Volumes datastore only. The Virtual Volume maximum snapshot limit overrides the global constraint if set, but defaults to the global limit if it is not set. USD oc patch clustercsidriver/csi.vsphere.vmware.com --type=merge -p '{"spec":{"driverConfig":{"vSphere":{"granularMaxSnapshotsPerBlockVolumeInVVOL": 5}}}}' clustercsidriver.operator.openshift.io/csi.vsphere.vmware.com patched In this example, the Virtual Volume limit is being changed to 5 ( granularMaxSnapshotsPerBlockVolumeInVVOL set to 5). Set vSAN snapshot limit: This parameter sets the limit on the vSAN datastore only. The vSAN maximum snapshot limit overrides the global constraint if set, but defaults to the global limit if it is not set. You can set a maximum value of 32 under vSAN ESA setup. USD oc patch clustercsidriver/csi.vsphere.vmware.com --type=merge -p '{"spec":{"driverConfig":{"vSphere":{"granularMaxSnapshotsPerBlockVolumeInVSAN": 7}}}}' clustercsidriver.operator.openshift.io/csi.vsphere.vmware.com patched In this example, the vSAN limit is being changed to 7 ( granularMaxSnapshotsPerBlockVolumeInVSAN set to 7). Verification Verify that any changes you made are reflected in the config map by running the following command: USD oc -n openshift-cluster-csi-drivers get cm/vsphere-csi-config -o yaml Example output apiVersion: v1 data: cloud.conf: |+ # Labels with topology values are added dynamically via operator [Global] cluster-id = vsphere-01-cwv8p [VirtualCenter "vcenter.openshift.com"] insecure-flag = true datacenters = DEVQEdatacenter migration-datastore-url = ds:///vmfs/volumes/vsan:527320283a8c3163-2faa6dc5949a3a28/ [Snapshot] global-max-snapshots-per-block-volume = 10 1 kind: ConfigMap metadata: creationTimestamp: "2024-03-06T09:46:40Z" name: vsphere-csi-config namespace: openshift-cluster-csi-drivers resourceVersion: "127118" uid: f6968303-81d8-4048-99c1-d8211363d0fa 1 global-max-snapshots-per-block-volume is now set to 10. 5.21.11. Additional resources Configuring CSI volumes Best practices for using VMware snapshots in the vSphere environment

Commands:
oc create -f - << EOF apiVersion: storage.k8s.io/v1 kind: StorageClass metadata: name: <storage-class> 1 annotations: storageclass.kubernetes.io/is-default-class: "true" provisioner: <provisioner-name> 2 parameters: EOF
oc new-app mysql-persistent
--> Deploying template "openshift/mysql-persistent" to project default
oc get pvc
NAME STATUS VOLUME CAPACITY ACCESS MODES STORAGECLASS AGE mysql Bound kubernetes-dynamic-pv-3271ffcb4e1811e8 1Gi RWO cinder 3s
kind: CSIDriver metadata: name: csi.mydriver.company.org labels: security.openshift.io/csi-ephemeral-volume-profile: restricted 1
kind: Pod apiVersion: v1 metadata: name: my-csi-app spec: containers: - name: my-frontend image: busybox volumeMounts: - mountPath: "/data" name: my-csi-inline-vol command: [ "sleep", "1000000" ] volumes: 1 - name: my-csi-inline-vol csi: driver: inline.storage.kubernetes.io volumeAttributes: foo: bar
oc create -f my-csi-app.yaml
oc apply -f - <<EOF apiVersion: sharedresource.openshift.io/v1alpha1 kind: SharedSecret metadata: name: my-share spec: secretRef: name: <name of secret> namespace: <namespace of secret> EOF
oc apply -f - <<EOF apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1 kind: Role metadata: name: shared-resource-my-share namespace: my-namespace rules: - apiGroups: - sharedresource.openshift.io resources: - sharedsecrets resourceNames: - my-share verbs: - use EOF
oc create rolebinding shared-resource-my-share --role=shared-resource-my-share --serviceaccount=my-namespace:builder
oc apply -f - <<EOF kind: Pod apiVersion: v1 metadata: name: my-app namespace: my-namespace spec: serviceAccountName: default containers omitted .... Follow standard use of 'volumeMounts' for referencing your shared resource volume volumes: - name: my-csi-volume csi: readOnly: true driver: csi.sharedresource.openshift.io volumeAttributes: sharedSecret: my-share EOF
oc apply -f - <<EOF apiVersion: sharedresource.openshift.io/v1alpha1 kind: SharedConfigMap metadata: name: my-share spec: configMapRef: name: <name of configmap> namespace: <namespace of configmap> EOF
oc apply -f - <<EOF apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1 kind: Role metadata: name: shared-resource-my-share namespace: my-namespace rules: - apiGroups: - sharedresource.openshift.io resources: - sharedconfigmaps resourceNames: - my-share verbs: - use EOF
create rolebinding shared-resource-my-share --role=shared-resource-my-share --serviceaccount=my-namespace:builder
oc apply -f - <<EOF kind: Pod apiVersion: v1 metadata: name: my-app namespace: my-namespace spec: serviceAccountName: default containers omitted .... Follow standard use of 'volumeMounts' for referencing your shared resource volume volumes: - name: my-csi-volume csi: readOnly: true driver: csi.sharedresource.openshift.io volumeAttributes: sharedConfigMap: my-share EOF
apiVersion: snapshot.storage.k8s.io/v1 kind: VolumeSnapshotClass metadata: name: csi-hostpath-snap driver: hostpath.csi.k8s.io 1 deletionPolicy: Delete
oc create -f volumesnapshotclass.yaml
apiVersion: snapshot.storage.k8s.io/v1 kind: VolumeSnapshot metadata: name: mysnap spec: volumeSnapshotClassName: csi-hostpath-snap 1 source: persistentVolumeClaimName: myclaim 2
oc create -f volumesnapshot-dynamic.yaml
apiVersion: snapshot.storage.k8s.io/v1 kind: VolumeSnapshot metadata: name: snapshot-demo spec: source: volumeSnapshotContentName: mycontent 1
oc create -f volumesnapshot-manual.yaml
oc describe volumesnapshot mysnap
apiVersion: snapshot.storage.k8s.io/v1 kind: VolumeSnapshot metadata: name: mysnap spec: source: persistentVolumeClaimName: myclaim volumeSnapshotClassName: csi-hostpath-snap status: boundVolumeSnapshotContentName: snapcontent-1af4989e-a365-4286-96f8-d5dcd65d78d6 1 creationTime: "2020-01-29T12:24:30Z" 2 readyToUse: true 3 restoreSize: 500Mi
oc get volumesnapshotcontent
apiVersion: snapshot.storage.k8s.io/v1 kind: VolumeSnapshotClass metadata: name: csi-hostpath-snap driver: hostpath.csi.k8s.io deletionPolicy: Delete 1
oc delete volumesnapshot <volumesnapshot_name>
volumesnapshot.snapshot.storage.k8s.io "mysnapshot" deleted
oc delete volumesnapshotcontent <volumesnapshotcontent_name>
oc patch -n USDPROJECT volumesnapshot/USDNAME --type=merge -p '{"metadata": {"finalizers":null}}'
volumesnapshotclass.snapshot.storage.k8s.io "csi-ocs-rbd-snapclass" deleted
apiVersion: v1 kind: PersistentVolumeClaim metadata: name: myclaim-restore spec: storageClassName: csi-hostpath-sc dataSource: name: mysnap 1 kind: VolumeSnapshot 2 apiGroup: snapshot.storage.k8s.io 3 accessModes: - ReadWriteOnce resources: requests: storage: 1Gi
oc create -f pvc-restore.yaml
oc get pvc
oc -n openshift-cluster-csi-drivers get cm/vsphere-csi-config -o yaml
apiVersion: v1 data: cloud.conf: |+ # Labels with topology values are added dynamically via operator [Global] cluster-id = vsphere-01-cwv8p [VirtualCenter "vcenter.openshift.com"] insecure-flag = true datacenters = DEVQEdatacenter migration-datastore-url = ds:///vmfs/volumes/vsan:527320283a8c3163-2faa6dc5949a3a28/ kind: ConfigMap metadata: creationTimestamp: "2024-03-06T09:46:40Z" name: vsphere-csi-config namespace: openshift-cluster-csi-drivers resourceVersion: "126687"
oc patch clustercsidriver/csi.vsphere.vmware.com --type=merge -p '{"spec":{"driverConfig":{"vSphere":{"globalMaxSnapshotsPerBlockVolume": 10}}}}' clustercsidriver.operator.openshift.io/csi.vsphere.vmware.com patched
oc patch clustercsidriver/csi.vsphere.vmware.com --type=merge -p '{"spec":{"driverConfig":{"vSphere":{"granularMaxSnapshotsPerBlockVolumeInVVOL": 5}}}}' clustercsidriver.operator.openshift.io/csi.vsphere.vmware.com patched
oc patch clustercsidriver/csi.vsphere.vmware.com --type=merge -p '{"spec":{"driverConfig":{"vSphere":{"granularMaxSnapshotsPerBlockVolumeInVSAN": 7}}}}' clustercsidriver.operator.openshift.io/csi.vsphere.vmware.com patched
oc -n openshift-cluster-csi-drivers get cm/vsphere-csi-config -o yaml
apiVersion: v1 data: cloud.conf: |+ # Labels with topology values are added dynamically via operator [Global] cluster-id = vsphere-01-cwv8p [VirtualCenter "vcenter.openshift.com"] insecure-flag = true datacenters = DEVQEdatacenter migration-datastore-url = ds:///vmfs/volumes/vsan:527320283a8c3163-2faa6dc5949a3a28/ [Snapshot] global-max-snapshots-per-block-volume = 10 1 kind: ConfigMap metadata: creationTimestamp: "2024-03-06T09:46:40Z" name: vsphere-csi-config namespace: openshift-cluster-csi-drivers resourceVersion: "127118" uid: f6968303-81d8-4048-99c1-d8211363d0fa
apiVersion: v1 kind: PersistentVolumeClaim metadata: name: pvc-1-clone namespace: mynamespace spec: storageClassName: csi-cloning 1 accessModes: - ReadWriteOnce resources: requests: storage: 5Gi dataSource: kind: PersistentVolumeClaim name: pvc-1
oc create -f pvc-clone.yaml
oc get pvc pvc-1-clone
kind: Pod apiVersion: v1 metadata: name: mypod spec: containers: - name: myfrontend image: dockerfile/nginx volumeMounts: - mountPath: "/var/www/html" name: mypd volumes: - name: mypd persistentVolumeClaim: claimName: pvc-1-clone 1
spec: driverConfig: driverType: '' logLevel: Normal managementState: Managed observedConfig: null operatorLogLevel: Normal storageClassState: Unmanaged 1
patch clustercsidriver USDDRIVERNAME --type=merge -p "{\"spec\":{\"storageClassState\":\"USD{STATE}\"}}" 1
oc get storageclass
NAME TYPE gp3 (default) kubernetes.io/aws-ebs 1 standard kubernetes.io/aws-ebs
oc patch storageclass standard -p '{"metadata": {"annotations": {"storageclass.kubernetes.io/is-default-class": "true"}}}'
oc patch storageclass gp3 -p '{"metadata": {"annotations": {"storageclass.kubernetes.io/is-default-class": "false"}}}'
oc get storageclass
NAME TYPE gp3 kubernetes.io/aws-ebs standard (default) kubernetes.io/aws-ebs
apiVersion: cloudcredential.openshift.io/v1 kind: CredentialsRequest metadata: name: openshift-aws-efs-csi-driver namespace: openshift-cloud-credential-operator spec: providerSpec: apiVersion: cloudcredential.openshift.io/v1 kind: AWSProviderSpec statementEntries: - action: - elasticfilesystem:* effect: Allow resource: '*' secretRef: name: aws-efs-cloud-credentials namespace: openshift-cluster-csi-drivers serviceAccountNames: - aws-efs-csi-driver-operator - aws-efs-csi-driver-controller-sa
ccoctl aws create-iam-roles --name=<name> --region=<aws_region> --credentials-requests-dir=<path_to_directory_with_list_of_credentials_requests>/credrequests --identity-provider-arn=arn:aws:iam::<aws_account_id>:oidc-provider/<name>-oidc.s3.<aws_region>.amazonaws.com
ccoctl aws create-iam-roles --name my-aws-efs --credentials-requests-dir credrequests --identity-provider-arn arn:aws:iam::123456789012:oidc-provider/my-aws-efs-oidc.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com
2022/03/21 06:24:44 Role arn:aws:iam::123456789012:role/my-aws-efs -openshift-cluster-csi-drivers-aws-efs-cloud- created 2022/03/21 06:24:44 Saved credentials configuration to: /manifests/openshift-cluster-csi-drivers-aws-efs-cloud-credentials-credentials.yaml 2022/03/21 06:24:45 Updated Role policy for Role my-aws-efs-openshift-cluster-csi-drivers-aws-efs-cloud-
apiVersion: operator.openshift.io/v1 kind: ClusterCSIDriver metadata: name: efs.csi.aws.com spec: managementState: Managed
kind: StorageClass apiVersion: storage.k8s.io/v1 metadata: name: efs-sc provisioner: efs.csi.aws.com parameters: provisioningMode: efs-ap 1 fileSystemId: fs-a5324911 2 directoryPerms: "700" 3 gidRangeStart: "1000" 4 gidRangeEnd: "2000" 5 basePath: "/dynamic_provisioning" 6
Trust relationships trusted entity trusted account A configuration on my-efs-acrossaccount-role in account B { "Version": "2012-10-17", "Statement": [ { "Effect": "Allow", "Principal": { "AWS": "arn:aws:iam::301721915996:root" }, "Action": "sts:AssumeRole", "Condition": {} } ] } my-cross-account-assume-policy policy attached to my-efs-acrossaccount-role in account B { "Version": "2012-10-17", "Statement": { "Effect": "Allow", "Action": "sts:AssumeRole", "Resource": "arn:aws:iam::589722580343:role/my-efs-acrossaccount-role" } } my-efs-acrossaccount-driver-policy attached to my-efs-acrossaccount-role in account B { "Version": "2012-10-17", "Statement": [ { "Sid": "VisualEditor0", "Effect": "Allow", "Action": [ "ec2:DescribeNetworkInterfaces", "ec2:DescribeSubnets" ], "Resource": "*" }, { "Sid": "VisualEditor1", "Effect": "Allow", "Action": [ "elasticfilesystem:DescribeMountTargets", "elasticfilesystem:DeleteAccessPoint", "elasticfilesystem:ClientMount", "elasticfilesystem:DescribeAccessPoints", "elasticfilesystem:ClientWrite", "elasticfilesystem:ClientRootAccess", "elasticfilesystem:DescribeFileSystems", "elasticfilesystem:CreateAccessPoint" ], "Resource": [ "arn:aws:elasticfilesystem:*:589722580343:access-point/*", "arn:aws:elasticfilesystem:*:589722580343:file-system/*" ] } ] }
my-cross-account-assume-policy policy attached to Openshift cluster efs csi driver user in account A { "Version": "2012-10-17", "Statement": { "Effect": "Allow", "Action": "sts:AssumeRole", "Resource": "arn:aws:iam::589722580343:role/my-efs-acrossaccount-role" } }
oc -n openshift-cluster-csi-drivers create secret generic my-efs-cross-account --from-literal=awsRoleArn='arn:aws:iam::589722580343:role/my-efs-acrossaccount-role'
oc -n openshift-cluster-csi-drivers create role access-secrets --verb=get,list,watch --resource=secrets oc -n openshift-cluster-csi-drivers create rolebinding --role=access-secrets default-to-secrets --serviceaccount=openshift-cluster-csi-drivers:aws-efs-csi-driver-controller-sa
This step is not mandatory, but can be safer for AWS EFS volume usage.
EFS volume filesystem policy in account B { "Version": "2012-10-17", "Id": "efs-policy-wizard-8089bf4a-9787-40f0-958e-bc2363012ace", "Statement": [ { "Sid": "efs-statement-bd285549-cfa2-4f8b-861e-c372399fd238", "Effect": "Allow", "Principal": { "AWS": "*" }, "Action": [ "elasticfilesystem:ClientRootAccess", "elasticfilesystem:ClientWrite", "elasticfilesystem:ClientMount" ], "Resource": "arn:aws:elasticfilesystem:us-east-2:589722580343:file-system/fs-091066a9bf9becbd5", "Condition": { "Bool": { "elasticfilesystem:AccessedViaMountTarget": "true" } } }, { "Sid": "efs-statement-03646e39-d80f-4daf-b396-281be1e43bab", "Effect": "Allow", "Principal": { "AWS": "arn:aws:iam::589722580343:role/my-efs-acrossaccount-role" }, "Action": [ "elasticfilesystem:ClientRootAccess", "elasticfilesystem:ClientWrite", "elasticfilesystem:ClientMount" ], "Resource": "arn:aws:elasticfilesystem:us-east-2:589722580343:file-system/fs-091066a9bf9becbd5" } ] }
The cross account efs volume storageClass kind: StorageClass apiVersion: storage.k8s.io/v1 metadata: name: efs-cross-account-mount-sc provisioner: efs.csi.aws.com mountOptions: - tls parameters: provisioningMode: efs-ap fileSystemId: fs-00f6c3ae6f06388bb directoryPerms: "700" gidRangeStart: "1000" gidRangeEnd: "2000" basePath: "/account-a-data" csi.storage.k8s.io/provisioner-secret-name: my-efs-cross-account csi.storage.k8s.io/provisioner-secret-namespace: openshift-cluster-csi-drivers volumeBindingMode: Immediate
apiVersion: v1 kind: PersistentVolumeClaim metadata: name: test spec: storageClassName: efs-sc accessModes: - ReadWriteMany resources: requests: storage: 5Gi
apiVersion: v1 kind: PersistentVolume metadata: name: efs-pv spec: capacity: 1 storage: 5Gi volumeMode: Filesystem accessModes: - ReadWriteMany - ReadWriteOnce persistentVolumeReclaimPolicy: Retain csi: driver: efs.csi.aws.com volumeHandle: fs-ae66151a 2 volumeAttributes: encryptInTransit: "false" 3
oc adm must-gather [must-gather ] OUT Using must-gather plugin-in image: quay.io/openshift-release-dev/ocp-v4.0-art-dev@sha256:125f183d13601537ff15b3239df95d47f0a604da2847b561151fedd699f5e3a5 [must-gather ] OUT namespace/openshift-must-gather-xm4wq created [must-gather ] OUT clusterrolebinding.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/must-gather-2bd8x created [must-gather ] OUT pod for plug-in image quay.io/openshift-release-dev/ocp-v4.0-art-dev@sha256:125f183d13601537ff15b3239df95d47f0a604da2847b561151fedd699f5e3a5 created
oc get clustercsidriver efs.csi.aws.com -o yaml
oc describe pod Type Reason Age From Message ---- ------ ---- ---- ------- Normal Scheduled 2m13s default-scheduler Successfully assigned default/efs-app to ip-10-0-135-94.ec2.internal Warning FailedMount 13s kubelet MountVolume.SetUp failed for volume "pvc-d7c097e6-67ec-4fae-b968-7e7056796449" : rpc error: code = DeadlineExceeded desc = context deadline exceeded 1 Warning FailedMount 10s kubelet Unable to attach or mount volumes: unmounted volumes=[persistent-storage], unattached volumes=[persistent-storage kube-api-access-9j477]: timed out waiting for the condition
oc create -f - << EOF apiVersion: storage.k8s.io/v1 kind: StorageClass metadata: name: <storage-class> 1 provisioner: disk.csi.azure.com parameters: skuName: <storage-class-account-type> 2 reclaimPolicy: Delete volumeBindingMode: WaitForFirstConsumer allowVolumeExpansion: true EOF
oc get storageclass
oc get storageclass NAME PROVISIONER RECLAIMPOLICY VOLUMEBINDINGMODE ALLOWVOLUMEEXPANSION AGE azurefile-csi file.csi.azure.com Delete Immediate true 68m managed-csi (default) disk.csi.azure.com Delete WaitForFirstConsumer true 68m sc-prem-zrs disk.csi.azure.com Delete WaitForFirstConsumer true 4m25s 1
oc edit machineset <machine-set-name>
apiVersion: machine.openshift.io/v1beta1 kind: MachineSet spec: template: spec: metadata: labels: disk: ultrassd 1 providerSpec: value: ultraSSDCapability: Enabled 2
oc create -f <machine-set-name>.yaml
apiVersion: storage.k8s.io/v1 kind: StorageClass metadata: name: ultra-disk-sc 1 parameters: cachingMode: None diskIopsReadWrite: "2000" 2 diskMbpsReadWrite: "320" 3 kind: managed skuname: UltraSSD_LRS provisioner: disk.csi.azure.com 4 reclaimPolicy: Delete volumeBindingMode: WaitForFirstConsumer 5
apiVersion: v1 kind: PersistentVolumeClaim metadata: name: ultra-disk 1 spec: accessModes: - ReadWriteOnce storageClassName: ultra-disk-sc 2 resources: requests: storage: 4Gi 3
apiVersion: v1 kind: Pod metadata: name: nginx-ultra spec: nodeSelector: disk: ultrassd 1 containers: - name: nginx-ultra image: alpine:latest command: - "sleep" - "infinity" volumeMounts: - mountPath: "/mnt/azure" name: volume volumes: - name: volume persistentVolumeClaim: claimName: ultra-disk 2
oc get machines
oc debug node/<node-name> -- chroot /host lsblk
apiVersion: v1 kind: Pod metadata: name: ssd-benchmark1 spec: containers: - name: ssd-benchmark1 image: nginx ports: - containerPort: 80 name: "http-server" volumeMounts: - name: lun0p1 mountPath: "/tmp" volumes: - name: lun0p1 hostPath: path: /var/lib/lun0p1 type: DirectoryOrCreate nodeSelector: disktype: ultrassd
StorageAccountType UltraSSD_LRS can be used only when additionalCapabilities.ultraSSDEnabled is set.
oc -n <stuck_pod_namespace> describe pod <stuck_pod_name>
apiVersion: storage.k8s.io/v1 kind: StorageClass metadata: name: <storage-class-name> 1 provisioner: file.csi.azure.com 2 parameters: protocol: nfs 3 skuName: Premium_LRS # available values: Premium_LRS, Premium_ZRS mountOptions: - nconnect=4
apiVersion: storage.k8s.io/v1 kind: StorageClass metadata: name: csi-gce-pd-cmek provisioner: pd.csi.storage.gke.io volumeBindingMode: "WaitForFirstConsumer" allowVolumeExpansion: true parameters: type: pd-standard disk-encryption-kms-key: projects/<key-project-id>/locations/<location>/keyRings/<key-ring>/cryptoKeys/<key> 1
oc describe storageclass csi-gce-pd-cmek
Name: csi-gce-pd-cmek IsDefaultClass: No Annotations: None Provisioner: pd.csi.storage.gke.io Parameters: disk-encryption-kms-key=projects/key-project-id/locations/location/keyRings/ring-name/cryptoKeys/key-name,type=pd-standard AllowVolumeExpansion: true MountOptions: none ReclaimPolicy: Delete VolumeBindingMode: WaitForFirstConsumer Events: none
kind: PersistentVolumeClaim apiVersion: v1 metadata: name: podpvc spec: accessModes: - ReadWriteOnce storageClassName: csi-gce-pd-cmek resources: requests: storage: 6Gi
oc apply -f pvc.yaml
oc get pvc
NAME STATUS VOLUME CAPACITY ACCESS MODES STORAGECLASS AGE podpvc Bound pvc-e36abf50-84f3-11e8-8538-42010a800002 10Gi RWO csi-gce-pd-cmek 9s
gcloud services enable file.googleapis.com --project <my_gce_project> 1
apiVersion: operator.openshift.io/v1 kind: ClusterCSIDriver metadata: name: filestore.csi.storage.gke.io spec: managementState: Managed
kind: StorageClass apiVersion: storage.k8s.io/v1 metadata: name: filestore-csi provisioner: filestore.csi.storage.gke.io parameters: connect-mode: DIRECT_PEERING 1 network: network-name 2 allowVolumeExpansion: true volumeBindingMode: WaitForFirstConsumer
oc -n openshift-machine-api get machinesets -o yaml | grep "network:" - network: gcp-filestore-network (...)
oc get pvc -o json -A | jq -r '.items[] | select(.spec.storageClassName == "filestore-csi")
oc delete <pvc-name> 1
oc get storageclass
NAME PROVISIONER RECLAIMPOLICY VOLUMEBINDINGMODE ALLOWVOLUMEEXPANSION AGE standard(default) cinder.csi.openstack.org Delete WaitForFirstConsumer true 46h standard-csi kubernetes.io/cinder Delete WaitForFirstConsumer true 46h
oc patch storageclass standard -p '{"metadata": {"annotations": {"storageclass.kubernetes.io/is-default-class": "false"}}}'
oc patch storageclass standard-csi -p '{"metadata": {"annotations": {"storageclass.kubernetes.io/is-default-class": "true"}}}'
oc get storageclass
NAME PROVISIONER RECLAIMPOLICY VOLUMEBINDINGMODE ALLOWVOLUMEEXPANSION AGE standard kubernetes.io/cinder Delete WaitForFirstConsumer true 46h standard-csi(default) cinder.csi.openstack.org Delete WaitForFirstConsumer true 46h
apiVersion: v1 kind: PersistentVolumeClaim metadata: name: cinder-claim spec: accessModes: - ReadWriteOnce resources: requests: storage: 1Gi
oc create -f cinder-claim.yaml
apiVersion: v1 kind: PersistentVolumeClaim metadata: name: pvc-manila spec: accessModes: 1 - ReadWriteMany resources: requests: storage: 10Gi storageClassName: csi-manila-gold 2
oc create -f pvc-manila.yaml
oc get pvc pvc-manila
apiVersion: operator.openshift.io/v1 kind: ClusterCSIDriver metadata: name: secrets-store.csi.k8s.io spec: managementState: Managed
apiVersion: operator.openshift.io/v1 kind: ClusterCSIDriver metadata: name: smb.csi.k8s.io spec: managementState: Managed
oc create -f <file_name>.yaml
apiVersion: v1 kind: Secret metadata: name: smbcreds 1 namespace: samba-server 2 stringData: username: <username> 3 password: <password> 4
oc create -f <sc_file_name>.yaml 1
apiVersion: storage.k8s.io/v1 kind: StorageClass metadata: name: <sc_name> 1 provisioner: smb.csi.k8s.io parameters: source: //<hostname>/<shares> 2 csi.storage.k8s.io/provisioner-secret-name: smbcreds 3 csi.storage.k8s.io/provisioner-secret-namespace: samba-server 4 csi.storage.k8s.io/node-stage-secret-name: smbcreds 5 csi.storage.k8s.io/node-stage-secret-namespace: samba-server 6 reclaimPolicy: Delete volumeBindingMode: Immediate mountOptions: - dir_mode=0777 - file_mode=0777 - uid=1001 - gid=1001
oc create -f <pv_file_name>.yaml 1
kind: PersistentVolumeClaim apiVersion: v1 metadata: name: <pvc_name> 1 spec: accessModes: - ReadWriteMany resources: requests: storage: <storage_amount> 2 storageClassName: <sc_name> 3
oc describe pvc <pvc_name> 1
Name: pvc-test Namespace: default StorageClass: samba Status: Bound 1
oc create -f <file_name>.yaml
apiVersion: v1 kind: Secret metadata: name: smbcreds 1 namespace: samba-server 2 stringData: username: <username> 3 password: <password> 4
oc create -f <pv_file_name>.yaml 1
apiVersion: v1 kind: PersistentVolume metadata: annotations: pv.kubernetes.io/provisioned-by: smb.csi.k8s.io name: <pv_name> 1 spec: capacity: storage: 100Gi accessModes: - ReadWriteMany persistentVolumeReclaimPolicy: Retain storageClassName: "" mountOptions: - dir_mode=0777 - file_mode=0777 csi: driver: smb.csi.k8s.io volumeHandle: smb-server.default.svc.cluster.local/share# 2 volumeAttributes: source: //<hostname>/<shares> 3 nodeStageSecretRef: name: <secret_name_shares> 4 namespace: <namespace> 5
oc create -f <pv_file_name>.yaml 1
kind: PersistentVolumeClaim apiVersion: v1 metadata: name: <pvc_name> 1 spec: accessModes: - ReadWriteMany resources: requests: storage: <storage_amount> 2 storageClassName: "" volumeName: <pv_name> 3
oc describe pvc <pvc_name> 1
Name: pvc-test Namespace: default StorageClass: Status: Bound 1
oc create -f <deployment_file_name>.yaml 1
apiVersion: apps/v1 kind: Deployment metadata: labels: app: nginx name: <deployment_name> 1 spec: replicas: 1 selector: matchLabels: app: nginx template: metadata: labels: app: nginx name: <deployment_name> 2 spec: nodeSelector: "kubernetes.io/os": linux containers: - name: <deployment_name> 3 image: quay.io/centos/centos:stream8 command: - "/bin/bash" - "-c" - set -euo pipefail; while true; do echo USD(date) >> <mount_path>/outfile; sleep 1; done 4 volumeMounts: - name: <vol_mount_name> 5 mountPath: <mount_path> 6 readOnly: false volumes: - name: <vol_mount_name> 7 persistentVolumeClaim: claimName: <pvc_name> 8 strategy: rollingUpdate: maxSurge: 0 maxUnavailable: 1 type: RollingUpdate
oc exec -it <pod_name> -- df -h 1
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/sda1 97G 21G 77G 22% /etc/hosts //20.43.191.64/share 97G 21G 77G 22% /mnt/smb
kind: StorageClass apiVersion: storage.k8s.io/v1 metadata: name: thin-csi provisioner: csi.vsphere.vmware.com parameters: StoragePolicyName: "USDopenshift-storage-policy-xxxx" volumeBindingMode: WaitForFirstConsumer allowVolumeExpansion: false reclaimPolicy: Delete
kind: PersistentVolumeClaim apiVersion: v1 metadata: name: myclaim spec: resources: requests: storage: 1Gi accessModes: - ReadWriteMany storageClassName: thin-csi
~ USD oc delete CSIDriver csi.vsphere.vmware.com
csidriver.storage.k8s.io "csi.vsphere.vmware.com" deleted
kind: StorageClass apiVersion: storage.k8s.io/v1 metadata: name: encryption provisioner: csi.vsphere.vmware.com parameters: storagePolicyName: <storage-policy-name> 1 datastoreurl: "ds:///vmfs/volumes/vsan:522e875627d-b090c96b526bb79c/"
kind: StorageClass apiVersion: storage.k8s.io/v1 metadata: name: csi-encrypted provisioner: csi.vsphere.vmware.com reclaimPolicy: Delete volumeBindingMode: WaitForFirstConsumer parameters: storagePolicyName: <storage-policy-name> 1
kind: StorageClass apiVersion: storage.k8s.io/v1 metadata: name: zoned-sc 1 provisioner: csi.vsphere.vmware.com parameters: StoragePolicyName: zoned-storage-policy 2 reclaimPolicy: Delete allowVolumeExpansion: true volumeBindingMode: WaitForFirstConsumer
~ USD oc edit clustercsidriver csi.vsphere.vmware.com -o yaml
apiVersion: operator.openshift.io/v1 kind: ClusterCSIDriver metadata: name: csi.vsphere.vmware.com spec: logLevel: Normal managementState: Managed observedConfig: null operatorLogLevel: Normal unsupportedConfigOverrides: null driverConfig: driverType: vSphere 1 vSphere: topologyCategories: 2 - openshift-zone - openshift-region
~ USD oc get csinode
NAME DRIVERS AGE co8-4s88d-infra-2m5vd 1 27m co8-4s88d-master-0 1 70m co8-4s88d-master-1 1 70m co8-4s88d-master-2 1 70m co8-4s88d-worker-j2hmg 1 47m co8-4s88d-worker-mbb46 1 47m co8-4s88d-worker-zlk7d 1 47m
~ USD oc get csinode co8-4s88d-worker-j2hmg -o yaml
spec: drivers: - allocatable: count: 59 name: csi-vsphere.vmware.com nodeID: co8-4s88d-worker-j2hmg topologyKeys: 1 - topology.csi.vmware.com/openshift-zone - topology.csi.vmware.com/openshift-region
kind: StorageClass apiVersion: storage.k8s.io/v1 metadata: name: zoned-sc 1 provisioner: csi.vsphere.vmware.com parameters: StoragePolicyName: zoned-storage-policy 2 reclaimPolicy: Delete allowVolumeExpansion: true volumeBindingMode: WaitForFirstConsumer
~ USD oc get pv <pv-name> -o yaml
nodeAffinity: required: nodeSelectorTerms: - matchExpressions: - key: topology.csi.vmware.com/openshift-zone 1 operator: In values: - <openshift-zone> -key: topology.csi.vmware.com/openshift-region 2 operator: In values: - <openshift-region> peristentVolumeclaimPolicy: Delete storageClassName: <zoned-storage-class-name> 3 volumeMode: Filesystem
oc -n openshift-cluster-csi-drivers get cm/vsphere-csi-config -o yaml
apiVersion: v1 data: cloud.conf: |+ # Labels with topology values are added dynamically via operator [Global] cluster-id = vsphere-01-cwv8p [VirtualCenter "vcenter.openshift.com"] insecure-flag = true datacenters = DEVQEdatacenter migration-datastore-url = ds:///vmfs/volumes/vsan:527320283a8c3163-2faa6dc5949a3a28/ kind: ConfigMap metadata: creationTimestamp: "2024-03-06T09:46:40Z" name: vsphere-csi-config namespace: openshift-cluster-csi-drivers resourceVersion: "126687"
oc patch clustercsidriver/csi.vsphere.vmware.com --type=merge -p '{"spec":{"driverConfig":{"vSphere":{"globalMaxSnapshotsPerBlockVolume": 10}}}}' clustercsidriver.operator.openshift.io/csi.vsphere.vmware.com patched
oc patch clustercsidriver/csi.vsphere.vmware.com --type=merge -p '{"spec":{"driverConfig":{"vSphere":{"granularMaxSnapshotsPerBlockVolumeInVVOL": 5}}}}' clustercsidriver.operator.openshift.io/csi.vsphere.vmware.com patched
oc patch clustercsidriver/csi.vsphere.vmware.com --type=merge -p '{"spec":{"driverConfig":{"vSphere":{"granularMaxSnapshotsPerBlockVolumeInVSAN": 7}}}}' clustercsidriver.operator.openshift.io/csi.vsphere.vmware.com patched
oc -n openshift-cluster-csi-drivers get cm/vsphere-csi-config -o yaml
apiVersion: v1 data: cloud.conf: |+ # Labels with topology values are added dynamically via operator [Global] cluster-id = vsphere-01-cwv8p [VirtualCenter "vcenter.openshift.com"] insecure-flag = true datacenters = DEVQEdatacenter migration-datastore-url = ds:///vmfs/volumes/vsan:527320283a8c3163-2faa6dc5949a3a28/ [Snapshot] global-max-snapshots-per-block-volume = 10 1 kind: ConfigMap metadata: creationTimestamp: "2024-03-06T09:46:40Z" name: vsphere-csi-config namespace: openshift-cluster-csi-drivers resourceVersion: "127118" uid: f6968303-81d8-4048-99c1-d8211363d0fa