Falsafa
Falsafa (kutoka Kigiriki φιλοσοφία filosofia = pendo la hekima) ni jaribio la kuelewa na kueleza ulimwengu kwa kutumia akili inayofuata hoja za mantiki.
Falsafa huchunguza mambo kama kuweko na kutokuweko, ukweli, ujuzi, uzuri, mema na mabaya, lugha, haki na mengine yoyote.
Tofauti na dini, imani au itikadi, njia ya falsafa ni mantiki inayoeleza hatua zake ikiwa tayari kuchungulia upya kila hatua iliyochukua. Kwa hiyo falsafa ni njia ya kuuliza maswali na kutafuta majibu.
Katika lugha ya kila siku neno "falsafa" mara nyingi linachukuliwa kutaja jumla ya mafundisho au imani ya mtu au kundi la watu, kwa mfano "falsafa ya chama fulani", "falsafa ya maisha yangu" na kadhalika. Lakini kwa jumla fikra hizo hazistahili kuitwa "falsafa". Ila tu kuna makundi ya wanafalsafa wanaopendelea mielekeo tofauti na kuhusu haya inawezekana kutumia neno "falsafa ya fulani" kwa kutaja matokeo ya kazi yao.
Falsafa jinsi inavyoendeshwa kwenye vyuo vikuu huwa na matawi kadhaa kama vile:
mantiki kama elimu ya kutafakari na mfululizo wa dhana maadili ni elimu ya kutenda mema metafizikia ni elimu ya vyanzo vya kuwepo, uhai na maarifa epistemolojia ni elimu ya ufahamu na mipaka ya yale tunayoweza kujua
Kuna mbinu nyingi za falsafa zilizoendelea kulingana na mazingira ya utamaduni ambako wanafalsafa waliishi. Mara nyingi falsafa imeendelea karibu na dini, ndani ya dini au kwa mchanganyiko na dini mbalimbali.
Lakini falsafa inachunguza pia matamko ya dini na kuuliza maswali juu ya maana ya matamko haya.
Wanafalsafa muhimu wa Asia walikuwa Konfutse na Lao Tze katika China na Buddha katika Uhindi.
Chanzo cha falsafa katika Ulaya kilitokea katika ustaarabu wa Ugiriki ya Kale. Wanafalsafa wa huko waliweka misingi mingi kwa dunia ya baadaye pamoja na misingi ya sayansi ya sasa. Kati ya majina mashuhuri ni Plato na Aristoteli.
Pythagoras Sokrates Plato Aristoteles Epikur Galenos
Agostino wa Hippo Severini Boesyo Thomas Aquinas Bonaventura wa Bagnoregio Niccolo Machiavelli Thomas Hobbes René Descartes John Locke Baruch Spinoza Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz George Berkeley David Hume Immanuel Kant Jean-Jacques Rousseau Auguste Comte Georg Wilhelm Frederich Hegel Arthur Schopenhauer Mary Wollstonecraft Friedrich Engels John Stuart Mill Søren Kierkegaard Karl Marx Friedrich Nietzsche Jacques Maritain
Bertrand Russell Ludwig Wittgenstein Jean-Paul Sartre Simone de Beauvoir Ayn Rand Karl Popper Willard Van Orman Quine Eugene T. Gendlin Noam Chomsky Rudy Garns
Konfutse (Confucius) Lao Tze Siddharta Gautama (Buddha) Acharya Madhwa (Madhavacharya) Ibn Sina (Avicenna) Al-Ghazali Zhu Xi
Jamii:Wanafalsafa nchi kwa nchi
A. Mihanjo, Falsafa na Usanifu wa Hoja, Salvatorianum, Morogoro A. Mihanjo, Falsafa na Ufunuo wa Maarifa, Salvatorianum, Morogoro
Vyanzo (google books)
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– a comprehensive directory of online philosophical articles and books by academic philosophers at Curlie An introduction to philosophy (in unsimple english)