Elementi za kikemia
Elementi ya Kikemia ni dutu yenye tabia maalumu isiyotenganishwa kuwa dutu tofauti kwa mbinu za Kemia. Elementi tupu ina aina moja ya atomi tu ndani yake.
Kwa mfano maji ni dutu na ndani yake kuna atomi za haidrojeni na za oksijeni. Atomi hizi zinashikana kama molekyuli. Kwa kuongeza nishati inawezekana kutenganisha haidrojeni na oksijeni kuwa dutu mbili tofauti. Kila moja peke yake haina kitu kingine ndani yake kumbe ni elementi.
Inawezekana kupasua hata atomi lakini hii si kazi ya kemia bali ni fizikia.
Kwa jumla kuna elementi 116 zinazojulikana katika Kemia zimo katika jedwali la elementi linaloitwa pia "mfumo radidia".
Kati ya hizi 116 ni 90 zinazopatikana kiasili. Nyingine zinatengenezwa katika maabara na hazidumu sana. Hizi elementi sintetiki zinakaa muda fupi za sekunde lakini nyingine zinakaa miaka.
Kila elementi ina alama yake ya kikemia jinsi inavyoonekana katika jedwali la elementi.
Elementi zinatokea kwa hali maada tofauti. Duniani kuna hali za mango, kiowevu na gesi. Penye joto kali kama katika jua kuna pia hali ya utegili (plasma). Mara nyingi elementi zinapatikana katika hali ya kampaundi yaani zikiunganishwa na elementi nyingine.
Orodha hii inaorodhesha elementi za kikemia katika mfumo radidia kufuatana na herufi za alfabeti.
Orodha hii inaorodhesha elementi za kikemia katika mfumo radidia kufuatana na herufi za alfabeti.
Jina la Elementi)Kiingereza (IUPAC)AlamaNamba atomiaUzani atomia [u]Densiti [kg/m³] (20°C)Kiwango cha kuyeyuka (°C)Kiwango cha kuchemka (°C)Iligunduliwa mwakaKutambuliwa naAktiniactiniumAc89227,0310070104731971899DebierneAluminialuminiumAl1326,982700660,524671825ØrstedAmerikiamericiumAm95243,061367099426071944SeaborgStibiantimonySb51121,756690630,71750zamani(?)ArigoniargonAr1839,941,66 -189,4 −189,4 -185,9 −185,91894Ramsay, StruttAsenikiarsenicAs3374,925720613 2)6132)11. Jhd.Albertus MagnusAstatiniastatineAt85209,993023371940SegrèBaribariumBa56137,33365072516401808DavyBerkeliberkeliumBk97247,07132509861949SeaborgBeriliberylliumBe49,011850127829701797VauquelinBismuthibismuthBi83208,989800271,415601540AgricolaBoribohriumBh107262,121976OganessianBoroniboriumB510,812460230025501808Davy, Gay-LussacBromibromineBr 3579,903140 -007,3−7,358,81826BalardKadimicadmiumCd48112,4186403217651817Stromeyer und HermannSizicesiumCs55132,91190028,46901860Kirchhoff, BunsenKalisicalciumCa2040,078154083914871808DavyKalifonicaliforniumCf98251,08151009001950SeaborgSericeriumCe58140,11677079832571803von Hisinger, BerzeliusKlorinichlorineCl1735,452,95 -101−101 -034,6 −34,61774ScheeleKromichromiumCr2452,007140185724821797VauquelinKobalticobaltCo2758,9338890149528701735BrandtKuricuriumCm96247,0713510134031101944SeaborgDarmstatidarmstadtiumDs1102691994GSIDubnidubniumDb105262,111967/70GhiorsoDisprosiDisprosiDy66162,58560140923351886Lecoq de BoisbaudranEinsteinieinsteiniumEs99252,088601952SeaborgFeri (chuma) (chuma)ironFe2655,85787015352750zamani(?)ErbierbiumEr68167,269050152225101842MosanderEuropieuropiumEu63151,96525082215971901DemarçayFermifermiumFm100257,101952SeaborgFloriniflourineF919,001,58 -219,6−219,6 -188,1 −188,11886MoissanFransifranciumFr87223,02276771939PereyGadolinigaboliniumGd64157,257890131132331880de MarignacGaligalliumGa3169,72591029,824031875Lecoq de BoisbaudranGermanigermaniumGe3272,615320937,428301886WinklerAuri (dhahabu)goldAu79196,97193201064,42940zamani(?)HafniHf72178,4913310215054001923Coster, de HevesyHassiHs108265,001984GSIHeliHe24,000,170 -272,2−272,2 -268,9 −268,91895Ramsay, CrookesHolmi ?holmiumHo67164,938780147027201878SoretHidrojenihydrogenH11,010,084 -259,1 −259,1 -252,9 −252,91766CavendishIndiindiumIn49114,827310156,220801863Reich, RichterIodiniiodineI53126,904940113,5184,41811CourtoisIridiiridiumIr77192,2222560241041301803TennantKalipotassiumK1939,09886063,77741807DavyKabonicarbonC612,011351035504827zamani(?)KriptonikryptonKr3683,803,48 -156,6−156,6 -152,3−152,31898Ramsay, TraversKupricopperCu2963,5589201083,52595zamani(?)LanthaniLa57138,90616092034541839MosanderLawirensilawrenciumLr103260,1016271961GhiorsoLithiLi36,94530180,513171817ArfwedsonLutetiLu71175,009840165633151907von Welsbach, UrbainMagnesiMg1224,301740648,811071828BussyManganisiMn2554,907440124420971774GahnMaitnirimeitneriumMt1092661982GSIMendelevimedeleviumMd101258,11955SeaborgMolibdenimolybdenumMo4295,9410280261755601778ScheeleNatrisodiumNa1122,9997097,88921807DavyNeodimineodynNd60144,247000101031271895von WelsbachNeonineonNe1020,180,84 -248,7 −248,7 -246,1 −246,11898Ramsay TraversNeptunineptuniumNp93237,052048064039021940McMillan AbelsonNikelinickelNi2858,698910145327321751CronstedtNiobiniobiumNb4192,918580246849271801HatchetNitrojeninitrogenN714,011,170 -209,9 −209,9 -195,8 −195,81771ScheeleNobelinobeliumNo102259,101958SeaborgOsmiosmiumOs76190,222590304550271803TennantPaladipalladiumPd46106,4212020155231401803WollastonPlumbileadPb82207,211340327,51740zamani(?)PosforiphosphorusP1530,971820442801669BrandPlatiniplatiniumPt78195,0821450177238271557ScaligerPlutoniplutoniumPu94244,061974064133271940SeaborgPolonipoloniumPo84208,9892002549621898Marie CuriePraseodimipraseodymiumPr59140,91648093132121895von WelsbachPromethipromethiumPm61146,927220108027301945MarinskyProtaktiniprotactiniumPa91231,0415370155440301917Fajans Hahn, MeitnerHidrajirimercuryHg80200,5913550 -038,9 −38,9356,6zamani(?)Radi (elementi)radiumRa88226,03550070011401898Marie und Pierre CurieRadoniradonRn86222,029,23 -071 −71 -061,8 −61,81900DornRenirheniumRe75186,2121030318056271925Noddack, Tacke, BergRodirhodiumRh45102,9112410196637271803WollastonRentgeniRg1112721994GSIRubidiRb3785,451530396881861Bunsen, KirchhoffRutheniRu44101,0712450231039001844ClausRutherfordiRf104261,111964/69GhiorsoSamariSm62150,367540107217781879Lecoq de BoisbaudranOksijenioxygenO816,001,33 -218,4 −218,4 -182,9 −182,91774Priestley, ScheeleSkandiscandiumSc2144,962990153928321879NilsonSulfurisulfurS1632,072060113444,7zamani(?)SiborgiseaborgiumSg106263,121974OganessianSeleniSe3478,9648202176851817BerzeliusAgentisilverAg47107,8710490961,92212zamani(?)SilikonisiliconSi1428,092330141023551824BerzeliusStanitinSn50118,7172902322270zamani(?)StrontistrontiumSr3887,62263076913841798KlaprothTantalitantalumTa73180,9516680299654251802EkebergTekinetitechnetiumTc4398,9111490217250301937SegrèTelurotelluriumTe52127,66250449,69901782von ReichensteinTaribiterbiumTb65158,938250136030411843MosanderTalithalliumTl81204,3811850303,614571861CrookesThorithoriumTh90232,0411720175047871829BerzeliusThulithuliumTm69168,939320154517271879CleveTitanititaniumTi2247,884510166032601791Gregor, KlaprothUnunbiununbiumUub1122771996GSIUnunheksiununhexiumUuh1162892000JINRUnunoktiununoctiumUuo1182932006JINRUnunpentiununpentiumUup1152882006JINRUnunkadiununquadiumUuq1142891999JINRUnuntriununtriumUut1132872006JINRUraniuraniumU92238,03189701132,438181789KlaprothVanadivanadiumV2350,946090189033801801del RíoWolframitungstenW74183,8519260340759271783Fausto und Juan de ElhuyarYitebiytterbiumYb70173,04697082411931878de MarignacYitriyttriumY3988,914470152333371794GadolinZinkizincZn3065,397140419,6907zamani(?)ZenonixenonXe54131,294,49 -111,9 −111,9 -107,0 −1071898Ramsay, TraversZirikonizirconiumZr4091,226510185243771789Klaproth