Olduvai Gorge
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Bonde la Oltupai (maarufu kwa Kiingereza kama Olduvai Gorge) ni eneo la kiakiolojia linalopatikana katika mkoa wa Arusha nchini Tanzania ambalo ni kati ya yale muhimu zaidi duniani.
Bonde hilo lipo katika hifadhi ya Ngorongoro na karibu na ile ya Serengeti, ni mahali ambapo zamadamu, viumbe wa kale waliokaribiana na mwili wa binadamu, waliishi tangu miaka milioni 2 hivi iliyopita.
Kwa kuwa watu wanadhaniwa kutokana nao, eneo hilo pengine limeitwa kwa Kiingereza Cradle of Mankind, kitovu cha binadamu, ambao wameishi katika eneo hilo kwa walau miaka 17,000 mfululizo.
Katika eneo hili mwanaakiolojia Mary Leakey ndipo alipogundua fuvu la kichwa la kiumbe wa kale wa jamii hiyo.
Pamoja na mabaki ya mifupa ya tembo, kongoo wenye pembe kubwa na mbuni, tarehe 17 Julai 1959 aligundua mabaki ya fuvu la kichwa la Paranthropus boisei (pamoja na mumewe alimuita kwanza Zinjanthropus) ambalo lipo katika makumbusho ya Dar es Salaam. Huyo anadhaniwa kuwa mtangulizi wa binadamu wa sasa.
Karibu na Olduvai Gorge, 45 km. kusini kwake, kuna eneo la Laetoli ambapo mwaka 1972 huyohuyo Mary Leakey aligundua nyayo za kale (miaka milioni 3.7 iliyopita) za zamadamu waliotembea kwa miguu miwili.
Mtu wa kwanza alitoka wapi
Cole, Sonia (1975) Leakey’s Luck. Harcourt Brace Jovanvich, New York. Deocampo, Daniel M. (2004) "Authigenic clays in East Africa: Regional trends and paleolimnology at the Plio-Pleistocene boundary, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania." Journal of Paleolimnology, vol. 31, p. 1-9. Deocampo, Daniel M., Blumenschine, R.J., and Ashley, G.M. (2002). "Freshwater wetland diagenesis and traces of early hominids in the lowermost Bed II (~1.8 myr) playa lake-margin at Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania." Quaternary Research, vol. 57, p. 271-281. Hay, Richard L. (1976) "Geology of the Olduvai Gorge." University of California Press, 203 pp. Joanne Christine Tactikos (2006) A landscape perspective on the Oldowan from Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. ISBN 0-542-15698-9. Leakey, L.S.B. (1974) By the evidence: Memoirs 1932-1951. Harcourt Brace Jovanavich, New York, ISBN 0-15-149454-1. Leakey, M.D. (1971) Olduvai Gorge: Excavations in beds I & II 1960 – 1963. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Leakey, M.D. (1984) Disclosing the past. Doubleday & Co., New York, ISBN 0-385-18961-3.
Jamii:Historia ya Tanzania Jamii:Akiolojia Jamii:Mkoa wa Arusha