Hak LGBT di Eropa
Hak lesbian, gay, biseksual, transgender (LGBT) di Eropa bervariasi menurut negara. Lima dari tujuh negara yang telah melegalisir pernikahan sesama jenis terletak di Eropa. Meskipun pernah terjadi penganiayaan terhadap kaum lesbian dan gay dari masa Kekaisaran Romawi hingga abad ke-20, kaum gay lebih diterima di Eropa dibanding di benua lainnya.
Main article: LGBT rights in the European Union
LGBT rights in:Same-sex sexual activityRecognition of same-sex unionsSame-sex marriageAdoption by same-sex couplesLGB people allowed to serve openly in militaryAnti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientationLaws concerning gender identity/expression European Union Legal in all 28 member states[1]/ Legal in 22/28 member states / Legal in 14/28 member states / Stepchild adoption legal in 18/28 member states; joint adoption legal in 13/28 member states/ Legal in 27/28 member states Only Banned in Cyprus[2] Membership requires a state to ban anti-gay discrimination in employment. 3/28 states ban some anti-gay discrimination. 25/28 states ban all anti-gay discrimination/ Legal in 27/28 member states[3]
LGBT rights in:Same-sex sexual activityRecognition of same-sex unionsSame-sex marriageAdoption by same-sex couplesLGB people allowed to serve openly in militaryAnti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientationLaws concerning gender identity/expression Austria Legal since 1971[4] + UN decl. sign. Registered partnerships since 2010[5] Legal since 2019[6] Stepchild adoption since 2013; joint adoption since 2016[7][8][9] Bans all anti-gay discrimination[10] Transgender people allowed to change gender without undergoing surgery[11] Croatia Legal since 1977 (As part of Yugoslavia) + UN decl. sign.[4] Life partnerships since 2014[12] Constitutional ban since 2013[13]/ Partner-guardianship since 2014 (parental responsibility and a permanent next-of-kins relationship between a life partner and their partner's child which is registered in the child's birth certificate) Bans all anti-gay discrimination[10][14] Act on the elimination of discrimination bans all discrimination based on both gender identity and gender expression. Gender change is regulated by special policy issued by Ministry of Health.[15] Czech Republic Legal since 1962 (As part of Czechoslovakia) + UN decl. sign.[4] Registered partnerships since 2006[16] Pending[17] LGBT individuals in a registered partnership may adopt;[18] stepchild and joint adoption pending[19] Bans all anti-gay discrimination[10] Legal recognition after sex reassignment surgery (with mandatory sterilisation)[20] Germany Legal in East Germany since 1968 Legal in West Germany since 1969 + UN decl. sign.[4][21] Registered life partnerships from 2001 to 2017 (existing partnerships and new foreign partnerships still recognised)[22][23] Legal since 2017[24] Stepchild adoption since 2005; successive adoption since 2013; joint adoption legal since 2017[24] Bans all anti-gay discrimination[25][26] Gender change is legal; surgery not required[27] Hungary Legal since 1962 + UN decl. sign.[4] Registered partnerships since 2009[28] Constitutional ban since 2012[29][30][31][32] LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples[30] Bans all anti-gay discrimination[10] Transgender people allowed to change gender without undergoing surgery[20] Liechtenstein Legal since 1989 + UN decl. sign.[4] Registered partnerships since 2011[33] LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples[34]Has no military Bans all anti-gay discrimination[10] Gender change is not legal[20] Poland Legal since 1932 + UN decl. sign.[4]/ Unregistered cohabitation since 2012; registered partnership proposed 2019 Constitutional ban since 1997[35] (Article 18 of the Constitution is generally interpreted as limiting marriage to opposite-sex couples[36][37][38][39][40][41])[lower-alpha 1] LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples[44] Bans some anti-gay discrimination[10] Transgender people allowed to change gender but require undergoing medical treatment such as HRT or surgery. No provisions for nonbinary people. Slovakia Legal since 1962 (As part of Czechoslovakia) + UN decl. sign.[4]/ some limited rights for unregistered cohabiting same-sex couples since 2018; Limited residency rights for married same-sex couples since 2018 Constitutional ban since 2014[45] LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples[46] Bans all anti-gay discrimination[47][48] Requires sterilisation for change[20] Slovenia Legal since 1977 (As part of Yugoslavia) + UN decl. sign.[4] Registered partnerships since 2006[49]; Registered cohabitation since 2017[50]/ Stepchild adoption since 2011[51] Bans all anti-gay discrimination[10] Gender change is legal[52] Switzerland Legal nationwide since 1942 Legal in the cantons of Geneva (as part of France), Ticino, Valais, and Vaud since 1798 + UN decl. sign.[4][53] Registered partnerships in Geneva (2001),[54] Zürich (2003),[55] Neuchâtel (2004)[56] and Fribourg (2005)[56] Nationwide since 2007[57] (Pending)[58]/ Stepchild adoption since 2018[59] joint adoption pending Bans some anti-gay discrimination Banning all anti-gay discrimination pending[60] Legal documents can be issued based on a person's new gender identity. Sterilisation is technically required but has not been enforced since 2012. A registered partnership can become a marriage between the new opposite-sex couple.[61]
LGBT rights in:Same-sex sexual activityRecognition of same-sex unionsSame-sex marriageAdoption by same-sex couplesLGB people allowed to serve openly in militaryAnti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientationLaws concerning gender identity/expression Abkhazia (Disputed territory) Legal after 1991 Armenia Legal since 2003 + UN decl. sign.[4]/ Constitutional ban since 2015;[62][63] all marriages performed abroad recognized since 2017[64][65] Artsakh (Disputed territory) Legal since 2000 Constitutional ban since 2006[66] Azerbaijan Legal since 2000[4] Belarus Legal since 1994[4] Constitutional ban since 1994[67]/ Banned from military service during peacetime, but during wartime homosexuals are permitted to enlist as partially able[68] Georgia Legal since 2000 + UN decl. sign.[4] Constitutional ban since 2018 Bans all anti-gay discrimination[69] Requires sterilisation and surgery for change[20] Kazakhstan Legal since 1998[4][70] Moldova Legal since 1995 + UN decl. sign.[4] Constitutional ban since 1994[71] Bans some anti-gay discrimination[10] No longer requires sterilisation or surgery for change since 2017[20] Romania Legal since 1996 + UN decl. sign.[4]/ Limited residency rights for married same-sex couples since 2018;[72] Constitutional ban rejected LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples[73] Bans all anti-gay discrimination[10] Legal recognition after sex reassignment surgery (sterilisation mandatory)[20] Russia Male legal since 1993 Female always legal[74][4] Illegal in practice in Chechnya, where homosexuals are abducted and sent to concentration camps based on their perceived sexual orientation. See Anti-gay purges in Chechnya for more information. No longer requires sterilisation or surgery for change since 2018[20] South Ossetia (Disputed territory) Legal after 1991 Transnistria (Disputed territory) Legal since 2002[75] Ukraine Legal since 1991 + UN decl. sign.[4] Constitutional ban since 1996[76] LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples[77][78] Bans some anti-gay discrimination[79] No longer requires sterilisation or surgery for change since 2016
LGBT rights in:Same-sex sexual activityRecognition of same-sex unionsSame-sex marriageAdoption by same-sex couplesLGB people allowed to serve openly in militaryAnti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientationLaws concerning gender identity/expression Denmark Legal since 1933 + UN decl. sign.[4] Registered partnerships from 1989 to 2012 (existing partnerships are still recognised)[80] Legal since 2012[81][82] Stepchild adoption since 1999; joint adoption since 2010[83][84] Bans all anti-gay discrimination[10] Legal gender change and recognition possible without surgery or hormone therapy[85] Estonia Legal since 1992 + UN decl. sign.[4] Cohabitation agreement since 2016[86]/ Marriage performed abroad recognized since 2016[87]/ Stepchild adoption since 2016; couples where both partners are infertile may also jointly adopt non-biological children since 2016 Bans all anti-gay discrimination[10] Gender reassignment legal; surgery not required[20] Faroe Islands (Constituent country of the Kingdom of Denmark) Legal since 1933 + UN decl. sign.[4] Legal since 2017[88][89] Legal since 2017 Denmark responsible for defence Bans some anti-gay discrimination[90][91][92] Finland (includes Åland Islands) Legal since 1971 + UN decl. sign.[4] Registered partnerships from 2002 to 2017 (existing partnerships are still recognised)[93] Legal since 2017[94] Stepchild adoption since 2009; joint adoption since 2017 Bans all anti-gay discrimination[10] Legal change and recognition is possible only with sterilisation[95] Iceland Legal since 1940 (As part of Denmark) + UN decl. sign.[4] Registered cohabitation since 2006;[96] Registered partnerships from 1996 to 2010 (existing partnerships are still recognised)[97] Legal since 2010[98][99] Legal since 2006[100][101]Has no military Bans all anti-gay discrimination[10] Documents can be amended to the recognised gender, sterilisation not required[102][20] Latvia Legal since 1992 + UN decl. sign.[4] Constitutional ban since 2006[103] LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples[104] Bans some anti-gay discrimination[10] Documents are amended accordingly, no medical intervention required[105] Lithuania Legal since 1993 + UN decl. sign.[4]/ Limited residency rights for married same-sex couples since 2018; Cohabitation agreement pending [106] Constitutional ban since 1992[107] Only married couples can adopt[108] Bans all anti-gay discrimination[10] Gender change legal; surgery required[109] Norway Legal since 1972 + UN decl. sign.[4] Registered partnerships from 1993 to 2009 (existing partnerships are still recognised)[110] Legal since 2009[111][112] Stepchild adoption since 2002; joint adoption since 2009[113][114] Bans all anti-gay discrimination[10] All documents can be amended to the recognised gender[11] Sweden Legal since 1944 + UN decl. sign.[4] Registered partnerships from 1995 to 2009 (existing partnerships are still recognised)[115] Legal since 2009[116] Legal since 2003[117][118][119] Bans all anti-gay discrimination[10][120]
LGBT rights in:Same-sex sexual activityRecognition of same-sex unionsSame-sex marriageAdoption by same-sex couplesLGB people allowed to serve openly in militaryAnti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientationLaws concerning gender identity/expression Akrotiri and Dhekelia (Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom) Legal since 2000 + UN decl. sign.[4][121][122] Since 2005, for members of the British Armed Forces[123] Since 2014, for members of the British Armed Forces[124] UK responsible for defence Bans some anti-gay discrimination[125] Albania Legal since 1995 + UN decl. sign.[4] Bans all anti-gay discrimination[10] No legal recognition[20] Andorra Legal since 1990 + UN decl. sign.[4] Stable unions since 2005[126]; Civil unions since 2014[127] Legal since 2014[128][127][129]Has no military Bans all anti-gay discrimination[10] No legal recognition[20] Bosnia and Herzegovina Legal since 1996 in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, in Republika Srpska since 1998, and in Brčko District since 2003 + UN decl. sign.[4] Bans all anti-gay discrimination[10] Requires surgery for change[130] Bulgaria Legal since 1968 + UN decl. sign.[4]/ Limited residency rights for married same-sex couples since 2018 Constitutional ban since 1991[131] LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples[132] Bans all anti-gay discrimination[10] Requires sterilisation and surgery for change[133][134] Cyprus Legal since 1998 + UN decl. sign.[4] Civil cohabitation since 2015[135][136] Bans all anti-gay discrimination[10] Forbids discrimination based on gender identity.[137] Gender change is not legal. Gibraltar (Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom) Legal since 1993 + UN decl. sign.[4] Civil partnerships since 2014[138] Legal since 2016[139] Legal since 2014 UK responsible for defence Bans all anti-gay discrimination[140] Forbids discrimination on the grounds of gender reassignment[141] Greece Legal since 1951 + UN decl. sign.[4] Cohabitation agreements since 2015[142] Same-sex couples in a civil partnership may become foster parents;[143] LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples Bans all anti-gay discrimination[10] Under the Legal Gender Recognition Act 2017[144][145] Italy Legal since 1890 + UN decl. sign.[4] Civil unions since 2016[146][147]/ One same-sex marriage was recognized in 2017[148]/ Stepchild adoption admitted by the Court of Cassation since 2016[149][150] Bans some anti-gay discrimination[10] Legal recognition and documents can be amended to the recognised gender, sterilisation not required[151][152] Kosovo (Disputed territory) Legal since 1994 (as part of Yugoslavia)[4][153] LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples[154][155] Bans all anti-gay discrimination[156] No legal recognition[20] Malta Legal since 1973 + UN decl. sign.[4] Civil unions since 2014[157] Legal since 2017 Legal since 2014 Bans all anti-gay discrimination[10] Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal since 2016 Transgender people allowed to change gender; surgery not required since 2015[158] Montenegro Legal since 1977 (As part of Yugoslavia) + UN decl. sign.[4] Proposed Constitutional ban since 2007[159][160] Bans all anti-gay discrimination[10] Requires sterilisation and surgery for change[11][20] North Macedonia Legal since 1996 + UN decl. sign.[4] Bans all anti-gay discrimination Northern Cyprus (Disputed territory) Legal since 2014[161][162][4] Bans all anti-gay discrimination[161][162] Portugal Legal since 1983 + UN decl. sign.[4] De facto unions since 2001[163][164] Legal since 2010[165] Legal since 2016[166][167][168] Bans all anti-gay discrimination[10] All documents can be amended to the recognised gender since 2011[169] San Marino Legal since 1865 + UN decl. sign.[4] Civil unions since 2019/ Stepchild adoption legal since 2019 Bans all anti-gay discrimination No legal recognition[11] Serbia Legal from 1858, when nominally a vassal of the Ottoman Empire to 1860,[170] and again since 1994 (As part of Yugoslavia) + UN decl. sign.[4] Constitutional ban since 2006[171] LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples Bans all anti-gay discrimination[10] Sterilisation and surgery no longer required since 2019[172] Spain Legal since 1979 + UN decl. sign.[4] De facto unions in Catalonia (1998),[173] Aragon (1999),[173] Navarre (2000),[173] Castile-La Mancha (2000),[173] Valencia (2001),[174] the Balearic Islands (2001),[175] Madrid (2001),[173] Asturias (2002),[176] Castile and León (2002),[177] Andalusia (2002),[173] the Canary Islands (2003),[173] Extremadura (2003),[173] Basque Country (2003),[173] Cantabria (2005),[178] Galicia (2008)[179] La Rioja (2010),[180] and Murcia (2018),[181][182] and in both autonomous cities; Ceuta (1998)[183] and Melilla (2008).[184] Legal since 2005[185] Legal since 2005[186][187] Bans all anti-gay discrimination[10] Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal in Andalusia, Madrid, Murcia and Valencia Since 2007, all documents can be amended to the recognised gender[188] Turkey Legal since 1858[4] Legal since 1988, requires sterilisation and surgery for change[189] Vatican City Legal since 1890 (As part of Italy)[4]Has no military
LGBT rights in:Same-sex sexual activityRecognition of same-sex unionsSame-sex marriageAdoption by same-sex couplesLGB people allowed to serve openly in militaryAnti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientationLaws concerning gender identity/expression Belgium Legal nationwide since 1795 + UN decl. sign.[4] Legal cohabitation since 2000[190] Legal since 2003[191][192][193] Legal since 2006[194][195] Bans all anti-gay discrimination[10] Since 2018, sex changes do not require sterilisation and surgery[196] France Legal nationwide since 1791 Legal in Savoy since 1792 + UN decl. sign.[4] Civil solidarity pact since 1999[197] Legal since 2013[198] Legal since 2013[199] Bans all anti-gay discrimination[10] Since 2017, sex changes no longer requires sterilisation and surgery[200] Guernsey (Crown dependency of the United Kingdom) Legal since 1983 + UN decl. sign.[201][202][4]/ Civil partnerships performed in the UK abroad recognised for succession purposes in inheritance and other matters respecting interests in property since 2012[203][204][205] Legal since 2017 in Guernsey and since 2018 in Alderney[206] Not legal in Sark Legal since 2017[207] UK responsible for defence Bans all anti-gay discrimination[208] Legal gender changes since 2007[208][209] Ireland Male legal since 1993 Female always legal + UN decl. sign.[4] Civil partnerships from 2011 to 2015 (existing partnerships are still recognised)[210] Legal since 2015 after a constitutional referendum[211] Legal since 2017[212][213][214][215][216][217] Bans all anti-gay discrimination[218][219][220] Under the Gender Recognition Act 2015[221] Isle of Man (Crown dependency of the United Kingdom) Legal since 1992 + UN decl. sign.[4] Civil partnerships since 2011[222] Legal since 2016[223] Legal since 2011 UK responsible for defence Bans all anti-gay discrimination[224] Transgender people are allowed to change their legal gender and to have their new gender recognised as a result of the Gender Recognition Act 2009 (c.11)[225][226] Jersey (Crown dependency of the United Kingdom) Legal since 1990 + UN decl. sign.[4] Civil partnerships since 2012[227] Legal since 2018[228][229] Legal since 2012 UK responsible for defence Bans all anti-gay discrimination[230] Under the Gender Recognition (Jersey) Law 2010[231] Luxembourg Legal since 1795 + UN decl. sign.[4] Registered partnerships since 2004[232] Legal since 2015[233][234] Legal since 2015[235] Bans all anti-gay discrimination[236] No divorce, sterilization and/or surgery legally required since September 2018 for change of gender[237][20] Monaco Legal since 1793 + UN decl. sign.[4] Pending[238] France responsible for defence Bans some anti-gay discrimination[4] Netherlands Legal since 1811 + UN decl. sign.[4] Registered partnership since 1998[239] Legal since 2001[240] Legal since 2001[241][242] Bans all anti-gay discrimination[243] Since 2014, sex changes do not require sterilisation and surgery[244][245] United Kingdom Male legal in England and Wales since 1967, in Scotland since 1981, and in Northern Ireland since 1982 Female always legal + UN decl. sign.[4] Civil partnerships since 2005[246] Legal in England and Wales, and Scotland since 2014[247][247] Not recognised or performed in Northern Ireland Legal in England and Wales since 2005, in Scotland since 2009 and Northern Ireland since 2013[248][249][250] Since 2000 Bans all anti-gay discrimination[251][4] but the UK Public Order Act 1986 under section 29JA “Protection of freedom of expression (sexual orientation)” still discriminates LGBT+ persons providing unfair advantages to anti-LGBT offenders[252] Under the Gender Recognition Act 2004
FRA report "Homophobia and Discrimination on Grounds of Sexual Orientation in the EU Member States" ; Gunther, Scott. Book about the history of homosexual movements in France (sample chapter available online). New York: Palgrave-Macmillan, 2009. ISBN 0-230-22105-X Chronological overviews of the main legislative steps in the process of legal recognition of homosexuality in European countries. Lesbian Gay Bisexual and Transgender Rights before the European Court of Justice