mteb/WikiClusteringP2P.v2 huggingface dataset:
'''Thermodynamics''' is a branch o [[pheesics]] concerned wi [[heat]] an [[temperatur]] an thair relation tae [[energy]] an [[Wirk (thermodynamics)|wirk]].
== External links ==
{{Wikibooks|Engineering Thermodynamics}}
{{wikiquote|Thermodynamics}}
* {{cite EB1911 |first=Hugh Longbourne |last=Callendar |wstitle=Thermodynamics |volume=26 |pages=808–814 |short=x}}
* [http://tigger.uic.edu/~mansoori/Thermodynamic.Data.and.Property_html  Thermodynamics Data & Property Calculation Websites] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140211122258/http://tigger.uic.edu/~mansoori/Thermodynamic.Data.and.Property_html |date=2014-02-11 }}
* [http://tigger.uic.edu/~mansoori/Thermodynamics.Educational.Sites_html Thermodynamics Educational Websites] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150614003926/http://tigger.uic.edu/~mansoori/Thermodynamics.Educational.Sites_html |date=2015-06-14 }}
* [http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/physics/topics/Thermodynamics.html Thermodynamics at ''ScienceWorld'']
* [http://www.wiley.com/legacy/college/boyer/0470003790/reviews/thermo/thermo_intro.htm Biochemistry Thermodynamics]
* [http://farside.ph.utexas.edu/teaching/sm1/lectures/lectures.html Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090430200028/http://www.ent.ohiou.edu/~thermo/ Engineering Thermodynamics – A Graphical Approach]
* [http://farside.ph.utexas.edu/teaching/sm1/statmech.pdf Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics] by Richard Fitzpatrick
{{fixscots}}
{{unsoorced}}
{{taxobox
|image = Various grains.jpg
|image_width=250px
|image caption = Various cereals an thair products
|regnum = [[Plantae]]
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
|unranked_classis = [[Monocots]]
|unranked_ordo = [[Commelinids]]
|ordo = [[Poales]]
|familia = [[Poaceae]]
}}
A '''cereal''' is a [[Poaceae|gress]], a member o the [[Monocotyledon|monocot]] faimily [[Poaceae]],<ref>The seeds o several ither plants, such as [[buckwheat]], are an aa used in the same manner as grains, but syne thay are nae grasses, thay cannae strictly be cried such</ref> cultivatit for the edible components o its [[fuid grain|grain]] (botanically, a teep o [[fruit]] cried a [[caryopsis]]), componed o the [[endosperm]], [[cereal germ|germ]], an [[bran]].
|birth_place = [[Atherton, Queensland]], [[Australie]]
|death_date = {{death date and age|2002|01|08|1916|07|11|df=y}}
|death_place = [[Moscow]], [[Roushie]]
|nationality = [[Soviet Union|Soviet]]{{\}}[[Roushie Federation|Roushie]]
|field = [[Pheesics]]
|work_institutions = 
|alma_mater = 
|doctoral_advisor = 
|doctoral_students = 
|known_for = [[Laser]]s an [[maser]]s
|influenced =
|prizes = {{nowrap|1964 [[Nobel Prize in Pheesics]]<br>1987 [[Lomonosov Gowd Medal]]}}
}}
'''Alexander Mikhaylovich Prokhorov''', or '''Aleksandr Mikhailovich Prokhorov''',<ref name=nobel>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1964/prokhorov-bio.html|title=Aleksandr M. Prokhorov - Biographical|accessdate=20 February 2015}}</ref> ({{lang-ru|Алекса&#769;ндр Миха&#769;йлович Про&#769;хоров}}; 11 Julie 1916&nbsp;– 8 Januar 2002) wis a [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[pheesicist]] kent for his pioneerin research on [[laser]]s an [[maser]]s for which he shared the [[Nobel Prize in Pheesics]] in 1964 wi [[Charles Hard Townes]] an [[Nikolay Basov]].
{{Automatic taxobox
|name = Dinosaurs
|fossil_range = {{fossilrange|233.23|0|[[Late Triassic]]–[[Holocene|Present]], 233.23 – 0 Mya| | earliest=247}} (Possible Middle Triassic record)
|image = Various_dinosaurs2.png
|image_width = 285px
|image_caption = A collection o fossil dinosaur skeletons. Clockwise frae tap left: ''Microraptor gui'' (a winged [[theropod]]), ''Apatosaurus louisae'' (a giant [[sauropod]]), ''Stegosaurus stenops'' (a platit [[stegosaur]]), ''Triceratops horridus'' (a horned [[ceratopsian]]), ''Edmontosaurus regalis'' (a duck-billed [[ornithopod]]), ''Gastonia burgei'' (an armored [[ankylosaur]]).
|authority = [[Richard Owen|Owen]], 1842
|subdivision_ranks = Major groups
|subdivision =
* {{extinct}}'''[[Ornithischia]]'''
** {{extinct}}[[Stegosauria]]
** {{extinct}}[[Ankylosauria]]
** {{extinct}}[[Ornithopoda]]
** {{extinct}}[[Ceratopsia]]
* '''[[Saurischia]]'''
** {{extinct}}[[Sauropodomorpha]]
** [[Theropoda]]
}}
'''Dinosaurs''' are a diverse group o reptiles o the [[clade]] '''Dinosauria'''.<!--They first appeared during the Triassic period, between 243 and 233.23 million years ago, although the exact origin and timing of the evolution of dinosaurs is the subject of active research. They became the dominant terrestrial vertebrates after the Triassic–Jurassic extinction event 201.3 million years ago; their dominance continued throughout the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods. The fossil record shows that birds are modern feathered dinosaurs, having evolved from earlier theropods during the Late Jurassic epoch, and are the only dinosaur lineage to survive the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event approximately 66 million years ago. Dinosaurs can therefore be divided into avian dinosaurs, or birds; and the extinct non-avian dinosaurs, which are all dinosaurs other than birds.
'', is a herbaceous perennial plant]]
A '''perennial plant''' or simply '''perennial''' ({{ety|la|per|through||annus|year}}) is a [[plant]] that lives for mair nor twa year.<ref>The Garden Helper. [http://www.thegardenhelper.com/planting.html The Difference Between Annual Plants and Perennial Plants in the Garden.] Retrieved on 2008-06-22.</ref> The term is aften uised tae differentiate a plant frae shorter-lived [[annual plant|annuals]] an [[biennial plant|biennials]]. The term is widely uised tae distinguish plants wi awee or na widdy growth frae trees an shrubs, whilk is technically perennials an aa.<ref name=RHSAZ>{{cite book|title=RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants|url=https://archive.org/details/azencyclopediaof0000unse|year=2008|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|location=United Kingdom|isbn=1405332964|pages=1136}}</ref>
|INSEE   =33063
|region   =New Aquitaine
|department  =Gironde
|arrondissement =Bordeaux
|canton   =
 |mayor              = Nicolas Florian
 |party              = [[The Republicans (France)|LR]]
|term   =2008–2014
|area km2  =49.36
 |population         = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_total}}
 |population date    = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_as_of}}
 |population footnotes  = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_footnotes}}
|population ranking=[[Leet o communes in Fraunce wi ower 20,000 inhabitants (2006 census)|9t in Fraunce]]
|communes   =191
|urban area km2  =1057
|urban area date =2008&nbsp;estimate
|urban pop   =832,605
|urban pop date  =2008&nbsp;estimate
|metro area km2  =3875.2
|metro area date =2008&nbsp;estimate
|metro area pop  =1,105,000 (6t in Fraunce)
|metro area pop date=2008&nbsp;estimate
|intercom details =[[Urban Commonty o Bordeaux|Bordeaux]]
|website  = {{URL|www.bordeaux.fr}}
}}
|Lageplan          = Huerup in SL.PNG
|Bundesland        = Schleswig-Holstein
|Kreis             = Schleswig-Flensburg
|Amt               = Hürup
|Höhe              = 43
|Fläche            = 16.19
|Einwohner         = 1205
|Stand             = 2006-12-31
|PLZ               = 24975
|Vorwahl           = 04634
|Kfz               = SL
|Gemeindeschlüssel = 01 0 59 126
|NUTS              = DEF0C
|Adresse-Verband   = Schulstraße 1<br />24975 Hürup
|Website           = [http://www.amthuerup.de/ www.amthuerup.de]
|Bürgermeister     = Jan-Nils Klindt
|Partei            = 
}}
, [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Indie]].]]
'''Pottery''' is the [[ceramic]] material that maks up pottery wares,<ref>'Pottery Science: materials, process and products.' Allen Dinsdale. Ellis Horwood Limited, 1986.</ref> o whilk major types include [[earthenware]], [[staneware]] an [[porcelain]]. The place whaur sic wares is made is cried a ''piggery''. Pottery an aa refers tae the airt or craft o a potter or the manufacture o pottery.
'''Katakana''' is the wey that some o the wirds is written in [[Japanese language|Japanese]]. It is mair easier tae read nor the [[kanji]] (the seestem based on [[Cheenese chairacters]]) whilk maun be learnt wird bi wird, acause ance the 46 katakana seembols haes been learnt, the reader kens whit wey tae pronounce them.
|birth_place      = [[Albisola]], [[Republic o Genoa]]
|death_date       = {{death date and age|1513|2|21|1443|12|5|df=y}}
|death_place      = [[Roum]], [[Papal States]]
|buried           = [[San Pietro in Vincoli]], [[Roum]]
|parents          = Rafaello della Rovere an Theodora Manerola
|children         = [[Felice della Rovere]]
|other            = Julius 
|coat_of_arms     = C o a popes Della Rovere.svg
}}
'''Pope Julius II''' ({{lang-it|Papa Giulio II}}; {{lang-la|Iulius II}}) (5 December 1443 – 21 Februar 1513),  born '''Giuliano [[Hoose o della Rovere|della Rovere]]''', an nicknamed "The Fearsome Pape"<ref>{{cite book|last=Blech|first=Benjamin|author2=Doliner, Roy.|title=The Sistene Secrets|url=https://archive.org/details/sistinesecretsmi00blec|publisher=HarperCollins Publishers|location=New York, NY|year=2008|page=[https://archive.org/details/sistinesecretsmi00blec/page/106 106]|isbn=978-0-06-146904-6}} The term 'terrible' was first applied by Julius himself to Michaelangelo, and only later to the Pope by others: Pastor, VI, pp. 214–215.</ref> an "The Warrior Pope". In his nine-year pontificate his militar an diplomatic interventions avertit a tak-ower bi Fraunce o the Italian States (includin the Papal States).
| term_end    = 
| predecessor = [[Salar Kamangar]]
|birth_name   = Susan Diane Wojcicki
|birth_date   = {{Birth date and age|1968|07|05|mf=yes}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.familytreelegends.com/records/39461?c=search&first=Susan&last=Wojcicki |title=California Births, 1905 - 1995 |publisher=Familytreelegends.com |date= |access-date=March 15, 2014 |archive-date=2013-06-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130604041118/http://www.familytreelegends.com/records/39461?c=search&first=Susan&last=Wojcicki |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|birth_place  = [[Santa Clara Coonty, Californie]], U.S.
|death_date   = 
|death_place  = 
|citizenship  = [[Unitit States]]<br>[[Poland]]
|education    = [[Gunn High School]]
|alma_mater   = [[Harvard College]] <small>([[Bachelor o Airts|B.A.]])</small><br />[[Varsity o Californie, Santa Cruz]] <small>([[Master o Science|M.S.]])</small><br />[[UCLA Anderson School o Management]] <small>([[Master o Business Admeenistration|M.B.A.]])</small>
|years_active = 1999–present
|salary       = 
|party        = 
|boards       = 
|spouse       = {{marriage|Dennis Troper|1998}}
|children     = 5
|parents      = [[Stanley Wojcicki]]<br />[[Esther Wojcicki]]
|relatives    = [[Anne Wojcicki]] (sister)<br>[[Sergey Brin]] (brither-in-law, 2007–2015)
}}
'''Susan Diane Wojcicki''' ({{IPAc-en|v|uː|j|ˈ|tʃ|ɪ|s|k|i}} {{respell|vooy|CHIS|kee}}, {{IPA-pl|vujˈt͡ɕit͡skʲi|lang}};<ref>{{YouTube|a07s88y7f-k|"#DearMe: Susan Wojcicki, CEO of YouTube"}}</ref> born 5 Julie 1968) is a [[Pols Americans|Pols-American]] technology executive. She haes been the [[Chief executive officer|CEO]] o [[YouTube]] syne Februar 2014.<ref>{{cite news|last=Orescovic|first=Alexi|title=Google taps longtime executive Wojcicki to head YouTube|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/2014/02/05/us-google-youtube-idINBREA141Y420140205|work=Reuters|date=February 5, 2014|access-date=2019-02-23|archive-date=2015-07-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721213513/http://in.reuters.com/article/2014/02/05/us-google-youtube-idINBREA141Y420140205|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Gustin|first=Sam|title=Google Ad Chief Susan Wojcicki: 'The Book Isn't Finished'|url=https://www.wired.com/epicenter/2011/05/susan-wojcicki/|access-date=10 September 2011|newspaper=Wired.com|date=3 May 2011}}</ref>
The '''Beach Ballroom''' is an art deco<ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-07-28|title=Brintons recreates art deco design for ballroom|url=https://www.kidderminstershuttle.co.uk/news/business_daily/8292559.brintons-recreates-art-deco-design-for-ballroom/|access-date=2023-10-19|website=Kidderminster Shuttle|language=en}}</ref> biggin on the beach boulevard o [[Aiberdeen]], Scotland. It haes een o Scotland's maist fine dance fleers – weel-kent fur its bounce – that flots on 1400 siccar steel springs.<ref>{{Cite news|last=The Newsroom|date=6 May 2019|title=Remembering 90 years of the good times at Aberdeen Beach Ballroom|work=The Scotsman|url=https://www.scotsman.com/heritage-and-retro/heritage/remembering-90-years-of-the-good-times-at-aberdeen-beach-ballroom-547171|url-status=live}}</ref> It was biggit, designit bi Thomas, Roberts & Hume, aifter a compeetion an costit £50,000. It wis opent wi a masked baw on 3 Mey 1926,<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Drysdale|first=Neil|date=2022-03-09|title=Aberdeen's Beach Ballroom: Do you remember 'the place where boy met girl'?|url=https://www.pressandjournal.co.uk/fp/past-times/4028639/aberdeens-beach-ballroom/|access-date=2023-10-19|website=Press and Journal|language=en-GB}}</ref> and is a Categerie B leestit biggin.<ref>{{Cite web|title=THE ESPLANADE, BEACH BALLROOM (LB20314)|url=https://portal.historicenvironment.scot/designation/LB20314|access-date=2023-10-19|website=portal.historicenvironment.scot}}</ref> It wis usit bi the militar throu [[Warld War II]], wi sodgers sleepin on beds in the dancefleer.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Aberdeenshire Council Historic Environment Record - Aberdeen City - NJ90NE0173 - BEACH BALLROOM|url=https://online.aberdeenshire.gov.uk/smrpub/master/detail.aspx?tab=main&refno=NJ90NE0173|access-date=2023-10-19|website=online.aberdeenshire.gov.uk}}</ref> Dancin frae the Jazz era an tae Big Bands siclik Joe Loss an Victor Sylvester an in the 1960s, [[The Beatles]] playit for £45 afore their rise tae fame.<ref name=":2" />
condesan.org: Conservacion en Situ |access-date=2012-07-20 |archive-date=2012-04-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425092258/http://www.condesan.org/e-foros/insitu97/nieto.doc |url-status=dead }} {{es icon}} condesan.org: Conservacion en Situ]</ref>
| anthem                  = 
| image_map               = Vichada in Colombia (mainland).svg
| map_alt                 = 
| map_caption             = Vichada shown in red
| coordinates             = {{coord|6|11|N|67|28|W|region:CO_type:adm2nd|display=inline}}
| coor_pinpoint           = 
| coordinates_footnotes   = 
| subdivision_type        = [[Leet o kintras|Kintra]]
| subdivision_name        = {{flag|Colombie}}
| subdivision_type1       = [[Regions o Colombie|Region]]
| subdivision_name1       = [[Orinoquía Natural Region, Colombie|Orinoquía Region]]
| parts_type              = Lairgest ceety
| parts_style             = para
| p1                      = 
| established_title       = Established
| established_date        = 4 Julie 1991
| blank_name_sec1         = [[Provinces o Colombie|Provinces]]
| blank_info_sec1         = 
| blank1_name_sec1        = [[Municipalities o Colombie|Municipalities]]
| blank1_info_sec1        = 4
| founder                 = 
| named_for               = 
| seat_type               = [[Caipital ceety|Caipital]]
| seat                    = [[Puerto Carreño]]
| government_footnotes    = 
| leader_party            = 
| leader_title            = 
| leader_name             = 
| unit_pref               = Metric<!-- or US or UK -->
| area_footnotes          = 
| area_total_km2          = 100242
| area_rank               = [[Leet o Colombie depairtments bi aurie|2]]
| area_land_km2           = 
| area_water_km2          = 
| area_water_percent      = 
| area_note               = 
| elevation_footnotes     = 
| elevation_m             = 
| population_footnotes    = <ref>http://www.dane.gov.co/files/censo2005/regiones/vichada/vichada.pdf</ref>
| population_total        = 97276
| population_as_of        = 2005
| population_rank         = [[Leet o Colombie depairtments bi population|31]]
| population_density_km2  = auto
| population_note         = 
| timezone1               = [[UTC-05]]
| postal_code_type        = 
| postal_code             = 
| area_code_type          = 
| area_code               = 
| iso_code                = [[ISO 3166-2:CO|CO-VIC]]
| website                 = [http://www.gobvichada.gov.co/ www.gobvichada.gov.co]
| footnotes               = 
}}
'''Potassium''' is a [[chemical element]] wi [[seembol (chemistry)|seembol]] '''K''' (derived frae [[New Latin|Neo-Latin]], ''[[wikt:kalium#Latin|kalium]]'') an [[atomic nummer]]&nbsp;19. It wis first isolate frae [[potash]], the ess o plants, frae whilk its name derives. In the [[periodic cairt]], potassium is ane o the [[alkali metal]]s. Aw o the alkali metals hae a single [[valence electron]] in the ooter electron shell, whilk is easy remuived tae creaut an ion wi a positive chairge – a [[cation]], whilk combines wi [[anion]]s tae form [[Saut (chemistry)|sauts]]. Potassium in naitur occurs anly in ionic sauts. Elemental potassium is a saft sillery-white alkali metal that [[redox|oxidizes]] rapidly in air an reacts vigorously wi watter, generatin sufficient heat tae ignite [[hydrogen]] emittit in the reaction an burnin wi a lilac-[[flame color|colored flame]]. It is foond dissolved in sea watter (which is 0.04% potassium bi wecht<ref name="seawaterconcentration">{{cite journal |journal= [[The Journal of Experimental Biology]] |url= https://journals.biologists.com/jeb/article-pdf/16/2/178/2199202/jexbio_16_2_178.pdf |title=The Sodium and Potassium Content of Sea Water |first=D. A. |last= Webb |page= 183 |date=April 1939 |issue=2}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.seafriends.org.nz/oceano/seawater.htm |title=Detailed composition of seawater at 3.5% salinity |first= J. |last= Anthoni |work=seafriends.org.nz |year=2006 |accessdate=2011-09-23}}</ref>), an is pairt o mony [[meeneral]]s.
'''Hellas Planitia''', forbye kent as the Hellas howe, is a nearhaund roond dunt o a howe situate in the soothern emyspery<!-- ? --> o the planet [[Maurs]]. It is 3.75 mile howe, an haes a diameter o aboot 1,300 mile, it is the lairgest dunt structur on the planet. The howe wis furmed throu the wechtie bombardment o objects fae the [[Solar seestem|Solar Seestem]], aboot 3.9 billion year syne, whan a lairge asteroid duntit Maurs.
{{Commonscat}}
]]
The '''Berlin Waw''' ([[Germany|German]]: ''Berliner Mauer'') separatit the ceety o [[Berlin]] in [[Germany]] frae 1961 tae 1989. It separatit the eastren hauf frae the wastren hauf. Mony fowk thocht it wis a [[seembol]] o the [[Cauld War]]. The Berlin Waw wis taen doun on [[9 November]] [[1989]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,959058,00.html |title=Freedom! The Berlin Wall - TIME |work=time.com |year=2011 |accessdate=19 February 2011 |archive-date=2013-08-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130825012437/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,959058,00.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Future.state">{{cite web |url=http://future.state.gov/when/timeline/1969_detente/fall_of_communism.html |title=Fall of Communism |work=future.state.gov |year=2011 |accessdate=19 February 2011 |archive-date=2015-07-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706093109/http://future.state.gov/when/timeline/1969_detente/fall_of_communism.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Berlin Waw wis aboot 168&nbsp;km (104 mile) lang.<ref>Berlin illustrated Newspaper of 3rd October 1990 (special edition), p. 113</ref> It wis biggit tae stap fowk frae escapin frae the eastren hauf o Berlin.
<br />{{lang|sv|Kymmenedalens landskap}}
| settlement_type         = [[Regions o Finland|Region]]
| image_skyline           = 
| imagesize               = 
| image_alt               = 
| image_caption           = 
| image_shield            = Kymenlaakson maakunnan vaakuna.svg
| shield_size             = 
| shield_alt              = 
| nickname                = 
| motto                   = 
| image_map               = Kymenlaakso in Finland.svg
| mapsize                 = 150px
| map_alt                 = 
| map_caption             = Kymenlaakso on a map o Finland
| coordinates             = 
| coordinates_footnotes   = 
| subdivision_type        = Kintra
| subdivision_name        = [[Finland]]
| subdivision_type1       = [[Historical provinces o Finland|Historical province]]
| subdivision_name1       = [[Uusimaa (historical province)]], [[Finnish Karelie|Karelie]]
| area_total_km2          = 5595.36
| population_footnotes    = 
| population_total        = 183300
| population_as_of        = 2009
| population_density_km2  = auto
| timezone1               = [[Eastren European Time|EET]]
| utc_offset1             = +2
| timezone1_DST           = [[Eastren European Simmer Time|EEST]]
| utc_offset1_DST         = +3
| blank_name_sec1         = [[NUTS o Finland|NUTS]]
| blank_info_sec1         = 186
| blank_name_sec2         = Regional bird
| blank_info_sec2         = [[Eurasian bullfinch]] (''Pyrrhula pyrrhula'')
| blank1_name_sec2        = Regional fish
| blank1_info_sec2        = [[Pike perch]] (''Lucioperca lucioperca'')
| blank2_name_sec2        = Regional flouer
| blank2_info_sec2        = [[Iris pseudacorus|Yellow Iris]] (''Iris pseudacorus'')
| website                 = http://www.kymenlaakso.fi|http://www.kymenlaakso.fi]
| footnotes               = 
}}
{{taxobox
|name = Beech family
|image = Quercus ilex rotundifolia.jpg
|image_caption = Holm aik (''Quercus ilex'' subsp. ''rotundifolia'')
|regnum = [[Plant]]ae
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
|unranked_ordo = [[Rosids]]
|ordo = [[Fagales]]
|familia = '''Fagaceae'''
|familia_authority = [[Barthélemy Charles Joseph du Mortier|Dumort.]]<ref name=APGIII2009>{{Cite journal |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/122630309/abstract |format=PDF |accessdate=2013-06-26 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x |archive-date=2017-05-25 |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20170525104318/http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x/abstract |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|subdivision_ranks = [[Genus|Genera]]
|subdivision = ''[[Castanea]]'' - chestanes<br/>
''[[Castanopsis]]'' <br/>
''[[Chrysolepis]]'' - gowden chinkapin<br/>
''[[Colombobalanus]]'' <br/>
''[[beech|Fagus]]'' - beeches<br/>
''[[Formanodendron]]'' <br/>
''[[Lithocarpus]]'' - stane aiks<br/>
''[[aik|Quercus]]'' - aiks<br/>
''[[Trigonobalanus]]''
| range_map = Fagaceae Distribution.svg
| range_map_caption = The range of= Fagaceae.
}}
The faimily '''Fagaceae''', or '''beech faimily''', comprises aboot 600 species o baith [[evergreen]] an [[deciduous]] trees an scrogs, that is characterised bi alternate simple [[leafs]] wi pinnate venation, unisexual [[flouer]]s in the form o [[catkin]]s, an fruit in the form o tass-lik ([[Calybium an cupule|cupule]]) nits.