Citizenship by investment is offered in Europe, the Caribbean and Oceania.
Malta grants citizenship by naturalization for exceptional services by direct investment. According to the law, a foreigner first receives a residence permit, and submits an application for citizenship one or three years later. In 2020, this was the only way to obtain citizenship in the European Union by investment in the economy.
It is possible to obtain citizenship by investment in Montenegro, but it is still not part of the European Union.
Citizenship by investment programs are offered in five Caribbean countries and in Vanuatu in Oceania.