Time has had a significant impact on Borobodur. Over the centuries, the monument has endured earthquakes, erosion and vegetation growth that have damaged its structure and covered it with lichen. These elements have caused cracks in its walls, roof and balustrades as well as stone displacement in some parts of the monument. During World War II Japanese forces attempted to demolish Borobodur by detonating explosives within the temple’s structure which further weakened it.
In response to these damages, extensive restoration efforts have been undertaken over several decades beginning in 1973. This includes clearing away debris and lichen from the surface of Borobodur, re-building missing parts such as stairways and terraces, replacing broken ornaments and using epoxy resin to fill cracks. Through this work, many of Borobodur’s original features were preserved for future generations.