For women of childbearing age, snoring and witnessed sleep apnea appear to be related to such complications during pregnancy as pre-eclampsia. One study found that women who snore during pregnancy have an increased incidence of pregnancy-induced hypertension and that snoring may indicate a risk for growth retardation of the fetus. The presence of OSA seems to increase significantly in women who have gone through menopause, although this risk may decrease with hormone replacement therapy.