The Mosaic Covenant is significant because in it God promises to make Israel “a kingdom of priests and a holy nation” (Exodus 19:6). The Mosaic refers to a conditional covenant between God and the Israelites at Mount Sinai (Exodus 19-24), including their proselytes, not limited to the ten commandments, nor the event when they were given, but including the entirety of laws that Moses delivered from God in the five books of Torah.
In the Hebrew Bible, God established the Mosaic Covenant with the Israelites after he saved them from slavery in Egypt in the story of the Exodus. Moses led the Israelites to the promised land known as Canaan after which Joshua led them to its possession.
The Mosaic Covenant played a role in defining the Kingdom of Israel, and subsequently the southern Kingdom of Judah and the northern Kingdom of Israel, Yehud Medinata, the Hasmonean Kingdom, the Bar Kokhba revolt, and Rabbinic Judaism.
The Mosaic Covenant is sometimes called the Sinai Covenant (after the biblical Mount Sinai). The pattern of the covenant is similar to other ancient covenants of that time because it is between a sovereign king (God) and his people or subjects (Israel). At the time of the covenant, God reminded the people of their obligation to be obedient to His law (Exodus 19:5), and the people agreed to the covenant when they said, “All that the Lord has spoken we will do!” (Exodus 19:8).