Electrolyzers typically employ various materials for their components to facilitate efficient electrolysis. Here are the primary materials used in electrolyzers:
Electrodes: The electrodes are typically made of materials with good electrical conductivity and chemical stability. Common choices include metals such as platinum (Pt), titanium (Ti), or nickel (Ni), or metal oxides like iridium oxide (IrO2) and ruthenium oxide (RuO2). These materials can withstand the harsh conditions during electrolysis.
Electrolyte: The electrolyte solution allows the flow of ions between the electrodes. Different electrolyzers use different electrolytes. For water electrolysis, an acidic electrolyte like sulfuric acid (H2SO4) or a basic electrolyte like potassium hydroxide (KOH) is commonly employed.
Membrane: Some electrolyzers employ a membrane to separate the anode and cathode compartments while allowing the passage of specific ions. Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) electrolyzers use a solid polymer electrolyte membrane made of materials like Nafion or other perfluorosulfonic acid membranes.
Bipolar Plates: Bipolar plates serve as current collectors and distributors, enabling the passage of electricity through the electrodes. They are typically made of conductive materials like graphite, coated metals, or carbon composites.
Enclosure and Connectors: The outer enclosure of an electrolyzer can be made of various materials, such as stainless steel or plastic, to provide structural support and protection. Connectors and seals are used to ensure electrical connections and prevent leaks.
The specific materials used can vary depending on the electrolyzer type, desired efficiency, cost considerations, and the electrolysis process employed. Advances in materials science continue to explore alternatives that offer improved performance and reduced costs for electrolyzers.