Individual items listed in the auction catalogue generally come with a careful appraisal which is based on our 50 years’ experience in the market. The range of estimated value shown in the auction catalogue is merely intended for orientation. Experience has shown that the actual sales price is usually around the upper limit or above the stated price range. Larger items (collections, accumulations, lots) are given a starting price, which is intentionally low to entice interest. Top prices can only be achieved if as many bidders as possible take part in the auction, entering into a “bidding war” for the auction lot. We will confidentially inform you of the actual price expectation or our internal (conservative) value estimate before the auction. The achieved price is generally around near the top, or above, this price range.