Pedestrians struck by a motor vehicle frequently suffer brain injury when their head hits the pavement or roadway.  Typical brain injuries include concussions, brain bleeds also known as brain hemorrhage, dizziness and loss of balance, and visual impairments. Pedestrians may also sustain orthopedic injuries including neck and back impairment such as fractures of the wrists, arms, or legs; torn ligaments of the wrist or knee, shoulder injuries including torn rotator cuffs, sprains, strains, and bulging or herniated discs. Other injuries include facial injuries, scaring, disfigurement and dental injuries.