The proper operation of a PEM fuel cell or electrolyzer requires the use of a Proton Exchange Membrane, or a high temperature Polymer Electrolyte Membrane, hence the term “PEM fuel cell” and “PEM electrolyzer.” The proton exchange membrane enables the transfer of hydrogen ions i.e., protons, from the anode of the fuel cell to the cathode. The membrane also prohibits the electrons that were removed from the hydrogen atoms to pass through the membrane itself. The electrons instead flow out through the external electrical circuit to complete work on the load before returning to the cathode.