When going through the job application process, some employers may run a background check on you. When they do, they can only view a modified version of your file. But while your potential employer might not be able to see your credit score, they will be able to view public records, such as bankruptcy.
On a federal level, it is not illegal for employers to pass you over for a job opportunity because of your credit. However, in some cities and states, there are laws in place to prevent employers from discriminating against you. Be sure to check your state and local legislation to find out whether you are protected when applying for jobs.