Women whose initial Pap test result is abnormal may be asked to undergo a repeat test or have a Colposcopy. After colposcopy, the doctor may do a biopsy of the cervix. If the biopsy shows cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, the doctor treats the cervix by excising the transformation zone using various methods. These procedures cause short-term pain, bleeding and discharge, and generally have no major long term side effects. The advantage of cervical cancer is that less than one-third of even high-grade abnormalities progress to cancer. Recommendations are presented for the use of Pap tests for women with no cervical cancer symptoms, who are or who have been sexually active, regardless of sexual orientation. Recommendations are for screening all women from 25 to 65 years of age.