There’s no single answer to this question, because there are so many different types of data we collect! But it is a combination of technologies, relationships, and know-how. A lot of folks don’t realize that there is no official centralized repository of information about all of the nearly 400 million domains in existence today (to say nothing of the many millions more that have come and gone over the years)–even ICANN itself doesn’t have something like that. We spent many years developing a variety of collection methods, scaling them, and processing the data to make it consumable by the various tools and functions that use it.