This brochure aims to provide information about Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR) and the various treatment options available. VUR occurs when urine flows back from the bladder to the kidney through the ureters, instead of flowing down into the bladder. Primary reflux is caused by an intrinsic defect in the valve mechanism at the junction of the ureter and bladder, while secondary reflux is due to other causes in the bladder and outflow urinary tract. VUR can lead to urinary infections, renal scarring, hypertension, and even renal failure. Therefore, it is important to detect and treat VUR promptly to protect the kidneys from damage. Tests used to evaluate VUR include ultrasound studies, voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG), and isotope study (DMSA) of the kidneys. Any child with urinary tract infection should be evaluated, and the choice of tests will depend on the child’s age, symptoms, and the ultrasound report. Symptoms of urinary tract infections include foul-smelling or turbid urine, fever, abdominal pain, burning or pain when urinating, frequent and urgent urination, and urine infection. There are three options for managing or treating VUR, including antibiotics, surgery, and endoscopic treatment. Antibiotics may be used to prevent infections until low-grade VUR resolves itself as the child grows. Surgery can fix the ureters to stop high-grade VUR, and this treatment cures most children. Endoscopic treatment involves injecting a substance where the ureter joins the bladder in low-grade VUR. The choice of treatment should be discussed in detail with the doctor, taking into account the child’s medical history and the family’s personal views. It is important to understand the risks, benefits, and follow-up of each treatment.