Dynamic range is the difference between the noise floor and the saturation range of the detector. Or the minimum and max signal  (in proportion to concentration) that a detector can read. The signal strength is determined by the full-well capacity (pixel size), and the noise is the sum of dark and read noises.  A short dynamic range is a result of non-cooled detectors. The amount of dark charge collected in each pixel is dependent not only on the device temperature, but also on the integration time and the storage time before readout. The dynamic range is greater than the linear range.  The linear range of a detector represents the range of concentrations over which the sensitivity of the detector is constant within a specified variation.