The length of time it takes to recover after a storm depends on the extent of the damage to your home.  Minor damage such as damaged shingles, broken windows, or minor water damage can be fixed within a few days to a couple of weeks.
If your home has experienced extensive damage including flooding or severe structural damage, it may take much longer to recover.  On average, it can take anywhere from six months to a couple of years to fully restore significant damage after a storm.