Throughout history, several societal factors have influenced shifts in American drinking culture. The rapid westward migration during the Industrial Revolution led to increased isolation and independence, causing loneliness and anxiety among Americans. This, in turn, led people to numb their pain with alcohol. Additionally, the breakdown of old social hierarchies, urbanization, and industrialization further contributed to social dislocation and a mismatch between skills and jobs, prompting more individuals to turn to alcohol as a coping mechanism. Furthermore, economic and social changes in modern times have also played a role in the surge of alcohol consumption. For example, women's increased participation in the workforce has led to heightened stress associated with balancing work and family responsibilities, contributing to a rise in female drinking.