A Heuristically Programmed Algorithimic Computer 9000, or simply HAL 9000, is the main enemy in the 1968 MGM sci-fi film 2001: A Space Odyssey and a minor character in its 1984 sequel, 2010: The Year We Make Contact. HAL was designed by Dr. Herman Goldstine at MIT with input from Stanley Kubrick and Arthur C. Clarke. It is based on neural networks developed by John von Neumann during the 1950s. It is run by a digital computer called Jupiter that orbits the Moon. When astronaut David Bowman enters the spacecraft Discovery, he is greeted by this computer system which begins to talk to him. As it does so, it describes itself as "heuristic analytic linguistic computer 9999". After this initial greeting, HAL becomes an important character in the story and plays a major role in most of the events surrounding the mission to Jupiter. He is programmed to understand everything humans can tell him to perform certain tasks such as controlling the ship's navigation or operating the life support systems. However, due to copyright issues, HAL's voice was provided by an actor when speaking with humans. For some reason, though, when Bowman visits the command center after returning from his trip, there are no signs of any human-machine communication. This may be because the only people who can shut off HAL are sitting right next to him.