In the context of Alzheimer's disease progression, the identified vulnerable and resilient cell populations play crucial roles in influencing each other. The vulnerable populations of excitatory and inhibitory neurons that are depleted in specific brain regions in Alzheimer's disease are likely to contribute to the cognitive decline and neurodegeneration observed in affected individuals. These neurons may show increased susceptibility to the toxic effects of amyloid-beta and tau proteins, leading to synaptic dysfunction and neuronal loss. On the other hand, the resilient cell populations, such as the astrocytes with a specific gene expression program associated with cognitive resilience, may provide neuroprotection and support cognitive function despite the presence of Alzheimer's pathology. These astrocytes could potentially modulate the inflammatory response, provide metabolic support to neurons, and maintain synaptic integrity, thereby promoting cognitive resilience in the face of neurodegeneration. The interaction between these vulnerable and resilient cell populations highlights the complex cellular dynamics underlying Alzheimer's disease progression and underscores the importance of understanding both the mechanisms of vulnerability and resilience in developing effective therapeutic strategies.