Buckley v. Valeo: The FEC was created to ensure the fairness of elections. The FEC was composed of six members. Two were appointed by the President with advice and consent of both houses, two by the President Pro Tem of the Senate, and two by the Speaker of the House. There were also two non-voting members. The FEC was executive in nature because it was permitted to file lawsuits when it found violations. - Rule: The Appointments Clause applies to all parties that exercise at least some executive authority. Negative inference meant that leaders of Congress were not heads of departments and therefore were incapable of appointing inferior officers.