Your Teams application stores data in different locations based on the type of information and context:
1-1 and Group chats, calls, meetings data is stored in Exchange Online within each participant’s mailbox
Files shared within 1-1 and Group chats, calls, and meetings are stored within the sharing user’s ODFB, with sharing enabled with all participants
Teams files are stored within SharePoint Online; Teams channel chats, meetings data are stored within Exchange Online, and tasks data is in Planner.
All meeting recordings are stored in Stream.
*See Logical architecture for MS Teams and related services illustration below