If you're joined to the Active Directory domain running Windows 8.1 with a connected Microsoft account, you'll sync settings through your Microsoft account. After upgrading to Windows 10, you'll continue to sync user settings via Microsoft account as long as you're a domain-joined user and the Active Directory domain doesn't connect with Azure AD.
If the on-premises Active Directory domain does connect with Azure AD, your device will attempt to sync settings using the connected Azure AD account. If the Azure AD administrator doesn't enable Enterprise State Roaming, your connected Azure AD account will stop syncing settings. If you're a Windows 10 user and you sign in with an Azure AD identity, you'll start syncing windows settings as soon as your administrator enables settings sync via Azure AD.
If you stored any personal data on your corporate device, you should be aware that Windows OS and application data will begin syncing to Azure AD. This has the following implications:
Your personal Microsoft account settings will drift apart from the settings on your work or school Azure AD accounts. This is because the Microsoft account and Azure AD settings sync are now using separate accounts.
Personal data such as Wi-Fi passwords, web credentials, and Internet Explorer favorites that were previously synced via a connected Microsoft account will be synced via Azure AD.