Holistic approach to understanding complex systems. Emphasises the interconnectedness and interdependence of components within a system and seeks to identify patterns, relationships, and feedback loops that govern system behaviour.  Considers how individual elements interact with each other and with their broader environment, leading to emergent behaviours and unexpected outcomes.  Example: Systems thinking can be illustrated through a forest ecosystem. When considering the decline of a certain tree species, we must look at the interconnected components rather than the tree in isolation. Fewer trees lead to less habitat for pollinators, disrupting pollination and reducing fruit production. Consequently, fewer animals visit the area to forage, affecting the entire food chain and ecosystem balance. This demonstrates how one event impacts multiple elements within the system.