The reading and language arts subtest is a 90-minute section with about 38 questions on reading and 42 questions on writing, speaking and listening. Question formats include single-selection, multiple-choice items with four answer options, as well as at least four item types, including multiple selection, order matching and grid-based questions. Per Praxis, content areas for this subtest include the following: Foundational Reading Skills Understanding the role of phonological awareness in the development of literacy Understanding the role of phonics and word analysis for the development of literacy Understanding the role of fluency for the development of literacy Literature and Informational Texts Understanding how to use central ideas and details to comprehend literature and informational text Understanding how text features and structures across genres affect comprehension Understanding the concept of point of view with the use of evidence from the text Understanding how to integrate and compare written, visual and oral information from text as well as multimedia sources Understanding the role of text complexity in the development of reading skills Writing Knowledge Understanding the characteristics of common types of writing Understanding the characteristics of effective writing Understanding the development stages of writing Understanding the importance of digital tools and producing and publishing writing and interacting with others Understanding the research process Language Skills Understanding the conventions of standard English grammar, usage, mechanics and spelling when writing, speaking, reading and listening Understanding how to determine the meaning of words and phrases Understanding characteristics of conversational, academic and domain-specific language Speaking and Listening Skills Understanding the characteristics of effective collaboration to promote comprehension Understanding the characteristics of engaging oral presentations