Physical strength, courage, might, and cunning in the battlefield are all emphasized and praised in Homeric poetry. The labor and devotion expended in pursuit of everlasting glory are summed up in the highest virtue for a Homeric hero: perfection. Arete. That is arête. Homer also emphasizes piety towards the gods, loyalty to friends and family, and gratitude to those who have served you. These are called "homeric" or "common" virtues because they are applicable to any situation, not just military ones. They are necessary for anyone who aspires to be virtuous. In addition to these six traits, two other virtues are mentioned by some scholars: hope and fear. Hope is said to drive men on to victory or escape from death. Fear can have the opposite effect, causing men to flee from danger or give up when faced with it. Homer describes heroes as "good-hearted" or "bad-hearted". A good heart means that you have respect for others, you are loyal to your friends and family, and you try to make the world a better place through your actions. A bad heart means that you are selfish, you enjoy seeing others suffer, and you would do anything to achieve glory or avoid punishment. In conclusion, the seven virtues listed by Aristotle are the same ones presented by Homer as the requirements for a heroic life.