Yes, uncorrected astigmatism can cause amblyopia, also known as lazy eye. If one eye has significant astigmatism, myopia or hyperopia, the brain can start to “tune out” the visual information from that eye and only use the information from the eye with better vision.
This kind of amblyopia is called refractive amblyopia. In many cases, it can be treated by consistently wearing glasses that correct the astigmatism, along with vision therapies prescribed by your eye doctor.