Epidural Electrical Stimulation (EES) is a medical device which makes use of an electrical current to directly stimulate the spinal nerves below the level of injury, therefore bypassing the traditional brain-to-spinal cord pathway.  EES makes use of an electrode array which is placed in the epidural space of the spinal cord.  By producing electrical currents, the electrode stimulates the nerve fibers which ultimately results in muscular contraction.  EES helps to reactivate and stimulate the remaining, intact neural networks within the spinal cord.  This can be used to stimulate muscle activity and movements required for standing and walking.   EES is not considered a “cure” to spinal cord injury, but rather a form of rehabilitative technology.  It has shown promise and has been found to possibly elicit changes including recovery of weight-bearing, independent standing, improved postural control, generation of rhythmic stepping patterns, control of bladder and bowel function and improvements in blood pressure and temperature control.  It is important to note that EES is not solely responsible for these changes and that it should be used in conjunction with exercise rehabilitation including standing and gait training.    Victor Reggie Edgerton & Susan Harkema (2011) Epidural stimulation of the spinal cord in spinal cord injury: current status and future challenges, Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 11:10, 1351-1353, DOI: 10.1586/ern.11.129