Ted: Both operations are similar in many respects. For both wax and VCI filling installations, repairing the existing casing is often the first step. You inspect the end seals and spacers, and where appropriate, remove and replace them. The interior space between the carrier piping and the casing is flushed clean of dirt and other debris. Once the repairs are complete and the ends are sealed, you calculate the volume of product needed to completely fill the space between the carrier pipe and the casing. Then the product is prepared according to the manufacturer’s recommendations. Pumping or filling the space is different for each of the type of fill, but both technologies require appropriate equipment and experienced installers. Wax fills typically use a heated wax product for larger casings. Cold flowing wax can be used on some smaller casings. For wax fill applications, the space between the carrier pipe and the casings must be completely flushed and cleared out during the repairing of the end seals. Even with a well-prepared casing, achieving a complete wax fill is very difficult. Voids and gaps are typical. One published study of 143 wax filled casings found that the average fill was 81%. For VCI installation plans, the appropriate vapor corrosion inhibitor types and delivery methods are an important considerations. The VCI slurry needs to be mixed properly before being pumped into the casing using the appropriate pumping equipment. Because VCI applications typically use an aqueous slurry with an experienced installer, VCI is easier to install than a similar wax application. The VCI component is designed to release from the aqueous solution after being pumped into the casing to fill all vapor spaces. Therefore, concerns over gaps and voids are non-existent.