Bryophytes and pteridophytes are also groups of plants that are a part of the Plant Kingdom. These plants are lower in terms of development and structure in comparison to angiosperms and gymnosperms. These reproduce through sexual as well as vegetative means of reproduction. Vegetative reproduction does not involve male and female gametes, and in this type of reproduction, the new offspring comes from the existing parent plant. Bryophytes use the process of fragmentation, gemmae cups, etc. Pteridophytes are vascular plants that reproduce asexually and sexually. They use spore formation in the case of asexual reproduction and zygote formation in the case of sexual reproduction.