Yes, it is possible for astigmatism to be induced by cataract surgery. It’s also possible for mild astigmatism to worsen due to cataract surgery.
Cataract surgery requires an incision through the cornea. Sometimes, the way the incision heals ends up changing the cornea’s curvature. Astigmatism after cataract surgery may also be caused by the lens implant used.
Corneal healing after surgery isn’t always predictable, but a lot of the risk of astigmatism after cataract surgery can be avoided by finding an experienced cataract surgeon. If you do develop astigmatism after cataract surgery, it can often be corrected with glasses or a follow-up refractive surgery.