Torque is a measure of the rotational force applied to an object, which causes the object to rotate or change its rotational motion around a pivot point or axis. In simple terms, torque can be thought of as the twisting force that causes rotation.
Torque is a vector quantity, which means it has both a magnitude (the amount of force) and a direction (the direction in which the force is applied). The magnitude of torque depends on three factors:
The force applied: The greater the force, the greater the torque.
The distance from the pivot point: Torque increases with the distance from the pivot point (or axis of rotation) at which the force is applied. This distance is called the moment arm or lever arm.
The angle between the force and the moment arm: Torque is maximized when the force is applied perpendicular to the moment arm (90 degrees). As the angle between the force and the moment arm decreases, the torque decreases.
The SI (International System of Units) unit for torque is the Newton meter (Nm). Other units include pound-feet (lb-ft), pound-inches (lb-in), and kilogram-force meters (kgf-m), among others.
Torque is a fundamental concept in physics, engineering, and mechanics, playing a vital role in various applications, such as the operation of engines, tightening of fasteners, and performance of rotating machinery. Understanding torque is essential for designing and analyzing systems involving rotational motion.