The OFDM transmission scheme has a low power-amplifier efficiency so a satellite, which is already limited in it’s estate for solar panels and power budget, will have to burn a good amount of energy in the amplification process. This is less of a problem in GEO satellites where a higher power budget can be attained, and it is a larger issue with for example a CubeSat. However, CubeSats experience less path-loss due to the closer orbits in comparison to satellites in GSO – on the other hand the lifetime in LEO is only a few years. A CubeSat can provide an NB-IoT RAN at 4W output power, but of course with limited capacity and coverage, but it entirely depends on the satellite configuration and service scenario.