In order to preserve, recover or create a harmonious smile, many multi-disciplinary techniques are used on the gums (muco-gingival plastic surgery), bones (bone surgery), and the teeth themselves: 1. to replace one or more missing teeth (implant, bridge) sometimes requiring pre- or post-implant surgery 2. to correct the shape of a tooth or to restore it (replacement of old unsightly amalgams, reconstruction of fractured incisal angles, placing veneers on the visible side of the tooth, placing a crown to cover an entire tooth, reconstructing teeth with inlays/onlays, increasing the visible part of the tooth) 3. to correct or lighten the colour of the teeth (whitening, veneers) 4. to correct the smile line / tooth alignment (gingivoplasty, veneers) 5. to cover bare roots (gingival graft, coronal flap, ...) 6. to thicken gums that are too thin (gingival graft) 7. to reduce a gingival smile and increase the visible part of the teeth (gingivectomy, gingivoplasty, ...) 8. to restore the symmetry of the smile (gingivoplasty, ...) Orthodontics is sometimes necessary, usually as a pre-treatment.