Both industries, despite being under intense global competition, have been actively investigating methods of reducing their CO2 emissions. One of the primary means to date has been through continuous investment in the most energy-efficient technologies and production processes.Biomass and waste substitution has already been achieved in large scale coal fired plants for cement, giving them up to 14% emissions reduction. The Direct Separation technology will enable the lime industry to achieve similar substitution for the first time, because impurities in the fuels will not contaminate the end product as it does in conventional kilns. They have also, in line with national or European supporting mechanisms, been coinvesting in other capture technologies, such as the new pilot plant at Brevik (which is applying a number of traditional capture techniques to the cement process for the very first time – which could be used in conjunction with LEILAC’s Direct Separation technology).