Antibody test can be distinguished into two kinds –the 1stkind consists of direct binding assay (e.g. lateral flow assay (LFA) rapid test), which detects total binding antibodies whereas the 2ndkind consists of competitive binding assay(e.g. conventional virus neutralization test (cVNT), pseudovirus-based VNT (pVNT), surrogate VNT (sVNT)), which detects neutralising antibodies.  Neutralising antibodies are antibodies that bind to cell-free virus and prevent it from infecting cells. On the contrary, non-neutralizing antibodies are unable to prevent infection. Thus, competitive binding assay is more beneficial in indicate immunity against COVID-19 compared to direct binding assay