No, DreamHost does not use the cPanel control panel. However, it has its own proprietary control panel that allows you to carry out many of the same functions.
In some ways, this is more user-friendly to inexperienced users, plus this control panel is hosted by DreamHost separately and will not hog the resources of your own plan like cPanel does for many site hosting services.
It does lack some features, such as on click install of certain scripts, but those same scripts can still be installed manually.