(a) Advantage: If the party follows the footsteps of the party president, there will be discipline and unity within the party. Shortcoming: The party president can take its decision without taking into consideration the views of its party members. So, the inner democracy may get weakened.
(b) Advantage: If the party listens to the majority group, there will be more confidence among the party members and inner democracy will be strengthened. Shortcoming: If the party listens to the majority group, factionalism may increase in the party. One faction may try to back another faction to gather support
(c) Advantage: Secret ballot voting is an appropriate system. It is more democratic. Through it, any member can express his views. Shortcoming: Sometimes, the party members may vote through secret ballot by ignoring the whip of the party issued by the party president. It may prove fatal to the party.
(d) Advantage: The novice and less experienced candidates will be benefited if they consult the senior and experienced leaders of the party and also follow their guidelines. Shortcoming: If the party members only consult the senior and experienced leaders and follow their guidelines, their hold will get strengthened in the party.