Guidance cues can be integrated temporally and/or spatially:
In terms of temporal integration, lamellipodial and filopodial protrusions at the leading edge of migrating cells and neural growth cones are exposed to a number of guidance cues simultaneously and the proper integrated response is necessary for cell/growth cone guidance and maintenance.
In terms of spatial integration, cyclic nucleotides can regulate growth cone behaviours by converting repulsive signals into attractive signals through the activation of cyclic guanosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cGMP) and cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cAMP) signaling pathways, respectively (reviewed in ).
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