There are several types of water testing available, each designed to identify different contaminants. Importantly, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) notes that existing rules aimed at protecting public drinking water supply are not applicable to privately owned wells, which means homeowners are responsible for ensuring quality water for consumption and usage. Here are some common types of water testing:
• Lead Testing: Lead is a toxic metal that can enter the water supply through old lead pipes and plumbing fixtures. Lead can cause developmental delays in children, as well as other health problems.
• Coliform Testing - Coliform bacteria are microbes and testing looks for “total coliforms” because if the total coliform count is high, then it is very possible that harmful germs like viruses, bacteria, and parasites might also be found in the water.
• Fecal Coliforms - Fecal coliform bacteria are a specific kind of total coliform, of which E. coli is part of. While fecal coliforms and E. coli are usually harmless, a positive test may mean that feces and harmful germs have found their way into your water system or well.
• Bacteria Testing: Bacteria such as E. coli and coliforms can enter the water supply through human and animal waste and generally cause gastrointestinal issues, including nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
• Arsenic Testing: Arsenic is a naturally occurring element that can enter the water supply through erosion and mineral deposits. Arsenic exposure can cause a range of health problems, including skin lesions, cardiovascular disease, and cancer.
• Nitrate Testing: Nitrates are a common contaminant that can be found in well water and generally comes from animal waste, private septic systems, wastewater, flooded sewers, polluted stormwater runoff, fertilizers, agricultural runoff, and decaying plants. The presence of nitrate in well water also depends on the geology of the land around your well. A nitrate test is recommended for all wells.