The Collection framework in Java provides advantages over traditional arrays by offering dynamic re-sizing, built-in functionality like sorting and searching, type safety, and flexible element manipulation. It simplifies working with groups of objects by providing a standardized set of interfaces and classes. Collections can grow and shrink dynamically, whereas arrays have a fixed size. Collections also provide utility methods and algorithms for common operations. They ensure type safety by only allowing objects to be stored. Additionally, collections offer flexibility in terms of adding, removing, and manipulating elements compared to arrays.