A “§2(d)” or “Likelihood of Confusion” refusal will issue if the Examining Attorney feels that thereis a likelihood of confusion with a prior-filed trademark registration. This is a complex issue that may be difficult to overcome.Two marks do not need to beidentical for a likelihood of confusion issue to arise, nor do they need to be used in connection withidentical products or services. If the marks are too similar and are being used in connection with relatedproducts or services, the Examiner may find a likelihood of confusion. The inquiry is therefore highlysubjective, and reasonable minds often will differ about whether two marks are confusingly similar.In order to overcome a §2(d) Office Action, you need to submit a defense of your mark that analyzesall of the relevant likelihood of confusion factors, as they apply to the marks at issue.