The proposed expansion planning model can be extended to incorporate other natural disaster risks, such as earthquakes and floods, by integrating additional risk assessment metrics and decision variables that reflect the unique characteristics of these hazards. For instance, the model can include a seismic risk score that quantifies the vulnerability of power lines and substations to earthquake-induced damage. This score can be derived from historical seismic data, geological surveys, and structural assessments of existing infrastructure.
Similarly, for flood risks, the model can incorporate hydrological data to evaluate the likelihood of flooding in specific areas, which can affect the physical integrity of power lines and substations. Decision variables can be introduced to represent the modification of infrastructure, such as elevating substations or reinforcing power lines in flood-prone areas.
Moreover, the optimization framework can be adapted to consider multi-hazard scenarios, where the interaction between different natural disasters is analyzed. This would involve developing a comprehensive risk profile for each power line and bus, taking into account the combined effects of wildfires, earthquakes, and floods. By employing a multi-objective optimization approach, the model can balance the trade-offs between cost, reliability, and resilience against various natural disasters, ultimately leading to a more robust and adaptable power system.