Some applications of fragment analysis include cell line authentication, animal breeding, pathogen sub-typing, analyzing microsatellite markers, genotyping SNPS, and assessing the reliability of CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing. Fragment analysis is used to authenticate cell lines by comparing the DNA profiles of the cells to established databases. This is since each cell line possesses a unique DNA fingerprint. It is also used to analyze microsatellite markers, which are short, repetitive DNA sequences scattered throughout the genome. These markers are valuable in genetic mapping. Genotyping SNPs with fragment analysis allows researchers to identify genetic variations associated with diseases. Fragment analysis is used to assess the efficiency and accuracy of CRISPR-Cas9-mediated edits by analyzing the sizes of DNA fragments before and after editing. In animal breeding, fragment analysis is used to assess genetic diversity. In microbiology, fragment analysis is used for sub-typing pathogens such as bacteria and viruses to understand their epidemiology.