NB-IoT is a LPWAN often compared to LoRaWAN. In general, LoRaWAN is limited in terms of possible QoS and the number of supported devices in comparison to NB-IoT, but LoRaWAN operates in unlicensed spectrum, which can reduce costs. In an NTN context: (1) the LoRa modulation would suffer at the long distances where only the very high spreading factors would work (without excessive tx power requirements) resulting in a low bit-rate and (2) the large coverage area of NTN cell means that possibly a large number of UEs would reside within the cell and here the ‘Aloha’ access mechanism of LoRaWAN is a severe limiting factor on the scalability – especially in tandem with low throughput (very long temporally) transmissions that are more likely to collide. On the plus-side, the LoRa modulation allows for direct Doppler compensation – no need for a SIB31.