There’s no easy answer to this; it depends on the combination of router table size, cutter, and the power of the router itself. If you need to work with large pieces of wood, and take big cuts, you need a large, sturdy router table for safety and accuracy. A 1/2” router is going to be able to take much bigger cuts than a 1/4” model. Most large router bits won’t fit in a 1/4” router, anyway. As a general rule, you’ll get a better finish if you take several small cuts rather than one large one. You won’t risk stalling the router, either. While that doesn’t answer the question of the maximum cut in one pass, using multiple passes you can cut as much as you need to.