When faced with external stressors such as heavy metals, allergens, drugs or toxins, pollutants, pesticides, or insecticides and internal stressors like free radicals, DNA damage, and hypoxia that interfere with cellular homeostasis, cells respond by triggering a series of complex signaling pathways involved in many cellular activities, including cell repair and cell death (1, 2). These responses help reestablish cellular homeostasis and help cells adapt to the new environment (2).