An ophthalmologist An ophthalmologist is a qualified eye doctor who may also examine vision and eye health, perform surgical operations, and provide pre- and post-operative eye care. Ophthalmologists are physicians who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases, disorders, and injuries of the eye. They are usually board certified by some national medical organization such as the American Board of Ophthalmology. Optometrists are licensed by their states to treat eye diseases and perform eye surgeries. However, they do not need to be board certified by any organization to practice. Instead, they must meet strict educational and experience requirements to become certified by the American Board of Optometry. Although an optometrist can diagnose many eye problems, he or she will usually refer you to an ophthalmologist for more serious conditions or treatments that require a physician's help. Ophthalmic surgeons are doctors who specialize in both clinical practice and research related to the eye. They are usually associated with a major institution such as a hospital or university, and have significant funding to conduct research. Overall, ophthalmic surgeons are responsible for performing eye surgeries of all kinds on adults and children.