There are several granulation methods available, including: Dry granulation with e. g. a roller compactor, and wet granulation in e. g. a high-shear mixer or a fluid bed processor (spray granulation). Each option offers benefits and limitations that need to be considered when selecting the optimal solution. Dry granulation with e. g. a roller compactor does not require binding agents and drying. Powders are compressed into a ribbon and then milled into granules (de-agglomeration). However, dry granulation is not suitable for all types of recipes. Moreover, the characteristics of the starting materials must meet very narrow specifications to achieve consistent end results. This can pose additional challenges in terms of starting material sourcing during the life cycle of a drug product. In a wet granulation process with e. g. a high-shear mixer, different powders are mixed to achieve a homogeneous blend. In the next step, a binder liquid is sprayed into the mixture which leads to the formation of liquid bridges between the particles. The impeller mixes the wet mass and forms granules by introducing shear force into the material. Additionally, a chopper is used to reduce oversized lumps into smaller pieces. High shear forces achieve a beneficial increase in granule density. The right endpoint of this process step can be determined e. g. by torque measurement, a method that allows for highly precise and repeatable results. At the end of the wet granulation process, the product is discharged from the high-shear container, sized in a wet mill, and dried e. g. in a fluid bed. Spray granulation in a fluid bed processor starts by mixing the different powders until a homogeneous mixture is achieved. Spray guns then add the granulation liquid to the fluidized mixture. From a design perspective, the spray nozzles can be arranged in different ways (top, tangential, bottom). To achieve high density and a narrow particle size distribution it is beneficial to spray in the area where particles have the highest kinetic energy, i. e. directly above the air distribution plate that is positioned at the bottom of the fluid bed vessel. A controlled spray rate as well as stable droplet sizes via controlled spray parameters are essential to achieve repeatable results. Drying of the granules already starts during the spraying step via the conditioned process air. The end of the drying step can be determined very precisely, e. g. by humidity measurements of the exhaust air. Another key element of spray granulation is to keep the conditioned air in a consistent range of temperature, humidity, and mass flow to achieve repeatable results - independently from regional and seasonal fluctuations in the outside air drawn in.