The mainstays of treatment are pharmacotherapy (medication therapy), neuromodulatory techniques and evidence-based psychotherapy (e.g. cognitive behavioral therapy). However, many MDD patients still report insufficient relief from these treatments.nPsychotherapy offers invaluable tools for building someone’s internal resilience; however, treatment is often lengthy and is best-optimized by working with a well-trained therapist. This treatment modality alone is often insufficient, especially in more challenging cases.nElectroconvulsive therapy is one of the most effective treatment modalities for major depression, with the highest rate of remission. However, the patient must be exposed to the risks of anesthesia, so there is a smaller pool of medically suitable candidates.