Toxicology CROs offer predictive safety assessments by in-silico and in-vitro methods. In-silico methods allow predictions of potential mutagenicity and genotoxicity based on the compound’s structure and known historical data. In-vitro toxicity assays allow testing with many discovery compounds to predict specific toxicity mechanisms and reduce animal usage. In-vitro toxicity assays test for potential drug-drug interactions (DDI), mutagenicity, cytotoxicity, or organ toxicity using toxicology services including microsome, hepatocyte, hERG, and AMES assays. That said, in-vivo toxicology studies are still critical because they are the ultimate indicator of toxicity. In-vivo toxicity studies include satellite toxicity and maximum tolerated dose (MTD) study assessments, acute single-dose toxicity studies, repeat-dose GLP toxicology studies, genetic and prenatal toxicology, carcinogenic studies, safety pharmacology studies, in-vivo erythrocyte micronucleus tests, and other systems of biology techniques including metabonomics, proteomics, and transcriptomics.