Temporary passports for Swedish citizens can be issued by the police at Stockholm Arlanda Airport. It is about a 10-minute walk from the terminals to the police station. Follow the signs from SkyCity towards the police.
From November 4 it is no longer possible to apply for a temporary passport at the police station at Arlanda. Instead, they refer to the Norrmalm and Farsta police stations. From November 13, the service will also be offered by the Sollentuna police station. Read more here (in Swedish).