Physical layer: Deals with the physical transmission of data, including electrical, optical, and radio-frequency signals.
2. Data Link layer: Handles the transfer of data frames between devices and provides error detection and correction.
3. Network layer: Provides routing and forwarding of data packets between networks based on network addresses.
4. Transport layer: Ensures reliable and efficient data transfer between applications by providing end-to-end flow control, error checking, and data segmentation.
5. Session layer: Manages the establishment, maintenance, and termination of connections between applications.
6. Presentation layer: Deals with the formatting and encryption of data for presentation to the application layer.
7. Application layer: Interacts directly with the software application and provides services such as email, file transfer, and network resource sharing.