Cytokines are the chemical mediators of intercellular communication, enabling immune system cells to talk to each other. They play a crucial role in defending the host against pathogens. They can be produced by immune cells and other cells in response to infection or cellular damage (10, 11).
Cytokines bind to specific receptors on target cells and activate downstream signaling events that lead to the expression of genes , including JAK/STAT and MAPK signaling. Cytokines function via these signaling pathways to regulate cell growth, development, and survival. Cytokines also modify cell behavior in the tissue surroundings, which results in improved immune responses (11).
Mutations in cytokines, cytokine receptors, and signaling pathways are responsible for many primary immunodeficiency syndromes. Excessive cytokine production or responsiveness can lead to the development of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Hence, cytokines are important targets in developing monoclonal antibodies and other therapeutic molecules.