In structural engineering, the term "loads" usually refers to the external forces applied to a structure. These forces can be classified as dead loads (permanent loads such as the weight of the structure itself), live loads (variable loads such as the weight of transported goods, people or equipment), and environmental loads (loads such as wind or earthquake). The unit used to measure the amount of force is Newton (N), and the direction of applied forces is typically defined using global axes. The load can also be applied as a bending moment or torque expressed by the unit Newtonmeter (Nm).
Engineers use a variety of tools and techniques to capture the loads and handle them during the design phase. First, it is essential to accurately determine the magnitude, direction and duration of all potential loads that the structure may be subjected to. This can be done by conducting a thorough analysis of the environmental conditions, expected usage and other relevant factors that could affect the structure.
Once the loads have been identified, engineers can then use various tools, such as classic analytics, finite element analysis (FEA) or computational fluid dynamics (CFD), as well as testing and feedback from usage, to simulate the behavior of the structure under different loading scenarios. This can help to identify potential failure modes and guide the design of the structure to ensure that it can withstand the expected loads without exceeding its maximum stress limits.
During the design phase, it is also important to consider the dynamic effects of the loads, such as the impact of live loads or the resonance induced by environmental loads, such as wind. These effects can lead to increased stress and deformation in the structure and must be accounted for to ensure structure safety.
Finally, engineers can use various design measures to handle the loads, such as selecting appropriate materials, increasing the size or number of structural members, or incorporating support structures, such as trusses or braces, to help distribute the loads. By taking a comprehensive approach to capturing and handling loads during the design phase, engineers can ensure that the structure will perform safely and effectively under the expected conditions