The key differences between the 1818 and 1831 editions of Frankenstein primarily lie in the content, structure, and tone of the novel. Mary Shelley made several revisions and additions for the 1831 edition, which she considered to be more polished and refined. Here are some of the key differences between the two editions:
Framing Narrative: The 1818 edition begins with an epistolary framing narrative, where the story is presented as a series of letters from Robert Walton to his sister. In the 1831 edition, this framing narrative is expanded, and Walton's role as the explorer who rescues Victor Frankenstein in the Arctic becomes more prominent.
Character Development: The 1831 edition provides more extensive character development for both Victor Frankenstein and the Creature. Victor's emotions, motivations, and moral struggles are further explored, making him a more complex and empathetic character. The Creature is also given more depth, and its ability to learn, speak, and articulate its emotions is emphasized.
Clarification of Events: In the 1831 edition, certain events and plot points are clarified and expanded upon, providing a more coherent and cohesive narrative. For example, the circumstances of the Creature's creation are more detailed, and certain inconsistencies from the 1818 edition are addressed.
Elizabeth's Heritage: In the 1831 edition, Elizabeth's heritage is revised to avoid incestuous connotations present in the 1818 edition. She is no longer Victor's cousin but rather a foundling taken in by the Frankenstein family.
Tone and Language: The 1831 edition exhibits a more mature and polished writing style compared to the 1818 edition. Mary Shelley made stylistic changes and refined the language to enhance the emotional impact of the story.
Themes and Philosophical Reflections: The 1831 edition includes more explicit philosophical reflections and introspective moments, offering deeper insights into the novel's themes of loneliness, responsibility, and the consequences of scientific ambition.
Additional Scenes: The 1831 edition includes new scenes and episodes that were not present in the 1818 edition, adding further depth to the narrative.
Omission of Certain Scenes: Some of the more controversial and provocative scenes from the 1818 edition, such as Victor's early fascination with alchemy, were omitted in the 1831 edition.