There are four primary sex hormones responsible for sexual arousal and function:
Testosterone. Although a predominantly “male” hormone, both men and women produce testosterone, and it’s an important hormone in increasing libido and encouraging sexual activity.
Estrogen. Like testosterone, both men and women produce estrogen, although it is typically considered the “female” hormone. Estrogen is important in promoting vaginal lubrication and increasing sexual desire.
Progesterone. Progesterone is produced in the ovaries and has various responsibilities throughout the reproduction cycle. High levels can contribute to mood swings, bloating, and breast tenderness, while low levels are often associated with menopause-type symptoms like decreased libido, hot flashes, and abnormalities in the menstrual cycle.
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). Produced in the adrenal gland and the brain, DHEA is used by the body to create testosterone and estrogen. It typically peaks in people’s late 20s to early 30s, then begins a steady decline.
For women, imbalanced hormones can cause a decline in sexual interest or performance as a result of menopause—which causes a decrease in both female hormones (estrogen and progesterone) and testosterone, which drives libido—and/or as a result from changes in vaginal atrophy and loss of elasticity, which can lead to burning, painful intercourse, bleeding after sex, and increased vulnerability to tears and infection.
Increasing estrogen levels with HRT can have a significant impact on the frequency and intensity of menopausal symptoms like hot flashes, night sweats, mood swings, and sleep disturbances. It can also ease vaginal dryness and itching—making sex less painful—and increase libido. For many women, HRT may help reduce the risk of heart disease, prevent fractures caused by osteoporosis, and lower the chances of developing dementia.