Excellent question, we say patience is a virtue.
The short answer is about 3-4 weeks.
Fermentation takes about 5-10 days. During these times, the yeast is working hard to convert sugar to alcohol. If you do not allow the yeast to finish their job, it can open your brew up to other problems such as bottle explosions and “off” flavours, which is a beer that just doesn’t taste as good as it should!
Bottle Conditioning takes about 2 weeks. However the longer the beer is in the bottle, it tends to improve the flavour of the beer. Try some at 2 weeks, but see if you can detect an improvement at the 3 or 4 week mark.
Happy Brewing!