Common birth injuries include Cerebral Palsy, Brachial Plexus Injuries (such as Erb’s Palsy), Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy (HIE), Fractures (like collarbone fractures), and Shoulder Dystocia. These injuries can occur due to complications during delivery, such as the improper use of medical tools, delayed C-sections, or lack of monitoring fetal distress.