African kingdoms contributed immensely to global culture and civilization through advancements in art, science, architecture, and philosophy. Ancient Egypt's contributions include monumental architectural achievements like the pyramids and significant advances in medicine and astronomy. The University of Timbuktu, in the Mali Empire, was a renowned center for learning, attracting scholars from all over the Islamic world. These kingdoms also played a vital role in the development and spread of languages, religious beliefs, and artistic traditions.