Motivational ideas and some psychotherapies intersect with one another under certain schools of psychoanalytical thought. One uses the perceived lack of self-motivation among people with autism spectrum disorder, for example. In this approach, patients are motivated by their psychotherapist to become more engaged with societal norms. The idea is that it is a lack of motivational stimuli among such patients that accounts for some of their behavioural symptoms. In other cases, phobias have been treated using motivational techniques, such as encouraging people to face their fears. By being motivated to do so, the cause of the phobia is theoretically normalised, thereby treating the condition. It is important to add that not all psychotherapists take the same approach when dealing with these sorts of conditions, however.