Frankenstein is rich with symbolism that adds depth and complexity to the narrative. Some of the major symbols in the novel include:
The Creature: The Creature itself is a powerful symbol throughout the novel. It represents the consequences of unchecked ambition and the dangers of playing "God." The Creature's physical appearance reflects the monstrous aspects of humanity and society's tendency to reject what it deems as different or abnormal.
Light and Fire: Light and fire symbolize knowledge, enlightenment, and the pursuit of scientific discovery. They also represent the dual nature of science, capable of both illuminating and destroying. Victor's act of creating life can be seen as the "fire" he stole from the gods, which brings both enlightenment and suffering.
Nature: The natural world serves as a symbol of beauty, harmony, and the balance of life. Nature provides solace and comfort for Victor and the Creature, highlighting the contrast between the tranquility of nature and the chaos of human ambition.
Eyes: The eyes of the characters are symbolic of perception, understanding, and the ability to see beyond the surface appearance. The Creature's yellow eyes and its ability to see beyond the surface beauty of individuals emphasize its heightened sensitivity to human emotions and character.
The De Lacey Cottage: The De Lacey cottage represents an idyllic and nurturing space, symbolizing the harmony of family and the value of companionship. It is the place where the Creature learns about language, emotions, and human interaction.
The Arctic: The Arctic setting symbolizes isolation, danger, and the coldness of human ambition. It serves as a backdrop for the final confrontation between Victor and the Creature, reflecting their emotional states and the consequences of their actions.
Victor's Laboratory: Victor's laboratory is symbolic of his ambitious and forbidden scientific pursuits. It is the place where he creates the Creature, representing the boundary between life and death, science and the supernatural.
Birth and Death: The theme of birth and death is prevalent throughout the novel, symbolizing the cycle of life and the consequences of tampering with the natural order. The Creature's creation and its demand for a female companion represent the desire for new life, while the deaths of characters reflect the tragic consequences of Victor's ambition.