Caregivers should be familiar with Medicare enrollment periods. If your loved one is under 65: Everyone has an Initial Enrollment Period the year they turn 65. It’s a seven-month window that includes the three months before and after their birth month. If you care for someone over 65 who is not enrolled: You should enroll them in Medicare as soon as possible to limit late penalties. Different enrollment periods provide specific enrollment options. Also, Special Enrollment Periods (SEP) are unique periods triggered by certain circumstances. An available SEP might allow them to enroll without penalty.