You fill in a pilot logbook with the following information:
- Name;
- Flight position – whether you flew as Pilot-in-Command, Second-in-Command, etc;
- Date of the flight;
- Total duration of the flight;
All takeoff and landing locations – these are used not only to identify the flight you made, but also to certify that you made such takeoffs and landings within a time period that maintains the currency of your license or rating.
This is the mandatory information that needs to be in a logbook to satisfy the FAA. Any additional information you want to record about the flight is fine if you find it useful, but is very much secondary in terms of identifying, quantifying, and recording your flight.
You are generally held responsible for making sure the plane you fly is in sufficiently good working order to complete the flight, so any details of the plane number, its fuel levels, and any or all potential damage at the start and the finish of your flight might be useful in terms of asserting (for instance) that non-serious damage existed prior to your flight.
Similarly, any navigation information that plots the flight from A-B would be additional information. You would not need to record it for the purposes of the FAA, but it would be useful for any instructor or examiner to observe the precise plotting of your flight between its takeoff and landing locations.