Risk factors for JAMSS also may include behavioral, emotional, cognitive, and social risk factors. When this is present along with a pre-existing history or comorbid conditions can result in the progression to chronic persistent pain. Additional considerations are pre-existing TMD symptoms, limited range of motion (if the patient’s voluntary jaw opening is less than 30 mm), the location and type of procedure, duration of the procedure, and type of anesthesia all factor into the risk for JAMSS injury.