The effects of interest rate hikes on inflation can take at least 12 months to materialize. Central banks raise rates to reduce borrowing and spending, which in turn lowers demand for goods and services, along with prices. However, it takes time for this chain of events to ripple through the economy. On top of that, inflation is influenced by numerous other factors (including global supply chains, energy prices, and labor markets), which can also delay the impact of rate hikes.