Having law enforcement in schools creates more hostile environments. When students perceive their schools to be hostile, they are less likely to be engaged in school and, in turn, demonstrate reduced achievement. The presence of sworn law enforcement is also associated with increases in student arrests for low-level incidents. Schools employing school police see increases in student offenses and school-based arrests by as much as 400 percent. In a recent survey of 400 school resource officers, one out of three officers reported that their school does not specify the types of disciplinary issues that they can intervene in. This lack of accountability and clarity results in an inappropriate use of force for minor misbehaviors and harm to students. The tools of law enforcement, unlike the tools of school-based mental health providers, include pepper spray, handcuffs, tasers, and guns, and are ill-suited to the classroom.