You'll get an insight into this during your pre-flight checks. This is when you verify that pulling back on the stick pushes the elevators up (and the plane into a climb) and inversely, pushing forwards forces the elevators down causing you to descend. Then check the pedals at your feet control the rudder, which helps you turn. And then a check that moving the stick left or right lifts the ailerons left or right for you to make your turn.