Standalone Mode: This mode relies solely on a 5G packet core for both transferring information and signaling. Non-Standalone Mode (NSA): It is an attractive option for areas already equipped with 4G. NSA mode utilizes the existing 4G network control plane speeding up implementation and cutting down on hardware costs. Dynamic Spectrum Sharing (DSS): DSS allows for the sharing of spectrum between 4G LTE and 5G NR based on real-time demand. Like NSA, DSS enables quicker rollouts and reduced hardware expenses.