In general, newspapers are not permitted to print the following unless editors can demonstrate a public interest in doing so: Journalists, on the other hand, are permitted to name them if there is a public interest in doing so. Naming persons who have not granted permission is called "naming" and is prohibited by law in many countries including Canada, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Japan, New Zealand, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, South Africa, United Kingdom and the United States. In the United States, it is known as "libel". The Newspaper Editors' Association has issued guidelines for journalists on how to report names of people who might not want them published. These include circumstances where publication of a person's name is in the public interest, such as when investigating a serious crime; when writing about important issues that may affect many people; or when publishing information that could be used to threaten or harass others. Names also should not be printed if they would cause undue hardship for individuals involved. For example, journalists should not publish the names of children or spouses under 18 without their consent. Similarly, reporters should not use the names of people who may suffer financial loss or embarrassment because of an article written about them.