Oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and impaired protein folding are strongly linked processes that can create a cycle of cellular damage and dysfunction. For example, mitochondrial dysfunction may result in excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production that can overburden the endoplasmic reticulum’s protein folding capacity and cause oxidative stress, further contributing to mitochondrial homeostasis impairments. Understanding the interconnectedness of cellular stress responses is crucial for developing improved interventions for many chronic diseases (16).