To develop anti-tuberculosis drugs with reduced off-target effects on human enzymes, researchers can explore alternative targets or mechanisms of action that are specific to Mycobacterium tuberculosis and distinct from essential human cellular processes. One potential approach is to target unique metabolic pathways or enzymes that are essential for the survival and replication of M. tuberculosis but are not present or significantly different in human cells. For example, enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of cell wall components or regulators of bacterial gene expression could serve as promising targets for developing selective anti-tuberculosis drugs. By identifying and validating these novel targets through biochemical and structural studies, researchers can design inhibitors that specifically disrupt bacterial functions without affecting essential human enzymes, thereby minimizing off-target effects and improving the safety profile of anti-tuberculosis therapies.