- Advances in the technology of warfare. This brought about demands that world peace be policed by intergovernmental or supranational bodies. - Economic life has been progressively globalized. Markets are now world markets, businesses have become transnational corporations and capital is being moved around the globe. - Nation-state may be the enemy of the natural environment. Nations are concerned primarily with their own strategic and economic interests, and pay little attention to the ecological consequences of their actions.