The findings from this study on reading times have significant implications for understanding information processing in other language modalities, particularly speech production and comprehension. The consistent relationship between surprisal and reading times suggests that similar cognitive mechanisms may govern both reading and listening. In speech production, for instance, speakers often plan their utterances based on the predictability of upcoming words, which aligns with the principles of surprisal theory. Just as readers allocate processing time based on the predictability of words in a text, speakers may adjust their speech rates and pauses according to the anticipated difficulty of upcoming words. Furthermore, the concept of contextual entropy, which reflects the expected processing difficulty, is equally relevant in spoken language comprehension. Listeners rely on contextual cues to anticipate the flow of conversation, and higher contextual entropy may lead to longer processing times as they navigate through less predictable speech. Overall, the study's findings reinforce the idea that information-theoretic principles, such as surprisal and contextual entropy, are fundamental to understanding cognitive processes across various language modalities, highlighting the interconnectedness of reading, speech production, and comprehension.