The two conditions linked to low bone mineral density are osteopenia and osteoporosis. When bone loss occurs, it follows stages; you start at normal bone density, progress to osteopenia in the middle stage and then later to osteoporosis. Osteopenia is the first stage of bone loss and is often referred to a “silent” disease since most people with the condition experience no symptoms at all. It typically affects people over age 50, and genetics and ethnicity also play a part (Caucasian and Asian women have a higher risk). Women are at a higher risk for two reasons; they usually start with a lower bone density in the first place, and then as menopause occurs, the lack of estrogen affects how bone tissue is renewed. Additional risk factors for osteopenia include: A diet low in calcium and vitamin D
Certain medical conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and celiac disease
Certain medications, such as steroids or anti-seizure drugs
Lack of weight-bearing exercise, such as walking or running
Overuse of alcohol
Tobacco use
The good news is that if you have osteopenia, making simple lifestyle changes — like eating a balanced diet, staying active and taking supplements — can help prevent further bone loss: A common condition that affects over 50 percent of people living in the U.S. age 50 and older, osteoporosis (low bone mineral density) is the last stage of bone loss and the more severe of the two conditions. It happens when your body doesn’t make enough new bone tissue, or your body loses bone tissue. When your bones become less dense, problems can arise, such as: Bone pain
Fractured or broken bones
Loss of height or tendency to hunch over
Risk factors for osteoporosis are similar to those of osteopenia. If you already have a diagnosis of osteopenia, you’re at a much higher risk for developing osteoporosis. If you suspect you have osteoporosis, screening is as simple as a painless test at your doctor’s office. DEXA scans measure the mineral content of your bone. The results, called T-scores indicate if you have normal bone density, osteopenia or osteoporosis.