In addition to synchronous and asynchronous cross-shard transaction processing methods, alternative approaches can be explored to tackle the challenges related to atomicity and state transitions in sharded systems. One innovative technique is the adoption of a hierarchical or layered transaction processing model. In this model, transactions are first processed within individual shards independently, ensuring atomicity and consistency within each shard. Subsequently, a higher-level coordination mechanism is employed to synchronize and finalize cross-shard transactions, addressing atomicity failures and state transition challenges. Another approach could involve the use of smart contracts or decentralized oracles to facilitate cross-shard communication and validation, enhancing the security and reliability of inter-shard transactions. By leveraging decentralized technologies and innovative consensus mechanisms, these alternative approaches can enhance the efficiency and robustness of sharded systems.