The main components of a pool pump include the motor, impeller, strainer basket, and housing. The motor powers the pump, while the impeller generates the water flow. The strainer basket collects debris and prevents it from entering the pump. The housing encloses these components and directs the water flow. When the pump is turned on, the motor drives the impeller, creating suction that pulls water into the pump and then pushes it out through the return jets.