Rhetorical appeals are important parts in Aristotle's definition of the art of persuasion. As a reader and listener, you must be able to discern how writers and speakers use ethos, logos, and pathos in their attempts to communicate. Only by understanding these elements can you defend yourself against false reasoning or emotional manipulation. The modern term "rhetoric" comes from the Greek word for ornamentation or embellishment. In its most general sense, rhetoric is the practice of speaking or writing to persuade others. In order to do so effectively, one must understand the three classical principles of oratory: ethos, logos, and pathos. In ancient Greece, these three principles were considered essential in any speech before an audience. An effective speaker would have knowledge of each of them, allowing him or her to choose the right words to convey the right message. In addition to being readers and listeners, students of rhetoric should also be critics. This means that they should examine speeches and writings critically, looking for weaknesses in logic or style. The more you know about how others attempt to influence your opinion, the better prepared you will be to argue your case or respond to attacks on your position. Finally, students of rhetoric should cultivate good judgment. This means that you should avoid using harsh language, making unreasonable demands, or otherwise acting like bullies when communicating with others.