Variable Number Tandem Repeats (VNTRs) were one of the early types of genetic markers used in DNA fingerprinting. VNTRs are regions of DNA where short DNA sequences are repeated in a tandem arrangement, and the number of repeats varies among individuals. In VNTR analysis, specific VNTR loci are targeted for analysis. The DNA samples are subjected to PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction), which amplifies the VNTR regions of interest. The PCR products are then separated using gel electrophoresis, which sorts the DNA fragments based on their size. The resulting pattern of DNA fragments is known as a DNA fingerprint or DNA profile. The analysis of VNTRs involves comparing the number of repeats at different VNTR loci between individuals. Since the number of repeats can vary significantly, VNTR analysis can provide a high level of discrimination between individuals, making it useful for forensic investigations, paternity testing, and population studies. However, VNTR analysis has certain limitations. The technique requires a larger amount of DNA, and the analysis process can be time-consuming and labor-intensive. Additionally, the interpretation of VNTR profiles can be more challenging compared to newer techniques such as Short Tandem Repeat (STR) analysis, which has largely replaced VNTR analysis in modern DNA fingerprinting due to its advantages of higher sensitivity, specificity, and ease of analysis.