Transaction logs, fortunately, have remained steadfast and unchanged for about three decades. That means almost all the problems are now well understood and most issues have well-documented fixes. In my experience, there are two very common problems.
First, Devs can sometimes build apps without understanding how to write operations (INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE/MERGE) that interact with the transaction log. So, it’s not uncommon to see apps performing huge, multi-row write operations in a single transaction. While that transaction is in flight, the write operation remains open as do all other transactions happening after it. Those transactions coming in after the huge write operation all remain open too, which causes bloated transaction logs that cannot be truncated until the huge transaction completes. This can go on even to the point where the log entirely fills the disk where it lives and crashing SQL Server.
Second—and this goes back to my point about going with the defaults—one of the most common causes of transaction logs filling up is that databases are set to FULL recovery model (or whatever the setting is for the Model database) by default, but that the logs do not have a log backups scheduled by default. When in FULL recovery model, only running a backup on the transaction log with truncate it and keep its size in check. So, your options here are to either run in FULL recovery model with frequent log backups (my default is every 15 minutes) or to run in SIMPLE recovery model.