Sure.
This Magento 2 Magento 2 Add Field to Customer Registration extension helps do so.
You can create one drop-down or radio-button attributes named “Choose Your Customer Group.”
However, customers will not be automatically assigned to that group. Instead, you can check their answers in Customer Grid and add them to the right group by yourself.
Anyway, adding customer group attribute is helpful for you to segment users right from the start.