The Indus River flows through four countries: China, India, Pakistan, and Tibet. The Indus River originates in the Tibetan Plateau in China and flows through the Ladakh region of India before entering Pakistan. The river then flows through Pakistan and empties into the Arabian Sea.
There has been a longstanding dispute between India and Pakistan over the Indus River. The Indus Waters Treaty, signed in 1960, established the rights and obligations of India and Pakistan with respect to the use of the Indus River and its tributaries. Under the treaty, India is allowed to use the western rivers (the Indus, Jhelum, and Chenab) for irrigation, hydroelectric power generation, and other purposes, while Pakistan is allowed to use the eastern rivers (the Sutlej, Beas, and Ravi) for the same purposes. The treaty also established the Indus Waters Commission, which is responsible for overseeing the implementation of the treaty and resolving any disputes that may arise between the two countries. Despite the treaty, there have been a number of disputes between India and Pakistan over the use of the Indus River, with both countries accusing the other of violating the terms of the treaty.