The IoT technology stack includes everything from IoT devices, sensors, actuators, and gateways to IoT platforms. An examination of IoT technology and the initial tiers of the IoT technology stack: IoT devices (including sensors and actuators), IoT gateways (including device management), and IoT platforms. These components work together to enable connectivity between the physical world and the Internet. IoT devices consist of three main parts: hardware, software, and connectivity. Hardware consists of the actual machinery used for measurement (sensors) or control (actuators). Software controls how these pieces of equipment operate. Connectivity allows the equipment to communicate with other devices and systems. For example, a sensor might measure temperature and humidity, while an actuator could be used to turn on a heater if it gets too cold in a building. IoT gateways provide an interface between connected devices and the cloud. They typically include functions like security, device management, and data filtering. Gateways can also connect directly to the cloud, but this functionality is provided by separate service providers. IoT platforms are centralized locations where IoT devices and applications can be managed and where data can be stored. They often include databases, web servers, and APIs that can be used by both consumers and developers. These are just some of the many technologies involved in the development of IoT solutions. There are many more, including communication protocols, data types, and storage techniques.