A common reason those with pectus seek treatment is the cosmetic appearance of the chest. The abnormality can have psychological effects on self-esteem, perception from peers and body image, especially on a child navigating their already-changing body. Dr. Anderson states, “I often get male patients who are reluctant or too self-conscious to take off their shirts at the beach or pool due to social pressure from peers about the appearance of their chest. Post-operative patients often have improved self-esteem, and some are even encouraged to start lifting weights to improve their physique in a way they haven’t been able to before.” Another important reason to seek treatment for pectus excavatum (sunken chest) specifically, is to ensure it isn’t causing medical complications with the heart and lungs due to the compression the chest defect can place on them. Pressure on the heart can cause heart arrhythmias, heart murmurs and abnormalities with the heart valves. Compression of the lungs can result in limited lung capacity and inhibit exercise tolerance, which can be especially limiting for student athletes.