C) postponementKeeping a product generic as long as possible before customizing is known as postponement. This process is very useful when making somewhat generic products (like computers, printers, televisions, etc.). While the external features of these devices will be different, the primary mechanisms that make each device function are similar. Thus, it makes sense for a company to postpone putting the external elements on a computer or television until farther along in the production cycle so that a business can more easily meet customer expectations.Forward and Backward integration are two types of vertical integration. Forward integration is the term used to describe the situation where a maker of parts begins to produce final products. An example of forward integration is American Apparel clothing company. This company makes clothes and then sells them in their own branded store rather than through a traditional retail department store. Backward integration is the term used to describe the situation where a larger firm purchases a former supplier. For example, backward integration would occur if a car manufacturer purchased a controlling share in a tire company or glass manufacturer.