Circumcision reduced the risk of getting HIV/AIDS by 3-fold during sex with an infected woman. This is because the HIV virus enters through the inner lining of the foreskin which is thin and vulnerable. Ulceration and tearing are also more common in uncircumcised men, adding to the risk of HIV entry. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is reduced by 53% to 60%. Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) is reduced by 28% to 34%. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is reduced by 32% to 35%. Among female partners of circumcised men, bacterial vaginosis is reduced by 40% and Trichomonas vaginalis infection is reduced by 48%.