Vibrio cholerae is a diverse bacterial species, with only certain strains (the toxin-producing ones), able to cause the illness known as cholera. Of the known 200 strains/groups of Vibrio cholerae, only two are known to cause large outbreaks. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends cholera vaccines in cholera infection prone areas, in conjunction with prevention, control and treatment strategies. Research is ongoing for vaccine effectiveness; however early data suggests that it is effective in reducing the risk of cholera. There are four vaccines currently available in various countries, which cover the two strains +/- toxins that cause illness in humans. The vaccine appears to provide protection for at least five years, so far in 42–87% of people, with herd protection occurring when a large percentage of the population is vaccinated. Efficacy for children under five has only been shown for the vaccine with toxin component included. In the USA, the oral vaccine Vaxchora prevents one of the two types of illness-causing cholera bacteria, and is approved for adult travelers aged 18–64 years. This vaccine is considered about 80–90% effective and should be taken at least ten days prior to travel, away from any antibiotic use, on recommendation from your doctor. (13)