the perfect and progressive tenses are used to indicate that an action has taken place in the past or is still ongoing. The perfect tense uses the verb stem + ला (laa) for conjugation – for example, ‘I have gone’ is expressed as मैं चला हुआ (main chalaa hua). The progressive tense uses the verb stem + रहा (raha) instead – so ‘I am going’ is expressed as मैं जा रहा हूँ (main ja raha hun). It’s important to keep in mind that even though both of these tenses refer to actions in the past or present, they can be used to express future events as well.