The Medieval period spans from roughly 500 to 1400 AD, characterized by religious music and the use of modes. The Renaissance period, from the 15th to the 17th century, featured more humanistic themes and polyphonic textures. The Baroque era (1600-1750) is known for its ornate style and use of counterpoint. The Classical period (1750-1820) focused on form and clarity, while the Romantic era (1820-1910) emphasized emotion and individualism. The 20th century brought an eclectic mix of genres and styles, each reacting to or breaking away from past conventions.