The Citadel of Cairo (sometimes referred to as the "Castle of Saladin") was commissioned by the famous Muslim leader Salah-al Din (Saladin) in 1176. The construction was aimed at providing a fortified stronghold for the ruling powers of Egypt, particularly against the Crusader threat. The choice of location on the Mokattam hills offered strategic advantages, allowing for a commanding view of the surrounding areas and enhanced defense capabilities.The initial phase of construction under Saladin developed the core structure of the Citadel. Saladin’s vision was to create a military fortress that could withstand sieges and serve as the seat of power, reflecting the strength and authority of his Ayyubid Dynasty. Over the years, this citadel in Egypt evolved, with subsequent rulers contributing to its expansion and enhancement. One of the most significant developments occurred under the rule of Sultan Al-Kamil, who added the famous Mosque of Muhammad Ali in the early 19th century. This mosque, with its distinct Ottoman architecture and grand dome, became an iconic symbol of the Citadel and Cairo itself. Throughout the centuries Saladin's Citadel served various functions beyond military defense; it was a political center, royal residence, and eventually housed important governmental institutions. Its architectural style represents a fusion of different influences, including Islamic, Ottoman, and Mamluk elements, showcasing the evolution of architectural trends over time.The Citadel of Cairo remains an enduring historical landmark, reflecting the rich tapestry of Egypt’s history, architecture, and cultural identity. It has been designated a UNESCO World Heritage site and continues to attract visitors from around the world, serving as a testament to the vision of Saladin and the subsequent rulers who shaped its legacy. It is arguably the most impressive citadel in Egypt today.