Magnesium, zinc, and copper are some of the trace minerals that are found in enamel. They have different roles in enamel formation and function, such as:
Magnesium can influence the activity of an enzyme called alkaline phosphatase, which is involved in the development of properly shaped hydroxyapatite crystals. Magnesium can also inhibit the transition of calcium phosphate from a non-crystallized form to a crystallized form, which affects the structure and hardness of enamel. Magnesium is also a component of the organic matrix of enamel. Zinc participates in the metabolism of many factors and proteins that are involved in enamel formation. Zinc can also protect enamel from acid attack by forming a protective layer on the enamel surface. Zinc is essential for normal enamel formation, and its deficiency can make your enamel weaker. However, too much zinc can also be harmful, as it can inhibit or modify the growth of hydroxyapatite crystals. Copper ions can inhibit the formation of dental plaque, the acid solubility of enamel, and the remineralization of enamel. Copper can also prevent bacterial growth and activity by oxidizing their key thiol groups. Copper can help prevent the demineralization of the enamel by forming an insoluble layer of copper phosphate on the tooth surface. This layer acts as a barrier that reduces the loss of calcium from the enamel and stabilizes its crystal structure. Copper can also inhibit some enzymes that degrade the proteins in the enamel matrix.