Cloud computing wasn’t mainstream until the mid-2010s, which means code collaboration mostly happened within private, company-owned networks. Popular pre-cloud code collaboration tools in the 1990s and early 2000s were CVS/CVSNT, SVN, Perforce, and Microsoft Visual SourceSafe. Popular tools today, like Git, either didn’t exist, were immature, or lacked important collaboration features that software teams required. For example, early versions of Git were incapable of tracking and resolving code review comments. As more companies migrated to cloud-based services in the early- and mid-2010s, so did the use of open source software. The need for public and private code collaboration became essential, leading to the creation of tools like Bitbucket and GitHub in 2008. Globalization and outsourcing of software development work were also crucial influences for the need (and rise) of cloud-based code collaboration. Cloud-based collaboration tools offer several advantages over traditional, on-premise tools: • Easier to set up and use: • : No need to install or maintain software on local machines or servers.; • Accessible from anywhere: • : No need for VPNs, SSH tunnels, or hard-to-implement configuration (unless, of course, you want to).; • Built-in reliability, scalability, and security: • : Cloud providers have more incentives to stay online than internal tools.; • Integrations with popular tools and IDEs: • : Log in with an IAM or OAuth token, connect directly to your IDE, or see others working in real-time—cloud-based tools have much more sophisticated tech with a huge number of tools. • Easier to set up and use: • : No need to install or maintain software on local machines or servers.; • Accessible from anywhere: • : No need for VPNs, SSH tunnels, or hard-to-implement configuration (unless, of course, you want to).; • Built-in reliability, scalability, and security: • : Cloud providers have more incentives to stay online than internal tools.; • Integrations with popular tools and IDEs: • : Log in with an IAM or OAuth token, connect directly to your IDE, or see others working in real-time—cloud-based tools have much more sophisticated tech with a huge number of tools.;