HMOs are unique bioactive oligosaccharides, naturally present in human breast milk. HMOs represent the third largest solid component in human breast milk, with levels ranging between 5 and 15 g/L in mature human milk.1-3\r\r\r Jantscher-Krenn E, Bode L. Human milk oligosaccharides and their potential benefits for the breast-fed neonate. Minerva Pediatr. 2012 Feb;64(1):83-99.\r Zivkovic A, German J, Lebrilla C, Mills D. Human milk glycobiome and its impact on the infant gastrointestinal microbiota. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2011 Mar;108(Suppl 1):4653-8.\r Bode L. Human milk oligosaccharides: every baby needs a sugar mama. Glycobiology. 2012 Apr;22(9):1147-62.