The French cartoonist Émile Cohl enjoys the epithet, “father of the animated cartoon,” by creating the first full cartoon animation film, Fantasmagorie (Phantasmagoria), in 1908. The 105-second film featured a stick man encountering various transforming creatures and objects. Cohl produced over 700 drawings to create the film, tracing and slightly changing each image using an illuminated glass plate so they could create the illusion of movement when animated. Using negative prints of black lines on paper, Cohl’s work would appear like a moving chalkboard drawing. Other early pioneers of animated cartoons include Georges Méliès, Winsor McCay, J. Stuart Blackton, and Eadweard Muybridge.