Silent "E" Rule: When adding a suffix that begins with a vowel (e.g., -ing, -ed, -er) to a base word that ends with a silent "e," the "e" is usually dropped before adding the suffix. For example: "hope" becomes "hoping," "love" becomes "loving," "like" becomes "liked." Y to I Rule: When adding a suffix that does not begin with "i" to a word ending in a consonant + "y," the "y" is changed to "i" before adding the suffix. For example: "study" becomes "studying," "cry" becomes "cried," and "beauty" becomes "beautiful." Keeping "E" Rule: When adding a suffix that begins with a vowel to a word ending in "i.e.," the "e" is usually retained before adding the suffix. For example: "die" becomes "dying," and "lie" becomes "lying." Changing "Y" Rule: When adding a suffix that begins with "i" (e.g., -ing, -ish) to a word ending in a consonant + "y," the "y" is changed to "i" before adding the suffix. For example: "beauty" becomes "beautify," "busy" becomes "busier."