In addition to greenhouse gases, incineration releases nitrogen oxides, sulphur oxides, hydrogen chloride, dioxins, furans, heavy metals, and particulate matter. The Edmonton incinerator released more than one tonne of PM2.5 in 2018 and more than 2 tonnes of total particulates, according to figures released by the operator. DEFRA says that there is ‘increasing evidence’ that particulate matter leads to respiratory and cardiovascular problems, which can be fatal. Researchers say that 'no threshold level of PM2.5 is advised as safe for the general population'.