Every transmission line has elements that affect the transmission capacity of the electrical system, such as:
Resistance (R): opposition to the passage of an electrical current. In a transmission line, the material offers resistance to the passage of electromagnetic signals.
Inductance in series (L): the opposition to the current change of a coil, which stores the electrical energy inside the electromagnetic field, affecting the surface part of the transmission line.
Shunt capacitance (C): the transmission line’s ability to receive and store energy as it flows through it.
Shunt conductance (G): the ability of the material used in the transmission line to withstand the passage of the signal. This property is the opposite of resistance.
Resistance and inductance in series occur along the transmission line, while the shunt capacitance and conductance occur between the conductors.