Non-GMO means that the organism (i.e., the plant) was not genetically modified. However, just because something is non-GMO doesn't mean the manufacturer didn't use chemicals (such as pesticides) to grow the plant. That's why I recommend products that are both non-GMO and organic. However, you should know that farmers are still allowed to change the characteristics of plants via cross-breeding and other methods. So the fact that something is non-GMO doesn't mean it hasn't been materially modified. Additionally, the label USDA Organic doesn't mean that no pesticides were used. Under USDA regulations, farmers are still allowed to use certain chemicals that don't violate the program.