When viewing a student's mastery report, you can choose from current year grading periods, All Time (previously referred to as Archive), or Other Grading Periods to select from all relevant grading periods for a student.  Here are some things to keep in mind:
The default grading period is automatically selected by the system as the shortest active grading period the includes or is closest to the current date.
All grading periods in the current school year for the student's default school will be listed, even if they haven't started or have no scores.
Every school year (and term if multiple terms are used) will have an associated grading period with a consistent name (e.g. "2019 Whole Year" or "2019 Term 2").  Grading periods that do not follow this naming scheme are custom grading periods.
Only grading periods for which a student has been scored will be available in the Other Grading Periods, so the list of available grading periods might differ from student-to-student.
All Time is a special grading period which will always include the full student career, or date range associated with the Student Cohort for customers that have set up custom student cohorts.