Microcontrollers are devices that are used to control applications with minimal user interaction. They face increasingly complex challenges, from controlling industrial processes to running the latest digital signal processors. The microcontroller has three main components: the processor, memory, and input/output peripherals.   The processor is the "brain" of the microcontroller that controls its operations. It processes instructions sent from outside, stores information in memory, and produces output. In terms of tasks, it can perform, the type and speed of the processor used to determine this limitation. On the other hand, memory stores instructions, which the processor then executes. For data storage, most microcontrollers include RAM (Random Access Memory) and flash memory. Lastly, input/output peripherals allow users to interact with the microcontroller by connecting with external devices like keyboards and monitors.  With all of these parts working together, microcontrollers provide small but powerful solutions to many common applications.