To successfully convict a person under Penal Code 209.5 PC, a prosecutor has to prove the following elements of the crime: 1) the defendant committed a carjacking, 2) during the carjacking, the defendant took, held, or detained another person by using force or by instilling reasonable fear, 3) the defendant moved the other person or made that person move a substantial distance from the vicinity of the carjacking, 4) the defendant moved or caused the other person to move with the intent to facilitate the carjacking, or to help himself/herself escape or to prevent the other person from sounding an alarm, 5) the person moved was not one of the carjackers, and 6) the other person did not consent to the movement. For purposes of this statute, substantial distance means more than a slight or trivial distance. Further, the movement involved must have increased the risk of physical harm to the person beyond that necessarily present in the carjacking. Note that kidnapping and carjacking must take place within the same course of conduct for a person to be guilty under this statute.