The findings regarding the influence of hormones on the immune system have significant implications for the development of personalized and sex-specific treatments. Understanding how testosterone and estrogen shape immune responses can lead to more tailored therapeutic approaches for various diseases, including autoimmune disorders, infections, and even cancer. For instance, treatments could be designed to enhance the immune response in individuals with lower levels of certain hormones, or conversely, to modulate immune activity in those with hyperactive immune responses. Additionally, recognizing that trans men undergoing GAHT experience shifts in their immune profiles could inform clinical practices, ensuring that healthcare providers consider hormonal influences when diagnosing and treating conditions. This knowledge could also pave the way for sex-specific vaccine strategies, optimizing efficacy based on hormonal status and immune response profiles. Ultimately, integrating hormonal influences into treatment plans could improve patient outcomes and enhance the effectiveness of therapies across diverse populations.