While there’s no chkdsk, you can use its equivalent called First Aid, which can be found in the Disk Utility.
To open it, bring up the Spotlight search by pressing Command + Space. Type in Disk Utility and hit Enter. Now, use the sidebar to select the partition or disk that you wish to check and click on the First Aid. Confirm this by clicking Run, and Mac will start searching for any errors.
If this method doesn’t work, you should try to run the First Aid in Recovery Mode.