Yes, the MAX40200 will be stable with an output capacitance greater than 100uF. The output does need at least 0.33uF, but there is no upper limit on the output capacitance. The datasheet lists the spec from 0.33uF to 100uF. The reason 100uF is listed as the maximum is because of inrush current. With a large output capacitance, inrush current through the MAX40200 will also increase. Too much instantaneous current can damage the part. So, the datasheet spec caps it at 100uF to be safe.