Pepper spray, contains a concentrated solution of capsaicin, the chemical that gives chili peppers their spicy flavor.
When sprayed into the face of an attacker, the capsaicin in the pepper spray causes a burning sensation in the eyes and throat, which can be very painful and temporarily incapacitate the attacker.
The capsaicin in pepper spray works by binding to the TRPV1 receptors on the cells in the eyes and respiratory system. When these receptors are activated, they send signals to the brain that cause the burning sensation and other symptoms of pepper spray exposure. The effects of pepper spray can be felt within seconds of exposure, and can last for up to 45 minutes or longer. Pepper spray is an effective self-defense tool because it is non-lethal and can quickly incapacitate an attacker, giving the user time to escape or seek help.