If the mold was caused by a peril such as a flood, yes, you can claim the damage! This would apply if you have an existing flood policy with your insurance provider, be sure to check this if you live in a flooding area!
Typically, though mold is not considered a covered peril, this is usually because mold can be controlled and prevented in situations (we know it doesn’t always feel that way).
Each insurance policy is different, though, so it is always worth checking before taking out the policy. Covered perils are events that the insurance company will cover. Should you file a claim, they often cover fire, lightning, storms, snow and ice, theft, and vandalism. This is not an exhaustive list, so be sure to check the included covered perils before taking out your insurance policy.