A plasticizer is a chemical additive that is added to a plastic during the manufacturing process to increase the flexibility, durability, and workability of the material. Plasticizers work by lowering the intermolecular forces between polymer chains in the plastic, making it more pliable and easier to shape. This increased flexibility enables the plastic to be moulded into various shapes and sizes, as well as making it more resistant to cracking or breaking under stress. Plasticizers that are commonly used include phthalates, adipates, and citrates. However, some plasticizers have been found to have negative health and environmental effects, and research into safer alternatives is ongoing.