Yes, and some of them like LineageOS still use Google’s Play Store. If you’re looking for one that uses Play Store alternatives, Sailfish OS is a good Linux-based choice as it has its own app store called Jolla Store that has native and Android-based apps.
You can also use Ubuntu Touch. This is a Linux-based mobile version compatible with smartphones and tablets. It has a large community of users and developers and is widely used in both personal and enterprise settings.