Asset is about inventory. You're looking for hardware information, operating system, Office 365, etc.
Configuration Manager is for reports regarding configuration or infrastructure in MECM.
Dashboard says it all! One pager with multiple kind of data from all components in MECM
Deployment reports shows deployment status of objects in SCCM. We are talking about package, applications, software updates, task sequence, policies.
System Health is for reporting that talk about compliance. Patch management, client health, defender, content distribution, etc.