The project will include two areas of focus throughout its two phases of execution. The first is Acceleration of Science: The goal of the Acceleration of Science studies is to achieve the best time-to-solution for scientific application/workflows using cloud. The measures of acceleration may include end-to-end performance (e.g., wall clock and data-movement), or other relevant measures such as number of concurrent simulations or workflows, or the ability to process near real-time streaming data. The second focus area is Innovation: The goal of the Innovation studies is to explore the innovative use of heterogeneous hardware resources such as CPUs, GPUs, and FPGAs to support and extend application workflows.