One of the primary reasons for bladder enlargement or replacement surgery is in certain conditions such as spina bifida, posterior urethral valve or bladder exstrophy, where the bladder becomes smaller and holds urine under high pressure. Such an abnormal bladder can cause incontinence and kidney damage. In these cases, the bladder needs to be enlarged to relieve symptoms and protect the kidneys. For patients with cancer of the bladder or other pelvic organs, it becomes necessary to remove the bladder, and usually to replace the bladder, a new reservoir must be created, along with a path for urine to drain through the normal passage or a new stoma. However, this operation can lead to complications. For example, the bowel does not function like a normal bladder, so patients require intermittent catheterization to empty their bladder. Additionally, the bowel produces mucus that blocks the catheter draining the bladder immediately after surgery. This fluid needs to be removed from the bladder daily to prevent the development of bladder stones or infections. Patients are also at risk of bowel complications such as leakage of bowel contents, bowel obstruction, and bladder rupture or perforation. The risk of bladder rupture is higher in patients who fail to undergo regular catheterization, leading to chronic over-distension of the bladder and weakening of the bladder walls due to ischemia. Finally, patients on intermittent catheterization for neurogenic bladder and those who have undergone bladder augmentation are at increased risk of bladder cancer.