The tainted truth effect is very like the misinformation effect. This psychological phenomenon refers to the way warnings of misinformation can make people less trusting of legitimate news sources. This is regardless of whether the warnings are well-intentioned, like fact-checking, or if they are ill-intentioned. Still, some warnings are useful. The most effective fact-checkers both identify and debunk fake news stories, pointing out lies or misstatements, while also informing the public about the context of the statements and applicable details pertaining to the subject. One study required participants to watch a C-SPAN video on a contemporary issue. Shortly after, the participants were exposed to a variety of different content including both accurate information regarding what they had seen, misinformation, and misinformation warnings. The research team found, to no one’s surprise, that reliable information could boost the participants’ recollection of the events, whereas misinformation was damaging to their memory.