Gum disease is caused by a buildup of plaque (a sticky form of bacteria that forms on the teeth). If the plaque is not removed (by flossing, brushing, and regular dental checkups), it will continue to build up and create toxins that can damage the gums. Periodontal disease forms just below the gum line and creates small pockets that separate the gums from the teeth. Periodontal disease has two stages: gingivitis and periodontitis. Gingivitis — This is the early stage of gum disease, when the gums become red and swollen, and bleed easily. At this stage, the disease is treatable and can usually be eliminated by daily brushing and flossing. Periodontitis — If left untreated, gingivitis will advance into periodontitis, and the gums and bone that support the teeth will become seriously and irreversibly damaged. Gums infected with periodontitis can cause teeth to become loose, fall out, or be removed by a dentist. Certain factors can increase a patient's risk of developing periodontal disease, including: Smoking or using chewing tobacco Diabetes Certain types of medication such as steroids, anti-epilepsy drugs, cancer therapy drugs, calcium channel blockers, and oral contraceptives Bridges that no longer fit properly Crooked teeth Old fillings Pregnancy While it is possible to have periodontal disease and not know it, some symptoms can include: Gums that bleed easily Red, swollen, tender gums Gums that have pulled away from the teeth Persistent bad breath or bad taste Pus between your teeth and gums Permanent teeth that are loose or separating Any change in the way your teeth fit together when you bite Any change in the fit of partial dentures