Individuals who are considering attempting pregnancy with donor sperm should include CMV antibody testing as part of their infectious disease screening. Those who have had a past infection are at very low risk of transmitting CMV infection to a fetus and are at little to no risk from using a CMV positive donor. Those who have never been exposed to CMV, however, should consider using a CMV negative sperm donor. Although the risk from CMV positive donors may be small, it is impossible to determine with certainty whether there might be some risk for infection, and so it is recommended that people who are CMV negative avoid those specimens.