The tumor sample taken in biopsy can help the examiner identify the grade and the stage of cancer. These are the different stage of cancer:   Ta: The tumor doesn’t penetrate the bladder layers but lies o the surface Tis: A high-grade but flat-looking cancer called Carcinoma in situ (CIS). It lies on the bladder lining in a reddish velvety pouch. T1:  Tumor penetrates the second layer but not the muscle layer. T2:  Tumor reaches the muscle layer of the bladder T3: Tumor passes the muscle layer to the surrounding tissues, usually the fat layer T4: Tumor reaches the surrounding structures like prostate in men