Common Stock - The sort of stock most individuals invest in, is a common stock, which represents a portion of ownership in a business.
Retained Earning - The amount of Net Income that has been "saved up" over time by the company.
Treasury Stock - The monetary value of the shares purchased by the corporation.
Additional Paid in Capital - This records the number of new shares created by employees exercising their stock options as well as the amount of stock-based remuneration that has been granted. It also takes into account how much extra money a business receives through an IPO or another equity issuance.
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income - This serves as a "catch-all" for various things that don't fit anyplace else, such as the impact of fluctuating exchange rates for foreign currencies.