To uncover the underlying causes of the unknown mutational signatures identified in this study, further investigations can be conducted using various approaches. One strategy could involve conducting experimental studies to simulate the conditions leading to these mutational signatures in cell or animal models. By exposing these models to suspected environmental agents or lifestyle factors prevalent in regions with high incidence rates of kidney cancer, researchers can observe if similar mutational patterns emerge. Additionally, conducting epidemiological studies to correlate the presence of these unknown mutational signatures with specific environmental exposures or genetic predispositions can provide valuable insights into their origins. Collaborative efforts between researchers across different regions can also help in pooling data and resources to unravel the underlying causes of these unknown mutational signatures.