Laser energy produces changes in oxidation/reduction status of the mitochondria which lead to dramatic increases in ATP synthesis. Activation of the sodium/potassium pump alters the cell membrane permeability to calcium. Laser therapy has been shown to effect cellular activity in the following ways: stimulate cell growth, increase cell metabolism, improve cell regeneration, produce an anti-inflammatory response, produce an edema reduction, reduce fibrous tissue formation, stimulate nerve function, reduce the production of Substance P, and stimulate long-term production of nitric oxide.