Melanoma is a cancer caused by changes to a person’s genes. These changes can occur at random within a cell or can be a result of an external cause. The DNA of skin cells damaged by ultraviolet rays and the resulting mutations can affect the genes that control the growth and development of the cells. When these damaged genes multiply in an individual’s body, they can transform into cancer cells. Melanomas can occur anywhere on the skin and are more likely to start on the trunk or legs in men than in women. However, they can also occur on the face or neck. People with melanoma often experience symptoms such as pain in the chest, coughing, bone pain, or breathlessness. People with a family history of melanoma should get regular checks to ensure that they aren’t developing new moles. If you think you have an increased risk of developing melanoma, consult a dermatologist for advice. Specialist providers (dermatologists or clinical geneticists) can take your family history and determine if you have any specific genes for the condition. They will also help you determine if a genetic test would be helpful. Recent genome-wide analyses have identified common low-penetrance polymorphisms that are associated with a higher risk of melanoma. Many of these genes grouped into two distinct categories: pigmentation genes and naevus genes. Other genes involved in telomere biology and neural disease may also increase the risk of melanoma.