While the amount of water used for winemaking is less than many other agricultural crops, the source of the water makes a difference in the quality of the final product. This is especially true if the irrigation source comes from a well – if a water sample indicates a high pH level or high carbonate/bicarbonates levels, a grape grower should treat the water. Winemakers also need to be aware of the levels of other elements and compounds including: sodium, calcium, magnesium, potassium, nitrate nitrogen and sulfur. High levels of certain elements, such as iron, can clog drip irrigation systems, for example, but by monitoring and amending the water quality, growers can prevent problems. According to a survey published in the 2004 California Wine Community Sustainability Report, 77% of winemakers are testing the water quality of their irrigation water at least occasionally, with 31% conducting at least annually. It is also recommended that growers should map out a water management strategy, which ensures that there is no off-site runoff of water. Water conserving irrigation systems, using water budgets, are considered to be the best practices.If vineyards do have runoff, it can pollute waterways with sediment and fertilizer residues, and as a result, drinking water can be affected and fish and other life forms may become endangered. Flow meters can help growers achieve precise volumes of water used in water budgets. Responsible growers will also calculate the timing and frequency of fertilizer applications flowing through irrigation lines to prevent the leaching of fertilizer below root zone. Some growers even dry farm their winegrapes, which is the best way to conserve water. Law Seminars International / Winery & Wine Distribution LawStacy A Bjordahl of Witherspoon, Kelley, Devenport and Toolewww.lawseminars.com/materials/07WINEWA/Bjordahl.pdf