Common mRNA delivery systems include:
Liquid nanoparticles (LNPs) are spherical nanoparticles composed of lipids that encapsulate mRNA molecules. They protect the mRNA from degradation and facilitate its entry into cells.
Polymeric nanoparticles use polymers such as polyethylenimines to form complexes with mRNA.
Free mRNA can also be delivered in its naked form without encapsulation. However, it is generally less effective at protecting mRNA and facilitating cell entry compared to encapsulated systems.
Cationic peptide-based carriers (often with cell-penetrating capabilities) are used to condense and deliver mRNA. Peptide-based carriers can form complexes with mRNA through electrostatic interactions and may enhance cellular uptake by disrupting endosomal membranes.
Dendritic cell-based delivery involves injecting dendritic cells ex vivo with mRNA and then administering them into the host.
Some delivery systems use inorganic materials like gold or silica nanoparticles to carry mRNA.